vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
EPA/540/R-99/500a
February 1999
Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation
Program
t
Technology Profiles
Tenth Edition
Volume 1
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
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EPA/540/R-99/500a
February 1999
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
Technology Profiles
Tenth Edition
Volume 1
Demonstration Program
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Printed on Recycled Paper
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT RESEARCH LABORATORY
CINCINNATI, OH 45268
OFFICE OF
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
May 2000
Dear SITE Program Technology Profiles Document Recipient:
This summary is an addendum to the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program:
Technology Profiles Tenth Edition, Volume 1 Demonstration Program document. The EPA
document number and publication date are EPA/540/R-99/500a, February 1999, respectively.
This information should be added to the document as pages 152a and 152b.
Sincerely yours,
Annette M. Gatchett
Associate Director for Technology
Land Remediation Pollution Control Division
Recycled/Recyclable • Printed with Vegetable OH Based Inks on 100% Recycled Paper (40% Postconsumer)
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SOLUCORP INDUSTRIES
(Molecular Bonding System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Molecular Bonding System (MBS) is a
process developed for the stabilization of a
variety of media, such as soil, sludge, slag,
and ash, that is contaminated with heavy
metals. The process employs a proprietary
mixture of nonhazardous chemicals to
convert the heavy metal contaminants from
their existing reactive and leachable forms
(usually oxides) into insoluble, stable,
nonhazardous, metallic-sulfide compounds
that will achieve toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) levels far below
regulatory limits. The MBS process
maintains the pH levels in the media within
the range where the insolubility of the heavy
metal sulfides is assured. The system also
provides buffer capacity to ensure that the
pH is not significantly altered by the
addition of acids or caustics to the media.
As depicted in the diagram below, the MBS
treatment process is completely mobile and
easily transportable (to allow for on-site
treatment). Waste material is screened and
crushed as required to reduce particle sizes
to an average 1-inch diameter (particle size
reduction increases surface area, which
maximizes contact with the reagents). The
waste media is then mixed with powdered
reagents in a closed-hopper pug mill (the
reagent mixture is established through treat
ability studies for the site-specific
conditions). Water is then added to catalyze
the reaction and to ensure homogeneous
mixing. There is no curing time and the
resulting increase in volume is between 2 to
3 percent. The treated media is then
conveyed to a stockpile where it can be
either returned to the original site or
disposed in a landfill as cover, fill, or
contour material.
MBS can also be applied with traditional in
situ mixing techniques such as tillers,
eliminating the need for excavating and
preparing the soil.
The MBS process can also be used to
stabilize waste "in line" during the
manufacturing process, preventing the waste
from being classified as hazardous.
Commercial applications on slag from a
secondary smelter are underway.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MBS process stabilizes heavy metals in
soil, sludges, baghouse dust, ash, slag, and
sediment. Heavy metals rendered inert by
the process include arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel,
silver, and zinc. The process can
simultaneously stabilize multiple heavy
metal contaminants. The presence of
organics does not affect treatment by MBS.
Process Flow Diagram of the Molecular Bonding System
152a
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STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in early 1995. A
SITE demonstration was conducted at the
Midvale Slag Superfund Site in Midvale,
Utah in 1997. Three waste streams
contaminated with As, Cd, and Pb were
treated. Approximately 500 tons of each
waste stream was treated. The treated
wastes and souls passed EPA's Multiple
Extraction Procedure. The MBS process has
undergone extensive bench-scale and pilot-
scale testing prior to its successful full-scale
commercialization. The same reductions in
the TCLP levels of hazardous contaminants
achieved in the laboratory were achieved at
five manufacturing site in five different
states.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Thomas Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax: 513-569-7676
E-Mail:
Holdworth.Thomas@epaniail.epa.goY
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
CONTACT:
Noel Spindler
SOLUCORP Industries
250 West Nyack Road
West Nyack, NY 10994
914-623-2333
Fax: 914-623-4987
152b
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NOTICE
The development of this document was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
under Contract No. 68-C5-0037, Work Assignment No. 0-32, to Tetra Tech EM Inc. The document
wag subjected to the Agency's administrative and peer review and was approved for publication as an
EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use at any particular hazardous waste site.
•I ; "v
• i r.
11
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FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the Nation's
land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, EPA strives to
formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and the
ability of the natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet these mandates, EPA's research
program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental problems today and building
a science knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand how
pollutants affect our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future.
The National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) is EPA's center for investigating
technological and management approaches for reducing risks from threats to human health and the
environment. The focus of NRMRL's research program is on methods for preventing and controlling
pollution to air, land, water, and subsurface resources; protecting water quality in public water
systems; remediating contaminated sites and groundwater; and preventing and controlling indoor air
pollution. The goal of this research effort is to catalyze development and implementation of innovative,
cost-effective environmental technologies; develop scientific and engineering information needed by
EPA to support regulatory and policy decisions; and provide technical support and information transfer
to ensure effective implementation of environmental regulations and strategies.
This document has been produced as part of NRMRL's strategic long-term research plan. It is
published and made available by EPA's Office of Research and Development to assist the user
community and to link researchers with their clients.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
111
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ABSTRACT
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, now in its thirteenth year, is an
integral part of EPA's research into alternative cleanup methods for hazardous waste sites around the
nation. The SITE Program was created to encourage the development and routine use of innovative
treatment and monitoring and measurement technologies. Under the program, EPA enters into
cooperative agreements with technology developers. These developers research and refine their
innovative technologies at bench- or pilot-scale and then, with EPA's support, demonstrate them at
hazardous waste sites. As a result, the SITE Program provides environmental decision-makers with
data on new, viable treatment technologies that may have performance or cost advantages compared to
traditional treatment technologies.
The SITE profiles documents, prepared between July 1998 and October 1998, are intended as reference
guides for those interested hi technologies participating in the SITE Demonstration Program (Volume
I), Emerging Technology Program (Volume II), and Monitoring and Measurement Technologies
(MMT) Program (Volume El). The two-page profiles are organized into two sections for each
program (except for the MMT Program) for completed and ongoing projects, and are presented in
alphabetical order by developer name. Reference tables for SITE Program participants precede the
sections and contain EPA and developer contacts. Inquiries about a SITE technology evaluation or the
SITE Program should be directed to the specific EPA project manager; inquiries on the technology
process should be directed to the specific technology developer.
Each technology profile contains (1) a technology developer and process name, (2) a technology
description, including a schematic diagram or photograph of the process (if available), (3) a discussion
of waste applicability, (4) a project status report, and (5) EPA project manager and technology
developer contacts. The profiles also include summaries of demonstration results, if available. The
technology description and waste applicability sections are written by the developer. EPA prepares the
status and demonstration results sections.
A Trade Name Index and Applicability Index are also included in the back of each volume. The Trade
Name Index allows the reader to identify a technology based on trade name, current company name,
and former company name. The Applicability Index is organized by 11 media categories, 19 waste
categories, and 14 technology type categories.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
NOTICE ii
FOREWORD iii
ABSTRACT iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x
SITE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1
SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS 6
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 7
Completed Demonstration Program Projects
Active Environmental, Inc.
(TECHXTRACT® Process) 20
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 22
ARS Technologies, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3" and Catalytic Oxidation) ... 24
Bergmann, A Division of Linatex, Inc. (Soil and Sediment Washing) 26
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
(In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 28
Billings and Associates, Inc.
(Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®]) 30
BioGenesisSM Enterprises, Inc.
(BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Process) 32
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 34
Biotherm, LCC (Biotherm Process™) 36
BioTrol® (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) . . . ., 38
BioTrol® (Soil Washing System) 40
Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Process) 42
BWX Technologies, Inc. (affiliated with Babock & Wilcox Co.)
(Cyclone Furnace) 44
Calgon Carbon Advanced Oxidation Technologies
(perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 46
CF Systems Corporation
(Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
Chemfix Technologies, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 50
COGNIS, Inc. (TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System) 52
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
(Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment) 54
Commodore Applied Technologies, Inc.
(Solvated Electron Technology, SET™ Remediation System) 56
Cure International, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) ... 58
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Page
Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued)
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) 60
Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge) 62
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 64
Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 66
ELI Eco Logic Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 68
ELI Eco Logic International Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 70
EmiroMetal Technologies Inc. (In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced Abiotic
Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater) .... 72
EPOC Water, Inc. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering) 74
Filter Flow Technology, Inc. (Colloid Polishing Filter Method®) 76
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 78
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 80
Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 82
Geosafe Corporation (GeoMelt Vitrification) 84
Geotech Development Corporation
(Cold Top Ex-Situ Vitrification of Chromium-Contaminated Soils) 86
GIS\Solutions, Inc. (GIS\Key™ Environmental Data Management System) 88
GRACE Bioremediation Technologies (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) . . 90
Gruppo Italimpresse (Infrared Thermal Destruction) 92
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) ... 94
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 96
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process) 98
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 100
BET Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) . . . 102
Ionics RCC (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 104
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) . . 106
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 108
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 110
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Thermal Desorption System) 112
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises
(Clay-Base Grouting Technology) 114
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) 116
National Risk Management Research Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 118
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
and BSfTECH 180 Corporation (Fungal Treatment Technology) 120
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System) 122
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section , Page
Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued)
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, University of Cincinnati,
and FRX, Inc. (Hydraulic Fracturing) . . . 124
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/
ENSR Consulting and Engineering and Larsen Engineers (Ex Situ Biovault) . . 126
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Vacuum- Vaporized Well System) 128
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/
R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc. (In Situ Bioventing Treatment System) 130
North American Technologies Group, Inc.
(Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) . 132
NOVATERRA Associates (In Situ Soil Treatment [Steam and Air Stripping]) . 134
OHM Remediation Services Corp. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 136
Radian International LCC
(Integrated AquaDetox Steam Vacuum Stripping and Soil Vapor
Extraction/Reinjection) 138
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 140
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 142
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 144
J.R. Simplot Company (The SABRE™ Process) . 146
Smith Environmental Technologies Corporation
(Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) 148
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 150
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 152
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) .154
STC Remediation, A Division of Omega Environmental, Inc.
(Organic Stabilization and Chemical Fixation/Solidification) 156
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 158
Terra Vac (In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum Extraction) 160
Texaco Inc. (Texaco Gasification Process) 162
Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 164
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 166
United States Environmental Protection Agency
(Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods) 168
University of Nebraska - Lincoln (Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System) 170
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) . . . . 172
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System) 174
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) 176
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 178
Xerox Corporation (2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process) 180
vn
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Page
Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued)
ZENON Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 182
ZENON Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 184
Ongoing Demonstration Program Projects
Arctic Foundations Inc. (Cyrogenic Barrier) 190
Duke Engineering
(Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids) 192
Envirometal Technologies, Inc. (Reactive Barrier) 194
Geokinetics International, Inc.
(Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids Removal) 196
ITT Night Vision (In situ Enhanced Bioremediation of Groundwater) 198
KSE, Inc. (Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction Process) 200
Lasagna Public-Private Partnership (Lasagna In Situ Soil Remediation) 202
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Air Treatment) 206
National Risk Management Research Laboratory (Bioventing) 208
Phytokinetics, Inc. (Phytoremediation Process) 210
Phytotech (Phytoremediation Technology) 212
Pintail Systems Incorporated (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process) 214
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 216
Process Technologies, Inc. (Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-Phase Halogens) 218
Recycling Sciences International, Inc. (Desorption and Vapor Extraction System) 220
Rocky Mountain Remediation Services, L.L.C. (Envirobond™ Solutions) 222
Sandia National Laboratories (In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction System) 224
Selentec Environmental Technologies, Inc. (Selentec MAG*SEPSMTechnology) 226
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) . . 228
SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction) 230
Star Organics, L.L.C. (Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid) 232
U.S. Air Force (Phytoremediation of TCE-Contaminated Shallow Groundwater) 234
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 236
DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FROM THE U.S. EPA
NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT RESEARCH LABORATORY,
SUPERFUND TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION DIVISION 239
VIDEO REQUEST FORM 251
TRADE NAME INDEX 255
APPLICABILITY INDEX 265
vm
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES , . . 2
j
2 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAM '...-..: ; .3
3 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
PROGRAM 4
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROJECTS
AS OF OCTOBER 1998 8
2 ONGOING SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROJECTS
AS OF OCTOBER 1998 186
IX
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The project manager responsible for the preparation of this document is Teri Richardson of EPA's National
Risk Management Research Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. This document was prepared under the
direction of Robert Olexsey, Director of the Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division. Key
program area contributors for EPA include Stephen Billets, Annette Gatchett, and Randy Parker. Special
acknowledgement is given to the individual EPA SITE project managers and technology developers who
provided guidance and technical support.
Tetra Tech EM, Inc. prepared this document under the direction and coordination of Teri Richardson and
Annette Gatchett.
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'SITE PEOCEAM DE$CMPTr0£f
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program, now in its thirteenth year, encourages the development and implementation of (1) innovative
treatment technologies for hazardous waste site remediation, and (2) characterization and monitoring
technologies for evaluating the nature and extent of hazardous waste site contamination.
The SITE Program was established by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
and the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in response to the 1986 Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA), which recognized a need for an "Alternative or Innovative Treatment
Technology Research and Demonstration Program." The SITE Program is administered by ORD's
National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The SITE Program includes the following component programs:
• Demonstration Program - Evaluates and verifies cost and performance of promising
innovative technologies at selected hazardous waste sites to provide reliable performance,
cost, and applicability information for site clean-up decision making
• Emerging Technology Program - Provides funding to developers to continue research
efforts from the bench- and pilot-scale levels 1:o promote the development of innovative
technologies
• Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program - Evaluates technologies that
detect, monitor, and measure hazardous and toxic substances to provide more
cost-effective methods for producing real-time data during site characterization and
remediation
• Technology Transfer Program - Disseminates technical information, including
engineering, performance, and cost data, on innovative technologies to remove
impediments for using innovative technologies
The three volumes comprising the Technology Profiles series, a product of the Technology Transfer
Program, describe completed and ongoing projects in the Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and
Monitoring and Measurement Programs. Figure 1 shows the relationship among the programs and depicts
the process of technology development from initial concept to commercial use.
In the Demonstration Program, the technology is field-tested on hazardous waste materials. Engineering
and cost data are gathered on the innovative technology so that potential users can assess the technology's
applicability to a particular site. Data collected during the field demonstration are used to assess the
performance of the technology, the potential need for pre- and post-processing of the waste, applicable
types of wastes and waste matrices, potential operating problems, and approximate capital and operating
costs.
Page 1
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COMMERCIALIZATION
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
TECHNOLOGY
DEMONSTRATION
Field-Scale Demonstration
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED
Pilot-Scale Testing
Bench-Scale Studies
CONCEPTUALIZATION
Figure 1: Development of Innovative Technologies
At the conclusion of a SITE demonstration, EPA prepares an Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(ITER), a Technology Evaluation Report (TER), a Technology Capsule, and a Demonstration Bulletin.
Often, a videotape of the demonstration is also prepared. These reports evaluate all available information
on the technology and analyze its overall applicability to other site characteristics, waste types, and waste
matrices. Testing procedures, performance and cost data, and quality assurance and quality control
standards are also presented. These demonstration documents are distributed by EPA to provide reliable
technical data for environmental decision-making and to promote the technology's commercial use.
The Demonstration Program currently has 106 developers conducting 116 demonstrations. Of these
projects, 85 demonstrations are complete and 28 are ongoing. The projects are divided into the following
categories: thermal destruction (10), biological degradation (21), physical/chemical treatment (45),
solidification/stabilization (10), physical/chemical radioactive waste treatment (2), physical/chemical
thermal desorption (19), physical/chemical biological degradation (1), materials handling (3), and other
(2). Several technologies represent more than one treatment category. Figure 2 shows the breakdown of
technologies in the Demonstration Program. Profiles for technologies demonstrated under the
Demonstration Program are located in Volume I.
Page 2
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Biological
Degradation
21
Physical/Chemical
45
Solidification/Stabilization
10
Other 2
Thermal
Destruction
10
Physical/Chemical
,___^^_^_^_^ Radioactive Waste
Materials Handling^^^*^^^ Treatment
3 ' Physcial/Chernical 2
Physical/Chemical Thermal Desoiption
Biological '9
Degradation
1
Figure 2: Innovative Technologies in the Demonstration Program
Under the Emerging Technology Program, EPA provides technical and financial support to developers for
bench- and pilot-scale testing and evaluation of innovative technologies that are at a minimum proven on
the conceptual and bench-scale levels. The program provides an opportunity for a private developer to
research and develop a technology for field application and possible evaluation under the Demonstration
Program. A technology's performance is documented in a Final Report, journal article, Summary, and
Bulletin.
EPA has provided technical and financial support to 77 projects in the Emerging Technology Program.
Of these projects, 66 are completed, 7 are continuing in the program, and 4 have exited the program.
Eighteen Emerging Technology Program projects are participating in the Demonstration Program, and 7
of these demonstration projects are competed. The 73 active technologies are divided into the following
categories: thermal destruction (9), physical/chemical treatment (38), biological degradation (19),
solidification/stabilization (2), and materials handling (5). Figure 3 displays the breakdown of technologies
in the Emerging Technology Program. Profiles for technologies developed under the Emerging
Technology program are located hi Volume II.
Page 3
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Materials
Handling
5
Biological Degradation
19
,
Solidification/
Stabilization 2
Figure 3: Innovative Technologies in the Emerging Technology Program
The Monitoring and Measurement Technologies (MMT) Program's goal is to assess innovative and
alternative monitoring, measurement, and site characterization technologies. To date, 38 technology
demonstrations have occurred under the MMT Program. These demonstrations have included four cone
penetrometers, 6 field portable X-ray fluorescence units, 6 portable gas chromatographs, 4
spectrophotometers, 12 field test kits, and 6 soil samplers. Profiles for technologies demonstrated under
the MMT Program are located in Volume ffl.
In the Technology Transfer Program, technical information on innovative technologies in the
Demonstration Program, Emerging Technology Program, and MMT Program is disseminated to increase
the awareness and promote the use of innovative technologies for assessment and remediation at Superfund
sites. The goal of technology transfer activities is to promote communication among individuals requiring
current technical information for conducting site investigations and cleanups.
The Technology Transfer Program reaches the environmental community through many media, including:
• Program-specific regional, state, and industry brochures
• On-site Visitors' Days during SITE demonstrations
• Demonstration videotapes
• Project-specific fact sheets to comply with site community relations plans
• ITERs, Demonstration Bulletins, Technology Capsules, and Project Summaries
• The SITE Exhibit, displayed nationwide and internationally at conferences
• Networking through forums, associations, regions, and states
• Technical assistance to regions,, states, and remediation cleanup contractors
Page 4
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SITE information, including an electronic version of this document, is available through the following
on-line information clearinghouses:
SITE Program Home Page: http://www.epa.gov/ORD/SITE
Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center (ATTIC)
Internet Access: http://www.epa.gov/attic
Cleanup Information Bulletin Board System (CLU-IN)
Help Desk: 301-589-8368; Internet Access: http://www.clu-in.org
EPA Remediation and Characterization Innovative Technologies
Internet Access: http://www. epa. reachit. org
Groundwater Remediation Technologies Center
Internet Access: http://www.gwrtac.org
Technical reports may be obtained by calling the National Service Center for Environmental Publications
in Cincinnati, Ohio. To find out about newly published documents or to be placed on the SITE mailing list,
call or write to:
USEPA/NSCEP
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419
1-800-490-9198
Page 5
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The SITE Program is administered by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD), specifically
the National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL). For further information on the SITE
Program or its component programs contact:
L and R em ediation and ,
Pollution Control Division
Robert Olexsey
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7861
Fax:513-569-7620
•;;.' Monitoring and
" Mea?urem ent Program
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478
702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261
"' '• '''' fe'em ediation and
Control. Branch .
John Martin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
Annette Gatchett
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
••.; ^7^^... i 'i 'Kr v'L.Eiiiir.i: •:**- ^
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DEMONSTRATION £R£K*R%M
The SITE Demonstration Program develops reliable engineering, performance, and cost data on
innovative, alternative technologies so that potential users can evaluate a technology's applicability for
a specific waste site. Demonstrations are conducted at hazardous waste sites, such as National
Priorities List (NPL) sites, non-NPL sites, and state sites, or under conditions that simulate actual
hazardous waste sites.
In the past, technologies have been selected for the SITE Demonstration Program through annual
requests for proposal (RFP). EPA reviewed proposals to determine the technologies with promise for
use at hazardous waste sites. Several technologies also entered the program from current Superfund
projects, in which innovative techniques of broad interest were identified for evaluation under the
program. In addition, several Emerging Technology projects moved to the Demonstration Program.
To date, 11 solicitations have been completed — SITE 001 in 1986 through SITE OlOa hi 1996.
In 1997, the program shifted from a technology-driven focus to a more integrated approach driven by
the needs of the hazardous waste remediation community. The general solicitation for technologies, the
annual RFP, will no longer be issued. Instead, a team of stakeholders will match technologies with a
selected site, which will be identified by the SITE Program. The stakeholders will evaluate proposals
from many technology developers to determine the appropriate innovative technology for the site.
Also, information about technologies will be continually collected and maintained in a database, which
will serve as a resource to the stakeholders.
The SITE demonstration process typically consists of five steps: (1) matching an appropriate site with
an innovative technology; (2) preparing a Demonstration Plan consisting of the test plan, sampling and
analysis plan, quality assurance project plan, and health and safety plan; (3) performing community
relations activities; (4) conducting the demonstration (ranging in length from days to months); and (5)
documenting results in an Innovative Technology Evaluation Report, a Technology Capsule, a
Demonstration Bulletin, or other demonstration documents. A demonstration videotape may also be
prepared.
Cooperative arrangements among EPA, the developer, and the stakeholders set forth responsibilities for
conducting the demonstration and evaluating the technology. Developers are responsible for operating
their innovative systems at a selected site, and are expected to pay the costs to transport equipment to
the site, operate the equipment on site during the demonstration, and remove the equipment from the
site. EPA is responsible for project planning, sampling and analysis, quality assurance and quality
control, preparing reports, and disseminating information.
Demonstration data are used to assess the technology's performance, the potential need for pre- and
post-processing of the waste, applicable types of wastes and media, potential operating problems, and
the approximate capital and operating costs. Demonstration data can also provide insight into
long-term operating and maintenance costs and long-term risks.
The Demonstration Program currently includes 106 developers and 116 projects. These projects are
organized into two sections: completed projects and ongoing projects. The completed projects are
presented in alphabetical order by developer name in Table 1 and in the profiles that follow; the
ongoing projects are presented hi Table 2 and in the profiles that follow.
Page 7
-------
00
TABLE 1
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developer/
Technology
Active Environmental, Inc.,
(formerly EET, Inc.)
Mount Holly, NJ
TECHXTRACT® Process
American Combustion, Inc.,
NorcroSs, GA
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction
ARS Technologies, Inc.,
(formerly Accutech Remedial
Systems, Inc.)
Highland Park, NJ
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
andCatalytic Oxidation
Bergmann, A Division of Linatex,
Inc.,
GaUatHijTN
Soil and Sediment Washing
Berkeley Environmental
Restoration Center,
Berkeley, CA
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction
Process
Billings and Associates, Inc.,
Albuquerque, NM
Subsurface V0Iattli?atis«tfece
B»ree»edjatioaPfeceas - - -
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
March 1997
EPA's Incineration Research
facility in Jefferson, AR using
soil from Stringfellow Acid Pit
Superftmdsite in. Glen Avon,
CA/ November 198J-Jamiary
1988
New Jersey Environmental
Cleanup Responsibility Act site
in Hillsborough, NJ/July-August
1992
Toronto, Ontario, Canada and
SagmawBay Confined Disposal
Facility to Sagiaaw, MI/
April 1992 and May 1992
Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory in Altamont Hills,
CA/December 1993
Site in Buchanan,. Mlf
March 1993 -May 1994
Refinery site in Minnesota/
November 1992
Wafiams AFB m Phoenix, AZ/
May 1992- Jwie. 1993
Technology
Contact
Scott Fay
609-702-1500
Gregory Gitaan
770-564-4180
John Liskowitz
908-739-6444
OFT OF BUSINESS
f
Kent Udell
510-642-2928
Steve Collins
510-643-1900
Gale BiBings or
Rick Billings
505-3454US
Charles Wilde
703-913-9700
David Mana
21MS8-5823
, 800428-4S26
EPA Project
Manager
Dennis Timberlake
513-569-7547
Laurel Staley
5I3-569-7X&3
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Jack Hubbard
513*569-7507
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Paul dePercHi
513^569-779?
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Applicable
Media
Porous Solid
Materials
Liquids, Solids,
Sludges
Soil, Rock,
Groundwater
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Groundwater
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soilj Water
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Nat Applicable
Not Applicable
Heayy Metals,
Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Organic
PCBs, Hydrocarbons
Nonspecific Organies
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
VOCs and SVOCs
PCBs,. Nonspecific
Grganies
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons,
Solvents
BTEX, Hydrocarbon^
Volatile and
Nonvolatile
Hydrocarbons, PCBs,
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated and:
Noflhalogenaied
Hydrocarbons
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developer/
Technology
Biotherm, LCC,
Somerville, NJ
Biotherm Process™
BioTrol®,
Edea£raiae,MN
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
BioTroI®,
Eden Prairie, MN
Soil Washing System
Brice Environmental
Services €or ntrfatiott,
Fairbanks, AK
Soil Washing Process
BWX Technologies, Inc.,
(Affiliate of Babcock & Wileox Co.)
Lynchburg, VA
Cyclone Furnace
Calgon Carbon Attvajjwfl Oxidation
Technologies,
(formerly YulCartPerBxidatian
Systems, Inc.),
Pittsburgh, PA
perox*pnre™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
CF Systems Corporation,
Arvada,CO
Liquefied Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Chemfix Technologies Inc.,
Metairie, LA
Solidification, and Stabilization
COGNIS, Inc.,"
TERRAMET® Soil Remediation
System
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
EPA's Research Facility in
Edison, NJ using wastes from
the PAB Oil site in Abbeville,
LA/August 1991
MaoGillis antf Gtbbs SupefMd
site in Hew Brighton, MN/
July -September 1989
MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund
site in New Brighton, MN/
September - October 1989
Alaskan Battery Enterprises
Supejffond site inBaifbaaks,
AK/Sepierate 1992
Developer's facility in Alliance,
OH/November 1991
Lawrence Livemote National
Laboratory at Aftamoat Hills,
CA/September 1982
New Bedford Harbor Superfund
site in New Bedford, MA/
September 1988
Portable Equipment Salvage
Company site in Clackamas,OS/
March 1989
Twin Cities Army Ammunition
Plant in New Brighton, MN/
August 1994
Technology :
Contact
Theodore Trowbridge
908-904-1606
Dwell Bobbins
612-942-8031^
Dennis Chilcote
612-942-8032
Craig Jones
m-4sz-mi
Evans Reynolds
804-522-6000
BertrandDassert
412-7*)M681
V.M. Foxleitner
208-386-5361
David Donaldson
504-831-360&
Lou Magdits
573-626-3476
EPA Project
, Manager
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Mar/Stiasoft
732-321-6683
Mary Stinson
732-321-6683
John Martin
513-569-7758
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Motma Lewis
513-5^9-7^65
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Edwin Earth
513-569*7669
Michael Royer
732-321-6633
Applicable
Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Liquid Waste,
Oto»j)dwater
Soil
Soil
Solids, Soil, Sludge
<3«ww}Avater,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge, Solids
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Net Applicable
Nonspecific Metals
RadJoacSyftaniJBeavy:
Metals \
Nonspecific, Low-
Level Radionuclides,
Heavy Metals
Kot Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals:, Low-
level Nuclear Waste
Lead, Heavy Metals
Organic
PCBs, Dioxins, PAHs,
Hydrocarbon-Soluble
Organics
Chlorinated and
Noaciiorfttated
Hydrocarbons,
Pesticides
High Molecular
Weight Organics,
PAHs, PCP, PCBs,
Pesticides
Uydroeaitbojjg
Nonspecific Organics
F«eJ Bydrocatbons,
ChfeetoatedSolventSi
PCBs^Phenolics,
feticides
VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs,
PCBs, Dioxins, PCP
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
(0
-------
I
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developed
Technology
Colorado Department of Public
Health and Environment
(developed by Colorado
School of Mines),
Denver, CO
Commodore Applied TecfcnoJogies,
Inc.,
Columbus, OE
SolwtelBiectan Remediation -
System
Cure International, Inc.,
(formerly General Environmental
Corporation),
Jupiter, FL
CURE®-Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment System
E.I. DuPoat tfc Ntmoursand
Company^ and Oberlin Filter Co.,
Wilmington, DE
Membrane Mtcrofilteatifen
Dynaphore, Inc.,
Richmond, VA
FORAGER® Sponge
ECQVA Corporation^
Botilde^ CO
Bijoslurry Reaew • ;
Electrokinetics, Inc.,
Baton Rouge, LA
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
UemonstratJon location/
Demonstration Date
Constructed Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Naval Facilities. Engineering
Service Center in PortBueneme,
CA/&ptem.ber1996
t 5"
DOE's Rocky Flats Plant in
Denver, CO/
August - September 1995
PafaiBrftoZracSuperiuEd site
in Paimertan, PA/
April -May 1990
National Lead Industry site in
Pedricktown,NJ/April 1994
SPA'S Test and Evaluation
Fac5BfyittCwtoatis QW
May- September 1991
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Technology
Contact
James Lewis
303-692-3390
Peter Hatred i
i 505-872-3508 \
\
David Stanton
561-575-3500
Ernest Mayer
302-774*227?
Norman Rainer
804-288-7109
WUfiam Mahaffey
m-m-%&$
3^-443-3282.
ElifAcar
504-753-8004
EPA Project
Manager
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Paul dePema
513-569-7797
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
John Martin
513-569-7758
Carolyn Esposito
732-906-6895
Ronald Lewis
513-5SW8W
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Applicable
Media
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soils,, Sludges,
Sediments, Oils,
HaadToofe,.
Persoaalftoteodve'
Clothing '
Water
Qroundwafer,
Leaciate,
Wastewater,
Electroplating
Rinsewafers
Industrial
Discharge,
Municipal Sewage,
Process Streams,
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soil Stodge,
Sediment
Soil, Sediment
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Not Applicable
Metals and
Radionuclides
Heavy Metals,
Cyanide, Uranium
Metals
Not Applicafel? :
Heavy Metals and
Other Inorganics,
Radionuclides
Organic
Not Applicable
PQBSjPesticidesi '
Halogenated
Compouftdb
Not Applicable
Organic Particulates,
Volafik Organics;,
Oily Wastes
Not Applicable
Creosote and. ,
Petroleifin Wastes
Nonspecific Organics
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developer/
Technology
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.,
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
ELlEco Logic International, Infc,
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada
Thermal Desorption Unit
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc.,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
(Two Demonstrations)
EPOC Water, Jnc.»
T5««aQWrt- (** A v
^. tvCuJ-Vf V**-
Precipitation, MJcwSteatiott, and
Slwdge-Itewat«ri»ig ;
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.,
League City, TX
Colloid Polishing Filter Method®
Funderhurk & Associates,
(formerly HAZCON, Inc.),
GalfportjMS
Itecjjlorination. -and Immobjljzatton
General Atomics,
(formerly Ogden Environmental) ,
San Diego, CA
Circulating Bed Combustor
Geo*Cojij Inc.,
Monroevflle, PA
Ib Sku Solidification and
St^flizatioaJtoeess
(Two Deraoflstrattotts)
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Middleground Landfill in Bay
City, MI/
October - November 1992
MMdlegtotiad Landfill ift Say
City, MI/
October - November 1992
Industrial facility in New Jersey
and industrial facility in New
York/November 1994 -
February 1995 and May -
December 1995
Iron Mountain Superfund site in
SLeddiags^CAMay - JUHQ IS92
DOE's Rocky Flats Plant in
Denver, CO/September 1993
Former oil processing plant in.
Doaglassville, PA/October 1987
Developer's facility in San
Diego, CA using waste from the
McColl Superfund site in
Fullerton, CA/March 1989
General Electric Service Shop
siteiaHialeah, EL/
April 1988
Technology ;
Contact
Jim Nash
519-856-9591
Jim Hash.
5I9-S56-$5Sl
Larry Kwicinski
519-824-0432
Rodney Squires
2G9-2?l-gl44
Tod Johnson
281-332-3438
Ray Funderburk
228*868-9915
Dan Jenson
619-455-4458
Stephen McCana ;
412^856*7700
EPA Project
Manager
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Gwdoix Evans
513-569-7684
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
lackHobfeard
5 1 p-5o9"T^w7
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Not Available
Applicable
Media
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids
Soil, Stodge,
Liquids
Groundwater
Sludge,
Wastewater,
Leaphabfc SoiJ
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater
Soil4 Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Slurry, Liquids
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Agp1iesbte.
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals, Non-
tritium Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Metals, Cyanides,
Nonspecific Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Organic
PCBs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Dioxins
and Dibenzofurans,
Chlorinated Solvents
and Chlorophenols
PCBs, PAIfe,
Chlorinated DiOjrfns
aad Dibenzofurans,
Chlorinated. Solvents
and Chlorophenols
Halogenated Organic
Compounds
Nonspecific- Orgaaios
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Chlorinated Oiganies
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
Organic Compounds,
PCBs
PCBs, PCP^Grner
Nonspecific Organics
-------
N)
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developed
Technology
Geosafe Corporation,
Richland, WA
GeoMelt Vitrification, previously In Situ
Vitrification
GeotechDev«l0pm«nt Corporation,
Newark, Kl
Cold-Top Ex Situ Vitrification of
Chromiura-Coilianunafed Soils
GISVSoIutions, Inc.,
Concord, CA
GIS\Key™ Environmental Data
Management System
GRACE Bioronediation
Technologies,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
DARAMEND™ Bioremediatton
Teclmolagy
Gruppo Italimpresse (developed by
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.),
(formerly ECO VA),
Rome, Italy
Infrared Thermal Destruction
(Two Demonstrations)
High Voltage Environmental
Applications, Inc.,
(formerly Electron Beam Research.
Facility, Florida International
University., andttatversity of
Miami),**
Wilmington, NC
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.,
Palmerton, PA
Flame Reactor
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Parsons Chemical site in Grand
Ledge, Ml/March - April 1994
Geotecb/s Pilot Plant aiNiagara
Fate, NY
February-March 109/7
San Francisco, CA and
Washington, DC/
August 1993 (CA) and
December 1993 (DC)
Domtar Wood Preserving
facility iaTre&tav Ontario,
Canada/
Fall 1993 - September 1994 *
Peak Oil Superfund site in
Brandon, FL and Rose
Township-Demode Road
Superfund site in Oakland
County, MI/ August 1987 (FL)
and November 1987 (MI)
DOE'S Savannah River site in
Aicen, SC?
September- November 1994
Developer's facility in Monaca,
PA using waste from National
Smelting and Refining Company
Superfund site in Atlanta, GA/
March 1991
Technology
Contact
James Hansen
Matthew Haass
509-375-0710
Thomas Tale
61G-337-B515
iWilliamLibrizzi
261-596-5846
Lawrence Eytel
415-827-5400
AlanSeeeh
905-273-5374
Not Available
William Cooper
910-962-3450
Regis Zagrocki
610-826-8818
EPA Project
Manager
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Marts K, Richards
513-569-7692
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Teri Richardson
3I3-569/-7949
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Franklin Alvarez
513-569-7631
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Applicable
Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Solids, Ash, Slag
Not Applicable
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil, Sediment
Liquid, Sludge
Soil, Sludge,
Industrial Solid
Residues
AppIieableWaste
Inorganic
Nonspecific Inorganics
HexavaleatCferomium,
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Lead, Manganese, £iae
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
PAHs,P€B>Totat
Petoc-leara
Hydrocarbons
Nonspecific Organics
Most Organics
Not Applicable
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developer/
Technology
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc.,
Dallas, TX
HRUBOUT® Process
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.,
Steam, Eflfoweed Recovery Process
IIT Research Institute/Brown and
Root Environmental,
Chicago, IL
Radio Frequency Heating
losics/ResoHFWS Conservation
Company,
BellevUe, WA
B.E.S.T , Solvent Extraction
Technology
KAI Technologies, Iae./Brov/B and
Root Environmental,
Portsmouth, NH
Radio Frequency Heating
Magnum tVafer Technology,
El Segnndo, CA
CAY-OX® Process
Matrix Fhotocatalytic, Inc.,"
London, Ontario, Canada
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.,
(formerly Clean BerRshireSjJnc,).,
Boston, MA .
Thermal Desorpfion System.
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Kelly Air Force Base in San
Antonio, TX/
January - February 1993
Ft#lspiUsiteJnHuii[ -
Beach,. CA/
August Wl - September 1993
Kelly Air Force Base in San
Antonio, TX/August 1993
Gramd Cataet River site in
Gajy,lN/Myi992
Kelly Air Force Base in San
Antonio, TX/
January - July 1994
Edwards Air Force Base., CA/
March 1953
DOE's Oak Ridge Reservation in
Oak Ridge, TN/
August - September 1995
Niagara Mohawk Power
CorrKH-ation Harbor-Point site in
Utica^NW
November * December 1393
Technology
Contact
Albert Hrubetz
214-363-7833
Not Available
Harsh Dev
312-567-4257
Captain Jeff Stinson
904-283-6254
Clifton Blanchard
423-483-9900
WifiiamHetas
206-828-2400
Raymond Kasevic'n
603-431-2266
Captain Jeff Stinson
904-283-6254
Clifton Blanchard
423-483-9900
Dale Cox
310-322*4143
Jack Sitnser
MO-640.700B
Bob Henderson
519-660-8669
Neal MajQomllian.
- 617-557-6077
EPA Project
Manager
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Paul dePercM
5J3-569-7797
laurel Staley
513-569-7863
MarfcMeckes
513-565-7348
Laurel Staiey
513-569-7863
Richard Eilers
.513*569-7X09
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
fiflnakJ Lewis"
513-569-7856
Applicable
Media
Soil
Soil, (Sroimdwater.
Soil
Soil, Siudges
Sediment
Soil
Groundwafer, ;
Waslewater
Wastewater,
Groundwater,
Process Water
Soil
ApplicabJe Waste _
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
NotAppfleabte
Not Applicable
Cyanide:
Nonspecific Inorganics
Cyanide
Organic
Halogenated or
Nonhalogenated
VOCsandSVOCs
VGCss SVOCs>
Sydroewbons,
Sftlvetsts-
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, VOCs,
SVOCs, Pesticides
Hydroearbons, P-CBs,
?AHs, Pesticides,
Herbicides
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, VOCs,
SVOCs, Pesticides
Halogenated Solvents,
Phenol, PCP, PCBs.,
BTEX
Most Organics
VGGs, SVOCs, PAHs,
Coai Tars
CO
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developed
Technology
Morrison Knudscn Corporation/
Spetstamponazhgeologia
Enterprises,
Clay-Based Grouting Technology
Boise, ID
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH
Volume Reduction Unit
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory and
, INTICH 180 Corporation,
Cincinnati, OH
Fungal Treatment Technology , ,
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory and
IT Corporation,
Cincinnati, OH
Debris Washing System
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory, t&rversity of
Cincinnati, and FRX,Inc.,
Ciaeiattatf, OH
Hyd&uHfcFractoring
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation/
ENSR Consulting and
Engineering, and Larsen
Engineers,
Albany, NY
ExSituBiovault
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Mike Horse Mine Site in
Montana/1994-1996
Koppers Company Superfund
stein Momsviile^NcV
August » September 1993
Escambia Treating Company
site in Pensacola, FL/
November 1992
Brookhaven Wood Preserving
site in Brookhaven, MS/
June -November 1992
Superfund sites in Detroit, MI;
Hopkmsville, KY; and Walker
County, GAJ
September 1988 (MI),
December 1989 (KY), and
August 1990 (GA)
Xerox Corporation site in Oak
Brook, IL and an underground
Storage tank spill sfte la Dayton,
OS/July 1991 - September J992.
(&) and August i99J-
September I992
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developer/
Technology
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation/SBP
Technologies, Inc.,
Albany NY
Vacuum- Vaporized Well System
New York State Department of
Environment Conservation/
fUL Wright Environmental, Inc.,
Albany, NY'
Ira SihiBioventing Treatment System
North American Technologies
Group, Inc.,
Bellaire, TX
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic
Chip
NOVAtERRA,Inc.t
(formerly TDX& Treatment, lac.)
Los Angeles, CA " " ' '
la $ifa Soil Treatment (Steam and Air
Stripptng)
OHM Remediation Services Corp.,
(formerly offered by Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.),
Findlay, OH
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Radian International LLC ,
(formerly Dow Environmental, Inc.),
Walnut Creek, CA
Integrated AquaDetoxStearo Vacuum
Stripping and Soil Vapor
Extraction/Reinjeotioa
Remediation Technologies, Inc.,
Seattle, WA,
Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment
Rochem Separation Systems* Inc,,
Tflitance, CA
Roeftem Disc Tabs™ Module System
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Sweden 3-Chapman site in
Sweden, NY/ July 1994 -Fall
1995
SwedenJ-Chapmansttein.
Sweden* KY/
July - December 1994
Petroleum Products Corporation
site in Fort Lauderdale, FI7
June 1994
Annex Terminal in San Pedro.,
CA/Septembejr 19&9
Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund site in
North Dartmouth, MA/
May 1992
San Fernanda Valley
Groundwater Basin Superfuad -
sitemBurt>ank,CA/
September 199#
Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation facility at Harbor
PointinUtica,NY/
June-August 1995
Central LawJfrtl Superfimd site
itt JohnstOlt,IU/Aapst 1994
Technology
Contact
Jim Harrington
518-457-0337
Richard Desrosiers
914-694-2280
Jra Harrington
518-457-0337
Richard. Cronce
7157.944,<5501
Henry Sullivan
713-662-2699
PhS'LaMori
213«969-37«8
George Hay
419-423-3426
Ken Soloher
713-914-6607
Merv Cooper
206-624-9349
David LflMoniea
310-370-3160
EPA Project
Manager
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Greg SayJes
513-589-7607
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Oordoa Evans
- 513-569-7684
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Douglas Orrosse
5J3-5S9-7J844
Applicable
Media
Soil, Groundwater
Soil
Groundwater,
Marine Wastes
Soil, Stodge,
Liquids
Soil, Sludge, Solids
Groundwater, Soil
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Nonspeciffe
U<$M$, Leaeftates
uinni]iniriiiAppneafale Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
i
Not Applicable
Ndnspefcific
Inorganics., Hea*y
Metals
Mercury, Heavy
Metals
Not Applicable s
Not Applicable
Neaspeeige Isflrgaj«cs;
Organic
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated VOCS
Ghlonnatedatt(J •
NoachloriaatedVOCs,
SVOCs -
Gasoline, Crude Oil,
Diesel Fuel, BTEX,
PAHs,PCBs,PCP,
Trichloroethene
VOCss$VOCs, -
Hxdroearbons
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs,
Hydrocarbons
VOCs, Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons;"
Biodegradable
Organics, Creosote,
PCP, PAHs
Org^nfe Solvent
-------
O)
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developed
Technology
SBP Technologies, Inc.,
Baton Rouge, LA
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
J.ft. Simplot Company,**
PoeateflOj ID
The SABREW Process
(Two Demonstrations)
Smith Environmental Technologies
Corporation,
(formerly Canonie Environmental
Services Corporation),
Englewood, CO
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
Soiilsch ATF Systems, Inc.,
Englewood, CO
AaaeroDie Thermal Processor "'
(Two Demonstrations)
Soliditcch, Inc.,
Solidification and Stabilization
Sonotech, Inc.,
Atlanta, OA
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration bate
.•
American Creosote Works in
Pensacola, FL/October 1991
Bowers Field ut Ellensburg, WA
and Weldon Spring Ordnance
Works site in Weldon. Spring,
MO/
My 199$ (WA) and September
199$ -February 1994 (MO)
Pesticide site in Phoenix, A27
September 1992
Wide Beach Development
Super&ndsite mBraat, W and
Wattkegaft. Harbor Supeffoitd
Site in Waukegan, IL/
May 1991 (NY); June 1992 0L)
Imperial Oil
Company/Champion Chemical
Company Superfund site in
Morganville, NJ/
December 1988
EP &$ Incfewatioft Research
Faeflityin Jefierson, AR/
September -October 1994
Technology
Contact
Not Available
TomYergovich:
209-858-2511-
Joseph Button
303-790-1747
Joseph Button.
303-790-1747
Not Available
BenZula
4Q4-8.S4-3Q33
EPA Project
Manager
John Martin
513-569-7758
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Paul deP^cin
513-559-779?
JackHubbard
513-569-7507
MartaK, Richards
513-569-7692
Applicable
Media
Groundwater,
Surface Water,
Storm Water,
Landfill Leachates,
Industrial Process
Wastewater
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Stodge,
Sedimeat
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment <3aS
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Mercury :
Metals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Nonspecific foorgsnics
Organic
Organic Compounds,
PAHs, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, TCE,
PCP
Nitroaromatics
VOCs, SVOCs, OCPs,
OPPs, TPH
?«trolej»R aad
Hslogeitated
Hydrocarbons, PAHs,
VOCs, SVOCs
Nonspecific Organics,
Oil and Grease
HoaspecmcOrganies
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developer/
Technology
STC Remediation, A Division of
Omega Environmental, Inc.,
(formerly Silicate Technology
Corporation),
Scottsdale, AZ
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/Solidification
Terra-Kken Response Group, Inc.,
Del Mar, CA
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
Terra Vac, Inc.,
Windsor, NJ
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Texaco, Ine,>
S. El Monte, €A
Texaco Gasification Process
Toronto Harbour Commission,
Soil Recycling
United States Environmental
ft-oteetion Agency (US EPA),
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
U.S.Filter/WTSUltrox,
(A Division of Zimpro
Environmental, Inc.),
Santa Clare, CA
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ••
Lincoln, j|&
Center pivot Spray Irrigation System.
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Selma Pressure Treating
Superfund site, hi Selma,
CA/November 1990
Naval Air Station Horfh. Island
in San'Diego, CA/
May- June 1994
Groveland Wells Superfund site
in Groveland, MAI
December 1987 - April 1988
Developer's Montebello
Research Laboratory using a
mixture of soil from the?urity
Oil Sate $• Saperfuad site in
Fr«.SftQs CMaavjary 1994
Toronto Port Industrial District
in Toronto, Ontario, Canada/
April - May 1992
MeCoD Superfund site ia
Fullerton, CA/Iune - My I99Q
Lorentz Barrel and Drum
Company site in San Jose, CA/
March 1989
North Landfill Subsite in
Hastings, JW
My W9$
Technology
Contact
Scott Larsen
Stephen Pegler
602-948-7100
Alan Cash
619-558*8762
Joseph Pezzullo
609-371-9446
Esteban Garcia
787-723-9171
Tim Leininger
562-699-0948
Not Available
Not Available ;
<
Richard Woodling
408-588-2609
Ray Spalding :
402.472V7558 ;
EPA Project
Manager
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
MarkMeckes
513-569-7348
Mary Stinson
732-321-6683
MartaK, Richards
513-569-7692
Ten RicKardson
513-569-7949
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
fed Richardson
513»S69»7949
Applicable
Media
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Groundwater
Sofi, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil
Soil,, Sludge,
Sediment, Air
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Groimdwater
n ^ Applicable Waste _
Inorganic
Heavy Metals,
Cyanides, Fluorides,
Arsenates, Chromates,
Selenium
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Jfanspecifie Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable ;
Organic
Nonspecific Organics,
PAHs
PCBs,PCP,PAH, ,
Creosote, Chlorinated
Pesticides, PCDD,
PCDF
VOCs, SVOCs
Nonspecific Oiganics
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs, SVOCs
Halogenated Solvents,
VOCs, Pesticides,
PCBs,BTEX,PCP
VOCs
-------
••4
00
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developed
Technology
WASTECH.IDC.,
Solidification and Stabilization
Roy&Wesfon.Inc^
West Chester, PA
Low Temperature thermal Treatment
System
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG
Technologies,
West Chester, PA
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
Wheetabrator Clean Air Systems, lm,
(foraierJyCheroical Waste
Management, Ine,)* -
Schaumbrffg, 1L
PO*WW*EKTMTeebnQlogy
Xerox Corporation,
Webster, NY
2-PHASE ™ EXTRACTION Process
23EN0N Environment*!, T«e,,
(feeuerly Waste\saterTecMology
Center),"
Burlington^ Ontario, Canada
Cross-Row Pervaporatioa System
ZENON Environmental, Inc.,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
ZenoGem™ Process
Demonstration legation/
Demonstration Date
..:::;;-V:.- ' :-:•. .• -•• -•-•.-,;,.. -.
Robins Air Force Base in
Warner Robins, GA/
August 1991
Anderson Development
Company Superftind site in
Adrian, Mtf
November - Beeember 1S91
March Air Force Base, CA/
May 1993 -May 1994
Chemical Waste Management^
facility ia Late Charles, LA/
September 1992
McClellan Air Force Base in
Sacramento, CA/
August 1994 - February 1995
Naval AirStattonKorth Island
iit SaaBfcgo, CA/
February 1995 *
Nascolite Superfund site in
Millville,NJ/
September - November 1994
Technology
Contact
Not Available
Mike Cosmos
610-701-7423
Mike Corbin
610-701-3723
MytoaReicfier
84?-?fl6-<$900
Ron Hess
716-422-3694
PhilMook
916-643-5443
Chas Lipski
505439-6320
Tony Tonelli
Philip Canning
905-639-6320
EPA Project
Manager
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Paul depercin .
513-569-7793
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Randy Barker
5i3-569-727i
Paul dePerchi
513-569-7797
tee Vane
513-569-7795
Daniel Sullivan
732-321-6677
Applicable
Media
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater,
Liquid, Soil
W&stewate?,
Leaehate,
<3s>uadwateii Low-
Level Radioaodve
Mixed Waste
Groundwater, Soil,
Liquid
Gfoun
-------
Page Intentionally Left Blank
Page 19
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
(formerly EET, Inc. TECHXTRACT® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The TECHXTRACT® process employs patented
chemical formulations in successive steps to
remove polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), toxic
hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and radionuclides
from the subsurface of porous materials such as
concrete, brick, steel, and asphalt (see figure
below). Each formulation consists of chemicals
from up to 14 separate chemical groups, and
each formulation can be specifically tailored to
each contaminated site.
The process is performed in multiple cycles.
Each cycle consists of three stages: surface
preparation, extraction, and rinsing. Each stage
employs a specific chemical mix.
The surface preparation step uses a solution that
contains buffered organic and inorganic acids,
sequestering agents, wetting agents, and special
hydrotrope chemicals. The extraction formula
includes macro- and microemulsifiers in addition
to electrolyte, flotation, wetting, and
sequestering agents. The rinsing formula is pH-
balanced and contains wetting and complexing
agents. Emulsifiers in all the formulations help
eliminate fugitive releases of volatile organic
compounds or other vapors. The chemical
formulation in each stage is sprayed on the
contaminated surface as a fine mist and worked
into the surface with a stiff bristle brush or floor
scrubber. The chemicals are allowed to penetrate
into the subsurface and are then rinsed and
vacuumed from the surface with a high-efficiency,
participate air-filtered, barrel-vacuum. No major
capital equipment is required.
Contaminant levels can be reduced from 60 to 90
percent per cycle. One cycle can take up to 24
hours. The total number of cycles is determined
from initial contaminant concentrations and final
concentration target levels.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TECHXTRACT® process is designed to treat
porous solid materials contaminated with PCBs;
toxic hydrocarbons such as pesticides; heavy
metals, including lead and arsenic; and
radionuclides. Because the contaminants are
extracted from the surface, the materials can be
1. EETs proprietary
TECHHjRACT
blends are applied
in sequence.
TM
5. Contaminants
entrained in spent
solution are
vacuumed and
drumed for disposal.
2. Chemicals
penetrate
through pores
and capillaries
4. Contaminants
are released
from substrate
and drawn to
surface.
3. Electrochemical bonds holding
contaminants to substrate are
attacked and broken.
Process Flow Diagram of the TECHXTRACT® Process
Page 20
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
left in place, reused, or recycled. After
treatment, the contaminants are concentrated in a
small volume of liquid waste.
In commercial applications, the process has
reduced PCB concentrations from
1,000,000 micrograms per 100 square
centimeters (ug/100 cm2) to concentrations less
than 0.2 yUg/100 cm2. Core samples have shown
removals from up to 4 inches deep in concrete.
The TECHXTRACT® process has been used on
concrete floors, walls and ceilings, tools and
machine parts, internal piping, valves, and lead
shielding. The TECHXTRACT8 process has
removed lead, arsenic, technetium, uranium,
cesium, tritium, and thorium.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. The
demonstration was successfully completed at the
Pearl Harbor Naval Complex in April 1997. A
video tape of that demonstration is available from
the Technology Developer.
The technology has been used in over
400 successful decontamination projects for the
U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of
Defense; the electric, heavy manufacturing, steel,
and aluminum industries; and other applications.
Active Environmental, Inc. has developed
methods for removing or concentrating metals,
particularly radionuclides, in the extracted
liquids.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Dennis Timberlake
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory :
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7547
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Scott Fay
Active Environmental, Inc.
40 High Street, Suite 100
Mount Holly, NJ 08060
609-702-1500
Fax: 609-702-0265
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 21
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AMERICAN COMBUSTION, INC.
(PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PYRETRON® thermal destruction
technology controls the heat input during
incineration by controlling excess oxygen
available to oxidize hazardous waste (see figure
below). The PYRETRON® combustor relies on
a new technique for mixing auxiliary oxygen, air,
and fuel to (1) provide the flame envelope with
enhanced stability, luminosity, and flame core
temperature, and (2) increase the rate of heat
released.
The technology is computer-controlled to
automatically adjust the temperatures of the
primary and secondary combustion chambers and
the amount of excess oxygen. The system adjusts
the amount of excess oxygen in response to
sudden changes in contaminant volatilization
rates in the waste.
The technology fits any conventional incineration
unit and can burn liquids, solids, and sludges.
Solids and sludges can also be coincinerated
when the burner is used with a rotary kiln or
similar equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PYRETRON® technology treats high- and
low-British thermal unit solid wastes
contaminated with rapidly volatilized hazardous
organics. In general, the technology treats any
waste that can be incinerated. It is not suitable
for processing Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act heavy metal wastes or inorganic
wastes.
STATUS:
The PYRETRON® technology was demonstrated
at EPA's Incineration Research Facility in
Jefferson, Arkansas, using a mixture of 40
percent contaminated soil from the Stringfellow
Acid Pit Superfund site in Glen Avon, California
and 60 percent decanter tank tar sludge (K087)
Valve Train
(gas, oxygen, air)
I Gas, air, and oxygen
flow to the burners
T = Temperature
Ash Pit
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction System
Page 22
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
from coking operations. The demonstration
began in November 1987 and was completed at
the end of January 1988.
Both the Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/5-89/008) and Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/008) are
available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene,
phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene were
selected as the principal organic hazardous
constituents (POHC) for the demonstration. The
PYRETRON® technology achieved greater than
99.99 percent destruction and removal
efficiencies for all six POHCs in all test runs.
Other results are listed below:
• The PYRETRON® technology with
oxygen enhancement doubled the
waste throughput possible with
conventional incineration.
• All particulate emission levels from
the scrubber system discharge were
significantly below the hazardous
waste incinerator performance
standard of 180 milligrams per dry
standard cubic meter at 7 percent
oxygen. This standard was in place
until May 1993.
• Solid residues were contaminant-
free.
• There were no significant differences
in transient emissions of carbon
monoxide between air-only
incineration and PYRETRON®
oxygen-enhanced operation with
doubled throughput rate.
• Cost savings increase when
operating and fuel costs are high and
oxygen costs are relatively low.
• The system can double the capacity
of a conventional rotary kiln
incinerator. This increase is more
significant for wastes with low
heating values.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA ,
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gregory Gitman
American Combustion, Inc.
4476 Park Drive
Norcross, GA 30093
770-564-4180
Fax: 770-564-4192
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 23
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ARS Technologies, Inc.
(formerly Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.)
(Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction5™ and Catalytic Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Accutech),
and the Hazardous Substance Management
Research Center at the New Jersey Institute of
Technology in Newark, New Jersey have jointly
developed an integrated treatment system that
combines Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3171
(PFE8M) with catalytic oxidation. According to
Accutech, the system provides a cost-effective,
accelerated approach for remediating less
permeable formations contaminated with
halogenated and nonhalogenated volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC).
The Accutech system forces compressed gas into
a geologic formation at pressures that exceed the
natural in situ stresses, creating a fracture
network. These fractures allow subsurface air to
circulate faster and more efficiently throughout
the formation, which can greatly improve
contaminant mass removal rates. PFESM also
increases the effective area that can be influenced
by each extraction well, while intersecting new
pockets of contamination that were previously
trapped in the formation. Thus, VOCs and
SVOCs can be removed faster and from a larger
section of the formation.
PFESM can be combined with a catalytic
oxidation unit equipped with special catalysts to
destroy halogenated organics (see photograph
below). The heat from the catalytic oxidation
unit can be recycled to the formation,
significantly raising the vapor pressure of the
Page 24-
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
Com
Februar 1999
eruary
pleted P
roect
contaminants. Thus, VOCs and SVOCs
volatilize faster, making cleanup more efficient.
PFESM can also be combined with hot gas
injection (HGI), an in situ thermal process, to
further enhance VOC and SVOC removal rates.
HGI returns to the ground the energy generated
during catalytic oxidation of the VOCs.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Accutech system can remove halogenated
and nonhalogenated VOCs and SVOCs from both
the vadose and saturated zones. The integrated
treatment system is cost-effective for treating soil
and rock when less permeable geologic
formations limit the effectiveness of conventional
in situ technologies.
According to Accutech, the PFESM-HGI
integrated treatment system is cost-effective for
treating less permeable soil and rock formations
where conventional in situ technologies have
limited effectiveness. Activated carbon is used
when contaminant concentrations decrease to
levels where catalytic oxidation is no longer cost-
effective.
STATUS:
The Accutech technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in December 1990.
The demonstration was conducted in summer
1992 at a New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection and Energy Environ-
mental Cleanup Responsibility Act site in
Hillsborough, New Jersey. During the
demonstration, trichloroethene and other VOCs
were removed from a siltstone formation.
Results of this demonstration were published in
the following documents available from EPA:
• Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/509)
• Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/509)
• Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/509)
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/509)
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration results indicate that PFESM
increased the effective vacuum radius of influ-
ence nearly threefold. PFESM also increased the
rate of mass removal up to 25 times over the
rates measured using conventional extraction
technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Liskowitz
ARS Technologies, Inc.
271 Cleveland Ave.
Highland Park, NJ 08904
732-296-6626 Ext. 13
Fax:732-296-6625
e-mail: jjl@arstechnologies.com
The SITE Program assesses but doss not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 25
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BERGMANN, A DIVISION OF LINATEX, INC.
(Soil and Sediment Washing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The soil and sediment washing technology
developed by Bergmann, A Division of Linatex,
Inc.'s, (Bergman), separates contaminated
particles by density and grain size (see
photograph below). The technology operates on
the hypothesis that most contamination is
concentrated in the fine particle fraction (less
than 45 microns |/«n]) and that contamination of
larger particles is generally not extensive.
After contaminated soil is screened to remove
coarse rock and debris, water and chemical
additives such as surfactants, acids, bases, and
chelators are added to the medium to produce a
slurry feed. The slurry feed flows to an attrition
scrubbing machine. A rotary trommel screen,
dense media separators, cyclone separators, and
other equipment create mechanical and fluid shear
stress, removing contaminated silts and clays from
granular soil particles.
Different separation processes create the following
four output streams: (1) coarse clean fraction; (2)
enriched fine fraction; (3) separated contaminated
humic materials; and (4) process wash water. The
coarse clean fraction particles, which measure
greater than 45 jam (greater than 325 mesh) each,
can be used as backfill or recycled for concrete,
masonry, or asphalt sand application. The
enriched fine fraction particles, measuring less
than 45 yum each are prepared for subsequent
treatment, immobilization, destruction, or
regulated disposal. Separated contaminated humic
materials (leaves, twigs, roots, grasses, wood
chips) are dewatered and require subsequent
treatment or disposal. Upflow classification and
Bergmann Soil and Sediment Washing
Page 26
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
separation, also known as elutriation, separates
light contaminated materials such as leaves, twigs,
roots, or wood chips. The process wash water is
treated by flocculation and sedimentation, oil-
water separation, or dissolved air flotation to
remove solubilized heavy metal and emulsified
organic fractions. The treated process wash water
is then returned to the plant for reuse.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for treating soils and
sediment contaminated with organics, including
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), creosote, fuel
residues, and heavy petroleum; and heavy metals,
including cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic,
copper, cyanides, mercury, nickel, radionuclides,
and zinc.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in Winter 1991. It was
demonstrated in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in
April 1992 as part of the Toronto Harbour
Commission (THC) soil recycling process. For
further information on the THC process, including
demonstration results, refer to the THC profile in
the Demonstration Program section (completed
projects). The technology was also demonstrated
in May 1992 at the Saginaw Bay Confined
Disposal Facility in Saginaw, Michigan. The
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/075) and the Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/075) are available from
EPA. Since 1981, Bergmann has provided 31
commercial systems, treating up to 350 tons per
hour, at contaminated waste sites.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Demonstration results indicate that the soil and
sediment washing system can effectively isolate
and concentrate PCB contamination into the
organic fractions and the fines. Levels of metals
contamination were also beneficially altered from
the feed stream to the output streams. The
effectiveness of the soil and sediment washing
system on the inorganic compounds met or
exceeded its performance for PCB contamination.
During a 5-day test in May 1992, the Bergmann
soil and sediment washing system experienced no
downtime as it operated for 8 hours per day to
treat dredged sediments from the Saginaw River.
The demonstration provided the following results:
• Approximately 71 percent of the
particles smaller than 45-yum in the
input sediment was apportioned to the
enriched fine stream.
• Less than 20 percent of the particles
smaller than 45-Aon in the input
sediment was apportioned to the
coarse clean fraction.
• The distribution of the concentrations
of PCBs in the input and output
streams were as follows:
Input sediment =1.6 milligrams
per kilogram (mg/kg)
Output coarse clean fraction =
0.20 mg/kg
Output humic materials =
11 mg/kg
Output enriched fines =
4.4 mg/kg
• The heavy metals were concentrated
in the same manner as the PCBs.
• The coarse clean sand consisted of
approximately 82 percent of the input
sediment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
George Jones
Bergmann, A Division of Linatex, Inc.
1550 Airport Road
Gallatin, TN 37066-3739
615-230-2217 Fax: 615-452-5525
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 27
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BERKELEY ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CENTER
(In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ steam enhanced extraction (ISEE)
process removes volatile organic compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) from contaminated water and soils above
and below the water table (see figure below).
Pressurized steam is introduced through injection
wells to force steam through the soil to thermally
enhance the vapor and liquid extraction processes.
The extraction wells have two purposes: (1) to
pump groundwater for ex situ treatment; and (2)
to transport steam and vaporized contaminants
under vacuum to the surface. Recovered
contaminants are condensed and recycled,
processed with the contaminated groundwater, or
treated in the gas phase. The ISEE process uses
readily available components such as injection,
extraction, and monitoring wells; manifold piping;
vapor and liquid separators; vacuum pumps; and
gas emission control equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ISEE process extracts VOCs and SVOCs
from contaminated soils and groundwater. The
primary compounds suitable for treatment include
hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and jet
fuel; solvents such as trichloroethene, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, and dichlorobenzene; or a mixture
of these compounds. The process may be applied
to contaminants above or below the water table.
After treatment is complete, subsurface conditions
are amenable to biodegradation of residual
contaminants, if necessary. The process can be
applied to contaminated soil very near the surface
with a cap. Compounds denser than water may be
treated only in low concentrations, unless a barrier
exists or can be created to prevent downward
percolation of a separate phase.
STATUS:
In August 1988, a successful pilot-scale
demonstration of the ISEE process was completed
at a site contaminated with a mixture of solvents.
Contaminants amounting to 764 pounds were
removed from the 10-foot-diameter, 12-foot-deep
test region. After 5 days of steam injection, soil
contaminant concentrations dropped by a factor of
10.
In December 1993, a full-scale demonstration was
completed at a gasoline spill site at Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in
Water
Fuel
»» Liquid
Contaminant
*• Water
LEGEND
—— Liquid Flow
Vapor Flow
— — -Steam Flow
Water—"—1
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process
Page 28
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Co
February 1999
'roject
revruary
mpletedP,
Altamont Hills, California. Gasoline was
dispersed both above and below the water table
due to a 25-foot rise in the water table since the
spill occurred. The lateral distribution of liquid-
phase gasoline was within a region 150 feet in
diameter and up to 125 feet deep. Appendix A of
the Hughes Environmental Systems Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-
94/510) contains detailed results from the LLNL
SITE demonstration. This report is available from
EPA.
A pilot-scale test of the ISEE process was
conducted in 1994 at Naval Air Station (NAS)
Lemoore in California. During 3 months of
operation, over 98,000 gallons of JP-5 jet fuel was
recovered from medium permeability, partially
saturated sand to a depth of 20 feet. Preliminary
soil sampling showed reductions of JP-5 jet fuel
concentrations from several thousand parts per
million (ppm) above the water table to values less
than 25 ppm.
During Fall 1998, Berkeley is scheduled to use the
ISEE process to remediate a groundwater
contaminant plume at Alameda Naval Air Station
in California. The contaminant plume contains
halogenated organic compounds, including
trichlolorethene, 1,1,1-trichlorethane, and
perchloroethylene.
For more information about similar technologies,
see the following profiles in the Demonstration
Program section: Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc., (completed projects) and Praxis
Environmental Technologies, Inc. (ongoing
projects).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration at LLNL, over
7,600 gallons of gasoline were recovered from
above and below the water table in 26 weeks of
operation. Recovery rates were about 50 times
greater than those achieved by vacuum extraction
and groundwater pumping alone. The rates were
highest during cyclic steam injection, after
subsurface soils reached steam temperatures. The
majority of the recovered gasoline came from the
condenser as a separate phase liquid or in the
effluent air stream.
Without further pumping, 1,2-dichloroethene,
benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene
concentrations in sampled groundwater were
decreased to below maximum contaminant levels
after 6 months. Post-process soil sampling
indicated that a thriving hydrocarbon-degrading
microbial population existed in soils experiencing
prolonged steam contact.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA I'"'..'
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Kent Udell
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
6147 Etchevefry Hall
Berkeley, CA 94720-1740
510-642-2928
Fax: 510-642-6163
Steve Collins
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
461 Evans Hall
Berkeley, CA 94720-1706
510-643-1900
Fax: 510-643-2076
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 29
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BILLINGS AND ASSOCIATES, INC.
(Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation
System (SWS®), developed by Billings and
Associates, Inc. (BAT), and operated by several
other firms under a licensing agreement, uses a
network of injection and extraction wells
(collectively called a reactor nest) to treat
subsurface organic contamination through soil
vacuum extraction combined with in situ
biodegradation. Each system is designed to meet
site-specific conditions. The SWS® technology
has three U.S. patents.
The SWS® is shown in the figure below. A
series of injection and extraction wells is installed
at a site. One or more vacuum pumps create
negative pressure to extract contaminant vapors,
while an air compressor simultaneously creates
positive pressure, sparging the subsurface
treatment area. Control is maintained at a vapor
control unit that houses pumps, control valves,
gauges, and other process control hardware.
At most sites with subsurface organic
contamination, extraction wells are placed above
the water table and injection wells are placed
below the groundwater. This placement allows
the groundwater to be used as a diffusion device.
The number and spacing of the wells depends on
the modeling results of a design parameter matrix,
as well as the physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics of the site. The exact depth of the
injection wells and screened intervals are
additional design considerations.
To enhance vaporization, solar panels are
occasionally used to heat the injected air.
Additional valves for limiting or increasing air
flow and pressure are placed on individual reactor
nest lines (radials) or, at some sites, on individual
well points. Depending on groundwater depths
and fluctuations, horizontal vacuum screens,
"stubbed" screens, or multiple-depth completions
can be applied. Positive and negative air flow
can be shifted to different locations at the site to
Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SWS®)
Page 30
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
emphasize remediation on the most contaminated
areas. Negative pressure is maintained at a
suitable level to prevent escape of vapors.
Because it provides oxygen to the subsurface, the
SWS® can enhance in situ bioremediation at a
site, thereby decreasing remediation time. These
processes are normally monitored by measuring
dissolved oxygen levels in the aquifer, recording
carbon dioxide levels in transmission lines and at
the emission point, and periodically sampling
microbial populations. When required by air
quality permits, volatile organic compound
emissions can be treated by a patent-pending
biological filter that uses indigenous microbes
from the site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SWS® is applicable to soils, sludges, and
groundwater contaminated with gasoline, diesel
fuels, and other hydrocarbons, including
halogenated compounds. The technology is
effective on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,"and
xylene contamination. It can also contain
contaminant plumes through its unique vacuum
and air injection techniques.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. A site in
Buchanan, Michigan was selected for the
demonstration, and initial drilling and construction
began in July 1992. The demonstration began in
March 1993 and was completed hi May 1994.
The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/529), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/529a), and Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/529) are
available from EPA. The SWS® has also been
implemented at 95 underground storage tank sites
in New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Florida, and Oklahoma.
BAI is researching ways to increase the
microbiological effectiveness of the technology
and is testing a mobile unit. The mobile unit will
allow rapid field pilot tests to support the design
process. This unit will also permit actual
remediation: of small sites and of small,
recalcitrant areas on large sites.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the SWS® demonstration are as
follows:
• Data indicated that the overall
reductions for several target analytes,
as determined from individual
boreholes, ranged from 71 percent to
over 99 percent, over a 1-year
period.
• The early phase of the remediation
was characterized by higher
concentrations of volatile organics in
the extracted vapor stream.
• The shutdown tests indicate that the
technology stimulated biodegradative
processes at the site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercui.Paul@epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Gale Billings or Rick Billings
Billings and Associates, Inc.
6808 Academy Parkway E. N.E.
Suite A-4 •
Albuquerque, NM 87109
505-345-1116
Fax: 505-345-1756
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 31
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOGENESIS ENTERPRISES, INC.
(BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioGenesisSM soil and sediment washing
process uses specialized, patent-pending
equipment, complex surfactants, and water to
clean soil, sediment, and sludge contaminated with
organic and inorganic constituents. Two types of
mobile equipment wash different sizes of particles.
A truck-mounted batch unit processes 20 yards per
hour, and washes soil particles 10 mesh and
larger. A full-scale, mobile, continuous flow unit
cleans sand, silt, clay, and sludge particles smaller
than 10 mesh at a rate of 20 to 40 yards per hour.
Auxiliary equipment includes tanks, dewatering
and water treatment equipment, and a bioreactor.
Extraction efficiencies per wash cycle range from
85 to 99 percent. High contaminant levels require
multiple washes.
The principal components of the process consist of
pretreatment equipment for particle sizing, a
truck-mounted soil washer for larger particles, a
sediment washing unit(s) for fine particles, and
water treatment and reconditioning equipment.
The BioGenesisSM soil washing system for larger
particles consists of a trailer-mounted gondola
plumbed for air mixing, water and chemical
addition, oil skimming, and liquid drainage (see
figure below). Water, BioGenesisSM cleaning
chemicals, and soil are loaded into the gondola.
Aeration nozzles feed compressed air to create a
fluidized bed. The resulting slurry is agitated to
release organic and inorganic contaminants from
the soil particles. After mixing, a short settling
period allows the soil particles to sink and the
removed oil to rise to the water surface, where it
is skimmed for reclamation or disposal.
Following drainage of the wash water, the treated
soil is evacuated by raising the gondola's dump
mechanism. Processed soil contains a moisture
level of 10 to 20 percent depending on the soil
matrix.
A prototype BioGenesisSM sediment washing
machine was tested in Environment Canada's
Contaminated Sediment Treatment Technology
Program. The sediment washing machine is a
continuous flow unit. Capacities of up to 80 to
100 cubic yards per hour are possible using full-
scale, parallel processing equipment.
In the sediment washing machine, sediment is
pretreated to form a slurry. The slurry passes to
a shaker screen separator that sizes particles into
two streams. Material greater than 1 millimeter
(mm) in diameter is diverted to the large
particlesoil washer. Material 1 mm and smaller
continues to the sediment washer's feed hopper.
Effluent from
Wash Unit _ To Wastewator
Treatment Plant
Makeup
Walar
lOmeshparticles,-
Soil Washing Process
Sediment Washing Process
Page 32
, The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Completed Project
From there, the slurry is injected to the sediment
cleaning chamber to loosen the bonds between the
pollutant and the particle.
After the cleaning chamber, the slurry flows to the
scrubber to further weaken the bonds between
contaminants and particles. After the scrubber,
the slurry passes through a buffer tank, where
large particles separate by gravity. The slurry
then flows through hydrocyclone banks to separate
solids down to 3 to 5 microns in size. The free
liquid routes to a centrifuge for final solid-liquid
separation. All solids go to the treated soil pile;
all liquid is routed to wastewater treatment to
remove organic and inorganic contaminants.
Decontaminated wastewater is recycled back
through the process. Equipment configuration
varies depending on the soil matrix.
The BioGenesis™ cleaning chemical is a light
alkaline mixture of ionic and nonionic surfactants
and bioremediating agents that act similarly to a
biosurfactant. The proprietary cleaner contains no
hazardous ingredients.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology extracts many inorganics, volatile
and nonvolatile hydrocarbons, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, and most organics from nearly
every soil and sediment type, including clay.
STATUS:
The BioGenesisSM soil washing technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
June 1990. The process was demonstrated in
November 1992 on weathered crude oil at a
refinery site in Minnesota. Results from the
demonstration have been published in the Inno-
vative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/510) and the SITE Technology
Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510). The reports are
available from EPA. BioGenesis Enterprises,
Inc., is planning a future demonstration of the
BioGenesisSM sediment washing process using
PCB-contaminated sediment.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results of the SITE demonstration are presented
below:
• Soil washing and biodegradation with
BioGenesisSM removed about
85 percent of the total recoverable
petroleum hydrocarbon (TRPH)-
related contaminants in the soil.
• Treatment system performance was
reproducible at constant operating
conditions.
• At the end of 90 days, TRPH
concentrations decreased an
additional 50 percent compared to
washing alone.
• The prototype equipment operated
within design parameters. New
production equipment is expected to
streamline overall operating
efficiency.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA ,
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles Wilde
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
7420 Alban Station Boulevard, Suite B 208
Springfield, VA 22150
703-913-9700
Fax: 703-913-9704
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 33
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIO-REM, INC.
(Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Bio-Rem, Inc., Augmented In Situ
Subsurface Bioremediation Process uses a
proprietary blend (H-10) of microaerophilic
bacteria and micronutrients for subsurface
bioremediation of hydrocarbon contamination in
soil and water (see figure below). The insertion
methodology is adaptable to site-specific
situations. The bacteria are hardy and can treat
contaminants in a wide temperature range. The
process does not require additional oxygen or
oxygen-producing compounds, such as hydrogen
peroxide. Degradation products include carbon
dioxide and water.
The bioremediation process consists of four steps:
(1) defining and characterizing the con-
taminationplume; (2) selecting a site-specific
application methodology; (3) initiating and
propagating the bacterial culture; and
(4) monitoring and reporting cleanup.
This technology treats soil and water contaminated
with hydrocarbons, including halogenated
hydrocarbons. Use of the augmented
bioremediation process is site-specific, and
therefore engineered for each individual site. The
success of the process is dependent on a complete
and accurate site characterization study. This data
is necessary to determine the treatment magnitude
and duration.
Microaerophilic
Bacteria
Water
Contaminated
Soil
H-10
Clean
Soil
Micronutrients
Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process
Page 34
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. The
technology was successfully demonstrated at
Williams Air Force Base in Phoenix, Arizona
from May 1992 through June 1993. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/527) is
available from EPA. Bio-Rem, Inc., has
remediated sites throughout the U.S., and in
Canada and Central Europe.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA ;
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Mann
Bio-Rem, Inc.
P.O. Box 116
Butler, IN-46721
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Fax: 219-868-5851
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page35
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTHERM, LCC
(formerly Dehydro-Tech Corporation)
(Biotherm Process™)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Biotherm Process™ combines dehydration
and solvent extraction technologies to separate
wet, oily wastes into their constituent solid, water,
and oil phases (see figure below).
Waste is first mixed with a low-cost hydrocarbon
solvent. The resultant slurry mixture is fed to an
evaporator system that vaporizes water and
initiates solvent extraction of the indigenous oil
extraction unit, where soh'ds contact recycled
solvent until the target amount of indigenous oil is
removed. Depending on the water content of the
feed, single-effect or energy-saving multi-effect
evaporators may be used. Next, the slurry of
dried solids is treated in a multistage solvent.
Finally, solids are centrifuged away from the
solvent, followed by "desolventizing," an
operation that evaporates residual solvent. The
final solids product typically contains less than 2
percent water and less than 1 percent solvent. The
spent solvent, which contains the extracted
indigenous oil, is distilled to separate the solvent
for reuse, and the oil for recovery or disposal.
The Biotherm Process™ yields (1) a clean, dry
solid; (2) a water product virtually free of solids,
indigenous oil, and solvent; and (3) the extracted
indigenous oil, which contains the hazardous
hydrocarbon-soluble feed components.
FEED
OIL/SOIL/
SLUDGE
VENT
SOLVENT/WATER
DECANTING
EVAPORATION AND
1ST SOLVENT
EXTRACTION
MAKEUP
SOLVENT
SOLVENT+
EXTRACTED OIL
SOLVENT
SOLIDS
SOLVENT +
EXTRACTED OIL
2ND SOLVENT
EXTRACTION
SOLVENT+
EXTRACTED OIL
SOLIDS
VENTED GAS
MAKEUP
NITROGEN
SOLVENT
EVAPORATED
SOLVENT WATER
SOLVENT/OIL
DISTILLATION
RECOVERED
OIL
3RD SOLVENT
EXTRACTION
SOLIDS
DESOLVENTIZING
TREATED
SOLIDS
Biotherm Process™ Schematic Diagram
Page 36
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Completed Project
The Biotherm Process™ combination of
dehydration and solvent extraction has the
following advantages: (1) any emulsions initially
present are broken and potential emulsion
formation is prevented; (2) solvent extraction is
more efficient because water is not present; and
(3) the dry solids product is stabilized more
readily if required (for example, if metals
contamination is a concern).
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Biotherm Process™ can treat sludges, soils,
sediments, and other water-bearing wastes
containing hydrocarbon-soluble hazardous
compounds, including poly chlorinated biphenyls,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and dioxins.
The process has been commercially applied to
municipal wastewater sludge, paper mill sludge,
rendering waste, pharmaceutical plant sludge, and
other wastes.
STATUS:
The Biotherm Process™ was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1990. The pilot-
scale SITE demonstration of this technology was
completed in August 1991 at EPA's research
facility in Edison, New Jersey. Spent petroleum
drilling fluids from the PAB oil site in Abbeville,
Louisiana, were used as process feed. The
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/002),.Technology Demonstra-
tion Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002), and Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-92/002)
are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration of the Biotherm
Process™ yielded the following results:
• The process successfully separated the
petroleum-contaminated sludge into its
solid, indigenous oil, and water phases.
No detectable levels of indigenous total
petroleum hydrocarbons were present in
the final solid product.
« The final solid product was a dry powder
similar to bentonite. A food-grade
solvent comprised the bulk of the residual
hydrocarbons in the solid.
• Values for all metals and organics were
well below the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure limits for
characteristic hazardous wastes.
« The resulting water product required
treatment due to the presence of small
amounts of light organics and solvent.
Normally, it may be disposed of at a local
publicly owned treatment works.
• A full-scale Biotherm Process™ can treat
drilling fluid wastes at technology-specific
costs of $100 to $220 per ton of wet feed,
exclusive of disposal costs for the
residuals. Site-specific costs, which
include the cost of residual disposal,
depend on site characteristics and
treatment objectives.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Trowbridge
Biotherm, LCC
401 Towne Center Drive
Hillsborough Township
SomerviIle,-NJ 08876
908-904-1606
Fax: 908-904-1561
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 37
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTROL®
(Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol biological aqueous treatment system
(BATS) is a patented biological system that treats
contaminated groundwater and process water.
The system uses naturally occurring microbes; in
some instances, however, a specific
microorganism may be added. This technique,
known as microbial amendment, is important if a
highly toxic or recalcitrant target compound is
present. The amended microbial system removes
both the target contaminant and the background
organic carbon.
The figure below is a schematic of the BATS.
Contaminated water enters a mix tank, where the
pH is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are added.
If necessary, the water is heated to an optimum
temperature with a heater and a heat exchanger, to
minimize energy costs. The water then flows to
the bioreactor, where the contaminants are
biodegraded.
The microorganisms that degrade the
contaminants are immobilized in a multiple-cell,
submerged, fixed-film bioreactor. Each cell is
filled with a highly porous packing material to
which the microbes adhere. For aerobic condi-
tions, air is supplied by fine bubble membrane
diffusers mounted at the bottom of each cell. The
system may also run under anaerobic conditions.
As water flows through the bioreactor, the
contaminants are degraded to biological end-
products, predominantly carbon dioxide and
water. The resulting effluent may be discharged
to a publicly owned treatment works or reused on
site. In some cases, discharge with a National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit
may be possible.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BATS may be applied to a wide variety of
wastewaters, including groundwater, lagoons, and
BATS
INLET
MIX
TANK
BLOWERS
CONTROLS
DISCHARGE
RECIRCULATION
LINE
BioTrol Biological Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)
Page 38
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Completed Project
process water. Contaminants amenable to
treatment include pentachlorophenol (PCP),
creosote components, gasoline and fuel oil
components, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenolics,
and solvents. Other potential target waste streams
include coal tar residues and organic pesticides.
The BATS may also be effective for treating
certain inorganic compounds such as nitrates;
however, this application has not yet been
demonstrated. The system does not treat metals.
STATUS:
The BATS was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. The system was
demonstrated under the SITE Program from July
to September 1989 at the MacGillis and Gibbs
Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota. The
system operated continuously for 6 weeks at three
different flow rates. The Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-91/001), the Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-91/001), and the
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/001) are
available from EPA.
During 1986 and 1987, BioTrol performed a
successful 9-month pilot-scale field test of the
BATS at a wood preserving facility. Since that
time, the firm has installed more than 20 full-scale
systems and has performed several pilot-scale
demonstrations. These systems have successfully
treated waters contaminated with gasoline, mineral
spirit solvents, phenol, and creosote.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
For the SITE demonstration, the BATS yielded the
following results:
• Reduced PCP concentrations from about
45 parts per million (ppm) to 1 ppm or
less in a single pass
• Produced minimal sludge and no PCP air
emissions
• Mineralized chlorinated phenolics
• Eliminated groundwater biotoxicity
• Appeared to be unaffected by low
concentrations of oil and grease (about
50 ppm) and heavy metals in groundwater
• Required minimal operator attention
The treatment cost per 1,000 gallons was $3.45
for a 5-gallon-per-minute (gpm) pilot-scale system
and $2.43 for' a 30-gpm system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Durell Dobbins
BioTrol
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 39
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTROL®
(Soil Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol Soil Washing System is a patented,
water-based volume reduction process used to
treat excavated soil. The system may be applied
to contaminants concentrated in the fine-sized soil
fraction (silt, clay, and soil organic matter) or in
the coarse soil fraction (sand and gravel).
In the first part of the process, debris is removed
from the soil. The soil is then mixed with water
and subjected to various unit operations common
to the mineral processing industry (see figure
below). The equipment used in these operations
can include mixing trommels, pug mills, vibrating
screens, froth flotation cells, attrition scrubbing
machines, hydrocyclones, screw classifiers, and
various dewatering apparatus.
The core of the process is a multistage, counter-
current, intensive scrubbing circuit with interstage
classification. The scrubbing action disintegrates
soil aggregates, freeing contaminated fine particles
from the coarser material. In addition, surficial
contamination is removed from the coarse fraction
by the abrasive scouring action of the particles
themselves. Contaminants may also be
solubilized, as dictated by solubility characteristics
or partition coefficients.
Contaminated residual products can be treated by
other methods. Process water is normally
recycled after biological or physical treatment.
Contaminated fines may be disposed of off site,
incinerated, stabilized, or biologically treated.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system was initially developed to clean soils
contaminated with wood preserving wastes, such
as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and
pentachlorophenol (PCP). The system may also
apply to soils contaminated with petroleum
hydrocarbons, pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls, various industrial chemicals, and
metals.
Recycle
1
t
Contaminated
Water
BioTrol Soil Washing System Process Diagram
Page 40
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
STATUS:
The BioTrol Soil Washing System was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1989.
The system was demonstrated under the SITE
Program between September and October 1989 at
the MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site in New
Brighton, Minnesota. A pilot-scale unit with a
treatment capacity of 500 pounds per hour
operated 24 hours per day during the
demonstration. Feed for the first phase of the
demonstration (2 days) consisted of soil
contaminated with 130 parts per million (ppm)
PCP and 247 ppm total PAHs; feed for the second
phase (7 days) consisted of soil containing 680
ppm PCP and 404 ppm total PAHs.
Contaminated process water was treated
biologically in a fixed-film reactor and recycled.
A portion of the contaminated soil fines was
treated biologically in a three-stage, pilot-scale
EIMCO Biolift™ reactor system supplied by the
EIMCO Process Equipment Company. The
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/003) and the Technology
Evaluation Report Volume I (EPA/540/5-91/003a)
and Volume H (EPA/540/5-91/003b and
EPA/540/5-91/003c) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the BioTrol demonstration are
summarized below:
« Feed soil (dry weight basis) was
successfully separated into 83 percent
washed soil, 10 percent woody residues,
and 7 percent fines. The washed soil
retained about 10 percent of the feed soil
contamination; 90 percent of this
contamination was contained within the
woody residues, fines, and process
wastes.
• The multistage scrubbing circuit removed
up to 89 percent PCP and 88 percent total
PAHs, based on the difference between
concentration levels in the contaminated
(wet) feed soil and the washed soil.
• The scrubbing circuit degraded up to
94 percent PCP in the process water
during soil washing. PAH removal could
not be determined because of low influent
concentrations.
• The cost of a commercial-scale soil
washing system, assuming use of all three
technologies (soil washing, water
treatment, and fines treatment), was
estimated to be $168 per ton.
Incineration of woody material accounts
for 76 percent of the cost.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dennis Chilcote
BioTrol
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 41
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BRICE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION
(Soil Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Brice)
developed a soil washing process that removes
particulate metal contamination from soil. The
process has been successfully coupled with acid
leaching processes developed by Brice and others
for the removal of ionic metal salts and metal
coatings from soil. The Brice soil washing
process is modular and uses components
specifically suited to site soil conditions and
cleanup standards. Component requirements and
anticipated cleanup levels attainable with the
process are determined during treatability testing
at Brice's Fairbanks, Alaska facility laboratory.
The process is designed to recirculate wash water
and leachate solutions.
Particulate metal contaminants removed from soil,
and metals recovered from the leaching system (if
used), are recycled at a smelting facility. Instead
of stabilizing the metals in place or placing the
materials in a landfill, the Brice technology
removes metal contaminants from the soil, thereby
eliminating the health hazard associated with
heavy metal contamination.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Brice soil washing process treats soils con-
taminated with heavy metals. Typical materials
suited for treatment with the technology
include soils at small arm ranges, ammunition
Brice soil Washing Plant
Page 42
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Completed Project
manufacturing and testing facilities, foundry sites,
and sites used for lead-acid battery recycling.
STATUS:
The Brice soil washing process was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in winter 1991.
Under the program, the technology was
demonstrated in late summer 1992 on lead-
contaminated soil at the Alaskan Battery
Enterprises (ABE) Superfund site in Fairbanks,
Alaska. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/503) and the Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-93/503) are
available from EPA.
A Brice soil washing plant was operated in New
Brighton, Minnesota for 9 months at Twin Cities
Army Ammunition Plant (TCAAP - see
photograph) to process 20,000 tons of
contaminated soil. The wash plant was used in
conjunction with a leaching plant (operated by a
separate developer) that removed ionic lead
following particulate metal removal.
During Fall 1996, Brice performed a soil
washing/soil leaching technology demonstration at
a small arms range at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The
process implemented physical separation of bullet
and bullet fragments from soil particles, and
included a leaching step for removing residual
ionic lead. A total of 835 tons of soil were
processed during this demonstration, and all
demonstration goals were met with no soil
requiring reprocessing.
In August 1998, Brice completed a full-scale soil
washing operation at the Marine Corps Air Ground
Combat Cebter in Twentynin Plams, California.
This operation involved processing about 12,000
tons of soil at a small arms firing range.
Several successful demonstrations of the pilot-
scale unit have been conducted. The results from
the SITE demonstration have been published in a
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-
91/006a), entitled "Design and Development of a
Pilot-Scale Debris Decontamination System" and
hi a Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/S5-91/006).
EPA developed a full-scale unit with ancillary
equipment mounted on three 48-foot flatbed semi-
trailers. EPA is expecting to formalize a
nonexclusive licensing agreement for the
equipment in late 1998 to increase the
technology's use in treating contaminated debris.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration at the ABE site consisted of
three test runs of five hours each, with 48 tons of
soil processed. Feed soils averaged 4,500
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and the
separated soil fines fraction averaged 13,00
mg/kg. On-line reliability was 92 percent, and all
processed gravel passed TCLP testing. Battery
casing removal efficiencies during the three runs
were 94 percent, 100 percent and 90 percent.
The results for the demonstration at the TCAAP
site indicated that the Brice technology reduced
the lead load to the leaching process from 39
percent to 53 percent. Soil was continuously
processed at a rate of 12 to 15 tons per hour.
Results of the Fort Polk demonstration indicate
that the technology reduced lead from firing range
soils by 97 percent. All soil processed was below
the demonstration goals of 500 mg/kg total lead
and 5 milligrams per liter (mg/L) TCLP lead.
Average results for all processed soil were 156
mg/kg total lead and 2.1 mg/L TCLP lead.
Processing rates ranged from 6 to 12 tons per our
hour. ;
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Craig Jones •
Brice Environmental Services Corporation
3200 Shell Street
P.O. Box 73520
Fairbanks, AK 99707
907-456-1955
Fax: 907-452-5018
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 43
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BWX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(an affiliate of BABCOCK & WlLCOX CO.)
(Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Babcock & Wilcox)
cyclone furnace is designed to combust coal with
high inorganic content (high-ash). Through
cofiring, the cyclone furnace can also
accommodate highly contaminated wastes
containing heavy metals and organics in soil or
sludge. High heat-release rates of 45,000 British
thermal units (Btu) per cubic foot of coal and high
turbulence in cyclones ensures the high tempera-
tures required for melting the high-ash fuels and
combusting the organics. The inert ash exits the
cyclone furnace as a vitrified slag.
The pilot-scale cyclone furnace, shown in the
figure below, is a water cooled, scaled-down
version of a commercial coal-fired cyclone with a
restricted exit (throat). The furnace geometry is a
horizontal cylinder (barrel).
Natural gas and preheated combustion air are
heated to 820 °F and enter tangentially into the
cyclone burner. For dry soil processing, the soil
matrix and natural gas enter tangentially along the
cyclone furnace barrel. For wet soil processing,
an atomizer uses compressed air to spray the soil
slurry directly into the furnace. The soil or sludge
and inorganics are captured and melted, and
organics are destroyed in the gas phase or in the
molten slag layer. This slag layer is formed and
retained on the furnace barrel wall by centrifugal
action.
The soil melts, exits the cyclone furnace from the
tap at the cyclone throat, and drops into a water-
filled slag tank where it solidifies. A small
quantity of soil also exits as fly ash with the flue
gas from the furnace and is collected in a
baghouse. In principle, this fly ash can be
recycled to the furnace to increase metal capture
and to minimize the volume of the potentially
hazardous waste stream.
The energy requirements for vitrification are
15,000 Btu per pound of soil treated. The cyclone
COMBUSTION
AIR
INSIDE FURNAI
NATURAL GAS
INJECTORS
NATURAL GAS
SOIL INJECTOR
CYCLONE
BARREL
Cyclone Furnace
Page 44
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February 1999
Com,
-"e&ruary,
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•oject
furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or coal as
the supplemental fuel. If the waste is high in
organic content, it may also supply a significant
portion of the required fuel heat input.
Particulates are captured by a baghouse. To
maximize the capture of particulate metals, a heat
exchanger is used to cool the stack gases to
approximately 200 °F before they enter the
baghouse.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The cyclone furnace can treat highly contaminated
hazardous wastes, sludges, and soils that contain
heavy metals and organic constituents. The
wastes may be solid, a soil slurry (wet soil), or
liquids. To be treated in the cyclone furnace, the
ash or solid matrix must melt (with or without
additives) and flow at cyclone furnace tempera-
tures (2,400 to 3,000 °F). Because the furnace
captures heavy metals in the slag and renders them
nonleachable, it is particularly suited to soils that
contain lower-volatility radionuclides such as
strontium and transuranics.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, the cyclone furnace technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
August 1991. A demonstration occurred in
November 1991 at the developer's facility in
Alliance, Ohio. The process was demonstrated
using an EPA-supplied, wet synthetic soil matrix
(SSM) spiked with heavy metals (lead, cadmium,
and chromium), organics (anthracene and
dimethylphthalate), and simulated radionuclides
(bismuth, strontium, and zirconium). Results
from the demonstrations have been published in
the Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/520/AR-92/017) and Technology Evaluation
Report, Volumes 1 and 2 (EPA/504/R-92/017A
and EPA/540/R-92/017B); these documents are
available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Vitrified slag teachabilities for the heavy metals
met EPA toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) limits. TCLP teachabilities
were 0.29 milligram per liter (mg/L) for lead,
0.12 mg/L for cadmium, and 0.30 mg/L for
chromium. Almost 95 percent of the
noncombustible SSM was incorporated into the
slag. Greater than 75 percent of the chromium,
88 percent of the strontium, and 97 percent of the
zirconium were captured in the slag. Dry weight
volume was reduced 28 percent. Destruction and
removal efficiencies for anthracene and
dimethylphthalate were greater than
99.997 percent and 99.998 percent, respectively.
Stack participates were 0.001 grain per dry
standard cubic foot (gr/dscf) at 7 percent oxygen,
which was below the Resource Conservation
Recovery Act limit of 0.08 gr/dscf effective until
May 1993. Carbon monoxide and total hydro-
carbons in the flue gas were 6.0 parts per million
(ppm) and 8.3 ppm, respectively.
An independent cost analysis was performed as
part of the SITE demonstration. The cost to
remediate 20,000 tons of contaminated soil using
a 3.3-ton-per-hour unit was estimated at $465 per
ton if the unit is on line 80 percent of the time,
and $529 per ton if the unit is on line 60 percent
of the time.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory.
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Evans Reynolds
BWX Technologies, Inc., an affiliate of
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Mt. Athos Rd., Route 726
Lynchburg, VA 24506-0598
804-522-6723 Fax: 804-522-6650
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 45
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CALGON CARBON ADVANCED OXIDATION TECHNOLOGIES
(formerly VULCAN PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC.)
(perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The perox-pure™ treatment system is designed to
destroy dissolved organic contaminants in
groundwater or wastewater with an advanced
chemical oxidation process that uses ultraviolet
(UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide.
In the process, proprietary high-powered,
medium-pressure lamps emit high-energy UV
radiation through a quartz sleeve into the
contaminated water. Hydrogen peroxide is added
to the contaminated water and is activated by the
UV light to form oxidizing species called
hydroxyl radicals:
HA +' UV -* 2(-OH)
The hydroxyl radical then reacts with the
dissolved contaminants, initiating a rapid cascade
of oxidation reactions that ultimately fully oxidize
(mineralize) the contaminants. The success of the
process is based on the fact that the rate constants
for the reaction of -OH radicals with most organic
pollutants are very high. The hydroxyl radical
typically reacts a million to a billion times faster
than chemical oxidants such as ozone and
hydrogen peroxide. In addition, many organic
contminants (e.g. PCE) undergo a change in their
chemical structure by the direct absorption of UV
light in the UV-C spectral range emitted by
Calgon Carbon Corporation's proprietary
medium-pressure UV lamps.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The perox-pure™ technology treats groundwater
and wastewater contaminated with chlorinated
solvents, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls,
phenolics, ethers, fuel hydrocarbons, and other
organic compounds. It is effective on
concentrations ranging from low parts per billion
to several hundred parts per million (ppm). In
certain instances, when used in conjunction with
photocatalysts, it can be competitive for
contaminated waters at concentrations of several
perox-pure™ Model SSB-30
Page 46
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Completed Project
thousand parts per million (ppm). In some cases,
the combination of the perox-pure™ technology
with activated carbon, air stripping, or biological
treatment will provide a more economical
approach than would be obtained by using only
one technology.
STATUS:
The perox-pure™ technology was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in April 1991.
A Model SSB-30 (see photograph on previous
page) was demonstrated in September 1992 at the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Superfund site in Altamont Hills, California. The
purpose of this demonstration was to measure how
well the perox-pure™ technology removed
volatile organic compounds from contaminated
groundwater at the site. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/501), Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/501),
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/501), and Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-93/501) are
available from EPA.
This technology has been successfully applied to
over 250 sites throughout the United States,
Canada, the Far East, and Europe. The treat-ment
units at these sites have treated contaminated
groundwater, industrial wastewater, contaminated
drinking water, landfill leachates, and industrial
reuse streams (process waters). Equipment
treatment rates range from several gallons to
several thousand gallons per minute.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Operating parameters for the treatment system
were varied during the demonstration. Three
reproducibility tests were performed at the
optimum operating conditions, which were
selected from the initial test runs.
In most cases, the perox-pure™ technology
reduced trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene,
chloroform, trichloroethane, and dichloroethane to
below analytical detection limits. For each
organic contaminant, the perox-pure™ technology
complied with California action levels and federal
drinking water, maximum contaminant levels at the
95 percent confidence level. The quartz sleeve
wipers effectively cleaned the sleeves and
eliminated the interference caused by tube scaling.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis:
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bertrand Dussert
Calgon Carbon Advanced Oxidation
Technologies
500 Calgon Carbon Drive
Pittsburgh, PA 15205
412-787-6681 '
Fax:412-787-6682
E-mail: Dussert@calgcarb.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 47
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CF Systems Corporation (CF Systems)
liquified gas solvent extraction (LG-SX)
technology uses liquified gas solvents to extract
organics from soils, sludges, sediments, and
wastewaters. Gases, when liquified under
pressure, have unique physical properties that
enhance their use as solvents. The low viscosities,
densities, and surface tensions of these gases result
in significantly higher rates of extraction
compared to conventional liquid solvents. These
enhanced physical properties also accelerate
treated water's gravity settling rate following
extraction. Due to their high volatility, gases are
also easily recovered from the suspended solids
matrix, rrunimizing solvent losses.
Liquified propane solvent is typically used to treat
soils, sludges, and sediments, while liquified
carbon dioxide is typically used to treat
wastewater. The extraction system uses a batch
extractor-decanter design for solids and sludges
and a continuous trayed tower design for waste-
waters and low-solids wastes.
Contaminated solids, slurries, or wastewaters are
fed into the extraction system along with solvent
(see figure below). After the solvent and organics
are separated from the treated feed, the solvent
and organic mixture passes to the solvent recovery
system. Once in the solvent recovery system, the
solvent is vaporized and recycled as fresh solvent.
The organics are drawn off and either reused or
disposed of. Treated feed is discharged from the
extraction system as a slurry. The slurry is filtered
and dewatered. The reclaimed water is recycled
to the extraction system and the filter cake is sent
for disposal or reused.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The LG-SX technology can be applied to soils and
sludges containing volatile and semivolatile
organic compounds and other higher boiling point
complex organics, such as polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), dioxins, and pentachlorophenol (PCP).
This process can also treat refinery wastes and
wastewater contaminated with organics.
RECOVERED
ORGANICS
TREATED CAKE
TO DISPOSAL
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction (LG-SX) Technology
Page 48
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1988. Under the SITE
Program, a pilot-scale mobile demonstration unit
was tested in September 1988 on PCB-laden
sediments from the New Bedford Harbor
Superfund site in Massachusetts. PCB
concentrations in the harbor sediment ranged from
300 parts per million (ppm) to 2,500 ppm. The
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-90/002) and the Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/002) are
available from EPA.
A pilot-scale treatability study was completed on
PCB-contaminated soil from a Michigan
Superfund site. Analytical data showed that the
treatment reduced PCB levels to below 5 parts per
million (ppm), representing a 98 percent removal
efficiency for this waste. A Project
Summary (EPA/540/SR-95/505), which
details results from this work, is available from
EPA.
CF Systems completed the first commercial on-site
treatment operation at Star Enterprise in Port
Arthur, Texas. The propane-based solvent
extraction unit processed listed refinery K- and
F-wastes, producing Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act treated solids that met EPA land-ban
requirements. The unit operated continuously
from March 1991 to March 1992 and was on-line
more than 90 percent of the time. Following
heavy metals fixation, the treated solids were
disposed of in a Class I landfill.
Effective mid-1998, Morrison Knudsen
Corporation, owner of CF Environmental
Corporation, has terminated research and
development of the LG-SX program, and no
longer actively markets the technology.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
This technology was demonstrated concurrently
with dredging studies managed by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. Contaminated sediments
were treated by the LG-SX technology, using a
liquified propane and butane mixture as the
extraction solvent. The demonstration at the New
Bedford site yielded the following results:
• Extraction efficiencies were 90 to
98 percent for sediments containing PCBs
between 360 and 2,575 ppm. PCB
concentrations were as low as 8 ppm in
the treated sediment.
• Volatile and semivolatile organics in
aqueous and semisolid wastes were
extracted with 99.9 percent efficiency.
• Operating problems included solids
retention in the system hardware and
foaming in receiving^ tanks. The
problems were corrected in the full-scale
operations at Star Enterprise.
• Projected costs for PCB cleanup were
estimated at $150 to $450 per ton,
including material handling and pre- and
posttreatment costs. These costs are
highly dependent on the utilization factor
and job size, which may result in lower
costs for large cleanups.
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
MarkMeckes
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
V.M. Poxleitner
Morrison Knudsen Corporation
P.O. Box 73
Boise, ID 83729
208-386-5361
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 49
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CHEMFIX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In this solidification and stabilization process,
pozzolanic materials react with polyvalent metal
ions and other waste components to produce a
chemically and physically stable solid material.
Optional binders and reagents may include
soluble silicates, carbonates, phosphates, and
borates. The end product may be similar to a
clay-like soil, depending on the characteristics of
the raw waste and the properties desired in the end
product.
The figure below illustrates the Chemfix
Technologies, Inc. (Chemfix), process. Typically,
the waste is first blended in a reaction vessel with
pozzolanic materials that contain calcium
hydroxide. This blend is then dispersed
throughout an aqueous phase. The reagents react
with one another and with toxic metal ions,
forming both anionic and cationic metal
complexes. Pozzolanics that accelerate and other
reagents that precipitate metals can be added
before or after the dry binder is initially mixed
with the waste.
When a water soluble silicate reacts with the waste
and the pozzolanic binder system, colloidal silicate
gel strengths are increased within the binder-waste
matrix, helping to bind polyvalent metal cations.
A large percentage of the heavy metals become
part of the calcium silicate and aluminate colloidal
structures formed by the pozzolans and calcium
hydroxide. Some of the metals, such as lead,
adsorb to the surface of the pozzolanic structures.
The entire pozzolanic matrix, when physically
cured, decreases toxic metal mobility by reducing
the incursion of leaching liquids into and out of the
stabilized matrices.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process is suitable for contaminated soils,
sludges, ashes, and other solid wastes. The
process is particularly applicable to electroplating
sludges, electric arc furnace dust, heavy metal
contaminated soils, oil field drilling muds and
cuttings, municipal sewage sludges, and residuals
from other treatment processes. This process
effectively treats heavy metals, such as antimony,
arsenic, lead, cadmium, hexavalent chromium,
REAGENT TRUCK.
UNLOADING )
REAGENT TRUCK,
UNLOADING /
WASTE INPUT
WATER SUPPLY)
REAGENT TRUCK\
UNLOADING /
WATER
TANK
WATER
TANK
/
TO CONTAINMENT AREA
TRANSFER PUMP
Process Flow Diagram
Page 50
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Com
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pleted P
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mercury, copper, and zinc. In addition, when
combined with specialized binders and additives,
this process can stabilize low-level nuclear wastes.
With modifications, the system may be applied to
wastes containing between 10 to 100 percent
solids.
STATUS:
The solidification and stabilization process was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
1988. The process was demonstrated in March
1989 at the Portable Equipment Salvage Company
site in Clackamas, Oregon. The Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/01 la) and the
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/011) are available from EPA.
In addition, several full-scale remediation projects
have been completed since 1977, including a 1991
high solids CHEMSET® reagent protocol designed
by Chemfix to treat 30,000 cubic yards of
hexavalent chromium-contaminated, high solids
waste. The average chromium level after
treatment was less than 0.15 milligram per liter
and met toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) criteria. The final product permeability
was less than 1 x 10"6 centimeters per second
(cm/sec).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration yielded the following results:
• The technology effectively reduced
copper and lead concentrations in the
wastes. The concentrations in the TCLP
extracts from the treated wastes were
94 to 99 percent less than those from the
untreated wastes. Total lead
concentrations in the untreated waste
approached 14 percent.
• The volume of excavated waste material
increased between 20 and 50 percent after
treatment.
« During the durability tests, the treated
wastes showed little or no weight loss
after 12 cycles of wetting and drying or
freezing and thawing.
« The unconfined compressive strength of
the wastes varied between 27 and
307 pounds per square inch after 28 days.
Hydraulic conductivity of the treated
material ranged between 1 x 10"6 cm/sec
and 6.4 x 10"7 cm/sec.
• Air monitoring data suggest there was no
significant volatilization of
polychlorinated biphenyls during the
treatment process.
• Treatment costs were approximately $73
per ton, including mobilization, labor,
reagents^ and demobilization, but not
disposal.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edwin Earth ,
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax: 513-569-7585
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Donaldson ,
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.
3500 North Causeway Boulevard
Suite 720
Metairie, LA 70002
504-831-3600
Fax: 504-833-4615
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 51
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
COGNIS, INC.
(TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The COGNIS, Inc. (COGNIS), TERRAMET® soil
remediation system leaches and recovers lead and
other metals from contaminated soil, dust, sludge,
or sediment. The system uses a patented aqueous
leachant that is optimized through treatability tests
for the soil and the target contaminant. The
TERRAMET* system can treat most types of lead
contamination, including metallic lead and lead
salts and oxides. The lead compounds are often
tightly bound by fine soil constituents such as
clay, manganese and iron oxides, and humus.
The figure below illustrates the process. A
pretreatment, physical separation stage may
involve dry screening to remove gross oversized
material. The soil can be separated into oversized
(gravel), sand, and fine (silt, clay, and humus)
fractions. Soil, including the oversized fraction,
is first washed. Most lead contamination is
typically associated with fines fraction, and this
fraction is subjected to countercurrent leaching to
dissolve the adsorbed lead and other heavy metal
species. The sand fraction may also contain
significant lead, especially if the contamination is
due to participate lead, such as that found in
battery recycling, ammunition burning, and scrap
yard activities. La this case, the sand fraction is
pretreated to remove dense metallic or magnetic
materials before subjecting the sand fraction to
countercurrent leaching. Sand and fines can be
treated in separate parallel streams.
After dissolution of the lead and other heavy metal
contaminants, the metal ions are recovered from the
aqueous leachate by a metal recovery process such
as reduction, liquid ion exchange, resin ion
exchange, or precipitation. The metal recovery
technique depends on the metals to be recovered
and the leachant employed. In most cases, &,
patented reduction process is used so that the metals
are recovered in a compact form suitable for
recycling. After the metals are recovered, the
leachant can be reused within the TERRAMET®
system for continued leaching.
Important characteristics of the TERRAMET®
leaching/recovery combination are as follows:
(1) the leachant is tailored to the substrate and the
contaminant; (2) the leachant is fully recycled
within the treatment plant; (3) treated soil can be
returned on site; (4) all soil fractions can be treated;
(5) end products include treated soil and recycled
Physical Separation Stage
Feeder
-200
mesh
__ Lead Concentrate
to Recycler
Soil Fines to
Leaching Circuit
Organic Material
Sand to
Leaching Circuit
TERRAMET® Chemical Leaching Stage
Soil Fines From
Separation Stage
Sand From
Separation Stage
Make-up
Chemicals
Clean, Dewatered
Neutralized Soil
Lime
*_ Lead Concentrate
to Recycler
TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System
Page 52
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
metal; and (6) no waste is generated during
processing.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The COGNIS TERRAMET® soil remediation system
can treat soil, sediment, and sludge contaminated
by lead and other heavy metals or metal mixtures.
Appropriate sites include contaminated ammunition
testing areas, firing ranges, battery recycling
centers, scrap yards, metal plating shops, and
chemical manufacturers. Certain lead compounds,
such as lead sulfide, are not amenable to treatment
because of their exceedingly low solubilities. The
system can be modified to leach and recover other
metals, such as cadmium, zinc, copper, and
mercury, from soils.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in August 1992.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, the technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1994. The
demonstration took place at the Twin Cities Army
Ammunition Plant (TCAAP) Site F during August
1994. The TERRAMET® system was evaluated
during a full-scale remediation conducted by
COGNIS at TCAAP. The full-scale system was
linked with a soil washing process developed by
Brice Environmental Services Corporation
(BESCORP). The system treated soil at a rate of
12 to 15 tons per hour. An Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report describing the demonstration and
its results will be available in 1998.
The TERRAMET® system is now available through
Doe Run, Inc. (see contact information below).
For further information about the development of
the system, contact the Dr. William Fristad (see
contact information below). For further
information on the BESCORP soil washing process,
refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program
section (completed projects).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Lead levels in the feed soil ranged from 380 to
1,800 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). Lead
levels in untreated and treated fines ranged from
210 to 780 mg/kg and from 50 to 190 mg/kg,
respectively. Average removal efficiencies for lead
were about 75 percent. The TERRAMET® and
BESCORP processes operated smoothly at a feed
rate of 12 to 15 tons per hour. Size separation
using the BESCORP process proved to be effective
and reduced the lead load to the TERRAMET®
leaching process by 39 to 63 percent. Leaching
solution was recycled, and lead concentrates were
delivered to a lead smelting facility. The cost of
treating contaminated soil at the TCAAP site using
the COGNIS and BESCORP processes is about
$200 per ton of treated soil, based on treatment of
10,000 tons of soil. This cost includes the cost of
removing ordnance from the soil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Royer
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue, MS-104
Edison, NT 08837-3679
908-321-6633
Fax: 908-321-6640
SYSTEM DEVELOPER
William E. Fristad
Parker Amchem
32100 Stephenson Hwy
Madison Heights, MI 48071
248-588-4719
Fax: 248-583-2976
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT
Lou Magdits, TERRAMET® Manager
Doe Run, Inc.
Buick Resource Recycling Facility
HwyKK
HC 1 Box 1395
Boss, MO 65440
573-626-3476
Fax: 573-626-3405
E-mail: lmagdits@misn.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 53
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
(developed by COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES)
(Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment
technology uses natural geochemical and
microbiological processes inherent in an artificial
wetland ecosystem to accumulate and remove
metals from influent waters. The treatment system
incorporates principal ecosystem components found
in wetlands, such as organic materials (substrate),
microbial fauna, and algae.
Influent waters with high metal concentrations flow
through the aerobic and anaerobic zones of the
wetland ecosystem. Metals are removed by ion
exchange, adsorption, absorption, and precipitation
through geochemical and microbial oxidation and
reduction. Ion exchange occurs as metals in the
water contact humic or other organic substances
in the soil medium. Oxidation and reduction
reactions that occur in the aerobic and anaerobic
zones, respectively, precipitate metals as hydroxides
and sulfides. Precipitated and adsorbed metals
settle in quiescent ponds or are filtered out as the
water percolates through the soil or substrate.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment process
is suitable for acid mine drainage from metal or
coal mining activities. These wastes typically
contain high concentrations of metals and low pH.
Wetlands treatment has been applied with some
success to wastewater in the eastern United States.
The process may have to be adjusted to account
for differences in geology, terrain, trace
metal composition, and climate in the metal mining:
regions of the western United States.
SUBSTRATE -
7 oz. GEOFABRIC v
GEOGRID \^
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Page 54
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
STATUS:
Based on the results of tests conducted during the
SITE Emerging Technology Program (ETP), the
constructed wetlands-based treatment process was
selected for the SITE Demonstration Program in
1991. Results from the ETP tests indicated an
average removal rate of 50 percent for metals. For
further information on the ETP evaluation, refer to
the Emerging Technology Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/523), the Emerging Technology
Report (EPA/540/R-93/523), or the Emerging
Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001), which
are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Studies under the Demonstration Program evaluat-
ed process effectiveness, toxicity reduction, and
biogeochemical processes at the Burleigh Tunnel,
near Silver Plume, Colorado. Treatment of mine
discharge from the Burleigh Tunnel is part of the
remedy for the Clear Creek/Central City Superfund
site. Construction of a pilot-scale treatment system
began in summer 1993 and was completed in
November 1993. The pilot-scale treatment system
covered about 4,200 square feet and consisted of an
upflow cell (see figure on previous page) and a
downflow cell. Each cell treats about 7 gallons per
minute of flow. Preliminary results indicated high
removal efficiency (between 80 to 90 percent) for
zinc, the primary contaminant in the discharge
during summer operation. Zinc removal during the
first winter of operation ranged from 60 to 80
percent.
Removal efficiency of dissolved zinc for the upflow
cell between March and September remained above
90 percent; however, the removal efficiency
between September and December 1994 declined to
84 percent due to the reduction in microbial activity
in the winter months. The removal efficiency in
the downflow cell dropped to 68 percent in the
winter months and was between 70 and 80 percent
during the summer months. The 1995 removal
efficiency of dissolved zinc for the upflow cell
declined from 84 percent to below 50 percent due
to substrate hydrologic problems originating from
attempts to insulate this unit during the summer
months. A dramatic upset event in the spring of
1995 sent about four times the design flow through
the upflow cell, along with a heavy zinc load. The
heavy zinc load was toxic to the upflow cell and it
never recovered to previous performance levels.
Since the upset event, removal efficiency remained
at or near 50 percent.
The 1995 removal efficiency of the downflow cell
declined from 80 percent during the summer
months to 63 percent during winter, again a result
of reduced microbial activity. The 1996 removal
efficiency of dissolved zinc calculated for the
downflow cell increased from a January low of 63
percent to over 95 percent from May through
August. The increase in the downflow removal
efficiency is related to reduced flow rates through
the downflow substrate, translating .to increased
residence time.
The SITE demonstration was completed in mid-
1998, and the cells were decommissioned in August
1998. An Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report for the demonstration will be available in
1999. Information on the technology can be
obtained through below-listed sources.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774 Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Lewis
Colorado Department of Public Health and
Environment
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
HMWMD-RP-B2
Denver, CO 80220-1530
303-692-3390 Fax: 303-759-5355
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 55
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
COMMODORE APPLIED TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Solvated Electron Technology, SET™ Remediation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Commmodore Applied Technologies, Inc.'s
(Commodore), solvated electron technology
(SET™) remediation system chemically reduces
toxic contaminants such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), pesticides, and other halogenated
compounds into benign substances. The solvaung
system uses a solution of ammonia and an "active"
metal to create a powerful reducing agent that can
cleanup contaminated soils, sediments, and liquids.
A solvated electron solution is a liquid
homogeneous mixture that produces a large supply
of free electrons. It can be created by combining
liquid ammonia with a metal such as sodium,
calcium, lithium, or potassium. When a solvated
electron solution is mixed with a contaminated
material, the free electrons in the solution
chemically convert the contaminant to relatively
harmless substances and salts.
The SET™ process consists of components to move
and recover the ammonia (such as piping, pumps,
and tanks), along with reactor vessels which hold
the contaminated medium and the solvating
solution. The system can be transported to different
field sites, but the process is performed ex situ,
meaning that the contaminated medium must be
introduced into the reactor vessels.
The treatment process begins by placing the
contaminated medium into the reactor vessels,
where the medium is then mixed with ammonia.
Dirty Soil
Metal
Reactor
Ammonia
Ammonia/Soil
Separator
Clean Soil
Compressor
Ammonia/Water
Separator
Water
Schematic Diagram of the Solvated Electron Remediation System
Page 56
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
One of the reactive metals (usually sodium) is then
added to the contaminated medium-ammonia
mixture, and a chemical reaction ensues. After the
chemical reaction is complete (about 1 minute), the
ammonia is removed to a discharge tank for reuse.
The treated medium is then removed from the
reactor vessels, tested for contamination, and
returned to the site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Commodore claims that its solvating electron
remediation system can effectively decontaminate
soils, sludges, sediments, oils, hand tools, and
personal protective clothing. The technology
chemically transforms PCBs, pesticides, and other
halogenated compounds into relatively benign salts.
Commodore also believes that the technology is
effective in'treating chemical warfare agents and
radionuclides. ,
STATUS:
Commodore was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1995 and is also
participating in the Rapid Commercialization
Initiative (RCI). RCI was created by the
Department of Commerce, Department of Defense,
Department of Energy, and EPA to assist in the
integration of innovative technologies into the
marketplace.
Commodore demonstrated the solvating system at
the Construction Battalion Supply Center in Port
Hueneme, California in September 1996. The
demonstration was designed to evaluate the
system's performance capability, costs, and design
parameters. Results from the demonstration will be
presented in an Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report, which is available from EPA.
In October 1997, Commodore was awarded a
contract to remediate mixed waste material at the
U.S. Department of Energy site at Weldon Spring,
Missouri using the SET™ technology.
A nationwide permit for the destruction of PCBs
and metals in soils was issued for the SET™
process by the EPA in March, 1997. This permit
was amended in May 1998 to include the
destruction of PCBs in oil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Peter E. Harrod - -
President . :
Commodore Solution Technologies, Inc.
2340 Menaul Boulevard, NE
Albuquerque, NM 87111
505-872-3508
Fax: 505-872-6827
E-Mail: pharrod@adv-sci.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 57
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
. CURE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(CURE*-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CURE® - Electrocoagulation (CURE®) system
is designed to remove ionic metal species and other
charged particles from water (see figure below).
Because many toxic metal ions such as nickel, lead,
and chromates are held in solution by electrical
charges, they will precipitate out of solution if they
are neutralized with oppositely charged ions. The
CURE® system is effective at breaking oily
emulsions and removing suspended solids. The
system improves on previous electrocoagulation
methods through a unique geometrical
configuration.
The CURE® system's patented geometry
maximizes liquid surface contact between the anode
and concentric cathode electrocoagulation tubes,
thus minimizing the power requirements for
efficient operation. The CURE® system allows the
contaminated water to flow continuously through
the cathode tube, enabling a direct current to pass
uniformly through a water stream. The
contaminated water then passes through the annular
space between the cathode and anode tubes and is
exposed to sequential positive and negative
electrical fields. Typical retention time is less than
20 seconds. Water characteristics such as pH,
oxidation-reduction potential, and conductivity can
be adjusted to achieve maximum removal
efficiencies for specific contaminants.
After the treated water exits the electrocoagulation
tubes, the destabilized colloids are allowed to
flocculate and are then separated with an integrated
clarifier system. Polymers can be added to enhance
flocculation, but in most cases they are not
required. The sludge produced by this process is
usually very stable and acid-resistant. Tests have
shown that sludges produced by the CURE®
Hu—
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Page 58
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
system pass the toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) and are often disposed of as
nonhazardous waste.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CURE® system can treat a broad range of
dissolved metals, including aluminum, arsenic,
barium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, iron, lead,
nickel, uranium, and zinc. The system can also
treat contaminants such as emulsified oils,
suspended solids, paints, and dyes. Radionuclides
were removed by the system at the Rocky Flats
Environmental Technology Site (RFETS).
Because this system treats a wide range of
contaminants, it is suited for industries and utilities
such as plating, mining, electronics, industrial
wastewater, as well as remediation projects.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1993. A bench-scale
test of the technology was conducted in April 1995
to determine the ability of the system to remove
radionuclides from solar evaporation water at
RFETS. The system removed over 90 percent of
uranium and plutonium from the test water. The
technology was demonstrated during August and
September 1995 at RFETS under a joint agreement
between the Department of Energy, the State of
Colorado, and EPA.
The technology has proven to be very effective in
a diverse number of industrial applications
including metal refinishing, oil treatment plants,
acid mine drainage and cooling towers in the U.S.
and internationally. Full or pilot scale units are
available from CURE® International, Inc.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, four 3-hour test
runs were conducted at RFETS over a 2-week
period. Prior to the demonstration, operating
parameters were adjusted during several
optimization runs.
The demonstration showed that the system removed
30 to 50 percent of uranium and 60 to 99 percent of
plutonium from the solar pond water at RFETS.
The radionuclide and metal content of the
dewatered sludge indicated that these contaminants
were highly concentrated in the sludge. Uranium
and plutonium were only slightly leachable by
TCLP and no metals were leachable by TCLP.
These results suggest that the sludge is very stable
and resistant to breakdown.
The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-96/502), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-92/502a), and Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-96/502) are available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Stanton, President
CURE! International, Inc.
1001 U.S. Highway One, Suite 409
Jupiter, FL 33477
561-575-3500
Fax: 561-575-9510
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 59
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, and
OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY
(Membrane Microfiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This membrane microfiltration system is designed
to remove solid particles from liquid wastes,
forming filter cakes typically ranging from 40 to 60
percent solids. The system can be manufactured as
an enclosed unit, requires little or no attention
during operation, is mobile, and can be trailer-
mounted.
The membrane microfiltration system uses an
automatic pressure filter (developed by Oberlin
Filter Company), combined with a special Tyvek®
filter material (Tyvek® T-980) made of spun-
bonded olefin (invented by E.I. DuPont de
Nemours and Company) (see figure below). The
filter material is a thin, durable plastic fabric with
tiny openings about 1 ten-millionth of a meter in
diameter. These openings allow water or other
liquids and solid particles smaller than the openings
to flow through. Solids in the liquid stream that are
too large to pass through the openings accumulate
on the filter and can be easily collected for disposal.
The automatic pressure filter has two chambers: an
upper chamber for feeding waste through the filter,
and a lower chamber for collecting the filtered
liquid (filtrate). At the start of a filter cycle, the
upper chamber is lowered to form a liquid-tight seal
against the filter. The waste feed is then pumped
into the upper chamber and through the filter.
Filtered solids accumulate on the Tyvek® surface,
forming a filter cake, while filtrate collects in the
lower chamber. Following filtration, air is fed into
the upper chamber at a pressure of about 45 pounds
per square inch. Air removes any liquid remaining
in the upper chamber and further dries the filter
cake. When the filter cake is dry, the upper chamber
is lifted, and the filter cake is automatically dis-
charged. Clean filter material is then drawn from
a roll into the system for the next cycle. Both the
filter cake and the filtrate can be collected and
treated further before disposal, if necessary.
Air Cylinder
Filter Cake
Used Tyvek®
Filtrate Chamber
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Discharge
Membrane Microfiltration System
Page 60
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This membrane microfiltration system may be
applied to (1) hazardous waste suspensions,
particularly liquid heavy metal- and cyanide bearing
wastes (such as electroplating rinsewaters),
(2) groundwater contaminated with heavy metals,
(3) constituents in landfill leachate, and (4) process
wastewaters containing uranium. The technology
is best suited for treating wastes with solids
concentrations of less than 5,000 parts per million;
otherwise, the cake capacity and handling become
limiting factors. The system can treat any type of
solids, including inorganics, organics, and oily
wastes, with a wide variety of particle sizes.
Moreover, because the system is enclosed, it can
treat liquid wastes that contain volatile organics.
STATUS:
The membrane microfiltration system, accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in 1988, was
demonstrated at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund site
in Palmerton, Pennsylvania. The demonstration was
conducted over a 4-week period in April and May
1990. Groundwater from the shallow aquifer at the
site was contaminated with dissolved heavy metals,
including cadmium, lead, and zinc. This
contaminated groundwater served as the feed waste
for the demonstration. The system treated waste at
a rate of about 1 to 2 gallons per minute.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/007), the Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/5-90/007), and a videotape of the
demonstration are available from EPA.
Since 1991, about 12 commercial installations of
the technology have been operational.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration at the Palmerton Zinc
Superfund site, the membrane microfiltration
system achieved the following results:
• Removal efficiencies for zinc and total
suspended solids ranged from 99.75 to
99.99 percent (averaging 99.95 percent).
• Solids in the filter cake ranged from 30.5
to 47.1 percent.
• Dry filter cake in all test runs passed the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
paint filter liquids test.
• Filtrate met the applicable National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
standards for cadmium, lead, zinc, and
total suspended solids.
<» A composite filter cake sample passed the
extraction procedure toxicity and toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure tests for
metals.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ernest Mayer
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company
Nemours 6528
1007 Market Street
Wilmington, DE 19898
302-774-2277
Fax: 302-368-1474
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 61
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DYNAPHORE, INC.
(FORAGER® Sponge)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The FORAGER® Sponge (Sponge) is an open-
celled cellulose sponge containing a polymer with
selective affinity for dissolved heavy metals in both
cationic and anionic states. The polymer contains
iminodiacetic acid groups which enter into chelation
bonding with transition-group heavy metal cations.
The polymer's affinity for particular cations is
influenced by solution parameters such as pH,
temperature, and total ionic content. In general, the
following affinity sequence for several
representative ions prevails:
> Pb
++
>Zn++:
.. fn +--I
During absorption, a cation is displaced from the
polymer. The displaced cation may be H+ or a
cation below the absorbed cation in the affinity
sequence.
The polymer also contains tertiary amine salt
groups which exhibit selective bonding for anion
species such as the following:
CrO/2, As04'3 Au(CN) 2,'SeO
Ag(SA)'3, Si03-2, U04'2
,3
Fishnet Bags Placed Vertically in a Well
The absorption of certain anion species can be
enhanced by preabsorption of a cation that
ordinarily reacts with a sought anion to produce
a highly insoluble compound. For example, a
Sponge presaturated with Fe+3 strongly absorbs
arsenate anion because ferric arsenate is highly
insoluble.
The removal efficiency for transition-group
heavy metals is about 90 percent at a flow rate of
0.1 bed volume per minute. The Sponge's highly
porous nature speeds diffusional effects,
promoting high rates of ion absorption. The
Sponge can be used in columns, fishnet-type
enclosures, or rotating drums. When used in a
column, flow rates of three bed volumes per
minute can be obtained at hydrostatic pressures
only 2 feet above the bed and without additional
pressurization. Therefore, Sponge-packed col-
umns are suitable for unattended field use.
Absorbed ions can be eluted from the Sponge
using techniques typically employed to regenerate
ion-exchange resins and activated carbon.
Following elution, the Sponge can be used in the
next absorption cycle. The number of useful
cycles depends on the nature of the absorbed ions
and the elution technique used. Alternatively,
the metal-saturated Sponge can be incinerated.
In some instances, the Sponge may be dried and
reduced in volume to facilitate disposal.
A trailer-mounted pump-and-treat apparatus can
handle up to 10 gallons per minute with low
pumping pressures of 4 to 10 pounds per square
inch. The apparatus employs four or six
Plexiglas columns, connected in series, with
valving to expedite regeneration and staging.
Each column accommodates a fishnet container
of Sponge in the form of half-inch cubes.
Groundwater can be remediated in situ using
elongated fishnet bags that confine the Sponge.
The bags are placed vertically in wells, as shown
in the figure to the left, or placed horizontally in
trenches, as shown in the figure on the next page.
Alternatively, the groundwater can be treated
aboveground in a packed column configuration.
Page 62
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Sponge can scavenge metals in concentration
levels of parts per million and parts per billion
from industrial discharges, municipal sewage,
process streams, and acid mine drainage. The
Sponge is particularly useful when treating water
with low contaminant levels, especially in
polishing or end-of-pipe treatments. Because of
the low capital investment required, the Sponge
is well-suited for use in short-term remediation
projects and for sporadic flow conditions.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991. The
Sponge was demonstrated hi April 1994 at the
National Lead Industry site in Pedricktown, New
Jersey. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/522), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/522a), and Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94/522) are available from EPA.
According to the developer, the Sponge has also
effectively removed trace heavy metals from acid
mine drainage at three locations in Colorado. In
bench-scale tests, the Sponge reduced mercury,
lead, nickel, cadmium, and chromium in
groundwater from various Superfund sites to
below detectable levels. The Sponge was also
demonstrated in a field-scale installation at a
photoprocessing operation. The process reduced
chromate and silver by 75 percent at a cost of
$1,100 per month. In bench-scale tests, the
Sponge has removed lead, mercury, and copper
from pourable sludges such as simulated
municipal sewage, and from soils slurried with
water.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
the SITE
Fishnet Bags Placed Horizontally in a Trench
Treatment performance from
demonstration was as follows:
Average Influence Percent
Analvte Concentration (ue/L) Removal
Cadmium 537 90
Copper . 917 97
Lead 578 97
Chromium111 426 32
In 1996, the Sponge, configured in a column,
was employed in a pump-and-treat remediation of
360,000 gallons of water that had accumulated as
a result of a fuel handling operation. The water,
containing 0.2 parts per million (ppm) arsenic,
was treated at 12 gallons per minute (0.1 bed
volume per minute) to produce an effluent having
a nondetect level of arsenic.
According to the developer, a newly developed
modification of the Sponge (designated Grade 0)
has proven effective in removing methyl tert-butyl
ether (MTBE) from groundwater and in removing
dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) from
stormwater. The sponge is currently being used in
passive, end-of-pipe installations to remove nickel
from electroplating effluents.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager
Carolyn Esposito, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, New Jersey 08837-3679
732-321-6630, Fax: 732-321-6630
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Norman Rainer, Dynaphore, Inc.
2709 Willard Road
Richmond, VA 23294
804-288-7109, Fax: 804-282-1325
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 63
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ECOVA CORPORATION
(Bioslurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The ECOVA Corporation (ECOVA) slurry-phase
bioremediation (bioslurry) technology aerobically
biodegrades creosote-contaminated materials.
The technology uses batch and continuous flow
bioreactors to process polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils,
sediments, and sludges. The bioreactors are
supplemented with oxygen, nutrients, and a
specific inoculum of enriched indigenous
microorganisms to enhance the degradation
process.
Because site-specific environments influence
biological treatment, all chemical, physical, and
microbial factors are designed into the treatment
process. The ultimate goal is to convert organic
wastes into relatively harmless by-products of
microbial metabolism, such as carbon dioxide,
water, and inorganic salts. Biological reaction
rates are accelerated hi a slurry system because
of the increased contact efficiency between
contaminants and microorganisms. The
photograph below shows the bioslurry reactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The bioslurry reactor is designed to treat highly
contaminated creosote wastes. It can also treat
other concentrated contaminants that can be
aerobically biodegraded, such as petroleum
wastes. The bioslurry reactor system must be
engineered to maintain parameters such as pH,
temperature, and dissolved oxygen within ranges
conducive to the desired microbial activity.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991. From
May through September 1991, EPA conducted a
Bioslurry Reactor
Page 64
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
SITE demonstration using six bioslurry reactors
at EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in
Cincinnati, Ohio.
ECOVA conducted bench- and pilot-scale studies
to evaluate bioremediation of PAHs in creosote-
contaminated soil from the Burlington Northern
Superfund site in Brainerd, Minnesota.
Bench-scale studies were conducted before
pilot-scale evaluations to determine optimal
treatment protocols. EIMCO Biolift™ slurry
reactors were used for the pilot-scale processing.
Data from the optimized pilot-scale program
were used to establish treatment standards for
K001 wastes as part of EPA's Best Demonstrated
Available Technology program.
This technology is no longer available through
ECOVA. However, the technology is being
implemented by Walsh Environmental Scientists
& Engineers. For further information on the
technology, contact the EPA Project Manager.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the SITE demonstration indicated
that slurry-phase biological treatment significantly
improved biodegradation rates of carcinogenic
4- to 6-ring PAHs. The pilot-scale bioslurry
reactor reduced 82 ±15 percent of the total
soil-bound PAHs in the first week. After
14 days, total PAHs had been biodegraded by
96 ±2 percent. An overall reduction of
97 ±2 percent was observed over a 12-week
treatment period, indicating that almost all
biodegradation occurred within the first 2 weeks
of treatment. Carcinogenic PAHs were biode-
graded by 90 ±3.2 percent to
501 ±103 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) from
levels of 5,081 ±1,530 mg/kg.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7105
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 65
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELECTROKINETICS, INC.
(Electrokinetic Soil Processing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Electrokinetic, Inc.'s, soil processes extract or
remediate heavy metals and organic contaminants
in soils. The process can be applied in situ or ex
situ with suitable chemical agents to optimize the
remediation. For example, conditioning fluids
such as suitable acids may be used for electrode
(cathode) depolarization to enhance the
electrodeposition of certain heavy metals.
The figure below illustrates the field-processing
scheme and the flow of ions to respective
boreholes (or trenches). The mechanism of
electrokinetic soil remediation for the removal of
toxic metals involves the application of an
electrical field across the soil mass. An in-situ
generated acid causes the solubilization of metal
salts into the pore fluid. The free ions are then
transported through the soil by electrical
migration towards the electrode of opposing
charge. Metal species with a positive charge are
collected at the cathode, while species with a
negative charge are collected at the anode.
An acid front migrates towards the negative
electrode (cathode), and contaminants are
extracted through electroosmosis (EO) and
electromigration (EM). The concurrent mobility
of the ions and pore fluid decontaminates the soil
mass. Electrokinetic remediation is extremely
effective in fine-grained soils where other
techniques such as pump and treat are not
feasible. This is due to the fact that the
contaminants are transported under charged
electrical fields and not hydraulic gradients.
^^-w
Extraction/
Exchange
ii
Processing
Process Control System
k — - -dl
Exchange
n
Processing
Jbs-^ /<
AC/DC
Converter
Anode+
ACID FRONT
and/or ANODIC
PROCESS FLUID
- Cathode
BASE FRONT
and/or CATHODIC
FLUID
Processed
Media
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Page 66
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
Bench-scale results show that the process works
in both unsaturated and saturated soils. Pore
fluid flow moves from the positive electrodes
(anodes) to the cathodes under the effect of the
EO and EM forces. Electrode selection is
important, since many metal or carbon anodes
rapidly dissolve after contact with strong oxidants.
When the removal of a contaminant is not
feasible, the metal can be stabilized in-situ by
injecting stabilizing agents or creating an
electrokinetic "fence" (reactive treatment wall)
that reacts with and immobilizes the
contaminants.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Electrokinetic soil processing extracts heavy
metals, radionuclides, and other inorganic
contaminants below their solubility limits.
During bench-scale testing, the technology has
removed arsenic, benzene, cadmium, chromium,
copper, ethylbenzene, lead, mercury, nickel,
phenol, trichloroethylene, toluene, xylene, and
zinc from soils. Bench-scale studies under the
SITE Emerging Technology Program
demonstrated the feasibility of removing uranium
and thorium from kaolinite.
Limited pilot-scale field tests resulted in lead and
copper removal from clays and saturated and
unsaturated sandy clay deposits. Treatment
efficiency depended on the specific chemicals,
their concentrations, and the buffering capacity
of the soil. The technique proved 85 to 95
percent efficient when removing phenol at
concentrations of 500 parts per million (ppm). In
addition, removal efficiencies for lead,
chromium, cadmium, and uranium at levels up to
2,000 micrograms per gram ranged between 75
and 98 percent.
STATUS:
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, the electrokinetic technology was
invited in 1994 to participate in the SITE
Demonstration Program. For further information
on the pilot-scale system, refer to the Emerging
Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/504), which
is available from EPA.The SITE demonstration
began in July 1995 at an inactive firing range at
the Fort Polk Army Ammunition Reservation in
Louisiana. The soil at the site is contaminated
with lead, copper, and zinc, which have
accumulated over several decades.
Concentrations of lead in the sandy clay soil
range from 1,000 to 5,000 ppm and are less than
100 ppm at a 3-foot depth. A 20-foot by 60-foot
area was remediated to a depth of 3 feet. This
demonstration represents the first comprehensive
study in the United States of an in situ
electrokinetic separation technology applied to
heavy metals in soils. Electrokinetics Inc.
received the 1996 SBIR Phase II Quality Award
from the Department of Defense for its technical
achievement on this project.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Elif Acar ;
Electrokinetics, Inc.
11552 Cedar Park Ave.
Baton Rouge, LA 70809
504-753-8004
Fax: 504-753-0028
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 67
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELI ECO LOGIC INC.
(Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The patented ELI Eco Logic Inc. (ECO LOGIC),
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction (GPCR) Process
(see photograph below) uses a gas-phase reduction
reaction of hydrogen with organic and chlorinated
organic compounds at elevated temperatures to
produce a hydrocarbon-rich gas product.
The GPCR is a non-incineration technology
based upon the ability of hydrogen, at elevated
temperatures, to chemically reduce organic and
chlorinated organic molecules to primarily
methane and hydrochloric acid. The destruction
process takes place within a closed-loop system
at normal atmospheric pressures with no
uncontrolled emissions. As a result, the process
involves no free oxygen and therefore eliminates
the potential for formation of chlorinated dioxins
and furans, which are more toxic than most
materials being treated. Any dioxins and furans
in the waste are also destroyed in the process.
Waste pretreatment technologies are incorporated
into the process to vaporize the organic
contaminants that are then carried in the vapor
phase to the GPCR reactor for complete reduction.
A Thermal Reduction Batch Processor (TRBP) is
used to treat bulk solid materials such as drums
and electrical equipment.
Watery wastes are preheated with boiler steam in
a preheater vessel before injection into the
reactor. Hot contaminated material exits the
bottom of the vaporizer at a controlled flow rate
and enters the reactor through atomizing nozzles.
A liquid waste pumping system is used to inject
high-strength oily waste directly into the reactor
through the atomizing nozzles.
In the reactor, the vaporized organic compounds
from the injection of liquid wastes or from the
TRBP are chemically reduced in a hydrogen-rich
environment to primarily methane and acidic
gases. The gas leaving the GPCR reactor is
scrubbed in caustic scrubber towers to remove
acid gases, water, heat, and fine particulates. The
scrubbed product gas is compressed and routed to
the product gas storage tank and recycled as fuel
to heat various system components.
ECO LOGIC'S computerized process control
system ensures protection of the workers and the
public with its state-of-the-art instrumentation.
This instrumentation continuously monitors
critical system operating parameters and provides
a continuous indication of destruction efficiency.
A chemical ionization mass spectrometer and a
micro gas chromatograph are used on-line as
diagnostic tools for trace monitoring of organic
compounds in the product gas stream.
Gas-Phase Chemical Remediation Process
Page 68
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
Process outputs are analytically tested onsite to
ensure compliance with regulatory criteria prior to
reuse in the system or off-site disposal. Treated
solids are separated into metals and nonmetals,
which are then recycled or sent to a landfill.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The GPCR process converts organic hazardous
waste into clean, reusable or safely disposable
products. The process can eliminate most types
of organic contaminant in liquids or bulk solid
materials in an environmentally acceptable
manner. ECO LOGIC has successfully
performed numerous laboratory- and pilot-scale
demonstrations on liquids, solids, and soils
containing polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides,
chemical warfare agents or other complex
hazardous organic contaminants.
STATUS:
In October and November 1992, the ECO
LOGIC process was demonstrated at the
Middleground Landfill in Bay City, Michigan,
under a Toxic Substances Control Act research
and development permit. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/522) and the
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/522) are available from EPA.
In 1995, the Western Australian government
approved the setup of the first commercial-scale
ECO LOGIC waste processing system in
Kwinana, Western Australia. This unit treats
DDT- and PCB-contaminated wastes.
In 1997, ECO LOGIC completed the treatment of
over 1,000 tons of PCB-contaminated material'at
the General Motors of Canada Ltd facility in St.
Catharines, Ontario. The materials treated
included soil, sediment, and other granular solid
material. As part of this project, the Province of
Ontario's Ministry of Environment and Energy
(MOEE) conducted regulatory testing to evaluate
system performance during the treatment of high-
strength PCB oil. The ECO LOGIC Process was
capable of achieving a DRE of at least seven
nines (99.99999 percent) for PCBs and at least
six'nines for chlorobenzenes in all tests. The
MOEE also conducted an air monitoring survey
in St. Catharines to determine PCB levels
downwind of the treatment system. The MOEE
survey concluded that PCBs were not impacting
ambient air in the vicinity of the treatment site
during treatment of high-strength PCB oil.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the Bay City demonstration, two separate
waste feed conditions were used: (1) wastewater
containing an average PCB concentration of
4,600 parts per million, and (2) waste oil
containing an average PCB concentration of 24.5
percent. Both feeds were tested in triplicate.
The demonstration of the ECO LOGIC process
yielded the following results:
« At least 99.99 percent destruction and
removal efficiency for PCBs during all
runs
* A 99.99 percent destruction efficiency
for perchloroethene, a tracer compound,
during all runs
« Net destruction of trace feedstock dioxin
and furan compounds during all runs
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684 Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash- Vice President, Business Development
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada NOB 2KO
519-856-9591 ext. 208 Fax: 519-856-9235
E-Mail: nashj@eco-logic-mtl.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 69
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL INC.
(Thermal Desorption Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The ELI Eco Logic International Inc. (Eco
Logic), thermal desorption unit (TDU) is
specially designed for use with Eco Logic's gas-
phase chemical reduction process. The TDU,
shown in the figure below, consists of an
externally heated bath of molten tin metal (heated
with propane) in a hydrogen gas atmosphere.
Tin is used for several reasons: tin and hydrogen
are nonreactive; tin's density allows soils to float
on the molten bath; molten tin is a good fluid for
heat transfer; tin is nontoxic in soil; and tin is
used as a bath medium hi the manufacture of
plate glass.
Contaminated soil is conveyed into the TDU feed
hopper, where an auger feeds the soil into the
TDU. A screw feeder provides a gas seal
between the outside air and the hydrogen
atmosphere inside the TDU. The auger's
variable speed drive provides feed rate control.
Soil inside the TDU floats on top of the molten
tin and is heated to 600 °C, vaporizing the water
and organic material. Decontaminated soil is
removed from the tin bath into a water-filled
quench tank. The water in the quench tank
provides a gas seal between the TDU's hydrogen
atmosphere and the outside air. A scraper
mechanism removes decontaminated soil from
the quench tank into drums.
After desorption from the soil, the organic
contaminants are carried from the TDU to Eco
Logic's proprietary gas-phase reduction reactor.
In the reactor, the organic contaminants undergo
gas-phase chemical reduction reactions with
hydrogen at elevated temperatures and ambient
pressure. This reaction converts organic and
chlorinated organic contaminants into a
hydrocarbon-rich gas product. After passing
through a scrubber, the gas product's primary
components are hydrogen, nitrogen, methane,
carbon monoxide, water vapor, and other lighter
hydrocarbons. Most of this gas product
recirculates into the process, while excess gas
can be compressed for later analysis and reuse as
supplemental fuel. For further information on
the Eco Logic gas-phase chemical reduction
process, see the profile in the Demonstration
Program section (completed projects).
H2 •
SITE SOILS
PROPANE•
AIR •
n
DESORBED GAS
MOLTEN BATH
TREATED SOILS
THERMAL DESORPTION
UNIT
RECIRCULATED GAS
850'C
K
3TOR
>°C
_/
r~
SCI
—
IUE
—
BER
1
35°C
d
KYDI
SLUDGE AND DECANT
WATER SLOWDOWN
CLEAN STEAM
GAS (5%)
STACK GAS
n
BOILER
REACTOR SYSTEM
Thermal Desorption Unit
Page 70
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Eco Logic TDU, when used with the gas-
phase chemical reduction reactor, is designed to
desorb soils and sludges contaminated with
hazardous organic contaminants such as
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated dioxins and
dibenzofurans, chlorinated solvents,
chlorobenzenes, and chlorophenols. The
combined technologies are suited for wastes with
high water content since water is a good source
of hydrogen.
STATUS:
In October and November 1992, the Eco Logic
process, including the TDU, was demonstrated at
the Middleground Landfill in Bay City,
Michigan, under a Toxic Substances Control Act
research and development permit. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/504)
and the Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-94/504) are available from EPA.
Further research and development since the
demonstration has focused on optimizing the
process for commercial operations and improving
the design of the soil and sediment processing
unit. According to Eco Logic, the TDU design
currently in commercial operation has achieved
excellent results, with contaminants in soils and
sediments desorbed from high parts per million
(ppm) levels to low parts per billion levels.
Two commercial-scale SE25 treatment units are
currently in operation: one in Perth, Western
Australia, and the other at a General Motors of
Canada Ltd (GMCL) facility in Ontario. Both
are currently treating a variety of waste matrices
including DDT residues and PCBs in soils, oils,
electrical equipment, concrete, and other solids.
Following the GMCL project, the unit will be
relocated to Toronto, Ontario where General
Electric (GE) and Eco Logic have a contract to
destroy PCB-impacted materials stored
aboveground at GE's Lansdowne and Davenport
facilities.
Eco Logic also has teamed with Westinghouse
Electric to treat chemical warfare agents using
the process. Eco Logic has been awarded a
contract through the Department of Energy's
Morgantown Energy Technology Center for
treatment of hazardous wastes, radioactive mixed
low-level wastes, and energetics-explosives.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration in Bay City, Michigan,
the Eco Logic TDU achieved the following:
• Desorption efficiencies for PCBs from
the soil of 93.5 percent in run one and
98.8 percent in run two
• Desorption efficiency for
hexachlorobenzene (a tracer compound)
from the soil of 72.13 percent in run one
and 99.99 percent in run two
• PCB destruction and removal efficiencies
of 99.99 percent for the combined TDU
and reduction reactor
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash
ELI Eco Logic International Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada NOB 2KO
519-856-9591
Fax: 519-856-9235
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 71
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ENVIROMETAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.
(In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of
Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This remedial technology, developed by the
University of Waterloo and EnviroMetal
Technologies Inc., degrades dissolved
halogenated organic compounds in groundwater
with an in situ permeable wall containing reactive
metal (usually iron) (see photograph below). The
technology may also be used in an aboveground
reactor for ex situ treatment.
The technology employs an abiotic
electrochemical process. Contaminated
groundwater passes through the specially
prepared granular reactive iron, which oxidizes,
inducing reductive dehalogenation of
contaminants. Halogenated organics are degraded
to nonhazardous substances, preventing
contaminants from migrating further
downstream. Observed degradation rates are
several times higher than those reported for
natural abiotic degradation processes.
In most in situ applications of this technology,
groundwater moves naturally through the
permeable subsurface wall or is directed by
flanking impermeable sections such as sheet piles
or slurry walls. This passive remediation method
is a cost-effective alternative to conventional
pump-and-treat methods. Aboveground reactor
vessels employing this technology may replace or
add to treatment units in conventional pump-and-
treat systems.
Process residuals may include dissolved ethane,
ethene, methane, hydrogen gas, chloride, and
ferrous iron. Because contaminants are degraded
to nonhazardous substances and not transferred to
another medium, this process eliminates the need
for waste treatment or disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process was developed to treat dissolved
halogenated organic compounds in groundwater.
Figure 37
i
Installation of Pilot-Scale In Situ Treatment System
at an Industrial Facility in Northeast United States
Page 72
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
The technology has degraded a wide variety of
chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, including
trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE),
vinyl chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and 1,2-
dichloroethene (DCE). The technology also
degrades other organic contaminants, including
Freon-113, ethylene dibromide, certain
nitroaromatics, and N-nitrosodimethylamine.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1993. A pilot-
scale demonstration of the aboveground reactor
(ex situ) technology took place from November
1994 to February 1995 at an industrial facility in
New Jersey. Groundwater at the facility
contained dissolved TCE and PCE.
A second SITE demonstration was performed in
New York from May through December 1995.
A pilot-scale in situ permeable wall was installed
in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer containing
TCE, DCE, vinyl chloride, and 1,1,1-
trichloroethane. This project may eventually be
expanded to full-scale.
A successful permeable in situ wall was installed
at the Canadian Forces Base Borden test site in
June 1991. The technology removed about 90
percent of the TCE and PCE from groundwater
passing through the reactive iron wall. The wall
has performed consistently for 5 years. More
than 400 sites have been identified where the
technology could be applied. Over 75 successful
bench-scale feasibility tests have been completed
using groundwater from industrial and
government facilities in the United States and
Canada.
The first full-scale commercial in situ installation
of this technology was completed at an industrial
facility in California in December 1994. Since
that time, twelve additional full-scale in situ
systems and ten pilot-scale systems have been
installed in locations including Colorado, Kansas,
North Carolina and Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Aboveground treatment systems have been
proposed at sites in the U.S. and Germany.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the New Jersey (ex situ) demonstration,
about 60,833 gallons of groundwater was treated
during 13 weeks of sampling. Conversion
efficiency of PCE during the demonstration
period exceeded 99.9 percent. Vinyl chloride
and cis-l,2-dichloroethene occasionally exceeded
the New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection limits. This exceedance may have
been caused by a reduction hi the iron's reactive
capacity due to precipitate formation. Complete
demonstration results are published hi the
Technology Capsule and Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (ITER), which is available
from EPA.
For the New York (in situ) demonstration,
preliminary data indicate a significant reduction
in all critical contaminants present, and no
apparent decrease in removal efficiency over the
seven month demonstration period. Results of
the in situ demonstration of the process are
published in an ITER that is available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Yince Gallardo
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
Fax: 513-569-7571
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Vogan/Stephanie O'Hannesin
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.
42 Arrow Road
Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIK 1S6
519-824-0432
Fax: 519-763-2378
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 73
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EPOC WATER, INC.
(Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The precipitation, microfiltration, and sludge
dewatering treatment uses a combination of pro-
cesses to treat a variety of wastes. In the first
step of the process, heavy metals are chemically
precipitated. Precipitates and all particles larger
than 0.2 micron are filtered through a unique
tubular textile crossflow microfilter
(EXXFLOW). The concentrate stream is then
dewatered in a filter press of the same material.
EXXFLOW microfilter modules are fabricated
from a proprietary tubular woven polyester.
Wastes pumped into the polyester tubes form a
dynamic membrane, which produces a high
quality filtrate and removes all particle sizes
larger than 0.2 micron. The flow velocity
continually maintains the membrane, maximizing
treatment efficiency.
Metals are removed through precipitation by
adjusting the pH in the EXXFLOW feed tank.
Metal hydroxides or oxides form a dynamic
membrane with any other suspended solids. The
EXXFLOW concentrate stream, which contains
up to 5 percent solids, is then dewatered. A
semidry cake, up to 0.25 inch thick, is formed
inside the tubular filter. When the discharge
valve is opened, rollers on the outside of the
tubes move to form a venturi within the tubes.
The venturi creates an area of high velocity
within the tubes, which aggressively cleans the
cloth and discharges the cake in chip form onto
a wedge wire screen. Discharge water is re-
cycled to the feed tank. Filter cakes are typically
40 to 60 percent solids by weight.
Constituents other than metals can be removed
using seeded slurry methods in EXXFLOW.
Hardness can be removed by using lime. Oil and
grease can be removed, by adding adsorbents.
Nonvolatile organics and solvents can be
removed using adsorbents, activated carbon, or
powdered ion-exchange resins. The EXXFLOW
demonstration unit (see photograph below) is
EXXFLOW Demonstration Unit
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Completed Project
transportable and is mounted on skids. The unit
is designed to process approximately 30 pounds
of solids per hour and 10 gallons of wastewater
per minute.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
When flocculation and precipitation techniques
are used at close to stoichiometric dosing rates,
the EXXFLOW technology removes mixed
metals, oil and grease, and suspended solids sized
at 0.10 micron.
When the EXXFLOW technology operates with
finely divided adsorbent powders, it removes
contaminants such as isophthalic acid, acetic
acid, methyl ethyl ketone, fluorides, and phos-
phates from effluents generated by semiconductor
manufacture. Treated effluents can then be
reclaimed for reuse.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. Bench-scale
tests were conducted in 1990. The SITE demon-
stration was conducted during May and June
1992 on highly acidic mine drainage from the
Old Number 8 mine seep at the Iron Mountain
Superfund site in Redding, California. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/513)
and the Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/513) are available from EPA.
This technology was commercialized in 1988.
Treatment systems have since been installed at
over 45 sites worldwide. System capacities range
from 1 gallon per minute to over 2 million
gallons per day.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, developer claims
for metal removal efficiencies on acid mine
drainage, when neutralizing with sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) and calcium hydroxide
[Ca(OH)2], were generally met or exceeded
except for aluminum. This was most likely due
to excessive alkalinity (high pH) produced by the
added NaOH and Ca(OH)2, which redissolved the
aluminum. The claims for all metals, including
aluminum, were exceeded when magnesium
oxide (MgO) was used as the neutralizing agent.
In most cases, no detectable concentrations of
heavy metals were present in the permeate
samples.
Filter cake produced from the demonstration test
contained approximately 12 percent, 31 percent,
and 30 percent solids when NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and
MgO, respectively, were used as the treatment
chemicals. Toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) tests performed on the filter
cake showed that leachable levels of TCLP
metals were below regulatory limits for each
treatment chemical tested.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rodney Squires
EPOC Water, Inc.
3065 North Sunnyside
Fresno, CA 93727
209-291-8144
Fax: 209-291-4926
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 75
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
FILTER FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(CoUoid Polishing Filter Method®)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Colloid Polishing Filter Method® (CPFM®)
uses inorganic, oxide-based sorption particles
(FF-1000®) and optimized fluidics control to
remove ionic, colloidal heavy metals and
nontritium radionuclides from water. Beta- and
alpha-emitting radionuclides can be treated
selectively by modifying the bed formulation.
The methodology efficiently removes inorganics
from groundwater, pond water, or wastewater
based on sorption, chemical and physical
properties of the pollutant species, and filtration.
The CPFM® is also an efficient heavy metals and
radionuclide polishing filter for groundwater and
wastewater. Excess solids and total dissolved
solids must be removed first, since they overload
the beds, resulting in frequent bed backwashing
and regeneration cycles and shorter bed lifetimes.
Three different types of CPFM® equipment
have been designed and successfully tested:
(1) vertical plate design beds with FF-
1000®sorption bed particles packaged in
polymesh bags or filter packs for field
applications; (2) small, filter-housing units for
processing less than 1,000 gallons of
contaminated water; and (3) deep-bed, epoxy-
coated, stainless steel and carbon steel tanks
equipped with special fluidics controls and bed
sluicing ports for continuous processing. The
photograph below shows a mobile CPFM® unit.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CPFM® has proved to be effective in
removing heavy metals and nontritium
radionuclides from water to parts per million or
parts per billion levels. The ion
exchange/sorption method can be used separately
to treat water with low total suspended solids; in
a treatment train downstream from other
technologies (such as soil washing, organics
oxidation; or conventional wastewater treatment).
Mobile CPFM® Unit, Including Mixing Tanks, Pumps, Filter Apparatus, and Other Equipment
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The CPFM®'s major advantages are its high
performance; alpha and beta emitter efficiency;
and its application to monovalent, divalent,
multivalent, and high valence forms existing as
colloids, and ionic, chelated, and complexed
forms. The same equipment can treat water at
different sites, but the preconditioning chemistry
and pH must be optimized for each site through
bench-scale and field testing.
i
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. EPA and
the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
cosponsored the technology evaluation. The
SITE demonstration occurred in September 1993
at DOE's Rocky Flats Plant (REP) in Denver,
Colorado. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/501), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/501a), and Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94/501) are available from EPA.
The CPFM has been demonstrated independent
of the SITE Program at two locations at DOE's
Hanford facility, where it removed Strontium-90,
Cesium-137, Plutonium-239, and Americium-241
from water at K-Basin and Strontium-90 from
groundwater at Site 100N Area (N-Spring). It
also has proven to be effective at several other
individual sites. A report detailing the results is
available from DOE (DOE/RL-95-110).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, the CPFM®
treated about 10,000 gallons of water that
contained about 100 micrograms per liter of
uranium and 100 picoCuries per liter of gross
alpha contamination. The demonstration
consisted of three tests. The first test consisted
of three 4-hour runs, at a flow rate of about 5
gallons per minute (gpm). For the second test,
also run for 4 hours at 5 gpm, the influent water
was pretreated with sodium sulfide. The third
test was a 15-hour run designed to determine the
amount of contamination each filter pack could
treat.
The CPFM® system removed up to 95 percent
uranium and 94 percent gross alpha
contamination. However, due to the significant
variation in removal efficiencies between runs,
average removal efficiencies were significantly
less: 80 percent for uranium and 72 percent for
gross alpha. Though removal is largely
attributable to the colloid filter pack, uranium
was significantly removed in runs one and four
before colloid filter treatment. Significant gross
alpha was also removed before colloid filter
treatment in runs one and three. At less than the
maximum removal efficiency, effluent from the
CPFM® system did not meet the Colorado Water
Quality Control Commission standards for
discharge of waters from RFP.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tod Johnson
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
122 Texas Avenue
League City, TX 77573
281-332-3438
Fax: 281-332^3644
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
FUNDERBURK & ASSOCIATES
(formerly HAZCON, INC.)
(Dechlorination and Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology mixes hazardous wastes with
cement (or fly ash), water, and one of 18
patented reagents, commonly known as
Chloranan, to immobilize heavy metals. The
developers also claim that certain chlorinated
organics are dechlorinated by the treatment
reagents.
Soils, sludges, and sediments can be treated in
situ or excavated and treated ex situ. Sediments
can be treated under water. In the finished
product, immobilized metals have a very low
solubility. Ex situ treatment occurs in batches,
with volumetric throughput rated at 120 tons per
hour. The treatment process begins by adding
Chloranan and water to the blending unit (see
figure below). Waste is then added and mixed
for 2 minutes. Cement or fly ash is added and
mixed for a similar time. After 12 hours, the
treated material hardens into a concrete-like mass
that exhibits unconfined compressive strengths
(UCS) ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 pounds per
square inch (psi), with permeabilities of 10"9
centimeters per second (cm/sec). The hardened
concrete-like mass can withstand several hundred
freeze and thaw cycles.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to solid wastes
containing heavy metals and organics. The
developer claims that, since the 1987 SITE
demonstration, the technology has been refined to
dechlorinate certain chlorinated organics and to
immobilize other wastes, including those with
high levels of metals. Wastes with organic and
inorganic contaminants can be treated together.
The process can treat contaminated material with
high concentrations (up to 25 percent) of oil.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The process
was demonstrated in October 1987 at a former oil
processing plant in Douglassville, Pennsylvania.
CHLORANAN
CEMENT OR
FLYASH
FIELD BLENDING UNIT
WASTE
Dechlorination and Immobilization Treatment Process
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Completed Project
The site soil contained high levels of oil and
grease (250,000 parts per million [ppm]) and
heavy metals (22,000 ppm lead), and low levels
of volatile organic compounds (VOC) (100 ppm)
and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (75 ppm).
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/001) and Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/001a) are
available from EPA. A report on long-term
monitoring may be also obtained from EPA. The
technology has also been used to remediate a
California Superfund site with zinc contamination
as high as 220,000 ppm.
Since the demonstration in 1987, 17 additional
reagent formulations have been developed.
These reagents supposedly dechlorinate many
chlorinated organics, including PCBs, ethylene
dichloride, trichloroethene, and
pentachlorophenol.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
For the SITE demonstration, samples were taken
after treatment at intervals of 7 days, 28 days, 9
months, and 22 months. Analytical results from
these samples were generally favorable. The
physical test results indicated a UCS between
220 and 1,570 psi. Low permeabilities (10"9
cm/sec) were recorded, and the porosity of the
treated wastes was moderate. Durability test
results showed no change in physical strength
after the wet and dry and freeze and thaw cycles.
The waste volume increased by about 120
percent. However, technology refinements now
restrict volumetric increases to 15 to 25 percent.
Using a smaller volume of additives reduces
physical strength, but toxicity reduction is not
affected.
The results of the leaching tests were mixed.
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) results for the stabilized wastes showed
that concentrations of metals, VOCs, and
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) were
below 1 ppm. Lead concentrations in leachate
decreased by a factor of 200 to below 100 parts
per billion. VOC and SVOC concentrations in
the TCLP leachate were not affected by
treatment. Oil and grease concentrations were
greater in the treated waste TCLP leachate (4
ppm) than in the untreated waste TCLP leachate
(less than 2 ppm).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin. Paul@epamail. epa. gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ray Funderburk
Funderburk & Associates
3312 llth Street
Gulfport, MS 35901
228-868-9915
Fax: 228-868-7637
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GENERAL ATOMICS
(Circulating Bed Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
General Atomies' circulating bed combustor
(CBC) uses high velocity air to entrain
circulating solids and create a highly turbulent
combustion zone that destroys toxic
hydrocarbons. The commercial-scale, 3-foot
combustion chamber can treat up to 150 tons of
contaminated soil daily, depending on the heating
value of the feed material.
As shown in the figure below, waste material and
limestone are fed into the combustion chamber
along with the recirculating bed material. The
limestone neutralizes acid gases. A conveyor
transports the treated ash out of the system for
proper disposal. Hot combustion gases pass
through a convective gas cooler and baghouse
before they are released to the atmosphere.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBC operates at lower temperatures than
conventional incinerators (1,450 to 1,600 °F).
The CBC's high turbulence produces a uniform
temperature around the combustion chamber and
hot cyclone. The CBC also completely mixes the
waste material during combustion. Effective
mixing and low combustion temperature reduce
operating costs and potential emissions of such
gases as nitrogen oxide (NOX) and carbon
monoxide (CO). Natural gas, fuel oil, or diesel
can be used as auxiliary fuel. No auxiliary fuel
is needed for waste streams with a net heating
value greater than 2,900 British thermal units per
pound.
The CBC process can treat liquids, slurries,
solids, and sludges contaminated with corrosives,
cyanides, dioxins and furans, inorganics, metals,
organics, oxidizers, pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), phenols, and volatile organic
compounds. The CBC is permitted under the
Toxic Substances Control Act to burn PCBs in all
10 EPA regions, having demonstrated a 99.99
percent destruction removal efficiency (DRE).
Applications of the CBC include a variety of
industrial wastes and contaminated site materials.
Waste feed for the CBC must be sized to less
than 1 inch. Metals hi the waste do not inhibit
performance and become less leachable after
FD
FAN
0(9)
STACK
(6)
ASH CONVEYOR
SYSTEM
Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC)
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February 1999
Completed Project
incineration. Treated residual ash can be
replaced on site or stabilized for landfill disposal
if metals exceed regulatory limits.
STATUS:
The CBC (formerly owned by Ogden
Environmental Services) was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1986. A
treatability study on wastes from the McColl
Superfund site in California was conducted under
the guidance of the SITE Program, EPA Region
9, and the California Department of Health
Services in March 1989. A pilot-scale
demonstration was conducted at the General
Atomics research facility in San Diego,
California using a 16-inch-diameter CBC. The
demonstration was conducted on soil from the
McColl Superfund Site in Fullerton, California.
Several 3-foot-diameter CBCs have been built
and successfully operated. At the Swanson River
project in Alaska, over 100,000 tons of PCB-
contaminated soil was successfully treated to
limits of detection that were far below allowable
limits. The process took just over 3 years, from
mobilization of the transportable unit to
demobilization. The unit operated at over 85
percent availability all year, including winter,
when temperatures were below -50 °F. The soil
was delisted and returned to the original site.
The unit has subsequently been moved to a
Canadian site. Another unit of similar size treated
soils contaminated with #6 fuel oil. Over 14,000
tons of soil was successfully treated and delisted.
Upon completion, the site was upgraded to
permit operation as a merchant facility treating a
wide range of materials from leaking
underground fuel tanks at other sites. Two other
units of the same size have been constructed in
Germany for treatment of munitions wastes
consisting of slurried explosives and propellant.
These units have been operational since early
1995 and have been permitted under stringent
German regulations.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, the CBC
performed as follows:
« Achieved DRE values of 99.99 percent
or greater for principal organic
hazardous constituents
• Minimized formation of products of
incomplete combustion
• Met research facility permit conditions
and California South Coast Basin
emission standards
• Controlled sulfur oxide emissions by
adding limestone and residual materials
(fly ash and bed ash); these emissions
were nonhazardous. No significant
levels of hazardous organic compounds
were found in the system, the stack gas,
or the bed and fly ash.
• Minimized emissions of sulfur oxide,
NOX, and particulates. Other regulated
pollutants were controlled to well below
permit levels.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844 Fax: 513-569-7585
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dan Jensen, General Atomics
P.O. Box 85608
3550 General Atomics Court
San Diego, CA 92186-9784
619-455-4458 Fax: 619-455-4111
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEO-CON, INC.
(In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ solidification and stabilization process
Immobilizes organic and inorganic compounds in
wet or dry soils, using reagents (additives) to
produce a cement-like mass. The basic
components of this technology are (1) Geo-Con,
mc.'s (Geo-Con), deep soil mixing (DSM)
system, to deliver and mix the chemicals with the
soil in situ; and (2) a batch mixing plant to supply
proprietary additives (see figure below).
The proprietary additives generate a complex,
crystalline, connective network of inorganic
polymers in a two-phase reaction. In the first
phase, contaminants are complexed in a fast-
acting reaction. In the second phase,
macromolecules build over a long period of time
in a slow-acting reaction.
The DSM system involves mechanical mixing
and injection. The system consists of one set of
cutting blades and two sets of mixing blades
attached to a vertical drive auger, which rotates at
approximately 15 revolutions per minute. Two
conduits in the auger inject the additive slurry
and supplemental water. Additives are injected
on the downstroke; the slurry is further mixed
upon auger withdrawal. The treated soil columns
are 36 inches in diameter and are positioned in an
overlapping pattern of alternating primary and
secondary soil columns.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process treats soils, sediments, and sludge-
pond bottoms contaminated with organic
compounds and metals. The process has been
laboratory-tested on soils containing
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
pentachlorophenol, refinery wastes, and
chlorinated and nitrated hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration was conducted as a joint
effort between International Waste Technologies
(IWT) and Geo-Con. The demonstration was
conducted at the General Electric Service Shop
site hi Hialeah, Florida in April 1988. IWT
provided the treatment reagent, specifically the
proprietary additive (HWT-20), and Geo-Con
provided both engineering and hardware for the
in situ soil treatment. Two 10-by-20-foot areas
were treated — one to a depth of 18 feet, and the
other to a depth of 14 feet. Ten months after the
demonstration, long-term monitoring tests were
performed on the treated sectors. A four-auger
Reagent
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process Flow Diagram
Page 82
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February 1999
Completed Project
process was later used to remediate the PCB-
contaminated Hialeah site during the winter and
spring of 1990. Cooperative efforts between
Geo-Con and IWT ended with the remediation of
the Hialeah site.
Presently, Geo-Con offers the entire in situ
stabilization package, including the treatment
chemicals. Geo-Con has used the process to
complete over 40 in situ stabilization projects
throughout the United States. Significant projects
completed to date include the following:
• Construction of a 110,000-square-foot,
60-foot-deep, soil-bentonite DSM wall to
contain contaminated groundwater from
a former waste pond. All DSM
permeabilities were less than 10"7
centimeters per second (cm/s).
• Shallow soil mixing and stabilization of
82,000 cubic yards of contaminated soils
at a former manufactured gas plant site.
The site was declared clean and
ultimately converted to a city park.
The DSM system augers have been scaled up to
diameters as large as 12 feet. To date, Geo-Con
has used this process to treat over 1 million cubic
yards of contaminated soils and sludges.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration yielded the following
results:
• PCB immobilization appeared likely, but
could not be confirmed because of low
PCB concentrations in the untreated soil.
Leachate tests on treated and untreated
soil samples showed mostly undetectable
PCB levels. Leachate tests performed 1
year later on treated soil samples showed
no increase in PCB concentrations,
indicating immobilization.
• Data were insufficient to evaluate the
system's performance on other organic
compounds and metals.
• Each test sample showed high
unconfined compressive strength
(UCS), low permeability, and low
porosity. These physical properties
improved in samples retested 1 year
later, indicating the potential for long-
term durability.
• Bulk density of the soil increased 21
percent after treatment. This treatment
increased the treated soil volume by
8.5 percent and caused a small ground
rise of' 1 inch per foot of treated soil.
• The UCS of treated soil was satisfactory,
with values up to 1,500 pounds per
square inch.
• The permeability of the treated soil was
satisfactory, decreasing to 10"6 and
10"7 cm/s compared to 10"2 cm/s for
untreated soil.
• Data were insufficient to confirm
immobilization of volatile and
semivolatile organics. This may be due
to organophilic clays present in the
reagent.
• Process costs were $194 per ton for the
1-auger machine used in the
demonstration, and $111 per ton for a
commercial four-auger operation. More
recent experience with larger scale
equipment reduced process costs to about
$15 per ton plus the cost of reagents.
The Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/004a) and the
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/004) are available from
EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen McCann
Geo-Con, Inc.
4075 Monroeville Boulevard
Corporate One, Building II, Suite 400
Monroeville, PA 15146
412-856-7700
Fax: 412-373-3357
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 83
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOSAFE CORPORATION
(GeoMelt Vitrification, previously In Situ Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Geosafe Corporation's (Geosafe) GeoMelt
vitrification process uses electricity to melt soil
or other earthen materials at temperatures of
1600 to 2000 °C, destroying organic pollutants
by pyrolysis. Inorganic pollutants are
immobilized within the vitrified glass and
monolith. Water vapor and organic pyrolysis
products are captured in a hood, which draws the
off-gases into a treatment system that removes
particulates, acid gases and other pollutants.
The process can be applied to materials in situ,
or where staged below grade or ex situ. By the
addition of feeding and melt withdrawal
fewtures, the process can be operated semi-
continuosly. To begin the vitrification process,
an array of large electrode pairs is inserted into
contaminated zones containing enough soil for
melting to occur (see photograph below). A
graphite starter path is used to melt the adjacent
soil, which then becomes the primary current-
carrying medium for further processing. As
power is applied, the melting continues
downward and outward at an average rate of 4 to
6 tons per hour, or 1 to 2 inches per hour. The
electrode array is lowered progressively, as the
melt grows to the desired treatment depth. After
cooling, a vitrified monolith with a glass and
microcrystalline structure remains. This
monolith possesses high strength and excellent
weathering and leaching properties.
The melting process is performed under a hood
through which air flow is controlled to maintain
a negative pressure. Excess oxygen is supplied
for combustion of any organic pyrolysis
products. Off-gases are treated by quenching,
pH-contr oiled scrubbing, dewatering (mist
elimination), heating (for dew point control),
particulate filtration, and either activated carbon
adsorption or thermal oxidation as a final off-gas
polishing step. Individual melt settings may
encompass a total melt mass of up to 1,400 tons,
a maximum width of 40 feet, and depths as great
as 22 feet. Special settings to reach deeper
contamination are also possible. Void volume
and volatile material removal results in a 30 to 50
percent volume reduction for typical soils.
The mobile GeoMelt system is mounted on three
semi-trailers. Electric power may be provided by
local utility or on-site diesel generator. Typical
In Situ Vitrification Process Equipment
Page 84
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February 1999
Completed Project
power consumption ranges from 600 to 800
kilowatt-hours per ton of soil. The electrical
supply system has an isolated ground circuit to
provide safety.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The GeoMelt vitrification process can destroy or
remove organics and immobilize most inorganics
in contaminated soils, sediments, sludges, or
other earthen materials. The process has been
tested on a broad range of volatile and
semivolatile organic compounds, other organics
including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), and on most priority pollutant metals and
heavy metal radio-nuclides. The process can also
treat large amounts of debris and waste materials
present in soil. In addition to soils applications,
the process has been used to treat mixed-
transuranic (TRU) buried waste and underground
tanks containing waste. Underground tank
treatment employs a new method of vertically
planar melting which enable sidewards melting
rather than top-down melting. Tanks to 4,500
gallons have been treated to date.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration of the process occurred
during March and April 1994 at the former
Parsons Chemical (Parsons) site in Grand Ledge,
Michigan. The soil at Parsons was contaminated
with pesticides, metals, and low levels of dioxins.
The Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94/520) and the Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/520) are available
from EPA.
In October 1995, Geosafe was issued a National
Toxic Substances Control Act permit for the
treatment of soils contaminated with up to
17,860 parts per million PCBs.
In December 1995, Geosafe completed the
remediation of the Wasatch Chemical Superfund
Site in Salt Lake City, Utah. This site contained
about 6,000 tons of dioxin, pentachlorophenol,
herbicide, pesticide, and other organic
contaminants in soil containing up to 30 percent
debris by weight. In 1996, Geosafe completed
remediation of the Apparatus Service Shop Site
in Spokane, Washington. A total of 6,500 tons
of PCB-contaminated soil was treated at the site.
GeoMelt vitirification is currently being
employed for the in situ treatment of mixed-TRU
buried waste at the Maralinga Test Range hi
South Australia. Twenty-one pits containing
Plutonium, Uranium, Lead, Barium, and
Beryllium are being treated there. That project
will be completed hi 1999.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, about 330 cubic
yards of a saturated clayey soil was vitrified in
10 days. This is the equivalent to a production
rate of 53 tons per day. The technology met
cleanup levels specified by EPA Region 5 for
chlordane, 4,4-dichlorodiphe-nyltrichloroethane,
dieldrin, and mercury. Pesticide concentrations
were nondetectible in the vitrified soil. Results
also indicated that leachable mercury was below
the regulatory guidelines (40 CFR Part 261.64),
and no target pesticides were detected in the
leachate. No target pesticides were detected in
the stack gas samples, and metal emissions were
below regulatory requirements. Continuous
emission monitoring showed that total
hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions
were within EPA Region 5 limits.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH: 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
James Hansen or Matthew Haass
Geosafe Corporation
2952 George Washington Way
Richland, WA 99352-1615
509-375-0710
Fax: 509-375-7721
E-Mail: geosafe'@oneworld. out. com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 85
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOTECH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
(Cold Top Ex-Situ Vitrification of Chromium-Contaminated Soils)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Geotech Cold Top technology is an ex-situ
vitrification process designed to transform metal-
contaminated soils into a nonleachable product.
The primary component of the technology is a
water-cooled, double-walled, steel vessel or
furnace with submerged-electrode resistance
heating. The furnace and associated equipment
are capable of attaining a melting temperature of
up to 5,200 °F.
The furnace is initially charged with a mixture of
sand and alumina/silica clay. Through electrical
resistance heating, a molten pool forms; the
voltage to the furnace is properly adjusted; and,
finally, contaminated soil is fed into the furnace
by a screw conveyor. When the desired soil
melt temperature is achieved, the furnace plug
from below the molten product tap is removed.
As the soil melts, the outflow is poured into
refractory-lined and insulated molds for slow
cooling, and additional soil is added to the
furnace to maintain a "cold top." Excess material
can be discharged to a water sluice for immediate
cooling and collection before off-site disposal.
Geotech Development Corporation (Geotech)
claims that the Cold Top Vitrification process
converts quantities of contaminated soil from a
large number of particles into an essentially
monolithic, vitrified mass. According to
Geotech, vitrification transforms the physical
state of contaminated soil from assorted
crystalline matrices to a glassy, amorphous solid
state comprised of interlaced polymeric chains.
These chains typically consist of alternating
oxygen and silicon atoms. It is expected that
chromium can readily substitute for silicon in the
chains. According to Geotech, such chromium
should be immobile to leaching by aqueous
solvents and, therefore, biologically unavailable
and nontoxic.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
According to Geotech, the Cold Top Vitrification
process has been used to treat soils contaminated
with hazardous heavy metals such as lead,
cadmium, and chromium; asbestos and asbestos-
containing materials; and municipal solid waste
combustor ash residue. Geotech claims that
radioactive wastes can also be treated by this
TO AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL SYSTEM
PRETREATED
CONTAMINATED
SOIL
SAND
MOLTEN PRODUCT TAP
MOLD CONTAINING
VITRIFIED PRODUCT
Cold Top Ex-Situ Vitrification Technology
Page 86
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
technology. All waste material must be reduced
in size to less than 0.25 inches in diameter. The
Cold Top Vitrification process is most efficient
when feed materials have been dewatered to less
than 5 percent water and organic chemical
concentrations have been minimized. Some
wastes may require the addition of carbon and
sand to ensure that the vitrification process
produces a glass-like product. Geotech claims
that the vitrified product can have many uses,
including shore erosion blocks, decorative tiles,
road-bed fill, and cement or blacktop aggregate.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1994. In
February and March, 1997, this process was
demonstrated at Geotech's pilot plant in Niagara
Falls, New York. Approximately 10,000 pounds
of chromium-contaminated soil from two New
Jersey-Superfund sites in the Jersey City area
were collected crushed, sieved, dried, mixed
with carbon and sand, and shipped to the Geotech
plant. The SITE demonstration consisted of one
vitrification test run on soil from each site.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration results indicate that the Cold
Top Vitrification process reduced the
concentration of leachable chromium to meet the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) total chromium standard. For
example, concentrations of 29 and 58 mg/L of
TCLP chromium in feed soils were reduced to
1.0 and 0.31 mg/L, respectively, in vitrified
products. Field observations and measurements
made during the demonstration indicate that
several operational issues must be addressed
during technology scale-up. First, a consistent
and controlled feed system needs to be developed
that spreads the waste uniformly over the surface
of the molten soil. This feed system must also
minimize dust generation. Second, an emission
control system needs to be configured to control
particulate and gaseous emissions from the
furnace and feed system.
The SITE Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/HR-
97/506) and Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-
97/506a) are available from EPA. Geotech owns
a 50-ton-per-day Cold Top Vitrification pilot
plant in Niagara Falls, New York. This facility
has been used for over 38 research and customer
demonstrations, including the SITE
demonstration. Geotech has built or assisted with
the construction or upgrading of more than five
operating vitrification plants. Geotech has
tentative plans to build a commercial Colt Top
Vitrification facility within 50 miles of the New
Jersey sites. The planned capacity of this facility
is 300 tons per day. The facility will be designed
to receive, dry, vitrify, and dispose of vitrified
product from the chromium sites and municipal
solid waste incinerators, as well as other
producers of hazardous and nonhazardous waste.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Thomas Tate, President
Geotech Development Corporation
1150 First Avenue, Suite 630
King of Prussia, PA 19406
610-337-8515
Fax: 610-768-5244
William Librizzi
Hazardous Substance Management Research
Center
New Jersey Institute of Technology
138 Warren Street Newark, NJ 07102
973-596-5846
Fax: 973-802-1946
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 87
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GIS\SOLUTIONS, INC.
(GIS\Key™ Environmental Data Management System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
GISVKey™ v.3.0 is a comprehensive
environmental database management system that
integrates site data and graphics, enabling the
user to create geologic cross-sections, boring
logs, potentiometric maps, isopleth maps,
structure maps, summary tables, hydrographs,
chemical time series graphs, and numerous other
maps and line graphs (see table below). The
software is networkable, multi-user, 32 bit and
year 2000 compliant. It is menu-driven, making
it relatively simple to use. All system outputs
meet Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) and Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) reporting requirements and are
consistent with current industry practices.
In addition to complete integration between data
and graphics, GISVKey™ v.3.0 integrates
different data types, allowing swift production of
complex graphics such as geo-chemical cross
sections and flux graphics.
GIS\Key™ v.3.0 stores and independently
manages metadata (such as maps, graphs,
reports, boring logs and sections) from multiple
sites. Metadata is geocoded, stored separately
from a facility's source data and retrieved by
performance of a spatial query. Metadata from
a facility may be retrieved, viewed and studied
independently or combined with metadata from
other facilities for multi-site management.
The GISVKey™ software can directly export data
into the leading three-dimensional visualization
systems. These systems produce three-dimensional
contaminant plume models and groundwater flow
models as well as fence diagrams. GISVKey™
includes audit or transaction logging capabilities for
source data as well as metadata.
The GISVKey™ v3.0 also employs two new
project management and data navigation tools
called Scout™ and Smart Query™. Scout™
helps users find and access existing projects, start
new projects, browse data and initiate queries
that result in reports, maps, and other graphics.
Isopleth maps of soil or water
quality (plan or section view)
Graphs
Time series graphs
Chemical versus
chemical and inter-well
and intra-well
Concentration versus
position
Summary of statistics
Trilinear Piper & Stiff diagrams
User alerts
When QA/QC results
fall outside data quality
objectives
When sample results
fall outside historical
ranges
When sample results
exceed applicable regu-
latory standards
Sample Tracking; Electronic Lab
Interface
Presentation-quality data tables
Completely customizable boring
logs
Geologic cross-section maps
Isopach maps
Structure maps
Presentation-quality data tables
ALL MODULES:
GlS\Key Scout™ Interface
Independent management of
metadata
Multi-site management capability
Integration between data types
Smart Query™ Data Retrieval
3D Modeling, Statistics, GIS
Integration
Density-corrected water level,
floating product, hydraulic
conductivity, and contour maps
Water elevation and floating product
thickness versus time graphs
Flow versus time and chemical flux
graphs
Presentation-quality data tables
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
Hardware: Pentium Class PC
32 MB RAM
Operating System: Windows 95/98
or Windows NT
GISVKey™ Environmental Data Management System Outputs
Page 88
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
Scout™ also manages data security and multi-
user network installations of GISNKey™ v.3.0.
Smart Query™ is a data "drill down" tool which
helps users set conditions on project data, displays
data meeting those conditions, then creates desired
output. GISNKey™ v3.0 also has new modules for
radiological chemistry and RCRA Statistics. Site
data related to ecological assessment and air
emissions is not managed by this system.
The GIS\Key™ software can be used at any
Superfund site to facilitate the collection,
reporting, and analysis of site data. The software
is designed with numerous checks to assure the
quality of the data, including comprehensive
quality assurance/quality control protocols.
System outputs, listed hi the table below, are
presentation-quality and meet RCRA and
CERCLA reporting requirements. GISNKey™
software provides a three level data validation
system which includes 1) sample tracking by
custody, sample ID and/or date and time, 2) an
electronic laboratory import program "that
immediately finds, and helps the user fix, quality
control (QC) problems with the laboratory data
delivery and 3) a series of "User Alert" reports
which find data thst falls outside of project QC
objectives, historical data ranges, or above federal,
state, and local or project specific action levels.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
demonstration was held in August 1993 in San
Francisco, California, and December 1993 in
Washington, DC. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/505), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/SR-94/505), Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/505), and
project videotape are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The GIS\Key™ software is in use at several
Superfund sites including the Crazyhorse site
near Salinas, .Califonia, and the Moffett Field
site near San Jose, California. The U.S.
AirForce's Environmental Data Management and
Decision Support working group has successfully
tested the effectiveness of the GIS\Key™
technology at Norton Air Force Base hi
California. The technology is also being used by
consultants at over 30 other U.S. Air Force and
Department of Energy facilities.
Results from the SITE demonstration indicated
that the GIS\Key™ software generated the four
types of contour maps necessary to assist hi
groundwater i mapping: hydrogeologic maps,
chemical .concentration isopleths, geologic
structure maps, and geologic structure thickness
isopach maps. Several advanced chemistry
reports and construction and borehole summary
tables were also automatically prepared using
customized GISNKey™ menu commands. The
system automated well and borehole logs based
on the information contained in the database.
GIS\Key™ provided several editable reference lists,
including a list of regulatory thresholds, test
methods, and a list of chemical names, aliases, and
registry numbers. The GISNKey™ database menu
provided commands for electronic database import
and export. Any of the database files used by
GISNKey™ can be used with the general import and
export commands available in the database menu.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7111
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lawrence S. Eytel
GISNSokitions, Inc.
1800 Sutter Street
Suite 830
Concord, CA 94520
925-827-5400 x 207
Fax: 925-827-5467
E-mail: sales@giskey.com
Internet: http ://www.giskey.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 89
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GRACE BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
(DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The GRACE Bioremediation Technologies
organic amendment-enhanced bioremediation
technology (DARAMEND™) is designed to
degrade many organic contaminants in industrial
soils and sediments, including pentachlorophenol
(PCP), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), and petroleum hydrocarbons. The
technology has been applied both in situ and ex
situ. In either case, soil may be treated in lifts up
to 2 feet deep using available mixing equipment.
The technology may also be applied ex situ, as a
biopile.
The technology treats batches of soil using
DARAMEND™ soil amendments. These
amendments are introduced using conventional
agricultural equipment (see photograph below),
followed by regular tilling and irrigation.
DARAMEND™ soil amendments are solid-phase
products prepared from natural organic materials
to have soil-specific particle size distribution,
nutrient content, and nutrient releases kinetics.
Soil amendments sharply increase the ability of
the soil matrix to supply water and nutrients to
the microorganisms that degrade the hazardous
compounds. The amendments can also
transiently bind contaminants, reducing the
acute toxicity of the soil aqueous phase. This
reduction allows microorganisms to survive in
soils containing very high concentrations of toxic
compounds.
DARAMEND™ treatment involves three
fundamental steps. First, the treatment area is
prepared. For the ex situ application, a lined
treatment cell is constructed. In situ application
requires the treatment area to be cleared and
ripped to reduce soil compaction. Second, the
soil is pretreated; this includes removing debris
larger than 4 inches, such as metal or rocks, that
may damage the tilling equipment. Sediments
under-going treatment: must be dewatered. And
third, the DARAMEND™ soil amendment is
incorporated, usually at 1 percent to 5 percent by
weight, followed by regular tilling and irrigating.
Soil is tilled with a rotary tiller to reduce
variation hi soil properties and contaminant
concentrations. Tilling also incorporates the
required soil amendments and helps deliver
oxygen to contaminant-degrading
microorganisms.
An irrigation system is used to maintain soil
moisture in the desired range. If the treatment
area is not covered, leachate or surface runoff
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology
Page 90
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
caused by heavy precipitation is collected and
reapplied to the soil as needed.
Equipment needed to implement this technology
includes a rotary tiller, irrigation equipment, and
excavation and screening equipment. Depending
on site-specific factors such as contaminant type
and initial concentration, and project schedule
and climate, a waterproof cover may be
constructed over the treatment area.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DARAMEND™ technology can treat soil,
sediment, and other solid wastes such as lagoon
sludge. These matrices may be contaminated by
a wide range of organic compounds including,
but not limited to, PAHs, PCP, petroleum
hydrocarbons, andphthalates. Matrices of lead,
manganese, and zinc have been effectively
treated with the DARAMEND™ technology.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program hi spring 1993. The ex
situ application of the technology was
demonstrated from fall 1993 to summer 1994 at
the Domtar Wood Preserving facility hi Trenton,
Ontario, Canada. The demonstration was one
component of a 5,000-ton remediation project
underway at the site.
Currently, the DARAMEND™ technology has
received regulatory approval, and has been
applied at field-scale at five sites hi the United
States. These sites include the full-scale
treatment of PCP impacted soil in Montana,
Washington, and Wisconsin, the full-scale
treatment of phthalate impacted soil in New
Jersey and a pilot-scale demonstration of
toxaphene impacted soil hi South Carolina. In
addition, the technology has been applied at a
number of Canadian sites including a 2,500 tonne
biopile in New Brunswick, and two pilot-scale
projects targeting pesticides and herbicides in
Ontario. The first full-scale application to soil
containing organic explosives is scheduled for
late 1998.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
In the ex situ demonstration area, the
DARAMEND™ technology achieved the
following overall reductions: PAHs, 94 percent
(1,710 milligram/kilogram [nag/kg] to 98 mg/kg);
chlorophenols, 96 percent (352 mg/kg to 13.6
mg/kg); and total petroleum hydrocarbons
(TPH), 87 percent. These reductions were
achieved hi 254 days of treatment, including
whiter days when no activity occurred because of
low soil temperatures. The control area showed
a reduction of 41 percent hi PAH concentrations;
no reduction was seen in the concentration of
either chlorinated phenols or TPH during the
treatment tune. Results from the toxicity analysis
(earthworm mortality and seed germination)
showed that the toxicity was eliminated or greatly
reduced hi the treated soil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Alan Seech or David Raymond
GRACE Bioremediation Technologies
3465 Semenyk Court, 2nd floor
Mississauga, Ontario
Canada L5C 4Pg
905-273-5374
Fax: 905-273-4367
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 91
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GRUPPO ITALIMPRESSE
(developed by SfflRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS, INC.)
(Infrared Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The infrared thermal destruction technology is a
mobile thermal processing system that uses
electrically powered silicon carbide rods to heat
organic wastes to combustion temperatures. Any
remaining combustibles are incinerated in an
afterburner. One configuration for this mobile
system (see figure below) consists of four
components: (1) an electric-powered infrared
primary chamber; (2) a gas-fired secondary
combustion chamber; (3) an emissions control
system; and (4) a control center.
Waste is fed into the primary chamber and
exposed to infrared radiant heat (up to 1,850 °F)
provided by silicon carbide rods above the
conveyor belt. A blower delivers air to selected
locations along the belt to control the oxidation
rate of the waste feed.
The ash material in the primary chamber is
quenched with scrubber water effluent. The ash
is then conveyed to an ash hopper, where it is
removed to a holding area and analyzed for
organic contaminants such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB).
Volatile gases from the primary chamber flow
into the secondary chamber, which uses higher
Mobile Thermal Processing System
temperatures, greater residence time, turbulence,
and supplemental energy (if required) to destroy
these gases. Gases from the secondary chamber
are ducted through the emissions control system.
In the emissions control system, the particulates
are removed in a venturi scrubber. Acid vapor
is neutralized in a packed tower scrubber. An
induced draft blower draws the cleaned gases
from the scrubber into the free-standing exhaust
stack. The scrubber liquid effluent flows into a
clarifier, where scrubber sludge settles and is
removed for disposal. The liquid then flows
through an activated carbon filter for reuse or to
a publicly owned treatment works for disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for soils or sediments
with organic contaminants. Liquid organic
wastes can be treated after mixing with sand or
soil. Optimal waste characteristics are as
follows:
• Particle size, 5 microns to 2 inches
• Moisture content, up to 50 percent by
weight
• Density, 30 to 130 pounds per cubic foot
• Heating value, up to 10,000 British
thermal units per pound
• Chlorine content, up to 5 percent by
weight
• Sulfur content, up to 5 percent by weight
• Phosphorus, 0 to 300 parts per million
(ppm)
• pH, 5 to 9
• Alkali metals, up to 1 percent by weight
STATUS:
EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared
thermal destruction technology. A full-scale unit
was evaluated during August 1987 at the Peak
Oil Superfund site in Brandon, Florida. The
system treated nearly 7,000 cubic yards of waste
oil sludge containing PCBs and lead. A pilot-
scale demonstration took place at the Rose
Township-Demode Road Superfund site in
Page 92
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
Michigan during November 1987. Organics,
PCBs, and metals in soil were the target waste
compounds. Two Applications Analysis Reports
(EPA/540/A5-89/010 and EPA/540/A5-89/007)
and two Technology Evaluation Reports
(EPA/540/5-88/002a and EPA/540/5-89/007a)
are available from EPA. In addition, the
technology has been used to remediate PCB
contamination at the Florida Steel Corporation
and the LaSalle Electric Superfund sites.
This technology is no longer available through
vendors in the United States. For further
information about the technology, contact the
EPA Project Manager.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The results from the two SITE demonstrations
are summarized below.
• PCBs were reduced to less than 1 ppm in
the ash, with a destruction removal
efficiency (DRE) for air emissions
greater man 99.99 percent (based on
detection limits).
• In the pilot-scale demonstration, the
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act standard for particulate emissions
(0.08 gram per dry standard cubic foot)
was achieved. In the full-scale
demonstration, however, this standard
was not met in all runs because of
scrubber inefficiencies.
• Lead was not immobilized; however, it
remained in the ash. Significant amounts
were not transferred to the scrubber
water or emitted to the atmosphere.
• The pilot-scale unit demonstrated
satisfactory performance with high feed
rate and reduced power consumption
when fuel oil was added to the waste
feed and the primary chamber
temperature was reduced.
• Economic analysis suggests an overall
waste remediation cost of less than $800
per ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 93
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HIGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC.
(formerly ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY, FLORIDA
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, and UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI)
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
High-voltage electron irradiation of water produces
a large number of reactive chemical species,
including the aqueous electron (e"aq), the hydrogen
radical (H>), and the hydroxyl radical (OH-). These
short-lived intermediates break down organic
contaminants in aqueous wastes.
In the principal reaction, the aqueous electron
transfers to halogen-containing compounds,
breaking the halogen-carbon bond and liberating
halogen anions such as chloride (Cl") or bromide
(Br"). The hydroxyl radical can undergo addition
or hydrogen abstraction reactions, producing
organic free radicals that decompose in the presence
of other hydroxyl radicals and water. In most
cases, organics are converted to carbon dioxide,
water, and salts. Lower molecular weight
aldehydes, haloacetic acids, and carboxylic acids
form at low concentrations in some cases.
During the high-voltage electron irradiation
process, electricity generates high energy electrons.
The electrons are accelerated by the voltage to
approximately 95 percent of the speed of light.
They are then directed into a thin stream of water
or sludge. All reactions are complete in less than
0.1 second. The electron beam and waste flow are
adjusted to deliver the necessary dose of electrons.
Although this is a form of ionizing radiation, there
is no residual radioactivity.
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
(High Voltage), has developed a mobile facility to
demonstrate the treatment process (see photograph
below).
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This treatment process can effectively treat more
than 100 common organic compounds. These
compounds include the following:
The Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System
Page 94
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Completed Project
Trihalomethanes (such as chloroform),
which are found in chlorinated drinking
water
Chlorinated solvents, including carbon
tetrachloride, trichloroethane,
tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene
(TCE), ethylene dibromide, dibromo-
chloropropane, hexachlorobutadiene, and
hexachloroethane
Aromatics found in gasoline, including
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
(BTEX)
Chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes
Phenol
Dieldrin, a persistent pesticide
Polychlorinated biphenyls
A variety of other organic compounds
The treatment process is appropriate for removing
various hazardous organic compounds from
aqueous waste streams and sludges.
The high-energy electron irradiation process was
accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology
Program (ETP) in June 1990. For further
information on the pilot-scale facility evaluated
under the ETP, refer to the Emerging
Technology Bulletins (EPA/540/F-93/502,
EPA/540/F-92/009, and EPA/540/F-93/509),
which are available from EPA. Based on results
from ETP, the process was invited to participate
in the Demonstration Program.
The ability of the technology to treat
contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges is also
being evaluated under the ETP. For further
information on this evaluation, refer to the the
High Voltage profile in the ETP section (ongoing
projects).
The treatment process was demonstrated at the
U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River
site in Aiken, South Carolina during two
different periods totaling 3 weeks in September
and November 1994. A trailer-mounted
treatment system was demonstrated on a portion
of the Savannah River site known as M-Area.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, the system treated
about 70,000 gallons of M-Area groundwater
contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOC). The principal groundwater contaminants
were TCE and PCE, which were present at
concentrations of about 27,000 and
11,000 micrograms per liter (/wg/L), respectively.
The groundwater also contained low levels of cis-
1,2-dichloroethene (40 ,ug/L). The following
compounds were also spiked into the influent
stream at approximately 500 Mg/L:
1,2-dicMoroethane, carbon tetrachloride,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, chloroform, and BTEX.
The highest VOC removal efficiencies were
observed for TCE (99.5 percent), PCE
(99.0 percent), and dichloroethene (greater than
99 percent). Removal efficiencies for chlorinated
spiking compounds ranged from 68 to
98 percent, and removal efficiencies for BTEX
ranged from 88 to 99.5 percent.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
Fax: 513-569-7571
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Cooper
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Department of Chemistry
601 South College Road
Wilmington, NC 28403-3297
910-962-3450
Fax: 910-962-3013
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 95
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC.
(Flame Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
(HRD), flame reactor system is a patented,
hydrocarbon-fueled, flash-smelting system that
treats residues and wastes contaminated with
metals (see figure below). The reactor processes
wastes with hot (greater than 2,000 °C) reducing
gases produced by combusting solid or gaseous
hydrocarbon fuels hi oxygen-enriched air.
In a compact, low-capital cost, water-cooled
reactor, the feed materials react rapidly, allowing
a high waste throughput. The end products are
glass-like slag; a potentially recyclable, heavy
metal-enriched oxide; and in some cases, a metal
alloy. The glass-like slag is not toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
leachable. The volatile metals are fumed and
captured in a baghouse; nonvolatile metals
partition to the slag or may be separated as a
molten alloy. Organic compounds should be
destroyed at the elevated temperature of the
flame reactor technology. Volume reduction (of
waste to slag plus oxide) depends on the chemical
and physical properties of the waste.
In general, the system requires that wastes be dry
enough (less than 5 percent total moisture) to be
pneumatically fed and fine enough (less than 200
mesh) to react rapidly. HRD claims larger
particles (up to 20 mesh) can be processed;
however, the efficiency of metals recovery is
decreased. The prototype system has a capacity
of 1 to 3 tons per hour. According to HRD,
individual units can be scaled to a capacity of 7
tons per hour.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The flame reactor system can be applied to
granular solids, soil, flue dusts, slags, and
sludges that contain heavy metals. HRD claims
that the flame reactor technology has successfully
treated the following wastes: (1) electric arc
furnace dust, (2) lead blast furnace slag, (3) soil,
(4) iron residues, (5) primary copper flue dust,
(6) lead smelter nickel matte, (7) zinc plant leach
Natural Gas
Oxygen + Air
FLAME
REACTOR
\ /
Solid-Waste Feed
Air
Off-Gas
SLAG
SEPARATOR
BAGHOUSE
Effluent Slag
Oxide Product
HRD Flame Reactor Process Flow
Page 96
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
residues and purification residues, (8) brass mill
dusts and fumes, and (9) electroplating sludges.
The system has treated wastes with the following
metal species and concentrations: zinc (up to
40 percent); lead (up to 10 percent); chromium
(up to 4 percent); cadmium (up to 3 percent);
arsenic (up to 1 percent); copper (up to
8 percent); cobalt; and nickel. According to
HRD, the system can also treat soils that are
contaminated with a variety of toxic organics.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1990. Currently, the
prototype flame reactor system operates as a
stationary unit at HRD's facility in Monaca,
Pennsylvania. EPA and HRD believe that a
mobile system could be designed and constructed
for on-site treatment of hazardous waste.
The SITE demonstration was conducted in March
1991 using secondary lead smelter soda slag from
the National Smelting and Refining Company
(NSR) Superfund site in Atlanta, Georgia. The
demonstration was conducted at the Monaca,
Pennsylvania facility under a Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act research,
development, and demonstration permit. This
permit allows treatment of wastes containing high
concentrations of metals, but only negligible
concentrations of organics.
The major objectives of the SITE technology
demonstration were to investigate the reuse
potential of the recovered metal oxides, evaluate
the levels of contaminants in the residual slag and
their leaching potential, and determine the
efficiency and economics of processing.
A 30,000-standard-tons-per-year commercial
flame reactor system processes steel mill
baghouse dust (K061) at the North Star Steel
Mini Mill near Beaumont, Texas. The plant was
activated June 1, 1993, and is reported to be
performing as designed.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Approximately 72 tons of NSR waste material
were processed during the demonstration. Partial
test results are shown in the table below.
Metal Concentration Ranges in Influent and Effluent
Waste Effluent Oxide
Feed Slag Product
(mg/kg)' (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Zinc
428-1,040
356-512
1,460-2,590
95,600-130,000
48,200-61,700
3,210-6,810
92.1-1,340
<2.3-13.5
2,730-3,890
167,000-228,000
• 1,560-11,400
709-1,680
1,010-1,170
1,080-1,380
1,380-1,780
29,100-35,600
159,000-184,000
10,000-16,200
milligrams per kilogram
All effluent slag passed toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure criteria. The oxide was
recycled to recover lead. The Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-91/005) and the
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/005) are available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Regis Zagrocki
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
Field Station - East Plant
Delaware Avenue
Palmerton, PA 18071
610-826-8818
Fax: 610-828-8872
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 97
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HRUBETZ ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(HRUBOUT® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The HRUBOUT® process is a thermal, in situ
and ex situ treatment process designed to remove
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) from
contaminated soils. The in situ process is shown
in the figure below. Heated air is injected into
the soil below the contamination zone,
evaporating soil moisture and removing volatile
and semivolatile hydrocarbons. As the water
evaporates, soil porosity and permeability
increase, further facilitating the air flow at higher
temperatures. As the soil temperature increases,
the less volatile constituents volatilize or are
thermally oxidized.
Injection wells are drilled in a predetermined
distribution pattern to depths below the
contamination zone. The wells are equipped with
steel casings, perforated at the bottom, and
cemented into the hole above the perforations.
Heated, compressed air is introduced at
temperatures of up to 1,200 °F, and the pressure
is slowly increased. As the air progresses
upward through the soil, the moisture is
evaporated, removing the VOCs and SVOCs. A
surface collection system captures the exhaust
gases under negative pressure. These gases are
transferred to a thermal oxidizer, where the
hydrocarbons are thermally destroyed in an
incinerator at a temperature of 1,500 °F.
The air is heated in an adiabatic burner at
2.9 million British thermal units per hour
(MMBtu/hr). The incinerator has a rating of
3.1 MMBtu/hr. The ah' blower can deliver up to
8,500 pounds per hour. The units employ a fully
modulating fuel train that is fueled by natural gas
or propane. All equipment is mounted on
custom-designed mobile units and can operate 24
hours per day.
TO ATMOSPHERE
HOT COMPRESSED AIR BURNER/BLOWER
(250°-1200°F)
INCINERATOR
CENTRAL
COLLECTION
POINT
J=72'F
HOT AIR INJECTION WELLS
T=250°-1200"F
psig=5-22
•_-.-_-_-_;_-. WATER_TA_BLE_;££.-.
HRUBOUT® Process
Page 98
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The HRUBOUT® process can remediate soils
contaminated with halogenated or nonhalogenated
organic volatiles and semivolatiles, such as
gasoline, diesel oil, jet fuel, heating oil, chemical
solvents, or other hydrocarbon compounds.
STATUS:
The HRUBOUT® process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1992. The
technology was demonstrated at Kelly Air Force
Base in San Antonio, Texas from January
through February 1993. A 30-foot by 40-foot
area of an 80,000-gallon JP-4 jet fuel spill site
was chosen as the treatment area. Six heated air
injection wells, spaced on a 3-by-2 grid 10 feet
apart, were drilled to a depth of approximately
20 feet. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/524) is available from EPA.
In September 1993, an in situ project was
completed at the Canadian Forces military base
in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Levels up to 1,900
parts per million (ppm) of total petroleum
hydrocarbons (TPH) were encountered over a
17-foot by 17-foot area on the base. Five
injection wells were drilled to a depth of 30 feet.
After 12 days of treatment, borehole samples
ranged from nondetect to 215 ppm TPH, meeting
closure requirements of 450 ppm TPH.
The containerized version of the HRUBOUT®
process was tested in July 1993 at a west Texas
site contaminated with Varsol, or naphtha. The
soil was excavated for treatment in Hrubetz's
insulated container. Analysis of untreated soil
revealed TPH at 1,550 ppm. Three loads were
treated for about 60 to 65 hours each. Post-
treatment samples ranged from nondetect to 7
ppm TPH, meeting the Texas Natural Resource
Conservation Commission's background target
level of 37 ppm. Large-scale mobile container
units, holding up to 40 cubic yards and capable
of ex situ treatment of a load in 8 hours, are
under development.
The ex situ version of the technology was
selected to remediate a site in Toronto, Ontario,
Canada, which consisted of about 1,500 cubic
yards (yd3) of soil contaminated with gasoline
and diesel. Soil contamination was measured at
200 ppm TPH. Following treatment, seven soil
samples were collected. Two samples had
detectable concentrations of TPH (25 and 37
ppm) and the remaining five samples had
nondetectable levels of TPH, achieving the 100
ppm TPH cleanup goal.
About 100 yd3 of toluene-contaminated soil was
remediated in Orlando, Florida using the soil pile
process with a smaller 5-ton unit. A composite
analysis of the excavated soil found toluene at
concentrations of up to 1,470 parts per billion;
nondetect levels were required for closure. A
composite soil sample collected after 96 hours of
operation met the closure criteria.
Four patents have been granted, and additional
patents are pending. The process was approved
by the Texas Natural Resources Conservation
Commission in 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Albert Hrubetz
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc.
5956 Sherry Lane, Suite 534
Dallas, TX 75225
214-363-7833
Fax: 214-691-8545
E-Mail: Hrubetz@prodigy.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 99
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HUGHES ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Steam Enhanced Recovery Process (SERF)
removes most volatile organic compounds (VOC)
and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC)
from perched groundwater and contaminated
soils both above and below the water table (see
figure below). The technology is applicable to
the in situ remediation of contaminated soils
below ground surface and below or around
permanent structures. The process accelerates
contaminant removal rates and can be effective in
all soil types.
Steam is forced through the soil by injection
wells to thermally enhance the recovery of VOCs
and SVOCs. Extraction wells are used for two
purposes: to pump and treat groundwater, and to
transport steam and vaporized contaminants to
the surface. Recovered nonaqueous liquids are
separated by gravity separation. Hydrocarbons
are collected for recycling, and water is treated
before being discharged to a storm drain or
sewer. Vapors can be condensed and treated by
any of several vapor treatment techniques (for
example, thermal oxidation and catalytic
oxidation). The technology uses readily available
components such as extraction and monitoring
wells, manifold piping, vapor and liquid
separators, vacuum pumps, and gas emission
control equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SERF can extract VOCs and SVOCs from
contaminated soils and perched groundwater.
Compounds suitable for treatment are petroleum
hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel and jet
fuel; solvents such as trichloroethene,
trichloroethane, and dichlorobenzene; or a
mixture of these compounds. After application
of the process, subsurface conditions are
excellent for biodegradation of residual
contaminants. The process cannot be applied to
contaminated soil very near the ground surface
unless a cap exists.
HYDROCARBON
LIQUID
LIQUIDS
(HYDROCARBONS/
WATER)
AIR COMPRESSOR
"\apgR
" STEAM
HYDROCARBON "
LQUID STEAM
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Page 100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991. The
demonstration of the technology began in August
1991 and was completed in September 1993.
The demonstration took place in Huntington
Beach, California, at a site contaminated by a
large diesel fuel spill. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/510), Technology
Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/510a), and Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94/510) are available from EPA.
For more information regarding this technology,
see the profiles for Berkeley Environmental
Restoration Center (completed projects) or Praxis
Environmental Technologies, Inc., in the
Demonstration Program section (ongoing
profiles).
This technology is no longer available through a
vendor. For further information on the
technology, contact the EPA Project Manager.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Evaluation of the posttreatment data suggests the
following conclusions:
• The geostatistical weighted average for
total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)
concentrations hi the treated soils was
2,290 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg).
The 90 percent confidence interval for
this average concentration is 996 mg/kg
to 3,570 mg/kg, indicating a high
probability that the technology did not
meet the cleanup criterion. Seven
percent of soil samples had TPH
concentrations in excess of 10,000
mg/kg.
• The geostatistical weighted average for
total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbon
(TRPH) concentrations was
1,680 mg/kg, with a 90 percent
confidence interval of 676 mg/kg to
2,680 mg/kg. Levels of benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes
(BTEX) were below the detection limit
(6 micrograms per kilogram) in treated
soil samples; BTEX was detected at low
mg/kg levels hi a few pretreatment soil
samples.
• Analysis of triplicate treated soil samples
showed marked variability in soil
contaminant concentrations over short
distances. Analogous results for TPH
and TRPH triplicate samples suggest that
the contaminant concentration variability
exists within the site soil matrix and is
not the result of analytical techniques.
This variability is the reason that
confidence intervals for the average
concentrations are so large.
« The data suggest that lateral or
downward migration of contaminants did
not occur during treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin. Paul@epamail .epa.gov
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 101
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE/
BROWN AND ROOT ENVIRONMENTAL
(Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Radio frequency heating (RFH) is an in situ
process that uses electromagnetic energy to heat
soil and enhance soil vapor extraction (SVE).
Developed by IIT Research Institute, the patented
RFH technique heats a discrete volume of soil
using rows of vertical electrodes embedded in soil
(or other media). Heated soil volumes are bounded
by two rows of ground electrodes with energy
applied to a third row midway between the
ground rows. The three rows act as a buried
triplate capacitor. When energy is applied to the
electrode array, heating begins at the top center
and proceeds vertically downward and laterally
outward through the soil volume. The technique
can heat soils to over 300 °C.
RFH enhances SVE hi two ways: (1)
contaminant vapor pressures are increased by
heating, and (2) the soil permeability is increased
by drying. Extracted vapor can then be treated
by a variety of existing technologies, such as
granular activated carbon or incineration.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
RFH can treat petroleum hydrocarbons, volatile
organic compounds, semivolatile organic
compounds, and pesticides in soils. The
technology is most efficient in subsurface areas
with low groundwater recharge. In theory, the
technology should be applicable to any polar
compound in any nonmetallic media.
STATUS:
The RFH technique was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
technique was demonstrated hi August 1993 at
Kelly Air Force Base (AFB), Texas, as part of a
joint project with the U.S. Air Force. Brown
Adjusted in the
Field to Match
Contaminated Aluminum
RF Shield
Vapor from
Surface
Expanded Metal
RF Shield
Vapor from
Ground Row
Electrodes
Vapor Barrier and
RF Shield on Surface
Shielding Electrode
Rows
In Situ Radio Frequency Heating System
Page 102
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
and Root Environmental was the prime
contractor evaluating and implementing RFH
forthe U.S. Air Force. A field demonstration of
the KAI Technologies, Inc. (KAI), RFH
technology was completed in June 1994 at the
same site for comparison. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/527), Technology
Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/527a), and the
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94-527) are available from
EPA. For further information on the KAI
technology, see the profile in the
Demonstration Program section (completed
projects).
In 1995, the RFH technique was tested at the
former chemical waste landfill at Sandia National
Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Approximately 800 cubic yards of silty soil was
heated. Preliminary results indicate that the
contaminant concentration in the extracted vapors
increased by a factor of 10 compared to in situ
venting.
Two previous field tests were completed using in
situ RFH. The first test was completed at a fire
training pit, located at the Volk Air National
Guard Base in Camp Douglas, Wisconsin. The
sandy soil in the pit was contaminated with jet
fuel. The second test was completed at Rocky
Mountain Arsenal in Colorado, where clayey soil
was contaminated by organochlorine pesticides.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Under the SITE demonstration, statistical
analyses for the design treatment zone indicate
that total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons,
pyrene, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exhibited
statistically significant decreases (at the 95 and
97.5 percent confidence levels). Chlorobenzene
concentrations appeared to increase during
treatment, possibly due to volatilization of
chlorobenzene present in the groundwater.
Significant concentrations of 2-hexanone,
4-methyl-2-pentanone, acetone, and methyl ethyl
ketone were found in the treated soils, although
virtually no ketones were found before treatment.
Soil temperatures as high as 1,000 °C during the
demonstration may have caused partial oxidation
of petroleum hydrocarbons. Alternatively, the
ketones may have been volatilized from
groundwater. At this time, insufficient data are
available to determine the source of ketones
found in treated soils.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Harsh Dev
IIT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3799
312-567-4257
Fax: 312-567-4286
Captain Jeff Stinson
U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory
Environmental Risk Management, AL/EQW-OL
139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2
Tyndall AFB, FL 32403-5323
904-283-6254
Fax: 904-283-6064
Clifton Blanchard
Brown and Root Environmental
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Jackson Plaza, A-600
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
423-483-9900
Fax: 423-483-2014
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 103
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
IONICS RCC
(B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Solvent extraction treats sludges, sediments, and
soils contaminated with a wide range of
hazardous contaminants including polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), pesticides, and herbicides.
The waste matrix is separated into three
fractions: oil, water, and solids. Organic
contaminants, such as PCBs, are concentrated in
the oil fraction, while metals are separated into
the solids fraction. The volume and toxicity of
the original waste is thereby reduced, and the
concentrated waste streams can be efficiently
treated for disposal.
The B.E.S.T. technology is a mobile solvent
extraction system that uses secondary or tertiary
amine solvents to separate organics from soils,
sediments, and sludges. The B.E.S.T. solvents
are hydrophobic above 20 °C and hydrophilic
below 20 °C. This property allows the process
to extract both aqueous and nonaqueous
compounds by changing the solvent temperature.
Pretreatment includes screening the waste to
remove particles largesr than 1 inch in diameter,
which are treated separately.
The B.E.S.T. process begins by mixing and
agitating the solvent and waste in a mixer/settler.
Solids from the mixer/settler are .then transferred
to the extractor/dryer vessel. (In most cases,
waste materials may be added directly to the
extractor/dryer and the mixer/settler is not
required.) Hydrocarbons and water in the waste
simultaneously solubilize with the solvent,
creating a homogeneous mixture. As the solvent
breaks the oil-water-solid emulsions in the waste,
the solids are released and settle by gravity. The
solvent mixture is decanted from the solids and
centrifuged to remove fine particles.
The solvent-oil-water mixture is then heated.
As the mixture's temperature increases, the
water separates from the organics and solvent.
The organics-solvent fraction is decanted and
sent to a solvent evaporator, where the solvent
is recycled. The organics are discharged for
PRIMARY SECONDARY
EXTRACTION/ I EXTRACTION/ I
DEWATERING \ SOLIDS '
DRYING
SOLVENT SOLVENT
SEPARATION | RECOVERY
CL_D
Solvent I !
Decantan I
-..I MI ...
I
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology
Page 1O4
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
recycling, disposal, or treatment. The water
passes to a steam stripping column where
residual solvent is recovered for recycling. The
water is typically discharged to a local
wastewater treatment plant.
The B.E.S.T. technology is modular, allowing
for on-site treatment. The process significantly
reduces the organic contamination concentration
in the solids. B.E.S.T. also concentrates the
contaminants into a smaller volume, allowing for
efficient final treatment and disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The B.E.S.T. technology can remove
hydrocarbon contaminants such as PCBs, PAHs,
pesticides, and herbicides from sediments,
sludges, or soils. System performance can be
influenced by the presence of detergents and
emulsifiers.
STATUS:
The B.E.S.T. technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1987. The
SITE demonstration was completed in July 1992
at the Grand Calumet River site in Gary, Indiana.
The following reports are available from EPA:
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/079)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Volume I
(EPA/540/R-92/079a)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Volume n,
Part 1 (EPA/540/R-92/079b)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Volume II,
Part 2 (EPA/540/R-92/079c)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Volume n,
Part 3 (EPA/540/R-92/079d)
• Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/079)
The first full-scale B.E.S.T. unit was used at the
General R.efining Superfund site in Garden City,
Georgia. A 75-ton-per-day B.E.S.T. unit is
being installed at Idaho National Engineering
Laboratory to extract organic contaminants from
mixed wastes.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration showed that the
B.E.S.T. process removed greater than 99
percent of the PCBs found in river sediments
without using mechanical dewatering equipment.
Treated solids contained less than 2 milligrams
per kilogram PCBs. Comparable removal
efficiencies were noted for PAHs.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Heins
Ionics RCC
3006 Northup Way, Suite 200
Bellevue, WA 98004
425-828-2400
Fax: 425-828-0526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 105
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
KAI TECHNOLOGIES, INC./
BROWN AND ROOT ENVIRbNMENTAL
(Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Radio frequency heating (RFH) is an in situ process
that uses electromagnetic energy to heat soil and
enhance bioventing and soil vapor extraction
(SVE). The patented REH technique, developed by
KAI Technologies, Inc. (KAI), uses an antenna-like
applicator inserted in a single borehole to heat a
volume of soil. Large volumes of soil can be
treated by RFH employing a control system and an
array of applicators. When energy is applied by
the applicator to the soil, heating begins near the
borehole and proceeds radially outward. This
technique can achieve soil temperatures from just
above ambient to over 250 °C.
RFH enhances SVE in two ways: (1) contaminant
vapor pressures are increased by heating, and (2)
soil permeability is increased by drying. Extracted
vapor can then be treated by a variety of existing
technologies.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The RFH technique has been tested using pilot-
scale vertical and horizontal antenna orientations to
remove petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile and
semivolatile organics from soils. The technology is
most efficient in subsurface areas with low
groundwater recharge. In theory, the technology
should be applicable to any polar compound in any
nonmetallic medium. The flexible design permits
easy access for in situ treatment of organics and
pesticides under buildings or fuel storage tanks.
STATUS:
The KAI RFH technique was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
The technique was demonstrated between January
and July 1994 at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas as
part of a joint project with the U.S. Air Force
Armstrong Laboratory. Brown and Root
Environmental was the prime contractor evaluating
and implementing RFH for the U.S. Air Force. A
field demonstration of the IIT Research Institute
RFH technology was completed in summer 1993 at
the same site for comparison. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/528), Technology
Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/528a), and Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/528)
are available from EPA. For further information
on the IIT Research Institute technology, see the
profile in the Demonstration Program section
|
TD1 &TD2O
TD3O
= antenna
O = pressure transducer
9 = extraction well
• = infrared temperature and
electric field profiling wells
* = thermowell
S
|||
/,a?.12-MHz
r Source with
nation & Controls
E1 E2 E
P, XTC1
• «F2
i JSwitrhl 1
Ali • ....••. A*?-
E4 F3 E5
• •
F4 F5
> • 4
x = thermocouple string
3 • • • = vapor collection lines
ft
fC2 TD6 & TD3
x- O x O O
TC3 TD5 & TD2 TD4
:
Vapor
Treatment System |
E6
E7
E8
OTD7&TD8
KAI Antenna System
Page 106
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
(completed projects).
commercial units to
throughout the U.S.
KAI is now leasing
engineering companies
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
For this demonstration, the original treatment
zone was 10 feet wide, 15 feet long, and 20 feet
deep. This treatment zone was based on RFH
operation at 13.56 megahertz (MHz); however,
RFH was applied at 27.12 MHz to the top 10 feet
of the original treatment zone to reduce the time
on site by half. Demonstration results were as
follows:
• Uniform heating within the revised
heating zone: significant regions had
soil temperatures in excess of 100 °C
with soil temperatures within a 3-foot
radius of the antenna exceeding 120 °C.
• Significant amounts of liquid were
heated to around 240 °C as strongly
suggested by a measurement of 233.9
°C on the outside wall of the heating
well liner.
• Soil permeability increased by a factor
of 20 within the revised treatment zone.
• In the original treatment zone, the mean
removal for total recoverable petroleum
hydrocarbons (TRPH) was 30 percent
at the 90 percent confidence level.
Concentrations in the pretreatment
samples varied from less than 169 to
105,000 parts per million (ppm);
posttreatment concentrations varied
from less than 33 to 69,200 ppm.
• In the revised treatment zone, the mean
removal for TRPH was 49 percent at the
95 percent confidence level.
Concentrations in the pretreatment
samples varied from less than 169 ppm
to 6,910 ppm; posttreatment
concentrations varied from less than 33
ppm to 4,510 ppm.
• Benzo(o)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene,
and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exhibited
statistically significant removals within
the original treatment zone. Benzo(o)-
fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene,
pyrene, and fluoranthene exhibited
statistically significant removals within the
revised treatment zone.
• Contaminants may have migrated into
and out of the revised treatment zone
due to the design and operation of the
SVE system. The design of the heated
vapor recovery system is an essential
component of the efficiency of the
overall system.
• Cleanup costs are estimated to range
from less than $80 per ton for large
scale treatments to between $100 to
$250 per ton for small-scale (hot spot)
treatments.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Raymond. Kasevich or Michael Marley
KAI Technologies, Inc.
170 West Road, Suite 4
Portsmouth, NH 03801
603-431-2266 or 413-528-4651
Fax: 603-431-4920
Captain Jeff Stinson
U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory
Environmental Risk Management,
AL/EQW-OL
139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2
Tyndall AFB, FL 32403-5323
904-283-6254
Fax: 904-283-6286
Clifton Blanchard
Brown and Root Environmental
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Jackson Plaza, A-600
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
423-483-9900
Fax: 423-483-2014
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 107
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MAGNUM WATER TECHNOLOGY
(CAV-OX® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CAV-OX® process uses a combination of
hydrodynamic cavitation and ultraviolet (UV)
radiation to oxidize contaminants in water. The
process (see figure below) is designed to remove
organic contaminants from wastewater and
groundwater without releasing volatile organic
compounds into the atmosphere.
The process generates free radicals to degrade
organic contaminants. The cavitation process
alone has been demonstrated to achieve
trichloroethene (TCE) reductions of up to
65 percent. UV excitation and, where necessary,
addition of hydrogen peroxide and metal
catalysts, provide synergism to achieve overall
reductions of over 99 percent. Neither the
cavitation chamber nor the UV lamp or hydrogen
peroxide reaction generates toxic by-products or
air emissions.
Magnum Water Technology (Magnum) estimates
the cost of using the CAV-OX® process to be
about half the cost of other advanced UV
oxidation systems and substantially less than
carbon adsorption. Because the process
equipment has one moving part, maintenance
costs are minimal. According to Magnum, the
CAV-OX® process does not exhibit the quartz
tube scaling common with other UV equipment.
The process is designed to treat groundwater or
wastewater contaminated with
organiccompounds. Contaminants such as
halogenated solvents; phenol; pentachlorophenol
(PCP); pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls;
explosives; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylenes; methyl tertiary butyl ether; other
organic compounds; and cyanide are suitable for
this treatment process. Bacteria and virus strains
are also eliminated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992 and was
demonstrated for 4 weeks in March 1993 at
Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) Site 16 in
California. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/520), Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/R-93/520), and a videotape are
available from EPA.
Magnum reports that improvements in UV lamp
and reactor technologies have improved the
efficiency of the CAV-OX® process three- to
five-fold, compared with the pilot-scale unit
tested at Edwards AFB under the SITE Program.
CAV-OX® recently (1996) has proven very
effective in potentiating ozone concentrations in
GROUND WATER
HOLDING TANK
INFLUENT
r
FLOW
METER TO
tISCHARGE
OR
REUSE
-| PISI
-JR
CAV-OX® II
H.E. UV REACTOR
(OPTIONAL^
CAV-OX® I
L.E. UV REACTOR
CAV-OX® CAV-OX®
PUMP CHAMBER
The CAV-OX® Process
Page 1O8
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
water reclamation applications. Ozone gas (O3)
is relatively insoluble in water. However,
hydrodynamic cavitation used in the CAV-OX®
process continuously develops micro bubbles
which enhances the dispersion of ozone in water.
Three O3 techniques are available to Magnum:
corona discharge with air feed, electrochemical
'water splitting' method, and electrochemical
anodic oxidation.
The CAV-OX® process has been tested at
several public and private sites, including the San
Bernadino and Orange County Water Department
in California. At a Superfund site, the process
treated leachate containing 15 different
contaminants. PCP, one of the major
contaminants, was reduced by 96 percent in one
test series. The process has also been used'to
remediate former gasoline station sites and
successfully reduced contaminants in process
streams at chemical and pharmaceutical plants.
The CAV-OX® unit was part of an ongoing
evaluation at the U.S. Army Aberdeen Proving
Ground (Aberdeen). Special features of the unit tested
include remote monitoring and control systems for
pH, flow rates, Hf^ flow rate, storage level and
pump rate, UV lamp, main power, pump function,
and remote system shutdown control. The 15-
gallon-per-minute CAV-OX®! Low Energy unit
was operated by Army contractors for 9 months.
Upon completion of testing at Aberdeen, further
CAV-OX® II High Energy Tests were conducted
at El Segundo. The CAV-OX® process achieved
contaminant concentrations of greater than 95
percent. During 1997 tests of CAV-OX®
equipment and/or Pilot Tests were made in
Taiwan, Thailand, and Australia. Also, a
continuing series of tests for major U.S.
corporations are on-going. The CAV-OX®
process achieved removal efficiencies of greater
than 99.9 percent for TCE, benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylenes. SITE demonstration
results for the CAV-OX® process are shown in
the table below. Results are presented for both
the CAV-OX® I (cavitation chamber by itself)
and CAV-OX® II (cavitation chamber combined
with UV) demonstrations.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7111
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dale Cox. or Jack Simser
Magnum Water Technology
600 Lairport Street
El Segundo, CA 90245
310-322-4143 or 310-640-7000
Fax: 310-640-7005
H299.9
>99.9
88.6
>99.9
96.9
81.6
99.4
96.5
86.1
-
;
99.4
>99.9
87.4
>99.9
94.5
83.8
99.8
97.6
87.3
-
^
:%)
Xvlene
92.9
>99.9
65.6
>99.9
92.1
80.2
98.9
98.1
>99.9
-
;
Flow
(aom) 5-kW
! 1.5
1 2.0
| 4.0
I 1-4
i 1.9
I 3.9
I 1.4
| 1.9
| 4.0
| 1.6
1 1-8
99.6
99.7
87.7
99.8
98.4
85.1
99.6
97.8
86.3
94.1
80.6
TCE
10-kW
99.2
99.7
98.1
99.7
99.3
97.1
99.4
99.2
98.9
99.2
97.6
CAV-OX® II
Removal Efficiencies^
5-kW 10-kW 5-kW 1O-kW
99.4
99.5
89.7
99.8
98.8
89.5
99.6
99.4
93.5
49.1
3&S
98.8
99.6
98.7
99.8
99.3
97.8
99.6
99.5
99.5
68.1
60.5
>99.9
>99.9
88.8
>99.9
96.9
91.8
99.8
99.5
94.5
20.7
48.6
98.6
>99.9
97.1
>99.9
98.6
97.9
99.8
99.7
99.6
54.7
15=2
Xylene
5-kW 1 0-kW
>99.9
>99.9
78.7
98.7
93.6
90.4
99.5
99.2
95.4
43.3
56.9
>99.9
>99.9
87.2
>99.9
97.0
96.0
99.5
99.7
>99.9
46.7
83.8
' hydrogen peroxide 2 milligrams per liter 3 gallons per minute * kilowatts
CAV-OX® Process Demonstration Results
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 109
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
(Photocatalytic Water Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Matrix)
photocatalytic oxidation system, shown in the
photograph below, removes dissolved organic
contaminants from water and destroys them in a
continuous flow process at ambient temperatures.
When excited by light, the titanium dioxide
(TiOj) semiconductor catalyst generates hydroxyl
radicals that oxidatively break the carbon bonds
of hazardous organic compounds.
The Matrix system converts organics such as
poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCB); phenols;
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
(BTEX); and others to carbon dioxide, halides,
and water. Efficient destruction typically occurs
between 30 seconds and 2 minutes actual
exposure time. Total organic carbon removal
takes longer, depending on the other organic
molecules and their molecular weights.
The Matrix system was initially designed to
destroy organic pollutants or to remove total
organic carbon from drinking water,
groundwater, and plant process water. The
Matrix system also destroys organic pollutants
such as PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins,
polychlorinated dibenzofurans, chlorinated
alkenes, chlorinated phenols, chlorinated
benzenes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and
amines. Inorganic pollutants such as cyanide,
sulphite, and nitrite ions can be oxidized to
cyanate ion, sulpha.te ion, and nitrate ion,
respectively.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Matrix system can treat a wide range of
concentrations of organic pollutants in industrial
wastewater and can be applied to the ultrapure
water industry and the drinking water industry.
The Matrix system can. also remediate groundwater.
10-Gallon-Per-Minute TiO2 Photocatalytic System Treating BTEX in Water
Page 110
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
STATUS:
The system was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program (ETP) in May 1991.
Results from the ETP evaluation were published
in a journal article (EPA/540/F-94/503) available
from EPA. Based on results from the ETP,
Matrix was invited to participate in the
Demonstration Program.
During August and September 1995, the Matrix
system was demonstrated at the K-25 site at the
Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation
in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Reports detailing the
results from the demonstration are available from
EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the demonstration are detailed
below:
• In general, high percent removals (up to
99.9 percent) were observed for both
aromatic volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and unsaturated VOCs. However,
the percent removals for saturated VOCs
were low (between 21 and 40 percent).
• The percent removals for all VOCs
increased with increasing number of path
lengths and oxidant doses. At equivalent
contact times, changing the flow rate did
not appear to impact the treatment system
performance for all aromatic VOCs and
most unsaturated VOCs (except 1,1-
dichloroethene [DCE]). Changing the flow
rate appeared to impact the system
performance for saturated VOCs.
• The effluent met the Safe Drinking Water
Act maximum contaminant levels (MCL)
for benzene; cis-l,2-DCE; and 1,1-DCE at
a significant level of 0.05. However, the
effluent did not meet the MCLs for
tetrachloroethene (PCE); trichloroethene
(TCE); 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA); and
1,1,1-tricbioroethane (TCA) at a significant
level of 0.05. The influent concentrations
for toluene and total xylenes were below the
MCLs.
• In tests performed to evaluate the effluent's
acute toxicity to water fleas and fathead
minnows, more than 50 percent of the
organisms died. Treatment by the Matrix
system did not reduce the groundwater
toxicity for the test organisms at a
significant level of 0.05.
• In general, the percent removals were
reproducible for aromatic and unsaturated
VOCs when the Matrix system was
operated under identical conditions.
However, the percent removals were not
reproducible for saturated VOCs. The
Matrix system's performance was
generally reproducible in (1) meeting the
target effluent levels for benzene; cis-1,2-
DCE; and 1,1-DCE; and (2) not meeting
the target effluent levels for PCE; TCE;
1,1-DCA; and 1,1,1-TCA.
• Purgable organic compounds and total
organic halides results indicated that some
VOCs were mineralized in the Matrix
system. However, formulation of
aldehydes, haloacetic acids, and several
tentatively identified compounds indicated
that not all VOCs were completely
mineralized.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809 Fax: 513-569-7111
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street
London, Ontario, Canada
N5Z 2B5
519-660-8669 Fax: 519-660-8525
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 111
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MAXYMILLIAN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(formerly CLEAN BERKSfflRES, INC.)
(Thermal Desorption System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Maxymillian Technologies, Inc., mobile
Thermal Desorption System (TDS) uses rotary
kiln technology to remove contaminants from
soils. The TDS can remediate soils contaminated
with volatile organic compounds (VOC),
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC), and
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The
TDS is fully transportable, requires a footprint of
100-by-140 feet, and can be set up on site in 4 to
6 weeks. The system combines high throughput
with the ability to remediate mixed consistency
soil, including sands, silts, clays, and tars.
The TDS consists of the following components
(see figure below):
Waste feed system
Rotary kiln drum desorber
Cyclone
Afterburner
Quench tower
Baghouse
Fan and exhaust stack
Multistage dust suppression system
Process control room
Soil is first shredded, crushed, and screened to
achieve a uniform particle size of less than 0.75
inch. Feed soils are also mixed to achieve
uniform moisture content and heating value.
The thermal treatment process involves two
steps: contaminant volatilization followed by gas
treatment. During the volatilization step,
contaminated materials are exposed to
temperatures ranging from 600 to 1,000 °F in a
co-current flow rotary kiln drum desorber where
contaminants volatilb:e to the gas phase. Clean
soils are men discharged through a multistage
dust suppression system for remoisturization and
are stockpiled for testing.
The gas and particulate stream passes from the
kiln to the cyclone, where coarse particles are
removed. The stream then enters the
afterburner, which destroys airborne
contaminants at temperatures ranging from 1,600
to 2,000 °F. The gas stream is cooled by
quenching before passing through a high-
efficiency baghouse, where fine particles are
removed. The clean gas is then released to the
atmosphere through a 60-foot stack. Processed
soil, after discharge from the dust suppression
Atomizing Air
CD
KILN
\
dom
/
>p
Afterburner
Wultiitag.
Dust Suppression
Svsfam
Proc«ftct«d Soil
Stockplla Area
T
I Watar I
Monitoring Points I Tank I
Soil Feed Rate 6. Quench Water Flow
Quench Exit
Temperature
Baghouse
Differential Pressure
ID Fan Differential
Pressure
10. Stack Gas Flow Rate
11. CEM (CO, COt, O2,
THC)
— MakeUpWatar
Kiln Entry Pressure
Kiln Gas Exit
Temperature
Soil Discharge
Temperature
AB Gas Exit
Temperature
7.
9.
Mobile Thermal Desorption System
Page 112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
system, is stockpiled and allowed to cool prior to
sampling.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TDS is designed to remove a wide variety of
contaminants from soil, including VOCs, SVOCs,
PAHs, coal tars, and cyanide.
STATUS:
The TDS was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1993. The
demonstration was conducted in November and
December 1993 at the Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation Harbor Point site, a former gas plant
in Utica, New York. During the demonstration,
the TDS processed three replicate runs of four
separate waste streams. Stack emissions and
processed soil were measured to determine
achievement of cleanup levels. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/507)
and Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/507a)
are available from EPA.
Following the SITE demonstration, the TDS was
chosen to remediate approximately 17,000 tons
of VOC-contaminated soil at the Fulton
Terminals Superfund site in Fulton, New York.
This project was completed in 1995. The system
has since been moved to a location in North
Adams, Massachusetts.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the SITE Demonstration are
summarized below:
• The TDS achieved destruction removal
efficiencies (ORE) of 99.99 percent or
better in all 12 runs using total xylenes
as a volatile principal organic
hazardous constituent (POHC).
• DREs of 99.99 percent or better were
achieved in 11 of 12 runs using
naphthalene as a semivolatile POHC.
• Average concentrations for critical
pollutants in treated soils were
0.066 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg)
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylene (BTEX); 12.4 mg/kg PAHs;
and 5.4 mg/kg total cyanide.
• Comparison of the dry weight basis
concentration of pollutants in the feed
and treated soil showed the following
average removal efficiencies:
99.9 percent for BTEX; 98.6 percent
for PAHs; and 97.4 percent for total
cyanide.
• The TDS showed good operating
stability during the demonstration with
only a minor amount of downtime.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Neal Maxymillian
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
84 State Street
Boston, MA 02109
617-557-15077
Fax: 617--557-6088
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 113
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MORRISON KNtJDSEN CORPORATION/
SPETSTAMPONAZHGEOLOGIA ENTERPRISES
(Clay-Based Grouting Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Morrison Knudsen Corporation (MK) is working
under a joint venture agreement with
Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (STG) of
Ukraine to demonstrate the effectiveness of a
clay-based grouting technology. This technology
uses clay slurries as a base for grout solutions,
which are injected into bedrock fracture systems
to inhibit or eliminate groundwater flow in these
pathways. The clay slurries may also be used as
a base for slurry wall construction.
The MK/STG clay-based grouting technology is
an integrated method involving three primary
phases: obtaining detailed site characteristics;
developing a site-specific grout formulation; and
grout mixing and injection. The first phase, site
characterization, includes obtaining geophysical,
geochemical, mineralogical, and hydrogeological
information about the target area.
The second phase, a site-specific grout
formulation, is developed in the laboratory. The
overall properties of clay-based grout depend on
the physical and mechanical properties of the
clay, cement, and other additives. Formulated
clay-based grouts are viscoplastic systems
composed primarily of clay mineral mortar and
structure-forming cement. The clay is normally
a kaolin/illite obtained from a local source; other
additives may be required. The formulation is
laboratory-tested to determine suitability for the
desired application.
The third phase is grout mixing and placement.
The process for preparing and injecting the clay-
based grout is shov/n in the diagram below.
Boreholes drilled during the site characterization
phase may be used for grout placement.
Additional boreholes may be drilled to complete
the injection program. A quality assurance
program ensures that placement and project
DRY-PULVERIZED
CLAY SUPPLY
ADDITIVE(S)
SUPPLY
ADDITIVE(S)
BIN
CLAY STORAGE
& SLURRY
PREPARATION
WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
CEMENT STORAGE
& SLURRY
PREPARATION
MK/STG
CLAY-CEMENT
BASED GROUT
- WATER
SUPPLY
CEMENT
SUPPLY
Process Flow Diagram of the Clay-Based Grouting Technology
Page 114
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
objectives are met. After injection, the clay-
based grout retains its plasticity and does not
crystallize, providing permanent underground
protection.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for providing a flow
barrier to groundwater contaminated with both
heavy metals and organics. The clay-based grout
can be formulated to withstand detrimental
conditions such as low pH. The technology can
be used at inactive mine sites that produce acid
mine drainage. Other potential applications
include liquid effluent control from landfills,
containment of groundwater contaminated with
chemicals or radionuclides, and reduction of
brine inflows.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1993. It was
partially installed in fall 1994 at the abandoned
Mike Horse Mine site in Montana; operations
were suspended due to winter weather
conditions. The third phase, to complete
installation of the grout, was canceled due to
EPA budget constraints. The demonstration was
completed in 1996, but the technology was not
fully evaluated due to loss of accessibility to the
site.
Over 200 projects using this technology have
been completed during the last 20 years in the
former Soviet Union and Eastern block countries,
as well as in China and Australia. The
technology has not been applied in the United
States or western hemisphere other than at the
Mike Horse Mine site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Kathryn Levihn
Rick Raymondi
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/STG
P.O. Box 73
Boise, ID 83729
208-386-6115
Fax: 208-386-6669
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 115
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
(Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process
is a chemical dehalogenation technology
developed by the National Risk Management
Research Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. The
process is initiated in a medium-temperature
thermal desorber (MTTD) at temperatures
ranging from 600 to 950 °F. Sodium bicarbonate
is added to contaminated soils, sediments, or
sludge matrices containing hazardous chlorinated
organics including polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) and polychlorinated dioxins and furans.
Chlorinated contaminants that are thermally
desorbed from the matrix are condensed and
treated by the BCD process. The BCD process
chemically detoxifies the condensed chlorinated
organic contaminants by removing chlorine from
the contaminants and replacing it with hydrogen.
ETG Environmental, Inc. (ETG), and Separation
and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SRS), developed the
THERM-O-DETOX® and SAREX® systems and
combined them with the BCD process chemistry.
The combined process begins by initiating solid-
phase dechlorination in the MTTD step (see
figure below). In addition to the dechlorination
that occurs in the MTTD, organics are thermally
desorbed from the matrix, and are condensed and
sent to the BCD liquid tank reactor (LTR).
Reagents are then added and heated to 600 to
650 °F for 3 to 6 hours to dechlorinate the
remaining organics. The treated residuals are
recycled or disposed of using standard,
commercially available methods. Treated, clean
soil can be recycled as on-site backfill.
ETG has continued to develop the THERM-O-
DETOX® system and now offers continuous
systems and batch vacuum systems. The batch
vacuum system offers greater operational
flexibility for removal and destruction of high
hazard, high boiling point contaminants to ensure
that treatment standards are met. The vapor
recovery system can be set up to use noncontact
condensers or chillers and additional final
polishing steps to meet the most stringent air
emission standards.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BCD process can treat soils, sediments, and
sludges contaminated with the following
chlorinated compounds: halogenated semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC), including herbicides
and pesticides; PCBs; pentachlorophenol (PCP)
and other chlorinated phenols; and
polychlorinated dioxins and furans.
Off^lto Dtepoui
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) Process
Page 116
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
STATUS:
The combined BCD process was demonstrated
under the SITE Program at the Koppers
Company Superfund site in Morrisville, North
Carolina, from August through September 1993.
The process removed PCP from clay soils to
levels below, those specified in the Record of
Decision. The process also removed dioxins and
furans from contaminated soil to 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalent
concentrations less than the concentration
specified in the Record of Decision.
ETG is also currently operating the batch vacuum
system at a New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation cleanup site in
Binghamton, New York. Approximately 1,500
cubic yards of soil contaminated with herbicides
pesticides, dioxins, and furans (F027 waste) are
being treated. The Michigan Department of
Natural Resources has also approved BCD for a
project involving treatment of about 200 cubic
yards of F027 soils. At another site, multiple
systems will treat soils contaminated with
chlorinated volatile organic compounds and high
boiling point (800-1150 °F) organic lubricants.
The batch vacuum system has also been used to
treat sludges at an operating refinery in Puerto
Rico and a chemical company in Texas.
For information on the SAREX® system, see the
profile for SRS in the Demonstration Program
section (ongoing projects).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration consisted of four test
runs hi the MTTD and two test runs in the LTR.
Feed soil consisted of a dry, clayey silt and had
a residence tune of 1 to 2 hours'hi the MTTD,
which was heated to 790 °F to 850 °F. The
MTTD off-gases were treated by passing through
an oil scrubber, water scrubbers, and carbon
filters. The oil from the oil scrubber was
transferred to the LTR for BCD treatment. The
oil hi each LTR test run was batch-processed for
3 to 4 hours at 600 to 630°F.
Key findings from the SITE demonstration are
summarized as follows:
• The MTTD achieved removal
efficiencies of 99.97 percent or better for
PCP and 99.56 percent or better for total
dioxins and total furans.
• The treated soils were well below
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
limits for SVOCs.
• Treated soil met the cleanup goal of
95 parts per million PCP in all test runs.
Treated soil also met a cleanup goal of 7
micrograms per kilogram 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents
in all test runs.
• The LTR batch tests reduced PCP
concentrations by 96.89 percent or better,
and total dioxin and total furan
concentrations by 99.97 percent or better.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
George Huffman
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory "
26 West Martin Luther King Drive, MS-445
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7431
Fax: 513-569-7549
Yei-Shong Shieh or Steven Detwiler
ETG Environmental, Inc.
16 Hagerty Boulevard
West Chester, PA 19382-7594
610-431-9100
Fax: 610-431-9140
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 117
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
(Volume Reduction Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The volume reduction unit (VRU) is a pilot-
scale, mobile soil washing system designed to
remove organic contaminants and metals from
soil through particle size separation and
solubilization. The VRU can process 100
pounds of soil (dry weight) per hour.
The process subsystems consist of soil handling
and conveying, soil washing and coarse
screening, fine particle separation, flocculation-
clarification, water treatment, and utilities. The
VRU is controlled and monitored with
conventional industrial process instrumentation
and hardware.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The VRU can treat soils that contain organics
such as creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP),
pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), volatile organic compounds, and
semivolatile organic compounds. The VRU also
removes metals.
Decon Trailer
Steam Boiler
Rlter Package
Typical VRU Operational Setup
Page 118
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approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
STATUS:
The VRU was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program hi summer 1992.
The demonstration was conducted in November
1992 at the former Escambia Treating Company
in Pensacola, Florida. The facility used PCP and
creosote PAHs to treat wood products from 1943
to 1982. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/508) is available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, the VRU operated at
a feed rate of approximately 100 pounds per hour
and a wash water-to-feed ratio of about six to
one. The following physical wash water
conditions were created by varying the
surfactant, pH, and temperature:
• Condition 1 - no surfactant, no pH
adjustment, no temperature adjustment
• Condition 2 - surfactant addition, no pH
adjustment, no temperature adjustment
• Condition 3 - surfactant addition, pH
adjustment, and temperature adjustment
The table below summarizes the analytical data.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard (jriffiths
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
Center Hill Facility
5595 Center Hill Road
Cincinnati, OH 45224
513-569-7832
Fax: 513-569-7879
'*'
Average PCP removal
Average PAH removal
Feed soil returned as washed soil
Mass balance of total mass
Mass balance of PCPs
Mass balance of PAHs
80
79
96
104
108
87
93
84
96
113
60
60
97
96
81
98
24
17
Demonstration Data
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 119
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
and INTECH 180 CORPORATION
(Fungal Treatment Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This biological treatment system uses lignin-
degrading fungi to treat excavated soils. These
fungi have been shown to biodegrade a wide
catalogue of organic contaminants.
The contaminated soil is inoculated with an
organic carrier infested with the selected fungal
strain. The fungi break down soil contaminants,
using enzymes normally produced for wood
degradation as well as other enzyme systems.
This technology has the greatest degree of
success when optimal growing conditions for the
fungi are used. These conditions include
moisture control (at 90 percent of field capacity),
and temperature and aeration control. Organic
nutrients such as peat may be added to soils
deficient in organic carbon.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This biological treatment system was initially
applied to soil contaminated with organic
chemicals found in the wood-preserving industry.
These contaminants are composed of chlorinated
organics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH). The treatment system may remediate
different contaminants and combinations of
contaminants with varying degrees of success. In
particular, the SITE Demonstration Program
evaluated how well white rot fungi degrade
pentachlorophenol (PCP) in combination with
creosote PAHs.
STATUS:
This biological treatment system was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program hi April
1991. In September 1991, a treatability study
was conducted at the Brookhaven Wood
Preserving site in Brookhaven, Mississippi. Site
soils were contaminated with 200 to 5,200
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) PCP and up to
4,000 mg/kg PAHs.
A full-scale demonstration of this fungal
treatment technology was completed in
November 1992 to obtain economic data. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/505) is
available from EPA.
The extent of treatment in the full-scale
demonstration was disappointing for the tune of
treatment. The full-scale demonstration was
hampered by excessive rainfall which did not
permit the treatment beds to be sufficiently tilled.
Without this processing, oxygen-depleted
conditions developed, leading to loss of fungal
biomass and activity. Soil bed applications of
this technology may not be suitable in climates of
high rainfall
In Situ White Rot Fungal Treatment of Contaminated Soil
Page 120
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Februa
eruary
Completed Project
Current costs of fungal treatment operation are
estimated at $150 to $200.per ton. Lower costs
may be achieved with new inoculum formulations
which permit reduction in the amount of
inoculum mass required for treatment.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The full-scale project involved a 0.25-acre plot of
contaminated soil and two smaller control plots.
The soil was inoculated with Phanaerochaete
sordida, a species of lignin-degrading fungus.
No other amendments were added to the
prepared soil. Field activities included tilling and
watering all plots. No nutrients were added.
The study was conducted for 20 weeks. •
Some key findings from the demonstration were:
• Levels of PCP and the target PAHs
found in the underlying sand layer and
the leachate from each of the plots were
insignificant, indicating low teachability
and loss of these contaminants due to
periodic irrigation of the soil and heavy
rainfall.
• Levels of PCP, the target PAHs, and
dioxins in the active air samples collected
during the soil tilling events were
insignificant, indicating a very low
potential for airborne contaminant
transport.
• Air emissions data showed that soil
tilling activities did not pose significant
hazards to field technicians.
Contaminated soil, underlying sand,
and leachate had no significant
contamination.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Glaser
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7568
Fax: 513-569-7105
Richard Lamar
INTECH 180 Corporation
1770 N. Research Parkway, Suite 100
North Logan, UT 84341
801-753-2111
Fax: 801-753-8321
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 121
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
and IT CORPORATION
(Debris Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology was developed by EPA's
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
and IT Corporation (IT) for on-site
decontamination of metallic and masonry debris at
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act sites. The
entire system is mounted on three 48-foot flatbed
semi-trailers and can be readily transported from
site to site.
The full-scale debris washing system (DWS) is
shown in the figure below. The DWS consists of
dual 4,000-gallon spray-wash chambers that are
connected to a detergent solution holding tank
and rinse water holding tank. Debris is placed
into one of two 1,200-pound baskets, which hi
turn is placed into one of the spray-wash
chambers using a 5-ton crane integral to the
DWS. If debris is large enough, the crane places
it directly into one of the two chambers. Process
water is heated to 160 °F using a diesel-fired,
2,000,000-British-thermal-unit-per-hour (Btu/hr)
water heater. The water is continuously
reconditioned using particulate filters, an oil-
water separator, and other devices such as
charcoal columns or ion-exchange columns.
About 8,000 to 10,000 gallons of water is
required for the decontamination process. The
system is controlled by an operator stationed in a
trailer-mounted control room.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DWS can be applied on site to various types
of debris (scrap metal, masonry, or other solid
debris such as stones) contaminated with
hazardous chemicals such as pesticides, dioxins,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), or hazardous
metals.
Basket
Basket
— — Sup 1. WMb Cycto
».•_ supZ-SprayCycl"
— SI<|i3-Rliu«Cyc1«
.©«•»
Pilot-Scale Debris Washing System
Page 122
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Februar 1999
Com
eruary
pleted P
roject
STATUS:
The first pilot-scale tests were performed in
September 1988 at the Carter Industrial
Superfund site in Detroit, Michigan. An
upgraded pilot-scale DWS was tested at a PCB-
contaminated Superfund site in Hopkinsville,
Kentucky in December 1989. The DWS was
also field tested in August 1990 at the Shaver's
Farm Superfund site in Walker County, Georgia.
The contaminants of concern were benzonitrile
and Dicamba. After being cut into sections, 55-
gallon drums were decontaminated in the DWS.
Results from the SITE demonstration have been
published in a Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-91/006a), entitled "Design and
Development of a Pilot-Scale Debris
Decontamination System" and in a Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/006).
In 1993, a manual version of the full-scale DWS
was used to treat PCB-contaminated scrap metal
at the Summit Scrap Yard in Akron, Ohio.
During the 4-month site remediation, 3,000 tons
of PCB-contaminated scrap metal (motors, cast
iron blocks) was cleaned on site. The target level
of 7.7 jug/100 cm2 was met, hi most cases, after
a single treatment with the DWS. The cleaned
scrap was purchased by a scrap smelter for $52
per ton. The net costs for the on-site debris
decontamination ranged from $50 to $75 per ton.
The National Risk Management Research
Laboratory and IT estimate that the system can
decontaminate 50 to 120 tons of typical debris
per day.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
At the Carter Industrial Superfund site, PCB
reductions averaged 58 percent in batch 1 and
81 percent hi batch 2. Design changes based on
these tests were made to the DWS before
additional field testing.
At the Hopkinsville, Kentucky site, PCB levels
on the surfaces of metallic transformer casings
were reduced to less than or equal to
10 micrograms PCB per 100 square centimeters
(jig/cm2). All 75 contaminated transformer
casings on site were decontaminated to EPA
cleanup criteria and sold to a scrap metal dealer.
At the Shaver's Farm Superfund site, benzonitrile
and Dicamba levels on the drum surfaces were
reduced from the average pretreatment
concentrations of 4,556 and 23 /ig/100 cm2 to
average concentrations of 10 and 1 jug/100 cm2,
respectively.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Donald Sanning
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7875
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Michael Taylor or Majid Dosani
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246-4012
513-782-4700
Fax: 513-782-4807
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 123
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY,
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, and I?RX, INC.
(Hydraulic Fracturing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Hydraulic fracturing is a physical process that
creates fractures in soils to enhance fluid or
vapor flow in the subsurface. The technology
places fractures at discrete depths with hydraulic
pressurization at the base of a borehole. These
fractures are placed at specific locations and
depths to increase the effectiveness of treatment
technologies such as soil vapor extraction, in situ
bioremediation, and pump-and-treat systems.
The technology is designed to enhance
remediation in less permeable geologic
formations.
The fracturing process begins by injecting water
into a sealed borehole until the water pressure
exceeds a critical value and a fracture is
nucleated (see photograph below). A slurry
composed of a coarse-grained sand, or other
granular material, and guar gum gel is then
injected as the fracture grows away from the
well. After pumping, the grains hold the fracture
open while an enzyme additive breaks down the
viscous fluid. The thinned fluid is pumped from
the fracture, forming a permeable subsurface
channel suitable for delivering or recovering a
vapor or liquid. These fractures function as
pathways for fluid movement, potentially
increasing the effective area available for
remediation.
The hydraulic fracturing process is used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction technology
to enhance recovery of contaminated soil vapors.
Hydraulic fractures ha.ve recently been used to
improve recovery of light nonaqueous phase
liquids by increasing recovery of free product
and controlling the influence of underlying water.
Hydraulically induced fractures are used as
channels for fluids and nutrients during in situ
bioremediation. The technology has the potential
to deliver nutrients and other materials to the
subsurface solids useful in bioremediation. Solid
nutrients or oxygen-releasing granules can be
injected into the fractures.
Hydraulic Fracturing Process (Well is at center of photograph)
Page 124
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
Real-time techniques for measuring ground
surface deformation have been developed to
monitor the fracture positions in the subsurface.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Hydraulic fracturing is appropriate for enhancing
soil and groundwater remediation. The
technology can channel contaminants or wastes
for soil vapor extraction, bioremediation, or
pump-and-treat systems.
STATUS:
The hydraulic fracturing technology was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in July
1991. Demonstrations have been conducted in
Oak Brook, Illinois and Dayton, Ohio. The
hydraulic fracturing process was integrated with
soil vapor extraction at the Illinois site and with
in situ bioremediation at the Ohio site. The
project was completed in September 1992. The
Technology Evaluation and Applications Analysis
Reports, which were published under one cover
(EPA/540/R-93/505), and the Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)
are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The first demonstration was conducted at a Xerox
Corporation site in Oak Brook, Illinois, where a
vapor extraction system has been operating since
early 1991. The site is contaminated with
ethylbenzene, 1,1-dichloroethane, trichloro-
ethene, tetrachloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
toluene, and xylene. In July 1991, hydraulic
fractures were created in two of the four wells, at
depths of 6, 10, and 15 feet below ground
surface. The vapor flow rate, soil vacuum, and
contaminant yields from the fractured and
unfractured wells were monitored regularly.
Results from this demonstration are as follows:
• Over a 1-year period, the vapor yield
from hydraulically fractured wells was
one order of magnitude greater than
from unfractured wells.
• The hydraulically fractured wells
enhanced remediation over an area 30
times greater than the unfractured wells.
• The presence of pore water decreased the
vapor yield from wells; therefore, water
must be prevented from infiltrating areas
where vapor extraction is underway.
The technology was also demonstrated at a site
near Dayton, Ohio, which is contaminated with
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
(BTEX), and other petroleum hydrocarbons. In
August 1991, hydraulic fractures were created in
one of two wells at 4, 6, 8, and 10 feet below
ground surface. Sampling was conducted before
the demonstration and twice during the
demonstration at locations 5, 10, and 15 feet
north of the fractured and unfractured wells.
Results from this demonstration are as follows:
• The flow of water into the fractured well
was two orders of magnitude greater
than in the unfractured well.
• The bioremediation rate near the
fractured well was 75 percent higher for
BTEX and 77 percent higher for total
petroleum hydrocarbons compared to the
rates near the unfractured well.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Roulier
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7796
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Slack
FRXInc,
P.O. Box 37945
Cincinnati, OH 45222
513-469-6040
Fax: 513-469-9747
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 125
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION/ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING and
LARSEN ENGINEERS
(Ex Situ Biovault)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Ex Situ Biovault, developed by ENSR
Consulting and Engineering (ENSR) and Larsen
Engineers (Larsen), is a specially designed,
aboveground soil pile designed to treat soils
contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC). The biovault is enclosed by a double
liner system; the bottom half of the liner contains
a leak detection system. The bottom half of the
liner is supported by soil berms that serve as side
walls.
To construct a biopile, a layer of gravel
containing an air distribution system is placed on
the bottom liner. The soil to be treated is then
placed over the gravel. After placing the soil, a
layer of sand containing a second air distribution
system is placed on top of the soil. Soaker hoses
arg also placed on top of the pile. Finally, the
top liner is placed on the pile and sealed at all
seams. The air distribution systems are designed
to control gas flows throughout the pile while the
soaker hoses add water and nutrients. A sump is
located in the lowest corner of the biovault with
a pump that removes the liquids that drain
through the soil pile. This liquid is amended
with nutrients as needed and recirculated through
the soaker hoses. Together, the sump and soaker
hoses form the liquid management system
(LMS).
One of the control parameters for biovault
operation is the rate of air supply. For the SITE
demonstration, two identical vaults were
constructed. One vault was operated with a
continuous supply of air throughout the course of
treatment. In the other biovault, air was supplied
intermittently hi an effort to cycle the biovault
between aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ex situ biovault is intended to treat soil
contaminated with chlorinated and nonchlorinated
VOCs, as well as SVOCs. Soil contaminated
with VOCs was treated during the demonstration.
STATUS:
ENSR's and Larsen's ex situ biovault was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
hi June 1994. The pilot-scale, multivendor
treatability demonstration (MVTD) was jointly
sponsored by the New York State Department of
Waler Piping
(Top)
Nutrient Addition-
Contaminated
Soil
Gravel
30' -0'
Schematic of the Ex Situ Biovault System
Cross Section of the
Ex Situ Biovault System
Page 126
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), the
New York State Center for Hazardous Waste
Management, and the SITE Program. The
objectives of the MVTD were to (1) generate
field data for biological processes, and (2)
evaluate the performance of each biological
process in meeting NYSDEC clean-up goals.
The demonstration was conducted from July to
December 1994 at the Sweden 3-Chapman site in
Sweden, New York. The soil at the site was
contaminated with elevated levels of acetone,
trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, cis-1,2-
dichloroethene, 2-butanone, 4-methyl-2-
pentanone, and toluene. The final report is
available from the vendor.
In addition to the ENSR and Larsen process, the
following systems also were demonstrated:
• SBP Technologies, Inc., Vacuum-
Vaporized Well System
• R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc., In Situ
Bioventing Treatment System
For information on these technologies, refer to
the NYSDEC profiles in the Demonstration
Program section (completed projects).
The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/524)
is available from EPA. The Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report, which provides
more detailed demonstration results, will be
available in 1999.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The primary objective of the SITE demonstration
was to determine the effectiveness of the
biovaults in reducing the concentrations of six
target VOCs. The results of the ex situ biovault
technology demonstration were as follows:
• Soil concentrations of six target VOCs
were significantly reduced over the 5-
month demonstration period, but the
treatment did not meet NYSDEC criteria.
• Analytical results and field measurements
indicated that both biovaults supported
biological processes.
• The aerobic and aerobic/anaerobic
biovaults performed similarly.
The biovault process is sensitive to ambient
temperatures, and cool temperatures during the
operating period may have negatively impacted
microbial activity. The developers suggest
initiating biovault operation in the spring and
discontinuing operation when weather conditions
become too cold to sustain microbial activity.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA CONTACT:
Carolyn Acheson, Ph.D.
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7190
Fax: 513-569-7105
NEW YORK STATE CONTACTS:
Jim Harrington
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 268
Albany, NY 12233-7010
518-457-0337
Fax: 518-457-9639
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
David Ramsden, Ph.D.
ENSR Consulting and Engineering
3000 Richmond Avenue
Houston, TX 77098
713-520-9900
Fax: 713-520-6802
N. Sathiyakumar, Ph.D., P.E. .
Larsen Engineers
700 West Metro Park
Rochester, NY 14623-2678
716-272-7310
Fax: 716-272-0159
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 127
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION/SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Vacuum-Vaporized Well System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), remediation
program uses an in situ Unterdruck-Verdarnpfer-
Brunnen (UVB) vertical groundwater circulation
well technology, which has been enhanced with
an in situ bioreactor to treat soil and groundwater
contaminated with chlorinated and non-
chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC).
This process consists of a specially adapted
groundwater circulation well, reduced-pressure
stripping reactor, an in situ bioreactor, and an
aboveground vapor-phase bioreactor.
The UVB technology was developed by IEG
mbH in Germany and is distributed hi the U.S.
by IEG Technologies Corporation. SBP obtained
the rights to implement this technology and
enhanced it to create a more effective in situ
bioremediation technology.
The microbiologically enhanced vertical
circulation well technology simultaneously treats
the vadose zone, capillary fringe, and saturated
zones. During the demonstration, a groundwater
convection (circulation) cell was created radially
within the aquifer around the 16-inch UVB well.
The UVB well consisted of upper and lower
screens separated by a solid riser casing. The
lower screen was isolated from the upper screen
by a packer, creating two separate screened
zones. Contaminated groundwater flowed into
the lower screen of the UVB well and was
pumped to the upper section. The water rose
through the in situ fixed film bioreactor, initially
reducing the contaminant load. Groundwater
then flowed to the in situ aerator/stripping
reactor, where fresh ambient air was mixed with
the contaminated groundwater.
The convection cell was developed by allowing
the treated groundwater to exit into the upper
aquifer. The untreated VOCs exiting the hi situ
bioreactor system were stripped before the
groundwater flowed out of the upper screen into
the aquifer as clean water. Oxygenated
groundwater from the: shallow aquifer circulated
to the deep aquifer zone and through the fixed
film bioreactor to provide for aerobic
degradation. This circulation created a
remediation circulation cell in a glacial till
geologic formation.
In conjunction with the groundwater remediation,
the upper double-cased screen in the well allowed
for a one-way soil air flow from the vadose zone
to the UVB. This one-way soil venting, created
by the reduced-pressure developed in the well by
the blower, simultaneously remediated the
contaminated unsaturated and capillary fringe
zones.
The off-gases from the in situ aerator/stripping
reactor passed through an ex situ gas-phase
bioreactor for further biotreatment followed by
granular activated carbon treatment before they
were vented. This bioreactor consisted of
spirally wound, microporous, polyvinyl chloride-
silica sheets that served as a biosupport for
Pseudomonas cepacia (strain 17616), a known
trichloroethene (TCE) degrader. VOCs in the
off-gases, such as toluene, benzene, xylene,
TCE, and others, were also biologically treated
through a cometabolic process in the gas-phase
bioreactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soil and groundwater
contaminated with chlorinated and nonchlorinated
VOCs.
STATUS:
The UVB system was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1994. The pilot-
scale, multivendor treatability demonstration
(MVTD) was jointly sponsored by the New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation
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Completed Project
(NYSDEC), the New York State Center for
Hazardous Waste Management, and the SITE
Program. The objectives of the MVTD were to
(1) generate field data for three biological
processes, and (2) evaluate the performance of
each biological process in meeting NYSDEC
cleanup goals.
The demonstration took place at the Sweden
3-Chapman site in Sweden, New York. Field
work began in July 1994 and was completed in
fall 1995. Final reports from the demonstration
are available from EPA.
The UVB demonstration coincided with the
remediation of the site. Soil at the site contained
elevated levels of TCE, acetone, tetrachloroethene,
dichloroethene, and toluene. The contaminants of
concern (COC) were monitored at 15 groundwater
monitoring wells, across the in situ bioreactor, the
vadose zone soils, and the ex situ bioreactor, to
evaluate the system's performance. A dye tracer
test was conducted to determine the extent of the
groundwater circulation cell.
In addition to the SBP process, the following
technologies were also demonstrated:
• R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc., In Situ
Bioventing Treatment System
• ENSR Consulting and Engineering and
Larsen Engineers Ex Situ Biovault
For information on these technologies, refer to
the NYSDEC profiles in the Demonstration
Program section (completed projects).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, an in situ vertical
groundwater circulation cell was established with
an effective radius of 40 feet. The UVB system
reduced the concentration of COCs in
groundwater. The in situ bioreactor provided
biotreatment of the COCs in the dissolved phase;
removal of COCs from soils was also
demonstrated. An ex situ bioreactor was
effective in treating off-gas vapors from the UVB
system prior to final polishing. Mass balance
calculations determined that at least 75 percent of
the target COCs in soil and groundwater, within
the UVB's radius of influence, were removed
during the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jim Harrington
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 268
Albany, NY 12233-7010
518-457-0337
Fax: 518-457-9639
Richard Desrosiers
SBP Technologies, Inc.
106 Corporate Park Drive
White Plains, NY 10604
914-694-2280
Fax: 914-694-2286
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 129
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION/R.E. WRIGHT ENyiROrsnVLENTAL, INC.
(In Situ Bioventing Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc. (REWEI),
process uses bioventing technology to induce
aerobic biological degradation of chlorinated
compounds. A series of extraction and injection
wells is used to amend the soil environment,
creating optimum growth conditions for the
indigenous bacteria. Anhydrous ammonia and
methane are injected into the subsurface to
stimulate the growth of methanotrophic
microorganisms. Methanotrophs have the
enzymatic capabilities to degrade chlorinated
solvents through a cometabolic process.
The treatment system consists of an injection and
extraction well field and a soil gas
extraction-amendment injection blower unit (see
photograph below). The blower unit is operated
in the vacuum mode long enough to adequately
aerate the subsoil and provide oxygen for the
aerobic bacteria. Injection wells are located
between the extraction wells and are manifolded
to the pressure port of the blower unit.
Anhydrous ammonia is periodically injected into
the subsoil to provide a source of nitrogen for the
aerobic bacteria. In addition, methane gas is
periodically injected to stimulate the growth of
methanotrophs. The positive displacement
blower unit is equipped with a moisture knockout
tank, an automatic water discharge pump, and a
control panel that allows remote operation of the
system. Air and water discharges are typically
treated with granular activated carbon prior to
final discharge.
i
I
Normal system monitoring consists of periodic
soil sampling and analysis and soil gas
monitoring. Soil samples are collected and
analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOC),
soil fertility parameters, and microbiological
parameters such as trichloroethene (TCE)
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
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Completed Project
degraders and methanotrophs. In situ respiration
tests are conducted to determine the relative
activity of the bacteria in the soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology can treat both chlorinated and
nonchlorinated VOCs and semivolatile organic,
compounds that are biodegradable. The REWEI
process was developed to treat volatile
chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
in the unsaturated soil zone.
STATUS:
The REWEI process was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1994. The
REWEI process was part of a pilot-scale,
multivendor treatability demonstration (MVTD)
that was jointly sponsored by the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation
(NYSDEC), the New York State Center for
Hazardous Waste Management, and the SITE
Program. The objectives of the MVTD were to
(1) generate, field data for three biological
processes, and (2) evaluate the performance of
each biological process in meeting NYSDEC
cleanup goals.
The demonstration took place from July to
December 1994 at the Sweden 3-Chapman site in
Sweden, New York and coincided with the
ongoing remediation of the site. Soil at the site
contained elevated levels of TCE, acetone,
tetrachloroethene, dichloroethene, and toluene.
The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-95/525) is available from
EPA. The Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report, which provides more detailed
demonstration results, will be available in 1997.
In addition to the REWEI process, the following
technologies were also demonstrated:
• SBP Technologies, Inc., Vacuum- .
Vaporized Well system
• ENSR Consulting and Engineering and
Larsen Engineers Ex Situ Biovault
For information on these technologies, refer to
the NYSDEC profiles in the Demonstration
Program section (completed projects).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration results indicated that the
REWEI process reduced contaminants in the soil.
The initial mass of TCE hi the soil was reduced
by 92 percent with 80 percent removal attributed
to biodegradation and 12 percent removed by
vapor extraction. Results of the microbiological
analyses indicate that the number of total
heterotrophic, TCE-degrading, and methane-
degrading microorganisms increased during
treatment. The inorganic soil nitrogen content
increased due to the subsurface injection of
anhydrous ammonia.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Greg Sayles
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7607
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jim Harrington
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 268
Albany, NY 12233-7010
518-457-0337
Fax: 518-457-9639
Richard Cronce
R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc.
3240 Schoolhouse Road
Middletown, PA 17057-3595
717-944-5501
Fax: 717-948-9398
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 131
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
(Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This hydrocarbon recovery technology is based
on an oleophilic, amine-coated ceramic chip that
separates suspended and dissolved hydrocarbons,
as well as most mechanical and some chemical
emulsions, from aqueous solutions. The
oleophilic chip is manufactured by grafting a
hydrophobia amine to a mineral support, in this
case a ceramic substrate. Each granule is 0.6 to
1 millimeter in diameter, but is very porous and
thus has a large surface area. The hydrophobic
property of the amine coating makes each
granule more effective for microfiltration of
hydrocarbons in an unstable emulsion.
The figure below illustrates the process; the
separator, filter, and coalescer unit is shown on
the next page. The pressure-sensitive filtering
bed is regenerated by automatic backflushing.
This automatic regeneration eliminates the
expense associated with regeneration of carbon
and similar filtration media. Recovered
hydrocarbons coalesce and can thus be removed
by simple gravity separation.
This technology provides cost-effective oil and
water separation, removes free and emulsified
hydrocarbon contaminants, and significantly
reduces hydrocarbon loading to air strippers and
carbon systems. The technology can achieve a
concentration of less than 7 parts per million oil
and grease in the treated effluent.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The amine-coated granules have proven effective
on a wide variety of hydrocarbons, including
gasoline; crude oil; diesel fuel; benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene and xylene mixtures; and
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The unit
also removes hydrophobic chlorinated
hydrocarbons such as pentachlorophenol,
polychlorinated bipheriyls, and trichloroethene,
as well as vegetable and animal oils.
Treatment systems incorporating this technology
have been designed for various 'applications,
including (1) contamin ated groundwater pump-
and-treat systems; (2) in-process oil and water
separation; (3) filtration systems; (4) combined
/ \
Oleofilter
Pressurized
Feed
/ \
Pressurized
Clean Water
Out
./Backwaslrv
and Partial
Draw
Recycled
Upstream of
Primary
Separator
/ \
Backwash
Air In
Backwash
Water in
Heat When
Viscous
Hydrocarbons
Handled
f \
Control
Cabinet
Schematic Diagram of the Oleofilter Technology
Page 132
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February 1999
Completed Project
oil and water separator-filter-coalescer systems
for on-site waste reduction and material
recovery; and (5) treatment of marine wastes
(bilge and ballast waters).
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1992. The
SITE demonstration was completed in June 1994
at the Petroleum Products Corporation site in
Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The site is a former
oil recycling facility where groundwater has been
contaminated with a variety of organic and
inorganic constituents. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/525) and Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94/525) are available from EPA.
The technology has been used for several full-
scale projects. Several separator-filter-coalescers
(see figure below) are hi use treating industrial
process waters and oily wash waters.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
For the demonstration, five separate evaluation
periods (runs) were initiated. Each run used the
same feed oil, except run four. The oil for run
four was a 3:1 mixture of oil to kerosene. The
average total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbon
(TRPH) concentrations for the feed streams
ranged from 422 to 2,267 milligrams per liter
(mg/L), Preliminary data indicate that the system
removed at least 90 percent of the TRPH from
the emulsified oil and water feed stream.
For the runs where the system operated within
normal design parameters, TRPH concentrations
in the treated water effluent were reduced to
15 mg/L or less. The oleophilic granules
achieved a 95 percent reduction of TRPH
concentration for the runs with similar feed oil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tim Torrillion
North American Technologies Group, Inc.
4710 Bellaire Boulevard, Suite 301
Bellaire, TX 77401
713-662-2699
Fax: 713-662-3728
Separator, Filter, and Coalescer
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 133
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NOVATERRA ASSOCIATES
(In Situ Soil Treatment [Steam and Air Stripping])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology treats contaminated soils and
contained groundwater by the simultaneous in
situ injection of treatment agents below ground
during active mixing by augers or drilling blades
(see figure below). The in situ injection of steam
and air during mixing strips the volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) from the soil and contained
groundwater. The removed organics are
captured at the surface and disposed of in an
environmentally safe manner.
The technology is implemented by a drill unit
that can consist of a single or double blade or
auger mounted on a large crane or backhoe. The
diameter of the drill or auger can vary from 5 to
8 feet, and it is mounted on a kelly that reaches
depths of 60 feet.
The steam and air are carried down the center of
the kelly(s) and injected into the ground through
jets located on the blade or auger arms. The
steam is supplied by an oil- or natural gas-fired
boiler at 450 °F and 500 pounds per square inch
gauge (psig). The air heated by the compressor is
injected at 250 °F and 200 psig. The steam heats
the contaminants in the soil and contained water,
increasing the vapor pressure of the VOCs and
SVOCs and increasing their removal rates. The
direct application of the steam on the soil
thermally desorbs the VOCs and SVOCs,
increasing their removal percentage. Almost all
the VOCs and SVOCs of interest form azeotropes
with steam that boil below 212 °F and contain
low concentrations (such as a few percent) of
contaminants. These azeotropes significantly
increase contaminant removal rates, especially
for the higher-boiling-point SVOCs.
The VOC- and SVOC-laden air and steam vapor
stream removes the contamination to the surface
where it can be captured, if necessary, in a metal
container. The container, which makes a tight
seal to the ground surface, is connected to a
process stream by piping. A suction blower
draws the waste stream to the process stream
where it is collected or destroyed. The blower
creates a slight vacuum in the container and
piping as well as a positive displacement inward
to the collection or destruction system, thus
protecting the outside environment from
contamination.
The simplest form of the process system uses a
catalytic oxidizer or thermal oxidizer to destroy
the contamination before exhausting to the
atmosphere. When treating chlorinated VOCs
and SVOCs, an acid scrubber can be added if
Air
Compressor
Containment
Device
Cutter
Blades"
/Kelly
Steam
Generator
Bar
Atmosphere
Offgas Process
Treatment System
IT n n n
NX
In Situ Soil Treatment Process Schematic
Page 134
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Completed Project
required by the amount of material being
processed. Another simple process uses activated
carbon to recover the contamination. For the
carbon to work efficiently, a cooling system must
precede the carbon bed, so the process must also
treat contaminated water. If recovery and reuse
of the contamination is important or economically
desirable, a process system that condenses the
gas stream can be used.
The in situ soil treatment technology has also
treated contaminated soil by injecting and mixing
other agents. Chemical injection processes
include the stabilization and solidification of
heavy metals, neutralization of acids and bases,
and oxidation. The technology has been
successfully used to perform bioremediation.
The equipment is capable of injecting cement into
the soil and making slurry walls. The technology
has the unique feature of being able to inject two
materials simultaneously or sequentially.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat solid materials which
do not contain obstructions, including soils,
sludges, lagoons, and the liquids contained
within, such as water and dense and light
nonaqueous-phase liquids. The technology is
applicable to most VOCs and SVOCs, including
pesticides. It is particularly applicable to free
product and removal of highly concentrated
contamination. It is most effective for removals
of 95 to 99 percent of the contamination as a
result of the low temperature thermal desorption.
After treatment is completed, the soil can meet
construction engineering requirements by
compacting or injecting small amounts of cement.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. A SITE
demonstration was performed in September 1989
at the Annex Terminal, San Pedro, California.
Twelve soil blocks were treated for VOCs and
SVOCs. Liquid samples were collected during
the demonstration, and the operating procedures
were closely monitored and recorded. In January
1990, six blocks that had been previously treated
in the saturated zone were analyzed by EPA
methods 8240 and 8270.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/008) was published in June
1991. The technology remediated 30,000 cubic
yards at the Annex Terminal after completion of
the SITE demonstration and has been used at five
other contaminated sites.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE technology demonstration yielded the
following results:
• Removal efficiencies were greater than
85 percent for VOCs present in the soil.
• Removal efficiencies were greater than
55 percent for SVOCs present in the soil.
• Fugitive air emissions from the process
were low.
• No downward migration of contaminants
resulted from the soil treatment.
• The process treated 3 cubic yards of soil
per hour.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin. Paul@epamail. epa. gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phil La Mori
NOVATERRA Associates
2419 Outpost Drive
Los Angeles, CA 90068-2644
213-969-9788
Fax: 213-969-9782
E-mail: NOVATERRA@aol.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 135
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
OHM REMEDIATION SERVICES CORP.
(formerly CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.)
(X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The X*TRAX™ technology is a patented thermal
desorption process that removes organic
contaminants from soils, sludges, and other solid
media (see photograph below). X*TRAX™ is
not, however, an incinerator or a pyrolysis
system. Chemical oxidation and reactions are
discouraged by maintaining an inert environment
and low treatment temperatures. Combustion by-
products are not formed in X*TRAX™, as
neither a flame nor combustion gases are present
in the desorption chamber.
The organic contaminants are removed as a
condensed liquid, which is characterized by a
high heat rating. This liquid may then be
destroyed in a permitted incinerator or used as a
supplemental fuel. Low operating temperatures
of 400 to 1,200 °F and low gas flow rates
optimize treatment of contaminated media.
An externally fired rotary dryer volatilizes
the water and organic contaminants from the
contaminated media into an inert carrier gas
stream. The inert nitrogen carrier gas transports
the organic contaminants and water vapor out of
the dryer. The carrier gas flows through a duct
to the gas treatment system, where organic
vapors, water vapors, and dust particles are
removed and recovered. The gas first passes
through a high-energy scrubber, which removes
dust particles and 10 to 30 percent of the organic
contaminants. The gas then passes through two
condensers in series, where it is cooled to less
than 40 °F.
Most of the carrier gas is reheated and recycled
to the dryer. About 5 to 10 percent of the gas is
separated from the main stream, passed through
a particulate filter and a carbon adsorption
system, and then discharged to the atmosphere.
This discharge allows addition of make-up
nitrogen to the system to keep oxygen
concentrations below 4 percent (typically below
1 percent). The discharge also helps maintain a
small negative pressure within the system and
prevents potentially contaminated gases from
Page 136
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February 1999
Completed Project
leaking. The volume of gas released from this
process vent is approximately 700 times less than
from an equivalent capacity incinerator.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The X*TRAX™ process has been used to treat
solids contaminated with the following wastes:
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); halogenated and
nonhalogenated solvents; semivolatile organic
compounds, including polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, pesticides, and herbicides; fuel
oils; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene;
and mercury.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. The
demonstration was conducted in May 1992 at the
Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund site in Massachusetts.
After the demonstration, the full-scale
X*TRAX™ system, Model 200, remediated
50,000 tons of PCB-contaminated soil at the site.
The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/502), which details results
from the demonstration, is available from EPA.
The full-scale system, Model 200, is presently
operating at the Sangamo-Weston Superfund site
in South Carolina. More than 45,000 tons of
PCB-contaminated soil, clay, and sludge have
been thermally treated at this site. Feed material
with PCB concentrations of more than 8,800
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) has been
successfully treated to produce (discharge) PCB
levels of less than 2 mg/kg. PCB removal
efficiency was demonstrated to be greater than
99.97 percent.
Laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale X*TRAX™
systems are available. Two laboratory-scale,
continuous pilot systems are available for
treatability studies. More than 108 tests have
been completed since January 1988.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, X*TRAX™
removed PCBs from feed soil and met the site-
specific treatment standard of 25 mg/kg for
treated soils. PCB concentrations in all treated
soil samples were less than 1.0 mg/kg and were
reduced from an average of 247 mg/kg hi feed
soil to an average of 0.13 mg/kg in treated soil.
The average PCB removal efficiency was 99.95
percent.
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans were not formed
within the X*TRAX™ system. Organic air
emissions from the X*TRAX™ process vent
were negligible (less than 1 gram per day).
PCBs were not detected in vent gases.
X*TRAX™ removed other organic contaminants
from feed soil. Concentrations of
tetrachloroethene, total recoverable petroleum
hydrocarbons, and oil and grease were reduced
to below detectable levels in treated soil. Metals
concentrations and soil physical properties were
not altered by the X*TRAX™ system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
George Hay
OHM Remediation Services Corp.
16406 U.S. Route 224 East
Findlay, OH 45840
419-423-3526
Fax: 419-424-4991
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 137
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RADIAN INTERNATIONAL LLC
(formerly DOW ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.)
(Integrated AquaDetox Steam Vacuum Stripping and Soil Vapor
Extraction/Reinjection)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The integrated AquaDetox Steam Vacuum
Stripping and soil vapor extraction/reinjection
(SVE) system simultaneously treats groundwater
and soil contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOC). The integrated system
consists of (1) an AquaDetox moderate vacuum
stripping tower that uses low-pressure steam to
treat contaminated groundwater, and (2) an SVE
process that treats contaminated soil. The two
processes form a closed-loop system that
simultaneously remediates contaminated
groundwater and soil hi situ with virtually no air
emissions.
AquaDetox is a high-efficiency, countercurrent
stripping technology. A single-stage unit can
remove up to 99.99 percent of VOCs in water.
The SVE system uses a vacuum to treat VOC-
contaminated soil, inducing a flow of air through
the soil and removing vapor-phase VOCs with
the extracted soil gas. Carbon beds remove the
VOCs from the soil gas, which is then reinjected
into the ground. The AquaDetox and SVE
systems share a granular activated carbon (GAC)
unit that decontaminates the combined vapors
from both systems (see photograph below). By-
products of the system are a free-phase
recyclable product and treated water. In
addition, mineral regenerable carbon requires
disposal after about 3 years.
A key element of the closed-loop system is the
vent header unit. This unit collects
noncondensable gases from the AquaDetox
system for treatment in the GAC units. The
AquaDetox system then condenses and treats the
steam used to regenerate the GAC units.
Integrated AquaDetox/SVE System
Page 738
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes VOCs, including
chlorinated hydrocarbons, in groundwater and
soil. Sites with contaminated groundwater and
soils containing trichloroethene (TCE),
tetrachloroethene (PCE), and other VOCs are
suitable for this on-site treatment process.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1990. A SITE
demonstration was conducted in September 1991
as part of an ongoing remediation at the San
Fernando Valley Groundwater Basin Superfund
site in Burbank, California. The Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/002) and
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/002)
are available from EPA.
The AquaDetox/SVE system had been used for
over 3 years at the time of the SITE evaluation to
treat groundwater and soil gas at the Lockheed
Aeronautical Systems Company in Burbank,
California. Contaminated groundwater was
treated at a rate of up to 1,200 gallons per minute
(gpm), while soil gas was removed and treated at
a rate of 300 cubic feet per minute. The system
occupied about 4,000 square feet. It was
operational 95 percent of the time, with 5 percent
downtime for scheduled and nonscheduled
repairs.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, the AquaDetox/
SVE system achieved the following results:
• The technology treated groundwater and
soil gas contaminated with VOCs.
• Efficiencies ranged from 99.92 to 99.99
percent for removal of VOCs from
contaminated groundwater. VOC
removal efficiencies for soil gas ranged
from 98.0 to 99.9 percent when the GAC
beds were regenerated according to the
specified frequency (8-hour shifts). VOC
removal efficiencies dropped to as low as 93.4
percent when the GAC beds were regenerated
less frequently.
• The technology produced effluent
groundwater that complied with
regulatory discharge requirements for
TCE and PCE (5 micrograms per liter
for each compound).
• The GAC beds removed VOCs from
contaminated soil gas even after 24 hours
of continuous operation without steam
regeneration.
• The system's steam consumption
dropped with decreasing tower
pressures. During the demonstration, the
system was more efficient at lower
operating tower pressures.
• The 500-, 1,000-, and 3,000-gpm
systems are estimated to cost about $3.2,
$4.3, and $5.8 million, respectively.
The total annual operation and
maintenance costs are about $410,000,
$630,000 and $1,500,000 for the 500-,
1,000-, and 3,000-gpm systems,
respectively.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ken Solcher
Radian International LLC
1990 North California Boulevard, Suite 500
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
713-914-6607
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 739
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Liquid and solids biological treatment (LSI) is a
process that remediates soils and sludges
contaminated with biodegradable organics (see
figure below). The process is similar to activated
sludge treatment of municipal and industrial
wastewaters, but it treats suspended solids
concentrations greater than 20 percent. First, an
aqueous slurry of the waste material is prepared,
and environmental conditions such as nutrient
concentrations, temperature, and pH are
optimized for biodegradation. The slurry is then
mixed and aerated for a sufficient time to degrade
the target waste constituents.
Several physical process configurations are
possible, depending on site- and waste-specific
conditions. Waste can be treated continuously or
in batches in impoundment-based reactors. This
configuration is sometimes the only practical
option for projects greater than 10,000 cubic
yards. Alternatively, tank-based systems
may be constructed.Constituent losses due to
volatilization must be controlled during LST
operations. The potential for emissions is
greatest in batch treatment systems and lowest in
continuously stirred tank reactor systems,
particularly those with long residence times.
Technologies such as carbon adsorption and
biofiltration can control emissions.
LST may require pre- and posttreatment
operations. However, in situ applications that
store treated sludge residues do not require
multiple unit operatio.tis.
Overall bioremediation in a hybrid system
consisting of LST and land treatment systems can
provide an alternative to landfilling treated solids.
This combination rapidly degrades volatile
constituents in a contained system, rendering the
waste suitable for landfilling.
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (ReTeC), has
constructed a mobile LST pilot system for field
demonstrations. The system consists of two
reactors, two 2,000-gallon holding tanks, and
Contaminated
Soil
Water
Nutrients
Microbes
Cleaned
Soil
Dewatering
Return Soils
to Site
Air
Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment
Page 140
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
associated process equipment. The reactors are
aerated using coarse bubble diffusers and mixed
using axial flow turbine mixers. The reactors
can operate separately, or as batch or continuous
systems. Oxygen and pH are continuously
monitored and recorded. Additional features
include antifoaming and temperature control
systems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology treats sludges, sediments, and
soils containing biodegradable organic materials.
To date, the process has mainly treated sludges
containing petroleum and wood preservative
organics such as creosote and pentachlorophenol
(PCP). LST has treated polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), PCP, and a broad range of
petroleum hydrocarbons in the laboratory and the
field.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The
technology was demonstrated under SITE at the
Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation facility at
Harbor Point in Utica, New York from June
through August 1995. The following equipment
was used for the demonstration: (1) a 10,000-
gallon cylindrical tank (12-foot diameter) with
bottom-mounted air diffusers that provided
aeration and assisted in suspending solids; (2) a
tank cover outfitted with exhaust piping that
contained and channeled air discharge; and (3) a
spray system that recircultated liquid from within
the tank to disperse foam buildup.
ReTeC has applied the technology in the field
over a dozen times to treat wood preservative
sludges with impoundment-type LST systems. In
addition, LST has treated petroleum refinery
impoundment sludges in two field-based pilot
demonstrations and several laboratory treatability
studies.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Analytical results from the SITE demonstration
showed a reduction in oil and grease
concentrations from 14,500 to 3,100 milligrams
per kilogram (mg/kg), or 79 percent; total PAH
concentrations were reduced from 137 to 51
mg/kg, or 63 percent; and total benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations were
reduced from 0.083 to 0.030 mg/kg, or 64
percent. PAH leachability in the solids was
reduced to nondetect levels after treatment.
Toxicity of the solids to earthworms was also
decreased by the treatment. Only 24 percent of
the earthworms survived when added to untreated
contaminated soil, while earthworms placed in
treated soil showed no toxic effects.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory,
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Merv Cooper
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax:206-624-2839 :
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 141
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROCHEM SEPARATION SYSTEMS, INC.
(Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System uses
membrane separation to treat aqueous solutions
ranging from seawater to leachate contaminated
with organic solvents. The system uses osmosis
through a semipermeable membrane to separate
pure water from contaminated liquids.
Osmotic theory implies that a saline solution may
be separated from pure water by a
semipermeable membrane. The higher osmotic
pressure of the salt solution causes the water (and
other compounds having high diffusion rates
through the selected membrane) to diffuse
through the membrane into the salt water. Water
will continue to permeate the salt solution until
the osmotic pressure of the salt solution equals the
osmotic pressure of the pure water. At this
point, the salt concentrations of the two solutions
are equal, eliminating any additional driving
force for mass transfer across the membrane.
However, if external pressure is exerted on the
salt solution, water will flow in the reverse
direction from the salt solution into the pure
water.
This phenomenon, known as reverse osmosis
(RO), can separate pure water from contaminated
matrices. RO can treat hazardous wastes by
concentrating the hazardous chemical constituents
in an aqueous brine, while recovering pure water
on the other side of the membrane.
Fluid dynamics and system construction result in
an open-channel, Mly turbulent feed and
water-flow system. This configuration prevents
accumulation of suspended solids on the
separation membranes, ensuring high efficiency
filtration for water and contaminants. Also, the
design of the disc tubes allows easy cleaning of
the filtration medium, providing a long service
life for the membranes.
LEGEND
Indicates Permeate
Flow Path
Indicates Brine
Flow Path
Three-Stage, Reverse Osmosis Flow Path
Page 142
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Com
Februar 1999
eruary
pleted P
roject
A general flow path for the Rochem Disc Tube™
Module System as applied at the SITE
demonstration is shown on the previous page.
Waste feed, process permeate, and rinse water
are potential feed materials to the RO modules.
The modules are skid-mounted and consist of a
tank and a high-pressure feed system. The high-
pressure feed system consists of a centrifugal
feed pump, a prefilter cartridge housing, and a
triplex plunger pump to feed the RO modules.
The processing units are self-contained and
require electrical and interconnection process
piping before operation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Many types of waste material can be treated with
this system, including sanitary and hazardous
landfill leachate containing both organic and
inorganic chemical species.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. The
demonstration was conducted in August 1994 at
the Central Landfill Superfund site in Johnston,
Rhode Island. The system was used to treat
landfill leachate from a hazardous waste landfill.
During the demonstration, approximately
4 gallons per minute of contaminated waste was
processed over a 3-week period. All feed and
residual effluent streams were sampled to
evaluate the performance of this technology. The
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-96/507), the Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-96/507a), and the Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-96/507) are available
from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Preliminary results from the demonstration
suggest the folio whig:
• Over 99 percent of total dissolved
solids, over 96 percent of total organic
carbon, and 99 percent of all target
metals were removed. In addition,
the average percent rejection for
volatile organic compounds was
greater than the test criteria of 90
percent.
• The average water recovery rate for
the Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System during the demonstration was
approximately 75 percent. The test
criterion was 75 percent treated water
recovery rate.
• The Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System operated for 19 days at up to
8 hours per day. Daily operation
hours were not as long as planned due
to weather and field operational
difficulties. However, the system
operated long enough to evaluate the
technology's performance.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7585
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David LaMonica
Pall Rochem
3904 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 801
Torrance, CA 90503
310-370-3160
Fax: 310-370-4988
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 143
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), has developed a
hazardous waste treatment system consisting of
(1) a membrane filtration system that extracts and
concentrates contaminants from groundwater,
surface water, wash water, or slurries; and (2) a
bioremediation system that treats concentrated
groundwater, wash water, and soil slurries (see
photograph below). These two systems treat a
Wide range of waste materials separately or as
parts of an integrated waste handling system.
The membrane filtration system removes and
concentrates contaminants by pumping
contaminated liquids through porous stainless
steel tubes coated with specifically formulated
membranes. Contaminants are collected inside
the tube membrane, while "clean" water permeates
the membrane and tubes. Depending on local
requirements and regulations, the clean permeate
can be discharged to the sanitary sewer for
further treatment at a publicly owned treatment
works (POTW). The concentrated contaminants
are collected in a holding tank and fed to the
bioremediation system.
Contaminated water or slurry can also flow
directly into the bioremediation system and be
polished in the membrane filtration system. The
bioremediation system consists of one or more
bioreactors that are inoculated with specially
selected, usually indigenous microorganisms to
produce effluent with, low to nondetectable
contaminant levels. Integrating the two systems
allows removal and destruction of many
contaminants.
Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation
Page 144
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The membrane filtration system concentrates
contaminants and reduces the volume of
contaminated materials from a number of waste
streams, including contaminated groundwater,
surface water, storm water, landfill leachates,
and industrial process wastewater.
The bioremediation system can treat a wide range
of organic contamination, especially wood-
preserving wastes and solvents. A modified
version can also treat polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) such as creosote and coal
tar; pentachlorophenol; petroleum hydrocarbons;
and chlorinated aliphatics, such as
trichloroethene.
The two technologies can be used separately or
combined, depending on site characteristics and
waste treatment needs. For example, for waste-
waters or slurries contaminated with inorganics
or materials not easily bioremediated, the
membrane filtration system can separate the
material for treatment by another process. Both
the membrane filtration system and the
bioremediation system can be used as part of a
soil cleaning system to handle residuals and
contaminated liquids.
STATUS:
The membrane filtration system, accepted into
the SITE Program in 1990, was demonstrated in
October 1991 at the American Creosote Works in
Pensacola, Florida. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-92/014) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/AR-92/014) are available from
EPA. A full-scale SITE Program demonstration
of the bioremediation system was
canceledHowever, a smaller-scale field study was
conducted at the site; results are available
through the developer.SBP is marketing its
bioremediation and membrane filtration systems
to industrial and governmental clients for on-site
treatment of contaminated soil, sludge, and
water.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the SITE demonstration are
summarized as follows:
• The system effectively concentrated the
PAHs into a smaller volume.
• The process removed 95 percent of the
PAHs found in creosote from the feed
and produced a permeate stream that was
acceptable for discharge to a POTW.
• The membrane removed 25 to 35 percent
of smaller phenolic compounds.
« The system removed an average of about
80 percent of the total concentrations of
creosote constituents (phenolics and
PAHs) hi the feedwater and permeate.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 145
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
J.R. SIMPLOT COMPANY
(The SABRE™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The patented Simplot Anaerobic Biological
Remediation (SABRE™) process reduces
contamination through on-site bioremediation of
soils contaminated with the herbicide dinoseb (2-
sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) or nitroaromatic
explosives. The biodegradation process begins
when contaminated soil is placed hi a bioreactor
and flooded with buffered water. A source of
carbon and a nitroaromatic-degrading consortium
of anaerobic bacteria are then added to the
bioreactor. Anaerobic conditions are quickly
established, allowing the bacteria to degrade the
target compounds while preventing
polymerization of intermediate breakdown
products. A photograph of the technology in
operation is shown below.
Soil can be treated hi above- or in-ground
containment ponds. Temperature, pH, and redox
potential in the bioreactor are monitored during
treatment. A hydromixing system has been
engineered to efficiently solubilize the target
compound from the soil while maintaining
anaerobic conditions. Frequency of mixing
depends upon the contaminants present,
concentration, soil heterogeneity, and soil type.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is designed to treat soils
contaminated with nitroaromatic pesticides and
explosives. This contamination most often
occurs at rural crop dusting aircraft sites and at
ordnance handling and manufacturing facilities.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Based on bench- and pilot-scale results from the
Emerging Technology Program, this technology
was accepted in the SITE Demonstration Program
Bioreactors and Soil Mixing System at a TNT-Contaminated Site in Washington
Page 146
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
in winter 1992. Demonstrations for dinoseb and
the explosive TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) were
performed at Bowers Field in Ellensberg,
Washington and at Weldon Spring Ordnance
Works in Weldon Spring, Missouri, respectively.
A Technology Capsule describing the dinoseb
project (EPA/540/R-94/508a) and an Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report describing the
TNT project (EPA/540/R-95/529) are available
from EPA.
Since then, the process has been evaluated at
several other sites. During the winters of 1994
and 1995, two 10-cubic-yard (yd3) batches of
soils from Bangor Naval Submarine Base,
Washington were treated using the SABRE™
Process. One batch contained TNT, while the
other was contaminated with TNT and RDX.
Cost savings were realized by using in-ground
ponds for bioreactors and efficient mixing.
Heaters were also installed to maintain optimum
biological activity during the sub-freezing
temperatures. Treatment goals were met or
surpassed in the 90 days allowed for the project.
A full-scale remediation of 321 yd3 of dinoseb-
contaminated soils was completed in October
1995. The site was a former herbicide
distributor located near Reedley, California. The
treatment was performed in an aboveground
containment already existing on site.
Concentrations ranging from 40 to 100
milligrams per kilogram were reduced to
nondetect after 28 days of treatment. The soil
was mixed three times during treatment using a
full-scale, expandable hydromixing system.
A larger evaluation was conducted in fall 1996 at
Naval Weapons Station - Yorktown. About 500
yd3 of soil were contained in an in-ground pond
measuring 86 feet by 150 feet deep. A full-scale
hydromixing system was used to periodically
slurry the soil and water mixture.
Process optimization work is ongoing.
Collaborative projects with the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station and
the U.S. Army Environmental Center are
underway.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the Weldon Spring demonstration, TNT
was reduced from average concentrations of
1,500 parts per million (ppm) to an average of
8.7 ppm,, for an average removal rate of
99.4 percent. Toxicity testing, which included
early seedling growth, root elongation, and
earthworm reproduction tests, showed that soil
toxicity was significantly reduced. The Weldon
Spring demonstration showed the effectiveness of
this process even in unfavorable conditions. The
treatment time was lengthened by unseasonably
cool ambient temperatures. Temperatures hi the
bioreactor were as low as 4 °C; ideal
temperatures for the SABRE™ process are 35 to
37 °C.
During the Ellensburg demonstration, dinoseb
was reduced from 27.3 ppm to below the
detection limit, a greater than 99.8 percent
removal. Other pesticides were also degraded hi
this process, highlighting the effectiveness of the
process even in the presence of co-contaminants.
The process was completed in just 23 days,
despite 18 °C temperatures.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Tom Yergovich
J.R. Simplot Company
P.O. Box 198
Lanthrop, CA 95330
209-858-2511 ext. 6409
Fax: 209-858-2519
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 147
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SMITH ENVIRONMENTAL;
TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
(formerly CANONBE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION)
(Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®) technology is a low-temperature
desorption process (see figure below). The
technology removes organic contaminants from
contaminated soils into a contained air stream,
which is extensively treated to collect or
thermally destroy the contaminants.
A direct-fired rotary dryer heats an air stream
which, by direct contact, desorbs water and
organic contaminants from the soil. Soil can be
heated to up to 800 °F. The processed soil is
quenched to reduce temperatures and mitigate
dust problems. The processed soil is then
discharged into a stockpile. The hot air stream
that contains vaporized water and organics is
treated by one of two air pollution control
systems. One system removes the organic
contaminants from the air stream by adsorption
on granular activated carbon (GAC) and includes
the following units in series: (1) cyclones and
baghouse for particulate removal; (2) wet
scrubber for acid gas and some organic vapor
removal; and (3) GAC adsorption beds for
organic removal.
The second air pollution control system can treat
soils containing high concentrations of petroleum
hydrocarbons. The system includes the following
units in series: (1) cyclones for particle removal;
(2) thermal oxidizer-afterburner for destruction
of organics; (3) quench tower for cooling of air
stream; (4) baghouse for additional particle
removal; and (5) wet scrubber for acid gas
removal.
The LTTA® technology generates no wastewater
or waste soils. Cyclone fines and baghouse dust
are combined with treated soil and quenched with
treated scrubber water. The treated soil, once
verified to meet the treatment criteria, is
backfilled on site without restrictions. GAC beds
used for air pollution control are regenerated or
incinerated when spent.
TREATED MATERIAL
IMPACTED MATERIAL
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA®) Technology
Page 148
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
LTTA® can remove volatile organic compounds
(VOC), semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC), organochlorine pesticides (OCP),
organophosphorus pesticides (OPP), and total
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from soils,
sediments, and some sludges. LTTA® has been
used at full scale to remove VOCs such as
benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethene,
trichloroethene, and dichloroethene; SVOCs such
as acenaphthene, chrysene, naphthalene, and
pyrene; OCPs such as DDT, DDT metabolites,
and toxaphene; OPPs such as ethyl parathion,
methyl parathion, merphos, and mevinphos; and
TPHs.
STATUS:
The LTTA® technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
LTTA® was demonstrated in September 1992 on
soils contaminated with OCPs during a full-scale
remediation at a pesticide site in Arizona. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/504)
and Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/504) are available from EPA.
The full-scale LTTA® system has remediated
contaminated soils at six sites, including three
Superfund sites. The system has treated more
than 117,000 tons of soil.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the demonstration are
summarized below:
• The LTTA® system achieved the
specified cleanup criteria for the site, a
sliding scale correlating the
concentrations of DDT family
compounds (DDT, DDE, and ODD)
with concentrations of toxaphene. The
maximum allowable pesticide
concentrations in the treated soil were
3.52 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of
DDT family compounds and 1.09 mg/kg
of toxaphene.
Residual levels of all the pesticides in the
treated soil were generally below or
close to the laboratory detection limit,
with the exception of 4,4'-DDE, which
was found at residual concentrations of
0.1 to 1.5 mg/kg. Removal efficiencies
for pesticides found in the feed soil at
quantifiable concentrations are
summarized below:
Compound
4,4'-DDD
4,4'-DDE
4J4'-DDT
Endrin
Toxaphene
Efficiency
>99.97%
90.26%
99.97%
>99.85%
>99.83%
• The LTTA® process did not generate
dioxins or furans as products of
incomplete combustion or thermal
transformation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Joseph Hutton
Smith Environmental Technologies Corporation
304 Inverness Way South, Suite 200
Englewood, CO 80112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 149
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOILTECH ATP SYSTEMS, INC.
(Anaerobic Thermal Processor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (SoilTech),
anaerobic thermal processor (ATP) uses a rotary
kiln to desorb, collect, and recondense
contaminants or recyclable hydrocarbons from a
wide variety of feed material (see figure below).
The proprietary kiln contains four separate
internal thermal zones: preheat, retort,
combustion, and cooling. In the preheat zone,
water and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are
vaporized. The hot solids and heavy
hydrocarbons then pass through a proprietary sand
seal to the retort zone. The sand seal allows
solids to pass and inhibits gas and contaminant
movement from one zone to the other.
Concurrently, hot treated soil from the
combustion zone enters the retort zone through a
second sand seal. This hot treated soil provides
the thermal energy necessary to desorb the heavy
organic contaminants. The vaporized
contaminants are removed under slight vacuum to
the gas handling system. After cyclones remove
dust from the gases, the gases are cooled, and
condensed oil and water are separated into their
various fractions.
The coked soil passes through a third sand seal
from the retort zone to the combustion zone.
Some of the hot treated soil is recycled to the
retort zone through the second sand seal as
i ',i ,
previously described. The remainder of the soil
enters the cooling zone. As the hot combusted
soil enters the cooling zone, it is cooled in the
annular space between the outside of the preheat
zone and the kiln shell. Here, the heat from the
combusted soils is transferred indirectly to the
soils in the preheat zone. The cooled, treated
soil exiting the cooling zone is quenched with
water and conveyed to a storage pile.
Flue gases from the combustion zone pass
through the cooling zone to an emission control
system. The system consists of a cyclone and
baghouse to remove particulates, a wet scrubber
to remove acid gases, and a carbon adsorption
bed to remove trace organic compounds.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The system treats soils, sediments, and sludges
contaminated with compounds that vaporize at
temperatures up to 1,100 °F. Treated solids are
free of organics and suited for backfill on site.
Applicable contaminants include the following:
• Petroleum hydrocarbons: fuel, oil, lube
oil, semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC), VOCs
• Halogenated hydrocarbons:
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
dioxins, furans., pesticides, herbicides
Clean Solids
Clean Stack Gas
Discharge To Atmosphere
ATP
Processor
Hydrocarbons ^.
^
-^
Nortcondensabte
Condensation
Separation
Water
^
On-Sfte
Treatment
t
Fuel
Gas
Recovered organic
to off-site
treatment or recycle
Treated Water
reused as
process water
Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP)
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• Aromatic hydrocarbons: coal tar
residuespolynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAH)
• Volatile metals: mercury
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991. The ATP has
been demonstrated at two sites. At the first
demonstration, in May 1991, a full-scale unit
dechlorinated PCB-contaminated soil at the Wide
Beach Development Superfund site in Brant,
New York. At the second demonstration,
completed in June 1992, a full-scale unit
remediated soils and sediments at the Waukegan
Harbor Superfund site in Waukegan, Illinois.
Two additional Superfund sites in Ohio and
Kentucky have since been remediated by the
ATP. Soils at these sites were contaminated with
PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides.
The ATP has been used to treat more than
100,000 tons of waste on four separate sites.
The system has operated in compliance with state
and federal regulations in New York, Illinois,
Ohio, and Kentucky. SoilTech is currently
negotiating with a confidential client to remediate
25,000 cubic yards of trichloroethene- (TCE) and
PCB-contaminated soil at a site located in
Pennsylvania.
SoilTech is continuing its research into more
diverse organic remediation applications and
bitumen recovery.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Test results from both SITE demonstrations
indicate the following:
• The SoilTech ATP removed over
99 percent of the PCBs in the
contaminated soil, resulting in PCB
levels below 0.1 part per million (ppm)
at the Wide Beach Development site and
averaging 2 ppm at the Waukegan
Harbor site.
• Dioxin and furan stack gas emissions
were below the site-specific standards.
• PCB stack gas emissions were equivalent
to 99.99 percent destruction and removal
efficiency at the Waukegan Harbor site.
• No volatile or semivolatile organic
degradation products were detected hi
the treated soil. Also, no teachable
metals,-VOCs, or SVOCs were detected
in the treated soil.
« For the Wide Beach Development and
Waukegan Harbor remediation projects,
soil treatment costs were approximately
$265 and $155 per ton, respectively.
The regulatory support, mobilization,
startup, and demobilization costs totaled
about $1,400,000 for each site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercui.Paul@epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Joseph Hutton
Smith Environmental Technologies
Corporation
304 Inverness Way South, Suite 200
Englewood, CO 80112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 151
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOLIDITECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
i ii'1
This solidification and stabilization process
immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges by
binding them in a concrete-like, leach-resistant
matrix. Contaminated waste materials are
collected, screened to remove oversized material,
and introduced to the batch mixer (see figure
below). The waste material is then mixed with
water; Urrichem, a proprietary chemical reagent;
proprietary additives; and pozzolanic material
(fly ash), kiln dust, or cement. After it is
thoroughly mixed, the treated waste is discharged
from the mixer. Treated waste is a solidified
mass with significant unconfined compressive
strength (UCS), high stability, and a rigid texture
similar to that of concrete.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
I i
This process treats soils and sludges
contaminated with organic compounds, metals,
inorganic compounds, and oil and grease. Batch
mixers of various capacities can treat different
volumes of waste.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1988. The
solidification and stabilization process was
demonstrated in December 1988 at the Imperial
Oil Company/Champion Chemical Company
Superfund site in Morganville, New Jersey. This
site formerly contained both chemical processing
i i
INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER
FRONT END LOADER
(LOADING CONTAMINATED SOItl
Soliditech Processing Equipment
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Completed Project
and oil reclamation facilities. Soils, filter cakes,
and oily wastes from an old storage tank were
treated during the demonstration. These wastes
were contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), other organic
chemicals, and heavy metals. The Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/005a),
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/005), and Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005) are available
from EPA. This technology is no longer available
through a vendor. Contact the EPA Project
Manager for further information.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the Soliditech demonstration
are summarized below:
• Extract and leachate analyses showed
that heavy metals in the untreated waste
were immobilized.
• The process solidified both solid and
liquid wastes with high organic content
(up to 17 percent), as well as oil and
grease.
• Volatile organic compounds in the
original waste were not detected in the
treated waste.
• Physical test results of the solidified
waste showed (1) UCS ranging from 390
to 860 pounds per square inch (psi);
(2) very little weight loss after 12 cycles
of wet and dry and freeze and thaw
durability tests; (3) low permeability of
the treated waste; and (4) increased
density after treatment.
• The solidified waste increased in volume
by an average of 22 percent. Because of
solidification, the bulk density of the
waste material increased by about
35 percent.
• Semivolatile organic compounds
(phenols) were detected in the treated
waste and the toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) extracts from
the treated waste, but not in the untreated
waste or its TCLP extracts'. The
presence of these compounds is believed
to result from chemical reactions hi the
waste treatment mixture.
« The oil and grease content of the
untreated waste ranged from 2.8 to
17.3 percent (28,000 to 173,000 parts
per million [ppm]). The oil and grease
content of the TCLP extracts from the
solidified waste ranged from 2.4 to
12 ppm.
• The pH of the solidified waste ranged
from 1L7 to 12.0. The pH of the
untreated waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9.
• PCBs were not detected in any extracts
or leachates from the treated waste.
• Visual observation of solidified waste
revealed bulk oily material about 1
millimeter in diameter.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
SONOTECH, INC.
(Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Sonotech, Inc., frequency-tunable pulse
combustion system (Sonotech system) is designed
to significantly improve batch- and continuous-
mode combustion or thermal processes (such as
incineration) by creating large-amplitude,
resonant pulsations inside the combustion
chamber. This technology can be applied to new
or existing combustion systems. The technology
is used in fossil fuel combustion devices,
residential natural gas furnaces, and industrial
combustion systems. It should prove similarly
beneficial to hazardous waste incineration and
soil remediation applications.
The Sonotech system (see photograph below)
consists of an air inlet, a combustor section, a
tailpipe, a control panel, and safety features. This
i i i
system is designed to improve an incinerator's
performance by (1) increasing mixing rates
between the fuel and air, (2) increasing mixing
rates between reactive gas pockets and ignition
sources, and (3) increasing rates of heat and mass
transfer between the gas and the burning waste.
These improvements should (1) reduce the
amount of excess air required to completely burn
the waste, (2) increase destruction and removal
efficiencies (DRE) of principal organic hazardous
constituents, (3) minimize the formation of
products of incomplete combustion, and (4)
eliminate or minimize detrimental emissions or
"puffs."
The Sonotech system has achieved sound
amplitudes as high as 170 decibels and
frequencies of 100 to 500 hertz within the
combustion chamber. The high frequencies and
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System Installed at
EPA's Research Facility
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February 1999
Completed Project
velocities of these gas oscillations help mix the
gases in the chamber and thus reduce or
eliminate stratification effects.
The Sonotech system can function alone or as a
supplemental retrofit to an existing combustion
system. In the latter application, the frequency-
tunable pulse combustion system can supply as
little as 2 to 10 percent of the total energy
requirements. The total fuel supplied to the main
burner and the Sonotech system should be less
than the amount of fuel supplied to the main
burner before retrofitting.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used with any material
that can be treated in a conventional incinerator.
Sonotech, Inc., believes that the technology is
ready for incineration of hazardous, municipal,
and medical wastes.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1992. The 6-week
demonstration evaluated whether the technology
improved the performance of a larger scale
incineration system. To meet this goal, the pilot-
scale rotary kiln incinerator at EPA's Incineration
Research Facility in Jefferson, Arkansas was
retrofit with a Sonotech system. The
demonstration took place from September to
October 1994. The retrofit incinerator was used
to treat coal- and oil-gasification wastes,
traditionally incinerated with conventional
technology. The Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-95/502a) is available from EPA.
More detailed results will be available from EPA
in early 1997.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The Sonotech system increased the incinerator
waste feed rate capacity by 13 to 21 percent
compared to conventional combustion. As the
demonstration waste had significant heat
content,the capacity increase was equivalent to a
reduction in the auxiliary fuel needed to treat a
unit mass of waste from 21,100 British thermal
unit/pound (Btu/lb) for conventional combustion
to 18,000 Btu/lb for the Sonotech system. Visual
observations indicated improved mixing in the
incinerator cavity with the Sonotech system
operating.
Benzene and naphthalene DREs were greater
than 99.99 percent. The average concentration
of carbon monoxide exiting the afterburner,
corrected to 7 percent oxygen, decreased from 20
parts per million (ppm) with conventional
combustion to 14 ppm with the Sonotech system.
The average concentration of nitrogen oxides
exiting the after burner, corrected to 7 percent
oxygen, decreased from 82 ppm with
conventional combustion to 77 ppm with the
Sonotech system. Average soot emissions exiting
the afterburner, corrected to 7 percent oxygen,
were reduced from 1.9 milligrams per dry
standard cubic meter (mg/dscm) for conventional
combustion to less than 1.0 mg/dscm with the
Sonotech system. Total air requirements for
system combustion, determined from
stoichiometric calculations, were lower with the
Sonotech system in operation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ben Zinn
Sonotech, Inc.
3656 Paces Valley Road
Atlanta, GA 30327
404-894-3033
Fax: 404-894-2760
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 155
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
STC REMEDIATION, INC.
(formerly SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION)
(Organic Stabilization and Chemical Fixation/Solidification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
STC Remediation, Inc. (STC Remediation), has
developed both chemical organic stabilization and
chemical fixation/solidification technologies that
treat inorganic and organic solid hazardous
wastes (see photograph below). Leachable
organic contaminant concentrations are reduced
to well below regulatory limits. The chemical
fixation/solidification technology forms insoluble
chemical compounds, reducing leachable
inorganic contaminant concentrations in soils and
sludges.
STC Remediation's technology has been
successfully implemented on numerous full-scale
hazardous waste remediation projects,
successfully stabilizing more than 750,000 tons
of hazardous soils, sediments, and sludges. These
sites include Superfund sites and industrial sites
across the United States and in Italy.
STC Remediation has evaluated various materials
handling and mixing systems for use on full-scale
remediation projects. Materials handling
processes consist of pietreatment processes for
screening and crushing contaminated soils, and
placement and conveying systems for handling
treated material. Mixing systems consist of
various batching plants, pug mills, and high-
shear batch mixing systems to properly meter and
mix reagents with contaminated soils. STC
Remediation provides complete treatability study
services during project development and on site
technical services and/or contracting services
during full scale remediation to ensure effective
Treatment of Contaminated Soil
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February 1999
Completed Project
application of the treatment technologies,
documentation, and quality assurance/quality
control procedures during the treatment process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
STC Remediation's technology can treat a wide
variety of hazardous soils, sludges, and
wastewaters, including the following:
• Soils and sludges contaminated with
inorganics, including most metals,
cyanides, fluorides, arsenates,
chromates, and selenium
• Soils and sludges contaminated with
organics, including halogenated
aromatics, polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, and aliphatic compounds
• Wastewaters contaminated with heavy
metals and emulsified and dissolved
organic compounds, excluding low-
molecular-weight organic contaminants
such as alcohols, ketones, and glycols
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1988, and the
demonstration was completed in November 1990
at the Selma Pressure Treating (SPT) Superfund
site in Selma, California. STC Remediation was
subsequently selected for the full-scale
remediation of the SPT site, which is
contaminated with organics,. mainly
pentachlorophenol (PCP), and inorganics, mainly
arsenic, chromium, and copper. The Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/010) is
available through the National Technology
Information Service (Order No. PB93-172948).
The Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-92/010) and Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-92/010) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration yielded the following
results:
• The organic stabilization technology
reduced total extractable PCP
concentrations up to 97 percent.
The chemical fixation/stabilization
technology stabilized the residual PCP
concentrations to very low leachable levels
(from 5 to less than 0.3 milligrams per
liter).
• STC Remediation's technology
immobilized arsenic and copper, while
chromium remained well within
regulatory limits.
« Long-term monitoring at 18 and
32 months following the demonstration
project provided comparable results for
PCP, arsenic, and copper, while
chromium remained well within
regulatory limits.
« The treated wastes had moderately high
unconfined compressive strength,
averaging 300 pounds per square inch
(psi) after 28 days, increasing to more
than 700 psi after 18 months.
• Permeability of the treated waste was
less than 1.7 x 10"7 centimeters per
second). The relative cumulative weight
loss after 12 wet/dry and 12 freeze/thaw
cycles ;was negligible (less than 1
percent).
« Treatment costs depend on specific waste
characteristics.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Scott Larsen or Stephen Pegler
STC Remediation, Inc.
7650 East Redfield Road, Suite D-5
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
602-948-7100
Fax: 602-991-3173
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 157
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRA-KLEEN RESPONSE GROUP, INC.
(Solvent Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Terra-
Kleen), developed the solvent extraction
treatment system to remove semivolatile and
nonvolatile organic contaminants from soil. This
batch process system uses a proprietary solvent
blend to separate hazardous constituents from
soils, sediments, sludge, and debris.
A flow diagram of the Terra-Kleen treatment
system is shown below. Treatment begins after
excavated soil is loaded into the solvent
extraction tanks. Clean solvent from the solvent
storage tank is pumped into the extraction tanks.
The soil and solvent mixture is held in the
extraction tanks long enough to solubilize organic
contaminants into the solvent, separating them
from the soil. The contaminant-laden solvent is
then removed from the extraction tanks and
pumped into the sedimentation tank. Suspended
solids settle or are flocculated in the
sedimentation tank, and are then removed.
Following solvent extraction of the organic
contaminants, any residual solvent in the soil is
removed using soil vapor extraction and
biological treatment. Soil vapor extraction
removes the majority of the residual solvent,
while biological treatment reduces residual
solvent to trace levels. The treated soils are then
removed from the extraction tanks.
Contaminant-laden solvents are cleaned for reuse
by Terra-Kleen's solvent regeneration process.
The solvent regeneration process begins by
pumping contaminant-laden solvent from the
sedimentation tank through a microfiltration unit
and a proprietary solvent purification station.
The microfiltration unit first removes any fines
remaining in the solvent. The solvent
purification station separates organic
contaminants from the solvent and concentrates
them, reducing the amount of hazardous waste
for off-site disposal. The solvent is pumped into
the solvent storage tank for use in treating
additional soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Terra-Kleen solvent extraction treatment
system is a waste minimization process designed
to remove the following organic contaminants
from soils: poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
chlorinated pesticides, polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), pentachlorophenol,
creosote, polychlormated dibenzo-p-dioxins
(PCDD), chlorinated pesticides, and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). The
system is transportable and can be configured to
1 Ton
Untreated Soil
Untreated Soil Untreated Soil
Untreated Soil
1Ton
Untreated Soil
CONTAMINANT-LADEN,
SOLVENT
MHIroUoj! cond«ns»r pump '
LEGEND
•*• Untreated Sod
~* Wash Solvent
'^ Atr flnri Rnlvflr>l Vanor
SEDIMEKTATION TANK
MICROFILTRATION SOLVENT
UNIT PURIFICATION
STATION
CLEAN SOLVENT
STORAGE TANK
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
Page 158
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February 1999
Completed Project
treat small quantities of soil (1 to 1,000 cubic
yards) as well as large volumes generated at
remedial sites.
STATUS:
The solvent extraction treatment system was
demonstrated during May and June 1994 at
Naval Air Station North Island (NASNI) Site 4 in
San Diego, California. Soils at Site 4 are
contaminated with heavy metals, volatile organic
compounds (VOC), PCBs (Aroclor 1260), and
furans. The Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/521a) and Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/521) are available
from EPA. The Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report is available from EPA.
Several full-scale solvent extraction units are in
operation at this time. Terra-Kleen has removed
PCBs from 10,000 tons of soil at three sites
within NASNI, and completed cleanup of a
remote Air Force Base PCB site in Alaska. A
full-scale system has also removed DDT, DDD,
and DDE from clay soil at the Naval
Communication Station in Stockton, California.
Terra-Kleen has been selected to participate in
the Rapid Commercialization Initiative (RCI).
RCI was created by the Department of
Commerce, Department of Defense, Department
of Energy (DOE), and EPA to assist in the
integration of innovative technologies into the
marketplace. Under RCI, Terra-Kleen is
expanding its capabilities to process PCBs and
VOCs in low-level radioactive wastes. The pilot
project for this effort will begin in early 1997 at
DOE's Fernald Plant near Cincinnati, Ohio.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Findings from the SITE demonstration are
summarized as follows:
• PCB Aroclor 1260 concentrations were
reduced from an average of 144
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) to less
than 1.71 mg/kg, an overall removal
efficiency of 98.8 percent.
• NASNI untreated soil contained a
moisture content of 0.83 percent; a
particle size distribution of 80 percent
sand, 15 percent gravel, and 5 percent
clay; and an overall oil and grease
concentration of 780 mg/kg.
• Hexachlorodibenzofuran and
pentachlorodibenzofuran concentrations
were reduced by 92.7 percent and 84.0
percent, respectively. Oil and grease
concentrations were reduced by 65.9
percent.
Additional data were collected at the Naval
Communication Station hi Stockton, California.
The system treated soil contaminated with
chlorinated pesticides at concentrations up to
600 mg/kg. Samples taken during system
operation indicated that soil contaminated with
DDD, DDE, and DDT was reduced below 1
mg/kg, an overall removal efficiency of 98.8 to
99.8 percent.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes or Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348 or 513-569-7589
Fax: 513-569-7328 or 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Cash
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.
3970 B Sorrento Valley Blvd.
San Diego, CA 92121
619-558-8762
Fax: 619-558-8759
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 159
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRA VAC
(In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ or ex situ vacuum extraction is a process
that removes volatile organic compounds (VOC)
and many semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) from the vadose, or unsaturated, soil
zone. These compounds can often be removed
from the vadose zone before they contaminate
groundwater. Soil piles also may be cleaned by
ex situ vacuum extraction. The in situ vacuum
extraction process has been patented by others
and licensed to Terra Vac and others in the
United States.
The extraction process uses readily available
equipment, including extraction and monitoring
wells, manifold piping, air-liquid separators, and
vacuum pumps: Vacuum extraction systems may
vent directly to the atmosphere or through an
emission control device. After the contaminated
area is generally characterized, extraction wells
are installed and connected by piping to the
vacuum extraction and vapor treatment systems.
First, a vacuum pump creates a vacuum in the
soil causing in situ volatilization and draws air
through the subsurface. Contaminants are
removed from the extraction wells and pass to the
air-liquid separator. The vapor-phase
contaminants may be treated with an activated
carbon adsorption filter, a catalytic oxidizer, or
another emission control system before the gases
are discharged to the atmosphere. Subsurface
vacuum and soil vapor concentrations are
monitored with vadose zone monitoring wells.
The technology can be used in most
hydrogeological settings and may reduce soil
contaminant levels from saturated conditions to
nondetectable. The process also works hi
fractured bedrock and less permeable soils (clays)
with sufficient permeability. The process may be
used to enhance bioremediation (bioventing). It
also may be used in conjunction with dual
vacuum extraction, soil heating, pneumatic
fracturing, and chemical oxidation to recover a
wide range of contaminants. The figure below
illustrates one possible configuration of the
process.
Typical contaminant recovery rates range from
20 to 2,500 pounds (10 to 1,000 kilograms) per
day, depending on the degree of site
contamination and the design of the vacuum
extraction system.
J
AIR/LIQUID
SEPARATOR
WATER
TABLE
CARBON CARBON VACUUM
EXTRACTION
uurr
DUALVACUUM
EXTRACTION WEILS
In Situ Dual Vacuum Extraction Process
Page 160
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February 1999
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The vacuum extraction technology may treat soils
containing virtually any VOC. It has removed
over 40 types of chemicals from soils and
groundwater, including solvents and gasoline-
and diesel-range hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
The process was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The process
was demonstrated under the SITE Demonstration
Program at the Groveland Wells Superfund site
in Groveland, Massachusetts, from December
1987 through April 1988. The technology
remediated soils contaminated with
trichloroethene (TCE). The Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/003a) and
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/003) are available from EPA.
The vacuum extraction process was first
demonstrated at a Superfund site in Puerto Rico
in 1984. Terra Vac has since applied the
technology at more than 20 additional Superfund
sites and at more than 700 other waste sites
throughout the United States, Europe, and Japan.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the Groveland Wells SITE demonstration,
four extraction wells pumped contaminants to the
process system. During a 56-day period,
1,300 pounds of VOCs, mainly TCE, were
extracted from both highly permeable strata and
less permeable (10"7 centimeters per second)
clays. The vacuum extraction process achieved
nondetectable VOC levels at some locations and
reduced the VOC concentration in soil gas
by 95 percent. Average reductions of soil
concentrations during the demonstration program
were 92 percent for sandy soils and 90 percent
for clays. Field evaluations yielded the following
conclusions:
• Permeability of soils is an important
consideration when applying this
technology.
• Pilot demonstrations are necessary at
sites with complex geology or
contaminant distributions.
• Treatment costs are typically $40 per ton
of soil but can range from less than $10
to $80 per ton of soil, depending on the
size of the site and the requirements for
gas effluent or wastewater treatment.
• Contaminants should have a Henry's
constant of 0.001 or higher.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Joseph A. Pezzullo
Vice President
Terra Vac
Windsor Industrial Park, Building 15
92 N. Main Street
P.O. Box 468
Windsor, NJ 08561-0468
609-371-0070
Fax: 609-371-9446
E-mail: jpezzullO@aol.com
Esteban Garcia
Corporation Marketing Manager
Terra Vac
17821 Mitchell Avenue
Irvine, CA 92614-6003
714-252-8900
Fax: 714-252-8901
E-mail: esteban@terravac.com
Home page: www.terravac.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 161
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TEXACO INC.
(Texaco Gasification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
i if
The Texaco Gasification Process (TOP) is an
entrained-bed, npncatalytic, partial oxidation
process in which carbonaceous substances react
at elevated temperatures and pressures,
producing a gas containing mainly carbon
monoxide and hydrogen (see figure below). This
product, called synthesis gas, can be used to
produce other chemicals or can be burned as
fuel. Inorganic materials hi the feed melt are
removed as a glass-like slag.
This technology has operated commercially for
over 40 years with feedstocks such as natural gas,
heavy oil, coal, and petroleum coke. The TOP
processes waste feedstocks at pressures above 20
atmospheres and temperatures between 2,200 and
2,800 °F.
Slurried wastes are pumped to a specially
designed injector mounted at the top of the
refractory-lined gasiiler. The waste feed,
oxygen, and an auxiliary fuel such as coal react
and flow downward through the gasifier to a
quench chamber that collects the slag. The slag
is eventually removed through a lockhopper. A
scrubber further cools and cleans the synthesis
gas. Fine particulate matter removed by the
scrubber may be recycled to the gasifier; a sulfur
recovery system may also be added.
After the TOP converts organic materials into
synthesis gas, the cooled, water-scrubbed product
gas, consisting mainly of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide, essentially contains no hydrocarbons
heavier than methane. Metals and other ash
constituents become part of the glassy slag.
Solids-Free
Synthesis Gas
Scrubber
Purge Water
to Treatment
or Recycle
Texaco Gasification Process
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The TOP can be configured as a transportable
system capable of processing about 100 tons of
hazardous waste per day. This system would
produce about 6 million standard cubic feet of
usable synthesis gas per day with a heating value
of approximately 250 British thermal units per
standard cubic foot.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TGP can treat the following wastes:
• Contaminated soils, sludges, and
sediments that contain both organic and
inorganic constituents
• Chemical wastes
• Petroleum residues
Solids in the feed are ground and pumped in a
slurry containing 40 to 70 percent solids by
weight and 30 to 60 percent liquid, usually
water.
Texaco has demonstrated gasification of coal
liquefaction residues, petroleum production tank
bottoms, municipal sewage sludge, and surrogate
contaminated soil. Texaco is operating a
gasification facility at its El Dorado, Kansas
refinery that will convert up to 170 tons per day
of petroleum coke and Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act-listed refinery wastes into
usable synthesis gas.
STATUS:
The TGP was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. A
demonstration was conducted in January 1994 at
Texaco's Montebello Research Laboratory in
California using a mixture of clean soil, coal, and
contaminated soil from the Purity Oil Sales
Superfund. site, located in Fresno, California.
The mixture was slurried and spiked with lead,
barium, and chlorobenzene. Forty tons of slurry
was gasified during three demonstration runs.
The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-
95/514), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/514a), and Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-
94/514) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Findings from the SITE demonstration are
summarized below:
« The average composition of the dry
synthesis gas product from the TGP
consisted of 37 percent hydrogen,
36 percent carbon monoxide, and
21 percent carbon dioxide. The only
remaining organic contaminant greater
than 0.1 part per million (ppm) was
methane at 55 ppm.
• The destruction and removal efficiency
for the volatile organic spike
(chlorobenzene) was greater than the
99.99 percent goal.
• Samples of the primary TGP solid
product, coarse slag, averaged below the
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) limits for lead (5
milligrams per liter [mg/L]) and barium
(100 mg/L). Volatile heavy metals
tended to partition to and concentrate in
the secondary TGP solid products, fine
sla.g and clarifier solids. These
secondary products were above the
TCLP limit for lead.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 Wesl: Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tim Leininger
Montebello Technology Center
Texaco Global Gas & Power
329 N. Durfee Avenue
S. El Monte, CA 91733
562-699-0948
Fax: 562-699-7408
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 163
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TORONTO HARBOUR COMMISSION
(Soil Recycling)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Toronto Harbour Commission's (THC) soil
recycling process removes inorganic and organic
contaminants from soil to produce a reusable fill
material (see photograph below). The process
consists of three technologies operating hi series:
a soil washing technology; a technology that
removes inorganic contamination by chelation;
and a technology that uses chemical and
biological treatment to reduce organic
contaminants.
The process uses an attrition soil wash plant to
remove relatively uncontaminated coarse soil
fractions using mineral processing equipment
while concentrating the contaminants in a fine
slurry which is routed to the appropriate process
for further treatment. The wash process includes
a trommel washer to remove clean gravel,
hydrocyclones to separate the contaminated fines,
an attrition scrubber; to free fines from sand
particles, and a density separator to remove coal
and peat from the sand fraction.
If only inorganic contaminants are present, the
slurry can be treated in the inorganic chelator
unit. This process uses an acid leach to free the
inorganic contaminant from the fine slurry and
then removes the metal using solid chelating
agent pellets in a patented countercurrent
contactor. The metals are recovered by
electrowinning from the chelation agent
regenerating liquid.
Organic removal is accomplished by first
chemically pretreating the slurry from the wash
plant or the metal removal process. Next,
biological treatment is applied in upflow slurry
reactors using the bacteria which have developed
Soil Washing Plant (Metal Extraction Screwrubes in Foreground
and Bioslurry Reactors in Background)
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naturally in the soils. The treated soil is
dewatered using hydrocyclones and returned to
the site from which it was excavated.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is designed to reduce organic and
inorganic contaminants in soils. The process
train approach is most useful when sites have
been contaminated as a result of multiple uses
over a period of time. Typical sites where the
process train might be used include refinery and
petroleum storage facilities, sites with metal
processing and metal recycling histories, and
manufactured gas and coal or coke processing
and storage sites. The process is less suited to
soils with undesirable high inorganic constituents
which result from the inherent mineralogy of the
soils.
STATUS:
The THC soil recycling process was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1991.
The soil recycling process was demonstrated at a
site within the Toronto Port Industrial District
that had been used for metals finishing and
refinery products and petroleum storage.
Demonstration sampling took place in April and
May 1992.
Results have been published in the Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/520-MR-92/015), the Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540-AR-93/517), the
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/517), and the Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/517).
These reports are available from EPA.
This technology is no longer available through a
vendor. For further information on the
technology, contact the EPA Project Manager.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration results showed that soil
washing produced clean coarse soil fractions and
concentrated the contaminants in the fine slurry.
The chemical treatment process and biological
slurry reactors, when operated on a batch basis
with a nominal 35-day retention time, achieved at
least a 90 percent reduction in simple
polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds such as
naphthalene, but did not meet the approximately
75 percent reduction in benzo(a)pyrene required
to achieve the cleanup criteria.
The biological process discharge did not meet the
cleanup criteria for oil and grease, and the
process exhibited virtually no removal of this
parameter. THC believes that the high outlet oil
and grease values are the result of the analytical
extraction of the biomass developed during the
process.
The hydrocyclone dewatering device did not
achieve significant dewatering. Final process
slurries were returned to the excavation site in
liquid form.
The metals removal process achieved a removal
efficiency for toxic heavy metals such as copper,
lead, mercury, and nickel of approximately
70 percent.
The metals removal process equipment and
chelating agent were fouled by free oil and
grease contamination, forcing sampling to end
prematurely. Biological treatment or physical
separation of oil and grease will be required to
avoid such fouling.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 165
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
(Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Excavation techniques and foam suppression
methods have been developed through a joint
EPA effort involving the National Risk
Management Research Laboratory (Cincinnati,
Ohio), Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory {Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina), and EPA Region 9 to evaluate control
technologies during excavation operations.
In general, excavating soil contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOC) results in
fugitive air emissions. When using this
technology, the area to be excavated is
surrounded by a temporary enclosure (see
photograph below). Air from the enclosure is
vented through an emission control system before
being released to the atmosphere. For example,
in the case of hydrocarbon and sulfur dioxide
emissions, a scrubber and a carbon
adsorptionunit would be used to treat emissions.
As an additional emission control method, a
vapor suppressant foam can be applied to the soil
before and after excavation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for controlling VOC
and sulfur dioxide emissions during excavation of
contaminated soil.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated at the McColl
Superfund site in Fullerton, California, in June
and July 1990. An enclosure 60 feet wide,
160 feet long, and 26 feet high was erected over
an area contaminated with VOCs and sulfur
dioxide. A backhoe removed the overburden and
Excavation Area Enclosure
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Completed Project
excavated underlying waste. Three distinct types
of waste were encountered during excavation:
oily mud, tar, and hard coal-like char.
The following documents, which contain results
from the demonstration, are available from EPA:
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/015)
• Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/015)
• Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/015)
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During excavation, the 5-minute average air
concentrations within the enclosed area were up
to 1,000 parts per million (ppm) for sulfur
dioxide and up to 492 ppm for total hydrocarbons
(THC). The air pollution control system
removed up to 99 percent of the sulfur dioxide
and up to 70 percent of the THCs.
The concentrations of air contaminants inside the
enclosure were higher than expected. These high
concentrations were due in part to the inability of
the vapor suppressant foams to form an
impermeable membrane over the exposed wastes.
The foam reacted with the highly acidic waste,
causing the foam to degrade. Furthermore,
purge water from foaming activities made
surfaces slippery for workers and equipment.A
total of 101 cubic yards of overburden and 137
cubic yards of contaminated waste was
excavated. The tar waste was solidified and
stabilized by mixing with fly ash, cement, and
water in a pug mill. The char wastes did not
require further processing.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
JackHubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 167
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
U.S. FILTER/WTS ULTROX
(Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation
technology uses UV radiation, ozone, and
hydrogen peroxide to destroy toxic organic
compounds, particularly chlorinated
hydrocarbons, in water. The technology oxidizes
compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistant
to biological oxidation) to parts per million (ppm)
or parts per billion (ppb) levels.
The UV radiation and oxidation system consists
of the UV-oxidation reactor, an air compressor
and ozone generator module, and a hydrogen
peroxide feed system (see figure below). The
system is skid-mounted and portable, and permits
on-site treatment of a wide variety of liquid
wastes. Reactor siz;e is determined by the
expected wastewater flow rate and the necessary
hydraulic retention time needed to treat the
contaminated water. The approximate UV
intensity, and ozone and hydrogen peroxide
doses, are determined from pilot-scale studies.
Reactor influent is simultaneously exposed to UV
radiation, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide to
oxidize the organic compounds. Off-gas from
the reactor passes through a catalytic ozone
destruction Decompozon™ unit, which reduces
ozone levels before air venting. The
Decompozon™ unit also destroys volatile organic
compounds (VOC) stripped off in the reactor.
Treated Off-Gas
Decompozon™
Unit
Ozone
Generator
Compressed
Air
Treated
Effluent
UV/Oxidation Reactor
Dryer
Groundwater
Hydrogen Peroxide
from Feed Tank
UV Radiation and Oxidation System (Isometric View)
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Completed Project
Effluent from the reactor is tested and analyzed
before disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The UV radiation and oxidation system treats
contaminated groundwater, industrial
wastewaters, and leachates containing
halogenated solvents, phenol, pentachlorophenol,
pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, explosives,
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, methyl
tertiary butyl ether, and other organic
compounds. The system also treats low-level
total organic carbon and reduces chemical
oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. A field-scale
demonstration of the system was completed in
March 1989 at the Lorentz Barrel and Drum
Company site in San Jose, California. The
testing program was designed to evaluate system
performance while varying five operating
parameters: (1) influent pH, (2) retention time,
(3) ozone dose, (4) hydrogen peroxide dose, and
(5) UV radiation intensity. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/012), Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/012),
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/012), and Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/012) are
available from EPA.
The technology is fully commercial, with over 30
systems installed. Units with flow rates ranging
from 5 gallons per minute (gpm) to 1,050 gpm
are in use at various industries and site
remediations, including aerospace, U.S.
Department of Energy, U.S. Department of
Defense, petroleum, pharmaceutical, automotive,
woodtreating, and municipal facilities. UV
radiation and oxidation technology has been
included in records of decision for several
Superfund sites where groundwater pump-and-
treat remediation methods will be used.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Contaminated groundwater treated by the system
during the SITE demonstration met regulatory
standards at the appropriate parameter levels.
Out of 44 VOCs in the wastewater,
trichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, and
1,1,1-trichloroethane were chosen as indicator
parameters. All three are relatively refractory to
conventional oxidation.
The Decompozon™ unit reduced ozone to less
than 0.1 ppm, with efficiencies greater than
99.99 percent. VOCs present in the air within
the treatment system were not detected after
passing through the Decompozon™ unit. The
system produced no harmful air emissions. Total
organic carbon removal was low, implying
partial oxidation of organics without complete
conversion to carbon dioxide and water.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 51.3-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Richard Woodling
U.S. Filter
2805 Mission College Blvd.
Santa Clara, CA 95054
408-588-2609
Fax: 408-567-0396
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA - LINCOLN
(Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
' !!F '
'i .,ii, ' i ii:
Spray irrigation technology with "center pivots"
and "linear" systems can be used to remediate
groundwater contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOC). The technology is
commonly used to apply irrigation water to
vegetable and row crops. While the systems
were introduced to irrigate hilly terrain and
excessively well-drained soils, the technology has
been adapted in both groundwater quality and
quantity management areas as a best management
practice. This technology severely reduces water
application rates and leaching relative to flood
irrigation techniques.
The systems consist of an elevated pipeline with
nozzles placed at close intervals. Groundwater is
pumped through the pipeline and sprayed
uniformly over a field as the pipeline pivots or
linearly passes over the cropped area. The
typical pump rate is between 800 and 2,000
gallons per minute (gpm). These self-propelled
systems are highly mechanized and have low
1
labor and operating requirements. The systems
do not require level ground, and start-up costs
are low.
The sprinkler method applies water over the
irrigated area with a fine spray (see the
photograph below). Water coverage over the
irrigated area is controlled by the speed with
which the "pivot" or "linear" system travels
across the field. The heart of the sprinkler
irrigation system is the nozzle, which has a small
opening through which a high-velocity stream of
water is emitted. As the high-velocity water
stream leaves the nozzle, it strikes an impact pad
and forms a thin film of water. The thin film of
water produced by these pads breaks up into
small droplets as it leaves the impact pad.
Droplet size depends on the stream pressure and
design of the impact pad.
The system used in the SITE demonstration
program was a center pivot and was located on a
seed-corn field in Hastings, Nebraska. The
system was equipped with off-the-shelf, fog-
Center Pivot spray Irrigation System
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Completed Project
producing impact pads for improved
volatilization efficiency.
A stratified water droplet collector (SWDC)
simultaneously collected spray at four fall heights
above ground level, and was specifically
contracted for this project by the Dutton-Lainson
Company in Hastings, Nebraska. With this
device, droplets were collected at heights of 1.5,
4.5, 7.5, and 10.5 feet above the ground surface.
Twelve SWDCs were installed parallel to the
pivot arm to determine average volatilization
efficiencies from the 340 nozzles on the pivot
arm.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The sprinkler irrigation system is capable of
remediating VOC-contaminated groundwater.
Removal rates in excess of 95 percent have been
demonstrated for groundwater containing
ethylene dibromide (EDB), trichloroethene
(TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), and carbon
tetrachloride (CT). The method will efficiently
volatilize all common volatiles in groundwater
that may originate from landfills, degreasers, dry
cleaners, electrical industries, gas stations, or
refineries. The residuals are transferred to the
atmosphere where they are dispersed and most
are rapidly degraded in ultraviolet light.
The technique may be limited to individual
groundwater VOC concentrations that are less
than 1 part per million if residual concentrations
of VOCs are mandated to be near or below the
maximum contaminant level prior to reaching the
ground surface. Otherwise, the technique can be
used in any agricultural setting where sufficient
groundwater and irrigatable land are available.
STATUS:
The Center Pivot Spray Irrigation system was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in late 1995. Under a University of Nebraska
project funded by the Cooperative State Research
Service of the Department of Agriculture, field
tests were completed in the summers of 1994 and
1995 in a seed-corn field in Hastings, Nebraska.
The technology was demonstrated under the
SITE Program in July 1996 at the North
Landfill/FAR-MAR-CO Subsite in Hastings,
Nebraska. The 50-acre site is a furrow-irrigated
corn field underlain by commingled plumes of
groundwater containing EDB, TCE, TCA, CT,
1,1-dichloroethene, and chloroform. The
primary goal of the demonstration was to
determine the efficiency of the system to
remediate VOCs in groundwater to
concentrations below the maximum contaminant
levels. The results of this demonstration are
available in the Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-09/502).
Clients involved in large pump-and-treat projects
at several military bases are investigating the
suitability of the system to their specific site
situations. Potential clients include the U.S.
Navy, the Army Corps of Engineers, and several
state agencies. The technology is currently being
used at the Lindsey Manufacturing site in
Nebraska and near some grain elevators being
remediated by Argonne Laboratory.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Roy Spalding
University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Water Center/Environmental Programs
103 Natural Resources Hall
P.O. Box 830844
Lincoln, NE 68583-0844
402-472-7558
Fax: 402-472-9599
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 171
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WASTECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology solidifies and stabilizes organic
and inorganic contaminants in soils, sludge, and
liquid wastes. First, a proprietary reagent
chemically bonds with contaminants hi wastes.
The waste and reagent mixture is then mixed
with pozzolanic, cementitious materials, which
combine to form a stabilized matrix. Reagents
are selected based on target waste characteristics.
Treated material is a nonleaching, high-strength,
stabilized end-product.
The WASTECH, Inc. (WASTECH), technology
uses standard engineering and construction
equipment. Because the type and dose of
reagents depend on waste characteristics,
treatability studies and site investigations must be
conducted to determine the proper treatment
formula.
Treatment usually begins with waste excavation.
Large pieces of debris hi the waste must be
screened and removed. The waste is then placed
into a high shear mixer, along with premeasured
quantities of water and SuperSet®, WASTECH's
proprietary reagent (siee figure below).
Next, pozzolanic, cementitious materials are
added to the waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing
the waste and completing the treatment process.
The WASTECH technology does not generate
by-products. The process may also be applied in
situ.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The WASTECH technology can treat a wide
variety of waste streams consisting of soils,
sludges, and raw organic streams, including
lubricating oil, evaporator bottoms, chelating
agents, and ion-exchange resins, with
contaminant concentrations ranging from parts
per million levels to 40 percent by volume. The
technology can also treat wastes generated by the
petroleum, chemical, pesticide, and wood-
preserving industries, as well as wastes generated
by many other chemical manufacturing and
industrial processes. The WASTECH technology
can also be applied to mixed wastes containing
organic, inorganic, and radioactive contaminants.
WASTE MATERIAL SIZING WASTE
STOCKPILE
CEMENT
PUMP PROCESSED
MATERIAL TO
EXCAVATION
PROCESSED
MATERIALS
PLACED TO
SPECIFICATIONS
POZZOLANS
WASTECH Solidification and Stabilization Process
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Trie SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Completed Project
STATUS: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
The technology was accepted into the SITE EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Demonstration Program in spring 1989. A field Terrence Lyons
demonstration at Robins Air Force Base in U.S. EPA
Warner Robins, Georgia was completed in National Risk Management Research
August 1991. WASTECH subsequently Laboratory
conducted a bench-scale study in 1992 under 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
glovebox conditions to develop a detailed mass Cincinnati, OH 45268
balance of volatile organic compounds. The 513-569-7589
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report is Fax: 513-569-7676
available from EPA. The technology is being
commercially applied to treat hazardous wastes
contaminated with various organics, inorganics,
and mixed wastes.
This technology is no longer available from the
vendor. For further information about the
process, contact the EPA Project Manager.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 173
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROY F, WESTON, INC.
(Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Roy F. Western, Inc. (Weston), low
temperature thermal treatment (LT3®) system
thermally desorbs organic compounds from
contaminated soil without heating the soil to
combustion temperatures. The transportable
system (see photograph below) is assembled on
three flat-bed trailers and requires an area of
about 5,000 square feet, including ancillary and
support equipment. The LT3® system consists of
three segments: soil treatment, emissions
control, and water treatment.
The LT3® thermal processor consists of two
jacketed troughs, one above the other. Each
trough houses four intermeshed, hollow screw
conveyors. A front-end loader feeds soil or
sludge onto a conveyor that discharges into a
surge hopper above the thermal processor. Hot
oil circulating through the troughs and screws
heats the soil to 400 to 500 °F, removing
contaminants. A second stage indirect heater is
available to achieve 1,000 °F discharge
temperatures. Soil is discharged from the thermal
processor into a conditioner, where a water spray
cools the soil and minimizes dust emissions.
A fan draws desorbed organics from the thermal
processor through a fabric filter baghouse.
Depending on contaminant characteristics, dust
collected on the fabric filter may be retreated,
combined with treated material, or drummed
separately for off-site disposal. Exhaust gas from
the fabric filter is drawn into an air-cooled
condenser to remove most of the water vapor and
organics. The gas is then passed through a
second, refrigerated condenser and treated by
carbon adsorption.
Condensate streams are typically treated in a
three-phase, oil-water separator to remove light
and heavy organic phases from the water phase.
The water phase is then treated in a carbon
adsorption system to remove residual organic
contaminants. Treated condensate is often used
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3®) System
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February 1999
Completed Project
for soil conditioning, and only the organic phases
are disposed of off site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system treats soils and sludges contaminated
with volatile and semivolatile organic compounds
(VOC and SVOC). Bench-, pilot-, and full-scale
UP® systems have treated soil contaminated with
the following wastes: coal tar, drill cuttings (oil-
based mud), No. 2 diesel fuel, JP-4 jet fuel,
leaded and unleaded gasoline, petroleum
hydrocarbons, halogenated and nonhalogenated
solvents, VOCs, SVOCs, polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, poly chlorinated biphenyls,
pesticides, herbicides, dioxins, and furans.
STATUS:
The LT3® system was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in September 1991. In
November and December 1991, the LT3® system
was demonstrated under the SITE Program as
part of a proof-of-process test for full-scale
remediation of the Anderson Development
Company (ADC) Superfund site in Adrian,
Michigan. The system was tested on lagoon
sludge from the ADC site. This sludge was
contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs, including
4,4-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA).
The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/019)
and Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/019) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, the system throughput
was approximately 2.1 tons per hour. Six
replicate tests were conducted, each lasting
approximately 6 hours. The SITE demonstration
yielded the following results:
• The LT3® system removed VOCs to
below method detection limits (less than
0.060 milligram per kilogram [mg/kg]
for most compounds).
• The LT3® system achieved MBOCA
removal efficiencies greater than 88 percent;
MBOCA concentrations in the treated
sludge ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 mg/kg.
• The LT3® system decreased the
concentrations of all SVOCs hi the
sludge, with the exception of phenol,
which increased possibly due to
chlorobenzene.
• Dioxins and furans were formed in the
system, but the 2,3,7,8-tetra-
chlo:rodibenzo-p-dioxin isomer was not
detected in treated sludges.
• Stack emissions of nonmethane total
hydrocarbons increased from 6.7 to
11 parts per million by volume during
the demonstration; the maximum
emission rate was 0.2 pound per day
(ppd). The maximum particulates
emission rate was 0.02 ppd, and no
chlorides were measured in stack gases.
The economic analysis of the LT3® system's
performance compared the costs associated with
treating soils containing 20, 45, and 75 percent
moisture. The treatment costs per ton of material
were estimated to be $37, $537, and $725,
respectively.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin. Paul@epamail. epa. gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Cosmos
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
1400 Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380-1499
610-701-7423
Fax: 610-701-5035
E-mail: cosmosm@mail.rfweston. com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 175
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROY F. WESTON, INC./IEG TECHNOLOGIES
(UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
„ '' ' i
The Unterdruck-Verdampfer-Brunnen (UVB)
system is an in situ system for remediating
contaminated aquifers. The basic system is
simple in design and operation, consisting of a
well, a groundwater extraction pump, a negative
pressure stripping reactor, and an electric
blower. While in operation, the water level rises
inside the UVB well casing due to reduced
atmospheric pressure generated by the blower,
increasing the total hydraulic head in the well.
Atmospheric air enters the well through a fresh
air pipe connected to the stripping reactor. The
incoming fresh air forms bubbles as it jets
through the pinhole plate of the stripping reactor
and mixes with the influent groundwater in the
well casing, creating an "air lift" effect as the
bubbles rise and expand to the stripping reactor.
After treatment, the movement of water out of
the well develops a groundwater circulation cell
around a remediation well. The circulating
groundwater transports contaminants from the
adjacent soils and groundwater to the well, where
these contaminants are removed using a
combination of physical, chemical and biological
treatment processes. The technology is capable
of mobilizing and treating contaminants that are
water soluble (dissolved phase) or are present as
dense non aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) or
light non aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL). The
technology also can extract and treat soil gas
from the unsaturated zone.
Due to the presence of a natural groundwater
flow, the total amount of water circulating
around the UVB well at any given time consists
of (1) a portion of up gradient
groundwatercaptured by the influent screen
section, and (2) recirculated groundwater. This
Activated Carbon Filter
OffAlr-
Unsaturated
Zone
Capillary
Zone
Saturated
Zone
UVB Standard Circulation
Page 176
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
ratio is typically 15 to 85 percent respectively.
Groundwater leaving the circulation cell exits
through the downstream release zone in a rate
equal to the up gradient groundwater being
captured. These flow dynamics and the
dimensions of the capture zone, circulation cell,
and release zone can be calculated using design
aids based on numerical simulations of the
groundwater, hydraulics and can be validated by
monitoring the actual performance results of the
system.
The advantage of the UVB technology over
external pump-and-treat technologies is its ability
to treat contaminants while maintaining a net
equilibrium flow in the aquifer, eliminating
adverse effects associated with excessive
mounding or draw-down of groundwater due to
continuous extraction and replacement of equal
volumes of water. Additionally, the circulation
well serves as a mechanism for flushing
contaminants from the soils and aquifer to the
well casing for treatment on a continuous basis.
As a secondary benefit, because the primary
treatment process is physical removal through air
stripping, the dissolved oxygen levels in the
groundwater passing through the well can
theoretically increase up to 10 milligrams per
liter within the aquifer, enhancing bioremediation
by indigenous microorganisms.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used to assist in treating
a variety of soil and groundwater pollutants
ranging from chlorinated solvents to gasoline
constituents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
heavy metals, and nitrates.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1993, and a
demonstration was completed at March Air Force
Base, California, in May 1994. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/500),
Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/500a), and
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-95/005) will be available from
EPAin the fall of 1999.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Demonstration results indicate that the UVB
system reduced trichloroethene (TCE) in
groundwater by an average of 94 percent. The
average TCE concentration from the outlet of the
UVB system in the treated groundwater was
approximately 3 micrograms per liter (/ig/L),
with only one event above 5 pg/L. The inlet
TCE concentration averaged 40 /xg/L. Results of
a dye tracer study indicated that the radius of the
circulation cell was at least 40 feet. Modeling of
the study indicated a circulation cell radius of 60
feet. In general, TCE hi the shallow and
intermediate screened wells showed a
concentration reduction both vertically and
horizontally during the demonstration. TCE
concentrations in these wells appeared to
homogenize as indicated by their convergence
and stabilization. Variations in TCE concen-
trations were noted in the deep screened wells.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Mike Cosmos, Roy F. ..Weston,.Inc.
One Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
610-701-7423
Fax:610-701-5035
E-mail: cosmosm@mail. rfweston. com
Mike Corbin
One Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
610-701-3723
Fax: 610-701-7597
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 177
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WHEELABRATOR CLEAN AIR SYSTEMS, INC.
(formerly CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.)
(PO*WW*ER™ Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology is used to treat
and reduce complex industrial and hazardous
wastewaters containing mixtures of inorganic
salts, metals, volatile and nonvolatile organics,
volatile inorganics, and radionuclides. The
proprietary technology combines evaporation
with catalytic oxidation to concentrate and
destroy contaminants, producing a high-quality
product condensate.
Wastewater is first pumped into an evaporator,
where most of the water and contaminants are
vaporized and removed, concentrating the
contaminants into a small volume for further
treatment or disposal. The contaminant vapors
then pass over a bed of proprietary robust
catalyst, where the pollutants are oxidized and
destroyed. Depending on the contaminant vapor
composition, effluent vapors from the oxidizer
may be treated in a scrubber. The vapors are
then condensed to produce water (condensate)
that can be used as either boiler or cooling tower
makeup water, if appropriate. Hazardous
wastewater can thus be separated into a small
contaminant stream (brine) and a large clean
water stream without using expensive reagents or
increasing the volume of the total stream. The
photograph below illustrates a PO*WW*ER™ -
based wastewater treatment plant.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology can treat
wastewaters containing a mixture of the
following contaminants:
Organic
••••^••PIIIIIIIII^HBWPMIIII^^BVIIIIIIIIIIIHmillllllllllim
• Halogsnated volatiles
• Halogenated semivolatiles
• Nonhalogenated volatiles
• Nonhalogenated semi-
volatiles
• Organic pesticides/
herbicides
• Solvents
• Benzene, toluene, ethyl-
benzene, and xylene
• Organic cyanides
* Nonvolatile organics
Inorganic
••••••••••••••••^••••IHIIIIIIVHIII
Heavy metals
Nonmetallic
toxic elements
Cyanides
Ammonia
Nitrates
Salts
Radioactive
•••••••••••••••NIIIIIIIIIIIIM
Plutonium
Americium
Uranium
Technetium
Thorium
Radium
Barium
PO*WW*ER™-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant
Page 178
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
Suitable wastewaters for treatment by the
PO*WW*ER™ technology include landfill
leachates, contaminated groundwaters, process
wastewaters, and low-level radioactive mixed
wastes.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991. The
demonstration took place in September 1992 at
the Chemical Waste Management, Inc., Lake
Charles, Louisiana, facility. Landfill leachate, an
F039 hazardous waste, was treated hi a pilot-
scale unit. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/506) and Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R93/506) are
available from EPA.
A commercial system with a capacity of
50 gallons per minute is in operation at Ysing Yi
Island, Hong Kong. A pilot-scale unit, with a
capacity of 1 to 1.5 gallons per minute, is
available and can treat radioactive, hazardous,
and mixed waste streams.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The ability of the PO*WW*ER™ system to
concentrate aqueous wastes was evaluated by
measuring the volume reduction and
concentration ratio achieved. The volume of
brine produced during each 9-hour test period
was about 5 percent of the feed waste volume
processed in the same period. The concentration
ratio, defined as the ratio of total solids (TS)
concentration in the brine to the TS concentration
hi the feed waste, was about 32 to 1.
The feed waste contained concentrations of
volatile organic compounds (VOC) ranging from
320 to 110,000 micrograms per liter G"g/L);
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) ranging
from 5,300 to 24,000 Mg/L; ammonia ranging
from 140 to 160 milligrams per liter (mg/L); and
cyanide ranging from 24 to 36 mg/L. No VOCs,
SVOCs, ammonia, or cyanide were detected hi
the product condensate.
The PO*WW*ER™ system removed sources of
feed waste toxicity. The feed waste was acutely
toxic with median lethal concentrations (LC50)
consistently below 10 percent. The product
condensate was nontoxic with LC50 values
consistently greater than 100 percent, but only
after the product condensate was cooled and its
pH, dissolved oxygen level, and hardness or
salinity were increased.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Myron Reicher
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.
1501 East Woodfield Road,
Suite 200 West
Schaumberg, IL 60173
847-706-6900
Fax: 847-706-6996
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 179
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
XEROX CORPORATION
(2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process was
developed as an alternative to conventional
pump-and-treat technology, particularly in low
conductivity formations such as silts and clays
that are impacted by volatile organic compounds
(VOC). 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION uses a
high-vacuum source applied to an extraction tube
within a water well to increase groundwater
removal rates (consequently the dissolved phase
of contamination) and to volatilize and extract
that portion of contaminant from the sorbed or
free product phases. Vacuum lift of water is not
a limiting factor in the application of the
technology. Since a mixed vapor-liquid column
is extracted from the well, the 2-PHASE™
EXTRACTION technology allows a single piece
of equipment (a high vacuum source) to remove
contaminants in both the liquid and vapor phases.
To extract both groundwater and soil vapor from
a single extraction well, the 2-PHASE™
EXTRACTION process uses a vacuum pump to
apply a high vacuum (generally 18 to 29 inches
of mercury) through a central extraction tube,
which extends down the well. Soil vapor drawn
into the well by the vacuum provides for a high
velocity vapor stream at the bottom tip of the
extraction tube, which entrains the contaminated
groundwater and lifts it to ground surface. As
groundwater moves through the extraction
system, as much as 95 percent of the VOCs in
the water phase are transferred to the vapor
phase. The vapor and water phases are then
separated at the surface in a separator tank. The
water phase requires only carbon polishing prior
to discharge, provided that the compounds are
adsorbable. With some compounds the water
carbon treatment can be eliminated. The vapor
phase is subjected to carbon treatment,
bioremediation, resin regeneration, catalytic
oxidation, or other vapor phase treatment (based
on contaminant characteristics, mass loadings,
and economics) prior to release to atmosphere.
: I
A kick-start system can induce flow and help
dewater the well. The flow of atmospheric air
can be regulated by adjustment of the gate valve
to: (1) optimize the air-to-water flow ratio to
Contaminated
Groundwater
& Soil Vapor
Vapor
Pump
Vapor Phase
Treatment
Ground
Surface.
Groundwater Phase
Treatment
Separator
Tank
Groundwater
Pump
Groundwater
Phase
2-PHASE™
EXTRACTION
Groundwater &
Soil Vapor
Screened
Interval
Static Water
Vapor Phase
Schematic of the 2-PrfASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Page 180
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Completed Project
minimize water "slug" production at startup (the
term slug refers to an irregular pulsation of water
through the extraction tube which indicates
irregular water flow); (2) maximize tube
penetration into the saturated zone; and (3)
maximize the groundwater flow rate by
optimizing the applied vacuum to the well's
annular space.
Recent technology improvements include a well
design that allows for contaminant removal from
desired vertical zones within the subsurface. By
providing a means to manipulate preferential
flow, this innovative well design provides the
ability to focus contaminant extraction at shallow
zones and deep zones within the same well which
results in a thorough removal of contaminants
from the impacted area. Xerox and Licensee
experience with 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION
typically has shown a reduction in remediation
time by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude over
conventional pump and treat/soil vapor
extraction.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION has been
successfully demonstrated for the removal of total
petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated
hydrocarbons from groundwater and soils.
STATUS:
The Xerox 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION process
was accepted into the SITE Demonstration
Program in summer 1994. The demonstration
began in August 1994 at a contaminated
groundwater site at McClellan Air Force Base in
Sacramento, California, and was completed in
February 1995. Reports of the demonstration are
available from EPA.
The Xerox 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION received
eight patents from 1991-1998 and several patents
are pending. The technology is available under
license and is used extensively in the United
States, Canada, South America, Great Britain,
and Europe.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the demonstration are detailed below:
• The total contaminant (trichloroethene,
tetrachloroethene, Freon 133™) mass
removal during the 6-month
demonstration was estimated at 1,600
pounds, of which 99.7 percent was
extracted from the vapor phase.
• The system extracted 1.4 million gallons
of groundwater and 24.4 million cubic
feet of soil vapor.
• The radius of capture in the groundwater
extended from 100 to 300 feet from the
extraction well. The radius of influence
in the vadose zone extended 200 feet
from the extraction well.
• The estimated cost of using the process
was $28 per pound compared to an
estimated $1370 per pound for a
conventional pump and treat system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797, Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercm.Paul@epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ron Hess, Xerox Corporation
800 Phillips Road
Building 304-13S
Webster, NY 14580
716-422-3694, Fax: 716-265-7088
E-mail: ronald hess@wb.xerox
Web Site: www.xerox.com/ehs/remed.html
TECHNOLOGY USER CONTACT:
Phil Mook, SM-ALC/EMR
5050 Dudley Boulevard, Suite 3
McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389
916-643-5443, Fax: 916-643-0827
E-mail: mook.phil@smal .mcclellan.af.mil
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 181
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r-^^= — C3 i I •
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
(Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The ZENON Environmental Inc. (ZENON),
cross-flow pervaporation technology is a
membrane-based process that removes volatile
organic compounds (VOC) from aqueous
matrices. The technology uses an organophilic
membrane made of nonporous silicone rubber,
which is permeable to organic compounds, and
highly resistant to degradation.
In a typical field application, contaminated water
is pumped from an equalization tank through a
prefilter to remove debris and silt particles, and
then into a heat exchanger that raises the water
temperature to about 165 °F (75 °C). The heated
Water then flows into a pervaporation module
containing the organophilic membranes. The
composition of the membranes causes organics in
solution to adsorb to them. A vacuum applied to
the system causes the organics to diffuse through
the membranes and move out of the
pervaporation module. This material is then
passed through a condenser generating a highly
concentrated liquid called permeate. Treated
water exits the pervaporation module and is
discharged from the system. The permeate
separates into aqueoiis and organic phases.
Aqueous phase permeate is sent back to the
pervaporation module for further treatment,
while the organic phase, permeate is discharged to
a receiving vessel.
Because emissions are vented from the system
downstream of the condenser, organics are kept
in solution, thus minimizing air releases. The
condensed organic materials represent only a
small fraction of the initial wastewater volume
and may be subsequently disposed of at
significant cost savings. This process may also
treat industrial waste streams and recover
organics for later use.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste
streams such as groundwater, lagoons, leachate,
and rinse waters that are contaminated with
VOCs such as solvents, degreasers, and gasoline.
The technology is applicable to the types of
aqueous wastes treated by carbon adsorption, air
stripping, and steam stripping.
ZENON Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Page 182
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program (ETP) in January
1989. The Emerging Technology Report
(EPA/540/F-93/503), which details results from
the ETP evaluation, is available from EPA.
Based on results from the ETP, ZENON was
invited to demonstrate the technology in the SITE
Demonstration Program. A pilot-scale
pervaporation system, built by ZENON for
Environment Canada's Emergencies Engineering
Division, was tested over a 2-year period (see
photograph on previous page). During the
second year, testing was carried out over several
months at a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated
site in Ontario, Canada.
A full-scale SITE demonstration took place in
February 19,95 at a former waste disposal area at
Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego,
California. The demonstration was conducted as
a cooperative effort among EPA, ZENON, the
Naval Environmental Leadership Program,
Environment Canada, and the Ontario Ministry
of Environment and Energy.
Organics were the primary groundwater
contaminant at the site, and trichloroethene
(TCE) was selected as the contaminant of
concern for the demonstration. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/511)
and Demonstration Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/511a) are
available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Analysis of demonstration samples indicate that
the ZENON pervaporation system was about
98 percent effective in removing TCE from
groundwater. The system achieved this removal
efficiency with TCE influent concentrations of up
to 250 parts per million at a flow rate of
10 gallons per minute (gpm) or less. Treatment
efficiency remained fairly consistent throughout
the demonstration; however, the treatment
efficiency decreased at various times due to
mineral scaling problems.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Turner
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7775
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Lipski
ZENON Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario!;;Canada
L7N 3P3
905-639-6320
Fax: 905-639-1812
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 183
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
(ZenoGem™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ZENON Environmental Inc.'s, ZenoGem™
Process integrates biological treatment with
membrane-based ultrafiltration (see figure
below). This innovative system treats high
strength wastes at long sludge retention time but
short hydraulic residence time. As a result, the
bioreactor's size is significantly reduced.
Membrane filtration reduces the turbidity of the
treated wastewater to less than 1 nephelometric
turbidity unit.
In the ZenoGem™ Process, wastewater
contaminated with organic compounds first enters
the bioreactor, where contaminants are
biologically degraded. Next, the process pump
circulates the biomass through the ultrafiltration
membrane system, or ultrafilter. The ultrafilter
separates treated water from biological solids and
soluble materials with higher molecular weights,
including emulsified oil. The solids and
soluble materials are then recycled to the
bioreactor. The ZenoGem™ Process captures
higher molecular weight materials that would
otherwise pass through conventional clarifiers
and filters. The ZenoGem™ Process pilot-scale
system is mounted on a 48-foot trailer and
consists of the following six major components:
• Polyethylene equalization/holding tank:
reduces the normal flow concentration
fluctuations in the system
• Polyethylene bioreactor tank: contains
the bacterial culture that degrades
organic contaminants
• Process and feed pumps: ensures proper
flow and pressure for optimum system
performance
• Ultrafiltration module: contains rugged,
clog-free, tubular membranes that
remove solids from treated water
• Clean-in-place tank: includes all the
necessary valves, instrumentation, and
controls to clean the membrane filters
ZenoGem™ Process
Page 184
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 1999
Completed Project
• Control panel and computer: monitors
system performance
The treatment capacity of the pilot-scale, trailer-
mounted system is about 500 to 1,000 gallons of
wastewater per day; however, a full-scale system
can treat much larger quantities of wastewater.
The trailer is also equipped with a laboratory that
enables field personnel to conduct tests to
evaluate system performance. The system is
computer-controlled and equipped with alarms to
notify the operator of mechanical and operational
problems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ZenoGem™ Process is designed to remove
biodegradable materials, including most organic
contaminants, from wastewater to produce a high
quality effluent. The process consistently
nitrifies organics and can denitrify organics with
the addition of an anoxic bioreactor. The process
is limited to aqueous media and may be used to
treat high strength leachates, contaminated
groundwater, and soil washing effluent.
STATUS:
The ZenoGem™ Process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
The ZenoGem™ Process was demonstrated at the
Nascolite Superfund site in Millville, New
Jersey, from September through November 1994.
Groundwater at this 17.5-acre site is
contaminated with methyl methacrylate (MMA)
and other volatile organic compounds from
manufacturing polymethyl methacrylate plastic
sheets, commonly known as Plexiglas. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/503)
and Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/503a)
are available from EPA. The Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report is available from
EPA.
Since the development of the ZenoGem™
technology in 1987, ZENON has performed pilot
tests for government and private clients on
several different types of wastewater, including
oily wastewater, metal finishing wastes, cleaning
solutions containing detergents, alcohol-based
cleaning solutions, landfill leachate, aqueous
paint-stripping wastes, and deicing fluids.
Information about the two demonstrations
conducted in Canada and the United States is
available from ZENON.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the 3-month demonstration, sampling
results showed that the system achieved average
removal efficiencies of greater than 99.9 percent
for MMA and 97.9 percent for chemical oxygen
demand. MMA concentrations measured in the
off-gas emission stream indicated insignificant
volatilization. The ultrafiltration system
effectively dewatered the process sludge, which
yielded a., smaller waste volume for off-site
disposal. Sludge dewatering resulted in an
approximate volume reduction of 60 percent and
a solids increase from 1.6 to 3.6 percent. The
process effluent was clear and odorless, and
accepted for discharge by the local publicly
owned treatment works. During the
demonstration, the system was left unattended at
night and on weekends, demonstrating that
computer control is practical for extended
operating periods.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Daniel Sullivan
U.S. EPA.
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6677
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Lipski
ZENON Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
905-639-6320
Fax: 905-639-1812
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 185
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TABLE 2
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developer
Arctic Foundations Inc.,
\nchorage, AK
Duke Engineering and Services, Inc.,
4ustin,TX
SnviroMetal Technologies, Inc.,
juelph, Ontario, Canada
Geokineticslnternationat, Inc.,
Jejcfcele^GA
[TT Night Vision,
Roanoke, VA
KSE, Inc.,
&taherst,MA
Lasagna Public-Private Partnership,
Cincinnati, OH
HaeTee-SPB Technologies
Company,
•formally laG&G Etivir0nmental? inc.),
PtttsburghjPA
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.,"*
London, Ontario, Canada
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH
Phytokinetics, Inc.,
STorth Logan, UT
Technology
Cryogenic Barrier
Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer
Remediation of Nonaqueous
Phase Liquids
Reactive Barrier
Electtoheat-Enhancect
Nottaqttiotis-Phase Liquids
Removal
In-situ Enhanced Bioremediation
ofGroundwater
Adsorptfoihfote^ted-ReMion
Process
Lasagna In Situ Soil
Remediation
No VOCs™ fii-WfiK Stripping.
Technology
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Bfeventing:
Phytoremediation Process
Technology
Contact
EdYarmak
907-562-2741
Dick Jackson
John Landergam
5EM25-20QQ
John Vogan
519-824-0432
5tepnanR.'CbJfc
5lH-7fl4-294l ^
Brian B. Looney
803-725-3692
J.JtSjitftell
413-54^.5506
Michael Roulier
513-569-7796
SaHo
314-694-5179
MatkMcCjlafisejy
303-278-3IOQ
Bob Henderson
519-660-8669
PautMcCaalejr
513-589-7444
AriFerro
801-750-0985
801-755-0891
EPA Project
Manager
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Thomas Hbldsworth
$13-569*7675
Ed Earth
513-569-7669
ThofljasHoldsworflj
513-569-7675 ,
$
Vicente Gallardo
513-569-7176
Vteee Cfalferdo
513-569-7176
Ronald Turner or
Michelle Simon
5 13-569-7775 or
513-569-7469
MtcheJleSjmoH
m-w~wm
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
lacfcHubbafli
513-569-7507
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Applicable
Media
Soil
Qroundvrater
Groundwater
Wastewater
Clay, Silty day, '
ShalftBe
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developer
Phytotech,
Mtonmouth Junction, NJ
Pintail Systems Incorporated*
Aurora, CO
'raxis Environmental Technologies,
Inc.,
3uriingame, CA
'roce&s Technologies, Inc.,
Joise, ID ^
Recycling Sciences International,
lac.,
Chicago, IL
iockyMountian Remediation
Service^ LCC ' ' ;'
36lden,CO '.
Sandia National Laboratories,
Albuquerque, NM
>elentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc., :
WlantajOA
Sevenson Environmental Services,
Inc.,
Vlunster, IN
' Technology
Phytoremediation Technology
Spent Ore BiQremediatioa
Process % % '
In Situ Thermal Extraction
Process
PtetoJytfc Destruction A Project
Manager -
Steven Rock
513-569-7149 •
JackHubbard
513-56M507 1
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
PauM«fPe«?in
n3-569-7??7
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
EdBarth :
513-522-0742
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Rsady Porker '
513-56^-^271
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Applicable
Media
Soil, Groundwater,
Sediment
Spent Or&. Waste -
Roek;Mme •' - '
Xai&ils.Jrffaing
Process Water
Soil, Groundwater
Air, Cases
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil, Waste
Str*ams,.Other .
Media " -
Soil
W«fci W/aslewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Solids
Applicable Waste
inorganic
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Cyanide
Not Applicable
NotApplieaUte
Volatile Inorganics
Lead, Heavy metals ••
Anionic Heavy Metals,
Hexavalent Chromium
Ifoas? Metetej - s;
Jta
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)-
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1998
Developer
3IVE Services,
3ixon, CA
StarOrgairies.LCC,
Pallas TX
U.S. Air Force,
SVright Patterson Air Force Base, OH
tortee Orttwwsrttott,***
OoJJegeviUe',PA
Technology
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid
Phytoremediation of TCE-
Contaminated Shallow
Groundwater
Oxidation «t»d VMfieatlon
Process^
Technology
Contact
Douglas Dieter
916-678-8358
PMl G.Clarke
314-522-0742
Greg Harvey
513-255-7716,
ext. 302
lames Ht»t '
<5I0-4£9~2255
EPA Project
Manager
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Ed Earth
513-569-7669
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
TerilUehardsofl
513-569-7949 ,
Applicable
Media
Soil
Soil
Groundwater, Soil
Soil, SM^S,
Se^imettt
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Lead, Olter Heavy
Metals
Not Applicable
Metals, Otfcer
Nonspecific ,
Tnrtrffamoc ""
Organic
VOCs, SVOCs
Not Applicable
TCE, Petroleum,
Munitions,
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Nottspetafic Otganics
2?
00
Notes:
** An additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program section (completed projects) for more information.
*** From Emerging Technology Program
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Page Intentionally Left Blank
Page 189
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ARCTIC FOUNDATIONS, INC.
(Cryogenic Barrier)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Long-term containment and immobilization of
hazardous wastes using ground freezing
technology is a relatively new field, even though
ground freezing has been used as a temporary
construction aid for several years. Ground
freezing is ideally suited to control waterborne
pollutants, since changing water from a liquid to
a solid has an obvious immobilizing effect. The
challenge for conventional ground freezing
technologies is to be technically and
economically viable in the long-term. Arctic
Foundations, Inc. (API), has developed a
ground freezing technology that can be used as
a temporary or permanent, long-term solution for
containing and immobilizing hazardous wastes.
Buried hazardous waste may be totally confined
by surrounding it with a frozen barrier. A frozen
barrier is created by reducing the ground
temperature around the waste to the appropriate
freezing temperature and subsequently freezing
the intervening waste. Artificial injection of
water is usually unnecessary since moisture is
present in sufficient quantities in most soils. The
ground freezing process is naturally suited to
controlling hazardous waste because in-ground
moisture is transformed from serving as a
potential waste mobilizing agent to serving as a
protective agent.
Membrane Boot
New Spray-Applied Membi
Refrigeration Supply and
Return Manifolds
Existing Clay Soils
and Shale Bedrock
Cryogenic Barrier Insulation Plan
Page 190
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
A typical containment system consists of multiple
thermoprobes, an active (powered) condenser, an
interconnecting piping system, a two-phase working
fluid, and a control system. The thermoprobes
(API's heat removal devices) and piping are
inserted into the soil at strategic locations around
and sometimes underneath the waste source
depending on the presence or absence of a
confining layer. Two-phase working fluid
circulates through the piping and reduces the
temperature of the surrounding soil, creating a
frozen barrier around the waste source. The
thermoprobes may be installed in any position
and spacing to create a frozen barrier wall of
almost any required shape and size. The
selection of working fluids depends on the
specific waste application, site conditions, and
desired soil temperatures, and may consist of
freon, butane, propane, carbon dioxide, or
ammonia.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The cryogenic barrier can provide subsurface
containment for a variety of sites and wastes,
including the following: underground storage
tanks; nuclear waste sites; plume control; burial
trenches, pits, and ponds; in situ waste treatment
areas; chemically contaminated sites; and spent
fuel storage ponds. The barrier is adaptable to
any geometry; drilling technology presents the
only constraint.
STATUS:
The API cryogenic barrier system was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1996.
The demonstration was conducted over a 5-
month period at the U.S. Department of Energy's
Oak Ridge NationaLLaboratory (ORNL) in Oak
Ridge, Tennessee in 1998. The demonstration
was conducted to evaluate the barrier's ability to
contain radionuclides from the ORNL Waste"
Area Grouping 9 Homogeneous Reactor
Experiment pond. The system's effectiveness
was evaluated through the performance of a
groundwater dye tracing investigation. The
demonstration was conducted in two phases.
Phase one included a background study that was
conducted to determine the presence of natural
fluorescence and existing dyes in groundwater at
the site in order to select a nondetectable dye for
use during the dye tracing investigation.
During phase two, the selected dye, Acid Red
No. 92, was injected into a standpipe located
within the confines of the frozen barrier. Water
samples and charcoal packets were then collected
at predetermined sampling points outside the
barrier wall to determine the presence or absence
of dye in groundwater, springs, or seeps. The
evaluation of the technology under the SITE
Program was completed in July 1998.
Preliminary results from the evaluation will be
available in early 1999.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Yarmak
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
5621 Arctic Blvd.
Anchorage, AK 99518
907-562-2741
Fax: 907-562-0153
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 191
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DUKE ENGINEERING AND SERVICES, INC.
(Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR)
technology greatly enhances the removal of
residual nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) from
the subsurface by increasing the solubility of the
NAPL and lowering the interfacial tension
between the NAPL and aqueous surfactant
solution. Increasing the solubility of the NAPL
with surfactants substantially enhances the
removal of the NAPL mass through pumping.
Lowering the interfacial tension between the
NAPL and the aqueous surfactant solution
reduces the capillary forces thaUrap the NAPL
in the pore spaces of the aquifer. Under certain
conditions, the interfacial tension can be lowered
sufficiently to drain NAPL from the pore spaces
thereby forming an oil bank in the subsurface,
which is then recovered at extraction wells.
Before SEAR technology can be implemented,
site specific characteristics must be determined.
Normal aquifer properties such as stratigraphy,
grain size distribution, mineralogy, hydraulic
conductivity, vertical and horizontal gradients,
depth to ground water, etc., are determined. In
addition, a fundamental understanding of the
NAPL composition, distribution, and quantity in
the subsurface is required. Knowledge of the
quantity of NAPL present prior to using SEAR
prevents either under- or over-designing the
surfactant flood. Laboratory experiments using
soil core, contaminant, groundwater, and source
water from the site are conducted to determine
the optimum surfactant solution mix. A
geosystem model is then developed which
incorporates all the data gathered. Simulations
are run to determine optimum injection and
extraction well placement, percent recoveries of
OH and
Water
Separator
Wnter/
Surfactant
NAPL
SEAJR Technology
Page 192
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
the compounds injected, contaminant concentration
levels in the effluent, percent removal of the
contaminant mass, and all other pertinent results of
the surfactant flood.
Once the surfactant flood has been fully designed,
the .surfactant solution is injected into the,
contaminated zone in the subsurface through one or
more wells. The surfactant is drawn through the
subsurface by pumping at surrounding extraction
wells. As the surfactant moves through the
subsurface it solubilizes or, if the design calls for it,
mobilizes the NAPL for recovery at the extraction
wells. The recovered groundwater and NAPL are
theri typically sent to a phase separator. The
recovered NAPL is either disposed of or recycled,
and the groundwater and surfactant is treated. For
large scale projects, recovery and reuse of the
surfactant from the effluent stream is economical.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
SEAR technology is applicable for the rapid removal
of residual phase NAPL in the subsurface. Although •
it does not directly remediate the dissolved phase
plume, removal of the source zone contamination
can greatly reduce long term liability and risk.
SEAR technology can be effective for the removal of
a broad range of organic contaminants. This
technology may not be suitable for sites with low
hydraulic permeabilities (10~5 cm/sec or less).
STATUS:
SEAR technology was accepted into the Superfund
Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Demonstration program in 1997. The technology is
scheduled for demonstration at the end of November
1998 at the Pearl Harbor demonstration site in Oahu,
Hawaii.
SEAR technology has been successfully
demonstrated with three separate surfactant floods at
a U.S. Air Force base containing chlorinated solvent
contamination in an alluvial aquifer.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Tom Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax:513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dick Jackson or John Londergan
Duke Engineering and Services, Inc.
9111 Research Blvd.
Austin, TX 78758
512-425-2000
Fax: 512-425-2199
The SITE Program, assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 193
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ENVIROMETAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Reactive Barrier)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Hie Reactive Barrier technology is an innovative
treatment system that uses the oxidation capacity
of zero-valent iron to induce reduction of
oxidized metals, reductive dechlorination of
chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
and immobilization of some metals such as
uranium by a combination of reduction and
sorbtion.
Granular zero-valent iron oxidizes within the
reactor vessel or reactive wall. As groundwater
containing VOCs flows through the reactor and
around these granules, electrons released by
oxidation of the iron create a highly reducing
environment in solution.
The hydrocarbon-chloride bonds in the
chlorinated contaminants become unstable and
break down sequentially, forming less chlorinated
compounds and releasing nontoxic chloride ions
to the groundwater. The completely hydrolyzed
hydrocarbon compounds are nontoxic and
degrade naturally. The rate of reaction depends
primarily on the surface area of the iron or its
abundance in the permeable reactive media. The
dechlorination reaction is typically accompanied
by an increase in groundwater pH and a decrease
in oxidation/reduction potential. Inorganic
constituents such as calcium, magnesium, and
iron combine with carbonate or hydroxide ions in
the treated water to form compounds such as
metal carbonates and metal hydroxides that
precipitate from solution as groundwater moves
through the iron. Due to the precipitation of
these metallic compounds from solution, the
reaction is also typically accompanied by a
decrease in total dissolved solids in the
groundwater.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
: .' •' I
The Reactive Barrier technology is applicable to
subsurface or above-ground treatment of VOCs
and metals in groundwater or wastewater. The
technology is adaptable to a variety of sites when
used in combination with funnel and gate
systems. Depth of the contaminated groundwater
is the only constraint on the applicability of the
technology.
GROUND
SURFACE
FRENCH
DRAIN
WATER FLOWiHHfe.-
OVERFLOW
LINE
RETURN
TO STREAM
Schematic of the Reaptive Barrier Technology
Page 194
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1996. The
demonstration of the technology is currently in
progress at the Rocky Flats Environmental
Technology Site in Golden, Colorado. The
technology's effectiveness will be evaluated
through sampling and analysis of untreated and
treated groundwater that is collected by a french
drain system and transferred to two subsurface
reactor tanks through gravity flow. Preliminary
results from the evaluation will be available in
mid to late 1999.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Thomas Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT
John Vogan
Envirometal Technologies Incorporated
42 Arrow Road
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
NIK 1S6
519-824-0432
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 195
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
GEOKINETICS INTERNATIONAL INC.
(Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids Removal)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Geokinetics has developed and fully
commercialized a novel in-situ process for the
extraction and/or destruction of organic materials
(nonaqueous phase liquids [NAPL]) from ground
and groundwater. The process combines a novel
direct electrjcal heating process with established
soil vapor, dual phase and other extraction
approaches. Heat is produced directly in the
treatment zone by the passage of an AC current
through the soil matrix. In effect, the ground and
groundwater become the electrical resistor in a
conventional resistive heating circuit.
Multi-phase electrical current is supplied to the
soil matrix using proprietary high surface area
electrodes inserted directly into the ground.
Electrical current, heat-up rate, and other
operating parameters are regulated by a
proprietary computer-based (impedance
matching) control system. This system
incorporates automated data logging, fault
tolerance, and remote operation to minimize field
labor requirements.
The process works by gradually and uniformly
heating the treatment zone to 60 to 80 °C. This
produces the following effects:
• NAPL viscosity is significantly reduced
• A density inversion of many dense
nonaqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL)
components will occur causing it to float
to the top of the saturated zone
• The smear zone will greatly reduce or
even collapse
• Nascent biological activity will typically
increase dramatically (provided the heat-
up rate is managed carefully). This
greatly increases natural biodegradation.
When the treatment zone has reached its
operating temperature, a combination of
established extraction techniques are
applied as appropriate to remove most or
all of the NAPL.. Treatment times
typically include:
• 1 month for heat-up
• 4 to 8 months for primary extraction
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is broadly applicable for
enhancing the removal of NAPLs and DNAPLs
from a broad range of ground types. Recovered
and destroyed contaminants include fuel oil,
diesel, kerosene, PAHs, coal tar, hydraulic fluid,
TCE, and other chlorinated solvents, ground
types treated include clays, silty clays, shale
beds, gravel deposits, etc. The technology has
been deployed alongside, inside, and underneath
existing buildings and structures.
STATUS:
Geokinetics first developed and commercialized
the technology in Europe and has more than 40
projects completed or in progress. In the United
States, Geokinetics' technology was accepted in
the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) program in 1997. The technology is
scheduled for U.S. demonstration under the SITE
program during September and October 1998 at
the Pearl Harbor demonstration site hi Oahu,
Hawaii.
Page 196
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Tom Holdsworth
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675 Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Stephen R. Clarke
Geokinetics International, Inc.
829 Heinz Street
Berkeley, CA 94563
510-704-2941 Fax: 510-848-1581
Website: www.geokinetics.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 197
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ITT NIGHT VISION
(In situ Enhanced Bioremediation of Groimdwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ITT Night Vision is conducting in situ enhanced
aerobic bioremediation of contaminated
groundwater in fractured bedrock utilizing
technologies developed at the U.S. Department
of Energy Savannah River Site. This project
currently involves remediation of groundwater in
the vicinity of one contaminant source area as a
pilot-scale operation, with the possibility of
applying the technology elsewhere on site.
Contaminants of concern in on-site groundwater
include chlorinated solvents and their daughter
products, plus acetone and isopropanol. To
accelerate the intrinsic (natural) biodegradation
observed at the site, the selected remedy involves
the subsurface injection of ah", gaseous-phase
nutrients (triethyl phosphate and nitrous oxide),
and methane. The amendments are being added
to stimulate existing microbial populations
(particularly methanotrophs) so that they can
more aggressively break down the contaminants
of concern. Amendment delivery to the is
accomplished through an injection well, and the
injection zone of influence is confirmed using
surrounding groundwater monitoring wells and
soil vapor monitoring points.
The patented PHOSter™ process for injection of
triethyl phosphate in a gaseous phase was
licensed for use at this site as an integral element
of the enhanced bioremediation operation. This
technology maximizes the subsurface zone of
influence of nutrient injection as compared to
technologies injecting nutrients in liquid or slurry
form. Monitoring of contaminant (and
breakdown product) concentrations in
groundwater and soil vapor, measurement of
microbiological population density and diversity,
and monitoring of nutrient concentrations and
groundwater geochemical parameters provides
feedback on system effectiveness. This hi turn
allows adjustments to be made hi the sequencing
and rate of delivery of air, nutrients, and
methane in response to changing subsurface
conditions.
Air Flow Chock Valve
Air Flow Meier and Valve
Pressure Gauge/Switch
Exptoslmeler
Enhanced Bioremediation Technology
Page 198
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
roject
eruary
Ongoing P
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This enhanced bioremediation technology breaks
down volatile organic compounds in
groundwater. Compounds which are amenable
to intrinsic (natural) biodegradation can be
degraded more rapidly when the subsurface
microbial populations are stimulated through the
injection of air, gaseous-phase nutrients, and
methane. By providing an aerobic environment
for contaminant degradation, harmless
breakdown products are produced and toxic
daughter products of anaerobic degradation of
chlorinated solvents (such as vinyl chloride) can
be broken down completely. This in-situ
technology is especially applicable in situation
where subsurface infrastructure (for example,
networks of utilities) limit or preclude excavation
or extraction technologies.
STATUS:
The enhanced bioremediation system, currently
being used in the ongoing RCRA corrective
action interim measure at the ITT Night Vision
facility, was accepted into the SITE program in
1997, with system start up occurring in March of
1998. The technology had previously been
approved by EPA Region 3 as an Interim
Measure part of the facility's ongoing RCRA
Corrective Action program.
SITE program participants collected groundwater
quality and microbiological data prior to system
start up (baseline monitoring) and between the air
and nutrient injection campaigns (interim
monitoring). Baseline monitoring established a
statistical reference point for contaminants of
concern hi groundwater. Interim monitoring
suggests that the initial injection campaigns have
successfully stimulated the growth of native
microbial populations based upon the results of
phospholipid fatty acid assays and methanotroph
most probable number plate counts.
Corresponding decreases in concentrations of
contaminants of concern have also been
discernible.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
US EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
ITT NIGHT VISION PROJECT MANAGER:
Rosann Kryczkowski
Manager, Environmental, Health & Safety
ITT Night Vision
7635 Plantation Road
Roanoke, VA 24019-3257
540-362-7356
Fax: 540-362-7370
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian B. Looney, Ph.D.
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
Savannah River Technology Center
•Aiken, SC 29808
803-725-3692
Fax: 803-725-7673
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 199
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
KSE, INC.
(Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction (AIR 2000)
process combines two unit operations, adsorption
and chemical reaction, to treat air streams
containing dilute concentrations of volatile organic
compounds (VOC) (see photograph below).
The contaminated air stream containing dilute
concentrations of VOCs flows into a
photocatalytic reactor, where chlorinated and
rionchlorinated VOCs are destroyed. The VOCs
are trapped on the surface of a proprietary
catalytic adsorbent. This catalytic adsorbent is
continuously illuminated with ultraviolet light,
destroying the trapped, concentrated VOCs
through enhanced photocatalytic oxidation. This
system design simultaneously destroys VOCs and
continuously regenerates the catalytic adsorbent.
Only oxygen in the air is needed as a reactant.
The treated effluent air contains carbon dioxide
and water, which are carried out in the ah" stream
exiting the reactor. For chlorinated VOCs, the
chlorine atoms are converted to hydrogen
chloride with some chlorine gas. If needed, these
gases can be removed from the air stream with
conventional scrubbers and adsorbents.
The AIR 2QOQ process offers advantages over
other photocatalytic technologies because of the
high activity, stability, and selectivity of the
photocatalyst. The photocatalyst, which is not
primarily titanium dioxide, contains a number of
different semiconductors, which allows for rapid
and economical treatment of VOCs in air.
Previous results indicate that the photocatalyst is
highly resistant to deactivation, even after
thousands of hours of operation in the field.
The particulate-based photocatalyst allows for
more freedom in reactor design and more
economical scale-up than reactors with a catalyst
film coated on a support medium. Packed beds,
radial flow reactors, and monolithic reactors are
all feasible reactor designs. Because the catalytic
adsorbent is continuously regenerated, it does not
require disposal or removal for regeneration, as
traditional carbon adsorption typically does. The
AIR 2000 process produces no residual wastes or
by-products needing further treatment or disposal
as hazardous waste. The treatment system is
self-contained and mobile, requires a small
amount of space, and requires less energy than
thermal incineration or catalytic oxidation. In
addition, it has lower total system costs than
AIR2000
Page 200
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
these traditional technologies, and can be
constructed of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP)
due to the low operating temperatures.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The AIR 2000 process is designed to treat a wide
range of VOCs in air, ranging in concentration
from less than 1 to as many as thousands of parts
per million. The process can destroy the
following VOCs: chlorinated hydrocarbons,
aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols,
ethers, ketones, and aldehydes.
The AIR 2000 process can be integrated with
existing technologies, such as thermal desorption,
air stripping, or soil vapor extraction, to treat
additional media, including soils, sludges, and
groundwater. .-.
STATUS:
The AIR 2000 process was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in 1995.
Studies under the Emerging Technology
Program are, focusing on (1) developing
photocatalysts for a broad range of chlorinated
and nonchlorinated VOCs, and (2) designing
advanced and cost-effective photocatalytic
reactors for remediation and industrial service.
The AIR 2000 Process was initially evaluated
at full-scale operation for treatment of soil
vapor extraction off-gas at Loring Air Force
Base (AFB). Destruction efficiency of
tetrachloroethene exceeded 99.8 percent. The
performance results were presented at the 1996
World Environmental Congress.
The AIR-I process, an earlier version of the
technology, was demonstrated as part of a
groundwater remediation demonstration project
at Dover AFB in Dover, Delaware, treating
effluent air from a groundwater stripper. Test
results showed more than 99 percent removal of
dichloroethane (DCA) from air initially
containing about 1 ppm DCA and saturated with
water vapor.
A 700 SCFM commercial unit is now operating
at a Superfund Site in Rhode Island, destroying
TCE, DCE and vinyl chloride in the combined
off-gas from a SVE system and a groundwater
stripper. Preliminary results show that the
system is operating at 99.99% destruction
efficiency. The AIR 2000 unit is operating
unattended, with the number of UV lamps being
illuminated changing automatically in response
to changing flow conditions for maximum
performance at minimum cost.
The AIR 2000 Process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration program in 1998, with the
objective of demonstrating the performance of
the system at the Superfund site in Rhode Island.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
Fax: 513-569-7620
E-mail: gallardo.vincente@epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
J.R. KittreU
KSE, Inc.
P.O. Box 368
Amherst, MA 01004
413-549-5506
Fax: 413-549-5788
e-mail: kseinc@aol.com
TECHNOLOGY LICENSEE CONTACT:
Dr. Bill de Waal
Trojan Technologies, Inc.
3020 Gore Road
London, Ontario N5V-4T7
CANADA
519-457-3400
Fax: 519-457-3030
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 201
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^echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
LASAGNA™ PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
(Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Lasagna™ process, so named because of its
treatment layers, combines electrokinetics with
treatment layers which are installed directly into
the contaminated soil to form an integrated, hi
situ remedial process. The layers may be
configured vertically (Figure 1) or horizontally
(Figure 2). The process is designed to treat soil
and groundwater contaminants completely in situ,
without the use of injection or extraction wells.
The outer layers consist of either positively or
negatively charged electrodes. The electrodes
create an electric field which moves contaminants
in soil pore fluids into or through the treatment
layers. In the vertical configuration, rods that
are steel or granular graphite and iron filings may
be used as electrodes. In the horizontal
configuration, the electrodes and treatment zones
are installed by hydraulic fracturing. Granular
graphite is used for the electrodes and the
treatment zones are granular iron (for zero-valent,
metal-enhanced, reductive dechlprination) or
granular activated carbon (for biodegradation by
methanotrophic microorganisms). The Lasagna™
process can remove contaminants from soil using
the following combination:
• Creating treatment zones in close
proximity to one another throughout
Sectrod*
APPLIED ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL
Note: El«c!roc«motic Row to reversed upon switching electrical polarity.
Vertical Configuration
of the Lasagna™ Process
the contaminated soil region, and
converting them into sorption/degradation
zones by introducing sorbents, catalytic
agents, microbes, oxidants, or buffers
• Using electrokinetics to transport
contaminants from the soil into the
treatment zones for
sorption/degradation
• Reversing the direction of transport, if
necessary, by switching electrical
polarity
The orientation of the electrodes and treatment
zones depends on the characteristics of the site and
the contaminants. In general, the vertical
configuration is probably more applicable to more
shallow contamination, within 50 feet of the ground
surface. The horizontal configuration, using
hydraulic fracturing or related methods, is uniquely
capable of treating much deeper contamination.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Conceptually, the Lasagna™ process is designed
to treat organic and inorganic contaminants and
mixed wastes in groundwater and soil. To date,
the process has been tested primarily on organic
contaminants in low permeability soils.
Granular
Electrode
Horizontal Configuration
of the Lasagna™ Process
Page 202
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February 1999
\oject
STATUS:
The Lasagna™ process (vertical configuration)
was accepted into the SITE Demonstration
Program in 1995. Under the SITE Program, with
significant funding from the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE), the Lasagna™ process was tested
for 120 days in May 1995 on soil contaminated
with trichloroethene (TCE) at DOE's Paducah
Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) in Kentucky.
One of the key objectives of this test was to
successfully demonstrate the coupling of
electroosmotic flushing of TCE from the clay soil
while removing the TCE from the pore water by
in situ adsorption. Steel panels were used as
electrodes and granular activated carbon (GAC)
served as treatment layers in a vertical
configuration.
Sampling and analysis of the GAC at the end of
the demonstration revealed a substantial GAC
amount of TCE. Soil samples collected before and
after the demonstration indicated a 98 percent
removal of TCE from tight clay soil, with some
samples showing greater than 99 percent removal.
TCE soil levels were reduced from the 100 parts
per million (ppm) range to an average
concentration of 1 ppm.
A second test of the Lasagna™ process in a
vertical configuration was started in August 1996
at DOE's PGDP to treat in situ TCE-
contaminated soil to 45 feet below ground
surface. A sheetpiling method was utilized with
hollow mandrels for installing electrodes
(granular mixture of coke and iron filings) and
treatment zones (iron filings/clay slurry) in thin
layers (less than 2 inches thick) through stiff clay
soil without generating solid waste.
Complications encountered during the operation
included contamination levels significantly
higherthan anticipated and complex hydrogeology
in the subsurface. The overall TCE removal
efficiency obtained was in the range of 95
percent for 1 pore volume of water flow to over
99 percent for 2.6 pore volumes between the
treatment zones. There are strong indications
that some of the TCE was transported and
degraded in the dense non-aqueous phase liquid
form. Based on the success of this test, DOE has
recommended that the Lasagna™ process be used
to clean up the rest of this contaminated location
at PGDP.
EPA and the University of Cincinnati have
installed horizontal configuration cells at
Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base (ANGB)
near Columbus, Ohio. Support facilities are
being installed at Offutt Air Force Base (AFB)
near Omaha, Nebraska. Horizontal configuration
cells will be installed at Offutt AFB in spring
1997 with funding support from the U.S. Air
Force. TCE is the target contaminant at both
Rickenbacker ANGB and Offutt AFB.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7775 or 513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Roulier
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7796
Fax: 513-569-7620
SaHo
Monsanto Company
800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard
St. Louis, MO 63167
314-694-5179
Fax: 314-694-1531
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 203
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MACTEC-SBP TECHNOLOGIES COMPANY, L.L.C.
(formerly EG&G Environmental, Inc.)
(NoVOCs™ In-Well Stripping Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
MACTEC-SBP provides the patented NoVOCs™
in-well stripping technology for the in situ
removal of volatile organic compounds (VOC)
from groundwater (see figure below).
NoVOCs™ combines air-lift pumping with in-
well vapor stripping to remove VOCs from
groundwater without the need to remove, treat,
and discharge a wastewater stream. The process
also can be adapted to remove both VOCs and
soluble metals from groundwater. NoVOCs™
consists of a well screened both beneath the
water table and in the vadose zone. An air line
within the well runs from an aboveground blower
and extends below the water table. Pressurized
air injected below the water table aerates the
water within the well, creating a density gradient
between the aerated water and the more dense
water in the surrounding aquifer. As a result,
groundwater flows through the lower well screen
and forces the aerated water upward within the
well, and is in turn accelerated. The result is a
Injection
Blower
Vapor Treatment
Vacuum
Blower
Groundwater
Circulation
Zone
Lower Intake
Screen
VOC-Contaminatsd
Water
Schematic Diagram of the NoVOCs™ Technology
Page 2O4
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Ongoing Project
rising column of aerated water within the well,
essentially acting as an air-lift pump
As the aerated groundwater column rises within
the well, VOC mass transfer occurs from the
dissolved phase to the vapor phase. Above the
water table, a packer is installed at the upper
screen to prevent the passage of rising water or
bubbles. The rising water column hits the
packer, the bubbles burst, and the entrained VOC
vapor is stripped off laterally through the screen
by an upper vacuum casing. The VOC-rich
vapor is brought to the surface for treatment
while the laterally deflected water circulates back
into the aquifer. Reinfiltrating water creates a
toroidal circulation pattern around the well,
enabling the groundwater to undergo multiple
treatment cycles before flowing downgradient.
The VOC-rich vapor is treated using
commercially available techniques chosen
according to the vapor stream characteristics.
NoVOCs™ also can be used to remove readily
reduced metals from groundwater and stabilize
them in the vadose zone. Solubilized metals in
their oxidized states enter the lower screen by the
same route as dissolved VOCs in the
groundwater. The nonvolatile metals remain in
solution as the VOCs are stripped at the upper
screen and the water circulates out of the well.
The groundwater and soluble metals then pass
through an infiltration and treatment gallery
surrounding the upper well screen. This
treatment gallery is impregnated with a reducing
agent that reduces the soluble metals to an
insoluble valence state. The insoluble metals
accumulate in the infiltration gallery high above
the water table and can be either capped or
excavated at the conclusion of remedial action.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process treats groundwater contaminated
with volatile petroleum hydrocarbons including
benzene, ethylbenzene, and toluene, as well as
chlorinated solvents such as tetrachloroethene
and trichloroethene. Highly soluble organics like
alcohols and ketones are not easily air-stripped
from water but are readily biodegraded in the
oxygen-rich environment produced by
NoVOCs™.
STATUS:
The NoVOCs™ technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1995. The
demonstration is underway at Naval Air Station
North Island hi San Diego, California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark McGlathery
MACTEC-SBP Technologies Company,
L.L.C.
1819 Denver West Drive, Suite 400
Golden, CO 80401
303-278-3100
Fax: 303-273-5000
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
(Photocatalytic Air Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. is developing a titanium
dioxide (TiOj) photocatalytic air treatment
technology that destroys volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds in air streams. During treatment,
contaminated air at ambient temperatures flows
through a fixed TiO2 catalyst bed activated by
ultraviolet (UV) light. Typically, organic
contaminants are destroyed in fractions of a
second.
Technology advantages include the following:
Robust equipment
No residual toxins
No ignition source
Unattended operation
Low direct treatment cost
The technology has been tested on benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene;
trichloroethene; tetrachloroethane; isopropyl
alcohol; acetone; chloroform; methanol; and
methyl ethyl ketone. A field-scale system is
shown in the photograph on the next page.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology
can effectively treat dry or moist air. The
technology has been demonstrated to purify
contaminant steam directly, thus eliminating the
need to condense. Systems of 100 cubic feet per
minute have been successfully tested on vapor
extraction operations, air stripper emissions,
steam from desorption processes, and VOC
emissions from manufacturing facilities. Other
potential applications include odor removal, stack
Full-Scale Photocatalytic Air Treatment System
Page 2O6
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Ongoing Project
gas treatment, soil venting, and manufacturing
ultra-pure air for residential, automotive,
instrument, and medical needs. Systems of up to
about 1,000 cubic feet per minute can be cost-
competitive with thermal destruction systems.
STATUS:
The TiO2 photbcatalytic air treatment technology
was accepted into SITE Emerging Technology
Program (ETP) in October 1992; the evaluation
was completed in 1993. Based on results from
the ETP, this technology was invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
For further information about the evaluation
under the ETP, refer to the journal article
(EPA/600/A-93/282), which is available from
EPA. A suitable demonstration site is being
sought.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7111
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street
London, Ontario, Canada N5Z 2B5
519-660-8669
Fax: 519-660-8525
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
(Bioventing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Lack of oxygen in contaminated soil often limits
aerobic microbial growth. The bioventing
biological system treats contaminated soil in situ
by injecting atmospheric air. This air provides a
continuous oxygen source, which enhances the
growth of microorganisms naturally present in
the soil. Additives such as ozone or nutrients
may be introduced to stimulate microbial growth.
Bioventing technology uses an air pump attached
to one of a series of air injection probes (see
figure below). The air pump operates at
extremely low pressures, providing inflow of
oxygen without significantly volatilizing soil
contaminants. The treatment capacity depends
on the number of injection probes, the size of the
air pump, and site characteristics such as soil
porosity.
Pressure Gauge
Air Pump
Flow
Control
Rotameter
Pressure Gauge
3-Way Ball
Valve
Stainless Steel Air Injection Probe
1 cm ID
2cmOD
Bioventing System
Page 208
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Bioventing is typically used to treat soil
contaminated by industrial processes and can
treat any contamination subject to aerobic
microbial degradation. Bioventing treats
contaminants and combinations of contaminants
with varying degrees of success.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. The
demonstration began in November 1992 at the
Reilly Tar site hi St. Louis Park, Minnesota.
Soil at this site is contaminated with polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons. The project will be
completed hi early 1999.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul McCauley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7444
Fax: 513-569-7105
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PHYTOKINETICS, INC.
(Phytoremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Phytoremediation is the treatment of
contaminated soils, sediments, and groundwater
with higher plants. Several biological
mechanisms are involved in phytoremediation.
The plant's ability to enhance bacterial and
fungal degradative processes is important in the
treatment of soils. Plant-root exudates, which
contain nutrients, metabolites, and enzymes,
contribute to the stimulation of microbial activity.
In the zone of soil closely associated with the
plant root (rhizosphere), expanded populations of
metabolically active microbes can biodegrade
organic soil contaminants.
The application of phytoremediation involves
characterizing the site and determining the proper
planting strategy to maximize the interception
and degradation of organic contaminants. Site
monitoring ensures that the planting strategy is
proceeding as planned. The following text
discusses (1) using grasses to remediate surface
soils contaminated with organic chemical wastes
(Figure 1), and (2) planting dense rows of poplar
trees to treat organic contaminants hi the
saturated groundwater zone (Figure 2).
Soil Remediation - Phytoremediation is best
suited for surface soils contaminated with
intermediate levels of organic contaminants.
Preliminary soil phytotoxicity tests are conducted
at a range of contaminant concentrations to select
plants which are tolerant. The contaminants
should be relatively nonleachable, and must be
within the reach of plant roots. Greenhouse-scale
treatability studies are often used to select
appropriate plant species.
Grasses are frequently used because of their
dense fibrous root systems. The selected species
are planted, soil nutrients are added, and the
Phytoremediation of Surface Soil
Phytoremediation of the Saturated Zone
Page 270
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
plots are intensively cultivated. Plant shoots are
cut during the growing season to maintain
vegetative, as opposed to reproductive, growth.
Based on the types and concentrations of
contaminants, several growing seasons may be
required to meet the site's remedial goals.
Groundwater Remediation - The use of poplar
trees for the treatment of groundwater relies in
part on the tree's high rate of water use to create
a hydraulic barrier. This technology requires the
establishment of deep roots that use water from
the saturated zone. Phytokinetics uses deep-rooted,
water-loving trees such as poplars to intercept
groundwater plumes and reduce contaminant
levels. Poplars are often used because they are
phreatophytic; that is, they have the ability to use
water directly from the saturated zone.
A dense double or triple row of rapidly growing
poplars is planted downgradient from lie plume,
perpendicular to the direction of groundwater
flow. Special cultivation practices are use to
induce deep root systems. The trees can create
a zone of depression in the groundwater during
the summer months because of their high rate of
water use. Groundwater contaminants may tend
to be stopped by the zone of depression,
becoming adsorbed to soil particles in the aerobic
rhizosphere of the trees. Reduced contaminant
levels in the downgradient groundwater plume
would result from the degradative processes
described above.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Phytoremediation is used for soils, sediments,
and groundwater containing intermediate levels
of organic contaminants.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1995. The
demonstration will occur at the former Chevron
Terminal #129-0350 site in Ogden, Utah. This
demonstration will assess the ability of higher
plants to reduce the concentration of petroleum
hydrocarbons in near-surface soils, and to modify
the groundwater gradient and reduce petroleum
hydrocarbons in the saturated zone. Alfalfa and
fescue plantings will be evaluated for soil
remediation, while poplar and juniper trees will
be investigated for their ability to treat the
saturated groundwater zone.
The primary objectives of the demonstration are
to determine whether (1) total petroleum
hydrocarbon concentrations in the soil in plots
planted with alfalfa and fescue will be reduced by
30 percent annually, and (2) an average annual
3-inch change in the groundwater elevation can
be attributed to the trees. The demonstration
continued through the 1998 growing season, with
reports available in 1999.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513--569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ari Ferro
Phytokinetics, Inc.
1770 North Research Parkway
Suite 110
North Logan, UT 84341-1941
801-750-0985
801-755-0891
Fax: 801-750-6296
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 211
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PHYTOTECH
(Phytoremediation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
• ' ''is,. , '
Phytotech is an environmental biotechnology
company that uses specially selected and
engineered plants to treat soil and water
contaminated with toxic metals such as lead and
cadmium, as well as radionuclides. The
treatment of soils or sediments with this
technology is referred to as phytoextraction (see
figure below).
Phytoextraction offers an efficient, cost-effective,
and environmentally friendly way to clean up
heavy metal contamination. Plants are grown in
Situ on contaminated soil and harvested after
toxic metals accumulate in the plant tissues. The
degree of accumulation varies with several
factors, but can be as high as 2 percent of the
plants' aboveground dry weight, leaving clean
soil in place with metal concentrations that equal
or are less than regulatory cleanup levels. After
accumulation in the plant tissues, the contaminant
metal must be disposed of, but the amount of
disposable biomass is a small fraction of the
amount of soil treated. For example, excavating
and landfilling a 10-acre site contaminated with
400 parts per million (ppm) lead to a depth of 1
foot requires handling roughly 20,000 tons of
lead-contaminated soil. Phytoextraction of a 10-
acre site to remove 400 ppm of lead from the top
1 foot would require disposal of around 500 tons
of biomass - about 1/40 of the soil cleaned. In
Phytoextraction
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February 1999
roject
eruary
Ongoing P
the example cited, six to eight crops would
typically be needed, with three or four crops per
growing season.
Compared to traditional remedial technologies,
phytoextraction offers the following benefits:
• Lower cost
• Applicability to a broad range of
metals
• Potential for recycling the
metal-rich biomass
• Minimal environmental
disturbance
• Minimization of secondary air-
and water-borne wastes
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Phytotech's phytoextraction technology can be
used to clean soil or sediments contaminated with
lead, cadmium, chromium, cesium/strontium and
uranium. Phytoremediation of other metals such
as arsenic, zinc, copper, and thorium is in the
research stage.
STATUS:
Phytotech was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1997. Under the SITE
Program, Phytotech is demonstrating its
phytoremediation technology at a former battery
manufacturing facility in Trenton, New Jersey.
where soil is contaminated with lead. The site
has been prepared and characterized, and two
crops were planted and harvested in late summer
1998. Phytotech has also conducted several
successful field trials of its phytoextraction
technology at other contaminated sites in the U.S.
and abroad.
Phytotech has conducted several field
demonstrations of its rhizofiltration technology
for the removal of (1) cesium/strontium at
Chernobyl, and (2) uranium from contaminated
groundwater at a DOE site in Ashtabula, Ohio.
At Chernobyl, sunflowers were shown to extract
95 percent of the radionuclides from a small pond
within 10 days. At the Ashtabula site, Phytotech
ran a 9-month pilot demonstration during which
incoming water containing as much as 450 parts
per billion (ppb) uranium was treated to 5 ppb or
less of uranium.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA '••
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Blaylock (ext. 13) or
Eric Muhr (ext. 32)
Phytotech
One Deer Park Drive, Suite I
Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852
732-438-0900
Fax: 732-438-1209
E-Mail: soilrx@aol.com or
ericmuhr@mars. superlink. net
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 213
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PINTAIL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Spent Ore Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses microbial detoxification of
cyanide in heap leach processes to reduce
cyanide levels in spent ore and process solutions.
The biotreatment populations of natural soil
bacteria are grown to elevated concentrations,
which are applied to spent ore by drip or spray
irrigation. Process solutions are treated with
bacteria concentrates in continuous or batch
applications. This method may also enhance
metal remineralization, reducing acid rock
drainage and enhancing precious metal recovery
to offset treatment costs.
Biotreatment of cyanide in spent ore and ore
processing solutions begins by identifying
bacteria that will grow in the waste source and
that use the cyanide for normal cell building
reactions. Native isolates are ideally adapted to
the spent ore environment, the available nutrient
pool, and potential toxic components of the heap
environment. The cyanide-detoxifying bacteria
are typically a small fraction of the overall
population of cyanide-tolerant species.
For this reason, native bacteria isolates are
extracted from the ore and tested for cyanide
detoxification potential as individual species.
Any natural detoxification potentials
demonstrated in flask cyanide decomposition tests
are preserved and submitted for bioaugmentation.
Bioaugmentation of the cyanide detoxification
population eliminates nonworking species of
bacteria and enhances the natural detoxification
potential by growth in waste infusions and
chemically defined media. Pintail Systems, Inc.
(PSI) maintains a bacterial library of some 2,500
strains of microorganisms and a database of their
characteristics.
The working population of treatment bacteria is
grown in spent ore infusion broths and process
solutions to adapt to field operating conditions.
The cyanide in the spent ore serves as the
primary carbon or nitrogen source for bacteria
nutrition. Other required trace nutrients are
provided in the chemically defined broths. The
bacterial consortium is then tested on spent ore in
a 6-inch-by-10-foot column in the field or in the
laboratory. The column simulates leach pile
TCN, WAD CN,
metals
Cyanide-leached spent ore
Staged bacteria
culture
Au,Ag
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Page 214
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
conditions, so that detoxification rates, process
completion, and effluent quality can be verified.
Following column tests, a field test may be
conducted to verify column results.
The spent ore is remediated by first setting up a
stage culturing system to establish working
populations of cyanide-degrading bacteria at the
mine site. Bacterial solutions are then applied
directly to the heap using the same system
originally designed to deliver cyanide solutions to
the heap leach pads (see figure on previous
page). Cyanide concentrations and leachable
metals are then measured in heap leach solutions.
This method of cyanide degradation in spent ore
leach pads degrades cyanide more quickly than
methods which treat only rinse solutions from the
pad. In addition to cyanide degradation,
biological treatment of heap leach pads has also
shown significant biomineralization and reduction
of leachable metals in heap leachate solutions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The spent ore bioremediation process can be
applied to treat cyanide contamination, spent ore
heaps, waste rock dumps, mine tailings, and
process water from gold and silver mining
operations.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in May 1994. A site
located hi Battle Mountain, Nevada has been
selected for the demonstration. Preliminary
treatability tests have been completed. In
addition, PSI has completed two full-scale
cyanide detoxification projects.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Ciricinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Leslie Thompson
Pintail Systems, Inc.
11801 East 33rd Avenue, Suite C
Aurora, CO 80010
303-367-8443
Fax: 303-364-2120
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PRAXIS ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(In Situ Thermally Enhanced Extraction (TEE) Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PRAXIS TEE in situ thermal extraction
process heats soil with steam injection, enhancing
pump-and-treat and soil vapor extraction pro-
cesses used to treat volatile organic compounds
(VOC) and semlvolatile organic compounds
(SVOC). This process is an effective and
relatively inexpensive technique to raise a target
soil volume to a nearly uniform temperature.
As illustrated in the figure below, steam is
introduced to the soil through injection wells
screened in contaminated intervals. The vacuum
applied to the extraction wells, during and after
steam/hot air injection, forms a pneumatic
barrier at the treatment boundaries. This barrier
limits lateral migration of steam and contaminants
while air sweeping the steam zone boundaries
carries contaminants to extraction wells.
Groundwater and liquid contaminants are pumped
from the extraction wells; steam, air, and
vaporized contaminants are extracted under
vacuum. After the soil is heated by steam
injection, the injection wells can introduce
additional agents to facilitate the cleanup.
Recovered vapors pass through a condenser.
The resulting condensate is combined with
pumped liquids for processing in separation
equipment. Separated nonaqueous phase liquids
(NAPL) can be recycled or disposed of, and the
water is treated prior to discharge. The
noncondensible gases are directed to a vapor
treatment system consisting of (1) catalytic
oxidation equipment, (2) activated carbon filters,
or (3) other applicable vapor technologies. The
in situ thermal extraction process uses
conventional injection, extraction and monitoring
wells, off-the-shelf piping, steam generators,
VACUUM PUMP
WATER
FUEL
WATER
NAPL
STEAM TO
INJECTION
WELLS
CLAY
CLAY
In Situ Thermal Extraction Process
Page 216
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approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
condensers, heat exchangers, separation
equipment, vacuum pumps, and vapor emission
control equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The in situ thermal extraction process removes
VOCs and SVOCs from contaminated soils and
groundwater. The process primarily treats
chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene
(TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), and dichloro-
benzene; hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel,
and jet fuel; and mixtures of these compounds.
The process can be applied to rapid cleanup of
source areas such as dense NAPL pools below
the water table surface, light NAPL pools
floating on the water table surface, and NAPL
contamination remaining after using conventional
pumping techniques. Subsurface conditions are
amenable to biodegradation of residual
contaminants, if necessary, after application of
the thermal process. A cap is required for
implementation of the process near the soil
surface. For dense NAPL compounds in high
concentrations, a barrier must be present or
created to prevent downward percolation of the
NAPLs. The process is applicable in less
permeable soils with the use of novel delivery
systems such as horizontal wells or fracturing.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1993. The
demonstration occurred at a former waste
management area located at Operable Unit 2 at
Hill Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah, during June
and July 1997. The demonstration site was the
location of two former unlined trenches that
received unknown quantities of various
chlorinated solvent wastes from 1967 to 1975.
The demonstration focused primarily on assessing
and recovering dense NAPL from the trough area
and reducing TCE and PCE levels in the lower
saturated zone so as to meet or exceed the
Record of Decision (ROD) cleanup goals and the
Preliminary Remedial Goals (PRO) established
for the site's soils.
Soil PRGs for TCE and PCE were 58 milligrams
per kilogram (mg/Kg) and 12 mg/Kg
respectively. A total of 41 post-characterization
soil samples were collected to determine if these
goals were met by the technology. Thirty-five of
the 41 samples had PCE concentrations below the
PRO. Thirty-five of the 41 samples also had TCE
concentrations below the PRO. There were 33
samples that had both TCE and PCE
concentrations below the specified PRGs.
Detailed reports on the demonstration are in
preparation and will be available from EPA in
1999. The developer is presently seeking patents
on various aspects of the system, while
continuing to seek opportunities at other U.S.
Department of Defense facilities.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Lloyd Stewart
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc.
1440 Rollins Road
Burlingaitne, CA 94010
650-548-9288
Fax: 650-548-9287
E-mail: LDS@praxis-enviro.com
Major Paul B. Devane
U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory,
Environics Directorate
139 Barries Drive, Suite 2
Tyndall AFB, FL 32403-5319
850-283-6288
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 217
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES INCORPORATED
(Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-Phase Halogens)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The proprietary, nonthermal technology
developed by Process Technologies Incorporated
(PTI), is a method of photochemically oxidizing
gaseous organic compounds within a reaction
chamber. PTFs Photolytic Destruction
Technology (PDT) uses low-pressure ultraviolet
(UV) lamps, with UV emissions primarily at
wavelengths in the 185 to 254 nanometer range,
located within the reaction chamber. Photons
emitted from these lamps break apart the
chemical bonds making up the volatile organic
compound (VOC) molecule. The process is
capable of destroying mixtures of chlorinated and
npnchlorinated VOCs.
The PDT system is designed and fabricated in 3-
to 12-cubic-feet-per-minute (cfm) modules. The
size of the module applied is dependent on the
gas flow rate and VOC concentrations in the gas
stream. PTI implements a fluid bed concentrator
to allow for the treatment of high flow gas
streams, or those with rates greater than 1,000
cfm. Significant cost savings can be realized ifthe
gas flow can be reduced, and concentration
increased prior to destruction.
PTI uses a proprietary reagent that forms a liner
within the process chamber. The reagent reacts
chemically with the gaseous degradation products
formed during the photolytic destruction of
halocarbon molecules to form solid, stable
reaction products.
Reagent lifetime depends on flow rate, influent
concentrations, and specific chemical
composition of destruction targets. PTI has
performed tests on spent reagent to determine
whether the material would be classified as a
hazardous waste under federal regulations.
Those tests indicated that the spent reagent is
likely nontoxic. The spent reagent is also not
reactive, corrosive, or flammable, and thus PTI
is confident that it is not a hazardous waste under
federal law. PTI accordingly believes that the
spent reagent material can be disposed of as
ordinary solid waste or used as a feedstock for
Cleaned Air
@ 1,000 cfm
Adsorber
Column
VOC Off-Gas
6 1,000 cfm
Air-Water
Separator
Concentrated VOC Vapor
Stream @ 6 cfm
Desorber
Column
Desorption air
@ 6 cfm
UV Reactor
Treated Air &
HCI @ 6 cfm
-e
Cleaned
6 cfm Acid
Gas Scrubber
Simplified Process Flow Diagram
of Photolytic Destruction
Page 218
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approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
cement manufacturing. The PTI process is
simple in design and easy to operate. The sy
stem is designed to run continuously, 24-hours
per day.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology was developed to destroy a
number of groups of compounds, including
chlorinated solvents, chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and
halons. Example sources of process off-gas that
contains chlorinated and nonchlorinated VOCs,
CFCs, and HCFCs include steam vapor
extraction, tank vents, air strippers, steam
strippers, and building vent systems.
The process is capable of destroying as high as
50,000 parts per million by volume VOC
streams. The system is capable of achieving
greater than 90 percent on-line availability,
inclusive of scheduled maintenance activities.
STATUS:
The PTI technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. The
demonstration began hi September 1994 at
McClellan Air Force Base (AFB) in Sacramento,
California. The SITE demonstration was
postponed shortly thereafter. Activities under the
SITE Program were rescheduled in 1997.
Additional tests incorporating an improved design
for treating soil vapor extraction off-gas were
successfully completed at the AFB hi January
1996.
PTI completed a four month demonstration of
the combined fluid bed concentrator and PDT
system at the U.S. Navy's North Island Site 9
in February, 1998. This demonstration was
performed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost
to remove and destroy VOC vapor from an
existing SVE system. The results of the
demonstration at the Navy's North Island Site 9
showed the PTI System was capable of achieving
greater than 95 percent destruction and removal
efficiency of VOCs in the soil vapor at a 250
standard cfm flow rate. Furthermore, the Navy
determined that the PTI System provided a 45
percent cost savings over activated carbon or
flameless thermal oxidation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul de Percin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul @ epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Swan
Process Technologies Incorportated
P.O. Box 476
Boise, ID 83701-0476
208-385-0900 ext. 223
Fax: 208-385-0994
TECHNOLOGY USER CONTACT:
Kevin Wong
SM-ALC/EMR
5050 Dudley Boulevard
Suite 3
McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389
916-643-0830 ext. 327
Fax: 916-643-0827
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 219
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RECYCLING SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Desorption and Vapor Extraction System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The mobile desorption and vapor extraction
system (DAVES) uses a low-temperature
fluidized bed to remove organic and volatile
inorganic compounds from soils, sediments, and
sludges. This system can treat materials with
85 percent solids at a rate of 10.5 tons per hour.
Contaminated materials are fed into a co-current,
fluidized bed dryer, where they are mixed with
hot air (about 1,000 to 1,400 °F) from a
gas-fired heater. Direct contact between the
waste material and the hot air forces water and
contaminants from the waste into the gas stream
at a relatively low fluidized-bed temperature
(about 320 °F). The heated air, vaporized water
and organics, and entrained particles flow out of
the dryer to a gas treatment system.
The gas treatment system removes solid particles,
vaporized water, and organic vapors from the air
stream. A cyclone separator and baghouse
remove most of the particulates. Vapors from
the cyclone separator are cooled in a venturi
scrubber, countercurrent washer, and chiller
section before they are treated in a vapor-phase
carbon adsorption system. The liquid residues
from the system are centrifuged, filtered, and
passed through two activated carbon beds
arranged in series (see photograph below).
By-products from the DAVES include
(1) treated, dry solids representing about 96 to
98 percent of the solid waste feed, (2) a small
quantity of centrifuge sludge containing organics,
(3) a small quantity of spent adsorbent carbon,
(4) wastewater that may need further treatment,
and (5) small quantities of baghouse and cyclone
dust that are recycled through the process.
Desorption and Vapor Extraction System (DAVES)
Page 220
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
The centrifuge sludge can be bioremediated,
chemically degraded, or treated in another
manner. Recycling Sciences International, Inc.,
has patented an electrochemical oxidation process
(ECO) and is developing this process as an
adjunct to the DAVES. The ECO is designed to
detoxify contaminants within the DAVES in a
closed-loop system.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes the following
contaminants from soil, sludge, and sediment:
volatile and semivolatile organics, including
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol,
volatile inorganics such as tetraethyl lead, and
some pesticides. In general, the process treats
waste containing less than 10 percent total
organic contaminants and 30 to 95 percent solids.
The presence of nonvolatile inorganic
contaminants (such as metals) in the waste feed
does not inhibit the process; however, these
contaminants are not treated.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Program in April 1995. EPA is selecting a
demonstration site for this process. Preferred
demonstration wastes include harbor or river
sediments containing at least 50 percent solids
contaminated with PCBs and other volatile or
semivolatile organics. Soils with these
characteristics may also be acceptable. About
300 tons of waste is needed for a 2-week test.
Major test objectives are to evaluate feed
handling, decontamination of solids, and
treatment of gases generated by the process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7111
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Meenan
Recycling Sciences International, Inc.
175 West Jackson Boulevard
Suite A1934
Chicago, IL 60604-2601
312-663-4242
Fax: 312-663-4269
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 221
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROCKY MOUNTAIN REMEDIATION SERyiCES, L.L.C.
(ENVIROBOND™ SOLUTION)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ENVIROBOND™ is a proprietary solution that
binds with metals in contaminated soils and other
wastes to form a virtually impenetrable chemical
bond. Rocky Mountain Remediation Services,
L.L.C., claims that the treatment process
effectively prevents metals leaching and can be
used with mechanical compaction to reduce the
overall volume of contaminated media by 30 to
50 percent. The process generates no secondary
wastes and requires minimal handling,
transportation, and disposal costs. In addition,
unlike some pozzolanic-based reagents, the
ENVIROBOND™ liquid is safe to handle and
does not generate any emissions.
ENVIROBOND™ consists of a mixture of
additives containing oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen,
and phosphorous; each additive has an affinity
for a specific class of metals. ENVIROBOND™
converts metal contaminants from their leachable
form to an insoluble, stable, nonhazardous
metallic complex. ENVIROBOND™ is
essentially a ligand that acts as a chelating agent.
In the chelation reaction, coordinate bonds
attachthe metal ion to least two ligand nonmetal
ions to form a heterocyclic ring. The resulting
ring structure is inherently more stable than
simpler structures formed in other binding
processes. By effectively binding the metals, the
process reduces the waste stream's RCRA
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
test results to less than the RCRA-regulated
levels, subsequently reducing the risks posed to
human health and die environment.
The stabilized waste can then be placed in a pit
or compacted into the earth using traditional field
compaction equipment, or it can be mechanically
compacted to produce a solid, compressed form
called ENVIROBRIC™. The machine used to
form the ENVIROBRIC™ is designed for mass
production of sand-clay "rammed earth" bricks.
Unlike conventional construction bricks, rammed
earth bricks are produced under extremely high
compaction forces and are not heated or fired.
As a result, the bricks possess very high
compressive strength and a correspondingly low
porosity, making them ideal for on-site treatment
by solidification/stabilization at industrial sites.
The size of the individual bricks can be
adjusteddepending on specific site requirements,
and the bricks have successfully passed various
tests designed to measure their long-term
durability.
i
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ENVIROBOND™ process does not reduce
the overall concentration of metal contaminants;
instead it converts them to metal-ligand
compounds, rendering them insoluble and stable
in the media. The developer claims that the
process can be applied to contaminated soils and
other media in both industrial and residential use
scenarios. At residential sites, contaminated soil
can be mixed with ENVIROBOND™ and
stabilized before being disposed of off site. At
industrial sites, ENVIROBOND™ can be mixed
with contaminated waste streams or soils and
then compacted in the ENVIROBRIC™ process
and backfilled on site to reduce the overall
volume of contaminated media.
Bench-scale and field tests indicate that
ENVIROBOND™ can be added to waste streams
containing more than four metal contaminants at
concentrations ranging from 200 to more than
5,000 parts per million (ppm). TCLP tests have
Page 222
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February i999
Ongoing Project
shown that metals concentrations in leachate from
treated media do not exceed RCRA regulatory
levels. Metals that can be stabilized with
ENVIROBOND™ include arsenic, barium,
cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel,
selenium, silver, and zinc. However, die process
is less effective in media containing more than
3 percent by weight of metals such as aluminum,
magnesium, calcium, and manganese. These
metals may reduce the number of chelating sites
available by preferentially binding with the
ENVIROBOND™ agent.
The ENVIROBOND process is capable of
achieving high processing rates of 20 to 40 tons
per hour and can be used with contaminated
media containing as much as 10 percent debris
and other matter. For acidic wastes with a pH of
3 or less, buffering compounds can be added to
the contaminated media before it is mixed with
ENVIROBOND™. Volatile organic compounds
such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylenes do not affect the process.
STATUS:
Under a cooperative agreement with the Ohio
EPA, the ENVIROBOND™ process was
demonstrated in September 1998 at two separate
areas of the Crooksville/Roseville Pottery site
in Ohio. Soil at the site, some of it adjacent to
residential areas, is contaminated with lead from
waste disposal practices associated with pottery
production operations. Soil at the demonstration
areas contains lead in concentrations ranging
from 100 ppm to 80,000 ppm. The objective of
the demonstration was to determine if the
ENVIROBOND™ process can reduce the
bioavailability of lead in the soil by 25 percent.
Results of the demonstration will be available in
early 1999.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ed Earth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax: 513-569-7585
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James M. Barthel
Director of Business Development
Rocky Mountain Remediation Services, L.L.C.
1819 Denver West Drive, Building 26, Suite
200
Golden, CO 80401
303-215-6620
Fax: 303-215-6720
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 223
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES
(In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Electrokinetic remediation has been used
successfully to treat saturated soils contaminated
with heavy metals. At some sites, however, it
may not be desirable to add the quantities of
water needed to saturate a contamination plume
in the vadose zone. Sandia National Laboratories
(SNL) has developed an electrokinetic
remediation technology that can be used in
unsaturated soils without adding significant
amounts of water.
The SNL electrokinetic extraction system, shown
in the figure below, consists of three main units:
the electrode assembly (electrode casing and
internal assemblies), the vacuum system, and the
power supply. The electrode casing consists of
a porous ceramic end that is 5 to 7 feet long and
has an outer diameter of 3.5 inches. During field
installation, the casing is attached to the required
length of 3-inch polyvinyl chloride pipe. The
electrode internal assembly consists of the drive
electrode, a water level control system, and a
pump system. The vacuum system consists of a
venturi vacuum pump and vacuum regulator that
together supply a constant vacuum for the
electrode. Up to four 10,000-watt power
supplies can operate in either constant voltage or
constant current mode.
When the drive electrode is energized,
contaminants and other ions are attracted into the
electrode casing. The water level control system
Pressure
Regulator
Pressure
Relief
Valve
Schematic Diagram of the In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction System
Page 224
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
adds water to, and extracts water from, the
electrodes. Water is supplied to the electrode
from a supply solution tank at the ground
surface. This solution is either drawn into the
electrode by the vacuum maintained in the
electrode or by a supply pump. .At the same
time, water is continuously pumped out from the
electrode casing at a constant rate. Part of the
contaminated water is sent to an effluent waste
tank at the ground surface; the remainder is
returned to the electrode to maintain circulation
of the fluid surrounding the electrode. A
metering pump controlled by in-line pH meters
regulates the introduction of neutralization
chemicals to each electrode. Process control and
monitoring equipment is contained in a 10-foot-
by-40-foot instrument trailer.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
SNL has developed its electrokinetic extraction
system to treat anionic heavy metals such as
chromate in unsaturated soil. There is no lower
limit to the contaminant concentration that can be
treated; however, there may be a lower limit on
the ratio of contaminant ions to other ions in the
soil.
The technology can be expanded to treat
saturated soils. Soil that is highly conductive
because of a high salinity content is not suitable
for this technology. In addition, sites with buried
metal debris, such as pipelines, are not
appropriate.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. The
SITE demonstration began May 1996, at an
unlined chromic acid pit within a SNL RCRA
regulated landfill. The operation was completed
in November 1996 and site closure was completed
in April 1997, with a closure report submitted to
New Mexico state regulators in September 1997.
The demonstration verified the technology's
capability of removing anionic contaminants from
vadose zone soil through passive operation.
Over 600 grams of hexavalent chromium were
removed by the technology during the
demonstration, equaling out to about 8
milligrams of chromium removed per kilowatt
hour. Reports on the demonstration are in final
preparation and should be available from EPA in
early 1999.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Eric Lindgren
Sandia National Laboratories
Mail Stop 0719
P.O. Box 5800
Albuquerque, NM 87185-0719
505-844-3820
Fax: 505-844-0543
E-mail: erlindg@sandia.gov
Earl D. Mattson
Sat-UnSat Inc.
12004 Del Rey NE
Albuquerque, NM 87122
505-856-3311
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 225
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SELENTEC ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Selentec MAG*SEPSM Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The MAG*SEPSM process uses the principles of
chemical adsorption and magnetism to selectively
bind and remove heavy metals or radionuclides
from aqueous solutions such as groundwater,
wastewater, and drinking water. Contaminants
are adsorbed on specially formulated particles
which have a core made from magnetic material;
these particles are then separated (along with the
adsorbed contaminants) from the solution using a
magnetic filter or magnetic collector. The
magnetic core has no interaction with the
contaminant.
The proprietary adsorbing particles are made of
a composite of organic polymers and magnetite.
The particles can be manufactured in two forms:
one with an ion exchanger and/or chelating
functional group attached to the particle surface
(amidoxime functionalized resin), or one with
inorganic adsorbers bound to the surface of the
particles (clinoptilolite). These particles have
high surface areas and rapid adsorption kinetics.
A typical MAG*SEPSM treatment system consists
of:
• a particle contact zone
• a particle handling
system,
including particle injection
components, a magnetic
separator, and particle reclaim
components
• a particle regeneration system
(where applicable)
The process stream enters a contact zone (usually
a tank - other configurations are used for
particular applications) where MAG*SEPSM
particles are injected and mixed. The contact
zone provides the necessary solution flow
characteristics and contact time with the particles
to ensure that the contamination will be adsorbed
onto the active surface sites of the particles. The
mixture then flows through a magnetic collector,
where the contaminated particles are retained
while the treated process stream passes through
(see figure below).
Particle
Injection
Tank
£
1
5
,
i
Particle
Regeneration
Process
Mixing
Zone
1 .
Particle
Reclaim
Tank
/I
,
Magnetic
Collector
Treated ^^
Water
Schematic Diagram of the Mag*SEPSM Treatment System
Page 226
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
Depending on the application, type of particle,
and contaminant concentration, the particles may
be re-injected into the flow stream, collected and
disposed of, or regenerated and reused. The
regeneration solution is processed to recover
(concentrate and remove) the contaminants and
may be recycled.
The MAG*SEPSM process is able to selectively
remove (either ex situ or in situ) the following
contaminants from aqueous solutions: titanium,
copper, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, molybdenum,
platinum, selenium, chromium, zinc, gold,
iodine, manganese, technetium, mercury,
strontium, iron, ruthenium, thallium, cesium,
cobalt, palladium, lead, radium, nickel, silver,
bismuth, thallium, antimony, zirconium, radium,
cerium, and all actmides. The process operates
at flow rates up to 2,000 gallons per minute
(gpm).
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MAG*SEPSM technology reduces heavy
metal and radionuclide contamination in water
and wastewater. The technology has specific
applications in environmental remediation and
restoration, treatment of acid mine drainage,
resource recovery, and treatment of commercial
industrial wastewater. MAG*SEPSM particles can
be produced to incorporate any known ion
exchanger or sorbing material. Therefore,
MAG*SEPSM can be applied in any situation
where conventional ion exchange is used.
STATUS:
The MAG*SEPSM technology was accepted into
the SITE Program in 1996 and is also one of 10
technologies participating in the White House's
Rapid Commercialization Initiative. In addition,
in 1997 the MAG*SEPSM technology received a
Research and Development (R&D) 100 Award
from the R&D trade publication as one of the 100
Most Technologically Significant New Products
of 1997.
Selentec has completed a demonstration of the
MAG*SEPSM technology at the U.S. Department
of Energy's Savannah River Site. Heavy metal
concentrations in coal pile runoff water were
significantly reduced to below drinking water
standards. Another demonstration of the
technology is planned for Savannah River
whereby radioactive cesium will be removed
streams. The technology is also being used to
remove mercury from heavy water drums at
Savannah River.
The first commercial unit of the MAG*SEPSM
technology was put into service on November 18,
1998, at a dairy in Ovruch, Ukraine. For this
application, the unit is removing radioactive
cesium from contaminated milk produced near
the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Plant.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steve Weldon
Selentec Environmental Technologies, Inc.
8601 Dunwoody Place, Suite 302
Atlanta, GA 30350-2509
770-640-7059
Fax: 770-640-9305
E-Mail: info@selentec.com
Home Page: www.selentec.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 227
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SEVENSON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The patented MAECTITE® chemical treatment
process for lead and other heavy metals uses
reagents and processing equipment to render
soils, waste, and other materials npnhazardous
when tested by the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP). The MAECTITE® process
reduces leachable lead, hexavalent chromium,
and other heavy metals to below treatment
standards required by land-ban regulations. Lead
in treated material, as determined by approved
EPA methods (such as the TCLP, extraction
procedure toxicity test, and the multiple
extraction procedure), complies with limits
established by EPA. The photograph below
shows a 500-ton-per-day ex situ unit.
500-Ton-Per-Day MAECTITE®
Processing System
Chemical treatment by the MAECTITE® process
converts leachable lead into insoluble minerals
and mixed mineral forms within the material or
waste matrix. MAECTITE® reagents stimulate
the nucleation of crystals by chemical bonding to
yield mineral compounds hi molecular forms.
These forms are resistant to leaching and physical
degradation from environmental forces. The
durability of traditional monolithic solidification-
stabilization process end-products is often
measured by geotechnical tests such as wet-dry,
freeze-thaw, permeability, and unconfined
compressive strength. The MAECTITE® process
does not use physical binders, is not pozzolanic
or siliceous, and does not rely on the formation
of metallic hydroxides using hydration
mechanisms. Therefore, these tests are not
relevant to MAECTITE® product chemical
stability, although engineered properties are
readily obtained, if required. MAECTITE® is
not pH dependent and does not use adsorption,
absorption, entrapment, lattice containment,
encapsulation, or other physical binding
principles. The technology is a true chemical
reaction process that alters the structure and
properties of the waste, yielding stable
compounds.
The MAECTITE® process uses water to assist in
dispersing reagents. However, the dehydration
characteristic of the process liberates water
present in waste prior to treatment (absorbed and
hydrated forms) to a free state where it can be
removed from the waste matrix by evaporation
and capillary drying principles. The ability of
treated material to readily lose water, the
formation of dense mineral crystals, and the
restructuring of the material as a result of
MAECTITE® treatment (where interstitial space
is minimized), all contribute to reduced waste
volume and weight.
Ex situ MAECTITE® processing equipment
generally consists of material screening and
sizing components, liquid and solid reagent
storage delivery subsystems, and a mixing unit
such as a pug mill. Equipment is mobile but can
Page 228
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approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
be modified for fixed system operations. In situ
MAECTITE® processing equipment is also
available; system selection is largely dictated by
contaminant plume configuration, 'soil
characteristics, and site space limitations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Materials that have been rendered nonhazardous
include soils; sludges; sediments; battery
contents, including casings; foundry sands; and
firing range soil. Oversized material can be
treated with the process as debris, but size
reduction often makes processing more efficient.
Even sludges with free liquids (as determined by
the paint filter test) have been treated to TCLP
compliance when excess fluids are present.
The range of lead levels effectively treated has
not been fully determined; however, soils with
total lead as high as 30 percent by weight and
TCLP values over 15,000 milligrams per liter
(mg/L) were not problematic. Common lead
levels encountered have averaged from
200 milligrams per kilogram to 6,500 with
TCLP concentrations averaging 20 to 400 mg/L.
Material geochemistry most often dictates final
MAECTITE® treatment designs. Furthermore,
correlations between total lead and regulated
leachable lead levels are inconsistent, with
treatment efforts more strongly related to the
geochemical characteristics of the waste material.
STATUS:
The chemical treatment technology was initially
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in March 1992. EPA is seeking a suitable
demonstration site.
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc.
(Sevenson), acquired the MAECTITE®
technology in 1993 and was issued second, third
and fourth patents in 1995, 1996, and 1997
respectively. Combining ex situ and in situ
quantities, over 650,000 tons of material has
been successfully processed. Treatability studies
have been conducted on over 100 different
materials in over 40 states, Canada, Italy, and
Mexico. The technology has been applied at full-
scale demonstration and remedial projects in over
25 states and in all 10 EPA regions.
The MAECTITE® process has been formally
accepted into the EPA PQOPS program for the
fixation-stabilization of inorganic species.
Proprietary technology modifications have shown
promise in rendering radionuclides nonleachable
using gamma spectral counting methods on TCLP
extract.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles McPheeters
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc.
9425 Calumet Avenue, Suite 101
Munster, IN 46321
219-836-0116
Fax: 219-836-2838
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 229
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SIVE SERVICES
(Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction (SIVE)
uses steam injection wells in conjunction with
dual-phase extraction wells for in situ treatment
of contaminated soil and groundwater. The
injected steam strips volatile and semivolatile
organic compounds as it permeates the
contaminated zones. The steam increases the
subsurface temperature, which increases mass
transfer and phase exchange rates, reduces liquid
viscosities, and accelerates desorption of
contaminants from the matrix. The moisture and
warmth provided by the steam also accelerates
biodegradation of residual contaminants. As a
result, contaminants are extracted or degraded at
increased rates as compared to conventional
isothermal vapor and liquid extraction systems.
SIVE-LF (Linear Flow) is an enhanced SIVE
method designed for relatively shallow depths.
With the SIVE-LF process, as illustrated in the
figure below, steam is forced to flow horizontally
and uniformly from one trench, through the
contaminant zone, and into another trench, from
which the contaminants are extracted. The large
open area of the trench faces allow for high
injection and extraction rates, which promote low
treatment duration. The trenches also allow for
installation of an impermeable barrier, such as a
polyethylene liner, against one face of the open
trench before the trench is backfilled, thus
reducing the flow of injected or extracted fluid
outside the area of the targeted zones. A surface
covering for the treatment area prevents short-
circuiting of the flow of injected steam to the
atmosphere, and prevents atmospheric air from
entering the extraction trench.
Surface equipment for SIVE includes
conventional steam generation and delivery
systems, and the vacuum extraction system. The
vacuum extraction system includes a vacuum
blower, steam condenser, other cooling
components, and air emission control devices.
The condensate generated by the process requires
Injection
Optional Side Wall
Cement
The SIVE-LF Process
Page 230
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
further treatment or off-site disposal. The
reliability of the equipment and automatic
controls allows SIVE to operate without constant
direct supervision.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
SIVE may be applied to soil or groundwater
contaminated with fuels, industrial solvents, oils,
and other liquid toxics, and may be applied at
any depth. The SIVE-LF process is designed to
treat to depths of 30 feet. Because highly volatile
contaminants are readily air-stripped without the
added effects of steam, the steam-stripping effect
will be greatest on the heavier, less volatile
contaminants. SIVE also effectively removes
floating non aqueous-phase liquids from
groundwater.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. A
suitable site for the demonstration is being
sought, although at this time the project is
considered inactive.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Dieter
SIVE Services
555 Rossi Drive
Dixon, CA 95620
707-678-8358
Fax: 707-678-2202
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
STAR ORGANICS, L.L.C.
(Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Star Organics, L.L.C., has developed a liquid
remediation solution that binds heavy metal
contaminants in soils, sludges, and aqueous
solutions. The liquid, called Soil Rescue,
consists of organic acids that occur naturally in
trace concentrations in soil. The liquid is
typically sprayed onto and then tilled into the
contaminated media; the application process can
be repeated until the metals concentration in the
media are reduced to below the applicable
cleanup standards. Laboratory and pilot-scale
tests have shown that metals concentrations can
be reduced to below Research Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) regulatory levels.
The Soil Rescue solution does not destroy or
remove toxic concentrations of metals. Instead,
organic acids in the solution bond with the metals
to form more complex metallic compounds in a
process known as chelation. Soil Rescue is
essentially a ligand that acts as a chelating agent.
In the chelation reaction, coordinate bonds attach
the metal ion to least two ligand organic
compounds to form a heterocyclic ring. The
resulting ring structure is inherently more stable
than simpler structures formed in other binding
processes.
By effectively binding the metals, the process
reduces the waste stream's toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) test results to less
than the RCRA-regulated levels, subsequently
reducing the risks posed to human health and the
environment. Once the toxic metals are bound to
the ligand, the bond appears to be irreversible.
The permanence of the bond has been tested
using all recognized EPA test procedures for
such determinations, including exposure to
boiling acids.
The Soil Rescue process offers the following
advantages over some treatment options: (1) it
minimizes the handling and transport costs
associated with treatment and disposal, (2) it
requires no air monitoring because it release no
emissions, (3) its liquid application procedure
minimizes fugitive dust emissions, (4) it
generates no effluent, (5) it requires no
stockpiling of contaminated soil, and (6) it
minimizes exposure risks for workers because it
is sprayed directly onto the contaminated media.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Soil Rescue solution has been shown to be
effective in reducing concentrations of barium,
cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury,
selenium, and zinc. In situ remediation of heavy
metal contaminated soil may be possible in
moderately permeable soils. In dense or heavily
compacted soils, the remediation procedure may
require soil excavation and application of the Soil
Rescue solution to moisten the media, followed
by mixing in a rotating cylinder. This procedure
can be repeated until the metals concentrations hi
the soil are sufficiently reduced to allow the soil
to be replaced as backfill in its original location.
At a soil pH of 5.0, a single application can
reduce lead concentrations of 1,000 parts per
million (ppm) to below the EPA maximum
permissible level; with a second application of
the remediation fluid, lead concentrations can be
reduced to below the RCRA regulatory limit of
5 ppm.
STATUS:
Under a cooperative agreement with the Ohio
EPA, the Soil Rescue technology was
demonstrated in September 1998 at two separate
areas of the Crooksville/Roseville Pottery site in
Ohio. Soil at the site, some of it adjacent to
residential areas, is contaminated with lead from
waste disposal practices associated with pottery
production operations. Soil at the demonstration
areas contain lead in concentrations ranging from
lOO ppm to 80,000 ppm. The objective of the
demonstration was to determine if the Soil
Rescue process can reduce the bioavailability of
lead in the soil by 25 percent. Results of the
demonstration will be available in early 1999.
Page 232
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ed Earth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax: 513-569-7585
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phil G. Clarke, President
Star Organics, L.L.C.
3141 Hood Street, Suite 350
Dallas, TX 75219
214-522-0742
Fax: 214-522-0616
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 233
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
:tr,S, AIR FORCE
(Phytoremediation of TCE-Contaminated Shallop Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The U. S. Air Force (USAF) has initiated a field
demonstration designed to evaluate the
effectiveness of eastern cottonwood trees in
remediating shallow groundwater contaminated
with trichloroethene (TCE). Using vegetation to
remediate contaminated soil and groundwater is
known as phytoremediation.
Phytoremediation of groundwater involves
planting deep-rooted, water-loving vegetation to
reduce contaminant levels in the saturated zone.
The USAF's demonstration entails planting and
cultivating eastern cottonwood trees over a
dissolved TCE plume in a shallow (6 to 11 feet
below grade) alluvial aquifer.
The cottonwood trees are expected to
bioremediate the contaminated groundwater and
any contaminated soil through one or more of the
following mechanisms:
• Release of root exudates and
enzymes stimulating microbial
activity in the rhizosphere and
enhancing biochemical
transformations of contaminants
• Metabolism or mineralization of
contaminants within the vegetative
tissues; the contaminated water
enters the vegetative tissues by root
uptake from the aquifer
• Transpiration of water by the leaves
In essence, the trees are expected to serve as a
natural pump-and-treat system.
TCE concentrations in the groundwater, soil
from the rhizosphere, and tree tissues will be
Legend
• Monitoring Well
Monitoring well
with Recorder
• Nested Wells
A Piezometer
50 100
!•
Scale in Feet
Schematic Diagram of the Site Layout at Navel Air Station Ft. Worth
Page 234
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
}roject
February
Ongoing Pi
monitored during the demonstration. In general,
data will be gathered and interpreted to identify
the overall effect of the planted trees on the
dissolved TCE plume in the aquifer.
Groundwater levels and TCE concentrations in
the aquifer will be measured initially to establish
baseline conditions and subsequently to map
changes hi the aquifer throughout the
demonstration period. Changes hi the flow field
and the position of the TCE plume will also be
modeled.
TCE concentrations will also be monitored in the
soil from the rhizosphere and in the tree tissues.
Ratios of daughter and parent compounds will be
calculated for groundwater, soil, and tissue
samples collected throughout the demonstration
period. Microbial activity in the rhizosphere will
be monitored and transpiration rates will be
measured. These data will be used to determine
the fate of the TCE at the site, including those
processes that affect its fate.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The USAF's phytoremediation technology may
be used to remediate shallow groundwater and
soil contaminated with TCE, as well as other
contaminants common to USAF installations.
Such contaminants include petroleum, munitions,
and halogenated hydrocarbons. Costs of the
technology are limited to initial site preparation,
planting, and occasional maintenance (irrigation).
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1996. The USAF is
currently demonstrating its phytoremediation
technology on a TCE plume near Air Force Plant
4 at the Naval Air Station Ft. Worth, formerly
Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth, Texas.
Initial site characterization and final site selection
were completed in January 1996. Site
development, which included planting trees and
installing the irrigation system, was completed in
April 1996. The figure on the previous page
details the layout of the site. Baseline sampling
began in June 1996, and demonstration sampling
is scheduled to continue until 2000. Preliminary
data may be obtained from either of the below
listed contacts.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory •
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569.7105
AIR FORCE PROJECT MANAGER:
Gregory Harvey
U.S. Air Force
Mail Stop ASC-EMR
1801 10<;h Street, Building 8, Suite 200
Area B
Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433
513-255-7716, ext. 302
Fax: 513-255-4155
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 235
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
VORTEC CORPORATION
(Vitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has developed an
oxidation and vitrification process for remediating
soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
contaminated with organics, inorganics, and
heavy metals. The process can vitrify materials
introduced as dry granulated materials or
slurries.
The figure below illustrates the Vortec
vitrification process. Its basic elements include
(1) a cyclone melting system (CMS™); (2) a
material handling, storage, and feeding
subsystem; (3) a vitrified product separation and
reservoir assembly; (4) an air preheater
(recuperator); (5) an air pollution control
subsystem; and (6) a vitrified product handling
subsystem.
The Vortec CMS™ is the primary system and
consists of two major assemblies: a
counterrotating vortex (CRV) reactor and a
cyclone melter. First, slurried or dry-
contaminated soil is introduced into the CRV.
The CRV (1) provides a high temperature
environment; (2) preheats the suspended waste
materials along with any glass-forming additives
mixed with soil; and (3) destroys any organic
constituents in the soil. The average temperature
of materials leaving the CRV reactor chamber is
between 2,200 and 2,800 °F, depending on the
melting characteristics of the processed soils.
The preheated solid materials exit the CRV and
enter the cyclone melter, where they are
dispersed to the chamber walls to form a molten
glass product. The vitrified, molten glass
product and the exhaust gases exit the cyclone
melter through a tangential exit channel and enter
a glass- and gas-separation chamber.
The exhaust gases then enter an air preheater to
heat the incoming air and are subsequently
delivered to the air pollution control subsystem
for participate and acid gas removal. The molten
glass product exits the glass- and gas-separation
chamber through the tap and is delivered to a
water quench assembly for subsequent disposal.
WASTE
MA'
MATERIAL
r—
ADDITIVES
MATERIAL HANDLING
STORAGE & FEEDING
SUBSYSTEM
FLUE GAS
CLEANUP
SUBSYSTEM
VITRIFIED PRODUCT
HANDLING SUBSYSTEM
Vortec Vitrification Process
Page 236
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 1999
Ongoing Project
Unique features of the Vortec vitrification
process include the following:
• Processes solid waste contaminated
with both organic and heavy metal
contaminants
• Handles waste quantities ranging from
5 to more than 400 tons per day
• Recycles particulate residue collected
in the air pollution control subsystem
into the CMS™. These recycled
materials are incorporated into the glass
product.
• Produces a vitrified product that is
nontoxic according to EPA toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) standards. The product has
long- term stability.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Vortec vitrification process treats soils,
sediments, sludges, and mill tailings containing
organic, inorganic, and heavy metal
contamination. Organic materials included with
the waste are successfully destroyed by the high
temperatures in the CRV. The inorganic
constituents in the waste material determine the
amount and type of glass-forming additives
required to produce a vitrified product. This
process can be modified to produce a glass cullet
that consistently meets TCLP requirements.
STATUS:
The Vortec vitrification process was accepted
into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in
May 1991. Research under the Emerging
Technology Program was completed in winter
1994, and Vortec was invited to participate in the
SITE Demonstration Program.
Construction of a 1.5-ton-per-hour, transportable
system for treating contaminated soil at a
Department of Energy site in Paducah,
Kentucky, was initiated in October 1996. A
SITE demonstration is expected to occur in early
1999.
A 50-ton-per-day system has been purchased by
Ormet Aluminum Corporation of Wheeling, West
Virginia for recycling aluminum spent pot liners,
which are considered cyanide- and fluoride-
containing wastes (K088). The recycling system
became operational in 1996. Vortec is offering
commercial systems and licenses for the CMS™
system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hnat
Vortec Corporation
3770 Ridge Pike
Collegeville, PA 19426-3158
610-489-2255
Fax: 610-489-3185
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 237
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Documents Available from the
US EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Superfund Technology Demonstration Division
General Publications
SITE Program: Annual Report to Congress 1994 (EPA/540/R-95/522)
SITE Profiles, Seventh Edition (EPA/540/r-94/526) :
Survey of Materials Handling Technologies Used at Hazardous Waste
Sites (EPA/540/2-91/010)
Interim Status Report U.S. and German bilateral Agreement on Remediation of Hazardous Waste
Sites (EPA/540/R-94/500)
Demonstration Project Results
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.—Pneumatic
Fracturing Extraction and Hot Gas Injection,
Phase 1
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/509)
PB93-216596
• Technology Demo. Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/509)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/509)3
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/509)3
PB94-117439
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (formerly
Chemfix)-Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5- 89/01 la)3 PB91-127696
• Technology Evauation Vol.11
(EPA/540/5-89/01 lb)3 PB90-274127
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/011)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/011)3
American Combustion, Inc.-Oxygen Enhanced
Incineration
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/008)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/008)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/008)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/008)3
AWD Technologies, Inc.- Integrated Vapor Extraction
and Steam Vacuum Stripping
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/002)
PB92-218379
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/002)3
Babcock & Wilcox Co-Cyclone Furnace Vitrification
« Technology Evaluation Vol. 1 (EPA/540/R-92/017A)3
PB92-222215
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/R-92/017B)3
PB92-222223
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/017)
PB93-I22315
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/017)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/011)
Bergman USA-Soil and Sediment Washing System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/075)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/075)
Biogenesis Enterprises, Inc.-Soil and Sediment Washing
Processes
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/510)
• Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/510)
• SITE Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510)3
Bio-Rem, Inc. - Augmented In-Situ Subsurface Biorem
Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/527)
BioTrol - Biological Aqueous Treatment System
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/001)3
PB92-110048
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/001)
PB91-227983
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/001)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/001)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
Page 239
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Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
BioTroI - Soil Washing System
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-91/003a)3 PB92-115310
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 Part A
(EPA/54d/5-91/003b)3 PB92-115328
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 Part B
(EPA/54b/5-91/003c)3 PB92-115336
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/003)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/003)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/003)
Brice Environmental Services Corporation-Bescorp
Soil Washing System Battery Enterprises Site
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/503)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-93/503)
;:ni ' »i| '• in11 .
Brown and Root Environmental-Subsurface
Volatilization and Ventilation System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/529)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/529a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-94/529)
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation-Low
Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/504)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/504)
CeTech Resources, Inc., formerly Chemfix
Technologies, Inc. - Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-89/01 la) PB91-127696
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11
(EPA/540/5-89/01 Ib) PB90-274127
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/011 )3
PB91-921373
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/011)3
CF Systems Corporation-Liquified Gas Solvent
Extraction
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-90/002)
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/5-
90/002a)3PB90-186503
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/002)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/002)
Chemfix Technologies, Inc. (Now Advanced Remediation
Mixing, Inc.) - Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5- 89/01 la)
PB91-1276962
• Technology Evauatiori Vol.11 (EPA/540/5-89/01 Ib)
PB90-2741272
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/011)
PB91-9213732
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/011)3
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.-X-TRAX Thermal
Desorption System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/502)
Clean Berkshires, Inc. (Now Maxymillian Technologies)-
Thermal Desorption System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/507)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/507a)3
Cognis, Inc. Removal of Lead from Soils
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/535)
Dehydro-Tech Corporation-Carver-Greenfield Process
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/002)3
PB92-217462
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/002)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/002)
Dupont/Oberlin-Membrane Microfiltration System
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-90/007)3
PB92-153410
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/007)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/007)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/007)
Dynaphore, Inc.- Forager Sponge Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/522)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/522a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/522)
ECOVA Corporation - Bioslurry Reactor [Pilot-Scale
Demonstration of Slurry-Phase Biological Reactor for
Creosote-Contaminated Wastewater]
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-91/009)3 PB93-205532
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/009)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/009)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/009)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
Page 240
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Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.
- GasPhase Chemical Reduction
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/522)
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/54'0/R-93/522a) PB95-100251
• Technology Evaluation Appendices
(EPA/540/R-93/522b)3 PB95-100251
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/522)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/522)
- Thermal Desorption Unit
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR94/504)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-94/504
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc.-Metal-Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR95/510)
EPOC Water, Inc. - Microfiltration Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR93/513)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/513)
Filter Flow Technology, Inc. - Colloid Polishing Filter
Method
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR95/501)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/501a) PB95-122792
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/501)
B95-122792
Geo-Con, Inc.-In-Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-89/004a)
• Technology Evaluation Appendices (EPA/540/R-
93/522b)3 PB95-100251
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/5-
89)004b)3 PB89-194179
• Technology Evaluation Vol. Ill (EPA/540/5-
89/004C)3 PB90-269069
• Technology Evaluation Vol. IV (EPA/540/5-
89/004d)3 PB90-269077
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/004)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/004)
• Technology Demo. Summary, Update Report
(EPA/540/S5-89/004a)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/004)3
Geosafe Corporation - In-Sitn Vitrification
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR94/520)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/520a)3 PB95-177101
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/520)
GeoTech Development Corporation - Cold Top
Vitrification
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-97/506)
CIS/Solutions, Inc. - CIS/KEY Environmental Data
Management System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR94/505)
• Capsule (EPA/540/SR-94/505)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/505)
PB95-138319
Grace Dearborn Bioremediation Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/536)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/536a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-95/536)
Gruppa Ktalimpresse (developed by Shirco Infrared
Systems, Inc.) - Infrared Incineration
• Technology Evaluation -Peake Oil
(EPA/540/5-88/002a)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Peake Oil Vol. 11
(EPA/540/5-88/002b) PB89-116024
• Technology Evaluation - Rose Township (EPA/540/5-
89/007a) PB89-125991
* Technology Evaluation- Rose Township Vol. 11
(EPA/540/5-89)007b) PB89-167910
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/010)
PB89-233423
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/007)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-88/002)3
Hazcon, Inc. (now Funderburk and Assoc.) -
Solidification Process
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-89/001 a)
PB89-1588103
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/5-89)001b)
PB89-1588283
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/001)
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/001)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/001)3
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-96/504)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-96/504)
Horseheacl Resource Development Co., Inc. - Flame
Reactor
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-91/005)
PB92-205855 '
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/005)
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/005)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/005)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock ;
Page 241
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Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. - HRUBOUT
Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524)
Huges Environmental Systems, Inc. - Steam Enhanced
Recovery Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR94/510)
• Capsule (EPA/540R-94/510a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/510)
IT Research Institute (Brown and Root
Environmental, Inc.) - Radio Frequency Heating
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR94/527)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/527a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/527)
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc. - In-
Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-89/004a)
PB90-1941612
• Technology Evaluation Appendices
(EPA/540/R-93/522b) PB95-1002512
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/5-89/004b)
PB89-1941792
• Technology Evaluation Vol. Ill
(EPA/540/5-89/004c) PB90-2690692
• Technology Evaluation Vol. IV (EPA/540/5-89/004d)
PB90-2690772
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/004)
PB90-2690852
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/004)3
* Technology Demo. Summary, Update Report
(EPA/540/S5-89/004a)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/004)3
KAI Technologies Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental Radio Frequency Heating
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/528)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/528a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-94/528)!
Magnum Water Technology - CAV-OX Ultraviolet
Oxidation Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/520)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/520)
PB94-189438
• Technology Evaluation Rep. (EPA/540/R-93/520)3
PB95-166161
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/520)
Matrix Photocatalytic Ltd. - Photocatalytic Aqueous
Phase Organics Destruction Process
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-97/503)
Maxymillian Technologies (formerly Clean Berkshires,
Inc.) - Thermal Desorption System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/507)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/507a)
PB95-1228002
New Jersey Institute of Technology - Cold Top
Vitrification Process
• Denwnstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-97/506)
New York State Multi-Vendor Bioremediation:
- ENSR Consulting & Engineering/Larson Engineers -
Ex-Situ Biovault
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/524)
- R.E. Wright Environmental Inc. - In-Situ
Bioremediation System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/525)
-SBP Technologies, Inc. And Env. Laboratories, Inc. -
Vacuum-Vaporized Well (UVB) System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-96/506)
North American Technologies Group, Inc. - SFC
Oleofiltration System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/525)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/525a)3 PB95-167227
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/525)
•
Ogden Environmental Services, Inc. (now General
Atomics) - Ogden Circulating Bed Combustor
• Dempnstratipn Bulletin (EP A/540/MR-92/001)
• Technology Evaluation Rep. (EPA/540/MR-92/001)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERT) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
Page 242
-------
Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (now Vulcan) - Perox-
Pure™ Chemical Oxidation
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/501)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/501)
• Technology Evaluation Rep. (EPA/540/R-93/501)3
PB93-213528
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/501)
Resources Conservation Company - The Basic
Extractive Sludge Treatment (B.E.S.T.) - Solvent
Extraction
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/079)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/079)
• Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1
(EPA/540/R-92/079a) PB93-227122
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11, Part 1
(EPA/540/R-92/079b)3 PB93-227130
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11, Part 2
(EPA/540/R-92/079c)3 PB93-227148
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11, Part 3
(EPA/540/R-92)079d)3 PB93-227155
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/079)
Retech, Inc. - Plasma Centrifugal Furnace (Plasma
Arc Vitrification)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/007)
• Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-9l/007a)3 PB92-216035
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/5-
91/007b)3
PB92-216043
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/007)
PB92-218791
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/007)
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
- and IT Corporation - Debris Washing System
• Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-91/006a)
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/5-
91/006b)3
PB91-231464
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/S5-91/006)
- and University of Cincinnati-Hydraulic
Fracturing of Contaminated Soil
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/505)
« Technology Evaluation and Applications Analysis
Combined (EPA/540/R-93/505)
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)
-and USDA-Forest Products Technology - Fungal
Treatment Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/514)
-Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Sand Creek
Superf'und Site
• Treatability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/512)
-Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Escambia
Superfund Site
• Treatability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/511)
-Volume Reduction Unit
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/508)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/508)
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/508)3
PB94-136264
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/508)
Rochem Separations Systems, Inc. - Disc Tube Modle
Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-96/507)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-96/507a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-96/507)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
-and KEG Technologies-Unterdruck-Verdampfer-
Brunner Technology (UVB) Vacuum Vaporizing Well
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/500)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/500a)
-Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3) System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/019)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/019)
Sandia National Labs - In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction
System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-97/509)
SBP Technologies, Inc.-Membrant Filtration and
Bioremediation
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/014)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/014)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
Page 243
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Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
Corporation-
Organic/Inorganic
SilicatcTechnology
Solidification/Stabilization of
Contaminants
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/010)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/01O)3
PB93-172948
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/010)3
PB95-255709
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/010)
Simplot, J.R. - Ex Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation
Technology: TNT
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/529)
• Capsule (EPA/540/MR-95/529a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/529)
Simplot, J.R. - Ex-Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation
System (The SABRE Process)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/508)
• Capsule (EPA/540R-94/508a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-94/508)
Soiltech ATP Systems, Inc.
-Aostra-SoilTech Anaerobic Thermal Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/008)
-SoilTech Anaerobic Thermal Processor
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/078)
Soliditech, Inc. - Solidification and Stabilization
* Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-89/005a)3 PB90-191750
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 EPA/540/5-89/005b)3
PB90-191768
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/005)
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/005)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005)3
Solucorp - Molecular Bonding System
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-97/507)
Sonotech, Inc. - Cello Pulse Combustion Burner
System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/502)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/502a)
TerraKleen Response Group, Inc. - Solvent Extraction
Treatment System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/521)3
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/521a)
Terra Vac, Inc. - In Situ Vacuum Extraction
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/003)3
• Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-89/003a)3 PB89-192025 '
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/5-89/003b)3
PB89-192033
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/003)
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/S5-89/003)
Texaco, Inc. - Entrained-Bed Gasification Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/514)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/514a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-94/514)
• i ' ' i,
Thorneco, Inc. - Enzyme - Activated Cellulose Technology
• Treataability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/018)3
Toronto Harbour Commission - Soil Recycling Treatment
Train
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/015)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/517)
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/517)3
PB93-216067
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/517)
Toxic Treatments USA, Inc. (Now NOVATERRA, Inc.) -
In-Situ Steam/Hot Air Stripping
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/003)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/008)
Ultrox, a Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. - UV
Ozone Treatment for Liquids
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/012)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/012)
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/012)3
PB90-198177
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/012)
U.S. EPA - McCoIl Superfund Site - Demonstration of a
Trial Excavation
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-92/015)3
PB92-226448
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/015)
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/015)
1 Order documents ftee of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
'Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
Page 244
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Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (formerly
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.) -PO*WW*ER™
Technology
» Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/506)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/506)
« Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1
(EPA/540/R-93/506a)3 PB94-160637
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11
(EPA/540/R-93506b)3 PB94-160660 .
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/506)
Zenon Environmental, Inc. - Zenon Cross-Flow
Pervaporation Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/511)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/511a)
Zenon Environmental Systems - Zenogem Wastewater
Treatment Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/503)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/503a)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569:7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
1 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
Page 245
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Emerging Technologies Program Reports
General Publications
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: - Innovation Making a Difference
Emerging Tech. Brochure (EPA/540/F-94/505)
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: - Technology with an Impact Emerging
Tech. Brochure (EPA/540/F-93/500)
SITE Emerging Technology Program (Brochure) (EPA/540/F-95/502)
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. - Two Zone PCE Bioremediation System
Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/510)
Center for Hazardous Materials Research - Acid
Extraction Treatment System for Treatment of Metal
Contaminated Soils
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/513)3 PB94-
188109
Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/513)
Aluminum Company of America (Now Media &
Process Technology) - Bioscrubber for Removing
Hazardous Organic Emission from Soil, Water, and
Air Decontamination Process
• EmergingTech. Report (EPA/540/R- 93/521)3
PB93-227025
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/521)
• Journal Article AWMA Vol. 44, No. 3, March 1994
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited - Chemical
Treatment and Ultrafiltration
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/002)
Babcock & Wilcox Co. - Cyclone Furnace (Soil
Vitrification)
• EmergingTech. Report (EPA/540/R- 93/507)
PB93-163038
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/010)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/507)
Bateile Memorial Institute - In Situ Elecroacoustic
Soil Decontamination
Emerging Technology (EPA7540/5-90/004)3
PB90-204728
• EmergingTech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004)3
Bio-Recovery Systertis, Inc. - Removal and Recovery
of Metal Ions from Groundwater (AlgaSORB)
• Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/005a)
• Emerging Tech. - Appendices
(EPA/540/5-90/005S)3 PB90-252602
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/005)
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/003)
Biotrol, Inc. - Mehanotrophic Bioreactor System
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/506)
• EmergingTech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)
• Journal Article AWMA Vol. 45, No.l, Jan. 1995
- Reclamation of Lead from Superfund Waste Material
Using Secondary Lead Smelters
Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/510)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-95/504)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-95/504)3
PB9-199022
-Simulatanious Destruction of Organics and Stabilization
of Metals in Soils
Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-98/500)
Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-98/500)
PB98-133150
Colorado School of Mimes - Constructed Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001)
Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/523)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93V523)3
PB93-233914
University of Dayton Research Institute - Development of
a Photothermal Detoxification Unit
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/505)
Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-95/526)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-95/526)3
PB95-255733
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. - Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/011)
Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S-93/504)
• Journal Article AWMA V43, No. 43, May 1993
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
Page 246
-------
Emerging Technologies Program Reports
Electokinetics Inc. -Theoretical and Experimental
Modeling of Multispecies...EIectrokinetic Soil
Processing
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/504)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/600/SR-97/054)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/600/R-97/054)
PB97-1930562
Energy and Environmental Engineering - Laser-
Induced Photochemical Oxidative Destruction
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/004)
Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-92/080)3
PB93-131431
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation -
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/508)
FERRO Corporation - Waste Vitrification Through
Electric Melting
Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/503)
Florida International University (or Electron Beam
Research Facility)
- Electron Beam Treatment for Removal of Benzene
and Toluene from Aqueous Streams and Sludge
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/502)
- Electron Beam Treatment for the Trichloroethylene
and Tetrachloroethylene from Aqueous Stream
Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/009)
-Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions Using
High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation
Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/509)
Institute of Gas technology
-Chemical and Biological Treatment (CBT)
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/504)
-Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/501)
IT Corporation - Innovative Methods for Bioslurry
Treatment
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-96/505)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-96/505)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/ R-96/505)
PB97-1768202
IT Corporation - Photolysis/Biodegradation of PCB and
PCDD/PCDF Contaminated Soils
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/502)
• Emerging Jech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/531)
Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/531)3
PB95-159992
IT Corporation - Process for the Treatment of Volatile
Organic Carbon & Heavy-Metal Contaminated Soil
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/509)
J.R. Simplot - Anaerobic Destruction of Nitroaromatics
(the SABRE Process)
Journal Article App.Env.Micro, Vol. 58, pp. 1683-89
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. - Photocatalytic Water
Treatment
• Journal Article (EPA/600/A-93/282)3
PB94-130184
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. - Volatile
Organic Compound Removal from Air Streams by
Membrane Separation
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/503)
M.L. Energia- Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Process
for Safe Conversion of Hazardous Chlorocarbon Waste
Streams
Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/508)
New Jersey Institute of Technology - GHEA Associates
Process for Soil Washing and Wastewater Treatment
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/509)
PURUS, Inc. - Photolytic Oxidation Process [Destruction
of Organic Contaminants in Air Using Advanced
Ultraviolet Flashlamps]
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/501)
Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/516)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/516)
PB93-205383
Roy F. Weston, Inc. - Ambersorb 563 Adsorbent
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/500)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-95/516)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-95/516)3
PB95-264164
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
Page 247
-------
Emerging Technologies Program Reports
University of Washington - Metals Treatment at
Superfund Sites by Adsorptive Filtration
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/008)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/515)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/515)3
PB94-170230
Vortec Corporation - Vitrification
• Published Paper, Glass Production Technol
International, 1994, p. 103 - 106
Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S-97/501 )4
Wastewater Technology Centre - [A] Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System [for Removal of VOC's from
Contaminated Water]
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/503)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/512)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/512)3
PB95-170230
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
} Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
Page 248
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
-------
Measuring and Monitoring Program Reports
Cone Penetrometers
Portable Gas Chromatographs
Loral Rapid Optical Screening Tool (HOST)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/519)
Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/519)
Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System
(SCAPS)
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/520)
Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/520)
Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence
HNU Systems SEFA-P Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-97/144)
Metorex X-Met 920P and 940 Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-97/146)
Metorex X-Met 920MP Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-97/151)
Niton XL Spectrum Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-97/150)
SciTec MAP Spectrum Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-97/147)
TN Spectrace TN9000 and TN Pb Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence Analyzers
Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-97/145)
Analytical & Remedial Technology Purge and Trap Gas
Chromatographic Manifod System (AVOS)
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/600/R-93/109)
Bruker Mobiel Environmental Monitor
• Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/600/X-91/079)
Field Analytical Screening Program (FASP) Method for
PCP
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/R-95/528)
Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/MR-95/528)
Field Analytical Screening Program (FASP) Method for
PCB
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/R-95/521)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/MR-95/521)
HNU Portable Gas Chromatograph
• Results reported in the Proceedings of the U.S. EPA
Third International Field Screening Symposium
Volume 2, Pages 682-693 (1993)
Photovac Portable Gas Chromatograph
• Results reported in the Proceedings of the U.S. EPA
Third International Field Screening Symposium
Volume 2, Pages 682-693 (1993)
Sentex Portable Gas Chromatograph
• Results reported in the Proceedings of the U.S. EPA
Third International Field Screening Symposium
Volume 2, Pages 682-693 (1993)
SRI Instruments Low Temperature Thermal Desorption
System
• Results reported in the Proceedings of the U.S. EPA
Third International Field Screening Symposium
Volume 2, Pages 682-693 (1993)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
Page 249
-------
Spectrometers
Measuring and Monitoring Program Reports
Soil & Soil Gas Samples
MDA Scientific Long-Path Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectrometer
• Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/600/S3-91/071)
:"!' !'i' ''• I'1' ' i
'S"'ii 'V! ,
Xontech, Inc. Canister-based Sector Sample
• Reportp?A/600/S3-91/071)
PCP/PCB Immunoassay Test Kits
Char-N-Soil PCB Test Kit - Dexel
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/518)
Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/ R-95/518)
EnviroGard PCB Test Kit-Millipore Inc.
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/517)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/ R-95/517)
Millipore Immunoasay Test Kit for PCB
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/517)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/ R-95/517)
PCP Immunoassay Technologies: Ensys Inc. - PENTA
Rise: Ohmicron Corp., - Penta RaPid; Millipore Inc. -
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/514)
« Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/514)
Art's Manufacturing Soil Sampler
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-98/093)
Clements & Associates Soil Sampler
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-98/097)
Geoprobe® Soil Sampler
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-98/092)
Simulprobe® Soil Sampler
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-98/094)
Quandrel Soil Gas Sampler
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-98/096)
W.L. Gore & Associates Soil Gas Sampler
Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/600/R-98/095)
Envirogard
* Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/515)
», Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/ R-95/514)
U-Hanby PCP Test Kit
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/515)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/515)
Wcstinghouse PCP Test Kit
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/600/X-90/146)
' Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-5S-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
'Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
Page 250
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
-------
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54 Site Program
(4 Technology Demonstrations):
E.I. DVPONT/OBERLIN FILER
Membrane Microfiltration, Palmerton,
PA-5/90
HORSEHEAD Flame Reactor, Atlanta,
GA-3/91
RETECH Plasma Centrifugal Fur-
nace, Butte, MT - 7/91
BABCOCK & WILCOX Cyclone Fur-
nace, Alliance, OH -11/91
S5 Site Program
(4 Technology Demonstrations):
STC Immobilization of Organic/ Inor-
ganic Contaminants in Soils, Selma, CA
-11/90
THC Soil Recycle Treatment Train at
Toronto Harbor, Toronto, Ont., Canada -
5/92
R.C.C. Basic Extractive Sludge Treat-
ment (B.E.S.T.), Grand Calumet River,
Gary, IN-7/92
PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS INC.
Purox-Pure Chemical Oxidation Treat-
ment, Altamont Hills, CA - 9/92
56 Site Program
(4 Technology Demonstrations):
BERGMANN Soil/Sediment Washing
Technology, Saginaw Bay, MI - 2/93
BESCORP Soil Washing System,
Fairbanks, AK-8/92
ELI Eco Logic International Inc., Hy-
drogen Reduction Gas-Phase Chemical
Reduction Process, Bay City, MI -11/93
MAGNUM Water Technology CAV-OX
Ultraviolet Oxidation Process, Edwards
AFB,CA-l/94
S7 Site Program
(4 Technology Demonstrations):
TEXACO Gasification Process, South El
Monte, CA-6/95
SFC 0.5 Oleofiltration System, Pem-
broke, FL -1/95
ITT Radio Frequency Heating Process,
Kelly AFB, San Antonio, TX - 3/95
KAI Radio Frequency Heating Process,
Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX -
4/95
R1 RREURCB Research Programs
This composite videotape contains five
documentaries conducted under the
auspices of the Risk Reduction Engi-
neering Laboratory's Releases Control
Branch:
<*> Synthetic Soils Matrix (SSM) Pro-
gram
^> Dioxin and the Mobile Incineration
System
^ Mobile Carbon Regeneration System
^ Mobile Soils Washing System
^ Mobile In Situ Containment/ Treat-
ment Unit
Mail thisibrm (with check) to:
Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation
Attn: Ms. Maria WitkowsM
8 Peach Tree Hill Road
Livingston, NJ 07039
Videotape Re quest Form
SI SITE Program Tape
S2 SITE Program Tape
S3 SITE Program Tape
S4 SITE Program Tape
S5 SITE Program Tape
S6 SITE Program Tape
S7 SITE Program Tape
Rl RREL/RCB
Research Programs
Tape
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
Shipping &
Handling
Intl
Orders
Ship to:
$5.00 charge
per tape
International
surcharge per tape
$5.00
$10.00
Name
Company
Address
City/State/Zip
Telephone
-------
Trade Name Index and Applicability Index
The following pages contain the Trade Name Index and the Applicability Index. The Trade Name Index
cross-references all technologies that are registered or have a copyright, registered trademark, or service
mark. Former company names and former technology names are also cross-referenced in the index. The
volume number is given for each entry, followed by the page number. In addition, all former technology
names are shown with their current names in parentheses.
The Applicability Index is organized by three different levels. The first level is media, the second is waste,
and the third is technology type. The 12 media categories include the following: (1) air, (2) gas, (3)
leachate, (4) liquid, (5) mine tailings, (6) other, (7) sediment, (8) sludge, (9) soil, (10) solids, (11) water,
and (12) wastewater. The 19 contaminant categories include the following: (1) aromatic VOCs, (2)
cyanide, (3) dioxins, (4) explosives, (5) furans, (6) halogenated VOCs, (7) heavy metals, (8) herbicides,
(9) hydrocarbons, (10) metals, (11) other, (12) PAHs, (13) PCBs, (14) PCPs, (15) pesticides, (16)
petroleum hydrocarbons, (17) radionuclides, (18) SVOCs, arid (19) VOCs. The 14 technology type
categories include the following: (1) biological degradation, (2) cone penetrometers, (3) field portable x-ray
fluorescence, (4) materials handling, (5) other, (6) physical/chemical, (7) physical/chemical biological
degradation, (8) physical/chemical radioactive waste treatment, (9) physical/chemical thermal desorption,
(10) portable gas chromatographs, (11) solidification/stabilization, (12) spectrometers, (13) test kits, and
(14) thermal destruction.
To use the Applicability Index, a three-step search must be completed. For example, to search for thermal
desorption technologies that clean up soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), first look
under soil, then PCBs, and finally physical/chemical thermal desorption.
Page 253
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX
Company/Technology Name Volume. Page Number
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process VI, 180
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (see Harding Lawson Associates) , V2, 50
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (see ARS Technologies). VI, 24
Acid Extraction Treatment System V2, 30
Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator V2,48
Active Environmental, Inc VI, 20
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction Process V2, 74
Adsorptive Filtration V2, 110
AEA Technology Environment V2, 16
AIR-II (Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction) Process VI, 200
AIR-II (Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction) Process V2, 74
Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone V2, 82
AirSentry Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer V3,28
ALCOA Separation Technology, Inc. (see Media & Process Technology). V2, 78
AlgaSORB© Biological Sorption V2, 96
Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology V2,92
Aluminum Company of America (see Media & Process Technology) V2, 78
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent , V2, 116
American Combustion, Inc VI, 22
AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil Sampler V3,16
Anaerobic-Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE V2, 50
Anaerobic Thermal Processor VI, 150
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc V3,14
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Mercury in Soil V3, 58
Arctic Foundations, Inc VI, 190
Arizona State University/Zentox Corporation V2,18
ARS Technologies, Inc VI, 24
ART International, Inc V2,20
Art's Manufacturing and Supply V3, 16
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafillration) V2,22
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment) V2,24
Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process VI, 34
Automated Sampling and Analytical Platform V3,14
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process VI, 116
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction V2, 64
Battelle Memorial Institute V2, 26
Bergmann, A Division of Linatex, Inc VI, 26
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center VI, 28
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology VI, 104
Billings and Associates, Inc VI, 30
BiMelze® Mercury Immunoassay V3, 18
Binax Corporation, Antox Division (see Idetek, Inc.) V3,46
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc V2, 96
Bio-Rem, Inc.. VI, 34
Biofihn Reactor for Chlorinated Gas Treatment V2, 94
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc VI, 32
BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Process VI, 32
Biological Aqueous Treatment System VI, 38
Biological/Chemical Treatment *. V2, 36
Page 255
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (continued)
Biomineralization of Metals V2, 130
Bionebraska, Inc V3, 18
B^ioscrubber. V2,78
Bioslurry Reactor VI, 64
Biotherm Process™ VI, 36
Biotherm, LCC VI, 36
Biotrol® (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) VI, 38
Biotrol® (Soil Washing System) VI, 40
Biotrol® (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) V2,28
Bioventing .........,'. VI, 208
Brice Environmental Services Corporation VI, 42
Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc V3,20
BWX Technologies, Inc VI, 44
Calgon Carbon Advanced Oxidation Technologies VI, 46
Cambell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ) V2, 84
Qanonie Environmental Services Corporation (see Smith Environmental Technologies Corporation) VI, 148
Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes (see Biotherm Process™) VI, 36
CAV-OX® Process ........... VI, 108
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) V2,30
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) V2, 32
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (see Concurrent Technologies) V2, 34
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System VI, 170
CF Systems Corporation. , VI, 48
Qhelation/Elecjrpdeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils V2,66
Chenifix Technologies, Inc VI, 50
Chemical and Biological Treatment. V2, 56
Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration V2,22
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (see OHM Remediation Services Corp.) VI, 178
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (see Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.) VI, 136
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process v ..... V2, 76
Circulating Bed Combustor ,,,.,.... VI, 80
Clay-Based Grouting Technology VI, 114
Clean Berkshires, Inc. (see Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.) VI, 112
Clements, Inc ,, V3, 24
Cognis, Inc. (TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System) • • • • • • • • - - - -... • • VI, 52
Cognis, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) V2, 36
Cold-Top Ex Situ Vitrification of Chromium-Contaminated Soils VI, 86
Colloid Polishing Filter Method® (CPFM®) VI, 76
Colorado School of Mines VI, 54
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. VI, 54
Commodore Applied Technologies, Inc • • • • VI, 56
Compact Gas Chromatograph V3,66
Concentrated Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead V2, 136
Concurrent Teclmologies V2, 34
Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment VI, 54
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and Adsorption Process V2, 114
Core Barrel Soil Sampler V3, 62
Cross-flow Pervaporation System VI, 182
Cryogenic Barrier VI, 190
C-THRU Technologies Corporation V3, 22
CURE International, Inc >. VI, 58
Page 256
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
CURE® - Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System VI, 58
Cyclone Furnace VI, 44
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology VI, 90
Debris Washing System VI, 122
Dechlorination and Immobilization VI, 78
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (see Biotherm, LCC) VI, 36
Desorption and Vapor Extraction System (DAVES) VI, 220
Dexsil Corporation V3,26
DOW Environmental, Inc. (See Radian International LLC) , VI, 138
Duke Engineering and Services, Inc VI, 192
E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company VI, 60
Dynaphore, Inc VI, 62
Ecova Corporation. VI, 64
EET, Inc. (see Active Environmental, Inc.) VI, 20
EG&G Environmental, Inc. (See Mactec-SBP Technologies Company, L.L.C.) VI, 204
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.. ...". V2, 92
Electrochemical Peroxidation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments and Waters. V2, 98
Electroheat-EnhancedNonaqueous-Phase Liquids Removal VI, 196
Electrokinetic Soil Processing VI, 66
Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electrokinetic Soil Processing) •>". VI, 66
Electrokinetics, Inc. (In Situ Bioremediation by Electrokinetic Injection) •••••• V2,120
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and University of Miami
(see High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.) VI, 94
Eli Eco Logic Inc .". .' VI, 68
Eli Eco Logic International Inc VI, 70
Emflux® Soil-Gas Survey System. V3, 54
Energia, Inc. (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment) '. V2,38
Energia, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for Enhanced
Conversion of Chlorocarbons) V2,122
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc V2,112
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) V2,40
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) V2,42
Ensys Penta Test System V3, 68
Ensys Environmental Products, Inc. (see Strategic Diagnostic) V3,68
Enviro-Sciences Systems, Inc V2,20
Envirobond™ Solution. VI, 222
EnviroGard Corporation (see Strategic Diagnostic) V3, 70
EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit. V3, 70
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of
Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater) VI, 72
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (Reactive Barrier) VI, 194
Environmental Technologies Group, Inc.. V3,28
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc •. V2,44
Environmental Test Kits V3,26
EPOC Water, Inc : VI, 74
Equate® Immunoassay V3,46
Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods VI, 166
Ex SituBiovault VI, 126
EXXFLOW ; VI, 74
Page 257
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Ferro Corporation .. V2,46
Field Analytical Screening Program- PCB method ,. V3,78
Field Analytical Screening Program- PCP method V3, 80
Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers V3,48
Filter Flow Technology, Inc VI, 76
Flame Reactor. , VI, 96
Flujd Extraction-Biological Degradation Process ... V2, 58
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor V2, 60
FORAGER® Sponge VI, 62
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System VI, 154
Fugro Geosciences, Inc V3, 30
Funderburk & Associates VI, 78
Fungal Degradation Process V2,44
Fungal Treatment Technology VI, 120
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process VI, 68
General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division V2,48
General Atomics. VI, 80
Geo-Con, Inc VI, 82
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc V2, 124
Geokinetics International, Inc VI, 196
GeoMelt Vitrification. ,,. •; • • • • V1> 84
Geoprobe Systems (Large Bore Soil Sampler) V3, 32
Geoprobe Systems (Geoprobe Soil Conductivity Sensor) V3,34
Geoprobe Soil Conductivity Sensor V3, 34
Geosafe Corporation VI, 84
GeoTech Development Corporation VI, 86
GHEA Associates Process V2, 86
GISMCEY™ Environmental Data Management System . VI, 88
dissolutions, Inc.. , VI, 88
GORE-SORBER® Screening Survey V3, 82
Grace Bioremediation Technologies VI, 90
Graseby Ionics, Ltd., and PCP, Inc V3,36
<3ruppo Italimpresse VI, 92
|Janby Environmental Laboratory Procedures, Inc. V3, 38
^fording Lawson Associates V2,48
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of Technology
and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey V2,52
Hazcon, Inc. (see Funderburk & Associates) VI, 78
Hewlitt-Packard Company V3,40
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) VI, 94
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) V2, 54
High-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation V2, 54
High Energy Electron Irradiation VI, 94
HNU Systems Inc. (HNU Source Excited Flourescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer) V3,42
HNU Systems Inc. (HNU GC 311D Portable Gas Chromatograph) V3,44
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence Analyser-Portable [SEFA-P] X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer V3,42
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas Chromatograph .. '." V3,44
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc VI, 96
V, . I
Page 258
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
HRUBETZ Environmental Services, Inc VI, 98
HRUBOUT® Process VI, 98
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc VI, 100
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System V2,40
Hydraulic Fracturing VI, 124
Idetek, Inc V3,46
•JIT Research Institute/Brown Root Environmental VI, 102
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic
Compounds in Groundwater VI, 72
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum Extraction VI, 160
In Situ Bioremediation by Electrokinetic Injection V2, 120
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System VI, 130
In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction System VI, 224
In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination V2,26
In Situ Enhanced Bioremediation of Groundwater VI, 198
In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water V2,108
In Situ Soil Treatment (Steam and Air Stripping) VI, 134
hi Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process VI, 82
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process VI, 28
In Situ Thermally Enhanced Extraction (TEE) Process VI, 216
In Situ Vitrification VI, 84
Infrared Thermal Destruction VI, 92
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) V2, 56
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) V2, 58
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor) V2, 60
Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) V2,62
Integrated AquaDetox Steam Vacuum Stripping and Soil Vapor Extraction/Reinjection VI,138
Ion Mobility Spectrometry V3, 36
Ionics RCC VI, 104
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) V2, 64
IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) V2, 66
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) V2, 68
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) V2,70
IT Corporation (Tekno Associates Bioslurry Reactor) V2, 72
IT Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) V2, 126
ITT Night Vision VI, 198
JMC Environmentalist's Subsoil Probe V3,24
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental VI, 106
KSE, Inc VI, 200
KSE, Inc.. V2,24
Large Bore Soil Sampler V3, 32
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation VI, 202
Lasagna™ Public-Private Partnership VI, 202
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc./Hickson Corporation V2, 76
Liquid and Soils Biological Treatment VI, 140
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction (LG-SX) Technology. VI, 48
Loral Corporation (see Fugro Geosciences, Inc.) V3,30
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA®) VI, 148
Page 259
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System (LT3®) VI, 174
Low-Energy Extraction Process (LEEP®) V2,20
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process VI, 228
Mactec-SBP Technologies Company, L.L.C VI, 204
Magnum Water Technology VI, 108
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) VI, 110
IVlatrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Ah- Treatment) VI, 206
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc VI, 112
Media & Process Technology V2,78
Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation VI, 144
Membrane Microfiltration VI, 60
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc V2, 80
Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®) Portable Assayer V3,22
Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®) Spectrum Assayer V3,22
Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids (MelDAS) V2, 88
Metals Release and Removal from Wastes , V2, 124
Methanotrophic Bioreactor System V2,28
Metorex, Inc.. V3,48
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated V3, 50
Mixed Waste Treatment Process V2, 68
Mobile Environmental Monitor V3,20
Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) V2, 82
||ontana College of Mineral Science and Technology (Cambell Centrifugal Jig) V2, 84
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises VI, 114
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor V3, 50
MTI Analytical Instrument, Inc. (see Hewlitt-Packard Company) V3, 40
Nafional Risk Management Research Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) VI, 116
National Risk Management Research Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) VI, 118
National Risk Management Research Laboratory (Bioventing) VI, 208
National Risk Management Research Laboratory and Intech 180 Corporation VI, 120
iiil!l«i! ' : Jl iiii i, TB „ ' i ' » ' ' ' ' "'
National Risk Management Research Laboratory and IT Corporation. VI, 122
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc VI, 124
IjJew Jersey Institute of Technology •••••• V2, 86
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/ENSR Consulting and
Engineering and Larsen Engineers VI, 126
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/SBP Technologies, Inc VI, 128
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc VI, 130
Niton Corporation V3, 52
North American Technologies Group, Inc VI, 132
Novaterra Associates , VI, 134
NoVOCs™ In-Well Stripping Technology .'.,! VI, 204
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) VI, 136
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (see IT Corporation) V2,126
Ohmicron Corporation (see Strategic Diagnostic) V3,72
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip VI, 132
CJrganic Stabilization and Chemical Fixation/Solidification • • • •: •: • • VI, 156
Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization V2, 32
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation V2, 126
PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification V2,104
Page 260
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas Chromatograph V3, 56
PENTA RISc Test System (see Ensys Penta Test System) V3, 68
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology VI, 46
Photocatalytic Ah- Treatment ., VI, 206
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping V2, 18
Photocatalytic Water Treatment VI, 110
PhotoCAT™ Process V2, 112
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and Removal V2,138
Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification V2, 70
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-Phase Halogens VI, 218
Photolytic Oxidation Process V2,102
Photothermal Detoxification Unit V2, 106
Photovac International, Inc (see Photovac Monitoring Instruments) V3, 56
Photovac Monitoring Instruments V3, 56
Phytokinetics, Inc. (Phytoremediation Process).. VI, 210
Phytokinetics, Inc. (Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils) V2, 128
Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils V2, 128
Phytoremediation of TCE-Contaminated Shallow Groundwater VI, 234
Phytoremediation Process VI, 210
Phytoremediation Technology VI, 212
Phytotech VI, 212
Pintail Systems, Inc. (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process) VI, 214
Pintail Systems, Inc. (Biomineralization of Metals) V2, 130
Pneumatic Fracturing and Bioremediation Process V2, 52
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3"1 and Catalytic Oxidation VI, 24
PO*WW*ER™ Technology VI, 178
Portable Gas Analyzer/HP Micro GC. V3,4.0
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc.. VI, 216
Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering VI, 74
Process Technologies Incorporated VI, 218
PSI Technologies, A Division of Physical Sciences Inc V2, 88
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) V2, 90
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) V2, 132
Purus, Inc. (see Thermatrix, Inc.) V2, 102
PYRETON® Thermal Destruction VI, 22
PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process V2, 100
Quadrel Services, Inc V3, 54
Radian International LLC VI, 138
Radio Frequency Heating (from ITT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental) VI, 102
Radio Frequency Heating (from KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental) VI, 106
Radiometer Analytical Group » V3, 58
Rapid Optical Screening Tool V3, 30
RaPID Assay® V3, 72
Reactive Barrier VI, 194
Reactor Filter System V2,42
RECRA Environmental, Inc V2, 92
Recycling Sciences International, Inc VI, 220
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment V2, 38
Page 261
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for Enhanced
Conversion of Chlorocarbons , V2,122
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) VI, 140
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated Gas Treatment) V2,94
Resource Management & Recovery V2, 96
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System VI, 142
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc VI, 142
Rocky Mountain Remediation Services, L.L.C VI, 222
The SABRE™ (Simplot Anaerobic Biological Remediation) Process VI, 146
Sandia National Laboratories VI, 224
SBP Technologies, Inc VI, 144
SCAPS Cone Penetrometer V3,64
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas Chromatograph V3, 60
SCITEC Corporation (see C-THRU Technologies Corporation) V3,22
SEFA-P (Source Excited Fluorescence Analyzer-Portable) ' V3,42
Segmented Gate System V2, 134
II ' ,', n 'I ' , • ' '"
Selentec Environmental Technologies, Inc VI, 226
Selentec MAG*SEPSM Technology Vl,226
Sentex Systems, Inc.." V3,60
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc VI, 228
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc. (see Gruppo Italimpresse) VI, 92
Silicate Technology Corporation (see STC Remediation, Inc.) VI, 156
J.R. Simplot Company .. VI, 146
Simulprobe® Technologies, Inc ,••„••• • • • V3,62
Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) V3, 76
Sive Services VI, 230
Smelting Lead-Containing Waste V2,34
Smith Environmental Technologies Corporation VI, 148
Soil and Sediment Washing VI, 26
Soil Recycling VI, 164
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid VI, 232
Soil Separation and Washing Process V2,16
Soiltech ATP Systems, Inc VI, 150
Soil Washing Process VI, 42
Soil Washing System VI, 40
Solidification and Stabilization (from Chemfix Technologies, Inc.) VI, 50
Solidification and Stabilization (from Soliditech, Inc.) VI, 152
Solidification and Stabilization (from Wastech, Inc.) VI, 172
Sgliditech, Hie... VI, 152
Splvated Electron Technology, SET™ Remediation System VI, 56
Solvent Extraction Treatment System VI, 158
Sonotech, Inc VI, 154
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center V3, 64
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process VI, 214
SRI Instruments V3, 66
Star Organics, L.L.C VI, 232
State University of New York at Oswego, Environmental Research Center V2, 98
Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction VI, 230
Page 262
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
STC Remediation, Inc VI, 156
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process VI, 100
Strategic Diagnostic, Inc. (Ensys Penta Test System) V3, 68
Strategic Diagnostic, Inc. (EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit) V3, 70
Strategic Diagnostic, Inc. (RaPid Assay®) V3,72
Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SWS®) VI, 30
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation V2, 62
Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids VI, 192
Svedala Industries, Inc V2,100
TECHXTRACT® Process VI, 20
Tekno Associates Bioslurry Reactor V2, 72
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc , VI, 158
TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System VI, 52
Terra Vac VI, 160
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants in Soil and Water V3, 38
Texaco Gasification Process 1 VI, 162
Texaco Inc VI, 162
THERM-O-DETOX® System - VI, 116
Thermal Desorption System VI, 112
Thermal Desorption Unit VI, 70
Thermatrix, Inc V2, 102
Thermo Nutech, Inc V2,134
TMA Thermo Analytical, Inc. (See Thermo Nutech, hie.) V2, 134
TN 9000 and TN Pb X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers V3, 74
TN Spectrace V3, 74
Toronto Harbour Commission VI, 162
Tri-Services V3, 76
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc V2, 104
Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy V2, 50
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment V2,24
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation VI, 168
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (see U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox) VI, 168
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods) VI, 166
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program-PCB Method) V3, 78
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program-PCP Method) V3, 80
University of Houston V2, 136
University of Dayton Research Institute V2, 106
University of Nebraska-Lincoln VI, 170
University of South Carolina V2,108
University of Washington V2, 110
University of Wisconsin-Madison V2, 138
U.S.AirForce Vl,234
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox VI, 168
U.S. Filter/Zimpro Inc. (see U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox) VI, 168
UV Technologies, Inc V2, 112
UVB System-Vacuum Vaporized Well VI, 176
Vacuum-Vaporized Well System VI, 128
VaporSep® Membrane Process V2, 80
Page 263
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Vitrification Process VI, 236
Volume Reduction Unit VI, 118
Vortec Corporation .- VI, 236
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (see Calgon Carbon Advanced Oxidation Technologies) VI, 46
W.L. Gore and Associates, Inc V3, 82
Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting V2,46
Wastech, Inc.. VI, 172
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc V2, 114
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System) VI, 174
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) V2,116
Roy F. Weston, Inc./ffiG Technologies VI, 176
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc VI, 178
Xerox Corporation VI, 180
X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions V2,90
X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils V2, 132
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption VI, 136
XL Spectrum Analyzer V3, 52
Xontech Incorporated V3, 84
XonTech Sector Sampler , V3, 84
ZenoGem™ Process VI, 184
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) VI, 184
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-flow Pervaporation System) VI, 182
Page 264
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX
Media
Air • .
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
Dioxins
Treatment Type
Biological Degrad
ation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Technology Vendor
Media & Process
Technology
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
U.S. EPA
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc.
Xerox Corporation
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated
Hewlitt-Packard
Company Analytical
Instruments
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd. and
PCP Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics Ltd., and
PCP, Inc.
Technology
Bioscrubber
Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated Gas
Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction and
Catalytic Oxidation
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal Oxidation for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
VaporSep® Membrane Process
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion
System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Volume, Page
Number
V2.78
V2.94
VI, 166
VI, 24
V2.122
V1.200/
V2,24
V1.206
V2.80
VI, 180
V3.20
V3.42
V3.50
V3,40
V3.56
V3.60
V3.66
V3.36
V3.84
VI, 154
V2.106
VI, 166
V1.206
V3.20
V3,36
Page 265
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Air
(continued)
Contaminants
Dioxins
(continued)
Furans
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Thermal Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology Vendor
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Process Technologies,
[nc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Arizona State U./ Zentox
Corp.
Energia, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc.
Thermatrix, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
?hotovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
Technology
Reactor Filter System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Reactor Filter System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated Gas
Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photolytic Destruction of
Vapor-Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
VaporSep® Membrane Process
Photolytic Oxidation Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
?E Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatogranh
Volume, Page
Number
V2.42
V2.106
V1.166
VI ,206
V3.20
V3.36
V2.42
V2.106
V2.94
VI, 166
Vl,218
VI, 24
V2,18
V2.38
V2.122
V1.200/
V2.24
VI, 206
V2,80
V2.102
V2.116
VI, 180
V3.20
V3.56
V3.60
"I J
Page 266
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Air
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Herbicides
Mercury
Metals
PAHs
PCBs
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(continued)
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Contaminant Survey
systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Thermal Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology Vendor
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Quadrel Srvices, Inc.
U.S. EPA
General Atomics,
Nuclear Remediation
Technologies Division
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
American Combustion,
[nc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corporation
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Technology
Compact Gas Chromatograph
ton Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
[on Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Emflux® Soil-Gas Survey System
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Acoustic Barrier Particulate
Separator
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
HNU GC 311D Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction
Reactor Filter Systems
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatogranh
Volume, Page
Number
V3,66
V3.36
V3.84
V2.106
VI, 166
Vl,206
V3.20
V3,36
V2,106
V3.54
VI, 166
V2,48
VI ,206
V3.42
V3,50
V3,40
Vl,22
V2.42
V3,20
V3.66
VI, 166
VI, 206
V3.20
V3,42
Page 267
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Air
(continued)
Contaminants
PCBs
(continued)
Pesticides
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(continued)
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Technology Vendor
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
Sentex Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
SRI Instruments
Quadrel Srvices, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Process Technologies,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Technology
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Compact Gas Chromatographs
Emflux® Soil-Gas Survey System
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photolytic Destruction of
Vapor-Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Volume, Page
Number
V3.50
V3,40
V3.60
V3,66
V3.36
V2.106
VI, 166
VI, 206
V3,20
* V3.60
V3,66
V3,36
V2,106
V3.66
V3.54
VI ,166
V1.218
VI, 24
V2.122
VI, 180
V3.20
V3.36
V3.84
VI, 154
V2.106
Page 268
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Air
[continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
biological
Degradation
Contaminant Survey
systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromato graphs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Technology Vendor
vledia & Process
Technology
Quadrel Srvices, Inc.
U.S. EPA
3rocess Technologies,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Arizona State U./ Zentox
Corp.
Energia, Inc.
Bnergia, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Vlatrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc.
Thermatrix, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Environmental
Technologies Group,
Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Technology
Jioscrubber
imflux® Soil-Gas Survey System
ixcavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photolytic Destruction of
Vapor-Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
VaporSep® Membrane Process
Photolytic Oxidation Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
AirSentry Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectrometer
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion
Svstem
Volume, Page
Number
V2.78
V3.54
VI, 166
V1.218
VI ,24
V2,18
V2.38
V2.122
Vl,200/
V2.24
Vl,206
V2,80
V2.102
V2,116
VI, 180
V3,20
V3.42
V3,50
V3,40
V3,56
V3,60
V3.66
V3.28
V3.36
V3,84
VI, 154
Page 269
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Gas
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
Dioxins
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Technology Vendor
Media & Process ;
Technology
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
U.S. EPA
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Technology
Bioscrubber
Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated Gas
Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
process
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
VaporSep® Membrane Process
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Reactor Filter System
Volume, Page
Number
V2.78
V2.94
VI, 166
VI, 24
V2.122
V1.200/
V2.24
V1.206
V2.80
VI, 180
V3,20
V3.42
V3,50
V3.40
V3.56
V3,60
V3.66
V3,36
V3,84
VI, 154
V2.106
V1.166
VI, 206
V3.20
V3,36
V2.42
Page 270
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Gas
(continued)
Contaminants
Dioxins
(continued)
Furans
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Thermal Destruction
(continued)
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Technology Vendor
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Process Technologies,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Arizona State U./ Zentox
Corp.
Energia, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc.
Thermatrix, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Technology
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Reactor Filter System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated Gas
Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photolytic Destruction of
Vapor-Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal Oxidation process for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
VaporSep® Membrane Process
Photolytic Oxidation Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Volume, Page
Number
V2.106
V1.166
VI, 206
V3,20
V3.36
V2.42
V2.106
V2.94
VI, 166
|A
V1.218
VI ,24
V2.18
V2,38
V2,122
V1.200/
V2.24
VI, 206
V2,80
V2.102
V2,116
VI, 180
V3.20
V3.56
V3.60
V3,66
V3.36
Page 271
-------
I'.«: •
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Gas
(continued)
*
Contaminants
flalogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Heavy Metals
Herbicides
Metals
PAHs
PCBs
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
(continued)
Thermal Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Thermal Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology Vendor
XonTech, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic
[nc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
U.S. EPA
General Atomics,
Nuclear Remediation
Technologies Div.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
American Combustion,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
Technology
XonTech Sector Sampler
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Acoustic Barrier Paniculate
Separator
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction
Reactor Filter System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
Volume, Page
Number
V3.84
V2.106
V3.20
VI, 166
VI, 206
V3.20
V3.36
V2.106
VI, 166
V2.48
V1.206
V3.42
V3,50
V3,40
VI, 22
V2.42
V3,20
V3,66
VI, 166
VI, 206
V3,20
V3.42
V3,50
V3.40
Page 272
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Gas
(contnued)
Contaminants
PCBs
(continued)
Pesticides
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
SVOCs
VOCs
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
[continued)
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Material Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Material Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials' Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorotion
Technology Vendor
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Process Technologies,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Media & Process
Technology
U.S. EPA
Process Technologies,
Inc.
Technology
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photolytic Destruction of
Vapor-Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Bloscrubber
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photolytic Destruction of
Vapor-Phase Haloeens
Volume, Page
Number
V3,60
V3.66
V3.36
V2.106
VI, 166
VI, 206
V3.20
V3.60
V3,66
V3.36
V2.106
V3.66
VI, 166
Vl,218
VI ,24
V2.122
VI, 180
V3.20
V3.36
V3.84
VI, 154
V2.106
V2.78
VI ,166
V1.218
Page 273
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued}
Media
Gas
(continued)
Ground
water
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Aromatic VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Arizona State U/ Zentox
Corp.
Bnergia, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc.
Thermatrix, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.,
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Environmental
Technologies Group,
Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Harding Lawson
Associates
Billings and Associates,
Inc.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Biotrol®
Technology
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
VaporSep® membrane Process
Photolytic Oxidation Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
AirSentry Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectrometer
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation Systems (SVVS®)
Augmented in Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
Volume, Page
Number
VI ,24
V2.18
V2.38
V2.122
V1.200/
V2.24
VI ,206
V2.80
V2,102
V2.116
VI, 180
V3.20
V3.42
V3,50
V3.40
V3.56
V3,60
V3.66
V3,28
V3.36
V3,84
VI, 154
V2,48
V1.30
Vl,34
V1.38
Page 274
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(continued)
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Electrokinetics, Lie.
New York State
Department of
Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental
Inc.
IT Corp.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U. of Nebraska - Lincoln
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technolosies
Technology
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
ZenoGem™ Process
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Hydraulic Fracturing
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
Volume, Page
Number
V2.120
VI, 130
V2.126
VI, 184
V3.82
VI, 124
VI, 100
VI, 134
VI, 142
VI, 150
Vl,24
VI ,48
V2.54
VI, 94
V1.200/
V2,24
VI, 110
V2,90
VI, 144
V1.160
VI, 170
VI, 176
Page 275
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Cyanide
Diesel
Dioxins
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Xerox Corp.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.,
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Pintail Systems, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
SIVE Services
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Spent ore Bioremediation process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous
Phase Liquids Removal
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
GAS-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 180
V1.182
V3.14
V3,20
V3.42
V3.40
V3.56
V3.60
V3.66
V3.78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3.38
VI, 162
V2,106
Vl,214
VI, 124
VI, 196
V1.230
V1.68
VI, 150
VI, 48
, VI, 94
Page 276
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
Dioxins
(continued)
Explosives
Furans
Gasoline
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Technology Vendor
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
Eli Eco Logic Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
Technology
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
ton Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
GHEA Associates Process
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
[on Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 110
VI, 144
V3.20
Vl,178
V3.36
V3,72
VI, 44
V2.106
V3.82
V2.86
VI, 168
VI, 68
VI, 150
VI, 48
V1.94
VI, 110
VI, 144
V3,20
VI, 178
V3.36
V3,72
VI, 44
V2,106
V3.82
Page 277
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
Gasoline
(continued)
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Biological
Degradation
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
SIVE Services
ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.
Harding Lawson
Associates
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Biotrol®, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
New York State
Department of
Environmental
Conservation/R. E.
Wright Environmental
Inc.
IT Corp.
U.S. Air Force
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Lasagna™ Public-Private
Partnership
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Technology
Hydraulic Fracturing
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Anaerobic-Aerobic Sequential
Bioremediation of PCE
Two-Zone, Plume Interception, Inc
Situ Treatment Technology
Augmented in Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Methanotrophic Bioreactor System
[n Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation of
TCE-Contaminated Shallow
Groundwater
ZenoGem™ Process
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Hydraulic Fracturing
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 124
VI, 230
V2.50
V2.48
V1.34
V2,28
V2,120
VI, 130
V2.126
VI, 234
VI, 184
V3,82
VI, 124
VI, 202
VI, 100
VI, 106
V2.86
VI, 134
VI, 150
Page 278
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type Technology Vendor
Physical/ Chemical ARS Technologies, Inc.
Treatment
Arizona State U./ Zentox
Corp.
CF Systems Corp.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
iPulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
U. of Nebraska - Lincoln
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy P. Weston, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
IzENON Environmental
Inc.
Portable Gas Analytical and Remedial
Chromatographs Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Solidification/ Wheelabrator Clean Air
Stabilization (Systems, Inc.
Technology
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
to Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
High Energy Electron Beam
irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
TJVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCS Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Volume, Page
Number
V1.24
V2.18
VI, 48
VI ,72
V2.54
V1.94
V1.200/
V2.24
VI, 110
V2.90
VI, 144
VI, 160
VI, 168
VI, 170
V2.112
V2.116
VI, 176
VI, 180
VI, 182
V3.14
V3.20
V3,56
V3,60
V3,66
V3,78
VI, 178
Page 279
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Heavy Metals
Herbicides
Mercury
Metals
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Biological
Degradation
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Contaminant Survey
systems
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Lasagna™
Public-Private
Partnership
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Quadrel Srvices, Inc.
Colorado Dept. of Public
Health and Environment
Technology
[on Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
ZenoGem™ Process
Lasagna™ in Situ Soil Remediation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Emflux® Soil-Gas Survey System
Constructed Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Volume, Page
Number
V3.36
V3,72
VI, 162
V2.106
V3,20
Vl,38
V2.120
V2.128
VI, 184
VI, 202
VI ,68
VI, 150
V1.48
V1.94
VI, 110
VI, 144
V3.20
VI, 178
V3,36
V3.72
VI, 44
V2.106
V3,54
VI, 54
Page 280
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
(continued)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(continued)
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology Vendor
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Resource Management &
Recovery
VIetorex, Inc.
Lasagna™ Public-
Private Partnership
Filter Flow Technology,
inc.
Mew Jersey Institute of
Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
E.I. DuPont de Nemours
and Co. and Oberlin
Filter Co.
Dynaphore, inc.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
EPOC Water, Inc.
Cure International, Inc.
Lewis Environmental
Services, Inc./ Hickson
Corp.
Matrix Photocatalytic
[nc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
RECRA Environmental,
Inc.
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
U. of Washington
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
HNU Systems, Inc.
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
Technology
3iomineralization of Metals
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
AlgaSORB® Biological Sorption
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Colloid Polishing Filter Method®
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Membrane Microfiltration
FORAGER® Sponge
Reactive Barrier
Precipitation, Microfiltration, and
Sludge. Dewatering
CURE® Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment System
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil
Leaching Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Adsorptive Filtration
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and
Removal
HNU GC 311D Portable Gas
Chrorriatograph
Portable Gas Analyzer
Volume, Page
Number
V2.130
VI ,214
V2.96
V3.48
VI, 202
VI, 76
V2.86
V1.142
V2.22
VI, 60
VI, 62
VI, 194
V1.74
V1.58
V2.76
V1.110
VI, 114
V2.92
V1.226
V2.HO
V2.138
V3.42
V3.40
Page 281
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
(continued)
Organics
PAHs
PCBs
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Duke Engineering and
Services, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Lie.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Institute of Gas
Technology
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
Technology
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer
Remediation of Nonaqueous Phase
Liquids
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous
Phase Liquids Removal
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
ZenoGem™ Process
Field portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Volume, Page
Number
VI ,178
VI, 44
VI, 192
V3.82
VI, 196
VI, 144
V3.20
V3.66
V2.56
V2.128
V1.210
VI ,184
V3.48
V1.68
VI, 106
V2.86
VI, 150
VI ,46
VI ,48
V2.54
VI ,94
VI, 110
VI, 114
Page 282
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
PCBs
(continued)
PCP
Pesticides
Treatment Type
'hysical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Technology Vendor
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
Sentex Sensing
Technology, inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedures,
me.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
U.S. EPA
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology^
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Jioremediation
Jltraviolet Radiation and Oxidations
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and
Removal
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Portable Gas Analyzer
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
[on Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCP Method
Ensys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injections
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
ZenoGem™ Process
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 144
VI, 168
V2,138
V3.20
V3.42
V3,40
V3,60
V3,66
V3.78
VI, 178
V3,36
V3,38
VI, 44
V2.106
VI, 144
Vl,168
V3,80
V3,68
V3,72
Vl,38
V2.120
V2.56
V2,128
Vl,210
VI, 184
V3.82
Page 283
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
Pesticides
(continued)
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Technology Vendor
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
W.L. Gore and
Associates. Inc.
Technology
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency heating
Anaerobic Thermal Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and
Removal
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
[on Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Volume, Page
Number
VI ,68
VI, 106
VI, 150
VI, 46
VI, 48
V2.54
VI, 94
VI, 110
VI, 114
VI, 144
VI, 168
V2.138
V3.20
V3.60
V3.66
V3.78
V1.178
V3,36
V3,68
V3.38
V1.44
V2,106
V3.82
Page 284
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
(continued)
Radionuclides
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Test Kits
Physical/ Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, the U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
^ew Jersey Institute of
Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
SIVE Services
SRI Instruments
Idetek, Inc.
Filter Flow Technology,
Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Harding Lawson
Associates
Biotrol®
Institute of Gas
Technology
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental
Inc.
IT Corp.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Quadrel Srvices, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
Technology
Hydraulic Fracturing
GHEA Associates Process
jerox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous
Phase Liquids Removal
Membrane Filtration and
Sioremediation
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Equate® Immunoassay
Colloid Polishing Filter Method
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Selentec MAG* SEP Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
Chemical and Biological Treatment
[n Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
ZenoGem™ Process
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency Heating
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 124
V2.86
V1.46
VI, 196
VI, 144
VI, 230
V3.66
V3.46
VI, 76
V2,22
VI, 226
VI, 44
V2.48
VI, 38
V2.56
VI, 130
V2.126
VI, 184
V3,54
V3.82
Vl,68
V1.106
Page 285
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal Desorption
(continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Other
Technology Vendor
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
SIVE Services
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./ffiG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Berkeley Environmental
Restoration Center
Technology
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and
Removal
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Texaco Gasification process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction
Process
Volume, Page
Number
V2.86
VI, 134
VI ,230
VI, 150
V1.24
VI, 46
VI, 48
V2.54
VI, 94
V2.90
VI, 144
VI, 160
V2.138
VI, 176
VI, 180
V3,14
V3,20
V3.78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3.72
VI, 44
VI, 162
V2.106
VI, 28
Page 286
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
VOCs
Treatment Type
Jiological
Degradation
Contaminant Survey
systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
Billings and Associates,
nc.
Jio-Rem, Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
New York State
Department of
Environmental
Conservation/SBP
Technologies
IT Corp.
ITT Night Vision
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
U.S. Air Force
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Quadrel Srvices, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
STational Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Rochem Separation
Svstems. Inc.
Technology
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SVVS® )
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Jioremediation Process
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
ilectrokinetic Injection
n Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Vacuum-Vaporized Well System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
3ioremediation
[n Situ Enhanced Bioremediation of
Groundwater
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
Phytoremediation of
TCE-Contaminated Shallow
Groundwater
ZenoGem™ Process
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Hydraulic Fracturing
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 30
VI ,34
V1.38
V2.120
VI, 130
VI, 128
V2.126
VI, 198
V2.128
V1.210
VI ,234
VI, 184
V3,54
V3.82
VI, 124
V1.100
VI, 106
V2.86
V1.134
VI, 142
Page 287
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
'4 ::
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal Desorption
(continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
SIVE Services
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Arizona State U./ Zentox
Corp.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
MACTEC-SBP
Technologies Company,
L.L.C.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
Radian International
LCC
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
U. of Nebraska - Lincoln
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
Technology
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Reactive Barrier
No VOCs™ In- Well Stripping
Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous
Phase Liquids Removal
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Integrated Vapor Extraction and
Steam Vacuum Stripping and Soil
Vapor Extraction/Reinjection
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 230
VI, 150
VI ,24
V2,18
VI, 46
VI, 48
VI, 194
V1.204
VI ,72
VI, 196
VI, 94
VI, 2007
V2,24
VI, 110
VI, 114
V2.90
VI, 138
VI, 144
VI, 160
VI, 168
VI, 170
V2.112
V2.116
VI, 176
VI, 180
Page 288
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Ground
water
(continued)
Leachate
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Other
Aromatic VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Hewlitt-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Sanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
[nc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
toe. Corp.
Texaco Inc.
North American
Technologies Group,
[nc.
RECRA Environmental,
Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
CF Systems, Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications. Inc.
Technology
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
[on Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPDD Assay*
Texaco Gasification Process
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic
Chip
Alternating Electrocoagulation
Technology
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
[n Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
[n Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 182
V3.20
V3.42
V3.40
V3.56
V3.60
V3.66
V3.78
V1.178
V3.36
V3,38
V3.72
VI, 162
VI, 132
V2.92
V1.38
V2,120
VI, 184
VI, 134
VI, 142
Vl,48
V2,54
VI, 94
Page 289
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Leaehate
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Cyanide
Dioxins
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Technology Vendor
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory procedure,
inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Technology
CA-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCS Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Spent Ore Bioremediation process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 108
V1.110
V2,90
VI, 144
V1.182
V3.14
V3.20
V3.42
V3.60
V3.66
V3.78
VI, 178
V3,36
V3.38
V1.214
VI ,68
VI, 48
VI, 94
VI, 110
VI, 144
V3,20
VI, 178
V3.36
V3,72
VI, 44
" I' ; i!- H
Page 29O
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Leachate
(continued)
r. . -*
Contaminants
Explosives
Furans
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
'hysical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
'Jew Jersey Institute of
Technology
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
iLI Eco Logic Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
ligh Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
tnc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Biotrol®
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Mew Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
EnviroMetal
Technologies Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photocatalytic .
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
Technology
GHEA Associates Process
Jltraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
jquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Methanotrophic Bioreactor System
ZenoGem™ Process
GHEA Associates process
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Sir
Stripping)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High1 Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photbcatalytic Water Treatment
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Volume, Page
Number
V2.86
VI, 168
V1.68
Vl,48
VI, 94
Vl,110
VI, 144
V3.20
VI, 178
V3,36
V3.72
VI, 44
V2,28
V1.184
V2.86
VI, 134
V1.48
VI, 72
V2,54
V1.94
V1.108
Vl.llO
V2.90
Page 291
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Leachate
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Herbicides
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Technology Vendor
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
[nc. Corp.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
[nc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photocatalytic
[nc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP. Inc.
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
fa Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
[on Mobility Spectrometry
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 144
VI, 168
V2.112
V2.116
VI, 182
V3.14
V3.20
V3.60
V3,66
V3.78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3,72
V2.42
Vl,38
V2.120
V1.184
V1.68
VI, 48
VI, 94
VI, 108
VI, 110
VI, 144
V3.20
VI, 178
V3.36
Page 292
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Leachate
(continued)
Contaminants
Herbicides
(continued)
Metals
-
Treatment Type
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-ray
fluorescence
Physical/ Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal Destruction
Technology Vendor
Strategic Diagnostic,
inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Colorado Dept. Of
Public Health and
invironment
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
Filter Flow Technology,
Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
E.I. DuPont de Nemours
and Co., and Oberlin
Filter Co.
Dynaphore, Inc.
EPOC Water, Inc.
Cure International, Inc.
Lewis Environmental
Services, Inc./ Hickson
Corp.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/ STG
Technologies
RECRA Environmental,
Inc.
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
U. of Washington
HNU Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
System, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Technology
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Constructed Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent ore Bioremediation Process
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Colloid Polishing Filter Method
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
Chemical Treatment and
Ultraflltration
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate
Treatment
Membrane Microfiltration
FORAGER® Sponge
Precipitation, Microfiltration, and
Sludge Dewatering
CURE® Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment System
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil
Leaching Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Adsorption Filtration
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Volume, Page
Number
V3.72
VI, 44
VI, 54
V2.130
VI, 214
V3,48
V1.76
V2,86
VI, 142
V2.22
V2,24
VI, 60
VI, 62
VI ,74
V1.58
V2.76
VI, 110
VI, 114
V2.92
VI, 226
V2.110
V3,42
VI, 178
VI, 44
Page 293
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued}
Media
Leachate
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
(continued)
PAHs
PCBs
Treatment Type
Thermal Destruction
(continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Technology Vendor
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Broker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/ STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
Bruker Analytical
Systems, inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Technology
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
ZenoGem™ Process
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test Systems
Volume, Page
Number
V2.42
VI, 144
V3.20
V3.66
VI, 184
V3.48
V1.68
VI, 46
VI, 48
V2.54
VI, 94 ,
VI, 108
VI, 110
VI, 114
VI, 144
VI, 168
V3.20
V3,42
V3,60
V3.66
V3,78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3,68
Page 294
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Leachate
(continued)
Contaminants
PCBs
[continued)
POP
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Test Kits
continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology Vendor
Hanby Environmental
^aboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
Strategic Diagnostic, !
iic.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photocatalytic
[nc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/ STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Technology
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
n Soil and Water
lybrid Fluidized Bed System
vlembrane Filtration and
Moremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Bnsys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
ii Situ Bioremediation by
Blectrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
jerox-l-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Volume, Page
Number
V3,38
V2,42
VI, 144
VI, 168
V3,68
V3,72
Vl,38
V2.120
VI, 184
V1.68
Vl,46
Vl,48
V2.54
VI, 94
VI, 108
VI, 110
V1.114
VI, 144
VI, 168
V3.20
V3,60
V3.66
V3,78
Page 295
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Leachate
(continued)
Contaminants
Pesticides
(continued)
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Radionuclides
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatments
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Physical/ Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
SBP Technologies, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Filter Flow Technology,
Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Biotrol®
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
PO*WW*ER Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
GHEA Associates Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Colloid Polishing Filter Method
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment
and Ultrafiltration
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 178
V3.36
V3.68
V3,38
V3.72
VI, 44
V2,40
V2.86
VI ,46
VI, 144
V3.66
VI, 76
V2.22
V2.24
VI ,226
V1.44
Vl,38
VI, 184
VI, 68
V2.86
VI, 134
VI ,46
VI ,48
V2.54
'! i ;
Page 296
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Leachate
(continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
(continued)
VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
High Voltage
invironmental
Applications, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, inc.
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
[nc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
[nc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
EnviroMetal
Technologies Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/ STG
Technologies
Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Sioremediation
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
fon Mobility Spectrometry
RaPED Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
[n Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatment (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Volume, Page
Number
V1.94
V2.90
VI, 144
V3.14
V3,20
V3.78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3,72
VI, 44
V1.38
V2,120
V1.184
V2,86
VI, 134
VI, 142
Vl,46
V1.48
VI, 72
Vl,94
V1.110
VI, 114
Page 297
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Leachate
(continued)
Liquid
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Other
Aromatic VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ZENON Environmental,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
North American
Technologies Group,
Inc.
RECRA Environmental,
inc.
Harding Lawson
Associates
Billings and Associates,
Inc.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
Technology
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay®
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic
Chip
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Two-Zone Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SVVS® )
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Volume, Page
Number
V2.90
VI, 144
V1.168
V2.112
V2.116
VI ,184
V3,20
V3.42
V3,60
V3.66
V3.78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3.38
V3,72
V2.40
VI, 132
V2.92
V2.48
VI, 30
V1.34
V1.38
V2.120
VI, 130
Page 298
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Biological 1
Degradation
continued)
Technology Vendor
IT Corp.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Materials Handling [National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
me.
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U. of Nebraska - Lincoln
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.
|Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Technology
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
ZenoGem™ Process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatosraph
Volume, Page
Number
V2.126
VI, 184
VI, 124
VI, 100
VI, 142
VI, 150
VI, 24
V1.48
V2.54
VI, 94
Vl,200/
V2.24
VI, 110
V2.90
VI, 144
VI, 160
VI, 170
VI, 176
VI, 180
VI, 182
V3.14
V3,20
V3,42
V3,56
Page 299
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
<«
IIP ,
ll
iii,;h
; N ,;,,
•:,;
i , :S
1 fit
.'?'
,
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Cyanide
Diesel
Dioxins
Explosives
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
(continued)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Pintail Systems, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX, .
Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
Technology
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Spent Ore Bioreinediation Process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
GHEA Associates Process
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Volume, Page
Number
V3.60
V3,66
V3.78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3.38
VI, 162
V2.106
Vl,214
VI, 124
VI, 68
VI, 150
VI, 48
VI ,94
VI, 110
VI, 144
V3,20
VI, 178
V3,36
V3.72
VI, 44
V2.106
V2.86
VI, 168
Page 300
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Contaminants
Furans
Gasoline
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Dhysical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Materials Handling
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
3LI Eco Logic Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
tnc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
[nc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.
Harding Lawson
Associates
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Biotrol®
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
IT Corp.
U.S. Air Force
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Technology
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Hydraulic Fracturing
Anaerobic-Aerobic Sequential
Bioremediation of PCE
Two-Zone Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Methanotrophic Bioreactor System
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation of TCE-
Contaminated Shallow Groundwater
ZenoGem™ Process
Volume, Page
Number
VI ,68
VI, 150
VI ,48
' VI, 94
vi.no
V1.144
V3.20
VI, 178
V3.36
V3.72
VI, 44
V2.106
VI, 124
V2.50
V2.48
VI, 34
V2.28
VI, 130
V2,126
VI, 234
VI, 184
Page 301
-------
APPLIQABILitY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Lasagna™
Public-Private
Partnership
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Arizona State U/Zentox
Corp.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
U. of Nebraska - Lincoln
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./ffiG Technologies
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Technology
Hydraulic Fracturing
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Anaerobic Thermal Process
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb 563 Adsorbent
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 124
VI ,202
VI, 100
VI, 106
V2.86
VI, 150
VI, 24
V2.18
VI, 48
V2.54
VI, 94
V1.200/
V2.24
VI, 110
V2.90
VI, 144
VI, 160
VI, 168
VI, 170
V2.112
V2.116
VI, 176
VI, 180
V1.182
Page 302
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Heavy Metals
Herbicides
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Biological
Degradation
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology Vendor
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
HNU Systems, Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Lasagna™ Public -
Private Partnership
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems. Inc.
Technology
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
FO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Lasagna^™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Volume, Page
Number
V3.14
V3.20
V3,56
V3,60
V3,66
V3.78
VI ,178
V3.36
V3,72
VI, 162
V2,106
V3.44
VI, 38
V2.120
VI, 184
VI, 202
VI, 68
VI, 150
VI, 48
VI, 94
VI, 110
VI, 144
V3,20
VI, 178
Page 303
-------
'ill1'
: 111
:.»*
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Contaminants
Herbicides
(continued)
Inorganics
Metals
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
HNU Systems, Inc.
Colorado Dept. of Public
Health and Environment
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Resource Management &
Recovery
HNU Systems, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
Lasagna™ Public -
Private Partnership
Filter Flow Technology,
Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
E.I. DuPont de Nemours
and Co., andOberlin
Filter Co.
Dynaphore, Inc.
EPOC Water, Inc.
Cure International, Inc.
Lewis Environmental
Services, Inc./ Hickson
Corp.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace •
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Constructed Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent ore Bioremediation Process
AlgaSORB® Biological Sorption
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Colloid Polishing Filter Method
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc TUBE™ Module
System
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Membrane Microfiltration
FORAGER® Sponge
Precipitation, Microfiltration, and
Sludge Dewatering
CURE® Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment System
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil
Leaching Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Volume, Page
Number
V3,36
V3.72
VI, 44
V2.106
V3.44
VI, 54
V2.130
VI, 214
V2.96
V3,44
V3,48
VI, 202
VI, 76
V2.86
VI, 142
V2,22
VI, 60
Vl,62
VI, 74
Vl,58
V2.76
V1.110
."Si.?" 1*1,." •;•!
, I "H •
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
(continued)
PAHs
PCBs
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromato graph
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
RECRA Environmental,
Inc.
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
U. of Washington
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
HUN Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
ZENON Environmental
[nc.
Metorex, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
Technology
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Alternating Current
Blectrocoagulation Technology
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Adsorptive Filtration
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and
Removal
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
2;enoGem™ Process
Field portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process i
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Beam Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 114
V2,92
VI, 226
V2.110
V2.138
V3.42
VI, 178
VI, 44
VI, 144
V3.20
V3.66
VI, 184
V3.48
V1.68
VI, 106
V2.86
VI, 150
VI, 46
VI ,48
V2.54
VI, 94
VI, 110
VI, 114
Page 305
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX {continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
•• :
Contaminants
PCBs
(continued)
PCP
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedures,
Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
Technology
VIembrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidations
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and
Removal
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Ensys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injections
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency heating
Anaerobic Thermal Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 144
VI, 168
V2.138
V3.20
V3.42
V3,60
V3,66
V3/78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3,68
V3,38
VI, 44
V2,106
V1.144
VI, 168
V3,68
V3.72
V1.38
V2,120
V1.184
VI, 68
VI, 106
VI, 150
VI, 46
VI, 48
"li !| i «'l|ii|; II
Page 306
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Contaminants
Pesticides
(continued)
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and
Removal
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chroma'tograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay® ... .. . ......
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Hydraulic Fracturing
GHEA Associates Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Volume, Page
Number
V2.54
VI, 94
VI, 110
V1.114
Vl,144
VI, 168
V2.138
V3.20
V3.60
V3.66
V3.78
VI, 178
V3,36
V3,68
V3,38
V3.72
VI, 44
V2.106
VI, 124
V2.86
VI, 46
VI, 144
Page 307
-------
J
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
(continued)
Radionuclides
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Physical/ Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
SRI Instruments
Filter Flow Technology,
Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Harding Lawson
Associates
Biotrol®
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental
Inc.
IT Corp.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Technology
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Colloid Polishing Filter Method
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Volume, Page
Number
V3.66
VI ,76
V2,22
VI, 226
V1.44
V2,48
V1.38
VI, 130
V2,126
VI, 184
V1.68
VI, 106
V2.86
VI, 150
V1.24
VI, 46
VI, 48
V2,54
VI, 94
V2,90
VI, 144
Page 308
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continue)
Contaminants
SVOCs
(continued)
VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Other
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Technology Vendor
Terra Vac, Inc.
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
[nc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Berkeley Environmental
Restoration Center
Billings and Associates,
Inc.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/R .E .
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
IT Corp.
U.S. Air Force
ZENON Environmental
inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Technology
m Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Sxtraction
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and
Removal
TJVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Automated Sampling and Analytical
platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
(on Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Texaco Gasification process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction
Process
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SVVS® )
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation of
TCE-Contaminated Shallow
Groundwater
ZenoGem™ Process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 160
V2.138
VI, 176
VI, 180
V3,14
V3,20
V3.78
VI, 178
V3,36
V3,72
Vl,44
VI, 162
V2.106
VI, 28
VI, 30
Vl,34
Vl,38
V2,120
VI, 130
V2.126
VI, 234
VI, 184
VI, 124
Page 309
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatoeraohs
Technology Vendor
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
Sfew Jersey Institute of
Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Arizona State U./ Zentox
Corp.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
Radian International
LCC
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
U. of Nebraska - Lincoln
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Technology
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Integrated Vapor Extraction and
Steam Vacuum Stripping and Soil
Vapor Extraction/Reinjection
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 100
VI, 106
V2.86
VI, 142
VI, 150
VI, 24
V2.18
VI, 46
V1.48
V1.138
VI, 94
V1.200/
V2.24
VI, 110
VI, 114
V2,90
VI ,144
VI, 160
V1.168
VI, 170
V2.112
V2,116
VI, 176
VI ,180
VI, 182
V3,20
Page 310
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Liquids
(continued)
Mine
Tailings
Sediment
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Other
Metals
Aromatic VOCs
Treatment Type
Jortable Gas
Chromatographs
continued)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Other
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Materials Handling
Solidification/Stabili
zation
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
HNU Systems, Inc.
?hotovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
3anby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Texaco Inc.
Berkeley Environmental
Restoration Center
STorth American
Technologies Group,
Inc.
RECRA Environmental,
Inc.
U. of South Carolina
Rocky Mountain
Remediation Services,
L.L.C.
Star Organics, L.L.C.
3io-Rem Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Institute of Gas
Technology
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
Technology
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
[on Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay®
Texaco Gasification Process
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction
Process
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic
Chip
Alternating Electrocoagulation
Technology
[n Situ Mitigation of Acid Water
Bnvirobond Solution
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
In Situ1 Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Volume, Page
Number
V3.42
V3.56
V3,60
V3.66
V3.78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3.38
V3,72
VI, 162
VI ,28
VI, 132
V2.92
V2.108
VI, 222
VI, 232
V2.120
V1.90
V2.58
Vl',126
VI, 130
Page 311
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
„ 1 1 1 , , .
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(continued)
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Technology Vendor
IT Corp.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LCC
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Geo-Con, Inc.
Rocky Mountain
Remediation Services,
L.L.C.
Star Organics, L.L.C.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Texaco Inc.
Technology
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Thermal Desorption System
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®) System
Soil and Sediment Washing
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase
Oxidation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCS Method
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
Envirobond Solution
Soil Rescue -Remediation Fluid
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Texaco Gasification Process
Volume, Page
Number
V2.126
VI, 166
V1.36
VI, 112
VI, 134
VI, 220
VI, 174
VI, 26
VI, 48
VI, 66
V2.54
VI, 94
V2,62
VI, 104
V2,68
VI, 160
V3,20
V3.78
Vl,82
VI, 222
VI, 232
VI, 172
V2.114
V3,36
VI, 154
VI, 162
Page 312
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Cyanide
Dioxins
Treatment Type
Thermal Destruction
(continued)
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Biotrol®
[nstitute of Gas
Technology
U.S. EPA
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International , Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Technology
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Soil Washing System
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®) System
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Volume, Page
Number
V2.106
VI ,236
VI, 214
V1.40
V2.58
VI, 166
V1.68
V1.70
VI, 220
VI, 174
V2.20
VI, 48
VI ,94
VI, 104
V2,68
VI, 116
VI, 122
VI, 158
V2.104
V3,20
VI, 84
VI, 172
V3.36
V3.72
VI ,44
Page 313
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)"
• •. " . J...
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
Dioxins
(continued)
Explosives
Furans
Treatment Type
Thermal Desorption
(continued)
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology Vendor
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas ,
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
J.R. Simplot Co.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Biotrol®
Institute of Gas
Technology
U.S. EPA
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH. Inc.
Technology
Reactor Filter system
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
The SABRE™ Process
GHEA Associates Process
Soil Washing System
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®) System
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Volume, Page
Number
V2.42
V2.60
V2.106
VI ,236
VI, 66
V2.86
VI, 40
V2.58
VI, 166
V1.68
VI, 70
VI, 220
VI, 174
V2.20
VI, 48
VI, 94
VI, 104
V2,68
VI, 116
VI, 122
VI, 158
V2.104
V3,20
V1.84
VI, 172
Page 314
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
Furans
(continued)
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Desorption
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
tnc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Institute of Gas
Technology
J.R. Simplot Co.
U.S. EPA
Lasagna™ Public -
Private Partnership
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Reactor Filter system
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Soil Washing System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
The SABRE™ Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Lasagna™ In Situ Remediation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Thermal Desorption System
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®) System
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Volume, Page
Number
V3.36
V3,72
VI, 44
V2.42
V2.60
V2,106
VI ,236
VI ,40
V2.120
VI, 90
V2.58
V1.66
VI, 166
V1.202
V1.68
VI ,70
V1.112
VI, 136
V1.220
VI, 148
VI, 174
V2.20
VI ,26
V1.48
VI, 94
Page 315
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Mercury
Metals
Treatment Type
Pysical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Contaminant Survey
systems
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Materials Handling
Technology Vendor
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Quadrel Srvices, Inc.
Radiometer Analytical
Group
Bionebraska, Inc.
Geo-Microbial
Technologies, inc.
Phytotech
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
NITON Corp.
C-THRU Technologies
Corporation
TN Spectrace
AEA Technology
Environment
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
U.S. EPA
U. of South Carolina
Technology
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
ton Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for
Mercury in Soil
BiMelyze® Mercury Immunoassay
Metals Release and Removal from
Wastes
Phytoremediation Technology
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent ore Bioremediation Process
XL Spectrum Analyzer
Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®)
Portable Assayer
9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
and Lead X-Ray Fluorescence
Analyzer
Soil Separation and Washing Process
Campbell Centrifugal Jig
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 104
V2,68
VI, 116
VI, 122
V3.20
VI, 50
VI, 172
V3,36
V3,72
VI, 44
V2.106
VI, 236
V3,54
V3.58
V3.18
V2.124
V1.212
V2,130
V1.214
V3,52
V3,22
V3.74
V2,16
V2,84
VI, 166
V2.108
Page 316
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology Vendor
Lasagna™ Public -
Private Partnership
*Jew Jersey Institute of
Technology
3ergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
SioGenesis Enterprises,
inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
COGNIS, Inc.
Dynaphore, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics,
STuclear Remediation
Technologies Div.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Toronto Harbour
Commission
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Funderburk & Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Sevenson Environmental
Services, Inc.
Soliditech, inc.
STC Remediation, A
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Grouo, Inc.
Technology
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
GHEA Associates Process
Soil and Sediment Washing
BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment
Washing
Acid Extraction Treatment System
TERRAMET Soil Remediation
System
FORAGER® Sponge
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Acoustic Barrier Particulate
Separator
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic
Metals from Soils
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Debris Washing System
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Soil Recycling
Solidification and Stabilization
Waste Vitrification Through Electric
Melting
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/ Solidification
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorotion Treatment
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 202
V2.86
VI, 26
VI ,32
V2.30
VI, 52
VI, 62
Vl,66
V2.48
V2.64
V2.66
V2.68
VI, 122
VI, 226
VI, 162
VI ,50
V2,46
VI, 78
VI, 82
VI, 84
V3.60
VI, 152
VI, 156
VI, 172
V2.114
Page 317
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
1 t,, 'I ,,,,'• ill!'1' ''!!!
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
(continued)
Organics
PAHs
PCBs
Treatment Type
Thermal Destruction
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Vortec Corp.
Gruppo Italimpresse
ECOVA Corp.
Environmental
BioTeclinologies, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Maxymillian
Technologies, inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
BioGenesis Enterprises,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
Phytokinetics, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LCC
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies, Inc./
Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Reactor Filter System
Flame Reactor
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Vitrification Process
Infared Thermal Destruction
Bioslurry Reactor
Fungal Degradation Process
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Thermal Desorption and Vapor
Extraction System
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Soil and Sediment Washing
BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment
Washing Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Phytoremediation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 44
V2,40
V2.42
VI ,96
V2.60
VI, 236
V1.92
Vl,64
V2.44
V2,58
VI, 140
VI, 112
VI, 220
VI, 26
VI, 32
V3.20
V2,56
V2,58
V1.210
VI, 166
Vl,36
VI, 68
VI, 70
VI, 106
V2,86
Page 318
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
PCBs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
(continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology Vendor
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
BioGenesis Enterprises,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental Services,
[nc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
State U. of New York at
Oswego, Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Funderburk & Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Technology
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®) System
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
SioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment
Washing Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Circulating Bed Combustor
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
»
Debris Washing System
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
Volume, Page
Number
V1.136
VI, 220
VI, 174
V2,20
VI, 26
VI, 32*
V1.48
Vl,56
VI, 80
V2.54
V1.94
VI, 104
V2,68
VI, 116
VI, 122
V2.98
V1.158
V2.104
V3.20
V3.78
VI ,50
V1.78
VI, 82
Page 319
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
PCBs
(continued)
PCP
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
(continued)
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
Geosafe Corp.
Soliditech, inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd. ,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
Phytokinetics, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LCC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies, Inc./
Brown and Root
Environmental
OHM Remediation
Services COID.
Technology
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Ensys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
Soil Washing System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Phytoremediation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Volume, Page
Number
V1.84
VI, 152
VI, 172
V3.36
V3.68
VI, 44
V2.40
V2.60
V2.106
VI, 236
VI, 140
Vl,220
V2,104
V3.68
V3,72
VI, 40
V2,120
Vl,90
V2.56
V2.58
VI ,210
VI, 166
V1.36
VI, 68
VI, 70
VI, 106
VI, 136
Page 320
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
Pesticides
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal Desorption
(continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology Vendor
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
loy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Ljnatex, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental Services,
Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
State U. of New York at
Oswego, Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Funderburk & Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corn.
Technology
Oesorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®) System
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Circulating Bed Combustor
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
i
Debris Washing System
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 220
VI, 148
VI, 174
V2.20
VI, 26
VI, 48
VI ,56
VI, 66
V1.80
V2.54
VI, 94
VI, 104
V2,68
VI, 116
VI, 122
V2.98
VI, 158
V2.104
V3.20
V3,78
VI ,50
V1.78
VI ,82
VI, 84
Page 321
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
Pesticides
(continued)
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Radionuclides
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
(continued)
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Solidification/
Stabilization
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
Soliditech, inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
[nc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
ECOVA Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Soliditech, Inc.
Thermo Nutech, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
IT Corp.
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Sevenson Environmental
Services, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Biotrol®
ECOVA Corp.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
IT Corp.
Technology
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
[on Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Bioslurry Reactor
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
GHEA Association process
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
Solidification and Stabilization
Segmented Gate System
Soil and Sediment Washing
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Cyclone Furnace
Soil Washing System
Bioslurry Reactor
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Tekno Associates Bioslurrv Reactor
111 «>:»,!'" i" ., Jin ' "I', ,!: i, " .Mil- " - '' '• "i ' ' l|ll:' '' iin1"11! " ' ',„, ll|l! I;'!!;', ' i"!1 ..I!1',;;
a " ..i "i> ii } , ii'iii,;,;1! •• , ii ; • • ; '••' . •• ; - • ;• ' "' > '•; ,• :: rin,>'. "'• v, i .
;';;: :": ' • •,, •.;! ••; ; ' :: • \, , , „ . •.,•;.••>' " i' :'• ' •* T : i';/ , ; •< '• • ! '' '*$,- <•'•<• ' >: .•(•' - .;";'" ;'• ' , , "! ' ••:((f1i*. J '•!/ •'"J;:!!'
Page 322
1 •''. ''•:.; ; ' .i, -i""1' 'i.i i. '•' " 'T ,' , • ••">' .:''! "' .«, S;5'1- .'''• :. !i'::'«
,' ' , : :i :|: ' ;,;i , ' '' „ ,.. : ; ''' , ."''. ' •!.; , \ • "» ' ' ''^ '
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 152
VI, 172
V3.36
V3.68
V3.72
V1.44
V2,40
V2.60
V2.106
VI, 236
V1.64
VI, 140
V2,86
V1.148
VI, 152
V2,134
VI, 26
V2.68
VI, 226
VI, 228
VI, 172
VI, 44
VI, 40
VI, 64
VI, 90
V2,56
V2.58
V2.72
:•• " , ' :' '*• 'Mxa
: .:' .;.i.'U
_ i ; ';;,,, ; f • . :_;' | 1'jj!
;• , - :. , Lr,1
: ' •. ••• " *•%[&
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
[continued)
Contaminant Survey
systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
IT Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Quadrel Srvices, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LCC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
Ex Situ Biovault
tn Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression methods
Biotherm Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Association process
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®) System
Soil and Sediment Washing
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 126
VI, 130
V2.126
VI, 140
V3.54
VI, 166
VI, 36
V1.68
VI, 70
VI, 106
VI, 112
V2.86
V1.134
VI, 136
VI, 220
VI, 148
VI, 174
VI, 26
VI, 48
VI, 66
V2.54
Page 323
-------
I'ilii*
^pPLlCABILlf Y INDEX (continued)
SIS! I
• • & . ':""'• liS'fii'i1 '•• .'.> • L V' ''"•'•' ' ••:>> " ; .. iff" j t
Page 324
till
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(continued)
Contaminant Survey
systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Electrokinetics, Inc.
*
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
ingineers
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental,
nc.
IT Corp.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Quadrel Srvices, Inc.
ABA Technology
3nvironment
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LCC
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
Technology
In Situ Bioremediation by
ilectrokinetic Injection
3x Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation Process
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
Soil Separation and Washing Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression methods
Biotherm Process
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Association process
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®) System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase
Oxidation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Volume, Page
Number
V2.120
VI, 126
V1.130
V2.126
VI ,210
V3,54
V2.16
V1.166
Vl,36
VI, 106
VI, 112
V2,86
VI, 134
VI ,220
VI, 148
VI, 174
VI, 48
VI, 94
V2.62
VI, 104
V2,64
V2.68
Page 325
-------
'!! . fl'i, i
Mi' ; j! ;,,,i \ ill'Mi':,, ;"t; imiii <
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
:- 'I. :• JH'i1 y ,'i1 .1 •,••'••';'lfeiiiy.ii,>' ,iii j4i Hi/Ik ,'!i".>
it'te"
Media
Sediment
(continued)
Sludge
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
'Continued)
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Technology Vendor
IT Corp.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LCC
Vlaxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
international, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Geo-Con, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
Technology
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
3ioremediation
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Thermal Desorption System
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
[LTTA®]
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX] Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase
Oxidation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
[n Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field; Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
Solidification/ Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion
System
Texaco Gasification Process
Volume, Page
Number
V2.126
VI, 166
Vl,36
VI, 112
V1.134
VI, 220
VI, 148
VI, 48
Vl,66
V2,54
VI, 94
V2,62
VI, 104
V2.68
VI, 160
V3.20
V3,78
VI, 82
VI, 172
V2,114
V3.36
VI, 154
VI, 162
Page 327
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Cyanide
Dioxins
Treatment Type
Thermal Destruction
(continued)
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal Destruction
Technology Vendor
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
[nstitute of Gas
Technology
U.S. EPA
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
laboratory
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Technology
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Spent ore Bioremediation Process
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®) Systems
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX] Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification/ Stabilization
Cyclone Furnace
Reactor Filter System
Volume, Page
Number
V2.106
VI, 236
VI, 214
V2.58
VI, 166
V1.68
VI, 70
VI, 220
VI, 174
V2,20
VI, 48
VI, 94
VI, 104
V2.68
VI, 116
VI, 122
VI, 158
V2.104
V3.20
V1.84
VI, 172
VI ,44
V2,42
Page 328
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Dioxins
(continued)
Explosives
Furans
Treatment Type
Thermal Destruction
(continued)
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
Institute of Gas
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Ij.R. Simplot Co.
New Jersey institute of
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
U.S. EPA
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
[International Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
|Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
|CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
[ionics RCC
llT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
JGeosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
IBWX Technologies, Inc.
Technology
Fluidized-Bed/ Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification unit
Vitrification Process
The SABRE™ Process
GHEA Associates Process
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3?) System
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Solvent Extraction Treatment
Systems
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Cyclone Furnace
Volume, Page
Number
V2.60
V2.106
VI, 236
VI, 66
V2.86
V2.58
VI, 166
Vl,68
VI, 70
VI, 220
VI, 174
V2.20
V1.48
Vl,94
VI, 104
V2.68
VI, 116
VI, 122
VI, 158
V2.104
V3.20
VI, 84
VI, 172
VI, 44
Page 329
-------
Ml","
'I.' I1,. 'II II
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
tii I
•„; i.1
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Furans
(continued)
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Thermal Desorption
(continued)
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/ ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/ R.E.
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
IT Corp.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Lasagna™
Public-Private
Partnership
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
Mew Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental Services,
[nc.
Electrokinetics, inc.
Technology
Reactor Filter System
Fluidized-Bed/ Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification unit
Vitrification Process
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®) System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX] Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Volume, Page
Number
V2,42
V2.60
V2.106
VI ,236
Vl,34
VI, 126
VI, 130
V2.126
VI, 166
VI, 202
VI, 106
V2.86
VI, 134
VI, 136
VI, 220
VI, 174
VI ,48
V1.56
VI, 66
I -f,!
*!':. '•• /'I ""'( '"
1 i I;,;;!!!!•"
"I"11! :,)!• .,, in:'-I1:- i/i. ."
Page33O
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Heavy Metals
Heavy Minerals
Herbicides
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Materials Handling
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
3igh Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Geo-Con, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Texaco, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
Electrokinetics, Inc.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Institute of Gas
Technology
J.R. Simplot Co.
Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase
Oxidation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
Solidification/ Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process.
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Campbell Centrifugal Jig
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
The SABRE™ Process
Volume, Page
Number
V2,54
VI, 94
V2.62
VI, 104
V2.68
VI, 160
V2.104
V3,20
V3,78
V1.82
VI, 172
V3,36
V2.40
VI, 162
V2.106
VI, 236
V3,44
V2,84
V2.120
VI, 90
V2,58
VI, 66
Page 331
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
i'llLl:
i, ,i i|J nl": lii"
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Herbicides
(continued)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Technology Vendor
U.S. EPA
Lasagna™ Public -
Private Partnership
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Technology
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression methods
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Thermal Desorption System
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA3)
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3®)
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SC) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 166
VI ,202
V1.68
VI, 70
V1.112
VI, 136
V1.220
VI, 148
VI, 174
V2.20
VI, 48
VI, 94
VI, 104
V2.68
VI, 116
VI, 122
V3.20
VI ,50
VI, 172
V3.72
VI, 44
V2.106
Page 332
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Herbicides
(continued)
Inorganics
Metals
Treatment Type
Thermal Destruction
(continued)
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Vortec Corp.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Geo-Microbial
Technologies, Inc.
Phytotech
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
NITON Corp.
TN Spectrace
AEA Technology
Environment
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
U. of South Carolina
Lasagna™
Public-Private
Partnership
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
BioGenesis Enterprises,
Inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
COGNIS, Inc.
Dynaphore, Inc
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics,
Nuclear Remediation
Technologies Division
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
Technology
Vitrification Process
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P)
Metals Release & Remove from
Waste
Phytoremediation Technology
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
XL Spectrum Analyzer
9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
and Lead X-Ray Fluorescence
Analyzer
Soil Separation and Washing Process
Campbell Centrifugal Jig
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
GHEA Associates Process
BioGenesisSM Soil & Sediment
Washing Process '
Acid Extraction Treatment System
TERRAMET Soil Remediation
System
FORAGER®Sponge
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Acoustic Barrier Particulate
iSeparator
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Chelation/ Electrodeposition of Toxic
Metals from Soils
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 236
V3.44
V2,124
VI ,212
V2.130
VI, 214
V3.44
V3,52
V3.74
V2.16
V2.84
VI, 166
V2.108
V1.202
V2,86
VI ,32
V2.30
VI ,52
VI, 62
VI, 66
V2.48
V2.64
V2,66
V2.68
Page 333
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
(continued)
PAHs
Treatment Type
Physical/chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Solidification /
Stabilization
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Toronto Harbour
Commission
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Funderburk & Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Rocky Mountain
Remediation Services,
L.L.C.
Sevenson Environmental
Services, Inc.
Soliditech, Inc.
Star Organics, L.L.C.
STC Remediation, A
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
PSI Technologies, A
Division of Physical
Sciences Inc.
Vortec Corp.
ECOVA Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Remediation
Technoloaies. Inc.
Technology
Debris Washing System
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Soil Recycling
Solidification and Stabilization
Waste Vitrification Through Electric
Melting
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Envirobond Solution
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/Solidification
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Reactor Filter System
Flame Reactor
Fluidized-Bed/ Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Metals Immobilization and
Decontamination of Aggregate Solids
Vitrification Process
Bioslurry Reactor
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 122
VI, 226
VI, 162
VI, 50
V2,46
VI, 78
VI, 82
VI, 84
VI, 222
VI, 228
VI ,152
VI, 232
VI, 156
VI, 172
V2.H4
VI, 44
V2.40
V2.42
V1.96
V2.60
V2.88
VI, 236
V1.64
V2.58
VI, 140
Page 334
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
PAHs
(continued)
PCBs
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
BioGenesis Enterprises,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LCC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International rnc
KAI Technologies, Inc./
Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
BioGenesis Enterprises,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental Services,
Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
Technology
Thermal Desorption System
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
BioGenesisSM Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Etiotherm Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System :
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
DLT3® ] System
Law-Energy Extraction Process
[LEEP]
BioGenesisSM Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX] Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Circulating Bed Combustor
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Volume, Page
Number -
VI, 112
VI, 220
V1.32
V3.20
V2,56
V2,58
VI, 166
V1.36
Vl,68
VI ,70
VI, 106
V2.86
VI, 136
V1.220
VI, 174
V2.20
V1.32
VI, 48
Vl,56
Vl,80
V2.54
Vl,94
VI, 104
Page 335
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
PCBs
(continued)
PCP
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Technology Vendor
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
State U. of New York at
Oswego, Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Funderburk & Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized-Bed/ Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Ensys Penta Test System
Volume, Page
Number
V2.68
VI, 116
VI, 122
V2.98
VI, 158
V2.104
V3.20
V3.78
VI, 50
VI, 78
VI, 82
VI, 84
VI, 152
VI, 172
V3,36
V3,68
VI, 44
V2,40
V2.60
V2,106
Vl,236
VI ,140
VI ,220
V2.104
V3.68
Page 336
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
PCP
(continued)
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Test Kits
(continued)
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LCC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc
KAI Technologies,
[nc./Brown and Root
Environmental
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental Services,
Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
Technology
RaPID Assay®
In Situ Bioremediation By
Blectrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System'
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
[LTTA®]
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
[LT3®] System
Low-Energy Extraction Process
[LEEP]
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX] Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Circulating Bed Combustor
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Volume, Page
Number
V3.72
V2.120
VI, 90
V2,56
V2,58
VI, 166
V1.36
V1.68
VI ,70
VI, 106
VI, 136
VI, 220
VI, 148
V1.174
V2,20
VI, 48
VI, 56
VI ,66
V1.80
V2,54
VI, 94
VI, 104
V2.68
Page 337
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
"''-i i. !• : i •, ' , "''"•"!!l'1"' '"i; : •' • . ,"; ">'•:' '"pi •'':,- .:,•, •;, ,, "'' ''MI':, w.ariu
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Pesticides
(continued)
PCP
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Technology Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
State U. of New York at
Oswego, Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Funderburk & Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd. and
PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International Inc
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Technology
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Solidification & Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification & Stabilization
Solidification & Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized-Bed/ Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
PCB- and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Ensys Penta Test System
Volume, Page
Number .
VI, 116
VI, 122
V2.98
VI, 158
V2,104
V3.20
V3,78
VI ,50
Vl,78
VI, 82
VI, 84
VI, 152
VI, 172
V3,36
V3.68
V1.44
V2,40
V2.60
V2.106
VI, 236
VI ,140
VI, 220
V2.104
V3.68
4ri ,1*1
Page 338
'I ill ",' ''I',1!"'
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
PCP
(continued)
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Test Kits
(continued)
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Strategic Diagnostic,
toe. Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LCC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental Services,
Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Core.
Technology
RaPID Assay®
\n Situ Bioremediation By
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
[LTTA®]
Low Tetnperature Thermal Treatment
[LT3®] System
Low-Energy Extraction Process
[LEEP]!
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX] Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Circulating Bed Combustor
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Volume, Page
Number
V3.72
V2.120
V1.90
V2.56
V2.58
VI, 166
Vl,36
VI, 68
VI, 70
VI, 106
VI, 136
VI, 220
VI, 148
VI, 174
V2.20
VI, 48
VI ,56
VI, 66
V1.80
V2.54
VI, 94
VI, 104
V2.68
Page 339
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
: i
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Pesticides
(continued)
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT Corp.
State U. of New York at
Oswego, Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Funderburk & Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy & Environmental
Research Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
ECOVA Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corn.
Technology
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Solidification/ Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification/ Stabilization
Solidification/ Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized-Bed/ Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Bioslurry Reactor
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
GHEA Associates Process
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
rLTTA®]
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 116
VI, 122
V2.98
VI, 158
V2,104
V3,20
V3,78
VI, 50
Vl,78
VI, 82
VI, 84
VI, 152
VI, 172
V3.36
V3,68
V3.72
VI, 44
V2,42
V2,60
V2.106
VI, 236
VI, 64
VI, 140
V2.86
VI, 148
Page 340
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
(continued)
Radio nuclides
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Vlaterials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
Soliditech, Inc.
Thermo Nutech, Inc.
IT Corp.
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Sevenson Environmental
Services, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
ECOVA Corp.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
IT Corp.
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/ ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/ R.E.
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
IT Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LCC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Technology
Solidification/ Stabilization
Segmented Gate System
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification/ Stabilization
Cyclone Furnace
Bioslurry Reactor
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Tekno Associates Bioslurry Reactor
EX Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Associates Process
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 152
V2,134
V2,68
VI ,226
VI, 228
VI, 172
VI, 44
VI, 64
VI, 90
V2.56
V2,58
V2.72
VI, 126
VI, 130
V2.126
VI, 140
VI, 166
Vl,36
VI, 68
VI, 70
Vl,106
VI, 112
V2,86
Page 341
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
(continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology Vendor
NOVATERRA, Inc.
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Toronto Harbour
Commission
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Geo-Con, Inc.
STC Remediation, A
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Grouo. Inc.
Technology
In-Situ Soil Treatments [Steam/Air
Stripping]
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
[LTTA®]
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
[LT3®] System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX] Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Soil Recycling
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Solidification/ Stabilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/Solidification
Solidification/ Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 134
VI, 136
V1.220
VI, 148
VI, 174
VI, 48
VI, 66
V2,54
VI, 94
VI, 104
V2.68
V1.116
VI, 122
VI, 158
VI, 160
VI, 162
V3.20
V3,78
VI, 50
VI, 82
VI, 156
VI, 172
V2.114
Page 34-2
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Sludge
(continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
(continued)
VOCs
Treatment Type Technology Vendor
Spectrometers Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Test Kits Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Thermal Desorption BWX Technologies, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Sonotech, Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Ivortec Corp.
Biological Bio-Rem, Inc.
Degradation
ECOVA Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
|New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/ ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
JNew York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/ R.E.
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
IT Corp.
Materials Handling AEA Technology
Environment
lUnited States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Physical/ Chemical Biotherm, LCC
Thermal Desorption K^J Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
[Smith Environmental
(Technologies Corp.
Technology
ton Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
FluidiZed-Bed/ Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion
System
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Bioslufry Reactor
[n Situ Bioremediation By
Electrokinetic Injection
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Soil Separation and Washing Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Associates Process
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
[LTTA®1
Volume, Page
Number
V3,36
V3,72
VI, 44
V2,60
VI, 154
VI, 162
V2.106
VI, 236
VI, 34
VI, 64
V2.120
VI, 126
VI, 130
V2.126
V2,16
VI, 166
Vl,36
VI, 106
VI, 112
V2,86
VI, 134
VI, 220
VI, 148
Page 343
-------
'!•' I .'!
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Son
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(continued)
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Harding Lawson
Associates
Hazardous Substance
Vlanagement Research
Center at New Jersey
Institute of Technology,
and Rutgers, the State U.
of New Jersey
Institute of Gas
Technology
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
New York State Dept. of
Environment
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larson
Engineers
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental,
[nc.
IT Corp.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory. The U. of
Cincinnati and FRX,
Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LCC
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Technology
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Two Zone, Plume Interception. In
Situ Treatment Technology
Pneumatic Fracturing and
Bioremediation Process
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Bioventing
Ex Situ Biovault
[n Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Hydraulic Fracturing
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Thermal Desorption System
In-Situ Soil Treatments, (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Volume, Page
Number
VI ,34
V2.120
VI, 90
V2,48
V2,52
V2.58
VI, 208
VI, 126
VI, 130
V2,126
V3,82
VI, 124
VI, 166
Vl,36
VI, 100
VI, 112
VI, 134
VI, 220
VI, 150
Page 345
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
„ Mll 1
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
[continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Sensors
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology Vendor
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
KSE, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Geoprobe Systems
Fugro Geosciences, Inc.
Geo Con. Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Technology
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Soil and Sediment Washing
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal Oxidation for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase
Oxidation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
X-Ray Treatment of Organically
Contaminated Soils
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Rapid Optical Screening Tool
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 174
VI, 190
VI, 24
VI, 26
V1.48
Vl,66
V2,122
VI, 94
V2,62
VI, 104
V2,68
V1.200/
V2,24
V2.132
VI, 160
VI, 176
VI, 180
V3,20
V3,42
V3,56
V3,66
V3,78
V3,34
V3,30
VI, 82
VI, 172
V2.H4
* i1:
Page 346
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Cyanide
Diesel
Dioxins
Treatment -Type
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
3anby Environmental
Laboratory Procedures,
!nc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
SIVE Services
Biotrol®
Institute of Gas
Technology
U.S. EPA
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
ton Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
frequency Tunable Pulse Combustion
System
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Cryogenic Barrier
Hydraulic Fracturing
Cryogenic Barrier
Electroheat-Enhanced
Nbnaqueous-Phase Liquids Removal
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Soil Washing System
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction (LG
SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Volume, Page
Number
V3.36
V3.38
VI, 154
VI, 162
V2.106
VI ,236
V1.214
VI ,190
VI, 124
VI, 190
VI, 196
VI, 230
VI, 40
V2.58
VI, 166
VI, 68
VI ,70
VI ,220
VI, 150
VI, 174
VI, 190
V2.20
VI, 48
VI, 94
Page 347
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Dioxins
(continued)
Explosives
Furans
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gag
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
J.R. Simplot Company
Quadrel Services, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Biotrol®
Institute of Gas
Technology
U.S. EPA
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Technology
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Large Bore Soil Sampler
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Cyclone Furnace
Reactor Filter System
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Oxidation and Verification Process
The SABRE™ Process
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
GHEA Associates Process
Soil Washing System
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processors
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3™) System
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 104
V2.68
V1.116
VI, 158
V2.104
V3.20
V3.34
V1.84
VI, 172
V3.36
VI, 44
V2.42
V2.60
V2,106
VI, 236
Vl,66
V3.54
V3.82
V2.86
VI, 40
V2.58
V3.78
V1.68
VI ,70
Vl,220
VI, 150
VI, 174
vis. ./list
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Furans
(continued)
Gasoline
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Samplers
Biological
(Degradation
Technology Vendor
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
|CF Systems Corp.
iHigh Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
llonics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
JGeoprobe Systems
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
JBWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
(Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas
[Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Iw.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
[National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, The U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
JSIVE Services
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
[Harding Lawson
(Associates
Technology
Cryogenic Barrier
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base, Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB-and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Large Bore Soil Sampler
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
ton Mobility Spectrometry
Cyclone Furnace
Reactor Filter System
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Hydraulic Fracturing
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Cryogenic Barrier
Large 'Bore Soil Sampler
Two Zone, Plume Interception. In
Situ Treatment Technology
Volume, Page
Number
V1.190
V2,20
VI ,48
VI ,94
VI, 104
V2,68
.VI, 158
V2.104
V3,20
V3,34
VI, 84
VI, 172
V3.36
VI ,44
V2,42
V2.60
V2.106
VI, 236
V3.82
VI, 124
VI, 230
VI, 190
V3.34
V2.48
Page 349
-------
; If ; „:!!!", , "
a"11 "i11 ; • ;" 'i ,„ ;,i f,11 * ,,,11
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
i'' »''"•» •' '|!' i"1''!1 'i' ' 'lil111' ' i ' i i '> ' "'!' '••',i „. ,iii "• ' '* 'fill ,':TI ,, • ,1!' 'P ,i|l
' . '»,' , , / !|:::iJt' na- -I; ' '^-; , *ji'. .•>>;,. • ';.,.;.•.,•;"',•' '••:'•, *;•' •:.«. '"'i: '.^'•:. *PK' >? I Mil :!;'•'!.'•'!., .'.''; '• ' ,;,'•
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(continued)
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Technology Vendor
Bio-Rem, Inc.
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
IT Corp.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory. The U. of
Cincinnati and FRX,
Inc.
U.S. EPA
Lasagna™ Public
Private Partnership
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Geoprobe Systems
Technology
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Hydraulic Fracturing
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
In-Situ Soil Treatments, (Steam/Air
Stripping)
X*TAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3™) System
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cryogenic Barrier
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Volume, Page
Number
V1.34
VI, 130
V2.126
V3.82
VI, 124
VI, 166
VI, 202
VI, 100
VI, 106
V2.86
VI, 134
VI, 136
VI, 220
VI, 150
VI, 174
VI, 180
VI, 190
V3.20
V3,56
V3.66
V3.78
V3,34
Page 350
•• - 1 Si .'
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Heavy Metals
Heavy Minerals
Herbicides
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Solidification/Stabili
zation
Materials Handling
Samplers
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desoiption
Technology Vendor
Geo Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Dexsil Corp.
Energy and
Environmental Research
dorp.
Svedala Industries, Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
C-THRU Technologies
Corporation
Rocky Mountain
Remediation Services,
L.L.C.
Star Organics, L.L.C.
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
Art's Manufacturing and
Supply
Simulprobe
Technologies, Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Institute of Gas
Technology
Phytokinetics, Inc.
J.R. Simplot Company
U.S. EPA
Lasagna™ Public
Private Partnership
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International, Inc.
Technology
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
ton Mobility Spectrometry
Environmental Test Kits
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
PYROKILN THERMAL
ENCAPSULATION Process
Texaco Gasification Process
Photofhermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®)
Portable Assays
Envirobond Solution
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid
Campbell Centrifugal Jig
AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil
Sampler
Core Barrel Soil Sampler
Soil Washing System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
The SABRE™ Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Volume, Page
Number
Vl,82
Vl,84
VI, 172
V3,36
V3.26
V2,40
V2,100
VI, 162
V2.106
VI, 236
V3,22
VI, 222
VI, 232
V2.84
V3.16
V3.62
VI, 40
V2,120
Vl,90
V2.58
V2.128
V1.66
V1.166
VI, 202
V1.68
VI, 70
Page 351
-------
fill ,
•JK
••« If J!
I'tA' 3111 •,,
i"!!ll!!',!!IL I'lPHilllllllli , i
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Herbicides
(continued)
Mercury
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
(continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
WASTECH, foe.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Quadrel Services, Inc.
Radiometer Analytical
Group
Bionebraska, Inc.
Technology
Thermal Desorption System
X*TAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
Anaerobic Thermal Processors
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
Organics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
(RaPID Assay®)
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
Anodic Voltammetry for Mercury in
Soil
BiMelyze® Mercury Immunoassay
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 112
VI, 136
VI, 220
VI, 148
VI, 150
VI, 174
VI, 190
V2.20
Vl,26
V2.32
VI, 48
VI, 94
VI, 104
V2,68
VI, 116
V3.20
V3.34
VI, 50
VI, 172
V3.36
V3,72
VI, 44
V2,106
VI, 236
V3.54
V3,58
V3.18
Page 352
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Pield Portable X-ray
fluorescence
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
COGNIS, Inc.
Geo-Microbial
Technologies, Inc.
Phytotech
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
NITON Corp.
C-THRU Technologies
Corporation
TN Spectrace
ABA Technology
Environment
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
U.S. EPA
U. of South Carolina
Lasagna™ Public
Private Partnership
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Geotech Development
Corp.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
Battelle Memorial
Institute
Bergmann. A Division
of Linatex, Inc.
BioGenesis Enterprises,
Inc.
Brice Environmental
Services Corp.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
COGNIS, Inc.
Electrokinetics. Inc.
Technology
Biological/Chemical Treatment
Metals Release and Removal of
Wastes
Phytoremediation Technology
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence
Analysis
XL Spectrum Analyzer
Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®)
Portable Assays
9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
and Lead X-Ray Fluorescence
Analyzer
Soil Separation and Washing Process
Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone
Campbell Centrifugal Jig
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
GHEA Associates Process
Cold Top Ex Situ Verification of
Chromium-Contaminated Soils
Cryogenic Barrier
In Situ Electroacoustic Soil
Decontamination
Soil and Sediment Washing
BioGenesisSM Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Soil Washing Process
Acid Extraction Treatment System
TERRAMET Soil Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processine
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 52
V2.124
V1.212
V2.130
V1.214
V3.82
V3,48
V3.52
V3,22
V3.74
V2.16
V2.82
V2.84
VI, 166
V2,108
Vl,202
V2.86
V1.86
VI, 190
V2.26
VI, 26
VI, 32
VI, 42
V2,30
VI, 52
VI, 66
Page 353
-------
APPLICABILif Y iNDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology Vendor
General Atomics,
Nuclear Remediation
Technologies Division
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
Lewis Environmental
Services, Inc./Hickson
Corp.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Sandia National
Laboratories
Toronto Harbour
Commission
U. of Houston
HNU Systems, Inc.
Art's Manufacturing and
Supply
Geoprobe Systems
Simulprobe
Technologies, Inc.
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Funderburk & Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Rocky Mountain
Remediation Services,
L.L.C.
Sevenson Environmental
Services, Inc.
Soliditech, Inc.
Star Organics, L.L.C.
STC Remediation. A
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
Technology
Acoustic Barrier Paniculate
Separator
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic
Metals from Soils
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil
Leaching Process
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Volume Reduction Unit
In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction
System
Soil Recycling
Concentrated Chlorine Extraction and
Recovery of Lead
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil
Sampler
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Core Barrel Soil Sampler
Solidification and Stabilization
Waste Vitrification Through Electric
Melting
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Envirobond Solution
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/Solidification
Volume, Page
Number
V2.48
V2.64
V2,66
V2.68
V2.76
VI, 114
V1.118
VI, 224
VI, 162
V2.136
V3.42
V3.16
V3.34
V3.62
VI, 50
V2.46
Vl,78
Vl,82
V1.84
VI, 222
VI, 228
VI, 152
VI, 232
VI, 156
. J '••>•
' ^S J^'" Jl,v
Page 354
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
(continued)
Organics
PAHs
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
(continued)
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Sensors
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Cone Penetrometers
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
American Combustion,
Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Concurrent Technologies
inergy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
PSI Technologies, A
Division of Physical
Sciences Inc.
Svedala Industries, Inc.
Vortec Corp.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Gruppo Italimpresse
COGNIS, Inc.
ECOVA Corp.
Environmental
BioTechnologies, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Space and Naval
Warfare Systems Center
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
Bergmann. A Division
of Linatex, Inc.
, Technology
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction
Cyclone Furnace
Smelting Lead-Containing Wastes
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Reactor Filter System
Flame Reactor
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglo'merating Combustor
Metals Immobilization and
Decontamination of Aggregate Solids
PYROKILN THERMAL
ENCAPSULATION Process
Vitrification Process
Cryogenic Barrier
Geoprobe Conductivity System
Infrared Thermal Destruction
Biological/Chemical Treatment
Bioslurry Reactor
Fungal Degradation Process
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
SCAPS Cone Penetrometer
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous
Phase Liquids Removal
Thermal Desorption System
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Cryogenic Barrier
Soil and Sediment Washing
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 172
V2.114
VI, 22
VI, 44
V2.34
V2.40
V2,42
VI ,96
V2.60
V2,88
V2.100
VI, 236
VI, 190
V3,32
VI, 92
V2,36
VI, 64
V2.44
V2,58
V1.140
V3.64
V3,82
VI, 196
V1.112
VI, 220
VI, 190
VI, 26
Page 355
-------
, I: '
iiiiiijii-i
: AppypABjU W IN DEX "(continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
PAHs
(continued)
PCBs
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Samplers
Sensors
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
!' |j ',!.'. '."I I >'•'! ' • !"" ' ' ' '
Technology Vendor
BioGenesis Enterprises,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Clements, Inc.
IFugro Geosciences, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
U.S. EPA
iBiotherm, LCC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International, Inc.
IKAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
BioGenesis Enterprises,
Inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
|CF Systems Corp.
Technology
BioGenesis™ Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
JMC Environmental Subsoil Probe
Rapid Optical Screening Tool
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
X*TAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processors
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
BioGenesisSM Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Organics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 32
V3,20
V3,24
V3,30
V2.56
V2.58
V2.128
VI, 210
V3,48
VI, 166
Vl,36
Vl,68
VI, 70
VI, 106
V2.86
VI, 136
VI, 220
VI, 150
VI, 174
VI, 190
V2.20
VI, 26
VI, 32
V2,32
VI, 48
,
i r. III1;!;!:*
' . ' !. 'I I'!''
Page 356
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
PCBs
(continued)
Treatment Type
'hysical/Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Test Kits
Technology Vendor
Commodore
3nvironmental Services,
inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
State U. of New York at
Oswego, Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Clements, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Funderburk & Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Dexsil Corp.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Technology
Solvafed Electron Remediation
System
Circulating Bed Combustor
aigh^Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Vlixed Waste Treatment Process
Photolytic and Biological Soil
Detoxification
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 3 1 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
JMC 'Environmental Subsoil Probe
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Environmental Test Kits
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Volume, Page
Number
VI ,56
V1.80
VI, 94
VI, 104
V2,68
V2,70
VI, 114
V1.116
V2.98
VI, 158
V2.104
V3.20
V3,42
V3,66
V3.78
V3.24
V3,34
VI, 50
V1.78
VI, 82
V1.84
VI, 152
VI, 172
V3.26
V3.38
Page 357
-------
APPLlCABILiTY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
PCBs
(continued)
PCP
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Test Kits
(continued)
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
[nc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LCC
Technology
EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay
Test Kit
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Cryogenic Barrier
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCP Method
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Volume Reduction Unit
PCB- and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Ensys Penta Test System
EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay
Test Kit
(RaPID Assay®)
Soil Washing System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Volume, Page
Number
V3,70
VI, 44
V2.40
V2,60
V2.106
VI, 236
VI, 140
VI, 190
V3.80
VI, 220
VI, 118
V2.104
V3,68
V3.70
V3.72
VI, 40
V2.120
Vl,90
V2,56
V2,58
V2.128
VI ,210
V3,82
VI, 166
Vl,36
iitiiii ' I ' ' , , ' " vi>
Page 358
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Pesticides
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
[continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
tnc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
ART International, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental Services,
Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
State U. of New York at
Oswego, Environmental
Research Center
Technology
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
X*TAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low, Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA)
Anaerobic Thermal Processors
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
Organics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Circulating Bed Combustor
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S-T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Photolytic and Biological Soil
Detoxification
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
BaserCatalyzed Decomposition
Process
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 68
VI, 70
VI, 106
VI, 136
VI, 220
VI, 148
VI, 150
VI, 174
VI, 190
V2.20
VI, 26
V2,32
VI ,48
VI, 56
VI, 66
V1.80
VI, 94
VI, 104
V2,68
V2,70
VI, 114
VI, 116
V2.98
Page 359
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Pesticides
(continued)
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Art's Manufacturing and
Supply
Clements, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Simulprobe
Technologies, Inc.
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Funderburk & Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Dexsil Corp.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
COGNIS, Inc.
ECOVA Corp.
Technology
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
PCB- and
Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil
Sampler
JMC Environmental Subsoil Probe
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Core Barrel Soil Sampler
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Environmental Test Kits
Ensys Penta Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Biological/Chemical Treatment
Bioslurrv Reactor
Volume, Page
Number
V1.158
V2,104
V3,20
V3.66
V3.78
V3.16
V3.24
V3,34
V3,62
VI, 50
Vl,78
V1.82
V1.84
VI, 152
VI, 172
V3,36
V3,26
V3,68
V3.38
V3,72
VI ,44
V2.40
V2,60
V2.106
VI, 236
V2.36
V1.64
,. , it. "i • , • . ' . . ' • ""i , ' :. •:' , i !••'•' - •'" " :l" : i""-!l;l
Page 360
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
(continued)
Radionuclides
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
[continued)
Cone Penetrometers
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
Hazardous Substance
Management Research
Center at New Jersey
Institute of Technology,
and Rutgers, the State U.
of New Jersey
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Space and Naval
Warfare Systems Center
Tri-Services
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory. The U. of
Cincinnati and FRX,
Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
SIVE Services
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Soliditech, Inc.
Thermo Nutech, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
Linatex, Inc.
IT Corp.
Sevenson Environmental
Services, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Harding Lawson
Associates
Biotrol®
ECOVA Corp.
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Institute of Gas
Technology
Technology
Pneumatic Fracturing and
Bioremediation Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
SCAPS Cone Penetrometer
Site Characterization Analysis
Penetrometer System (SCAPS)
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Hydraulic Fracturing
GHEA Associates Process
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Low, Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
Cryogenic Barrier
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Solidification and Stabilization
Segmented Gate System
Cryogenic Barrier
Soil and Sediment Washing
Mixe'd Waste Treatment Process
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Cyclone Furnace
Two Zone, Plume Interception. In
Situ Treatment Technology
Soil Washing System
Bioslurry Reactor
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Volume, Page
Number
V2.52
VI, 140
V3,64
V3.76
V3.82
VI, 124
V2.86
VI, 230
VI, 148
VI, 190
V3.66
VI, 152
V2.134
VI, 190
VI, 26
V2,68
VI, 228
VI, 172
VI, 44
V2,48
VI, 40
V1.64
VI, 90
V2.56
Page 361
-------
; APPLJCABILITY liy DEX (continuedl.
..; it1
*•&
if1!
:ilillli
.
:
'"' >
:;
,, I'k 1"
Hi!1 '
V ,
< ' Jill
,'l'lli'
ii 1,1 nil
1 ,"
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(continued)
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
[nstitute of Gas
Technology
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and INTECH
180 Corp.
New York State Dept. of
Environment
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larson
Engineers
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental,
[nc.
IT Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Quadrel Services, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LCC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International, Inc.
IIT Research
Institute/Brown and Root
Environmental
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
OHM Remediation
Services Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Bioventing
Fungal Treatment Technology
Ex Situ Biowilt
*•
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Associates Process
In-Situ Soil Treatments, (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
X*TAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desoiption and Vapor Extraction
System
Volume, Page
Number
V2.58
VI, 208
VI, 120
VI, 126
VI, 130
V2.126
VI, 140
V3,54
V3.82
VI, 166
V1.36
VI, 68
VI, 70
VI, 102
VI, 106
VI, 112
V2.86
VI, 134
VI, 136
VI ,220
• I*-.
' I, ,[, .11
Page362
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
[continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
continued)
'hysical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology Vendor
SIVE Services
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division of
jnatex, Inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Hrubetz Environmental
Services, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Toronto Harbour
Commission
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Technology
Steam Injection and Vacuum
ixtraction
Low, Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
Anaerobic Thermal Processors
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Soil and Sediment Washing
3rganics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
31ectrokinetic Soil Processing
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-iThermal Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Sigh-Energy Electron Irradiation
HRUBOUT® Process
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Volume Reduction Unit
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
[n Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Soil Recycling
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 230
VI, 148
VI, 150
VI, 174
VI, 190
VI ,24
Vl,26
V2.32
VI, 48
VI, 66
V2.122
VI, 94
VI, 98
VI, 104
V2.68
VI, 116
VI, 118
VI, 158
VI, 160
VI, 162
V1.176
Vl,180
V3,20
V3.78
Page 363
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
(continued)
VOCs
Treatment Type
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Other
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
Art's Manufacturing and
Supply
Geoprobe Systems
Simulprobe
Technologies, Inc.
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Geo-Con, Inc.
STC Remediation. A
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Sonotech, Inc.
Svedala Industries, Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton Research
Institute
Vortec Corp.
Berkeley Environmental
Restoration Center
Billings and Associates,
Inc.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
ECOVA Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
New York State Dept. of
Environment
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larson
Engineers
Technology
AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil
Sampler
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Core Barrel Soil Sampler
Solidification and Stabilization
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/Solidification
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion
System
PYROKILN THERMAL
ENCAPSULATION Process
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
In Situ Stream Enhanced Extraction
Process
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SVVS®)
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Bioslurry Reactor
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Bioventing
Ex Situ Biovault
Volume, Page
Number
V3.16
V3.34
V3.62
VI, 50
VI, 82
VI, 156
VI, 172
V2.114
V3.36
V3.72
Vl,44
V2.60
VI, 154
V2,100
VI, 162
V2.106
VI ,236
VI, 28
VI, 30
VI, 34
VI, 64
V2.120
VI, 208
VI, 126
JIIIU >' lill'i
/ li. I,
Page 364
'!:„ **
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Siological
3egradation
continued)
Contaminant Survey
Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Technology Vendor
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental,
Inc.
New York State Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/SBP
Technologies, Inc.
IT Corp.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Quadrel Services, Inc-.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
ABA Technology
Environment
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory. The U. of
Cincinnati and FRX,
Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LCC
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.
HT Research
Institute/Brown and Root
Environmental
KAI Technologies,
Inc./Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
NOVATERRA, Inc.
Praxis Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SIVE Services
Technology
[n Situ Bio venting Treatment System
Vacuum- Vaporized Well System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Phy toremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Soil Separation and Washing Process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process
Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous
Phase Liquids Removal
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Associates Process
In-Situ Soil Treatments, (Steam/ Air
Stripping)
In Situ thermally Enhanced
Extraction (TEE) Process
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 130
VI, 128
V2.126
V2.128
V1.210
V3.54
V3,82
V2,16
VI, 124
VI, 166
Vl,36
V1.196
VI, 100
VI, 102
VI, 106
VI, 112
V2.86
VI, 134
VI, 216
VI, 220
VI, 230
Page 365
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
SoU
(continued)
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
(continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
SoilTech ATP Systems,
Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
ARS Technologies, Inc.
Arizona State U./Zentox
Corp.
Berkeley Environmental
Restoration Center
CF Systems Corp.
Radian International
LCC
Energia, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Hrubetz Environmental
Services, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
KSE, Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp . /Spetstamponazhge
ologia Enterprises/STG
Technologies
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
Terra-Kleen Response
Grouo. Inc.
Technology
Low, Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
In Situ Stream Enhanced Extraction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Integrated Vapor Extraction and
Steam Vacuum Stripping and Soil
Vapor Extraction/Reinjection
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
HRUBOUT® Process
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase
Oxidation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Volume Reduction Unit
X Ray Treatment of Organically
Contaminated Soils
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 148
VI, 150
VI ,174
VI, 190
V1.24
V2,18
VI ,28
VI, 48
VI, 138
V2,38
V2.122
VI, 94
VI, 98
V2,62
VI, 104
V2.64
V2.68
V1.200/
V2.24
V1.114
VI, 118
V2,132
VI, 158
Ki
': i1
Page 366
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Soil
(continued)
Solids
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Other
Dioxins
Furans
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
[continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Sensors
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Cone Penetrometers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Terra Vac, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./ffiG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Clements, Inc.
Simulprobe
Technologies, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Fugro Geosciences, Inc.
Geo-Con, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Sonotech, Inc.
Svedala Industries, Inc.
Texaco Inc.
Vortec Corp.
Tri-Services
STC Remediation, A
Division of Omega
Environmental, inc.
Active Environmental,
Inc.
Active Environmental,
Inc.
Technology
[n Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCS Method
JMC Envionmentalist's Subsoil Probe
Core Barrel Soil Sampler
Geoprobe Conductivity System
Rapid Optical Screening Tool
[n Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
[on Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion
System
PYROKILN THERMAL
ENCAPSULATION Process
Texaco Gasification Process
Vitrification Process
Site Characterization Analysis
Penetrometer System (SCAPS)
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixatipn/Solidification
TechXtract™ Process
TechXtract™ Process
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 160
VI, 176
VI, 180
V3.20
V3,42
V3.56
V3,66
V3,78
V3,24
V3.62
V3.32
V3.30
Vl,82
VI, 172
V2.114
V3,36
V3,38
V2.40
V2,60
VI, 154
V2.100
VI, 162
VI, 236
V3.76
VI, 156
VI ,20
VI, 20
Page 367
-------
» 4
APPpCABlUfY INDEX (continued)
Media
Solid
(continued)
Waste water
Contaminants
Metals
Mercury
PCBs
Pesticides
Aromatic VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Technology Vendor
Active Environmental,
Inc.
Bionebraska, Inc.
Active Environmental,
Inc.
Active Environmental,
Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental,
Inc.
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Technology
TechXtract™ Process
BiMelyze® Mercury Immunoassay
TechXtract™ Process
TechXtract™ Process
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX} Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Cross Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 20
V3.18
Vl,20
VI, 20
Vl,38
V2.120
VI, 184
VI, 142
VI, 48
V2.54
VI, 94
VI, 108
VI, 110
V2.90
VI, 144
VI, 182
V3.14
V3.20
V3.42
V3.60
, V3,66
V3,78
VI, 178
V3.36
Paste 368
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Wastewater
(continued)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(continued)
Cyanide
Dioxins
Explosives
Furans
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Test Kits
Siological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
ilanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Biotrol®
ZENON Environmental,
Inc.
Technology
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX} Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Cyclone Furnace
GHEA Associates Process
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX} Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
ZenoGem™ Process
Volume, Page
Number
V3.38
V1.214
VI, 68
VI ,48
VI ,94
VI, 110
VI, 144
V3.20
VI, 178
V3.36
VI, 44
V2.86
VI, 168
VI ,68
VI, 48
VI ,94
V1.110
VI, 144
V3.20
VI, 178
V3.36
VI, 44
VI, 38
VI, 184
Page 369
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Wastewater
(continued)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs
(continued)
Heavy Metals
Herbicides
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabili2ation
Spectrometers
Thermal Destruction
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Biological
Degradation
Technology Vendor
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
CF Systems Corp.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Pulse-Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Biotrol®
Technology
GHEA Associates Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX} Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb™ 563 Adsorbent
Cross Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCS Method
PO*WW*ERTOi Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
Volume, Page
Number
V2,86
VI ,48
VI, 72
V2.54
VI, 94
VI, 108
V1.110
V2,90
VI, 144
VI, 168
V2.112
V2.116
VI, 182
V3.14
V3,20
V3.60
V3.66
V3,78
VI, 178
V3,36
V2,40
V3.44
V3.20
V1.38
Page 370
il"1 ^MM II.
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Wastewater
(continued)
Contaminants
Herbicides
(continued)
Inorganics
Metals
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(continued)
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Physical/ Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental,
Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Vlatrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Colorado Dept. of Public
Health and
Environmental
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
Filter Flow Technology,
Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Technology
In Situ Bioremediation by
Blectrbkinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
f
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX} Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobite Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Constructed Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Biomiiieralization of Metals
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Colloid Polishing Filter Method
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Volume, Page
Number
V2.120
VI, 184
V1.68
VI, 48
VI, 94
VI, 108
VI, 110
VI ,144
V3.20
V1.178
V3.36
V3.72
VI ,44
V3.44
VI ,54
V2,130
VI, 214
V3.44
V3.48
VI, 76
V2.86
VI, 142
V2,22
Page 371
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Wastewater
(continued)
Contaminants
Metals
(continued)
PAHs
PCBs
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
(continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Technology Vendor
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
E.I. DuPont de Nemours
and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Co.
Dynaphore, Inc.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
EPOC Water, Inc.
Cure International, Inc.
Lewis Environmental
Services, Inc./Hickson
Corp.
Matrix Photocatalytic
me.
Morrison Knudsen
Corporation/Spetstampon
azhgeologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
RECRA Environmental,
[nc.
Selentec Environmental,
[nc.
U. of Washington
HNU Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
ZENON Environmental,
Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
Technology
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment
Membrane Microfiltration
FORAGER® Sponge
Reactive Barrier
Precipitation, Microfiltration, and
Sludge Dewatering
CURE® Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment System
Chromated Copper Arsenic Soil
Leaching Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Adsorptive Filtration
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
ZenoGem™ Process
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
GHEA Associates Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Volume, Page
Number
V2,24
VI, 60
VI ,62
VI, 194
VI, 74
Vl,58
V2.76
VI, 110
VI, 114
V2.92
V1.226
V2.110
V3,42
VI, 178
VI, 44
V2.40
VI, 144
V3.20
V3.66
VI, 184
V3.48
V1.68
V2,86
VI, 46
"F: ;'; its
Page 372
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Wastewater
(continued)
\
Contaminants
PCBs
(continued)
PCP
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
continued)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Technology Vendor
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corporation/Spetstampon
azhgeologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX} Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
trradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Ensys Penta Test System
EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay
Test Kit
Volume, Page
Number
VI ,48
V2.54
V1.94
V1.108
VI, 110
VI, 114
VI, 144
VI, 168
V3.20
V3.42
V3,60
V3.66
V3.78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3,68
V3.38
VI ,44
V2,40
VI, 144
VI, 168
V3.68
V3.70
Page 373
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
II "I, ,,l I .. , . ..MM * , ,,
I 'II '.!',.,||!'II:,, I PI'
Media
Wastewater
(continued)
Contaminants
PCP
(continued)
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Test Kits
(continued)
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Technology Vendor
Strategic Diagnostic,
[nc. Corp.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental,
Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photocatalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corporation/Spetstampon
azhgeologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
Technology
RaPID Assay®
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
[n Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX} Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay®
Volume, Page
Number
V3.72
Vl,38
V2.120
V1.184
VI, 68
V1.46
VI ,48
V2.54
VI ,94
VI, 108
VI, 110
VI, 114
VI, 144
VI, 168
V3,20
V3.60
V3,66
V3.78
VI, 178
V3,36
V3.68
V3.38
V3.72
Page" 37%"
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Wastewater
(continued)
Contaminants
Pesticides
(continued)
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Radionuclides
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Test Kits
Physical/ Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatments
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology Vendor
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
SBP Technologies, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Idetek, Inc.
Filter Flow Technology,
Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Selentec Environmental,
Inc.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Biotrol®
ZENON Environmental,
[nc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
GHEA Associates Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Equate® Immunoassay
Colloid Polishing Filter Method
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
ZenoGejn™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
GHEA Associates Process
perox-piire™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX} Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Automated Sampling and Analytical
Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Volume, Page
Number
VI, 44
V2.40
V2.86
VI, 46
VI, 144
V3,66
V3,46
VI, 76
V2.22
V2.24
VI ,226
VI ,44
VI ,38
VI, 184
Vl,68
V2,86
VI ,46
VI, 48
V2.54
VI, 94
V2.90
VI, 144
V3.14
V3,20
Page 375
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
J""!i"' - '•' "" .ii!!"1:, "' ,i! : , : ' ," liiili!.:; ..,,•:, , I' ik •,, I ,.
"• ' ' • l|"'1 ' •' !™""'• 'i.'"iiiiiiiiii '!• v.i.. •!:.:« .j jjihhih! f.'ii'i ••
Media
Wastewater
(continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
(continued)
VOCs
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(continued)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Technology Vendor
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostic,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies, Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON Environmental,
Inc.
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox
UV Technologies, hie.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ZENON Environmental
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Technology
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCB Method
PO*WW*ERTM Technology
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
[LG-SX} Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
Reactive Barrier
High Energy Electron Irradiation
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb™ 563 Adsorbent
Cross Flow Pervaporation System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatoeraoh
Volume, Page
Number
V3,78
VI, 178
V3.72
VI, 44
V1.38
V2.120
V1.184
V2,86
VI, 142
VI, 46
VI, 48
VI, 72
VI, 194
VI, 94
V2.90
VI, 144
VI, 168
V2.112
V2.116
VI, 182
V3.20
V3.42
V3,60
V3.66
Page 376
'•Stiiii!,'1''!11;*!*11
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Wastewater
(continued)
Other
Contaminants
VOCs
(continued)
Other
Aromatic VOCs
Dioxins
Furans
Halogenated
VOCs
Metals
PCBs
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
(continued)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Field Portable X-ray
Fluorescence
Materials Handling
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology Vendor
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean Air
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental Research
Corp.
North American
Technologies Group,
Inc.
RECRA Environmental,
Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Process Technologies,
Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
NITON Corp.
TN Spectrace
AEA Technology
Environment
Geosafe Corp.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Concurrent Technologies
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Technology
Field Analytical Screening Program -
PCS Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic
Chip
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
GeoMelt Vitrification
Ptiotolytic Destruction of
Vapor-Phase Halogens
GeoMelt Vitrification
XL Spectrum Analyzer
9000 X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer
and Lead X-ray Fluorescence
Analyzer
Soil Separation and Washing Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Smelting Lead-Containing Wastes
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
GeoMelt Vitrification
Volume, Page
Number
V3.78
VI, 178
V3.36
V3.38
V2.40
VI, 132
V2.92
V2.114
VI, 158
V1.84
V1.158
V1.84
V1.218
Vl,84
V3,52
V3,74
V2.16
V1.84
V2.114
V2,34
VI, 158
VI, 84
VI, 158
Vl,84
Page 377
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (continued)
Media
Other
(continued)
Contaminants
SVOCs
VOCs
Not Applicable
Treatment Type
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Materials Handling
Physical/ Chemical
Thermal Desorption
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Data Management
Systems
Technology Vendor
Process Technologies,
tnc.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
AEA Technology
Environment
Process Technologies,
Inc.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
GISVSolutions, Inc.
Technology
Photolytic Destruction of
Vapor-Phase Halogens
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Soil Separation and Washing Process
Photolytic Destruction of
Vapor-Phase Halogens
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
GIS\Key™ Environmental Data
Management Svstem
Volume, Page
Number
Vl,218
VI, 158
V2.114
V2,16
V1.218
VI, 158
V2.114
V1.88
'Sill ' , ;•( '
,
4] HIS''-!'
:::: *• o". s. GOVEHNMENT PRINTING OFRCE: 1999-550-101/20002
Mr 1 '!!!
-------
-------
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Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
Cincinnati, OH 45268
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