United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Cincinnati OH 45268 Research and Development EPA/540/S1-86/059 Mar. 1986 &EPA Project Summary Health Effects Assessment Documents A series of 58 Health Effects Assess- ments were prepared by the Environ- mental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. These documents are brief, summary assessments of potential adverse health effects following either oral or inhalation exposure for the purpose of remedial actions. This Project Summary was developed by EPA's Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, to announce key findings of the research project that is fully documented in 58 separate reports (see Project Report ordering information at back). The Environmental Criteria and Assess- ment Office, Cincinnati, OH, of the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment has prepared a series of 58 Health Effects Assessments (HEAs) for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. These documents are intended to provide brief, preliminary assessments of poten- tial adverse health effects following either inhalation or oral exposure to toxicants in the context of evaluations for remedial actions. The estimates of acceptable intakes and cancer potencies presented in the HEAs should be considered pre- liminary, and may be updated as more recent in-depth assessments are com- pleted. Whenever possible, two categories of route-specific acceptable intakes have been estimated for systemic toxicants (toxicants for which cancer is not the endpoint of concern). The first, the AIS or acceptable intake for subchronic expo- sure, is an estimate of an exposure level which would not be expected to cause adverse effects when exposure occurs during a limited time interval (i.e., for an interval which does not constitute a significant portion of the lifespan). This type of exposure estimate has not been extensively used, or rigorously defined, as previous risk assessment effects have been primarily directed towards expo- sures from toxicants in ambient air or water where lifetime exposure is as- sumed. Animal data used for AIS esti- mates generally include exposures with durations of 30-90 days. Because reported human exposures are usually from chronic, occupational exposure situations or from reports of acute accidental expo- sure, subchronic human data are rarely available. The AIC or acceptable intake for chronic exposure, is similar in concept to the ADI (acceptable daily intake). It is an estimate of an exposure level which would not be expected to cause adverse effects when exposure occurs for a significant portion of the lifespan. The AIC is route specific and estimates acceptable exposure for a given route with the implicity assumption that exposure via other routes is insignifi- cant. For compounds for which there is sufficient" evidence of carcinogenicity, AIS and AIC values are not derived. Since the Agency's cancer policy assumes a process which is not characterized by a threshold, any exposure contributes an increment of risk. Consequently, deriva- tion of AIS and AIC values would be inappropriate. For carcinogens, qi*s have been computed based on oral and/or inhalation data if available. The q,* represents an upper-bound estimate on lifetime cancer risk as estimated by the multi-stage model. Inhalation values (AIS, AIC and q,*) have been developed for purposes of inhalation exposure evaluations only. These values do not reflect differential absorption assumptions appropriate for route-to-route extrapolation. These esti- mates have been developed to be readily transposable to units of air concentration ------- and have incorporated an assumption that exposure concentration will be rela- tively stable across a 24-hour period. Of the 58 subject chemicals, cancer potency estimates were developed for 26 compounds: arsenic, benzene, benzo(a) pyrene, cadmium (inhalation only), carbon tetrachloride, chlordane, chloroform, coal tars, DDT, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1 -dichlo- roethylene, hexachlorobenzene, hexa- chlorobutadiene, hexavalent chromium (inhalation only), lindane, methylene chloride, nickel (inhalation only), poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,3,7, 8-TCDD, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, tetra- chloroethytene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and vinyl chloride. AIS and/or AIC values were estimated for 27 compounds: acetone, barium, cadmium (oral only), chlorobenzene, copper, cresols, cyanide, 1,1-dichloro- ethane, ethyl benzene, glycol ethers, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, hexavalent chromium (oral only), iron, manganese, mercury, methyl ethyl ketone, nickel (oral only), pentachlorophenol, phenol, selen- ium, sodium cyanide, toluene, 1,1,1-tri- chloroethane, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, tri- valent chromium, xylene and zinc. For sulfuric acid available data related solely to portal of entry effects. Therefore, exposure concentrations rather than acceptable intakes were developed. For six compounds data were inade- quate for quantitative assessment: 1,2- cis-dichloroethylene, 1,2-trans-dichloro- ethylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrena. For asbestos, despite con- siderable data, quantitative estimates wore not attempted due to the confound- ing problems of fiber size and shape. This is an issue currently under review. Simi- larly for lead, AIS and AIC values are not provided awaiting the conclusions of a large-scale review effort concerning this compound. In the interim existing stan- dards are presented and discussed. The primary focus of the brief literature summaries presented in the HEAs is literature directly relevant to hazard assessment, primarily mammalian toxi- cological evaluations of subchronic or chronic duration conducted utilizing oral or inhalation exposure protocols. The HEAs generally reflect secondary sources of information when available in the form of more extensive agency documentation. ------- This Project Summary was prepared by staff of the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268. This Project Summary covers 58 separate reports, entitled "Health Effects Assessment for—," Acetone (Order No. PB 86-134 277/AS; Cost: $9.95) Arsenic (Order No. PB 86-134 319/-AS; Cost: $11.95) Asbestos (Order No. PB 86-134 608/AS; Cost: $11.95) Barium (Order No. PB 86-134 327/AS; Cost: $9.95) Benzene (Order No. PB 86-134 483/AS; Cost: $11.95) Benzo(a)pyrene (Order No. PB 86-134 335/AS; Cost: $9.95) Cadmium (Order No. PB 86-134 491/AS; Cost: $11.95) Carbon Tetrach/oride (Order No. PB 86-134 509'/AS; Cost: $9.95) Chlordane (Order No. PB 86-134 343/AS; Cost: $9.95) Chlorobenzene (Order No. PB 86-134 517/AS; Cost: $9.95) Chloroform (Order No. PB 86-134 210/AS; Cost: $9.95) Coal Tars (Order No. PB 86-134 350/AS; Cost: $9.95) Copper (Order No. PB 86-134 368/AS; Cost: $9.95) Cresols (Order No. PB 86-134 616/AS; Cost: $9.95) Cyanide (Order No. PB 86-134 228/AS; Cost: $9.95) DDT (Order No. PB 86-134 376/AS; Cost: $11.95) 1,1 -Dichloroethane (Order No. PB 86-134 384/AS; Cost: $9.95) 1,2-Dichloroethane (Order No. PB 86-134 137/AS; Cost: $11.95) 1,1-Dichloroethylene (Order No. PB 86-134 624/AS; Cost: $9.95) 1,2-cis-Dichloroethylene(Order No. PB 86-134 269/AS; Cost: $9.95) 1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene (Order No. PB 86-134 525/AS; Cost: $9.95) Ethylbenzene (Order No. PB 86-134 194/AS; Cost: $9.95) Glycol Ethers (Order No. PB 86-134 632/AS; Cost: $11.95) Hexachlorobenzene (Order No. PB86-134 285/A S; Cost: $9.95) Hexachlorobutadiene (Order No. PB 86-134 64O/AS; Cost: $9.95) Hexachlorcyclopentadiene (Order No. PB 86-134 129/AS; Cost: $9.95) Hexavalent Chromium (Order No. PB 86-134 301/AS; Cost: $9.95) Iron (and Compounds) (Order No. PB 86-134 657/AS; Cost: $9.95) Lead (Order No. PB 86-134 665/AS; Cost: $11.95) Lindane (Order No. PB 86-134 673/AS; Cost: $9.95) Manganese (and Compounds) (Order No. PB 86-134 681/AS; Cost: $11.95) Mercury (Order No. PB 86-134 533/AS; Cost: $9.95) Methylene Chloride (Order No. PB86-134 392/A S; Cost: $11.95) Methyl Ethyl Ketone (Order No. PB86-134 145/AS;Cost: $9.95) Naphthalene (Order No. PB86-134 251 /A S; Cost: $9.95) Nickel (Order No. PB 86-134 293/AS; Cost: $9.95) Pentachlorophenol (Order No. PB 86-134 541 /A S; Cost: $9.95) Phenanthrene (Order No. PB 86-134 400/AS; Cost: $9.95) Phenol (Order No. PB 86-134 186/AS; Cost: $9.95) Poly cyclic Biphenyls (PCBs) (Order No. PB 86-134 152/AS;Cost:$11,95). Polychlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) (Order No. PB 86-134 244/AS; Cost: $11.95) Pyrene (Order No. PB 86-134 418/AS; Cost: $9.95) Selenium (and Compounds) (Order No. PB 86-134 699/AS; Cost: $11.95) Sodium Cyanide (Order No. PB 86-134 236/AS; Cost: $9.95) Sulf'uric Acid(Order No. PB 86-134 426/AS; Cost: $9.95) 2.3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (Order No. PB 86- 134 558/AS; Cost: $11.95) 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (Order No. PB 86-134 434/AS; Cost: $9.95) Tetrachloroethylene (Order No. PB 86-134 202/AS; Cost: $9.95) Toluene (Order No. PB 86-134 442/AS; Cost: $9.95) 1,1.1-Trichloroethane (Order No. PB 86-134 160/AS; Cost: $9.95) 1.1.2-Trichloroethane (Order No. PB 86-134 566/AS; Cost: $9.95) Trichloroethylene (Order No. PB 86-134 574/AS; Cost: $9.95) 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (Order No. PB 86-134 459/AS; Cost: $9.95) 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (Order No. PB 86-134 582/AS; Cost: $9.95) Trivalent Chromium (Order No. PB 86-134 467/AS; Cost: $9.95) Vinyl Chloride (Order No. PB 86-134 475/AS; Cost: $11.95) Xylene (Order No. PB 86-134 178/AS; Cost: $9.95) Zinc (and Compounds) (Order No. PB 86-134 590/AS; Cost: $11.95) Complete Set of 58 Reports (Order No. PB 86-134 111/AS; Cost: $518.00) The above reports will be available only from: (cost subject to change) National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: 703-487-4650 For information C. T. DeRosa can be contacted at: Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 &U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988/550-292/62072 ------- United States Environmental Protection Agency Center for Environmental Research Information Cincinnati OH 45268 Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300 EPA/540/S1-86/059 ------- |