United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Research and Development
EPA/540/SR-95/527 August 1995
Project Summary
Pilot-Scale Incineration
Testing of Fluff and Soil from the
M.W. Manufacturing
Superfund Site
J. W. Lee, W. W. Vestal, S. Venkatesh, C. G. Goldman, and L. R. Waterland
At the request of U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Region III
and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, a
series of six tests was conducted at
the U.S. EPA Incineration Research Fa-
cility (IRF) to evaluate the incinerability
of the fluff waste and contaminated soil
from the M. W. Manufacturing Corpora-
tion Superfund site in Danville, PA. Both
materials are contaminated with vola-
tile organic compounds (VOCs),
semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOCs), chlorinated dioxins and
furans, and several trace metals, in-
cluding antimony, arsenic, barium, cad-
mium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel,
silver, and zinc. Copper and lead, in
particular, are at very high concentra-
tions in both the fluff waste and con-
taminated soil. The fluff was incinerated
at two kiln exit gas temperatures: nomi-
nally 871° and 760°C (1,600° and
1,400°F). The soil was incinerated only
at the higher kiln exit gas temperature
of 871 °C (1,600°F). Each test was run
in duplicate. The afterburner exit gas
temperature for all tests was nominally
at 1,090°C (2,000°F). The primary air
pollution control system consisted of a
venturi/packed column scrubber sys-
tem followed by a flue gas reheater
and baghouse.
Test results showed that greater than
99.99% Destruction and Removal Effi-
ciency (DRE) of the VOC and SVOC
contaminants was uniformly achieved.
HCI emissions were well below 1.8 kg/
hr and system HCI control efficiencies
well above 99%. Paniculate emissions
at the baghouse exit were well below
34 mg/dscm (0.015 gr/dscf) corrected
to 7% O2, a guideline level announced
in the draft waste combustion strategy
in May 1993. Baghouse exit flue gas
total chlorinated dioxin/furan levels
were well below 30 ng/dscm corrected
to 7% O2, another draft combustion
strategy guideline. Incineration effec-
tively decontaminated both the fluff
waste and soil of their VOC and SVOC
contaminants. However, the kiln ash
discharge from the incineration of con-
taminated site soil at a kiln gas tem-
perature of 871 °C (1,600°F) contained
total chlorinated dioxin/furan concen-
trations of 2.4 to 3.6 ug/kg. Levels in
the kiln ash from fluff incineration at
the same temperature were 65 to 89 ug/
kg, and significantly increased, at 830
to 2,700 jug/kg, for incineration at a
kiln gas temperature of 760°C (1,400°F).
In addition, the flue gas paniculate col-
lected as baghouse ash for all tests
was a cadmium- and lead-contaminated
toxicity characteristic (TC) hazardous
waste.
This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's National Risk Management
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH,
to announce key findings of the re-
search project that is fully documented
in a separate report of the same title
(see Project Report ordering informa-
tion at back).
Introduction
One of the primary missions of EPA's
Incineration Research Facility (IRF) is to
support Regional Offices in evaluations of
the potential of incineration as a treatment
Printed on Recycled Paper
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option for wastes and other contaminated
materials at Superfund sites. One priority
site is the M. W. Manufacturing site in
Danville, PA. EPA Region III and the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE) re-
quested that a pilot-scale test program be
conducted at the IRF to support evalua-
tions of the suitability of incineration as a
treatment technology for wastes and con-
taminated soil at the site.
The M. W. Manufacturing site began
operation in 1966. M. W. Manufacturing
Corporation reclaimed copper from scrap
wire using both mechanical and chemical
processes. Reclamation activities began
in 1969 and continued until 1972 when
M. W. Manufacturing filed for bankruptcy.
The chemical recovery processes used
by M. W. Manufacturing led to site con-
tamination with volatile organic solvents.
Warehouse 81, Inc., acquired the site in
1976 and began mechanical recovery op-
erations from the existing waste piles
onsite. The mechanical recovery opera-
tions generated large volumes of waste
material, termed fluff.
The fluff waste produced by the me-
chanical stripping process consists of fi-
brous insulation material mixed with plastic.
Phthalate esters, copper, and lead are the
major contaminants in this material. The
chemical recovery process used by M. W.
Manufacturing was a two-step process.
The first step involved the use of a hot oil
bath to melt the plastic insulation away
from the metal in the scrap wire. Residual
oils were removed from the separated cop-
per in the second step through the use of
chlorinated solvents, including trichloro-
ethene and tetrachloroethene. Thus, these
solvents are waste and soil contaminants
at the site.
The June 1990 record of decision (ROD)
document for the site identified onsite in-
cineration as the selected treatment for
two site-contaminated materials, fluff waste
and organic- and trace-metal-contaminated
soil. The specific objectives of the IRF
test program were defined as follows:
• Verify that the fluff waste and the
contaminated soil at the site can be
incinerated in compliance with the
hazardous waste incinerator perfor-
mance standards and permit require-
ments.
• Measure the effectiveness of incin-
eration treatment in decontaminating
fluff and soil of their organic contami-
nants and evaluate whether incinera-
tion temperature affects the
effectiveness of fluff decontamination.
• Measure the distribution of the con-
taminant metals in the fluff and the
contaminated soil among the incin-
eration system discharge streams.
• Determine whether the bottom ash
residue and the Air Pollution Control
System (APCS) discharges from the
incineration of fluff and contaminated
soil will be toxicity characteristic (TC)
hazardous wastes.
• Determine whether the bottom ash
residue from the incineration of con-
taminated soil meets the cleanup lev-
els for soil given in the ROD.
To address these objectives, a series of
seven tests was performed in the rotary
kiln incineration system (RKS) at the IRF.
Test Program
A process schematic of the RKS is
shown in Figure 1.
Waste Description
The major organic contaminants in site
wastes are the two phthalate esters,
bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) and di-
n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). Thus, these
compounds would be considered the Prin-
cipal Organic Hazardous Constituents
(POHCs) in the site wastes. However, be-
cause both BEHP and DNOP are com-
pounds ranked relatively easy to thermally
destroy, according to the thermal stability
based incinerability ranking, the test waste
materials were spiked with naphthalene, a
compound ranked quite difficult to destroy,
at 2% by weight. In addition, Region III
was interested in establishing that
tetrachloroethene, one of two volatile or-
ganic compounds (VOCs) found in site
wastes, is effectively destroyed by incin-
eration, so tetrachloroethene was also de-
fined to be a POHC. As a result,
tetrachloroethene was also spiked into test
materials, at a level of 3,100mg/kg by
weight, because site material concentra-
tions of the compound were too low to
allow establishing a 99.99% ORE at
achievable flue gas concentration
quantitation limits. Site wastes are also
highly contaminated with copper and lead,
and with lesser, though still significant,
amounts of antimony, barium, chromium,
nickel, and zinc.
Test Conditions
In the test program, two sets of dupli-
cate tests feeding fluff waste alone and
one set of duplicate tests feeding con-
taminated soil alone were performed. The
two sets of fluff feed tests were conducted
at different kiln exit gas temperatures. The
target test operating conditions were as
given in Table 1. A seventh test, denoted
Test 0 in Table 1, was performed as a
blank burn. Only feed packaging materi-
als, the cardboard box, Polyethylene bag
liner, high density polyethylene spike
bottles (no POHC spike), and box closure
items (plastic tie and paper tape) were fed
to the RKS for the blank burn. The target
test material feedrate was 54.5 kg/hr
(120lb/hr) for all tests except the blank
burn. For all tests, the afterburner exit gas
temperature was 1,090°C (2,000°F), and
the kiln rotation rate was set to give a
30-min kiln solids residence time.
Sampling and Analysis
Procedures
For all tests, the sampling matrix en-
tailed obtaining composite samples of the
test feed material, the kiln ash discharge,
the pre-test and post-test scrubber sys-
tem liquor, and the baghouse ash; and
sampling flue gas at the baghouse exit for
trace metals, semivolatile organic com-
pounds (SVOCs), VOCs, polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), and par-
ticulate and HCI. Test program samples
were analyzed for matrix-specific combi-
nations of SVOCs, VOCs, PCDDs/PCDFs,
contaminant trace metals, and chloride.
Test Results
SVOC Results
Table 2 summarizes the measured con-
centrations of the SVOC POHCs in test
program samples collected. The data in
the table show that the native and spiked
SVOC contaminants were essentially com-
pletely removed from the fluff waste by
incineration at both kiln temperatures
tested, as evidenced by their absence in
the kiln ash discharge for all fluff waste
tests at method detection limits (MDLs) of
0.3 to 1.3 mg/kg. Similarly, these contami-
nants were removed from the contami-
nated soil for both soil tests at the single
kiln temperature tested for this matrix. No
kiln ash concentration data are given for
the blank burn test, TestO, in Table 2
because no kiln ash was discharged for
this test. None of the three SVOC con-
taminants was found in the post-test scrub-
ber liquor for any test at the MDLs noted
in the table. Naphthalene was absent from
the baghouse ash for all tests. However,
low levels of both BEHP and DNOP were
found in the baghouse ash for all tests,
including the blank burn. No explanation
as to why these site contaminants are
found at these levels in the baghouse ash
is offered, other than the fact that phtha-
lates are commonly encountered labora-
tory contaminants. Neither naphthalene nor
DNOP was present in the baghouse exit
-------
ROTARY
KILN
ROTARY KILN
INCINERATOR
ASH HOPPER I I
PRIMARY AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL SYSTEM
REDUNDANT AIR '
POLLUTION CONTROL j
SYSTEM
STACK
10 FAN
Figure 1. Schematic of the IRF rotary kiln incineration system.
Table 1. Test Matrix
Test
Feed
Target kiln exit gas
temperature, °C (°F)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Packaging container material
Fluff
Duplicate of Test 1
Soil
Duplicate of Test 3
Fluff
Duplicate of Test 5
870 (1,600)
870 (1,600)
870 (1,600)
760 (1,400)
flue gas for any test. BEHP was found in
the baghouse exit flue gas for all tests,
including the blank burn, at the levels
noted.
VOC Results
Table 3 summarizes the measured con-
centrations of the target VOC analytes in
test program samples collected. As was
the case for the SVOC contaminants, in-
cineration treatment of the fluff waste at
both temperatures tested, and of the con-
taminated soil at the one temperature
tested, was essentially completely effec-
tive in decontaminating the feed materials
of their native and spiked VOC contami-
nants. The kiln ash discharge for all tests
contained no detectable VOC contami-
nants, with one exception at a concentra-
tion just above the MDL. In addition, neither
the scrubber liquor nor the baghouse ash
from any test contained detectable VOC
contaminants.
The baghouse exit flue gas for all tests,
including the blank burn test, contained
low levels of both trichloroethene and
tetrachloroethene. No 1,1,2-trichloro-
ethane was found in the baghouse exit
flue gas for the blank burn test, either fluff
test at the higher incinerator temperature,
one of the two fluff tests at the lower
incineration temperature, and one of the
two soil feed tests.
POHC DREs
Feed contaminant concentration,
feedrate, baghouse exit flue gas contami-
nant concentration, and flue gas flowrate
data can be combined to calculate con-
taminant DREs for each of the tests. Cal-
culated DREs are summarized in Table 4.
All DREs demonstrated were greater than
the 99.99% level required by the current
hazardous waste incinerator performance
standard.
Dioxin and Furan Results
A summary of the PCDD/PCDF data
obtained in this test program is given in
Table 5, in terms of the two summary con-
centration values typically reported, the
total PCDD/PCDF and the 2,3,7,8-TCDD
toxicity equivalents (TEQs). In many cases,
concentrations in Table 5 are reported as
ranges. This arises out of the fact that
analyzed concentrations for both homo-
logue group totals and specific congeners
are often reported as being less than an
MDL. Thus, in cases where a concentra-
tion is listed as a range in Table 5, the
maximum value in the range corresponds
to the assumption that constituents not
detected were present at the MDL, and
the minimum value in the range corre-
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Table 2. Semivolatile Organic Contaminant Analysis Results
Sample
Test 0 (10/27/93), kiln temperature: 871 °C (1,599°F)
Packaging container material, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
Fluff Waste Tests
Test 1 (1 1/9/93), kiln temperature: 883°C (1,622°F)
Fluff feed, mg/kg
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
Test 2 (1 1/16/93), kiln temperature: 876°C (1,608°F)
Fluff feed, mg/kg
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
Test 5 (1 1/18/93), kiln temperature: 762°C (1,403°F)
Fluff feed, mg/kg
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
Test 6 (1 1/23/93), kiln temperature: 767°C (1,412'F)
Fluff feed, mg/kg
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, /ng/dscm
Soil Feed Tests
Test 3 (12/1/93), kiln temperature: 876°C (1,609°F)
Soil feed, mg/kg
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
Test 4 (12/2/93), kiln temperature: 874°C (1,606°F)
Soil feed, mg/kg
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
BEHP
<1.3
<0.013
6.6
8.4
48,800
<1.3
<0.013
14.3
7.0
53,300
<1.3
<0.013
4.5
9.9
48,300
<1.3
<0.013
21.1
9.8
49,000
<1.3
<0.013
18.7
6.2
9,810
<1.3
<0.013
23.5
7.8
9,440
<1.3
<0.013
14.2
7.0
Concentration
DNOP
<0.4
<0.004
4.1
<0.9
1,850
<0.4
<0.004
9.9
<1.2
2,610
<0.4
<0.004
2.2
<1.3
2,870
<0.4
<0.004
13.4
<1.1
2,810
<0.4
<0.004
12.1
<1.2
580
<0.4
<0.004
17.0
<1.2
550
<0.4
<0.004
9.7
<1.2
Naphthalene
<0.3
<0.003
<0.3
<0.8
20,200a
<0.3
<0.003
<0.3
<0.9
20,200a
<0.3
<0.003
<0.3
<1.1
20,200a
<0.2
<0.003
<0.3
<0.9
20,200a
<0.3
<0.003
<0.3
<1.0
20,200a
<0.3
<0.003
<0.3
<1.0
20,200a
<0.3
<0.003
<0.3
<1.0
aSpiked concentration.
Table 3. Volatile Organic Contaminant Analysis Results
Concentration
Sample
Tetrachloroethene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethene
Test 0 (10/27/93), kiln temperature: 870°C (1,599°F)
Packaging container material, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
Fluff Waste Tests
Test 1 (11/9/94), kiln temperature: 883°C (1,622'F)
Fluff feed, mg/kg, native
Fluff feed, mg/kg, spiked
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
Test 2(11/16/93), kiln temperature: 876°C (1,608°F)
Fluff feed, mg/kg, native
Fluff feed, mg/kg, spiked
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
<4
<0.015
<4
0.66
4.9
3,100
<4
<0.015
<4
0.27
<4
3,100
<4
<0.015
<4
0.71
<0.004
<0.09
<0.004
<0.14
<0.004
<0.09
<0.004
0.15
2.4
<0.004
0.16
<0.004
0.14
(continued)
-------
Tables. Continued
Sample
Test 5 (1 1/18/93), kiln temperature: 762°C (1,403°F)
Fluff feed, mg/kg, native
Fluff feed, mg/kg, spiked
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
Test 6 (1 1/23/93), kiln temperature: 767°C (1,412°F)
Fluff feed, mg/kg, native
Fluff feed, mg/kg, spiked
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, pg/dscm
Soil Feed Tests
Test 3 (12/1/93), kiln temperature: 876'C (1,609°F)
Soil feed, mg/kg, native
Soil feed, ng/kg, spiked
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
Test 4 (12/2/93), kiln temperature: 874'C (1,606°F)
Soil feed, mg/kg, native
Soil feed, mg/kg, spiked
Kiln ash, mg/kg
Scrubber liquor, mg/L
Baghouse ash, mg/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm
Tetrachloroethene
<4
3,100
<4
<0.015
<4
0.68
17
3,100
5.6
<0.015
<4
0.61
50
3,200
<4
<0.015
<4
1.57
93
3,300
<4
<0.015
<4
0.14
Concentration
1, 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
<1
<1
<0.004
<1
<0.09
<1
<1
<0.004
<1
0.23
<1
<1
<0.004
<1
1.27
2.8
<1
<0.004
<1
<0.05
Trichloroethene
<1
<1
<0.004
<1
0.23
<1
<1
<0.004
<1
0.09
<1
<1
<0.004
<1
0.73
3.9
<1
<0.004
<1
0.17
Table 4. POHC DREs
Parameter
BEHP
DNOP
Naphthalene
Tetrachloroethene
Fluff Waste Tests
Test 1 (11/9/93), kiln temperature: 883'C (1,622'F)
Feed concentration, mg/kg 48,800
Feedrate, kg/hr 2.93
Baghouse exit flue gas:
Concentration, ng/dscm 7.0
Emission rate, mg/hr 11.9
ORE, % 99.99959
Test 2 (11/16/93), kiln temperature: 876°C (1,608°F)
Feed concentration, mg/kg 53,300
Feedrate, kg/hr 3.15
Baghouse exit flue gas:
Concentration, ng/dscm 9.9
Emission rate, mg/hr 19.4
ORE, % 99.99939
Test 5 (11/18/93), kiln temperature: 762°C (1,403°F)
Feed concentration, mg/kg 48,300
Feedrate, kg/hr 2.94
Baghouse exit flue gas:
Concentration, ng/dscm 9.8
Emission rate, mg/hr 20.1
ORE, % 99.99932
Test 6 (11/23/93), kiln temperature: 767'C (1,412'F)
Feed concentration, mg/kg 49,000
Feedrate, kg/hr 2.98
Baghouse exit flue gas
Concentration, ng/dscm 6.2
Emission rate, mg/hr 11.3
ORE, % 99.99962
Soil Feed Tests
Test 3 (12/1/93), kiln temperature: 876'C (1,609°F)
Feed concentration, mg/kg 9,810
Feedrate, kg/hr 0.58
Baghouse exit flue gas:
Concentration, ng/dscm 7.8
Emission rate, mg/hr 15.0
ORE, % 99.9974
1850
0.11
<2.0
>99.9982
2,610
0.15
<2.5
>99.9984
2,870
0.18
<2.3
>99.9987
2,810
0.17
<2.2
>99.9987
580
0.034
<2.3
>99.9933
20,200
1.21
<0.9
>99.99987
20,200
1.19
<2.2
>99.99982
20,200
1.23
<0.9
>99.99985
20,200
1.23
>99.99985
20,200
1.19
>99.99984
3,100
0.19
0.27
0.46
99.99975
3,100
0.18
0.71
1.4
99.99924
3,100
0.19
0.68
1.4
99.99926
3,100
0.19
0.61
1.1
99.99941
3,200
0.19
1.57
3.0
99.9984
(continued)
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Table 4. Continued
Parameter
BEHP
DNOP
Naphthalene
Tetrachloroethene
Test 4 (12/2/93), kiln temperature: 874°C (1,606°F)
Feed concentration, mg/kg 9,440
Feedrate, kg/hr o'.56
Baghouse exit flue gas:
Concentration, [ig/dscm 7.0
Emission rate, mg/hr 11.3
ORE, % 99.9980
547
0.034
>99.9940
20,200
1.19
>99.99986
3,300
0.19
0.14
0.23
99.99988
Table 5. Dioxin and Furan Analysis Results
Sample
Total PCDD/PCDF
TEQ
Test 0 (10/27/93), kiln temperature: 870°C (1,599°F)
Packaging container material, ng/kg
Scrubber liquor, pg/L
Baghouse ash, ng/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas ng/dscm at 7% O2
Fluff Waste Tests
Fluff feed, ng/kg
Test 1 (11/9/93), kiln temperature: 883°C (1 ,622°F)
Kiln ash, ng/kg
Scrubber liquor, pg/L
Baghouse ash, ng/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm at 7% O2
Test 2(1 1/16/93), kiln temperature: 876°C (1,608°F)
Kiln ash, ng/kg
Scrubber liquor, pg/L
Baghouse ash, ng/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm at 7% O2
Test 5 (1 1/18/93), kiln temperature: 762°C (1,403°F)
Kiln ash, ng/kg
Scrubber liquor, pg/L
Baghouse ash, ng/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm at 7% O2
Test 6 (1 1/23/93), kiln temperature: 767°C (1,4 12°F)
Kiln ash, ng/kg
Scrubber liquor, pg/L
Baghouse ash, ng/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm at 7% O2
Soil Feed Tests
Soil feed, ng/kg
Test 3 (12/1/93), kiln temperature: 876°C (1,609°F)
Kiln ash, ng/kg
Scrubber liquor, pg/L
Baghouse ash, ng/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm at 7% O2
Test 4 (12/2/93), kiln temperature: 874°C (1,606°F)
Kiln ash, ng/kg
Scrubber liquor, pg/L
Baghouse ash, ng/kg
Baghouse exit flue gas, ng/dscm at 7% O2
180
68-170
64
0.21
56,000
65,000
370-380
520
1.3
89,000
730-750
740
1.3
830,000
290
340
0.44
2,700,000
520-540
1,000
0.96
10,000
2,400
2,300-2,400
2,600
0.68
3,600
260-280
390
0.48
1 P-7 "?
i .*- / ,\j
97-9<>
. / £*j
n QA 1 n
u. y*t i . u
0.005-0.017
7-3/7
/
-------
the soil feed tests were comparable, at
0.48 to 0.68 ng/dscm. All measured levels
were significantly lower than the EPA guid-
ance announced in 1993 of 30 ng/dscm at
7% O2.
On a TEQ basis, baghouse exit flue
gas dioxin/furan levels were 0.044 to
0.052 ng/dscm at 7% O2 for the high kiln
temperature fluff waste tests. Comparable
to slightly decreased emissions, at 0.016
to 0.049 ng/dscm at 7% O2, were mea-
sured for the low kiln temperature fluff
waste tests, and for the soil feed tests at
0.018 to 0.032 ng/dscm at 7% O2. The
European-suggested dioxin emission limit
for waste incinerators is 0.1 ng/Nm3 TEQ
corrected to 11% O2. Thus, while the tem-
perature correction for scm is slightly dif-
ferent than for Nm3, and the O2 correction
for the European standard, at 11% 02,
differs from the 7% O used in the Table 5
data, all emission levels reported in Table 5
will be lower than the suggested Euro-
pean standard.
Trace Metal and TCLP Results
Trace metal concentrations were mea-
sured in test program samples and are
summarized in the report. Fluff and soil
feed, kiln ash, scrubber liquor, and
baghouse ash samples from the test pro-
gram were also subjected to the toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP),
and resulting TCLP leachates were ana-
lyzed for the contaminant trace metals.
Leachate analysis data for the six site
contaminant trace metals having TC regu-
latory levels defined are summarized in
the report. The data show that no result-
ing kiln ash discharge from the incinera-
tion of fluff waste or contaminated soil
would be a TC hazardous waste due to its
Table 6. Particulate and HCI Emissions
leachable concentrations. Similarly, the
scrubber liquor from all tests was not TC
hazardous. However, the baghouse ash
for all tests would be a lead-contaminated
TC hazardous waste and, for all but one
fluff test, a cadmium-contaminated TC haz-
ardous waste.
Particulate and HCI Emissions
The baghouse exit flue gas particulate
and HCI emission data developed in the
test program are summarized in Table 6.
The data show that baghouse exit particu-
late concentrations were less than 10
mg/dscm corrected to 7% O2 for all but
one test for which they were 14 mg/dscm
at 7% O2. All measured levels were well
below the current hazardous waste incin-
erator performance standard of 180
mg/dscm at 7% O2, and even substan-
tially below the EPA's announced 1993
guidance of 34 mg/dscm at 7% O2.
Baghouse exit flue gas HCI emission
rates were at most 2.6 g/hr. Apparent sys-
tem collection HCI efficiencies were greater
than 99.9% for all except one soil feed
test for which the apparent system HCI
collection efficiency was 99.76%.
Conclusions
Results of the test program conducted
to evaluate the incineration treatment of
fluff waste and contaminated soil from the
M. W. Manufacturing Superfund site con-
firm that incineration represents an effec-
tive treatment option, with cautions
regarding its use. Indeed, incineration of
the fluff waste offers several benefits in-
cluding substantial waste volume reduc-
tion, and effective, near complete,
decontamination and destruction of both
the VOC and SVOC contaminants in the
Baghouse exit
Test
Test 0 (10/27/93)
Fluff Waste Tests
Test 1 (1 1/9/93)
Test 2 (11/16/93)
Test 5 (11/1 8/93)
Test 6 (1 1/23/93)
Soil Feed Tests
Test 3 (12/1/93)
Test 4 (12/2/93)
Cl feedrate,
kg/hr
0.28
9.48
9.48
9.48
9.48
1.1
1.1
Particulate
concentration,
mg/dscm at
7%O2
7
7
4
6
14
5
9
HCI emission
rate, g/hr
<0.2
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.6
0.7
Apparent
system HCI
collection
efficiency, %
>99.93
99.98
99.98
99.98
99.98
99.76
99.94
waste. While the volume reduction benefit
is less significant in the incineration treat-
ment of the contaminated soil, the benefit
of effective and near complete decontami-
nation and destruction of organic contami-
nants remains.
Both site materials can be incinerated
in compliance with the current hazardous
waste incinerator performance standards
in a rotary kiln incineration system of the
type in place at the IRF. Specifically,
POHC DREs greater than 99.99% were
uniformly measured, and HCI emissions
were well below 1.8 kg/hr and system HCI
control efficiencies well above 99%. In
addition, compliance with the more strin-
gent incinerator emissions guidance an-
nounced in 1993 was demonstrated.
Specifically, particulate emissions mea-
sured were well below 34 mg/dscm, and
total PCDD/PCDF emissions measured
were well below 30 ng/dscm, both cor-
rected to 7% O2. In fact, measured dioxin/
furan emissions on a TEQ basis were well
below the suggested European emission
limit of 0.1 ng/Nm3 dry at 11% O2.
However, the kiln ash discharge from
the incineration of both site materials re-
mains dioxin-contaminated. The kiln ash
discharge from the incineration of con-
taminated site soil at a kiln temperature of
nominally 870°C (1,600°F) contained total
PCDD/PCDF concentrations of 2.4 to
3.6 n-g/kg. Levels in the kiln ash discharge
from the incineration of fluff waste at this
same temperature were higher, at 65 to
89 p-g/kg. Levels in the kiln ash discharge
from the incineration of fluff waste at a
nominal kiln temperature of 760°C
(1,400°F) were substantially higher, at 830
to 2,700 jig/kg.
Thus, with respect to fluff waste, incin-
eration offers substantial volume reduc-
tion, however the resulting treated waste
discharge (kiln ash) may still need to be
managed as a dioxin-contaminated mate-
rial. Dioxin contamination levels were de-
creased at higher incineration
temperatures, but they remained signifi-
cant nonetheless. In addition, the flue gas
particulate collected as baghouse ash in
essentially all tests was a cadmium- and
lead-contaminated TC hazardous waste.
So this discharge would need to be ap-
propriately managed as a hazardous
waste.
The full report was submitted in fulfill-
ment of Contract No. 68-C9-0038, Work
Assignment No. 3-3 and 4-3, by Acurex
Environmental Corporation under the spon-
sorship of the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency.
-------
J. W. Lee, W.W. Vestal, S. Venkatesh, C. G. Goldman, andL. R. Waterlandare
with Acurex Environmental Corp., Jefferson, AR 72079.
R. C. Thurnau is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
M. K. Richards was the Work Assignment Manager (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Pilot-Scale Incineration Testing of Fluff and Soil
from the M. W. Manufacturing Superfund Site," (Order No. PB95-255725;
Cost: $27.00, subject to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer and Work Assignment Manager can be contacted at:
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT No. G-35
EPA/540/SR-95/527
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