United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA542-B-01-001
www.epa.gov/TIO
http://clu-in.org/roadmap
R°ad Map to Understanding Innovative
Technology Options for Brownfields
Investigation and Cleanup, Third Edition
                                NEW AND UPDATED
                                RESOURCES
                                TECHNOLOGY ISSUES

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and

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Preparation of this document has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
under Contract 68-W-99-020. The document was subjected to the Agency's administrative    expert review
and was approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial prod ucts does
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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The Technology Innovation Office acknowledges and thanks the individ uals who reviewed and provided
comments on draft documents. The reviewers included representatives of business, community and grassroots
organizations, EPA Headquarters and regional offices, local government and city planning offices, and public
interest groups.

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       	i
                   	ii
             	2
              	4
   How to Use The      Map	6
                  	8
      MAP	15
                	17
SITE               	27
                 	41
               AND                	83
SPOTLIGHTS
   SI
                        to             of              	25
   S2
                      with                    	26
   S3          TO                       AND             	38
   S4     THE
                    Site            and               	39
   S5          QUALITY AND
          Keys to            Site          	40
   S6
          An                 to       	46
   S7                               GAS PLANT
                             Technologies	47
   S8                                  AT
          Technology        for Tank           	55
   S9
          A            	58
   S10            OF
          A                   	82
   S11                   THE ROLE OF                       AT
                      and      	66
APPENDICES
   A            TO               AND              	A-1
   B      LIST OF           AND          OF KEY       	B-1
   C      LIST OF              AND                              	C-1
   D                                	D-1
      OF            	  -1
       	

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
defined brownfields sites as "abandoned, idled, or
under-used industrial and commercial facilities
where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by
rea 1 or percei ved en v i ronmenta 1 conta mina tion."
EPA established its Brownfields Economic
Redevelopment Initiative to empower states,
communities, and other stakeholders in economic
revitalize tion to work together to accomplish the
redevelopment of such sites. Many states    local
jurisdictions also help businesses and communities
        adapt environmenta 1 cleanup programs to
        the special needs of brownfields sites.
         Preparing brownfields     for productive
         reuse requires the integration of many
         elements—financial issues, community
         involvement, liability considerations,
         environmental assessment and cleanup,
         regulatory requirements, and more—as well
         as coordination among many groups of
         stakeholders. The assessment and cleanup
         of a site must be carried out in a way
         integrates all those factors into the overall
         redevelopment process. In addition, the
         cleanup strategy will vary from site to site.
         A t some sites, cleanup will be completed
         before the property is transferred to new
         owners. At other sites, cleanup may take
         place simultaneously with construction and
         redevelopment activities.  Regardless of
         when and how cleanup is accomplished,
         the challenge to any brownfields program is
         to clean up     in accordance with
         redevelopment goals. Such goals may
         include cost-effectiveness, timeliness, and
         avoidance of adverse effects on structures on
         the site and on neighboring communities, as
well as redevelopment of the land in a way that
benefits communities and local economies.
Numerous technology options are available to assist
those involved in brownfields cleanup. EPA's
Technology Innovation Off ice (TIO) encourages the
use of smarter solutions for characterizing and
cleaning up contaminated sites by advocating more
effective, less costly technology approaches. The use
of innovative technologies to characterize and clean
up brownfields sites provides opportunities for
stakeholders to reduce the cost of cleanup and
accelerate the cleanup schedule.  When such factors

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as lower cost, an increased level of environmental
protection, and improved effectiveness are
considered, innovative technologies frequently are
more cost-effective and provide better    more
efficient cleanup than established treatment
technologies. Often, they also are more acceptable to
communities.

EPA defines an innovative technology as one that has
been used in the field but that does not yet have a
long history of full-scale use. In addition, data about
the cost and performance of innovative technologies
may not be s uf f icient to enco urage decision makers to
select those technologies over established
technologies. A primary area of interest to EPA is
documenting and disseminating information about
the cost and performance of innovative technologies.
EPA, through its work with the Federal Remediation
Technologies Round table, has seen significant
progress in this area. Innovative technologies are
being used in many cleanup programs to assess
contamination and to clean up sites.

Comprehensive information about the range of these
technologies and their use, as well as technical
expertise pertinent to them, is available front EPA's
Brownfields Technology Support Center (BTSC),
coordinated through T1O and supported by EPA's
Office of Research and Development (ORD).
Established in 1999 as a pilot program, the BTSC
assists brownfields decision makers by presenting
strategies for streamlining site assessment and
cleanup, identifying information about technology
options, evaluating plans and documents, describing
complex technologies to communities, and providing
demonstration support (see     11 for more
information about the BTSC).
An                  is an
       is                          in which a
           of the technology        in a

An                   is a technology that has been
         and      to a               problem at a
site, but     a long       of         use,
     its cost and how we!! it      may be insufficient to
              of its                a  wide
of operating conditions.


and                    is              Only
after a         has been used at            sites
and th e res ults f u 11 y do c ume nted is that tec h no logy
considered to be established.
• Background«introduction * Before You     * Site Assessment * Site investigation * Cleanup Options * Cleanup Design and implementation   3

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The Road Map to Understanding Innovative Technology
Options for Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup, Third
Edition, includes new and updated resources to assist
in the identification and selection of innovative site
characterization    cleanup technologies for
brownfields redevelopment. The Road Map and
accompany ing CD-ROM provide a generally
applicable outline of the steps in the cleanup of a site
slated for redevelopment, and introduce brownfields
stakeholders to the range of innovative technology
options    resources available to them. The Road
Map provides valuable information to a wide range of
stakeholders involved in or affected by the
redevelopment of brownfields sites, whether p nblic
       projects, private developments, or public-
       private partnerships. The third edition, which
       incorporates minor revisions in the structure
       and content of the second edition, has been
       expanded significantly  to include new
       updated resources, which are included on the
       Road Map CD-ROM.
       The first edition of the Road Map, published in
       1997, provided a broad overview of EPA's
       brownfields program and an outline of the
       steps involved in the cleanup of a brownfields
       site. Targeted primarily at stakeholders who
       were unfamiliar with the elements of cleaning
       up a brownfields site, the Road Map built
       awareness of the advantages offered by
       innovative technologies. As the brownfields
       program matured, a second edition of the Road
       Map was published in 1999 to provide
       updated information and resources about the
       program, including additional details about
       the technologies available for addressing
       contamination at brownfields  sites. This
       edition, accompanied by a CD-ROM, provided
easier access to the wide range  of information
resources included in the Road Map.
The new third edition has been developed for use by a
broader audience, ranging from those who may have a
limited understanding of the brownfields program
and technical background to those who are more
experienced. Updated with approximately 70 new
resources and one-page descriptions of technologies,
processes,    initiatives that affect the use
consideration of innovative technologies, the newest
edition of the Road Map will help:
«  New    less experienced stakeholders learn about
   EPA's brownfields program in general.
*  Decision makers who are familiar with the
   brownfields programs but are also interested in
   obtaining more detailed information about
   technologies. The Road Map provides these users

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   with current and up-to-date information about the
   applicability of Innovative technologies and ready
   access to the latest resources that can assist them
   in making their technology decisions.
«  Stakeholders that hire or oversee site cleanup
   professionals (such as environmental consultants,
   cleanup contractors, technology vendors, or staff of
   analytical laboratories). The Road Map provides
   these stakeholders with a detailed understanding
   of the different phases of cleanup of a brownfields
   site and provides information about the role these
   professionals play in the process and how to
   encourage consideration of the use of Innovative
   technologies.
»  Regulators by Increasing their understanding of
   the brownfields program and the advantages
   innovative technologies and approaches may
   provide throughout the cleanup process. The
   Road Map also serves as a resource for regulators
   to provide site owners, service providers, and other
   stakeholders with useful information about the
   brownfields program.
*  Community members by providing information
   about the general cleanup process and guidelines
   and mechanisms that ensure that they are
   Involved in the decision-making process.
«  Other stakeholders, such as financial institutions
   and insurance agencies, by providing information
   for use in assessing and minimizing risk
   associated with brownfields redevelopment.
It is important to understand that the site
characterization and cleanup process may not occur
in the sequence outlined in the following chapters.  At
many sites, several activities may be undertaken
concurrently and some steps may reoccur throughout
the process. For example, many technologies that are
used for characterizing sites during the preliminary
phases of a brownfields  project may be appropriate
for use in later stages of a site cleanup.
Understanding the logical progression of the process
is crucial to ensuring that the proper groundwork is
laid for future phases, and in determining whether
activities can be combined or implemented
concurrently.
The Road Map is not an official guidance document.
Instead, it draws upon EPA's experiences  with
Superfund sites, corrective action sites under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCR A),
and Underground Storage Tank (LIST)  sites. Specific
conditions—such as the kinds and amount of
contamination, the proposed reuses of the property,
the financial resources available,    the level of
s upport from neighboring communities—vary from
site to site.

    Addition of 72 new resou roes identified with a
    "new resource" icon

    Update of 19 resources

    One-page spotlights on specific topics that
    identify and describe key technologies,
    processes, and initiatives that affect the use and
    consideration ot innovative technologies at
    brownfields sites
  » An index of resources, listed in alphabetical
    order bv title
EPA invites comments from the members of the
brownfields community to help ensure that any
future versions of the Road Map meet their needs.
Please submit comments to:
       Carlos Pachon
       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
       Technology Innovation Office
       1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102G)
       Washington, DC
       E-mail: paclion.cttiios@epa.gov
       Phone: (703)
Portable document format (pdf) and HTML versions of
the Road Map are available for viewing or
downloading from the Hazardous Waste Cleanup
Information (CLU-1N) web site at 'http://clu-in.org/
roadmap. A printed or hard copy version can also be
ordered directly from CLU-IN.

If you do not have access to the Internet, a printed or
hard copy version of this document can be obtained
from:
       National Service Center for
         Environmental Publications
       U.S. EPA
       P.O. Box
       Cincinnati, OH
       Telephone:      490-9198
       FAX: (513)
When ordering, refer to documentnumber
EPA542-B-01-001.

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                Itie Read
The first section, Before You Begin, discusses important factors that set the stage for the characterization
and cleanup of brownfields sites and lists applicable resources. Regulatory guidelines for the process are
Introduced, and innovative technologies are discussed within the overall framework of the selection of site
characterization and cleanup technologies.
                The remaining four sections of the Road Map summarize the general phases of the characterization
                and cleanup of potentially contaminated sites: site assessment, site Investigation, assessment of
                cleanup options, and design     implementation of the remedy.

                Each section describes the objective to be accomplished, outlines the key questions to be answered,
                summarizes the activities undertaken during    phase, discusses key questions related to
                technology selection, lists information resources available to assist in selecting technologies, and
                ind icates specific actions to be taken at the completion of the
                phase. The resources are grouped by type of resource—
                technology resources, site-specific resources, or technology-
                specific resources — and are listed in alphabetical order under
                each category. Technology reso urces p rov ide general
                information about technologies and their application, site-
                specific resources provide information about the application of
                innovative technologies to specific contaminants and site types,
                and technology-specificresmirces presentdetaUed information
                about specific technologies and the application of those
                processes to specific contaminants and media.
                         Of
                                           Site                                ^
                                     Fiea; or download pdffik on the Road Map CD-ROM  •
                                     The document focuses on the DQO process as the
                              appropriate systematic planning process to support
                              decision making. The DQO process is an important tool
                              for project managers and planners to use In defining the
                              types, quality, and quantity of data needed to make
                              defensible decisions. The document Is based on the
                              principles and steps developed in Guidance for the  Data
                              Quality Objectives Process, but is specific to investigations
                              of hazardous waste sites. The guidance is also  consistent
                              with Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund:
                              Interim Final Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening
                              Guidance: User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the
                              document focuses on El'A applications, the guidance also
                              is applicable to programs at the state and local  levels.
< Location at which
 the resource Is
 available

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The Road Map is intended to identify and answer questions related to the selection of technologies, rather than
those questions related to other brownfields iss ues. Please remember     the key q uestions and activities to be
conducted are        to guide the reader in identifying issues    should be addressed. To serve as guideposts
in the cleanup process, the questions take the point of view of the various groups involved in that process. They ask
what stakeholders as a group working together—the "we" of each question—must do as assessment and cleanup
progresses.
 gp                          AT
                                            New to this edition are one-page descriptions that "spotlight"
                                            key issues related to the characterization and cleanup of
                              '•.. ------ -?---.   -  i  brownfields sites, including key technologies, processes, and
                                          ;  initiatives     affect the use     consideration of innovative
                                          i  technologies at brownfields sites. The spotlights are included
                                          :  in the section of the Road Map     is most relevant to each
application. Each spotlight also includes information about additional resources, as appropriate. The topics of
the spotlights are:
  "Other Redevelopment Initiatives"
  "Mothballed Properties"
  "Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance"
  "The Triad Approach"
  "Data Quality and Representativeness"
  "State Drycleaner Remediation Programs"
"Remediating Manufactured Gas Plant Sites"
"Underground Storage Tanks at Brownfields Sites"
"Phytoremediation Technology"
"Cleanup of Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids"
"Understanding the Role of Institutional Controls at
Brownfields Sites"
Several appendices also are included to help stakeholders understand technical issues and terms related to cleanup.
Appendix A, Guide to Contaminants and Technologies, identifies activities that may have caused contamination at sites
being considered for redevelopment and the range of technologies that may be appropriate for use at brownfields
sites. Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, defines specialized terms and acronyms used in
discussing    describing brownfields cleanup efforts. Appendix C, List ofBrownfields and Technical Support Contacts,
provides information about state and EPA regional and technical points of contact. Appendix D, How to Order
Documents, provides information about ordering the documents listed In the Road Map.


The Index of Resources provides a complete list of the resources in the Road Map, sorted a Iphabetically by title.

      lap
The Road Map CD-ROM is included with this document. The CD-ROM is organized
by the same sections as the Road Map — "Before You Begin," "Site Assessment,"
"Site Investigation," "Cleanup Options,"    "Cleanup Design and
Implementation." Each of the resources identified in the Road Map can be
viewed or downloaded directly from the CD-ROM or accessed or ordered on
line using links provided on the CD-ROM. In addition, of the approximately
160 resources identified in the Road Map, approximately 60 percent can be
viewed or downloaded directly from the CD-ROM. Another 40 percent of the
resources are Internet sites that can be linked to directly from the CD-ROM.
The resources can be searched alphabetically by title and by section.

EPA TIO has provided these resources in an easy-to-use CD-ROM format to
facilitate access to the documents, as well as to reduce paper and costs associated
with printing    distribution of hard-copy publications.

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Itis important to consider potential redevelopment
plans from the outset of any brownfields project. The
redevelopment plan (or lack thereof) will govern most
brownfields projects, from the identification of site
investigation and cleanup standards     the ability to
obtain financing to the ultimate affordability or
profitability of the project.

Defining and understanding the overall long-term
   goals of the brownfields project and the decisions
          be made throughout the project in support
          of those goals is a crucial element in
          identifying appropriate technologies for site
          investigation and cleanup. Technology
          tools, when carefully selected, will assist
          those responsible for the brownfields
          project in collecting the data necessary to
          support such decisions and accomplish the
          established goals. During the many phases
          of a brownfields project, it is important to
          keep in mind that technology options are an
      effective means of achieving the desired result
   at a site, rather than an end in themselves.

Brownfields projects may be initiated for a number of
reasons. A landowner may want to sell a property to
a developer who wants to purchase and develop it. A
municipality may want to clean up a parcel or area
that has become an eyesore, create space for business
development, or create a park in a disadvantaged
area. A local comprehensive plan may call for infill
development of a certain type in a brownfields area.
The brownfields process will be tailored to the
specific end use, if that use is known. For example, if
the redevelopment plan calls for the construction of a
light industrial facility, it may be appropriate to apply
industrial investigation     cleanup standards that
are less stringent than those applicable to property
that is to be redeveloped for residential use. The
standards required will affect every aspect of the
project, from its overall cost (which is generally
greater as the standards become more conservative) to
the applicability of innovative characterization and
cleanup technologies. Keep in mind, however, that
new information about contamination or cleanup
may require that reuse plans be altered; develop
flexible plans so that revised cleanup needs can be
incorporated into them.

If the end use is not known at the beginning of the
project, the individua Is involved should make every
attempt at least to identify the general type of desired
development, whether industrial, commercial, or
residential or a mixed-use development of some sort.

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Absent thai-information, the most conservative
assumptions will be made at every stage of the
brownfields project, a circumstance     could increase
significantly the time    expense of the project
may even make itinfeasible.
The redevelopment of brownfields sites may be
subject to a variety of federal, state,    local laws,
regulations, policies, and guidelines with respect to
the characterization and cleanup of the site. Such
sites also may be governed by the standard practices
of other government, nongovernment, and private
institutions.

The applicable laws, regulations, policies, and
guidelines will vary by site, depending on the
regulatory authority.' that manages the cleanup.
Therefore, it is important to research this information at
the outset and to work closely with the regulatory
authority? throughout the cleanup process. For
example, state or local regulatory authorities may
manage the cleanup of brownfields sites. These
agencies should be consulted to determine what, if any,
site-specific requirements or permits are applicable.

Many of the standard practices are designed to help
the brownfields redevelopment project obtain
financing from public programs and private banks and
institutions. Guidance and standards are issued by
government and nongovernment organizations, such
as the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(FDIC),     state and local economic development
authorities,    even private lenders.

EPA also can be a valuable resource for brownfields
stakeholders by providing regulatory and policy
support to facilitate the selection of technologies (see
Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support
Contacts for information about EPA regional and
technical points of contact).

Although compliance with regulations and official
policy directives under other federal regulatory and
cleanup programs, such as Superf und, may not be
required, some of the information gathered and lessons
learned under such programs maybe useful in the
investigation     cleanup of brownfields sites. For
example, in the past, a number of sampling events and
field mobilizations have been required at many RCRA
and Superfund sites to gather sufficient information to
characterize the site adequately. Additional sampling
has been found necessary for a number of reasons —
for example, to ensure that sampling was performed
for all potential contaminants, to adequately analyze
all pathways of exposure, to obtain representative
samples of wastes and environmental media, and to
obtain analytical results of the appropriate accuracy to
enable regulatory authorities to make decisions about
the cleanup with confidence. Multiple sampling
events have increased costs and extended the decision-
making period for selecting options for site cleanups.

When possible, sampling plans should be flexible and
dynamic and should allow for adjustments in the field
in light of actual field conditions observed and the
analytical results. Such a dynamic approach usually
requires a well-rounded technical team     comprises
a broad range of technical expertise and the use of field
analytical technologies, including an on-site mobile
laboratory, to provide quick turnaround ana lyses.
Most decision makers at brownfields sites will require
technical and legal assistance to fully understand the
complexities of investigating and cleaning up a
contaminated site. Depending upon the complexity of
a particular site, decision makers may request the
assistance of environmental consultants, cleanup
contractors, technology vendors, or     of analytical
laboratories in performing the many activities required
to investigate and clean up sites. The inclusion of
these professionals and other experts as members of
the brownfields team is recommended.

Some states may require the participation of certi fied
or licensed professionals to help guide the site
investigation and cleanup process. To obtain the
services of such professionals (individuals or a firm),
a request for proposals (RFP) is often used as the
procurement mechanism. The RFP addresses
approach, qualifications,     cost estimate for the
services requested    includes specifications
encourage prospective bidders to think "outside the
box" and consider nontraditional approaches.
Selection criteria outlined in the RFP should include
credentials and demonstrated experience of the
individuals or firm in developing valid options for
using streamlined strategies and innovative
technologies at brownfields sites and successfully
implementing the selected option.

To ensure that those individuals or firms responding to
an RFP propose approaches that are valid for the site,
the RFP also should include, or make readily available,
all studies    reports that provide site-specific
information that can be used as the basis for making
technology decisions. Individuals preparing RFPs
may wish to be proactive and provide suggestions for
the use of specific strategies and technologies that

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appear to be valid for the particular site. When
reviewing proposals and interviewing firms, the
evaluation      must be prepared to ask pointed,
detailed questions about the selection and use of
technologies to be assured     the individual or firm
chosen to perform the work is qualified to complete the
project successfully. Described in this Road Map are
many excellent resources that will assist brownf ields
decision makers in preparing specifications to be
included in RFPs, selecting the criteria for evaluating
proposals, and developing questions for interviews of
those responding to the R.FP. For example, see EPA's
Brownfields Technology Primer:  Requesting and
Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative
Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup on page 29
for more information.
It is important that brown fields decision makers
encourage acceptance of redevelopment plans and
cleanup alternatives by involving members of the
community early in the decision-making process
through community meetings, newsletters, or other
outreach activities. For an individual site, the
community should be informed about how the use of
a proposed technology might affect redevelopment
plans or the adjacentneighborhood. For example, the
planting of trees for the use of phytoremediation may
create aesthetic or visual improvements; on the other
hand, the use of phytoremediation may bring about
issues related to site security or long-term
maintenance that could affect access to the site.

EPA can assist members of the brownfields
community by directing its members to appropriate
resources and providing opportunities to network
and participate in the sharing of information. A
number of Internet sites, databases, newsletters, and
reports provide opportunities for brownfields
stakeholders to network with other stakeholders to
identify information about cleanup and technology
options. As noted in the preceding section, EPA's
Brownfields Technology Support Center is a valuable
new reso urce for brownfields decision makers (see
page 11 for more information).
In addition to innovative site characterization and
cleanup technologies, the use of established treatment
and containment technologies also should be
considered. Examples of containment include
containing contaminated soil on site using a cap and
limiting migration of contaminants using a vertical
engineering barrier such as a slurry wall. In either
case, containmentdoes not involve actively treating
the waste to recover or degrade contaminants.
Examples of established technologies include
solidification/stabilization, soil vapor extraction,
thermal desorption, incineration, and pump-and-
treat. (For a complete list    description of the
technologies, see Appendix .F, Identification of
Remedy and Record of Decision Types for Superf und
Remedial Actions, of the Treatmen t Technologies for Site
Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Tenth Edition). The
document is available on the Road Map CD-ROM or
online at http://cln-in.org/asr/.)

When deciding between innovative and established
technologies or between treatment and conta in ment
technologies, or other options, brownfields
stakeholders should consider the specific needs of the
individual site and stakeholders. It also is important
that brownfields decision makers consider both the
current effects of the selected technology approach and
its future effects on potentia 1 development of the site.
                                a n
The successful cleanup of
a brownfields site depends
on the selection and        » Focus Oil the
acceptance of a specific       that support Site
technology or technology      Build consensus
       i   re  i»r°  i *         LitiliUWUi lOvi iOU w
approach. Identified in
the box below are the key    * Understand
elements to ensure that a    . Allow flexibility
proposed technology will
be accepted by all stakeholders, whether site owners,
potential buyers, financial service providers,
investors, regulators, or affected citizens. Spotlights,
Keys to Technology Selection ami Acceptance, on page 38,
describes in detail these key elements.
Described on the next four pages are some of the
resources available to brownfields projects from
go v ernment and nongo v ernment ins tit utions,
including the various EPA hotlines for statutory
regulatory programs that may affect brownfields
projects. The resources provide more general
information than the technology resources identified
in the chapters that follow. Training courses and
programs provided by EPA, as well as other
organizations, also are identified. Information about
state     local resources can be obtained from the
contact for each state listed in Appendix C, List of
Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts.
10

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                                                          AND
         of
The document,         by the              Law        (ELI) in           with EPA,        an                  of
     Superfund programs, and includes information                            and organization,
activities,        policies and          requirements for                         and expenditures, and enforcement
tools. The report also          the voluntary remediation and brownfieids programs           by the       and
presents        program                   in       that        comparisons among the       A     of the report
can be           from ELI's web site at www.eli.org;       "Publications", then 1998 Reports, An                  is
forthcoming in Fall 2001,

                            to ffie tee of                                                  In
                              aiirf
          The report, published in 2000 by the         Technology Regulatory Cooperation (ITRC), contains an        of
   7                 from                      in                      ordnance (UXO)-contaminated sites. The
   "      report supports early and                         involvement in the selection of innovative UXO
characterization and            technologies. The report also otters                to ensure the appropriate
participation of      in the selection of technologies tor characterizing and remediating UXQ-contaminated sites. The
document can be       or           from the      Map CD-ROM


EPA           the Brownfieids Technology Support Center (BTSC) to       that                         are
of the full      of technologies         for conducting site             and cleanup, and can
for their sites. The center helps government decision                                        site assessment and
cleanup process, identify and                       complex technology options,        contractor capabilities and
                                           to communities, and plan                          The center is
coordinated through EPA's TIO and works through EPA's ORD                     can               for
    -  Directly through their EPA                   Coordinator
    -  Online 3\.http://brownfieldstsc.org
    -  By calling 1 (877) 838-7220 (toll free)
For more information about the program, contact Dan Powell of EPA's TIO at (703) 803-7196 orpowell.dan@epa.gov.

              A                       to
This book,               American Bar Association (ABA), is      at an         ot real estate and
attorneys,  property owners and developers,                       and consultants, and      and local government
leaders. The book"        an        with             information      the issues and explanations of the       and
          governing brownfieids. Legal, business, financial, and political issues associated with
                    also are           The             the                  used to     up
                                 and                                                    state
          with     than 400       of           on                  also is           The               in 1997,
can be                 ABA's web site at                or at                the country.  The ISBN number forthe
bookis 1-57073-439-9.


           CLU-IN Studio,            by EPA's TIO, the ITRC, and other partners,        free and unlimited
                                   live                     and                             the           of
   |                  information      and                 to          site               and
           technologies. The two-hour                are live                                 of which has a
companion                    by         line or           simulcast.  The                    are live      that
                                      with a companion live              The           of which the       time
       from 6 to 28 minutes, also may be       or        on line. Descriptions and           information
upcoming               as                         and          are             site at http://clu-in.org/studio/.

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                                                            AND
  EPA                                                          Site
  This Internet site, coordinated by EPA's Office of           and Emergency          (OSWER)         and Special
  Projects Staff (OSPS),                 information      EPA's           Economic Redevelopment        and
  resources       to the initiative. Descriptions of EPA's                 and points of contact in      of the EPA
  offices are provided, as well as publications, regulations, and other documents.                                in the
          and use of            for environmental        may                    in                  EPA's
            Cleanup Revolving      Fund (BCRLF) Pilots, a        that includes,       other elements, funding of
                          pilot         forthe           of                    and       of        and
                       Specific            the program, including criteria for eligibility and a list of BCRLF      that
                   are         on the web site. The USTFields        a new program          by EPA's Office of
                     Tanks (OUST) to               of                                  (USTs) is           as
  well as the 1 0 communities recently        USTFields funding forthe           and        of      For
  information, visit the web site at www.epa.gov/brownfields.

                      for                                                  (EPA
            The document        guidance on the           and use of an SOP within a        system. An SOP is a set
            of                  that          a routine or                an organization      out. The
            and use of SOPs are an        part of a                               SOPs       to           the
            in f o rmatio n n eede d to pe rl o rm a j ob pro pe rly a nd 1 aci i i late co nsisten cy in th e q ua i ity a n d i nteg ri ty of a prod net o r
  end       SOPs         both technical and administrative                   of an            that      be
  under a     plan, a quality                 plan, or an organization's                  plan.  A      of the
  can be      or downloaded from the      Map CD-ROM.
                      of       for                                            af             3w«f
            (E/VI
            Developed by EPA's Office of           and Compliance Assistance (OECA), the handbook is a compilation of
     If         that can be used to        the        of           and            a
     fl     any environmental               with that property and to                      from
  under Superfund. The document                                  CERCLA and
  provisions and                          and                   that can be used as     to        CERCLA
  risks          with           and                    for use by               in the            cleanup, and
       of brownfields, the                 a                of the                    and          of each tool.
  The pdf version of the document can be        or downloaded from the     Map CD-ROM.


  The                                    (HSRC)                             in part by EPA, the U.S.
         (DOE),        U.S.                     (DoD),                       of     and
  technology transfer, and training. HSRC         free technical          to communities with environmental
                    through two               the Technical         for            (TOSC)         and the
  Technical          to            (TAB) Communities Program.  TOSC uses the           and             at
  than 30           to help community                 the              at                     Through the TOSC
          toll-free                   are         and           and                        are        TAB
  communities to      up and                      have been         or undervalued by
  Through five        training centers, HSRC's TAB               lor communities on the following
  risk                                 site            and                                   is         on
  HSRC and                       on    web site at www.hsrc. org.         information      the TOSC and TAB
           is        at www.hsrc.org/hsrc/html/tosc.
12

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                  and                            of
Coordinated through the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the           Toxic and                 Center of
(HTRW-CX) provides technical assistance and information about the use of innovative technologiesforcleanup of
                              information      a      of                  technology                of
     HTRW-CX, and upcoming training        and           is         on the Center's web site,      than 50
       of                      of                      also are described. Visit the HTRW-CX web site at
                      aritf
The ITRC,               the                                     the use of                         and
                             up of     than 30                                        and state
the ITRC: (1} provides a forum through which states can          technical information; (2)        a network of
co ntacts f o r the p ro motio n of in n      tec h no log ie s; (3) ide ritif ies i rite     barrie rs to the d e p I oy merit of tech n oiog i es; (4}
benchmarks     perspectives about innovative technologies; and (5) develops consensus among     regulators, in
collaboration with        and public stakeholders, on technical regulatory aspects of the use of innovative technologies,
           decision        who wish to obtain applicable guidance documents for the use of innovative technologies will
find several guidance documents         by the ITRC on ITRC's web site. For additional resources and points of contact,
visittheiTRC'swebsiteatvnw./r/?Ciy&&.oflj/.


          RCRA Online is an online         that                     to         of       memoranda, and
                   and               by EPA's Office of Solid      (OSW), The                  in the
   If              past EPA                          of the RCRA                    the             of
                    and                    can                  through topical, full text, and
functions, as well as view the actual text of documents identified in a search,        instructions on how to
database are provided, as weii as tips for conducting searches, RCRA Online is         online at www.epa.gov/rcraonline/.
A pdf version of the RCRA Online brochure is provided on the Road Map CD-ROM,

                  anrf                     ami                           Act
The hotline handles information about EPA's RCRA           and programs implemented under RCRA, including the UST
program, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabilityAct (CERCLA), EPCRAthe Superfund
            and               Act (SARA) Title III, and the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). The      also                for
obtaining       documents concern ing the RCRA, UST, Superfund/CERCLA, and Pollution Prevention/Waste Minimization
prog rams.  The h oti i n e o perates d ai ly Mo nday th rou g h Fri d ay, 9:00 a. m. to 6:00 p. rn. Easte rn Stan d ard T i me (EST).  Th e
hotline can be reached by telephone at 800-424-9346 for all nongovernment  locations       the Washington, DC
metropolitan                or 703-412-9810 for all locations in the Washington, DC metropolitan     calling

                  and
The Superfund Docket and
Notices, Records of Decision (ROD), and      comments sentto EPA, The              daily, Monday through Friday, 9:00
a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST, The center can be reached by telephone at 703-603-9232 or by facsimile at 703-603-9240.

          Tax         and            for
          Section 198 of the                   (28 U.S.C. §198 (A)(1 )(B)(¥1))                       of costs
          to the                        of                          As the code specifies, taxpayers are  permitted
          to    any         environmental remediation expense as an expense that is not chargeable to       account;
   Li          an           can be        as a deduction for the       year in which it is paid or incurred, in       a
                                       is an           paid or incurred in connection with the                  of
                    at a                    site. The            and             are         in       198 of
the Internal         Code, which can be       or           from the           CD-ROM
                                                                                                          13

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                                                              AND
  TechDirect
  TechDirect,       by EPA'sTIO, is a free electronic mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest to
  site            and                          The                           to         from which they can
  more information. Interested persons may subscribe on line athttp://clu-in.org/techdrct.

                             Met
  The information               information                      TSCA to the         industry, labor and
  organizations,              groups, and the        public. Technical as well as        information is          The
  information service         daily, Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. EST. The information        can be
         by          al 202-554-1404, by         at 202-554-5603, or by e-mail a(tsca-tjotiine@epa.gov.


  Training         and          that can be      to                        particularly              in technology
           are
  •   EPA's Training-Exchange (TRAINEX), an        site that         a range of training                            of
      federal,      local, and tribal agencies, is intended primarily for                   in
      and remediation. The site provides information           than 65         as well as schedules fortheir delivery.
      Visit the TRAINEX web site at www.trainex.org for          information.
  •   EPA's Field-Based Technologies Training Program is particularly            for                   in
      technologies for site investigation and cleanup.  The Field-Based Technologies Training Program         of two
      advanced-level training         - the Field-Based Site Characterization Technologies Course,                a
      array of characterization             and the          for                     and Sampling Technologies Course,
      which         an         of the planning and process                 with the use of field-based strategies.  The
      course is         for                          and           who are        in the use or              of site
      characterization or data interpretation       to      technologies. For                          and schedule for its
      delivery, visit the TRAINEX web site atwww.trainex.org;      "CERCLA          Center (CEC)."
  •   Information      upcoming courses,          by a       of        and non-federal              is         on TIO's
      CLU-IN web site Alhttp://clu-in,org;       "Courses and Conferences" under "What's Hot? What's New?
  •   American Society for Testing and         (ASTM)                        and professional training opportunities which
      may be of interest to brownfields decision         For     information, visit their web site at www.astm.org/TRAIN.
14

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          Community and
                   community (federal, state, local, and
          Site
                  community
          Site



See
                                                                      Site
                                                                                                                                                         Contact

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              15

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A  S'te
The purpose of this     is to evaluate the potential
for contamination at a particular site by collecting
and reviewing existing information. The site
assessment, typically referred to as an ASTM Phase I
environmental site assessment, is an initial
investigation usually limited to a search of historical
records. The data collected also includes information
about past and current environmental conditions and
historical uses of the site. The site assessment is the
most crucial step in the brownfields process, because
any further environmental investigation and cleanup
will hinge on whether potential environmental
concerns are identified during that phase.

During the site assessment phase, it is important to
consider the activities    requirements described in
the subsequent chapters and determine how they will
be affected by the initial site assessment. Because the
information obtained in this phase will determine
whether any future work must be done at the site, the
site assessment must be thorough and tailored to meet
specific data objectives. As discussed in the section
Before You Begin, decisions made about the     use
of a site and the long-term goals of the brownfields
project will determine the types and quantity of data
that must be collected, as well as the level of quality
the     must attain. The data quality objectives
(DQO), in turn, will serve as the basis upon which the
best decisions will be made about the most
appropriate technologies and techniques to be used in
collecting and analyzing the data at a particular site
(see Appendix B, List of Acronyms ami Glossary of Key
Terms, for a definition of DQO).
The     collected during this initial    of the
cleanup process is extremely important for use in
identifying and evaluating the applicability of site
assessment and cleanup technologies, as well as in
determining whether the property can be cleaned up
to the level necessary for its intended reuse. If it is
carefully planned, some of the follow-on work, such
as limited sampling, may also be accomplished
during this phase. The site assessment also can
provide a preliminary indication of what types of
cleanup technologies might be available. It also is
essential to assess and address the needs
concerns of the community (for example, the
development of social and economic profiles and the
identification of acceptable environmental risk).

Technologies    detect possible contamination in the
air may be applicable at this      as well as some
                                              17

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analytical sampling technologies useful for assessing
contamination in soil or ground water. Examples of
sampling and analysis technologies that may be
applicable during this phase are presented in
Appendix A, Table A-2, Technologies for Sampling and
Analyzing Contaminants Found at Typical Broumfields
Sites. However, the use of technologies may be
somewhat limited, since much of the work at this stage
involves a search of paper and electronic records.
Factors that should be considered during this phase
include:
1.
4.
5.
    Has a redevelopment plan been prepared or a
    proposed     use identified? Is the site located in
    an     targeted for redevelopment? Is the site
    located in an industrial area? Will it remain
    industrial or be rezoned for commercial use? Or is
    a residential development planned? Will
    community members who use the property be
    exposed directly to the soil or sediment?
    What    are needed to support the long-term
    goals of the project, address concerns related to it,
    and ensure its acceptability?  What decisions need
    to be made, and what data should be collected to
    support those decisions?  What level of quality or
    uncertainty is necessary to meet those goals?
    What is known about the site?  What records exist
    that indicate potential contamination and past
    use of the property? Have other environmental
    actions occurred (such as notices of violation)?
    Has an environmental audit been conducted?
    What information is needed to identify the types
    and extent or the absence of contamination?
    If the site is located in an area targeted for
    redevelopment, is the site being considered for
    cleanup under a federal or state Superfund
    cleanup initiative?
    Will the site be entered into a Voluntary Cleanup
    Program (VCP)? If not, what agency (federal,
    state, local, or tribal) would be responsible for
    managing oversight of cleanup? Are there other
    federal, state, local, or tribal regulatory
    requirements for site assessment? (See the
    definition of a VCP in Appendix B, List of
    Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms)
6.   What are the special needs and concerns of the
    community? How can community involvement
    be encouraged? How will community views be
    solicited?
7.   What environmental conditions will the
    community find acceptable? What environmental
                                                        standards should be considered to ensure that
                                                        community stakeholders are satisfied with the
                                                        outcome of the cleanup, in light of the identified
                                                        and proposed reuse?
                                                    8.  I f the site shows evidence of contamination, who
                                                        and what will be affected? Who will pay for the
                                                        cleanup?

                                                    The following figure depicts the linkages among the
                                                    decisions to be made, the data to be collected, and the
                                                    selection of technologies to expedite the collection of
                                                    data.
     the                and

I                                          I
I                                          \
\   What you are trying to accomplish at the site-       i
I   redevelopment, cleanup, etc.                   I
                                                                           ARE        TO
                                                                          SITE
                                                           Determine:
                                                             Are                  or
                                                             limits to a             of certainty?
                                                              WHA T        TION DO I      TO
                                                                         THE
                                                           Identify:
                                                             Data or information              the decision(s)
                                                             oranswerthequestion(s)
                                                           Consider:
                                                             Level of data quality required (detection limits and
                                                             accuracy)
                  I         THE
 Evaluates Select:
   Various       and
   required   and   quality
 Consider:
   Technologies      to         data quickly and
   cost-effectively at a level of quality required by decisions
                                                                                    TELL HE?

                                                             Can decision(s) be made?
                                                             Can question(s) be answered?
                                                                     10
                         YES
                                                                 on the decision made or question answered.
18

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Activities to be conducted during the initial survey of
a site Include:

*  Establish the technical team and take advantage of the
   team's expertise to determine the adequacy of existing
      information and identify potential data gaps

*  Ensure that the brownfields decision makers (such
   as regulators; citizens; property owners; and
   technical staff, such as chemists and toxlcologlsts)
   are involved in the decision-making process

«  Identify future plans for reuse and redevelopment
   and goals of the site

»  Identify data that must be collected to support the
   goals of the site

*  Determine whether contamination is likely thro ugh
   the conduct of an ASTM Phase I environmental site
   assessment or its equivalent. A records search is
   performed and the site is visited, but no sampling of
   soil or groundwater occurs. The effort includes the
   following activities:

      - Identify past owners and the uses they made of
        the property by conducting a title search and
        reviewing tax documen ts, sewer maps, aerial
        photographs, and fire, policy, and health
        department documentation related to the property
      - Review federal and state lists that identify sites
        that may have environmental contamination;
        such lists include, but are not limited to:
        T) EPA's Comprehensive Environmental
        Response, Compensation, and Liability
        Information System (CERCLIS) of potentially
        contaminated sites, 2) the National Pollutant
        Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) of
        permits issued for discharges into surface water,
        and ?)) state records of "emergency removal"
        actions (for example,  the removal of leaking
        drums or the excavation of explosive waste)
   - Test for the presence of various contaminants; for
     example, lead-based paint, asbestos, and radon in
     structures

Review the applicability of government oversight
programs:

   - Determine whether there is a state VCPand consult
     with the appropriate federal, state, local, and tribal
     regulatory agencies to include them in the decision-
     making process as early as possible

   - Determine the approach (such as redevelopment
     programs, the Superfund program, property
     transfer laws, or a state brownfields program) that
     is required or available to facilitate the cleanup of
     sites (see the section, Before You Begin, for an
     overview of applicable regulations and regulatory
     guidelines)
    - Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator
     to identify and determine the availability of EPA
     support programs and federal financial incentives
     (see Appendix C, List of Brownfields and
     Technical Support Contacts)

Determine how to incorporate and encourage
community participation:

    - Identify regulatory requirements for puUic
     involvement (see page 13 in the section, Before
     You Begin, for a description of community
     services provided by HSRC)

    - Assess community interest in the project

    - Identify community-based organizations

    - Review any community plans for redevelopment

Identify factors that may impede redevelopment
and reuse

Begin identifying potential sources for funding site
investigation and cleanup activities at the site, if
necessary

Examine unacceptable environmental conditions
in terms of initial costs for site improvement and
long-term costs for operation and maintenance —

-------
   include potential cleanup options and constraints
   that may affect redevelopment, such as project
   schedules, cost,    potential for achieving the
   desired reuse
   Conduct work at the site     collect     as
   necessary to define site conditions or to resolve
   uncertainties related to the site
Examples of technology resources that a re available to
assist in assessing a site are listed below.  Although
many of the resources are more applicable in later
stages, it may be useful to      thinking now about
options and tools for investigation    cleanup.
Information abo nt the av ailability of electronic reso urces
— whether the item is found on the Road Map's
accompanying CD-ROM, or on various web sites —
also is provided. Appendix D, How to Order Documents,
provides comp   ordering information for documents
that are not available on the CD-ROM or on the Internet.

A,
The documents listed below are resources that provide
general information about the availability of technology
resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, and
user guidelines,

                                for
Site
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
Developed by EPA's BTSC, the resource will assist
decision makers on brownfields projects in evaluating
the capabilities of contractors who are being
considered to perform work in support of site
investigations. The resource also identifies potential
activities     contractors can perform to enhance the
site investigation process through innovative
approaches. A comprehensive series of questions that
decision makers can use in interviewing contractors
and evaluating those contractors' qualifications is
presented, followed by information abo ut the relevance
of the questions and potential answers to them.

                      for        of

Order on line at urarw.astm.org
The guide, developed by ASTM, discusses the
redevelopmentof a brownfields property for all
stakeholders. It Identifies impediments to such
redevelopment and suggests solutions that can facilitate
completion of a successful project. It describes the
flexible process of sustainable brownfields
redevelopment thatactively engages property owners,
developers, government agencies, and the community in
conducting corrective action, economic evaluation, and
other efforts     promote the long-term productive reuse
of a brownfields property. The guide, available at $35
per copy, can be downloaded from the ASTM web site,
or ordered by telephone at 610-832-9585 or by facsimile
at 610-832-9555.

•-'-• '-•                     for
'V^.esstnenls:       I
.''•.•>'..essment        (E1527-00)
Order on line at www, as tin. org
The purpose of the practice, developed by ASTM, is to
define commercial and customary practices in the U.S.
for conducting Phase I environmental site assessments
of commercial real estate with respect to the range of
contaminants within the scope of CERCLA, as well as
petroleum products. Research and reporting
requirements also are identified. The practice,
available at $40 per copy, can be downloaded from the
ASTM web siteor ordered by telephone at610-832-
9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555.

                                 on the

View on line at http://clu-in.org
The Internet site provides information abo ut innovative
treatment technologies and site characterization
technologies to the hazardous waste remediation
community. CLU-IN describes programs,
organizations, publications, and other tools for EPA
and other federal        personnel, consulting
engineers, technology developers and vendors,
remediation contractors, researchers, community
groups, and individual citizens. Information about
issues related to site characterization also is provided:
technology verification and evaluation; technology
selection tools; guidance    application support; case
studies; regulatory development; and publications.
                                       for
          ' f f -
          View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    H     CD-ROM
The document focuses on the DQO process as the
appropriate systematic planning process to support
decision making. The DQO process is an important
tool for project managers and planners to use in
defining the types, quality, and quantity of data
needed to make defensible decisions. The doc urnent
20

-------
is based on the principles and steps developed in
Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but
is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites.
The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality
Objectives Process for Superf und: Interim Final
Guidance (EPA 1993)     Soil Screening Guidance:
User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document
focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is
applicable to programs at the state and local levels.


          Visit on line at wiow.hanford.gov/dqo/
          The DQO web site, sponsored by DOE, is a
          helpful resource for those responsible for
preparing a     collection design.  The web site
defines the DQO process and explains its role in
ensuring that a     collection activity produces
results of sufficient quality to support decisions based
on those results. The web site provides step-by-step
procedures for the DQO process. It also provides a
decision process flow chart, describes purposes
goals related to the use of the DQO process, and
reviews relevant DOE    contractor directives. It a Iso
describes a number of available training courses; lists
contacts; and provides glossaries of relevant terms, as
well as links to related sites.


          -                 ol
                        (EM
    fj     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    ij     CD-ROM
Developed by the  U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, the
manual provides guidance for the preparation of
project-specific sampling and analysis plans (SAP)
for the collection of environmental data.  In addition,
the manual presents default sampling and analytical
protocols that may be used verbatim or modified
based in light of the DQOs for a specific project. The
goal of the manual is to promote consistency in the
generation and execution of sampling and analysis
plans and therefore to help investigators generate
chemical data of known quality for the purpose to
which those    are to be used.


                      IT)
Database
View on lineal immo.epareachit.org
The EPA REmediation And CHaracterization
Innovative Technologies (EPA REACH IT) online
searchable database provides users comprehensive,
up-to-date information about more than 150
characterization technologies and 1,300 remediation
technologies. During the preliminary phase of a
brownfields project, EPA REACH IT will assist
brownfields stakeholders to learn aboutand become
familiar with the range of available technology
options that can be employed during the investigation
and the cleanup phases that follow, as well as
about various types of sites. Information about
analytical screening technologies that maybe useful
for initial sampling of a site also is provided. EPA
REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet.


          Mrtliod
          T--
          View on lineal wioio.ehi.ameslab.gov/ehi/
          technologies/projects/esc
Demonstrations of the ESC method conducted by Ames
include characterization work performed by
commercial contractors at existing contaminated sites.
The ESC demonstrations include a public information
program of presentations, site tours, exhibits,
information packets, and opportunities for discussion.

          i ivi
          M':-          for
          CJ
          View or download pdffile at http://clu-in.org
    !-:l     The document describes the three-pronged
"triad approach" that forms the basis of EPA's
national strategy for site characterization and site
assessment.  That streamlined approach to site
assessment focuses on the conduct of systematic
planning to ensure the effective use of resources; the
preparation of a dynamic work plan to support
decision making in the field; and the use of on-site
analytical tools, rapid sampling platforms, and on-
site data interpretation. Following the discussion of
the "triad" approach to site investigation, the
document briefly reviews a number of recent
developments that promise marked benefit to cleanup
efforts and sets forth the agency's vision of defensible
decisions at an affordable cost that is the goal of the
national strategy. The document can be downloaded
from CLU-IN under "Publications." See Spotlight 4,
The Triad Approach, for a more detailed description of
the triad approach.

          Oir. i'ite             for
          Vieuwnlineatiowiv.qja.gov/athens/onsite/
          Developed by EPA's ORD and EPA Region
    ff     9, the web site offers a set of online tools
    ''"'     for site assessment, including calculators
for formulas, models, unit conversion factors, and
scientific demonstrations for use in assessing the
effects of contaminant sin ground water.
                                •Site Assessment

-------
                           for
            Site
Wezi> or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The document informs brownfields site managers
about concepts and issues related to quality
assurance    provides step-by-step instructions for
identifying the type and quality of environmental
data needed to present a clear picture of the
environmental conditions at a given site.

          :'-•
    *l|      SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange
information about sensor technologies     needs. The
purpose of the web site is to serve as a tool to assist those
working in the environmental field in cleaning up
hazardous waste. The submit and search functions of
SenTIX can help match users looking for a sensor
technology to meet a specific need. The discussion
forum also matches developers, vendors,   users. The
site was developed by WPI, a nonprofit organization,
under a cooperativeagreementwith EPA.

B,
EPA Office of
Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks
View or download pdffiles on the Road Map CD-ROM
Developed by EP A's Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance (OECA), the EPA Sector
Notebooks provide extensive profiles of selected major
industries; each profile includes information about
the processes conducted in the industry, chemical
releases and transfers of chemicals, opportunities for
pollution prevention, pertinent federal statutes and
regulations,     compliance initiatives associated
with the sector. Profiles are available on line and in
hard copy for the following industry sectors:
  - Aerospace (EPA. 3W-R-98-001)
  - Air transportation (EPA 310-R-97-001)
  - Dry cleaning (EPA 3W-R-95-001)
  - Electronics and computer (EPA 31Q-R-95-002)
  - Fossil fuel electronic power generation
    (EPA310-R-97-007)
  - Ground transportation (EPA 3W-R-97-002)
  - Inorganic chemical (EPA 3W-R-95-004)
  - Iron and steel (EPA. 310-R-95-005)
  - Lumber and wood products (EPA 310-R-95-006)
  - Metal casting (EPA 3W-R-97-004)
  - Metal fabrication (EPA 3W-R-95-007)
  - Metal mining (EPA 3W-R-95-008)
  - Motor vehicle assembly (EPA 310-R-95-009)
  - Nonferrons metals (EPA. 310-R-95-010)
  - Non-fuel, non-metal mining (EPA 3W-R-95-OW
  - Oil and gas extractions (EPA 3W-R-99-006)
  - Organic chemical (EPA 3W-R-95-012)
  - Petroleum refining (EPA 3W-R-95-013)
  - Pharmaceutical (EPA 310-R-97-005)
  - Plastic resins and man-made fibers
    (EPA310-R-97-006)
  - Printing (EPA 310-R-95-014)
  - Pulp and paper (EPA 310-R-95-015)
  - Rubber and plastic (EPA 310-R-95-016)
  - Shipbuilding and repair (EPA 3W-R-97-008)
  - Stone, clay, glass, and concrete (EPA 310-R-95-017)
  - Textiles (EPA 3W-R-97-009)
  - Transportation equipment clean ing
    (EPA310-R-95-018)
            3
View on line at immo.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/broumfld/
indnstry.htm
Developed by EPA Region 3, the fact sheets are
designed to assist in the initial planning and
evaluation of sites that are under consideration for
remediation, redevelopment, or reuse. The fact sheets
provide general descriptions of site conditions and
contaminants commonly found at selected industrial
sites. Each fact sheet provides information about the
processes conducted in the industry; raw materials
characteristic of the industry; environmental media
that could be affected; sampling strategies; and
suggested parameters for analysis. Fact sheets on the
following subjects are available on line:
  — Abandoned chemical facilities
  - Abandoned laboratories
  - Abandoned oil facilities
  - Asbestos pile
  - Auto body facilities
  ----- Battery reclamation facilities
  - Bethlehem-asbestos/tailing mine
22

-------
  -- Drum recycling facility
  ----- Dye facilities
  - Electroplating
  - Glass manufacturing facilities
  - Gas stations
  - Infectious 'wastes
  - Manufactured gas plants/coal tar sites
  - Municipal landfill
  - Ordnance
  - Paint industry
  - Pesticide facilities
  - Petroleum recycling facility
  -- Plastics
  - Print shops
  - Quarry sites
  - Radiation
  - Rail yard facilities
  - Salvage yards
  - Scrap metal
  - Steel manufacturing-electric arc/coke
  - Tanning facility
  ------ Tire fires
  - Wood treating facility

          !"• i -;• •:-;''.
          Or/^eaning
          View or download pdffile on the Road Map
          CD-ROM
    l-:|     The EPA fact sheet addresses a number of
issues related to drycleaning, including EPA's
interest in drycleaning, the process of drycleaning,
the human health and environmental risks associated
with chemical solvents used in the drycleaning
process, what drycleaners and the government are
doing to reduce those risks, and other methods of
cleaning clothes. The document lists additional
sources of information about drycleaning    EPA's
Design for the Environment Program.


                 of
          •""enter
    if      View on line at www.hnd.usace.army.mil/
    I!     OEM//
The mission of the Ordnance and Explosives MCX
and Design Center, which is hosted by the U.S. Army
Engineering and Support Center in Huntsville,
Alabama, is to safely eliminate or reduce risks posed
by ordnance, explosives, and recovered chemical
warfare materia Is at current or formerly used defense
sites. The Internet site provides links to information
about technical requirements for contracting; fact
sheets on ordnance     explosives programs;
frequently asked questions related to ordnance
response actions; innovative technologies,
presentations,     technical papers;    technical
guidance    procedures related to ordnance and
explosives.  Points of contact also are identified.

C,                                  for Site

The documents listed below provide detailed information
about specific innovative technologies and the application of
those processes to specific contaminants and media in the
form of engineering analyses, application reports,
technology verification and evaluation reports, and
technology reviews.

          ''-•-... .''.-:   •\--.-'.--f.iii :'t and Remediation
          T.1 : i .:•-;::;•;.::;•;:. i'':: :"".- •
          View on line at mow,drycleancoalition.org/tech
          Prepared by the State Coalition for
          Re media tion  of Drycleaners (SCRD) with
the support of EPA's TIO, the report presents the
results of the coalition's evaluation of assessment
remediation technologies commonly used in cleaning
up drycleaner sites. The evaluation was based on the
results of responses to questionnaires sent to entities
involved in such cleanups in 1999. The report
presents those results in detail. An appendix in the
report provides descriptions and brief evaluations of
assessment technologies frequently used at
drycleaner sites.

          View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    f     CD-ROM
          The fact sheet focuses on EPA's
"USTFields" Initiative for addressing brownfields
properties at which redevelopment is complicated by
real or perceived environmental contamination
originating from federally regulated USTs. The fact
sheet describes the 50 pilot projects implemented or to
be implemented under the two phases of the initiative.

-------
After completing an initial assessment and survey of
the environmental conditions at the site, one of the
following courses of action may be taken:
       of Site
         of
 No apparent
 contamination is found
 and there is no reason
 to suspect other media
 are contaminated.
 Concerns of
 stakeholders have been
 addressed adequately.
                            Contact the appropriate
                            federal, state, local, or tribal
                            government agencies
                            responsible for hazardous
                            waste.  Based on feedback of
                            government agency,
                            determine what cleanup levels
                            arc required for
                            redevelopment, and proceed to
                            the SITE INVESTIGATION
                            phase.
 Con tamination possi b ly
 exists.
Proceed to the SITE
IN VESTJGATfON phase.
 Contamination
 definitely exists,
 AND a site
 investigation has been
 performed.
                             Proceed to the SITE
                             INVESTIGATION phase.
Proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION phase if
additional investigation is
needed; otherwise, proceed to
the CLEANUP OPTIONS
phase.
24

-------
     ;
                           to                   of
The                                       ref
EPA's commitment to
      land uses                             at
Superfund                     For pilot sites, EPA
provides eliflible local governments as much as $100.000
to                  and              to help
         the       use of a site, The       also
        a peer                 that        ioca!
           and communities that have       a
Superfund site to      their           with      just
       the process, Through case       fact       an
              of sites, and an       site, EPA is
providing                             and the

projects.  EPA is           its
policies and         to
whether changes are       to
further the effort to      sites.
       EPA is
           with       local

groups, and
        to
                     as
valuable assets for communities.
Visit EPA's SRi web site at
     epa,
               for
information,
Under
             and          Act
                               Illllllilllglllfl
           ot proj ects a re         '=^^^^^^^^
        to test approaches that
             into the                      process.
The        also          concerns that application of
RCRAto                at           sites may be
            the         of
no grant       is          with the pilot projects, EPA
has        contactors to help find     to
       at the pilot      EPA has        four pilot
       that it       will         how          and
                RCRA corrective              can
             to the      and              of RCRA
                         information      the RCRA
           Prevention         is        on line at
www.epa.gov/swerosps/bffrcrabf.htm.
 Recently         by    ;:
 EPA, the               =;
                       I
          Site           \
               is
         to focus short-term NJ
 atte nti o n and s u p po rt to s ite s at
 which        has             or
       and to      as a        to             at such
      to            from                    sites,
                              the TSE         will
        sites at which                            for
              and reuse, and that       a
                      of E PA s u     to b ri n g the s ite to
iff;n!!!!!!!!^      the next level of cleanup,
!i;;I!!!!^^            consensus,orap prop riate c losu re.
i^^^g^^^  E PA w i 11 offe r a s mal I amou nt of
^igMM^iJ^^M         to  support TSE       in
'jiii^iiiiMiiij^^              For
'i:^MlEiliM!i!^^M  about the program,        Sara
iHMM^M^^^  Rasrnussen, EPA      of Solid
l^rrf^rsFj^Tsp^^^^^^^  lA/pcta at i'7fW,
• •.,<.. J? ,  ,• •.., ™J>..,., ™	  ffu^HC, at  * Uw
                      EPA's                   a new
              111111                    by EPA's
              111111  Office of
              11111  Ta n ks (0 U S T). i s f o cuse d o n ho w
              illlll  to        the        of sites
              111111          by
              111111  co nta m i n ation, there by f oste ri n g
              111111  the              of      sites
              lliil  (see  Spotlight 8, Under ground
              11111F               af
              ::::::::::""'""         , fo r more inform atio n a bo ut
              litiative),
 program also are        on line at
 swerustl/ustfietd/,

             of the           of Defense's (DoD)
             and                        and EPA's
                   are
 common to both       and
            and                   to          and
 financiers,            future  land use in
 and                       controls,
        and                    can have
 on communities. EPA and DoD are                 ol
            BRAC and                   Visit the
 BRAC       site at
 online       to        and                     and
       ol
                  »     You     «Site

-------
                            with
                           are        by railroad,
            petrochemical, and                 and
  are        in the          and         in
  the economy has
  Formerly     for              and other
  uses,           sites are                have been
  left idle or             by the site owner, A
            by Rutgers University in New            at
      one           brownfieids site        in
  40 percent of the 60 New
               half of      municipalities consider that
    3 to be a serious
          they              with
   or       of           sites,
                       offer
         for            and
  cleanup that        more
          in            the full
        of              and in
           the      and time
  frames to complete these
  activities, and           and
  cost-effective solutions than


            that can
  and                 of
  contamination, and        the
  long-term        and risk to site
  owners,
 assessment firms have
        industrial land
 markets that couid turn
            properties   \
 into assets,  For example,
 the State  of Wisconsin
        a statutory         that  '^--.-=-=:::i='"
       for the recovery of environmental costs from
 current owners      a city condemns and cleans
 properties.  The city of           a
 showcase community,         the       significantly
 increased the city's ability to encourage         of
            properties to move       redevelopment,
===============^±_   For the first time, that state's cost
Illf !!!!!!!!!!^     recovery       gives a city
!!!!!!!!!!^          ba rg a i n i n g po we r i n n e g ot i at i o n s
Ii*lIi[lliEI3:Eilll  with        of mothballed
                           rtic
  For      sites
               long-term
       nti o n ai tec h n o i og ies , s u eh    "=E^^^^^^ =
  as      and treat and barriers,                    be
       to innovative technologies that
         the                and the
          of the site.  For         at a former
         site in Visalia, California,               was
  tried        of the        pump and treat system.
       this                 in a 1 ,000-fold         in
  the rate of           recovery,  in addition,
        injection is           the time      of
             there is a                 of $25        in
  cleanup costs for this site.

  As new economic incentives                states,
  developers, venture       firms, insurers, and risk
                      At the        level, tax
                      and deductions for costs
                      to                         can
                      encourage         of
                               to clean up their
                      properties.  As specified in
                      Section 198 of the Internal
                               Code, taxpayers are
                               to     as a
                                        for
                                              at a
                               site. Such an
                      may convince owners of
                                           that
                               up such sites      be
                      more profitable  than         the
                      sites to remain idle,
 EPA TIO has a                to                why    \
 sites are           and                 may be        \
          opportunities to use                     and   \
           to        the        of those       Contact   \
 Dan       of EPA's TIO for                (see          \
 C, List of Brownfieids and Technical Support  Contacts, for   ;
 contact information),                                   \
26

-------
This phase focuses on confirming whether any
contamination exists at a site, locating any existing
contamination, and characterizing the nature and
extent of that contamination. It is essential that an
appropriately detailed study of the site be performed to
identify the cause, nature, and extent of contamination
and the possible threats to the environment or to any
people living or working nearby. For brownfields sites,
the results of such a study can be used in determining
goals for cleanup, quantifying risks, determining
acceptable and unacceptable risk, and developing
effective cleanup plans that do not cause unnecessary
delays or costs in the redevelopment and reuse of
property. To ensure that sufficient information
supporting future activities is obtained, the type of data
to be collected during this phase should be determined
by the proposed cleanup measures and the proposed
end use of the site.

A site investigation, also referred to as an ASTM Phase
II environmental site assessment, is based on the results
of the site assessment, which is discussed in the
preceding section of the Road Map. The site
investigation phase may include the analysis of
samples of soil and soil gas, ground water, surface
water, and sediment. The migration pathways of
contaminants also are examined during this phase, and
a baseline risk assessment may be needed to calculate
risk to human health and the environment. Examples
of sampling and analysis technologies that may be
useful during this phase are presented in Appendix A,
Table A-2, Technologies for Sampling and Analyzing
Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfield Sites.
Factors that should be considered during the site
investigation, if there is evidence of potential or actual
contamination include:
1.   Will the site be        into a VCP? If so, will the
    investigation plan be reviewed through the VCP? If
    not, are there federal, state, local,    tribal
    regulatory requirements applicable to the site
    investigation? What agency will be responsible for
    managing oversight of this phase? What is to be
    done if the appropriate agency has not developed
    standards or guidelines    are suitable for the
    proposed redevelopment?

-------
2. What technologies are available to facilitate site
   investigation and to support data collection relevant
   to the goals of the project? Has the technical team
   explored the full range of technologies that can
   produce     of the quality necessary? Can the
   technologies selected limit the number of
   mobilizations at the site?

3. Can the need for cleanup be assessed fully and
   accurately from the information gathered d uring the
   site assessment or from a previous site investigation?

4. What issues has the community raised that may
   affect the site investigation?

5. What are the potential exposure pathways? Who or
   what could be affected by the contamination or the
   efforts to clean up the contamination?

6. What happens if significant contamination is found?
   What happens if contamination poses a "significant
   threat" to local residents?

7. What happens if the contamination is originating
   from an adjacent or other off-site source? What
   happens if background sampling indicates that
   contamination is originating from a naturally
   occurring source?

8. Are the infrastructure systems (roads, buildings,
   sewers, and other facilities) contaminated?  Could
   they be affected by efforts to clean up contamination?

The following table describes field analytical
technologies and mobile laboratories.
         if                        and
                          Field analytical technologies, often
 referred to as "field analytics." can be used onsite 'without the
            for a      laboratory. Some field
           are very           and can
 that are comparable to     obtained by analysis in mobile or off-site
 laboratories. Some field analytical measurements can be
 quickly,       a high rate of sampling. Under certain conditions,
 data can be collected in a short      of time. Field
           are           through the use of
               as the       gas              and
 spectrometry and the x-ray fluorescence analyzer, as well as the use
 of bench procedures, such as colorimetric and immunoassay tests.
                   A variety of technologies can be    in a
       laboratory.                    from field
                  they may
 (such as temperature, humidity,  and source of electricity) or complex
                that           or       that
        or protective equipment that require the handling and
 storage of chemical standards. Technologies        to mobile
                        to       soil and            for
 inorganic       (such as              voitammetry) and
 organic compounds (such as gas chromatography with a variety of
 detectors). When        properly and with        quality
         and quality control (QA/QC), the           can
          results     to those achieved by off-site analytical
 laboratories.
Typical activities that may be conducted during the
site investigation phase include:

   «  Identify the proper mix of technologies (such as
     field measurement technologies that
     characterize the physical and chemical aspects
     of the site and fixed laboratory sampling
     methods) that can facilitate site investigations
     and meet the required level of data quality:

      - Ensure that the laboratory has appropriate
       detection limits for analytes

   »  Determine the environmental conditions at the
     site (for example, by performing an ASTM Phase
     11 environmental site assessment or equivalent
     investigation     includes tests to confirm the
     locations and identities of environmental
     hazards):

      - Conduct sampling and analysis to determine the
       nature, extent, source, and significance of the
       contamination that may lie present at the site

      - Conduct sampling and analysis to fully assess the
       physical, geophysical, and ecological conditions
       and characteristics of the site
      - Determine whether and how (if applicable)
       the infrastructure systems (including existing
       structures) are affected by contamination

     Assess the risk the site may pose to human
     health and the environment. Consider the
     following exposure pathways:

     -  For soil and dust, direct contact, ingestion, or
        inhalation

     -  For water, ingestion and inhalation

     -  For air, inhalation or ingestion

     Consider the use of a site-specific risk
     assessment to identify cleanup levels when that
     approach may result in more reasonable
     cleanup standards or when cleanup standards
     have not     developed

     Examine unacceptable environmental
     conditions in terms of initial costs  for site
     improvement and long-term costs for annual
     operation and maintenance — include potential
28

-------
      cleanup options and constraints that may affect
      redevelopment requirements, such as project
      schedules, costs, and potential for achieving the
      desired reuse
      Revise assumptions about the site based on
      collected at the site
      Begin consideration of sources of funding for
      site investigation and cleanup activities such as
           brownfields programs and federal tax
      credits:
      - Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator
        to identify and  determine the availability of EPA
        support programs and federal financial incentives
      Continue to work with appropriate regulatory
      agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
      are being properly addressed:
      - Identify and consult with the appropriate federal,
        slate, local, and tribal agencies to include them as
        early as possible in the decision-making process
      Educate members of the community about the
      site investigation process and actively involve
      them in decision making; consider risk
      communication techniques to facilitate those
      activities
Listed below are examples of resources that assist in
identifying the environmental condition of a site.
Information about the availability of electronic
resources — whether the item is found on the Road
Map's accompanying CD-ROM or on various web
sites — also is provided. Appendix D, How to Order
Documents, provides complete ordering information
for documents that are not available on the CD-ROM
or on the Internet.

A,             for Site
The documents listed below are resources that provide
general information about the availability of technology
resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, and
user guidelines.


                for           or

Order on lineal www.astm.org
Developed by ASTM, the guide describes accelerated
site characterization (ASC), a process used to rapidly
and accurately characterize confirmed or suspected
releases of petroleum. The guide provides a
framework that responsible parties, contractors,
consultants, and regulators can use to streamline and
accelerate site characterization. The guide is
available at $35 per copy and can be downloaded
from the ASTM web site or ordered by telephone at
610-832-9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555.

                      for
                    II

Order on line a t unvw.astm.org
Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses the
framework for employing good commercia 1 and
customary practices in the U.S. when conducting
Phase II environmental site assessments of commercial
property with respect to the potential presence of a
range of contaminants within the scope of CERCL A, as
well as petroleum products. The practice, available at
$35 per copy, can be downloaded from the ASTM web
site or ordered by telephone at 610-832-9585 or by
facsimile at 610-832-9555.

           D:.:
           i'-. -= -:
          'i _•<;
    f|     !-.•:
    ij
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners,
project managers,     others preparing RFPs to solicit
support in conducting activities to investigate and
clean up contaminated sites. It is specifically
intended to assist those individuals in writing
specifications that encourage contractors and
technology vendors to propose options for using
innovative characterization and remediation
technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also
provides information, from a technology perspective,
to guide review teams in their evaluations of
proposals and the selection of qualified contractors.

                                   for
the
Orderonlineatnmno.epa.gov/ncepihom
The guide is one in a series of publications designed
to assist communities, states, municipalities, and the
private sector to address brownfields sites more
effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used
with the three guides for specific types of sites -
Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
Cleaning Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the
Brownfields Initiative, Technical Approaches to

-------
Characterizing and Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill
Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, and Technical
Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up
Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative
- provides information about cost estimating tools and
resources for addressing cleanup costs at brownfield^
sites.  Many decision makers at brownfields sites ma}
choose to assign the preparation of cost estimates to
consultants who are experienced in the cleanup of
hazardous waste sites; however, it benefits those
decision makers to be able to provide guidance to
their consultants and to understand the process
sufficiently well to provide an informed review of the
estimates prepared. The guide provides general
information about the cost estimation process and
includes summaries of various types of estimates.
The guide also outlines the process of developing
"order of magnitude" cost estimates. Information
about resources, databases, and models also is
provided.

          L'Mta                         for
          r1
          •. GPA
    f     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    J:i     CD-ROM
The document focuses on the DQO process as the
appropriate systematic planning process to support
decision making. The DQO process is an important
tool for project managers and planners to use in
defining the types, quality, and quantity of data
needed to make defensible decisions. The document
is      on the principles and steps developed in
Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but
is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites.
The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality
Objectives Process for Superf und: Interim Final
Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance:
User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document
focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is
applicable to programs at the state    local levels.


         .'•:. f               Of
         .---.alysis      (EM
   ff     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
   '"     CD-ROM
Developed by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, the
manual provides guidance for the preparation of
project-specific SAPs for the collection of
environmental data. In addition, the manual presents
default sampling and analytical protocols that may be
used verbatim or modified based in light of the DQOs
for a specific project. The goal of the manual is to
                                                  P
promote consistency in the generation    execution
of sampling and analysis plans and therefore to help
investigators generate chemical     of known quality
for the purpose to which those data are to be used.

          "TO;..;..-.;' rice of                    On-
          _iri;: T-rSf         for

          View online atioivw.epa.gov/epaosioer/
          imzwaste/test/maina.htm
     I. >l n , I by EPA's Office of     Waste (OSW), the
\  ph sitt» pi ovides    procedures    guidance that
EPA. roc- unmends for use in cond ucting the
e\ ,i luatii -ns and measurements needed to comply with
tiqiiiti iru nts established under RCRA. The manual
piv-m 1 s sla te-of-the-art methods of routine analytical
Icbling adapted for use under the RCRA program. It
pi PStrnN pi ocedures for field and laboratory quality
v_< -iitn 4 sampling, identification of hazardous
constituents in wastes, determination of the hazardous
characteristics of wastes (toxicity, ignitability,
reactivity, or corrosivity), and determination of the
physical properties of wastes.  It also provides
guidance on selecting appropriate methods.

            IT Online
Viewonlineatwww.epareachit.org
The EPA REACH IT online searchable
provides users comprehensive, up-to-date
information about more than 150 characterization
technologies which may be applicable during the site
investigation phase.   The guided     advanced
search capabilities of the system can be used to gather
information about innovative technology solutions
and service providers. The information is based upon
data submitted by vendors and project managers for
EPA, DoD, DOE/and     agencies. EPA REACH IT
is accessible only through the Internet.

          of                    i.'-. L: *-

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental
M ana gement, the report e va 1 ua tes DSS, compu ter-
based systems that facilitate the use of data, models,
and structured decision processes in making
decisions related to environmental management. The
report evaluates 19 such systems through the
application of a rating system that favors software
that simulates a wide range of environmental
problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a
statement of the rationa le for the selection of various
aspects of the performance of the DSS for eva luation.
30

-------
          r: i kl
          ;-A ;v)
          View on line at http://fate.clu-in.org
          The online encyclopedia provides
    j:|      information about technologies that
investigators can use in the field to characterize
contaminated soil and gronndwater; monitor the
progress of remedial efforts; and, in some cases,
perform confirmation sampling and analysis to
support closeout of a site. It highlights new tools for
improving cleanup and long-term monitoring of
contaminated sites, such as computerization,
microfabrication, and biotechnology, that permit the
development of analytical equipment that has
capabilities that blur the distinction between
"screening methods" and "definitive methods." The
encyclopedia serves a wide range of users, from
engineering students to field technicians and site
managers.


Version 1.0
View on lineal wiow.frtr.gov/site
The matrix, an online tool, will assist brownfields
stakeholders to obtain information about and screen
technologies applicable for site investigation. Each
site characterization technology is rated in a number
of performance categories, such as detection limits,
applicable media, selectivity, and turnaround time.
Other useful information provided includes
technology descriptions;     on commercial status,
cost,    certification;    evaluation reports. The
matrix is extremely helpful to users who are not
familiar with specific characterization technologies,
but who know baseline information about a site, such
as contaminants and media; for such users, the matrix
can identify and screen technologies for potential use
at a site.

          for
          The      to Cost-Effective

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
Developed by Tufts University in cooperation with
EPA, the document provides users with information
about the many factors that are to be considered in
incorporating field analytical instruments and
methods into an adaptive sampling and analysis
program for expediting the site investigation process.
The guidance is intended to assist federal and state
regulators, site owners, consulting engineers, and
remediation companies understand how to develop,
maintain, and update a dynamic workplan.
                                         of

    fi     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    [l     CD-ROM
The report introduces a new standard promoted by
EPA's OSWER and TIO that encourages more effective
and less costly strategies for characterizing
monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new
approach uses an integrated triad of systematic
planning, dynamic work plans, and onsite analysis
for data collection and technical decision making at
hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the
concepts in the triad is new, but it has been
demonstrated that the integrated approach completes
projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory
and client satisfaction than the traditional phased
approach. The report includes a list of additional
resources regarding innovative technologies and site
characterization.

            in
Series
View or download pdf files on the Road Map CD-ROM
The     studies provide cost     performance
information a bout the innovative technologies that
support less costly    more representative site
characterization. The purpose of the case studies is to
analyze    document the effectiveness of new
technologies proposed for site cleanup. They present
information about the capability of the technologies in
analyzing and monitoring cleanup, as well as
information about costs associated with the use of the
technologies. The following case studies are available:
   -  Hanscom Air Force Base, Operable Unit 1 (EPA
      542-R-98-006)
   -  Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum
      Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-OCB)
   -  Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites
      (EPA 542-R-00-003)
   -  Site Cleanup of the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Test Plot
      Site Using a Dynamic Work Plan (2000) (EPA 542-
      R-00-009)
    1      Order on line at ioioio.epa.gov/ncepihoin
Produced by EPA's TIO, the CD-ROM contains
resources that provide information to help federal,
state, and private-sector site managers evaluate site
assessment and cleanup alternatives.  The ability to
gain access to resources    provide information
about innovative site characterization and
                   •     You     »Site         «Site Investigation •

-------
remediation technologies will increase understanding
of those technologies and of the cost and performance
factors related to them. Such understanding is
essential to the consideration of those technologies for
use in addressing contamination at hazardous waste
sites.  Several resources included on the CD-ROM also
are available on the Road Map CD-ROM.

           '.;>
           •'-••. -I
          View on line at www. hrownfieldstech. org
    j      The web site, hosted by Public Technology,
Inc. (PT1), and sponsored in part by EPA's TIO,
prov ides information about characterization and
remediation of brownfields. The site focuses on the
demonstration, dissemination,     promotion of
innovative characterization and remediation
technologies suitable for use at brownfields sites to
help local governments increase efficiencies and
reduce costs associated with brownfields
redevelopment. The site highlights "hot" technologies
that currently are proving themselves in the field,
provides case studies that introduce the user to cities
that are experiencing succession employing innovative
site characterization     remediation technologies,
profiles of local government leaders who are
employing brownfields remediation technologies to
good effect,     provides links to other key web sites.

           :: if--:/ i- • -r^s for
           =- J M"-. - =
          View or download pdffile at http://chi-in.org
          The document is a concise guide to
    A      resources, both existing and planned, that
support new, streamlined approaches to site
investigation and monitoring.  It describes training
courses available, including some that are
downloadable; lists sources of information about
available technologies     guidance documents
available through EPA programs; and provides
so urces of information abo ut technology verification
and demonstration efforts. The guide also lists a
number of web sites from which related publications
and software can be downloaded. The document can
be downloaded from CLU-IN under "Publications."


          i ':•
          View on line at www.sentix.org
          SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange
    ta      information about sensor technologies and
needs. The purpose of the web site is to serve as a tool to
assist those working in the environmental field in
cleaning up hazardous waste. The submit     search
functions of SenTIX can help match users looking for a
sensor technology to meet a specific need. The
discussionforum also matches developers, vendors,
and users. The site was developed by WPI, a nonprofit
organization, under a cooperative agreement with EPA.


             of

View on line at http://du-in.org
The bibliography lists information resources, both
publications     electronic databases, that focus on
evaluation and use of innovative site characterization
and monitoring technologies. The document also
provides information on obtaining copies of the
documents.

                                    1,        2.0

Order on line at wioio.epa.gov/ncepihoin
The CD-ROM, developed by EPA NERL, contains the
following documents and software:
   -  ASSESS Version 1.1 A (PB93-505'!54) is an
      interactive QA/QC program designed to assist the
      user in statistically determining the quality of data
      from soil samples.
   -  BIOPLUM EII is a model for two-dimensional
      transport of con ta minan ts under the influence of
      oxygen-limited bioilegradation in groundwater.
   -  CalTox is a multimedia total exposure model for
      hazardous waste.
   -  CHEMFLO enables users to simulate water
      movement and chemical transport in unsaturated
      soils.
   -  DEFT is a software package that allows a decision
      maker to quickly generate cost information about
      several sampling designs based on DQOs.
   -  FEMWATER/LEWASTE is software which can be
      used to delineate wellhead protection areas in
      agricultural regions by using a criterion that
      considers environmental/actors that reduce the
      concentration of contaminants transported to wells.
   -  Geo-EAS Version 1.2.1 (PB93-504957)isan
      interactive tool/or performing two-dimensional
      geostatistical analyses of spatially-distributed data.
   -  GEOPACK is a comprehensive geostatistical software
      package that allows both novices and advanced users
      to conduct geostatistical analyses of spatially-
      correlated data.
   -  Geophysics Advisor Expert System Version 2.0
      (PB93-505T62) is a program thai considers several-
      geophysical methods of determining the location of
      contamination and providing site characterization to
      make recommendations about the best methods to use
      at a specific site.
32

-------
CEOS software facilitates the collection and analysis
ofgeoenvironmen tat data.
GRITS/STAT is a comprehensive database system/or
storing, analyzing, ami reporting information from
grounchvater monitoring programs at RCRA,
CERCLA, and other regulated facilities and sites,
HELP is a two-dimensional modeling program that
simulates water movement into and out of landfills on
the basis of a waste management system.
IMES offers a computer-based tool for matching site
characteristics with an appropriate exposure
assessment model or models.
MOFAT, a two-dimensional, finite element model for
simulating coupled mul.tiphasefl.oiv ami
nmlticomponent transport in planar or radically
symmetric vertical sections, can be used to evaluate
flow and transport for water, NAPLs, ami gas.
MULT I MED is a one-dimensional, steady-state
model used to predict the concentrations of
contaminants migrating from a waste disposal
facility through the subsurface, surface water, and air
pathways to receptor sites,
PESTAN assists users in estimating the vertical
migration of dissolved organic solutes through the
vadose zone to groundwater.
PRZM-2 is a pesticide flmo-and-transport model for
the root zone and vadose zone.
RETC is a program used in analyzing the 'hydraulic
conductivity properties of unsaturated soil.
Scout Version 2.0 is a user-friendly and menu-driven
program  that provides a graphical display of data in
a multidimensional format tint allows visual
inspection of data, accentuates obvious outliers, ami
provides an easy measure for comparing data.
STF (VIP + RITZ) consists of three components that
provide information about the behavior of chemicals
in soil environments. The models simulate the
movement and fate of liazardous chemicals during
treatment of oily'wastes.
Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring
Techniques is an interactive, multimedia version of
the two-volume EPA publication titled Subsurface
Characterization and Monitoring Techniques. The
documents include descriptions of more than 280 site
characterization and field monitoring methods of
detecting groundwater contamination and other
aspects of the subsurface at hazardous waste sites.
Geological and hydrogeologicai characterization
topics covered include surface and borehole
approaches, geophysical methods, and sampling of
solids; drilling; aquifer tests and groundwater
sampling; water-state measurement and monitoring;
measurement of'hydraulic conductivity and flux in
the vadose zone; water budget characterization; soil-
solute sampling and gas monitoring in the vadose
      electronic version of the guide includes graphic
      support with animation and hypertext link that
      make all text readily accessible.
    - Total Human Exposure Risk database and Advanced
      Simulation Environment (THERdbASE), Version
      1.2, is an integrated database and analytical and
      modeling software system for use in exposure
      assessmen t calculations and studies. It provides a
      prototype for smoothly and efficiently linking
      communication between databases and exposure
      assessment models.
    - VLEACH provides users a one-dimensional, finite
      difference model for making preliminary assessments
      of the effects on groundwater of leaching of volatile,
      sorbed contaminants through the vadose zone.
    - WhAEM is a computer-based tool used in decision-
      making processes related to the protection of
      wellheads.
    - WHPA, a semi-analyticalground'waterflo'w
      simulation program, can be used for delineating
      capture zones in a wellhead protection area.



Vieioordonmloadreportsatiimnv.epa.gov/ord/SITE/
reports.html
An extensive inventory of reports of the evaluation of
measurement and monitoring technologies in the
SITE program is available to assist decision makers in
reviewing technology options and assessing a
technology's applicability to a particular site. The
reports evaluate all information about a technology;
provide an analysis of its overall applicability to site
characteristics, waste types,     waste matrices;
present testing procedures, performance     cost
data, and QA/QC standards.  The Demonstration
Bulletins provide summarized descriptions of
technologies and announcements of demonstrations.
The Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports
provide fu 11 reports of the demonstration results,
including technical     useful to decision makers.

          U.S.            of

          View on line at www.em.doe.gov/define
    f     Developed by DOE, the PAMs web site
          provides access to evaluations of site
characterization and remediation technologies
preferred by DOE on the basis of the types of
contaminants and contaminated media selected.
PAMs was developed by DOE's Office of
Environmental Restoration (EM-40) to assist decision
makers  in selecting the most appropriate cleanup
alternatives for remediation, waste processing, and
decommissioning of sites.  It provides a tool for field
                                                                                                 33

-------
personnel to use in focusing remedy selection;
expediting implementation of preferred alternatives;
eliminating the cost of excessive or redundant
treatability studies; and allowing preselection of
effective, low-cost remediation alternatives.

         V 5.            of

         View on lineal www.cmst.org/vendor
   f1     The web site Is devoted to measurements of
         the chemica 1 and physical properties of
environmental samples. The Characterization,
Monitoring & Sensor Technology - Cross-C utting
Program (CMST-CP) maintains the vendor database
as a focal point for environmental measurement
technologies. The CMST-CP vendor database
matches the user's measurement needs with available
products. The site allows the user to enter products
and applications, search applications for
measurement instruments and sensors, and browse
technologies by instrument category.

B.
          <•'
                     of
                               in the
   If      View or download pdffile on the Road Map
   M      CD-ROM
This report investigates the reasons voluntary action
to redevelop potentially contaminated property is
subject to market constraints and other pressures
differ vastly from those that affect corrective action
programs. It sets forth in detail the current level of
application of field-based characterization tools at
115 waterfront brownfields sites     sites being
addressed under VCP programs.

          " :'              Of
          '-::-.              of a
          -1                 for
          IPA600-R-99-007)"
          riew or download pdffile on the Road Map
          CD-ROM.
The objective of the research project was to develop a
better understanding of the composition of mine
waste leachates and to identify cost-effective
groundwater monitoring parameters that could be
incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably
detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock
mining operations.
Order on line a t www. qm.gov/ncepihom
The document provides information about treatment
technologies and the selection of services at pesticide
sites to meet acceptable levels of cleanliness as
required by applicable regulations. It is targeted
primarily for the use of federal, state, or private site
removal and remediation managers. The document
does not identify or establish cleanup levels.

                                   at

PB95-271961)
Orderonlineatioivw.epa.gov/ncepihoin
The report provides Information on site
characterization and the selection of treatment
technologies capable of meeting site-speci fie cleanup
levels at sites contaminated with metal. It is targeted
to federal, state,    private site removal
remediation managers. The report focuses primarily
on metalloid arsenic and metals, including cadmium,
chromiu m, lead, and mercury. The report does not
identify or establish cleanup levels.


View on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom/nepishoni
The series of publications are designed to assist
communities, states, municipalities,     the private
sector to address brownfields sites more effectively.
The guides provide decision makers, such as city
planners, private sector developers,    others who
are involved in redeveloping brownfields, with a
better understanding of the technical issues involved
in assessing and cleaning up  automotive repair sites,
iron and steel mill sites, and metal finishing sites.
After reading the guides, the  user will have a  better
understanding of activities commonly carried out at
such sites and how those activities might cause the
release of contaminants into the environment. The
guides also provide information about the types of
contaminants often found at  such sites; a discussion
of site assessment, screening  and cleanup levels, and
cleanup technologies; a conceptual framework for
Identifying potential contaminants; information about
developing a cleanup plan; and a discussion of issues
and special factors  that should be considered when
developing plans and selecting technologies. The
following guides are available:
   — Technical Approaches to  Characterizing and
     Cleaning Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the
     Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-008)
34

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   -  Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
      Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the
      Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-007)
   -  Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
      Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the
      Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-OQ6)

                         Tools for
                   A       lor

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
Produced by EP A's OUST, this guide is designed to
help         federal regulators with responsibility
for USTs to evaluate conventional     new site
assessment technologies and promote the use of
expedited site assessments. The manual covers five
major issues related to UST site assessments: the
expedited site assessment process; surface
geophysical methods for UST site investigations; soil-
gas surveys; direct push technologies; and field
analytical methods for the analysis of petroleum
hydrocarbons. The equipment and methods
presented in the manual are evaluated in terms of
applicability, advantages,     limitations for use at
petroleum UST sites.

         ":l-.'source for MGP
         .i.'-.d
         C
   if     ,1:
   1
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM.
The document provides current information about
useful approaches and tools being applied at former
manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites to the regulators
and utilities that are engaged in characterizing and
remediating these sites. The document outlines site
management strategies and field tools for expediting
site characterization at MGP sites; presents a
summary of existing technologies for remediating
MGP wastes in soils; provides sufficient information
about the benefits, limitations, and costs of each
technology, tool, or strategy for comparison and
evaluation; and provides, through case studies,
examples of the ways in which those tools and
strategies can be implemented at MGP sites.

          T-: -.-                      for
          ••- ': r -:
          View or order on line at immo.nap.edu/books/
   If     0309073219/html
         The report, prepared by the National
Research Counci I's Committee on the Remediation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments under an EPA grant,
reviews the nature of the challenge involved in the
management of sediments contaminated with PCBs;
provides an overview of current knowledge about the
inputs, fates, and effects of PCBs; recommends a risk-
based framework for use in assessing remediation
technologies and risk-management strategies; and
elaborates on the framework as it is applicable
specifically to sediments contaminated with PCBs.

C,                                 for Site

The documents listed below provide detailed information
about specific innovative technologies and the application of
those processes to specific contaminants and media in the
form of engineering analyses, application reports,
technology verification and evaluation reports, and
technology reviews.

          A             to

          View on line at www. epa.gov/nerksdl/
==4|iiss^ chemistry/immochem/user-guide.htm
    3     Developed by EPA's ORD, the document
facilitates transfer of immunochemical methods for
the analysis of environmental contaminants to the
environmental analytical chemistry laboratory. Field
personnel who may have a need to employ a
measurement technology at a monitoring site also
may find this manual helpful. The document
instructs the reader in the use and application of
immunochemical methods of analysis for
environmental contaminants. It includes a general
troubleshooting guide, along with specific
instructions for certain  analytes. The guide is written
in a manner that allows the user to apply the
information presented to immunoassays that are not
discussed in the manual.


         -
View on line at www.cakpa.ca.gov/calcert
The California Environmental Protection Agency's
(Cal/EPA) Environmental Technology Certification
program Internet site provides the user access to the
California Certified Technologies List. The document
provides a list of technologies and their respective
vendors that have been certified by the     of
California. Certification is granted to technologies on
the basis of an independent, third-party verification
of the technology's performance and  ability to meet
regulatory specifications and requirements.
Developers    manufacturers define quantitative
performance claims for their technologies and provide
supporting documentation. Cal/EPA reviews that

-------
information and, when necessary?, conducts
additional testing to verify the claims. Technologies,
equipment,     products that are proven to work as
claimed receive official state certification.

         F.I-'A
         View on line at www.epa.gov/superfimd/
         progra ms/dfa/in dex. h tm
   |     Hosted by EPA's Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response (OERR), the Internet site provides
resources to assist decision makers to streamline
activities conducted at hazardous waste sites using
real-time data and real-time decisions. Descriptions
of the speci fie elements of dynamic field activities are
provided, as well as related guidance documents and
publications, including links to relevant Internet sites.
Information about on-site analytical tools suitable for
use during dynamic field activities also is provided.


View or download pdf files at 'www.epa.gov/etv
Produced by EPA's ORD, the Environmental
Technology Verification (ETV) program reports
provide extensive information about the performance
of commercial-ready, private sector technologies. The
reports, intended for buyers of technologies,
developers of technologies, consulting engineers, and
state and federal agencies, verify the environmental
performance characteristics of those technologies
through the conduct of pilots. The reports, as well as
other information about the ETV program, are
available on the ETV site. ETV reports and
verification statements about the following
technologies are available:
   - Conepenetrometer-deployed sensor
   -----  Environmen tal decision support software
   - Explosive detection
   - Field-portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer
   - Field-portable x-ray fluorescence analyzer
   -----  Groundwatersampling
   - PCB field analysis technologies
   - Portable gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer
   - Soil/soil gas sampling
   - Well-head monitoring for volatile organic
      compounds (VOC)
   - Soil sampling technologies


                                   for
in Soil
View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM
This paper was prepared by members of the Federal
Facilities Forum, a group of EPA scientists
                                                   engineers representing EPA regional offices and
                                                   committed to the identification and resolution of
                                                   issues affecting federal facility Superfund and RCRA
                                                   sites. The purpose of the paper is to provide guidance
                                                   to remedial project managers (RPM) about field
                                                   sampling and on-site analytical methods for detecting
                                                   and quantifying secondary explosive contaminants in
                                                   soil. The paper is divided into the following sections:
                                                   (1) background information; (2) overview of sampling
                                                   and analysis of explosives; (3) data quality objectives;
                                                   (4) unique sampling and design considerations for
                                                   dealing with contaminants from explosives; (5) a
                                                   summary of on-site analytical methods; and, (6) a
                                                   summary of the EPA reference analytical methods.

                                                                   of a
                                                                   Oil,              (POL)

                                                   View on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom/nepishom
                                                   The report provides comprehensive comparisons of in
                                                   situ measurements from a cone penerrometer-
                                                   deployed laser induced fluorescence (LIE) petroleum,
                                                   oil, and lubricant (POL) sensor with traditional field
                                                   screening methods. The report includes an
                                                   introduction that describes the system and indicates
                                                   the technology constraints. In addition to
                                                   conclusions    recommendations, the report also
                                                   provides information about methods and materials,
                                                   such as calibration and sampling procedures,
                                                   analytical methods, and methods of data
                                                   reproduction and analysis. Two case studies help
                                                   illustrate the concepts discussed.

                                                                                 of
                                                               A       for

                                                   View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM
                                                   This report describes the conduct and findings of a
                                                   hydrogeologic characterization study of a saturated
                                                   fractured, granitic rock aquifer in the foothills of the
                                                   Sierra Nevada mountains in California. First, the
                                                   report presents an overview of the problems
                                                   associated with remediating fractured aquifers,
                                                   referring to case histories as examples. Brief
                                                   descriptions of the methods and results of the
                                                   characterization effort at the experimental field site
                                                   then are presented. The remaining chapters present
                                                   particular phases of the characterization effort and a
                                                   general strategy for hydrogeologic characterization,
                                                   with each tool and method described in detail. In
                                                   addition, the report discusses issues related to the
                                                   effect of incorrect characterization of flow properties
                                                   on prediction of the behavior of a contaminant.
36

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          Jji-Service
                                        —
          J i
          .!.             tO
    -=-     V7ra> or download pdffile on the Road Map
          CD-ROM
The report, published by the U.S. Army
Environmental Center, summarizes the development,
field demonstration     regulatory acceptance
activities associated with the SCAPS technologies that
are used to detect, identify, and quantify subsurface
contamination in soil and croundwater.
After you have completed your investigation of the
environmental conditions at the site, you may take
one of the following courses of action:
        of the Site
  Investigation
   No contamination is
   found.
                                                          Contamination is
                                                          found BUT does not
                                                          pose a significant
                                                          risk to stakeholders'
                                                          human health or the
                                                          environment.
                                                          Cleanup of the
                                                          contamination
                                                          found probably will
                                                          require a small
                                                          expenditure of funds
                                                          and time.

                                                          Cleanup of the
                                                          contamination
                                                          found probably will
                                                          require a significant
                                                          expenditure of funds
                                                          and time. However,
                                                          contamination
                                                          does not pose a
                                                          significant threat
                                                          to local residents.
                                                          Contamination is
                                                          found that poses a
                                                          significant threat
                                                          to local residents.
of
                                     c'
                              Proceed to the
                              CLEANUP OPTIONS
                              Determine whether
                              redevelopment
                              continues to be
                              practicable as planned,
                              or whether the
                              redevelopment plan
                              can be altered to fit the
                              circumstances; if so,
                              proceed to the
                              CLEANUP OPTIONS
                              phase.
                              Contact the
                              appropriate federal,
                              state, local, or tribal
                              government agencies
                              responsible for
                              hazardous waste. If
                              contamination exists at
                              considerable levels,
                              compliance with other
                              programs, such as
                              RCRA  and Superfund,
                              may be required.
                                                                                                        61

-------
        KEYS TO
; As                      the       Map. innovative
;              and                        offer many
;             in the         of
;              in such sites, however, first
; technology.             decision
;          the                   to          the
; that the technology will be           thereby           the
; cleanup of the site.

 As          in        4, The              (see
                   is an                 of all
 activities. Clear and specific planning to      explicit decision
 objectives is         in          the process of cleaning up
 contaminated sites: site assessment, site investigation, site
 monitoring, and remedy selection. With good planning,
 brownfieids decision        can         the cleanup
 for trie site, identify the decisions necessary to achieve those
 goals, and        and implement a        for           the
 decision       Technology decisions are      in the context
 of the requirements for               Ail
 are driven by the project goals. An
 decisions to be       and the way in      the planned
 approach                           be included in the work
 plan.

 Investing time, before the site work       in
 decisions that are acceptable to all               will
                          and
      likely. Conversely,               begin at a site

                         ^==%==i|*i|=^S4^
a common
and acceptance of the
decisions have been
established increases the
likelihood that the cleanup  \
process will be inefficient,
resulting in       and
inefficient use of time and money.
Further, decision                                is
           in all scientific and technical decisions (see
for more                            Clearly        and
accepting uncertainty thresholds before
the site remedy will     consensus.          also should be
      in the context of applicable regulatory requirements,
                                    forthe       and
time constraints.

A thorough          of a technology's capabilities and
          is          to       its acceptance.  All
            are                    in performance.
Planning for the         and            of
                       of its benefits and its acceptance.
"Technology approvers," typically regulators, community
groups, and                        are likely to be more
         of a new         if the proposer         a clear
explanation of the         for its use and demonstrates
          in its applicability to specific site conditions and
       This     point underscores the importance of careful!
selecting an                                 of
professionals who have the         necessary to plan,
        and implement the

                                                                       site                                 site
                                                                        removal,          or monitoring,         a


                                                           uses of the site, and                          that all
                                                                          understand the      for flexibility.  Although
                                                                                                            at other
                                                                 and                 can      as the      for
                                                                     a                    plan and can help
                                                                                from scratch"       site,
                                                                         be     of          too       on
                                                                     and                          as well
                                                                                                     While such
                                                                                             they lack the        to
                                                                                  To       an        and
                                                           clean u p, the actual tech no logy app roach, whethe r         d
                                                           orinnovative. must focus on decisions specific to the site.
38

-------
                   Site                  and
The             of the collection, analysis.
interpretation, ana            of data to support
                            sites rests on a three-
       "triad"          The introduction of new
           in a dynamic
         to     clearly                      an
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     the     identify the       |llliy;iiy=|yi=ll|l
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CSM, The      then     the      '^^^^^^^^^
CSM to      the         of        information,
       the CSM to      and       as
progresses at the site.

A             plan              on real-time data
to reach        points. The      for decision-making
is         and responsibilities, authority, and lines of
communication are           Dynamic     plan
                  on and is      by
decisions needed to reach closure,  it uses a decision-
tree and real-time uncertainty                   to
     critical decision      in as few           as
         Success of a                        on
 the         of        I
 experienced staff in the  f
 field           to     ''-•
                   on
 the decision logic and     \.    ''•:-^^^.....-' \_JF
 their         to deal with     ""•-•*•-_	____	_-s=::F'"
 new data and any
 issues, as they      Field staff
 communication with          or                the
 project                    of

 The use of
         and                  and            of
===^^           data      dynamic
1111!!!!^         possible.  Such         tools are
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lllllISllIlIIlll investigation tools       they
'iMiMMMiiiiiM        the data that are used for
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lijig!!^                    as well as
=====^^M: n goro us rn ethods that reg u i re th e
!!!!!!!!!!^         control led e nvi ro n menis of a
                    mobile laboratory (transportable).
Mi^MBli!^^^: During the        process, the
[ISSMllIllOlllli team                rigor, and
!!!!i!!!!!!^             of data       to
^^^^^^^^E=r'   the               by the CSM,
 Those         then     the
 modifications and the        of         tools.

-------
              to                  Site
  The                of data depends heavily upon the
                          and analytical designs in
         to the         use of the data, the site-specific
         surrounding that        use, and the
                  control.       this        is
  understood, on-site               can play a major roie
  in making environ mental decisionrnaking more efficient,
            and cost-effective, in                and
           climate,            are             to
                         that are       on
                    The term
                          that
  th e re i s s o m e sta bi i ity i n th e        ^^^^^^^^^^^^
  samples and assurance of         ^=^^^^^^^
  density. On-site
            offer that type of
  decision-making assurance to the  lllllQSEIIigEIISI:
  user of the data.                  ^^MMIi^IMiiMl
  Bro wnf i e id s i nvestig atio ns req u i re
                     that are
  faster,        and
  common          The           ^^^sg^^^i
                                 11111II1I111I1I1I
                          in-     lllllll[[l!10011lli
  field                and          '^^^^^^^^
                     time of crew and           The
  more                     is used to
                      and                 The
                in data          is as
         by fixed                  and       data
               on the       of
            sites are                  sites at which
        will       take measurements,         the
       of              and        a plan The
         for such sites will be         in nature; therefore,
  the                                by
  instruments will be         in successful          Data
                  will                          in
  site               and                  in the near
               it         the                 by
                           With       an
              at
  and                   data that        true site
           is       to                    Data
                  can be used
                  data that are able to
                at          cost        over the cost
  of current practices.
 Increased sampling     j
 efficiencies,         by  \
 the use of innovative    I
 technologies, allow more \
 targeted sample collection'-
 efforts that minimize the
         of        that      ""•----::,..„,_.	I/i^;=:E='      ;
 provide little value in meeting site-     '"	""           ;
 specific data quality objectives (DQO).                   ;
                    is              the type of analysis;
===^^                    is        so that       ;
lilllllllll^^^^^             can be         each day,  ;
                           bringing           rapid   ;
                    site                and           ;
pl|=l||^       of                               ;
|p||l|l^              data      are              ;
                    clearly, and when a number of      i
                                    and             ;
                           are          it  is         to;
i=!!=i==             data          so that the   ;
IMIlIIIEllllll information         is        for;
'MMlMMM^^^: its                     still      ;
IlllllllIIIIlll less costly than          possible. ;
!!!!!!!!!!^                     carefully, on-site     ;
=========;r'                    offer           ;
             and               data with the          ;
        of                         and real-time      ;
           of results.                                 ;
 Although                     have       to           ;
        on the           of                           ;
 the      of              on the                 of   ;
 monitoring and                      also       be     ;
 considered, it is                     how data         ;
 from                         can be     to         ;
 and       in the                            of       ;
 sampling error and uncertainties.                       ;
 By                                      and        ;
        with the use of new        and                ;
               can reduce           and              ;
             of the true          of a Site.  This        ;
                      site                        and;
                        as well as       the           ;
 of errors and o m i ssio n s that could negatively affect the site  ;
 later.                                               ;
40

-------
The review and analysis of cleanup alternatives rely on
the data collected during the site assessment and
investigation phases, which are discussed in the
preceding sections of the Road Map. The purpose of
evaluating various technologies is to identify those
technologies for their capability to meet specific
cleanup and redevelopment objectives. For
brownf ields sites, it also Is important to consider
budget requirements and to maintain a work schedule
so that the project remains financially viable.

The role of institutional controls, such as easements,
covenants, zoning restrictions, and the posting of
advisories to increase community awareness of the
environmental conditions and cleanup activities at the
site, also are Important considerations during this
phase. See Spotlight 11, Understanding the Role of
Institutional Controls at Brownf ields Sites, for more
information about institutional controls,
Factors that should be considered during
the evaluation of cleanup options Include:

1.   Flow do we determine the appropriate and
    feasible level of cleanup? Are there federal, state,
    local, and tribal requirements for cleanup?
    Should risk-based approaches be considered as
    an option for assessing exposure (see the
    definition of risk-based corrective action [RBCA]
    in Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key
    Terms)? Are there prescribed standards for
    cleanup? Are there provisions for using
    presumptive remedies?

2.   What factors are associated with the
    Implementation of cleanup options? Will the
    cleanup facilitate or hinder the planned
    redevelopment? How long will cleanup take?
    What will cleanup cost? What are the short-term
    and long-term effects of the cleanup technologies
    under consideration?

3.   Are the cleanup options compatible with regional
    or local planning     development goals and
    requirements? Can redevelopment activities
    (such as construction or renovation of buildings)
    be conducted concurrently with cleanup?
                                              41

-------
4.   How can the community participate in the review
    and selection of cleanup options? Are the options
    acceptable in light of community concerns about
    protection during cleanup and reuse of the site?
    What environmental standards should be
    considered to ensure thatcommunity stakeholders
    are satisfied with the outcome and process of
    cleanup, given the intended reuse?

5.   Is there a need for institutional controls after
    cleanup? Are proposed institutional controls
    appropriate in light of community concerns and
    access to and use of the property?  Will
    institutional controls facilitate or hinder
    development?  What plans, including financial
    assurances, are being made to ensure that
    institutional controls remain in place as long as
    contamination is present?
6.   What options are available to monitor the
    performance of cleanup technologies?
The process of reviewing and analyzing cleanup
options     technology alternatives usually follows
these steps:

»  Establish goa Is for cleanup that consider the    use
   and use either published state or federal guidelines,
   RBCAs, or site-specific risk assessment results

*  Educate members of the community about the site
   cleanup selection process and actively involve
   them in decision making

»  Review genera 1 information about cleanup
   technologies to become familiar with those that
   may be applicable to a particular site:
      - See Appendix A, Table A -3, Remedies for Types of
        Contaminants Found at Typical Bnrwnfields Sites,
       for examples of technologies that are appropriate
       for specific types of contaminants
        applicability of technology alternatives

   Narrow the list of potential technologies     are
   most appropriate for addressing the contamination
identified at the site and that are compatible with
the specific conditions of the site and the proposed
reuse of the property:
   - Network with other brownfields stakeholders and
     environmental professionals to learn about their
     experiences and to tap their expertise
   - Determine whether sufficient data are available to
     support identification and evaluation of cleanup
     alternatives
   - Determine the effects of various technology
     alternatives on redevelopment objectives

Continue to work with appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are addressed properly:

   -  Consult until the appropriate federal, state, local,
     ami tribal regulatory agencies to include them in
     the decision-making process as early as possible
   -  Contact the EPA regional brownfields
     coordinator to identify and determine the
     availability of EPA support programs

Integrate cleanup alternatives with reuse
alternatives to identify potential constraints on
reuse and time schedules and to assess cost and
risk factors
To provide a measure of certainty and stability to
the project, investigate environmental insurance
policies, such as protection against cost overruns,
undiscovered contamination, and third-party
litigation,    integrate their cost into the project
financial package

Select an acceptable remedy that not only
addresses the risk of contamination, but also best
meets the objectives for redevelopment and reuse
of the property and is compatible with the needs of
the community

Communicate information about the proposed
cleanup option to brownfields stakeholders,
including the affected community
42

-------
Examples of resources that will assist in reviewing and
analyzing cleanup options are listed on the next page.
Information abo lit the availability of electronic reso urces
— whether the item is found on the Road Map's
accompanying CD-ROM or oil various web sites — also
is provided. Appendix D, How to Order Documents,
provides complete ordering information for documents
that are not available on the CD-ROM or on the Internet.

A.
The documents listed below are resources that provide
general information about the availability of technology
resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, ami
user guides.

                      for


Order on line at wimv.astm.org
The purpose of the guide is to define RBCA as a
process for assessing and responding to a petroleum
release in a manner that ensures the protection of
human health and the environment. The guide will
assist brownfields decision makers who wish to
become familiar with another approach that can be
used to assess environmental risk at a site, in
conformity with applicable federal, state, local, and
tribal regulations. The diversity and flexibility of a
RBCA approach is defined and discussed, and the
tiered approach of the process is summarized.
Although the RBCA process is not limited to a
particular site, the guide emphasizes the use of RBCA
in response to releases of petroleum. Examples of
RBCA applications also are provided. The guide,
available at $45 per copy, can be downloaded from
the ASTM web site or ordered by telephone at 610-
832-9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555.

          :">'                tO        Of
          [:
          '•<

          Technology
View or download the pdfflle on the Road Map CD-ROM
The report, published in 2000 by the ITRC workgroup,
contains an analysis of case studies from states
having experience in remediating unexploded
ordnance (UXO)-contaminated sites. The report
supports early and meaningful state regulatory
involvement in the selection of innovative
unexploded ordnance characterization
remediation technologies. The report also offers
recommendations to ensure the appropriate
participation of states in the selection of technologies
for characterizing and remediating UXO-
contaminated sites.



              Encourage
    fj     -or
    •"
View or download pdfflle on the Road Map CD-ROM
The BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners,
project managers,    others preparing RFPs to solicit
support in conducting activities to investigate and
clean up contaminated sites.  It is specifically
intended to assist those individuals in writing
specifications that encourage contractors and
technology vendors to propose options for using
innovative characterization and remediation
technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also
provides information, from a technology perspective,
to guide review teams in their evaluations of
proposals and the selection of qualified contractors.

Citizen's        to

View or download pdf files on the Road Map CD-ROM
The guides are prepared by EPA to provide site
managers with nontechnical outreach materials that
they can share with communities in the vicinity of a
site. The guides present information on innovative
technologies that have been selected or applied at
some cleanup sites, provide overviews of the
technologies, and present success stories about sites
at which innovative technologies have been applied.
Spanish versions of the guides are forthcoming. The
guides contain information on the following subjects:
   - Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-01-001)
   - Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013)
   - Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015)
   - In situ flushing (EPA 542-F-01-011)
   - In situ thermal treatment methods (EPA 542-F-01 -012)
   - Monitored natural attenuation (EPA. 542-F-01-004)
   - Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01 -005)
   - Phyforemediation (EPA 542-F-01-002)
   - SVE and air sparging (EPA 542-F-01 -006)
   - Soil washing (EPA  542-F-01-008)
   - Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003)
                                                                                                 43

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                                Oil

View on line at http://clu-in.org
The Internet site provides information about
innovative treatment technologies and site
characterization technologies to the hazardous waste
remediation community. CLU-IN describes programs,
publications, and other tools for EPA and other
federal and state personnel, consulting engineers,
technology developers and vendors, remediation
contractors, researchers, community gro ups, and
individual citizens. Information about issues related
to site remediation also is provided: technology
descriptions and status reports; technology selection
tools; programs and organizations; TIO perspectives;
and publications.

                                  for
the
Orderonlineatwww.epa.gov/ncepihom
The guide is one in a series of publications designed to
assist communities, states, municipalities,    the
private sector to address brownfields sites more
effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used
with the three guides for specific types of sites -
Technical Approaches to Characterizing     Cleaning
Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownf ields
Initiative, Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the
Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches to
Characterizing    Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites
Under the Brownfields Initiative - provides information
abo ut cost estimating tools and resources for
addressing cleanup costs at brownfields sites. Many
decision makers at brownfields sites may choose to
assign the preparation of cost estimates to consultants
who are experienced in the cleanup of hazardous
waste sites; however, it benefits those decision makers
to be able to provide guidance to their consultants and
to understand the process sufficiently well to provide
an informed review of the estimates prepared. The
guide provides general information about the cost
estimation process and includes summaries of various
types of estimates. The guide also outlines the process
of developing "order of magnitude" cost estimates.
Inf orma tion a bout resou rces, da ta ba ses, and model s
also is provided.

         D:       of                           to
         r =
         View or download pdffile on the Road Map
         CD-ROM
   "     The directory provides information about
EPA offices, non-government organizations funded
by EPA, and other federal agencies that may be able to
provide expertise to assist in the selection of
technologies for use in characterizing    cleaning
up brownfields properties.

            IT
View on line at www.epareachit.org
EPA REACH IT will assist those involved in
brownfields projects to evaluate and select applicable
remediation technologies, as well as to gather
detailed information about the providers of those
technologies. An online searchable database, EPA
REACH IT provides comprehensive, up-to-date
information about more than 1,300 remediation
technologies that can be accessed through the guided
and advanced search capabilities of the system.
Examples of sites at which a particular type of
technology has been implemented also are presented.
The information is based upon data submitted by
vendors and project managers for EPA, DoD, DOE,
and state agencies, as well as information provided
by suppliers of innovative technologies. EPA REACH
IT is accessible only through the Internet.

          of                    : s -.. L •• ••••:

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental
Management, the report evaluates DSS, computer-
based systems that facilitate the use of data, models,
and structured decision processes in making
decisions related to environmental management. The
report evaluates 19 such systems through the
application of a rating system that favors software
that simulates a wide range of environmental
problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a
statement of the rationale for the selection of various
aspects of the performance of the DSS for evaluation.

           of                              at

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The report provides a national retrospective analysis
of the field performance of barrier systems, as well as
information that could be useful in developing
guidance on the use    evaluation of such systems.
The report contains information about the design,
application, and performance of subsurface
engineered barriers.


(FRTR) Case Studies
View on lineal nmno.frtr.gov/cost
The case studies provide the user information about
specific remedial technology applications. FRTR case
studies are developed by DoD, the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USAGE), the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force

-------
(USAF), DOE, DOT, and EPA. The case studies focus
on full-scale and large field demonstration projects
and include information on site background,
description of the technology, cost and performance of
technology application, and lessons learned.
Technologies include innovative and conventional
treatment technologies for contaminated soil,
groundwater, and solid media. Users can search the
case studies by groups of contaminants, media, waste
ma nagement p rac tices tha t contrib u te to
contamination, and treatment systems.

Guide to                           Cost
                        lor

View or download pdffile on the Road  Map CD-ROM
The document recommends the types of da ta that
should be collected to document the performance
cost of future cleanups. The guide specifies data
elements for 13 conventional and innovative cleanup
technologies: soil biovenring, soil flushing, soil vapor
extraction, groundwater sparging, in situ
groundwater remediation, pump-and-treat
technologies, composting, incineration, land
treatment, slurry-phase soilbioremediation, soil
washing, stabilization, and thermal desorprion. The
document provides site managers with a standard set
of para meters for doc u meriting completed
remediation projects. A number of federal agencies
have made commitments to using the guidance to
collect data for full-scale cleanups, demonstrations,
and treatability studies.

         1
         '!'('
         . -."; yjj A g* «| !*j jT~5 |~%-| l~||lj'"| \
         Order online at immo, epa.gov/ncepihoin
   «     Produced by EPA's IIO, the CD-ROM
contains resources that provide information to help
federal, state, and private-sector site managers
evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives.
The ability to gain access to resources that provide
information about innovative site characterization
and remediation technologies will increase
understanding of those technologies and of the cost
and performance factors related to them. Such
understanding is essential to the consideration of
those technologies for use in addressing
contamination at hazardous waste  sites. Several
resources included on the CD-ROM also are available
on the Road Map CD-ROM.
          Innovative
    <»Sj!l
                                          in
               America,
    1
View or download pdffiles on the Road Map CD-ROM
A revision and expansion of EPA's publication,
"Completed North American Innovative Technology
Demonstration Projects," is now available in an
online, searchable database of ongoing and
completed field demonstrations of innovative
remediation technologies sponsored by government
agencies working in partnership with private
technology developers to bring new technologies into
the hazardous waste remediation marketplace.
          8     £ i
          View on line at www.bnrwnfieldstech.org
          The web site, hosted by PTI,
sponsored in part by EPA's TIO, provides information
about characterization and remediation of
brownfields. The site focuses on the demonstration,
dissemination, and promotion of innovative
characterization and remediation technologies
suitable for use at brownfields sites to help local
governments increase efficiencies and reduce costs
associated with brownfields redevelopment. The site
highlights "hot" technologies that currently are
proving themselves in the field, provides case studies
that introduce the user to cities that are experiencing
succession employing innovative site
characterization and remediation technologies,
profiles of local government leaders who are
employing brownfields remediation technologies to
good effect,    provides links to other key web sites.


       lor an          In

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
This report describes demonstration results for the
Lasagna™ process, a process which uses established
geotechnical methods to install degradation zones in
contaminated soil and electrosmosis to move the
contaminants back and forth through these zones
until treatment is completed.


                        3.0
Vieioonlineatwwio.frtr.gov/matrix/
The document is intended to assist site remediation
project managers to narrow the field of remediation
alternatives and identify potentially applicable
technologies for more detailed assessment and
evaluation before remedy selection. The document

-------
    yf

      An                          to
 State-mandated         have had a major impact on
                          into
 With       from EPA's TIO, the State        for
            of           (SCRD) was          in
      to        a forum for the         of
 and the discussion of                         to
                                      information
 and              and          the use of
            in the                           The
        is     up of             of      that have

 Alabama,  f lorida, Illinois, Kansas,    ^^^^^^^^^
 M in nesota, M i sso u ri, North
 Carolina, Oregon,      Carolina,
 Tenness ee, and Wi scons i n,       lillllll=llll[lll

 A         of the        has
        its      on                         ill?!
             state         and
 the use of         technologies
 to       and         sites
            with
          its           "Study
 of           ana
 Techno log ies f o r Dryc i eane r Sites"  W!MfiWi1i^!^
                               lllllIlLllIllnll
            are     used at
          sites. For        site   illliiiylllllill
             ntechniquesinclude   ~^^^^^^^^
      and                of soil-gas,      push
 techniques,                     and monitoring
 and borings.                   for

 nonaqueous phase
 liquids (DNAPL), a great
 concern at
 sites,
 fluorescence and
                also h,
                            ,
 As         in the report, the        most commonly
     to reduce solvents present in soil include excavation.
 soil               (SVE), and          and
           air        and                   for
==^^
                    Even            of the state
                    programs are     new and
                    have very              they have
                               in          the
                                 in a timely
                    To date, the
                            have          at least
                    236 site assessments and 100
                                 and       16
                             sites,  The        are
                                  as the
                    programs in         continue to
                    mature,
    V7fu>o» l/HCiif www.di'ycleancoaHtiou.oi'g
    The Internet site, supported by EPA's TIO, provides extensive information about state remediation
    programs and resources related to the remediation of drycleaner sites. Descriptions of state programs
    cind points of contact in each of the 11 member states are provided.  Publications, regulations, and
    other documents tire identified as well. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the assessment and
    cleanup of drycleaner sites in Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oregon, South
    Carolina, Tennessee, Washington, and Wisconsin may be particularly interested in the detailed
    information provided about programs in those states.  Profiles of the remediation of specific sites
    throughout the U.S. are intended to assist users, particularly state officials, in making more informed
    decisions related to the remediation of sites in their states, arid, when possible, to provide additional
    resources, Publications developed by the SCRD, as well as state and federal resources pertinent to
    issues associated with drycleaner sites, cart be  viewed oil line or downloaded at no charge.
46

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From the early 1             the mid-1900s,
            gas plant {MGP) sites were
          to        gas from coal or oil for lighting,
heating, and cooking. The gas              and
                              at the
gas plant        that         tars,                     to           and
light oils,                   and      hydrocarbon
products.           many of the by-products
                                at MGP sites.  The

                     (PAH),     ^^^^^^^^
petroleum hydrocarbons,
                       and
         The base
contaminant, coal tar, is
          of a
of PAHs that
low volatility, tow solubility, and
low
Consequently, those
            are difficult to treat,
                                                     scale, hornier MGP sites
                                                     offer an ideal
                                                     te ch no log ies that exped ite site
                                                                    and source
There are an          3,000 to
5,000
the country; some of those sites
still are       by the
           to the        that
fou n ded     .  M G Ps ty p i cal ly    ==.;.;:?; v===^^^
were bu i it o n the outs ki rts of
     that      have grown.
Today, therefore, the                often are
in inner city      many          are
for                     the brownfields program. The
             of MGP sites for      can help the utility
       turn                 into        For
in the city of fort      Florida, a former MGP site was
           into a private, nonprofit museum and
         called the imaginarium.
Thermal          has been used
successfully to         soils that
       MGP       (for
         and coal tar),
         of     than 98        in
             of PAHs; total
         hydrocarbons (TPH);
benzene, toluene, eihylbenzene, and
      (BTEX)            and
        Performance data have
            that less than 10 parts
per      (ppb) of        PAHs  and
        can be                the
          of
Other technologies that have
          in
             co-burning in utility
boilers, recycling in road      in
situ bioremediation, landfarming,
and soil
                                                                    MGP sites are                      a
                                                          area of        land with                 needs,
                                                     new            are                 and
                                                     todernonstratetheirtechnicalfeasibility.  Opportunities
                                                          to             and refine new
                                                     remediation technologies that can assist in expediting
                                                             processes that can           contaminated site
                                                          into           use.
As the                     has                  to
         land         and
concerns, the MGP sites      become a central focus,
     companies are             and
      The           in the             of the sites and
in the                   at             opportunities
                                                                                                       47

-------
summarizes the strengths    weaknesses of
innovative and conventional technologies for
remediation of soils, sediments, sludges, groundwater,
surface water, and air emissions and off-gases; it
focuses primarily on demonstrated technologies.
Treatment, containment, separation of wastes,
enhanced recovery technologies are covered.
Additional references and information resources also
a re included.

          !•"'     Assessments: A Tool to
          ;(' -2
	
   f;r     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    1     CD-ROM
The memorandum, signed June 4,2001 by EPA's
OERR, presents information that supports the
developmentof assumptions related to future
use when ma king remedy selection decisions for
response actions conducted atSuperfund sites. The
Reuse Assessment guide, which provides information
about the collection and evaluation of information for
developing assumptions, and the Superfund Land
Use Directive, which provides basic information
about developing and using future land use
assumptions to support Superfund remedial actions,
are included as attachments to the directive.

          i; •-•
          v '..•'«.(. le to
          k-.--:
   %     O'.C! i
    ji     .i^iid
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
Prepared by the member agencies of the FRTR, the
guide identifies programs, resources, and
publications of the federal government related to
technologies for the cleanup of contaminated sites.

                                          (SITE)
         Technology
View on line at www.epa.gov/ORD/SITE/profiles3.htm
The SITE documents, contained in three separate
volumes, provide profiles of more than 150
demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and
measurement technologies currently being evaluated.
Each technology profile identifies the developer
process name of the technology, describes the
technology,  discusses its applicability to waste, and
provides a project status report and contact
information. The profiles also include summaries of
demonstration results, if available.
The following volumes are available:
   - Demonstration Program, Volume 1
      (EPA540-R-99-500A)
   -  Emerging Technology Program, Volume 2
      (EPA '540-R-99-500B)
   -  Monitoring and Measurement Program, Volume 3
      (EPA 540-R-99-500C)

         of                       of


Order on line at wioio,epa.gov/ncepihoin
The document is a compilation of abstracts that
describe field demonstrations of innovative
technologies that treat hazardous waste at
contaminated sites. The abstracts are information
resources that hazardous waste site project managers
can use to assess the availability    practicability of
innovative technologies for treating contaminated
groundwater, soils,    sludge. The document
describes more than 110 demonstrations, sponsored
by federal agencies, in six different technology
categories, involving the use of innovative
technologies to treat soil and groundwater. A matrix
that lists the demonstration categories, the type of
contaminant, media that can be treated, and the
treatment setting for each innovative technology
demonstrated also is provided in the document.


View on line at immo.epa.gov/siverust1/tnkmcr1 Mm
Tank Remedial Action Cost Engineering and
Requirements (RACER) is a Windows™-based system
that provides fast, accurate, and comprehensive cost
estimates for cleanups at petroleum and UST sites.
The software estimates costs for cleanups on a site^
specific basis for all phases of remediation, including
site assessment, remedial design, remedial action,
operation and maintenance, tank closure, and site
work and utilities, as well as the costs of using
alternative technologies, such as air sparging,
bioremediation, bio venting, groundwater extraction
wells, land farming, natural attenuation, SYE, and
thermal desorption. The software was developed
under an interagency agreement between the USAF
and EPA. A newer version, Tank RACER 2001, is
now available. Visit the web site identified above for
more information.


View on line at www. techknow. org
Developed by the Global Network of Environment &
Technology (GNET), TechKnow is an online,
interactive database which allows users to gain
access to and provide information about innovative
and sustainable technologies. For each technology
profiled, a summary, development information,
status, and cost is provided. The Internet site also
 48

-------
provides contact information for the technologies.
Users may access the Tech Know database at the
Internet site identified above. There is no cost to use
TechKnow, but users are required to register on
GNET.

           "i  .!.  •<.-it Technologies for Site Cleanup:
           -, - = • K^
          T;"J - :
    f     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    H     CD-ROM
The ASR documents, as of summer 2000, the status of
treatment technology applications at more than 900
soil     groundwater cleanup projects in the
Superfund program, selected RCRA corrective action
sites,    DOE and DoD sites.  The report updates the
projects included in the ASR ninth edition and
provides information aboutprojects obtained from 96
records of decision (ROD) signed in 1998 and 1999.
The report examines both source control technologies
(addressing soil, sludge, sediment, and other solid
wastes) and innovative  groundwater treatment
technologies. For the most frequently selected
technologies in the Superfund remedial program, the
report analyzes selection trends overtime,
contaminant groups treated, quantity of soil treated
(for soil treatment technologies), and the status of
project implementation.

          U,S.            of

          Vi.ewonlineatwww.em.doe.gov/define
          Developed by DOE, the PAMs web site
    LI     provides access to evaluations of site
characterization and remediation technologies
preferred by DOE on the basis of the types of
contaminants and contaminated media selected.
PAMs was developed by DOE's Office of
Environmental Restoration (EM-40) to assist decision
makers in selecting the most appropriate cleanup
alternatives for remediation, waste processing, and
decommissioning of sites. It provides a tool for field
personnel to use in focusing remedy selection;
expediting implementation of preferred alternatives;
eliminating the cost of excessive or redundant
treatability studies; and allowing preselection of
effective, low-cost remediation alternatives.
B.                         for
Listed below are survey reports on the application of
innovative technologies to specific contaminants and site
types,

                     of                 as an
                                    Oil-

         View or download pdffile on the Road Map
   I    CD-ROM
         The document, which is based on a review
of the relevant literature, provides examples of the
phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons
discusses the key mechanisms of that process, as well
as the special considerations involved in
phytoremediation of petrochemicals. The document
also discusses the benefits, limitations,    costs of
phytoremediation,compared with alternative
approaches, including natural attenuation,
engineering, and bioremediation.

                                             of

         View or download pdffile on the Road Map

   1     The technology assessment report
discusses the use of bioremediation and
phytoremediation for the cleanup of sites
contaminated with pesticides. It provides
information a bout the current status of the two
technologies to federal     state agencies, consulting
engineering firms, private industries, and technology
developers.
          -: j...: log of              on
          "E-:;-3-00-001)
          Wcw or download pdffile on the Road Map
   |      CD-ROM
The booklet provides an annotated list of UST
materials and includes ordering information. Many
of the informational leaflets, booklets, videos, and
software items listed are designed to provide UST
owners and operators with information to help them
comply with the federal UST requirements.


View on line at unmv.epa.gov/ncepihom/nepishom
The series of publications are designed to assist
communities, states, municipalities, and the private
sector to address brownfields sites more effectively.
The guides provide decision makers, such as city
planners, private sector developers, and others who
are involved in redeveloping brownfields, with a
better understanding of the technical issues involved
in assessing and cleaning up automotive repair sites,
iron and steel mill sites, and metal finishing sites.
                                                                                                49

-------
After reading the guides, the user will have a better
understanding of activities commonly carried out at
such sites and how those activities might cause the
release of contaminants into the environment. The
guides also provide information about the types of
contaminants often found at such sites; a discussion
of site assessment, screening and cleanup levels, and
cleanup technologies; a conceptual framework for
identifying potential contaminants; information about
developing a cleanup plan; and a discussion of issues
and special factors  that should be considered when
developing plans    selecting technologies. The
following guides are available:
   - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
      Cleaning Up A utomotive Repair Sites Under the
      Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-9 8-008)
   ----- Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
      Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the
      Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-007)
   - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
      Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the
      'Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-006)

                                         of

          .•cPA542-R-99-006)
   !f     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
   ji      CD-ROM
The report summarizes information aboutthe
ground water remediation systems at 28 sites
throughout the U.S. at which completed or ongoing
ground water cleanup programs are in place. It
includes details about design, operation,
performance of the systems; capital, operating, and
unit costs of the systems;    factors    potentially
a ffect the cost and performance of the systems. The
report compares     contrasts      from the case
studies to assist those involved in evaluating
selecting remedies for ground water contamination at
hazardous waste sites. Of the 28 projects presented in
the case studies, 24 are Superfund remedial actions,
one is a Superfund removal action, one is a cleanup
conducted by state authorities,    two are corrective
actions taken under RCRA. The sites represent a range
of site types    hydrogeological conditions.

     To
                                   A

                  S/N
Order online at www.epa.gav/ncepihom
The guide was developed to assist state regulators in
efficiently and confidently evaluating corrective
action plans (CAP)  that incorporate alternative
technologies. The guide, written in nontechnical
language, takes the reader through the steps involved
in reviewing a CAP. Each chapter presents a
comprehensive description of the technology, an
explanation of how it works, and a flow chart that
illustrates the decision points in the process;
information that will help the regulator evaluate
whether a given technology will clean up a given site
successfully; discussion and instruction to help the
regulator evaluate whether a CAP is technically
sound; a check list to assist the regulator in
determining whether or not the CAP includes all the
steps necessary; and a list of references.

         : OC
         View on lineatwww.getf.org/dnaplguest
         The web site is sponsored by the Interagency
   }     Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DN APL)
Consortium (IDC). It reports on the IDC's effort to
eva luate and compare the cost and performance of
three innovative remediation technologies for the
treatment of DNAPLS. The three technologies are
beingapplied for the treatment of trichloroethylene
(TCE) at Launch Complex 34 at Cape Canaveral Air
Force Station, Florida. The three technologies being
demonstrated in side-by-side plots at the launch area
are chemical oxidation with the use of potassium
permanganate, six-phase heating,    dynamic
underground stripping.

                    for



View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
This report describes innovative measures for
addressing chromium contamination in each of the
three areas described in the title. For the source zone,
surfactant-enhanced chromium extraction is
evaluated; for the concentrated plume,
polyelectrolyte-enhanced ultrafilrration is evaluated;
and for the dilute plume, the effectiveness of the
permeable barrier wall is evaluated.

       Fact                       of

(EPA510-F-98-002)
View or download pdffile on trie Road Map CD-ROM
Developed by EPA's OUST, the fact sheet describes
the physical    chemical characteristics of methyl
tert butyl ether (MTBE)     identifies alternative
technologies for remediating it.
50

-------
          -J                                of
          '.''
                      for              of
    j|     ••.
(Fn .:.•••: [ 11
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The volume presents updated summaries of
information about 29 projects, as well as reports on
legislative, regulatory, programmatic,and research
Issues related to contaminated land in each
participating country.

                             Effectively


Vieioonlineatioww.epa.gov/ncepihoni/nepishoni
Pay-for-performance cleanup agreements allow users
to pay contractors a fixed price as measurable
environmental goals are reached, rather than paying
using a more typica 1 rime-and-materia Is contract.
This document focuses on the experience of the UST
Bureau of the New Mexico Environment Department
and is supplemented by the experience     ideas of
representatives of other states, contractors, and EPA.
The document is intended as a starting point for
owners of USTs to use in designing pay-for-
performance cleanup programs. The document first
Identifies the advantages of pay-for-performance
cleanup agreements, such as cost and time savings. It
then explains how to implement a pay-for-
performance cleanup program. Many tips for
ensuring the success of pay-for-performance
agreement programs are provided. Italso presents
information about enlisting the support of
stakeholders, such as that of state technical
funding staff, government auditors, legislators and
legislative staff, and cleanup contractors. In addition
to providing instructions for constructing such an
agreement, the document provides an example of how
to calculate performance payments.



      at
Order on line at wwio.epa.gov/ncepihotn
Produced by EPA's OERR, the guidance defines
EPA's presumptive response strategy    discusses
technologies for the ex situ treatment component of a
groundwater remedy. It also explains how EPA
intends to  exercise its discretion in implementing the
National Contingency Plan (NCP).
                                       to
                            of
fTfrrrnnsHiF
    [|
 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
 The 1997 report describes the use of rapid site
 assessments to characterize soil and groundwater
 contamination at drycleaning facilities. Conducted
 under the Florida Department of Environmental
 Protection's Drycleaning Solvent Cleanup Program
 (DSCP), the rapid site assessments are an innovative
 approach used to address site assessment and
 cleanup of contaminated drycleaning facilities. The
 paper describes legislative, administrative, and
 technical aspects of the program that permit drastic
 reductions in the time and costs associated with
 assessing soil and groundwater contamination for
 this site type.

                     for In              of

 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
 The document provides hazardous waste cleanup
 professionals with an update on the status of four
 available and promising technologies for in situ
 remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals:
 electrokinetics; phytoremediation; soil flushing; and
 solidification and stabilization. The report Is
 intended to assist in screening new technologies early
 in the remedy evaluation and selection process.

                   for


    if     at

 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
 The document provides current in formation about
 useful approaches and tools being applied at former
 MGP sites to the regulators and utilities that are
         in characterizing and remediating these
 sites. The document outlines site management
 strategies and field tools for expediting site
 characterization at MGP sites; presents a summary of
 existing technologies for remediating MGP wastes in
 soils; provides sufficient information about the
 benefits, limitations,    costs of each technology,
 tool, or strategy for comparison and evaluation; and
 provides, through case studies, examples of the ways
 in which those tools and strategies can be
 implemented at MGP sites.
                                              51

-------
          r- -. ite          for             of
          I"-
          Wew on lineal ww~w.drycleancoaiition.org
   fjf     The Internet site, supported by EPA's TIO,
   "L     provides extensive information abo ut state
remediation programs and resources related to the
remediation of drycleaner sites. Descriptions of state
programs and points of contact in each of the 11
member states are provided. Publications,
regulations, and other documents are identified as
well. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the
assessment    cleanup of drycleaner sites in Florida,
Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oregon,
South Carolina, Tennessee, Washington,
Wisconsin may be particularly interested in the
detailed information provided about programs in
those states. Profiles of the remediation of specific
sites throughout the U.S. are intended to assist users,
particularly state officials, in making more informed
decisions related to the remediation of sites in their
states, and, when possible, to provide additional
resources. Publications developed by the SCRD, as
well as state and federal resources pertinent to issues
associated with drycleaner sites, can be viewed on
line or downloaded at no charge.

          :'-•             to       Up
          Viewonlineatwww.drycleancoalition.org/
          survey
   1     Prepared  by the SCRD with the support of
          EPA's TIO, the report presents a survey
that focuses on three principal areas: general
administrative issues, fee and fund solvency  issues,
and benefits associated with the various programs.
The report provides information about the number of
sites in the various state programs, the remediation
stage of each site, the system for setting priorities
among sites, the fee system, the fee structure, average
fees, deductibles     insurance coverage, revenues
collected, fund balances, benefits of participation,
limit of funds, and requirements of facility owners
    operators. Detailed tables that present data
gathered during the survey are included as an
appendix to the report.

          ':'                    at
          <:
          View or download pdffile on the Road Map
   |     CD-ROM
The fact sheet s ummarizes information abo ut the use of
treatment technologies at 30 RCRA corrective action
sites. It focuses on ongoing or completed cleanups of
contaminated soil or groundwater at RCRA sites for
which key information, such as the type of technology
used and the point of contact, was available. The sites
illustrate the types of cleanups conducted at RCRA
corrective action sites; they are not intended to be
representative of all cleanups conducted under RCRA.

           Technology                Cost
for
(EPA625-R-97-005)
Orderonlineatwww.epa.gov/ttbnrmrl/625/R-97/005.hhn
The document presents information about applicable
treatment alternatives for the remediation of soil and
groundwater at wood preserving sites. The document
provides decision makers with a better understanding
of technologies suitable for cleaning up such sites.
Background information about the wood preserving
industry in general is presented, as well as
information about contaminants commonly found at
wood preserving sites, such as PCPs, PAHs, dioxins
and furans, and inorganic compounds. The
document describes a number of technologies that
have been used to remediate wood preserving sites;
treatability and case studies also are presented.
Additional sources of information are provided.

Use of                              at


View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM.
The policy  directive, issued April 21,1999, provides
guidance to the staff of EPA, the public,    the
regulated community on how EPA intends to exercise
its discretion in implementing national policy on the
use of monitored natural attenuation for the
remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater at
sites regulated under the programs of EPA's OSWER.

C,

The documents listed below provide detailed information
about specific innovative technologies and the application
of those processes to specific contaminants and media in the
form of engineering analyses, application reports,
technology verification and evaluation reports, and
technology reviews.

                         of      in


View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM.
The study focuses on anaerobic biodegradarion of
BTEX isomers in aquifer material from two petroleum-
contaminated aquifers. Two different techniques
were used to evaluate the ability of indigenous
microorganisms to anaerobically degrade BTEX and
to estimate the rate of degradation.

-------
         of                       for

Vi'en; or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The report provides an engineering analysis of, and
status report on, selected enhancements for SVE
treatment technologies. The report is intended to
assist project managers who are considering an SVE
treatment system by providing then with an u p-to-
    report on the status of enhancement
technologies; an evaluation of each technology's
applicability to various site conditions; a presentation
of cost and performance information; a list of vendors
that specialize in the technologies; a discussion of the
relative strengths and limitations of the technologies;
recommendations of factors to be kept in mind when
considering the enhancements; and a compilation of
references. The five enhancement technologies
discussed in the report are air sparging, dual-phase
extraction, directional drilling, pneumatic and
hydraulic fracturing, and thermal enhancement.

                            of
                                    for In
                     of

View on line at www.epa.gov/glnpo/sedimen t/iscmain/
index, html
Published by EPA's Great Lakes National Program
Office, the documentprovides technical guidance for
subaqueous, in situ capping as a remediation technique
for contaminated sediments. Descriptions of the
processes, identification of the design requirements, and
a recommended sequence for design also are provided.


Version. 2.1
View or download database on the Road Map CD-ROM
The searchable database provides information about
sites at which bioremediation Is being tested or
implemented or at which cleanup by bioremediation
has been completed. The database covers sites being
addressed under CERCLA, RCRA, TSCA, as well as'
those being addressed under the LIST Program.
Information is available about location, media,
contaminants, technology, cost, and performance.

               of

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The report is intended to provide a basic summary of
in situ treatment technologies for gronndwater
contaminated with chlorinated solvents. It includes
information gathered from a range of currently
available sources, including project documents,
                   reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal
                   communication with parties Involved in the use of the
                   technologies.

                                        Technology
                                                                for

                       I
                   View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
                   The BTSC developed this document to provide an
                   educational tool for site owners, project managers,
                   and regulators to help evaluate the applicability of
                   the phytoremediation process atbrownfields sites.
                   The primer explains the types of biological processes
                   involved in phytoremediation; provides examples of
                   the sites and contaminants where phytoremediation
                   has been applied;     discusses technical
                   considerations in selecting     designing
                   phytoremediation systems, activities necessary to
                   operate and maintain phytoremediation systems, and
                   examples of estimated potential cost savings from
                   using phytoremediation versus more conventional
                   treatment processes. The primer also provides a
                   comprehensive list of other resources that are
                   available to assist decision makers in evaluating
                   phytoremediation as an option for cleaning up
                   contaminated sites.


                           -
                   View on line at iiKirw.calepa.ca.gov/calcert
                   The Cal/EPA Environmental Technology
                   Certification program Internet site provides the user
                   access to the California Certified Technologies List.
                   The document provides a list of technologies and
                   their respective vendors that have been certified by
                   the state of California. Certification is granted to
                   technologies on the basis of an independent, third-
                   party verification of the technology's performance
                   and ability to meet regulator}? specifications and
                   requirements.  Developers and manufacturers define
                   quantitative performance claims for their technologies
                   and provide supporting documentation. Cal/EPA
                   reviews that information and, when necessary,
                   cond ucts additional testing to verify the claims.
                   Technologies, equipment, and products that are
                   proven to work as claimed receive official state
                   certification.

                             O'.U-IN Technology Focus
                             Virai on line at'http://clu-in.org
                             Technology Focus, a section of EPA TIO's
                       f     CLU-IN site, provides a compilation of the
                       "''     most relevant information sources abo ut a
 dacKdrouno * introduction * Beioie
• ane         «bile          «Cleanup Options«            and impiemei

-------

range of remediation technologies. Grouped by
specific technology, the resources provide a
description, information about the applications and
use of the technology, relevant engineering
regulator}' guidance, and links to training sources and
additional references. Information abo ut the following
technologies are available: air sparging,
bioremediation of chlorinated solvents, bio venting/
blosparglng,fracturing,groundwater circulating wells,
in situ flushing, in situ oxidation, multi-phase
extraction, natural attenuation, permeable reactive
barriers, phy to remediation, soil vapor extraction, and
thermal desorption.


          r=
          '''/•stems
   1
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
Developed on the basis of case studies prepared by
EPA, other members of the Federal Remediation
Technologies Roundtable, and the Remediation
Technologies Development Forum, the report presents
the results of an analysis of groundwater cleanup
costs for pump-and-treat systems and permeable
reactive barriers (PRB) at 48 sites. Targeted for site
managers, technology developers, and users, as well
as others involved in groundwater remediation
efforts, the report provides detailed information about
the costs of groundwater cleanup technologies
factors that affect those costs. Of the 48 sites, 32 were
pump-and-treat systems    16 were PRBs.

           ;                     to In
           :             of

   I
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The report provides an overview of in situ
bioremediation for the remediation of chlorinated
solvents in contaminated soil and groundwater.  It
describes mechanisms for the degradation of
chlorinated solvents, enhancements of such
mechanisms by the addition of various materials and
chemicals, design approaches, and factors to consider
when selecting and using the technology.  The report
also presents a list of vendors of the technology and
nine case studies of field applications.

          View or download pdffile on the Road Map
          CD-ROM
          The guide, published by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, provides practical guidance for
the design of liquid- and vapor-phase devices for the
adsorption of organic chemicals. The adsorptive
media addressed include granular activated carbon
(GAC) and other alternative adsorption media, such
as powdered activated carbon (PAC) and non-carbon
adsorbents. It addresses various types of adsorption
media, applicability, use of various adsorption
process technologies, design of equipment and
ancillary components, availability, advantages,
disadvantages, regeneration methods, costs, and
safety considerations.

           5
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The report describes a natural attenuation field study
conducted jointly by EPA Region 5, the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, the Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, and Amoco
Corporation that has been underway since October
1994.



(EPA542-R-98-008)
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM.
The document describes recent pi lot demonstrations
and full-scale applications of chemical oxidation
processes that treat soil and groundwater in place or
increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants
to improve their removal by other remediation
technologies.

                  of In

(EPA542-R-98-009)
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The report is one in a series of reports that document
recent pilot demonstrations     full-scale applications
that treat soil and groundwater In situ or increase the
solubility and mobility of contaminants to improve
their removal by other remediation technologies. Itis
hoped that the information provided will facilitate
more frequent consideration of new, less costly, and
more effective technologies to address the problems
associated with hazardous waste sites and petroleum
contamination.

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    :                                                   AT


                             for
Of the        450,000          sites in the U.S.,
            100,000 to 200,000
                      (UST) or are        by
of        from           With so      sites
                  EPA is
effective, and less               to

such as pump-and-treat systems or the
       in a       have
       and are
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 EPA's OUS
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          and
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as a      of          the              process,
        data collection, and        the       cost of
remediation

                                                           is
                                                           the
                         "'"-'-.,:_,___  ^'-~-"'  _.^:;|P:;::r
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  V/ra' on line at www.epa.gov/oust
  Hosted by EPA's OUST, the Internet site provides resources and tools to assist owners and operators of USTs
  and brownfieids stakeholders to better assess their options for the operation, maintenance,    cleanup of
  USTs. Information and guidance about technologies suitable for cleaning up releases from UST systems are
  provided, as well as details about current federal UST regulations and UST program priorities, including
  specific details about the USTFieids Initiative. Points of contact in each of the EPA regional offices also are
  identified. An extensive number of UST publications can be viewed on line or downloaded at no charge. In
  addition, information a bout state-sponsored UST programs, including links to state Internet sites, is provided
% on OUST's si te at www.wpa.gov/swerust1/states/index.htm.                                              J

-------
     A

Phyto re mediation        the use of plants and natural
processes to remediate or                         in
soil, sediments, surface water, or groundwater. By acting
as filters or traps, plants can         organic pollutants,
            contaminants, or contain and
          of contaminants.  Phyto remediation first was
             at           in the      1990s, and use of
the         has     increasing.  Phyto re mediation has
been             on a full or                   at
     than 200 sites            As the        of
        grows, new                 the  cost and
performance of                will

P hyto re m e d i ation        m any
advantages         it has the
potential to      at a             of
sites and on                        ^^^^^W^l
involving          less       than
other options. Types of sites at
which                 has been    liilllllll^lll;!
       with             of         llllli;il=l||||||
success in        up the sites      :^Mi^=M=MisMM
                          and    ^^^^^W^^
municipal  landfills,
fields, wood treatment sites,          1111PP"fsfIf lllif I
i nsta I lati o n s, f u e I      e ta n k
farms,  army ammunition piants,     ==i=;:^^=^::d=i
                       and
S iteS,                               '''=EEi===:==:=::=:=:=
Phytoremediation is            and         for its
            in        a           of
      at            sites, Current results        that
           the         to                     of
          hydrocarbons;                       toluene,
and       (BTEX); polycyclic
(PAH);                        (PCB);
                      and                 in
to         a long-term                         is an
               for providing an       solution for
containing the        of contaminants and          the
         process,                       not        the
          of soil, and its            may        only
minimal                  Further,                 can
nave a             on the          character of a site,
may be an                   for use at large sites at
                   of            are not
or practical, and can be     in conjunction with
                  the              and  land use
 for the site include the
 use of

 Decision        at
           sites at
 which     are
 low              of
             (that is, organics,
         or        over a large        area and in
        soils,         and
 the use of                 Phytoremediation also may
 be           for use in conjunction with
==^^
lilf!!!!!^      and land use      for a site
                  the use of                   the
                        of      used for
                                  are:
                         and                 rye,
                                    and
                  grasses;         (clover,        and
                                  and
                                and buiirush); and
                                   for
                  as                 for zinc or
                          for nickel),  if  levels of
                               are so
                               of             are
                  toxic to piants (phytotoxic),
yy||||||||||||lF  p nytore rned ration may not be an
                                  option,

                         has           primarily on a
 demonstration-scale      at this time, site        may
 find it                  its                     and
 efficacy on a site-specific basis, Doing so may
 an up-front             of time and resources to
            that the            of                 is
            to the
 technology options. However, such an
 ultimately      save site        significant        of
 money when they     up their          for
 redevelopment.

-------
 542-R-99-002)
 Wezc or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM.
 One of a series of reports that summarize pilot
 demonstrations and full-scale applications of
 technologies that treat soil and groundwater, the
 document presents profiles of a number of applications
 of PRBs.  Each profile identifies, to the extent the
 Information is available, the name of the site, its
 location, its characteristics, the principal contaminants
 present, the installation date of the PRB, the type of
 construction, the costs of design    construction, the
 reactive materials used, and the results achieved. The
 profiles also discuss lessons learned     lists a point
 of contact for obtaining further information. A
 bibliography of articles and documents related to PRBs
 also is included.

                                 to
           "/hJAPLs:
_	_^ ^	
    ^f     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    A     CD-ROM
 The document provides to researchers and
 practitioners a status report on federal projects that
 are using noninvasive geophysical techniques to
 locate DNAPLs in the subsurface.

                                         for

 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
 The document contains detailed information on how
 steam injection can be used to recover organic
 contaminants from the subsurface, the contaminant
 and subsurface conditions for which the process may
 be appropriate, and general design and equipment
 consid era ti ons.


       (GWRTAC)
 View or download reports on tne Road Map CD-ROM
 Developed by the Ground-Water Remediation
 Technologies Analysis Center (GWRTAC), a variety of
 reports about groundwater technologies and how
 they work are available to assist decision makers in
 reviewing technology options and assessing a
 technology's applicability to a particular site. The
 Technical Overview Reports are intended to provide a
 general overview and introduction to selected
 groundwater technologies. More detailed information
 and technical analyses is provided in the Technical
 Evaluation Reports which provide, for specific
 technologies, comprehensive descriptions of the

       technology and performance information; information
       about its applicability and cost; discussion of
       regulatory and policy requirements and issues;     a
       summary of lessons learned. The Technology Status
       Reports are summary documents which provide
       information about the status of speci fie groundwater
       technologies or topics. Examples of some of the topics
       covered include: air sparging; biosl urping; DNAPL
       remediation; electrokinetics; hydrau lie, pneumatic,
       and blast-enhanced fracturing; in situ bioremedlation;
       in situ chemical treatment; in situ flushing; permeable
       reactive barriers; phytoremediation;    surfactants
       and cosolvents.


                ifor
                Systems
          tf     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
          m     CD-ROM
       The report, contained in two separate volumes,
       presents a screening analysis that users can use to
       determine whether they can achieve significant cost
       savings by altering key aspects of an existing or
       planned pump-and-rreat-system. The first volume,
       intended for a broad audience, describes the
       screening analysis, which uses spreadsheets to allow
       quick    inexpensive cost comparison of
       alternatives under consideration for use at a site, in
       terms of net present value (NPV). The second volume,
       targeted for a more technical audience, provides case
       study examples of the application of hydraulic
       optimization  at three sites. Site-specific factors, as
       well as the steps involved to conduct the analysis, are
       described in detail. The following volumes are
       available:
          - Volume I: Pre-Optimization Screening (Method and
            Demonstration (EPA 542-R-99-OT1A)
          - Volt me II: Application  of Hydraulic Optimization
            (EPA542-R-99-011B)

                 ': ? ; fU                          Of
                 !<•:
                C-:;,; :;.=s
          II     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
                CD-ROM
       The report, published by the U.S. Army
       Environmental Center for the Environmental Security
       Technology Certification Program (ESTC.P), provides
       an overview of the current developmental status of
       electrokinetic remediation for metals-contaminated
       soils. The report identifies concerns about the in situ
       application of the technology and issues that require
       further investigation. It also presents the results of a
       field demonstration conducted at Naval Air Weapons
 • Backciiound * ifiiiuuucuun * deioie
«bile          «Cleanup Options«            and impiemei
57

-------
Station at Point Mugu to illustrate concerns about the
in situ application of the technology at its current
     of development.

In
View or download pdffile. on the Road Map CD-ROM
The document provides a technology assessment
about in situ treatment technologies applicable for
cleanup of contaminated sediments. It is intended to
provide federal agencies, states, consulting
engineering firms, private industries, and technology
developers with information on the current status of
this technology.

          ITI1C
          View or download pdffile on the Road Map
          CD-ROM
   ||      The document, produced by the ITRC
workgroup, provides a tool that can be used to
determine whether phytoremediation can be effective
at a given site. It is designed to complement existing
phy to re mediation documents. It allows the user to
use basic information about a specific site, through a
flow chart layout, to decide whether
phytoremediation is feasible at that site.

                      to
           ^ PA
          View or download pdffile on the Road Map
   '1      CD-ROM
The documentprovides a tool for regulators, owners,
neighbors, and managers to use in evaluating the
applicability of phytoremediation to a site. The
document defines terms    provides a framework for
use in developing an understanding of
phytoremediation applications. It is a compilation of
information obtained through research and
remediation work that has been done to date.

              for                         of
Tools for Vadose
(EPA542-E-98-019)
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The report provides a basic summary of tools in current
use for detection of leaks in landfill liners. It includes
information gathered from a range of currently
available sources, including project documents,
reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal
communication with parties involved in such efforts.

                             of

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The fact sheet, written for a nonsdentific audience and
intended to assist federal, state, and local regulators in
educating the public about complex environmental
issues, explains what the term "monitored natural
attenuation" (MNA) means when it is used to describe
a potential strategy for remediating a contaminated
site.  It also describes the various physical, chemical,
and biological processes of natural attenuation that
may take place at a site contaminated with chlorinated
solvents and explains how decision makers evaluate
the role of MNA at a contaminated site.

                             of

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The fact sheet, written for a nonsdentific audience
and intended to assist federal, state, and local
regulators in educating the public a bout complex
environmental issues, explains what the term "MNA"
means when it is used to describe a potential strategy
for remediating a contaminated site. It also describes
the various physical, chemical,     biological
processes of natural attenuation that may take place
at a site contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons
and explains how decision makers evaluate the role
of MNA at a contaminated site.

          MTBE
              Site
          View on lineal www.epa.gov/oust/mtbe/
   [|     mtberemJitm
The searchable web site provides data on completed
and ongoing applications of MTBE treatment for
drinking water and contaminated media. The case
studies describe technologies (both in situ and ex situ
aboveground) that have been used to treat MTBE in
groundwater, soil, and drinking water.  Technologies
included are air stripping and sparging, carbon
adsorption, bioremediation (in situ and ex situ), in
situ chemical oxidation, soil vapor and  dual-phase
extraction, and pump-and-treat systems. The 18 full
case studies are from 2 toll) pages long and vary in
level of detail, depending on the data available. The
web site also provides summary information about 20
additional treatment applications.

                           of the
(EPA542-R-99-004)
View or download pdffile on trie Road Map CD-ROM
The report describes the use of multi-phase extraction
(M PE) for the remediation of contaminated soil and
groundwater, focusing primarily on the application of
MPE at sites at which contamination with halogenated
VOCs is present. The report describes MPE technology
and the various configurations used for it, indicates the

-------
 types of site conditions to which M.PE is applicable,
 and discusses the advantages and potential
 limitations of the use of MPE at such sites. In addition,
 the report provides information about vendors of MPE
 and case studies that summarize cost and performance
 data on applications of the technology at three sites.

          N-.-tural Attenuation of Chlorinated
          >•       in
          r c
   f     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    *     CD-ROM
 The industrial members of the Bioremediation of
 Chlorinated Solvents Consortium (bioconsortium) of
 the RTDF prepared the document to disseminate up-
 to-date scientific information about natural
 attenuation of chlorinated solvents. The mission of
 the RTDF bioconsortium is to accelerate the
 development of cost-effective bioremediation
 processes for degrading chlorinated solvents     to
 achieve public and regulatory acceptance of those
 processes as safe     effective. The document
 provides a framework to be used in evaluating
 natural attenuation of chlorinated VOCs.

          !•-•;;                of       in the
          .'••ubsurface

   f     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
          CD-ROM.
 The document presents a case study conducted at the
 former Fuel Farm Site at the U.S. Coast Guard Support
 Center at Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The case
 study is intended to answer several questions: Can
 MTBE be biodegraded under methanogenic
 conditions in groundwater that was contaminated by
 a fuel spill? Will biodegradation produce lower
 concentrations of MTBE than those required under
 regulatory standards? Is the rate of degradation in
 the laboratory adequate to explain the distribution of
 MTBE in the groundwater at the field site? What is
 the relationship between the degradation of MTBE
 and the degradation of the BTEX compounds? What
 is the rate of natural attenuation at the source area?

           .'-       of                    of
           : s i
• 1111 -,-;.. yuJU-Ujid            **
          View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    I     CD-ROM
 The report assesses the current state of
 phytoremediation as an innovative technology and
 discusses its usefulness and potential in the
 remediation of lead-     mercury-contaminated soils
 found at hazardous waste sites. The advantages and
 disadvantages, limitations, current status, projected
 market, and environmental concerns associated with
 this new and innovative technology are discussed.
 Case studies involving the phytoremediation of lead
    mercury detailing bench and full-scale projects
 are also provided.

                                       for

 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
 The document provides information about treatable
 contaminants, design, feasibility studies,
 construction options. Summaries of several current
 installations also are provided.

                                    for
          inorganics
          View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    S|     CD-ROM
          The report provides a summary of
 information abo ut permeable reactive barriers for
 inorganics and a discussion of the current status of
 such barriers. It contains information gathered from a
 range of currently available sources, including project
 documents, reports, periodicals, the Internet, and
 personal communication with parties involved in
 projects that use the barriers.

                                      for
                             of
                           (VI)        in

 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
 Prepared by EPA's (3RD, the document discusses the
 use of barrier walls employing zero-valent iron as the
 reactive substrate for treating ground water
 contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons or
 chromium.

                           of
                           at
^^^^^
    If     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    lj     CD-ROM
 The issue paper was developed for the EPA Regional
 Ground Water Forum. The paper provides a concise
 discussion of the processes associated with the use of
 phytoremediation as a cleanup or containment
 technique for remediation of hazardous waste sites,
 sediment, groundwater, surface water, and
 wastewater.
                                                                                                59

-------
                 of TCE in
Populus
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The document provides a basic understanding of
phy to re mediation for shallow ground water and
reports on the status of the technology.



View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The document aids decision makers in reviewing the
applicability of phytoremediation extraction
treatment technologies. The document also provides
access information on electronic resources and
hotlines; cites relevant federal regulations; and
provides abstracts of more than 100 pertinent
resources, such as bibliographies, guidance
documents, workshop proceedings, overview
documents, study and test results, and test designs
and protocols.  Included is a phytoremediation
treatment technology resource matrix that compares
the documents by technology type, affected media,
and contaminants. The guide also provides detailed
information on how to obtain the publications listed.


          P.
        ^ View or download pdffile on the Road Map
   1     CD-ROM
The document, published by the ITRC, provides
technical and regulator}' guidance to help regulators
understand, evaluate, and make informed decisions
abo ut phytotechnology proposals. The document
includes a description of phytotechnologies and
discussions of regulatory and policy issues, technical
requirements for phytotechnologies, and concerns on
the part of stakeholders. It also provides case studies
and technical references.


                                for VOCs in
and
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
Produced by EPA and the USAF, this fact sheet
provides an explanation of the technology and
explains how to determine whether multi-phase
extraction is applicable to a site contaminated with
VOCs in soil and groundwater. The fact sheet also
recommends MPE as a potential enhancement for SVE
in the presumptive remedy for sites with VOCs in soil.
                                          A
       for
(EPA625-R-95-005)
View on line at www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/pumptreat
The guide provides an introduction to pump-and-
treat ground water remediation by addressing such
questions as, "When is pump-and-treat an
appropriate remediation approach?" and "How can
the design     operation of a pump-and-treat system
be optimized     its performance measured?" The
guide is intended to provide decision makers with a
foundation for evaluating the appropriateness of
conventional or innovative approaches.

                                       at
___JHL
          View or download pdffile on the Road Map
    ff     CD-ROM
The report provides to interested stakeholders, such
as project managers, technology service providers,
consulting engineers, site owners, and the general
public, the most recent information about
solidification/stabilization applications at Superfund
sites, as well as information about trends in the use of
the technology, specific types of applications, and
          '-• t -.- -:ly of
          ''; '•;•:;          for
          View on lineatimmo.drydeancoalition.org/tcch
    |     Prepared by the SCRD with the support of
EPA's TIO, the report presents the results of the
coalition's evaluation of assessment and remediation
technologies commonly used in cleaning up
drycleaner sites. The evaluation was      on the
results of responses to questionnaires sent to entities
involved in such cleanups in 1999. The report presents
those results in detail. An appendix provides
descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment
technologies frequently used at drycleaner sites.
              ••".
              = -:-:::•>:                    (Overview
    ft     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
          CD-ROM
The document provides a summary of information
about subsurface barriers —vertical and horizontal —
with an emphasis on emerging    innovative
vertical barrier technologies. It also presents a
discussion of the current status of such barriers. The
report is not intended to be inclusive; it merely
provides an overview of the current work in the field
80

-------
{!ii subsurface barrier technologies drawn from
information gathered from a range of sources,
including project documents, reports, periodicals, the
Internet,    personal communication with parties
involved in projects that use such barriers.

          < -.bsurface
          .

   V                      1999
View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The document summarizes the presentations made
and workshops conducted during a conference on
improving long-term monitoring (LTM) and the
performance of remedia 1 systems. The conference,
sponsored and developed by the FRTR, took place in
St. Louis, Missouri from June 8 through 11,1999. The
conference provided up-to-date information about
LTM and system optimization through presentations
and topical workshops.

                                      for
          In                    of
        in
View or download pdffile on trie Road Map CD-ROM
The report describes enhanced in situ bioremediarion
(EISB) and examines the circumstances under which
its application is appropriate. It also discusses
related regulatory and policy issues, such as the
under RCRA on land disposal and technical
requirements for implementation of EISB. The report
was prepared by the Interstate Technology
Regulatory Cooperation Workgroup.

          v                            (UIC)
          r
          View on line at www.epa.gov/safeuiater/
    I      nk~.html
The UIC Program works with state and local
governments to oversee underground injection of
waste to prevent contamination of drinking-water
resources. Among the wastes the UIC program
regulates are: more than nine billion gallons of
hazardous waste every year; more than two billion
gallons of brine  from oil and gas operations every
day; and automotive, industrial, sanitary and other
wastes that are injected into shallow aquifers.
After you have reviewed options for cleanup, you may
take any of the following courses of action:
      of the      of
  The proposed
  cleanup option
  appears feasible.
  No cleanup option
  appears feasible in
  light of the
  proposed
  redevelopment
  and land reuse
  needs (such as
  project milestones
  and cost and
  intended reuse).
                              of
Determine whether
revising the redevelopment
plan remains a practicable
option; if so, proceed to the
CLEANUP DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
phase.  If contamination
exists at considerable
levels, compliance with
oilier programs, such as
RCRA and Super-fund,
may be required.
                                                                                                 81

-------
        A                                                                  ,{
       OLD:
it is         that billions of      will be spent by the
      and      sectorto      up sites contaminated
with                            (DNAPL). Denser
than water, DNAPLs tend to sink through the
and form a product pool on top of such
soli      as ciay. DNAPLs also can sink and migrate
laterally through         in
        influence fate and        of DNAPLs in the
subsurface, and it can be difficult to      the path
       will take,

       of
DNAPLs act as a continuing
so urc e of co nta m i n ation.
DNAPLs may      serious,     ^^^^g^^=
long-term contamination of      ^^^^^^=^=
           and pose a
                  to
of the site,          for
                     such as
pump-and-treat. At     with
significant DNAPL
contamination, pump-and-treat   :^^iJSjjjjIM:]^
       may
hundreds of      to      up
the g ro u nd wate r.               ^^^^ftwfp
  Siteslikelycontaniinatedwith
  DN AP Ls inc i ud e d rye lean i ng
  facilities,               sites,
              gas plants (MGP)
  sites, and        sites
  operations       large
  of         as well as solvent
                 sites),

  To         the            and              of
          technologies for           DNAPLs in
  groundwater, a           consortium - the
  interagency DNAPL Consortium (IDC) - was formed.
  The consortium has          a             plan
  that                    efforts
                             and
  in         and development, technology
  demonstrations, and full-scale technology
  to       the          risk           with
                                                    technologies, The      I
                                                    interagencyagreement  I
                                                            the       of  \	
                                                    new and existing        \                      j
                                                    technologies in  side-by-   \                 _JF
                                                                   n s to       "'"--^,        _ .-:=§;::r
                                                            cost and               -----=-:=====--
                                                    data that will be  used to
                                                    and use of innovative                   at      site
i he i DC has selected three
technologies,

soil       and chemical
        with
            to           the
           and cost-efficiency
of     technologies in
DNAPLs. Technical       to be
released in fall 2001 will
document the cost and
performance of the technologies.
The       wiii be
to site                 and
           to
       in
decisions about the economics
and                      of
     technologies for the
remediation of DNAPLs,
82

-------
This phase focuses on the design and implementation
of a cleanup plan to prepare the property for
redevelopment and reuse. The design of the cleanup
plan and implementation of the technology options
selected in the previous phase involves close
coordination with all other redevelopment efforts in
the immediate vicinity of the site.
Factors that should be considered during the design
and implementation of cleanup activities include:

1.   Are there federa I, state, local,    tribal
    requirements for the design, installation, and
    monitoring of cleanup activities?

2.   How will cleanup be monitored so that work
    can be stopped when cleanup goals are
    reached?

3.   How best can the community participate in
    the design and implementation of the
    cleanup plan?

4.   What can be done to protect the community
    and other property during cleanup?

5.   What are the tradeoffs between cost    meeting
    redevelopmentprojectdeadlines? Can
    redevelopment activities (such as renovation of
    existing buildings and construction of roads and
    sewage systems) be performed concurrently with
    cleanup activities?

6.   Whatare the long-term effects of the selected
    technology on the liability or on the future use of
    the site? What are the effects of a catastrophic
    change to the environment (for example, a
    hurricane or changes to the subsurface)?

7.   Will long-term monitoring be required? If so, how
    will it be managed?

8.   Will institutional controls facilitate or hinder
    redevelopment? Now? In the future?
                  • Cleanup Design and Implementation   83

-------
Typical activities that may be conducted
during this phase include:

«  Review all applicable federal, state, local, and
   tribal regulatory guidelines    regulations to
   determine all specific requirements, including
   guidelines for state VCPs

»  Continue to work with the appropriate regulatory
   agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
   are being properly addressed:
      - Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local,
       and tribal regulatory agencies to include them in
       the decision-making process as early as possible
      - Contact the EPA regional brownfiekls coordinator
       to identify and determine the availability of EPA
       support programs

*  Develop conceptual plans for cleanup
   subsequent monitoring that incorporate technology
   options and consider the effect of any cleanup
   activities on the proposed reuse of the property
   the sclied ule for project design or construction:
      - Develop or review the schedule for completion of
       the project
      - Obtain a final amount for the funds available for
       project developmen t
      - Coordinate the renovation and construction of
       infrastructure with cleanup activities
      - Coordinate activities with developers, financiers,
       construct ion firms, and members of the local
       community

«  Establish contingency plans to address the
   discover}' of additional contamination during
   cleanup, including tools such as environmental
   insurance policies

«  Develop proced ures for community participation,
   for example, by working with community advisory
   boards or local redevelopment authorities

*  Implement and monitor the cleanup plan and
   performance of the technology selected

«  Work with the state VCP program, if applicable,
   and or county or local officials to facilitate the
   placement and implementation of institutiona 1
   controls
Listed below are examples of technology resources that
provide information aboutapplicable regulatory
guidelines     regulations and community outreach
materials. In addition, technologies identified during
the site investigation phase may be appropriate to
monitor cleanup performance and close-out.
Information about the availability of electronic
resources — whether the item is found on the Road
Map's accompanying CD-ROM or on various web sites
— also is provided. Appendix D, How to Order
Documen is, provides complete ordering information for
documents that are not available on the CD-ROM or on
the Internet.

A.             for                and
                                 lor

           to                    Transfer of


View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The document provides guidance for designing and
conducting soil remediation activities at RCRA and
other hazardous waste sites so that cross-
contamination is minimal. The document is expected
to assist in reducing exposure of workers to
contaminants by identifying the potential for transfer
from medium to medium and recommending control
mechanisms that could be applied during
imp lementa tion o f    tment techno logies f or soi 1.
The BM Ps are provided for seven technology
categories: containment technologies; soil washing;
therma 1 treatment; vapor extraction; bioremediation;
incineration; and other physical and chemical
treatments. The document also provides  case studies
and information about field validation activities that
EPA undertook at soil remediation sites in 1996 and
1997.
84

-------
                         of
         .->; i              of a

         ;::. PA 600-11-99-007)
         V7ezc or download pdffile on the Road Map
         CD-ROM
The objective of the research project was to develop a
better understanding of the composition of mine
waste leachates and to identify cost-effective
groundwater monitoring parameters that could be
incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably
detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock
mining operations.

                to

View or download pdffiles on the Road Map CD-ROM
The guides are prepared by EPA to provide site
managers with nontechnical outreach materials that
they can share with communities in the vicinity of a
site. The guides present information on innovative
technologies that have been selected or applied at
some cleanup sites, provide overviews of the
technologies, and present success stories about sites
at which innovative technologies have been applied.
Spanish versions of the guides are forthcoming. The
guides contain information on the following subjects:
   - Bioremediation(EPA 542-F-01-001)
   - Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013)
   - Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015)
   - In situ flushing (EPA 542-F-01 -011)
   - In situ thermal treatment methods (EPA. 542-F-01-012)
   - Monitored natural attenuation (EPA 542-F-01 -004)
   - Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01 -005)
   - Phytoremediation(EPA 542-F-01-002)
   - SVE and air sparging (EPA. 542-F-01 -006)
   - Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-008)
   - Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003)

         P/:      Of
         -:
         ;b'!?A542-B-99-005)
         View or download pdffile on the Road Map
         CD-ROM.
The directory provides information about EPA offices,
non-government organizations funded  by EPA, and
other federal agencies that may be able to provide
expertise to assist in the selection of technologies for
use in characterizing and cleaning up brownfields
properties.
                        to
           in

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The policy directive, issued April 29,1996, describes
several initiatives to facilitate the testing,
demonstration, and use of innovative cleanup and
field measurement technologies and stresses EPA's
commitment to promoting the development and
commercialization of environmental technologies.
The initiatives under the directive place a high
priority on selecting innovative treatment
characterization technologies, reducing impediments
to the development and use of innovative
technologies,    sharing the risks of using
innovative treatment technologies.

             IT
Viewonlineatwww.epareachit.org
EPA REACH IT is an online searchable database that
assists brownfields stakeholders in obtaining
comprehensive information about technologies useful
for monitoring cleanup of brownfields sites. Specific
information about applicable technologies and their
service providers can be accessed readily using the
guided     advanced search capabilities of the
system. EPA REACH IT is accessible only through
the Internet.



View on line at imow.frtr.gov/cost
The case studies provide the user information about
specific remedial technology applications. FRTR case
studies are developed by DoD, USAGE, the U.S. Navy,
the U.S. Air Force (USAF),          and EPA. The"
case studies focus on full-scale and large field
demonstration projects and include information on
site background, description of the technology, cost
and performance of technology application, and
lessons learned. Technologies include innovative
and conventional treatment technologies for
contaminated soil, groundwater, and solid media.
Users also can search the case studies by groups of
contaminants, media, waste management practices
that contribute to contamination, and treatment
systems.
                  • Cleanup Design and Implementation

-------
                                        THE ROLE OF
                             AT                                                   ^
                                and                                                ."
  Institutional controls are administrative and      restrictions
  or limitations placed on the use of a site to minimize potential
          to          of concern or to                that
               with the            of a
  institutional controls are vital         of
                    they         and            the
  physical component of the remedy to be implemented- On one
  hand, the right combination of institutional controls is
           to       the              of the         on the
            the      mix of                   can be a real
  or                     to      of a site.

  The term "institutional control'' can  be        to a wide
  spectrum of      and  administrative measures-   in general,
              for                      ...—==^^^^
         can be        into four      ;.^^^^^^^^g57|>
           	proprietary controls,     Illl|ll|!pPpllf|Ppi|
  governmental control s.  enforcement   iliiii=^|p==;;p=^;p=
  and penult tools with institutional     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                    and             ^^^^=^5^^^^
  I nformationai devi ces,   Proprietary    ^===J==^=^J=5
         are               they are  ^^^^^^^^^=
        on real        law.           ^^^^^^^^^jj
          of proprietary controls      llll[l!liIIlIllZlIIIi
  include covenants, which are written  llll[IlIllIl[IIIil;3L
  contracts that can                   llllllOOI[lliIII131
  types of           or use of        ^P^^'^^^p:^
  construction on the land, and         H
                  can               1|
  or       the       to          are    -^^^^^^^^^^
  compatible with the intended use.  Governmental controls
  involve restrictions that generally fall within the traditional
  police        of      and local            to       and
                   of                                  by
  which restrictions can be imposed through the local zoning or
  land use                 that             and
  disturbance of the response action,  well drilling prohibitions,
  and such ordinances as building permit processes and
  planning activities.
  Another common type of institutional controls is enforcement
  mechanisms  or permits- Such institutional  controls include
               Orders,          Decrees, and RCRA
  that require a land owner, usually a potential responsible party
  (PRP), to limit                at a site.
  controls are used              tor CERCLA and RCRA
  cleanups-  The final category of institutional controls is
  informational tools.  Informational tools provide information
               or                     or          that
                    may        on site or that a        has
       undertaken.  Typical          of such tools include
          of                                   and
                               are                     as
  a secondary         to help ensure the overall reliability of
 other institutional controls. \         \            \      ,1
 Institutional controls also  ^           \        .""'"'"ti   .,,11
 are          to       that \           \       V-s^^'jf
 the post-remediation use of  \         \  "•?""_,^--^"'=r
 the         is                \,_         -•--:.,-,::;--'--     ^JF
 with the level of                 '"••-„,.,.__          _.^=::::r"
           controls,
                  For          deed        are
 informational, not enforceable.  An         cannot be
           unless there  is a party willing to hold the easement.
 Some                        hold            and
 parties may be          to do so,        laws may not be fully
 effective unless they are  monitored and enforced over ttie long
^^^^^^^^_._i    term, and local             may not
•liH^^^^^^^^,   have the                    to
|p||ppp||Pll||llll   conduct such oversight. Further,
=E=^=====|f   zoning ordinances are  not
'^ij^ji^^jjiiJ^                        they can be
                                or local             can
^!^j!===;^l=^=                 to them after public
^^^^^^^^^^^   h earl ngs.
                        Concern has                about
^^^^^^^^^^^   the long-term         of
=il=ii=i=        controls as a            tool. For
iiiiiiiiiiiiiii^       example, they may be  forgotten;
']^M^lMi^iM^i^M   enforcement agencies  may not
IlllllJlil!!^                                or land
'SlKH^^^^^^^^^   users' actions;  or land users simply
                        may  take their
        are a           lor         a              of
      in the         of           that
 contaminated sites thoroughly-  Decision  makers should
 the full costs of such  options, including capital costs,  costs of
                  and          and       of
 equipment, as well as concerns about potential long-term risks
           with             left in              the cost
        tli at              the
         land use         the                of local
                               play a          role in the
             and         of                            it
 is not always clear what that role will be.  Many  local
 governments do  not yet      the         and
 necessary to meet the challenges of long-term stewardship.
 With  an improved understanding of the terms and issues
 to                    local             and
            will be in a              to                 to
 the long-term challenges of using institutional controls to
 promote reuse, while ensuring that public health  and  the
 environment are  protected.
86

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          '.                               of
          '. 3
           i
    |t     V7ezc or download pdffile on the Road Map
    11
 The report introduces a new standard promoted by
 EPA's OSWER and TIO that enco urages more effective
 and less costly strategies for characterizing
 monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new
 approach uses an integrated triad of systematic
 planning, dynamic work plans, and onsite analysis
 for     collection    technical decision making at
 hazardous waste sites.  Individually, none of the
 concepts in the triad is new, but it has been
 demonstrated that the integrated approach completes
 projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory
 and client satisfaction than the traditional phased
 approach.  The report includes a list of additional
 resources regarding innovative technologies and site
 characterization.

          I                     A
          •-'.r     tO
          ;-•                            at
          •:-;                   Corrective

 View or download the pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
 The fact sheet provides site managers and decision
 ma kers at Superfund    RCR A corrective action
 sites with an overview of the types of institutional
 controls (1C) that commonly are used or implemented
 and outlines the factors that generally should be
 considered when evaluating and selecting ICs as part
 of the remedy. The fact sheet also provides guidance
 to the public     the regulated community in the
 matter of how EPA intends to eva luate and implement
 ICs as part of cleanup decisions. Detailed
 descriptions of the different types of ICs are provided,
 as well  as a glossary, and a checklist for
 implementing ICs.

          [':               Up
          f, -;              of
____==  H
~~jj	
    "*     View or download pdffile on the Road Map
          CD-ROM
 The report provides technical information about how
 sites at which waste containment areas are present
 have been reused safely for recreational purposes,
 while ensuring that the integrity and protectiveness
 of the remedy are maintained. The information is
 helpful when considering recreational reuse options
 during  EPA's process of selecting and designing a
cleanup plan for a Superf und site. The information
presented in the report draws on experiences gained
through lessons learned from previous recreational
redevelopment projects at Superf und and other
contaminated sites.

                                 to In

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The report identifies specific state regulatory and
policy barriers to the use of techniques     enhance
in situ ground water treatment technologies through
the subsurface injection of surfactants, cosolvents,
and nutrients. The report also describes the
experiences and policies of each state and provides
contact information for obtaining additional
assistance.

                  for
           of                   in

View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM
The report provides guidance for environmental
managers about the steps that must be taken to
understand the rate and extent to which natural
processes are reducing contaminant concentrations at
sites that are contaminated by chlorinated solvents.
Data collected with this protocol can be used to
eva luate natural attenuation through biological
processes as part of a protective overall site remedy.
The protocol is the result of a collaborative field and
laboratory research effort involving researchers from
EPA ORD, the USAF, and the U.S. Geological Survey.

W ASTECEP       of

See Appendix D, How to Order Documents, for a
WASTECH order form, or view the orderform on the Road
Map CD-ROM
The WASTECH* project generates authoritative,
consensus-based engineering monographs for
remediation of hazardous waste sites and
contaminated soils and groundwater. WASTECH* is
funded by EPA, DoD, DOE, and the American
Academy of Environmental Engineers*. During
Phase I of the project, eight monographs were
published in 1994 and 1995 covering the basics of
these technologies, i.e., identification and description,
potential applications, process evaluations,
limitations. During 1997 and early 1998, an
additional seven volumes covering the design
applications, including actual case studies, were
produced. Copies of the individual monographs (by
technology type) or the entire series may be purchased
                                                                     • Cleanup Design and Implementation

-------
by contacting the American Academy of
Environmental Engineers'15 by telephone at 410-266-
3390 or by facsimile at 410-266-7653. The volumes
contain Information on the following technologies:
    ----- Bioremediation
    - Chemical treatment
    ------ Soil washing/soil flushing
    - Solidification/stabilization
    ----- Solvent/chemical extraction
    - Thermal desorption
    - Thermal destruction
    - Vacuum vapor extraction
After you have completed cleanup, you
may fa ke one of the fol lowing courses of action:
       of
  Contamination has
  been removed,
  contained,
  or controlled.
                                                        Additional
                                                        contamination has
                                                        been discovered.
                                                        Long-term
                                 of
                            Continue cleanup
                            activities.  However, you
                            may have to return to the
                            SITE IN VESTJGA TiON
                            phase to determine the
                            extent and nature of
                            the contamination.

88

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The tables provided in this appendix are intended to assist brownfields stakeholders to better understand the
types of contaminants typically found at brownfields sites     the range of technologies that may be
appropriate to assess and remediate those contaminants d urlng the phases of a site cleanup. Information for
the tables was compiled from several sources, including EPA Guides to Pollution Prevention for selected
industries, EPA's REACH IT online searchable database, as well as many other EPA sources. A list of specific
citations used is provided on page A-3.

The following table identifies activities that may have caused contamination at brownfields sites. The table
summarizes contaminants that are related to such activities and identifies sources for the contaminants.
However, it is not an exhaustive list of contaminants that can be found at a brownfields site.  Identifying
contaminants that may be present should be determined on a site-by-site basis. Such a determination should
be conducted thoroughly and carefully.
 Agriculture


 Automotive refinishingand repair

 Battery recycling and disposal
 Chloro-alkali manufacturing
 Coal gasification

 Cosmetics ma nutacturing
 Dry cleaningactivities

 Dye facilities
 Electroplating operations
 G lass manufacturing
 Herbicide marmlaeluring and use
 Hospitals

 Incinerators

 Land tills—municipal and industria

 Leather manufacturing
 Machine shops/metal fabrication
 Manufactured gas plant


 M arine maintenance industry
 Muni tions i nanu fa c turii i g
 I 'a i nt /ink ma nu fa ctu r inp
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), arsenic, copper, carbon tetrachioride, ethyiene
dibromideand rnethylenechloride,pesticides, insecticides, herbicides,grain
furniganfs
Polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), sulfur compounds, cyanide, aluminum,
iron, lead, nickel, chromium

Heavy metals, dusts, solvents, acids

VOCs such as chloroform and tetrachloroethane, various .solvents, spot removers,
fluorocarbon 113, perchluroethviene

2-naph thy lamine, 4 -arnii lobipheny 1, benzidine
Various metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and cyanide

Arsenic, lead

Dioxin, metals, herbicides

Formaldehyde, raclionuclides, photographic chemicals, solvents, mercury, ethyiene
oxide, chemotherapy chemicals

Dioxin, various municipal and industrial waste, ash, ordnance compounds,
metals

Metals, VOCs, polvchiorinatecl biphenyIs(lJCB), ammonia, methane, household
products and cleaners, pesticides, hyclrogensiilfide

I oluene, ben/ene

Metals, VOCs, ciioxin, beryllium, degreasing agents, solvents, waste oils

Non-halogenated VOCs and non-ha logenated semi-volatile organic compounds
(SVOC) such as PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs, including naphthalene,
phenanthr'ene,ant!iracene, chrysene,and ben/o(a)py rene

Solvents, paints, cyanide, acids, VOC emissions, heavy metal sludges, degreasers

Lead, explosives, copper, antimony, unexploded ordnance (IJXO)
•          A:       TO              AND
                                                                     A-1

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  'esticide nianti tacturins*
 re tr oleum renmng and reuse

 Pharmaceuticalinaiiufacturing         Lead, various organic chemicals, organic solvents
 Photographic manufacturing and uses   Silver bromide, methylene chloride, solvents, photographic products
 Plastics manufacturing                i'olyniers, phthalates, cadmium, solvents, resins, chemical additives, VOCs
 Printing industry                      Silver, solvents, acids, waste oils, inks and dyes, photographic chemicals
 Railroad yards                        Petroleum hydrocarbons, VOCs, BTEX. solvents, fuels, oil and grease, lead. PCBs,
                                      PAHs, phtha lares, carhazole, dieldrin, dibenzofuraiis
 Research and educational institutions    Inorganic acids, organic solvents, metals and metal dust, photographic waste,
                                      waste oil, paint, heavy metals, pesticides
 Scrap metal operations                Metals (such as lead and nickel), PCBs, dioxin, transformers
 Semiconductor manufacturing          Metals, VOCs, carbon tetrachloride, clegreasing agents, solvents
 Smelter operations                    Metals (such as lead, copper, and arsenic)
 Underground storage tanks             Petroleum hydrocarbons, gasoline, diesel fuel, BTEX, MTDE, solvents, metals, POLs
 Wood pulp and paper manufacturing   Chlorinated organic com pounds, diox ins, furans, chloroform, resin acids
      A-2,               for                                                  at
Examples of technologies that may be used for sampling and analysis are presented below.
wsEsssisiiSM^^^^^^^^M
Fuels and Non-halogenated VOCs
(gasoline, diesel, motor oil, BTEX,
acetone, TPH, PAH)
Ha logenated VOCs
(PCE,TCE, vinyl chloride)
Non-ha bgenated SVOCs
(chrysene. naphtha iene,
phenanthrene, pyrene)
Halogenatecl SVOCs
(chiordane, I'CBs, PCP.dioxins,
furanri, pesticides)
Inorganic Compounds
(arsenic, cadniiitni, cliromium,
mercury, lead)
Explosives
(TNT,RDX,HMX)
Oxygenates
(MTBE,ethanol,ethyi tertiary
bntvl ether IETBEJ, teitiary amvl
methyl ether fTAME])

Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits; Laser-induced Fluorescence/Cone
Penetrometer; Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry; Diffusion Samplers; Intr.in d
Monitors
Portable Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry; Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay
lest Kits; Infrared Monitors; Diffusion Samplers
Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry; Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone
Penetrometer
Gas Chroma tography/Mass Spectrometry; Immunoassay Test Kits; Colorimetric Test Kits
Immunoassay Test Kits; X-ray Analyzers; Electrochemical Detector Kits; Graphite Furnace
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits; Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry
Portable Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry; Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay
1 est Kits; Infrared Monitors; Diffusion Samplers
'" The contaminants in parentheses are examples of each type of contaminant.
A-2

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Identified below are types of technologies that may be appropriate for specific types of contaminants.

                                                 and
                                        and
                                  Stabilization; Soil Washing: inemial
                A i r Spa rging; Biosl u rpi ng; B iospa rginj
                B     cto c K Dua I -P base Ext r a ction;
                Permeable ReacH ve Barriers;
                Phytoreinecliation; UV Oxidation
 Halogenated
 (PCE, TCE, vinyl chloride)
                Air Sparging; Dua I-Phase Extra ctior
                Penneable Reactive Barriers;
                Pump and Treat
                                  solvent Extraction; Thermal Desorption;
                                  rhermallvEnhancedSVE
                                  Incineration; T hernia L Desorption;
                                  Therma 11 v Bnha need SV B
                                                                           Permeable Reactive Barriers;
                                                                           Bioreactor; Permeable Reactive Barriers;
                                                                           Phv toreinedia tion
                                  SVE: I hermal Desi.Tption;Bioremedi
                LIST OF                 TO                                    AND
Bioremediation of Ha/ardous Waste: Research Development,      -  TJie Commercial Printing Industry (EPA 625-7-90-008)
and Field Evaluation (EPA 540-R-95-532)                       .  The Mberglass-Reinforcedand Composite Plastics Industry
Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating
Proposals That Encourage Innovative Technologies for
Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 540-R-01-005)
Contaminants and Remedial Options at Selected Metal-
Contaminated  Sites (EPA 540-R-95-512, PB95-271961)
Dry Cleaning and Laundry Plants, Fact Sheet
(EPA  530-SW-90-027b)
EPA OECA Industry Sector Notebooks
EPA ORD Brownfields Guides
EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets
EPA REmediation And CHaracterizatlon Innovative
Technologies (EPA REACH IT)
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable(FRTR)Case
Studies
Field Samplingand AnalysisTechnologies Matrix,
Version 1.0
Guidelines for Waste Reduction and Recycling: Metal
Finishing, Electroplating, Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing,
Hazardous Waste Reduction Program, Oregon Department of
Environmental Quality (No document number)
Guides to Pollution Prevention:
  -  Research and Educational Institutions (EPA 625-7-90-010)
  -  Selected Hospital Waste Streams (DPA 625-7-90-009)
  -  The Automotive Refinishing industry (I'.PA 625-7-91-016)
  -  The Automotive Repair Industry (i'.PA 625-7-91-013)
Pollution Prevention Technologies for the Bleached Kraft
Segment of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry
(EPA 600-R-93-110)
Resource for MCP Site Characterization and Remediations:
Expedited Site Characterization and Source Remediation at
Former Manufactured Gas Plant Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005)
Solving the Hazardous Waste Problem: EPA's RCRA
Program (EPA 530-SW-86-037)
Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Report,
Ninth Edition (EPA 542-R-99-001)
U.S. Department of Energy Preferred Alternatives Matrices
(PAM)
Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case Studies of
Minimization, of Mercury-Bearing Wastes at a Mercury Cell
Chloralkall Plant; Project Summary (EPA 600-S2-88-011)
Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment: Philadelphia
Naval Shipyard; Project Summary (EPA 600-S2-90-046)
•           A:        TO                AND

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ARAR

ASTM

BDAT
BTEX

BTSC

CAA
CEECLA

CEECLIS


CERI

CLU-IN

CMS
CSM
CWA
DMAPL
DQO
EPA
EPA REACH IT


EPCRA

ESA
FATE

FDIC
GAC
HES
HSWA
1C
IDC
IRIS
ITT
LDE
LNAPL
LUST
MGP
MTBE
NAPL
MCP
NERL
NPDES
Applicable or Kelevantand Appropriate
Requirement
American Society for Testing and
Materials
Best Demonstrated Available Technology
Benzene,Toluene, Ethylbenzene,and
Xylene
EPA Brow nfie Ids Technology Support
Center
Clean Air Act
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation,and Liability Act
Comprehensive Environmental
Response,Compensation,and  Liability
Information System
Center for Environmental Research
Information
EPA Hazardous Waste Clean-up
Information Web Site
Corrective Measure Study
Conceptual Site Model
Clean Water Act
Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
Data Quality Objective
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA KEmediation And CHaracterization
Innovative Technologies Online
Searchable Database
Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-know Act
Environmental Site Assessment
EPA Field AnalyticTechnologies
Encyclopedia
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Granular Activated Carbon
Hazard Ranking System
Hazardousand Solid Waste Amendments
In.stitu ti onal Control
I nteragency DNAPL Consort! u m
Integrated Risk Information System
I nnovative Treatment Technology
Land Disposal Restrictions
Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
Leaking Underground Storage Tank
Manufactured Gas Plant
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
National Contincenc y Plan
NPL          National Priorities List
NRC          National Response Center
O&M         Operation and Maintenance
OERR         Office of Emergency and Remedial
              Response
ORD          Off ice of Research and Development
              Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
              Response
OUST         Office of Underground Storage Tanks
PAH          Polycyclic Aromatic Hyd rocarbon
PA/S!         Preliminary Assessment and Site
              Inspection
PBMS         Performance-Based Measurement System
              Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PCE          Tetrachloroethene
PCP          Pentachlorophenol
              Potentially Responsible Party
QA/QC       Quality Assuranceand QualityControl
              Risk-Based Corrective Action
              Risk-Based Decision-Making
RCRA         Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RD/RA       Remedial Design and Remedial Action
              RCRA Facility Assessment
RFI           RCRA Facility Investigation
RI/FS         Remedial Investigation and Feasibility
              Study
              Record of Decision
RQ           Reportable Quantity
SARA         Superfund Amendmentsand
              ReauthorizationAct
SCRD         StateCoalition for Remediation of
              Dry cleaners
              Safe Drinking Water Act
SITE          Superfund Innovative Technology
              Evaluation
SOP          Standard Operating Procedure
SRI           Superfund Redevelopment Initiative
SVE          Soil Vapor Extraction
SVOC         Semi-Volatile Organic Compound
TCE          Trichloroethene
TCLP         ToxicityCharacteristic Leaching Procedure
TIO          Technology Innovation Office
TPH          Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
TSCA         ToxicSubstancesControl Act
TSDF         Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility
UST          Underground Storage Tank
UXO          Unexploded Ordnance
VCP          VoluntaryCleanup Program
VOC          Volatile Organic Compound
•          B:  LIST OF          AND          OF KEY
                                                                                     B-1

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The following is a list of specialized terms used during the cleanup of brownfields sites.
Absorption
Absorption is the passage of one substance into or
through another.
Adsorption
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid,
or dissolved solids to a surface. The term also refers to
a method of treating wastes in which activated carbon
is used to remove organic compounds from
wastewater. Sec also Carbon Adsorption.


In air sparging, air is injected into the ground below a
contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and
carry trapped    dissolved contaminants to the
surface. Air sparging is often used in conjunction
with soil vapor extraction systems.  See also Soil Vapor
Extraction.


Air stripping is a treatment technology that removes
or "strips" VOCs from contaminated ground water or
surface water. As air is forced through the water,
VOCs are volatilized. See also Volatile Organic
Compound.

                lor
The ASTM sets standards for many services,
including methods of sampling and testing of
hazardous waste and media contaminated with
hazardous waste.

          or

As defined under CERCLA, ARARs are cleanup
standards, standards of control, and other
substantive environmental protection requirements,
criteria, or limits set forth under federal or state law
that specifically address problems or situations
present at a CERCLA site. ARARs are major
considerations in setting cleanup goals, selecting a
remedy, and determining how to implement that
remedy ata CERCLA site. ARARs must be attained at
all CERCLA sites unless a waiver is attained. ARARs
are not national cleanup standards for the Superfund
program. See also Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, ami Liability Act and Superfund.

Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground rock formation
composed of such materials as sand, soil, or gravel
that can store groundwarer and supply it to wells and
springs.
CERCLA requires that Superfund remedial actions
attain standards that are legally applicable or
relevant     appropriate to the circumstances at a
given Superfund site. ARARs are used in conjunction
with risk-based goals to establish cleanup goals at
Superfund sites.  ARARs are established on a site-by-
site basis,    may include those under federal laws
and regulations    those under state    local laws
    regulations

Aromatics
Aroma tics are organic compounds that contain
6-carbon ring structures, such as creosote, toluene,
and phenol, that often are found at dry cleaning and
electronic assembly sites.


A baseline risk assessment is an assessment
conducted before cleanup activities begin at a site to
identify    evaluate the threat to human health
the environment. After remediation has been
completed, the information obtained during a
baseline risk assessment can be used to determine
whether the cleanup levels were reached.

BDAT
Under the RCRA Land Disposal Restrictions Program,
EPA establishes treatment standards governing
specific waste codes that are based on the performance
of BDAT. Of the proven, available technologies, EPA
designates as BDAT the technology that best
minimizes the mobility or toxicity of the hazardous
waste constituents of a waste.

Bedrock
Bedrock is the rock that underlies the soil; it can be
permea ble or non-permeable. See also Confining Layer
and Creosote.

                                      (BDAT)
A BDAT is a technology that has demonstrated the
ability to reduce a particular contaminant to a lower
concentration than other currently available
technologies. BDATs can change with time as
technologies evolve.

Biodegradability
Biodegradability is the capability of a substance to
break down into simpler substances, especially into
innocuous products, by the actions of living
organisms (thatis, microorganisms).

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Biopile Is an aerated static pile composting process In
which soil is mixed with amendments on a treatment
area that Includes leachate collection systems and
aeration with blowers or vacuum pumps. It is used to
reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents
through the use of biodegradation. Moisture, heat,
nutrients, oxygen,     pH can be controlled to
enhance biodegradation.

Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to treatment processes that use
microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi to
break down hazardous substances into less toxic or
nontoxic substances. Bioremediation can be used to
clean  up contaminated soil and water. In situ
bioremediation treats contaminated soil or
groundwater in the location in which It is found. For
ex situ bioremediation processes, contaminated soil is
excavated or groundwater is pumped to the surface
before they can be treated.

Bioreactor
Bioreactors use microorganisms in attached or
suspended biological systems to degrade
contaminants in water.  In suspended biological
systems, such as activated sludge, fluidized beds, or
sequencing batch reactors, contaminated water Is
circulated in an aeration basin microbes aerobically
degrade organic matter    produce carbon dioxide,
water, and biomass. In attached systems, such as
rotating biological contactors (RBC) and trickling
filters, a microbial population is established on an
Inert su pport matrix, the cells form a si udge, which is
settled out in a clarifier and is recycled to the aeration
basin  and disposed of.

Biosensor
A biosensor is a portable device that uses living
organisms, such as microbes, or parts and products of
living organisms, such as enzymes, tissues, and
anitbodies, to produce reactions to specific chemical
contaminants.

Bioslurping
Bioslurping is the adaptation of vacuum-enhanced
dewatering technologies to remediate
hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. Bioslurping
combines elements of bothbioventing and free-product
recovery to simultaneously recover free product and
bioremediate soils in the vadose zone. Bioventing
stimulates the aerobic bioremediation of
hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and
vacuum-enhanced free-product recovery extracts light
nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) from the capillary
fringe and the water table. See also Vadose Zone.

Biotechnology
Biotechnology refers to the application of advanced
biological techniques in the manufacture of industrial
products (for example, antibiotics and insulin) or for
environmental management (for example, waste
recycling).

Bioventing
Bioventing Is an in situ remediation technology that
stimulates the natural biodegradation of aerobically
degradable compounds in soil by the injection of
oxygen into the subsurface. Bioventing has been used
to remediate releases of petroleum products, such as
gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, and diesel fuel. See also
Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction.

Borehole
A borehole is a hole cut into the ground by means of a
drilling rig.


Borehole geophysics are nuclear or electric
technologies used to identify the physical
characteristics of geologic formations that are
intersected by a borehole.

Brownfields
Brownflelds sites are abandoned, idled, or under-
used industrial and commercial facilities where
expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or
perceived environmental contamination.


BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene-volatile aromatic
compounds typically found in petroleum products,
such as gasoline    diesel fuel.

Cadmium
Cadmium is a silvery-white metallic element that Is
used in a variety of manufacturing operations,
including the manufacture of batteries, coatings,
alloys, and pigments. Cadmium is a heavy metal.
See also Heavy Metal.


Carbazole is formed as a result of the incomplete
combustion of nitrogen-containing organic matter.
When heated to decomposition, such matter emits
toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and
nitrogen oxides.  Carbazole is used in making
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photographic plates sensitive to ultraviolet light and
in the manufacture of reagents, explosives,
insecticides, lubricants, and rubber antioxidants.


Carbon adsorption is a remediation technology that
removes contaminants from air or wafer through
physical adsorption into the carbon grain. Carbon is
"activated" to improve adsorption through a process
that creates porous particles that have large internal
surface areas. A number of commercial grades of
activated carbon are available to meets the needs of
specific applications.


Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless, highly volatile
liquid     has a strong ethereal odor similar to that of
chloroform. It mixes sparingly with water and, when
heated to decomposition, emits highly toxic fumes of
phosgene. Carbon tetrachloride is used primarily as a
chemical intermediate in the production of the
refrigerants Freon 11 and 12. If also has been  used as
a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations
and as  an industrial solvent in the manufacture of
cables     semiconductors.


Chemical dehalogenarion is a chemical process that
removes halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical
contaminant, rendering the contaminant less
hazardous. The chemical dehalogenarion process
can be applied to common halogenated contaminants
such as PCBs and dioxins, which may be present in
soil and oils. Dehalogenation can be effective in
removing halogens from hazardous organic
compounds, such  as dioxins, PCBs, and certain
chlorinated pesticides. The treatment time is short,
energy requirements are moderate,    operation
maintenance costs are relatively low. This technology
can be brought to the site, eliminating the need to
transport hazardous wastes. See also Polychlorinated
Biphenyi and Dioxin.


Chemical treatments typically involve chemical
reduction /oxidation (redox) reactions that chemical ly
convert hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or
less toxic compounds that are more stable, less
mobile, or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer
of electrons from one compound to another.
Specifically, one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons)
and one is reduced (gains electrons). The oxidizing
agents  most commonly used for treatment of
hazardous contaminants are ozone, hydrogen
peroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, artel chlorine
dioxide. In cyanide oxidation, organic cyanides are
oxidized to less hazardous compounds through
chemical reactions. This method can be applied in
situ or ex situ to soils, sludges, sediments, and other
solids and also can be applied for the in situ
treatment o f gr o i ind wate r.

CMoiiitafot
A chlorinator is a device that adds chlorine, in gas or
liquid form, to water or sewage to kill bacteria.

Clean Air Act (CAA)
The CAA is a federal law passed in 1970 that requires
EPA to establish regulations to control the release of
contaminants to the air to protect human health and
environment.

Cleanup
Cleanup is the term used for actions taken to deal
with a release or threat of release of a hazardous
substance  that could affect humans and or the
environment. The term sometimes is used
interchangeably with the terms remedial action,
removal action, response action, or corrective action.

            Act
CWA is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic
structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to
U.S. waters. This law gave EPA the authority to set
wastewater discharge standards on an industry-by-
ind ustry basis and to set water quality standards for
all contaminants in surface waters.

Colorimetric
Colorimetric refers to chemical reaction-based
indicators  that are used to produce reactions to
individ ual, or classes of compounds. The reactions,
such as visible color changes or other easily noted
indications, are used to detect and quantify
contaminants.



CERCLA is a       law passed in     that created
a special tax that funds a trust fund, commonly
known as Superf und, to be used to investigate and
clean up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites. CERCLA required for the first time that
EPA step beyond its traditional regulatory role and
provide response authority to clean up hazardous
waste sites. EPA has primary responsibility for
managing cleanup and enforcement activities
authorized under CERCLA.  Under the program, EPA
can pay for cleanup when parties responsible for the

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contamination cannot be located or are unwilling or
unable to perform the work, or take legal action to
force parties responsible for contamination to clean
up the site or reimburse the federal government for the
cost of the cleanup. See also Superfuntl,




CERCLIS is a database that serves as the official
inventory of Superf und hazardous waste sites.
CERCLIS also contains information about all aspects
of hazardous waste sites, from initial discovery to
deletion from the NPL. The database also maintains
information about planned and actual site activities
and financial information entered by EPA regional
offices. CERCLIS records the targets and
accomplishments of the Superf und program    is
used to report that information to the EPA
Administrator, Congress, and the public. See also
National Priorities List ami Superf unit


A CSM, a key element used in facilitating cleanup
decisions during a  site investigation, is a planning
tool that organizes  information that already is known
about a site and identifies the additional information
necessary to support decisions that will achieve the
goals of the project. The project team then uses the
CSM to direct field  work that focuses on the
information needed to remove significant unknowns
from the model. The CSM serves several purposes -
as a planning instrument; as a modeling     data
interpretation tool; and as a means of communication
among members of a project team, decision makers,
stakeholders, and field personnel.


The cone penetrometer is a truck-mounted device that
rapidly penetrates the ground to collect samples. It
has been used for approximately the last 50 years for
geotechnical applications, but its use for site
characterization is relatively new.


A "confining layer" is a geological formation
characterized by low permeability that inhibits the
flow of water. See also Bedrock ami Permeability.

Contaminant
A contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological,
or radiological substance or matter present in any
media at concentrations that may pose a threat to
human health or the environment.
If the potential need for corrective measures is verified
during a RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI), the owner
or operator of a facility is then responsible for
performing a CMS. A CMS is conducted to identify,
evaluate, and recommend specific corrective measures
based on a detailed engineering evaluation. Using
data collected during the RFI, the CMS demonstrates
that proposed measures will be effective in
controlling the source of contamination, as well as
problems posed by the migration of substances from
the original source into the environment.  The
measures also must be assessed in terms of technical
feasibility, ability to meet public health protection
requirements and protect the environment, possible
adverse environmental effects, and institutional
constraints. See also RCRA Facility Investigation.

Corrosivity
Corrosive wastes include those that are acidic and
capable of corroding metal such as tanks, containers,
drums, and barrels.

Creosote
Creosote is an oily liquid obtained by the  distillation
of wood that is used as a wood preservative and
disinfectant and often is found at wood preserving
sites. See also Aromatics and Light Nonaqueous Phase
Liquid,

Cylinder         Vessel
Cylinders or containers often cannot be sampled
safely thro ugh the valve mechanism because of the
condition of the container. The cylinder recovery
vessel (CRV) was developed to safely control the
hazards posed by such containers. The system
provides for sampling and recontainerization of the
cylinder's contents in a contained, inert environment.
The vessel and system are designed to accommodate
the high pressures and wide variety of gases and
liquids present in gas cylinders.

Data Quality
The term     quality refers to all features and
characteristics of data that bear on its ability to meet
the stated or implied needs and expectations of the
user.


DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements
specified to ensure that data of known and
appropriate quality are obtained.  The DQO process is
a series of planning steps, typically conducted during
site assessment and investigation, that Is designed to
ensure that the type, quantity, and quality of
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environmental data used in decision making are
appropriate. The DQO process involves a logical,
step-by-step procedure for determining which of the
complex issues affecting a site are the most relevant to
planning a site investigation before any data are
collected.

Dechlorination
Dechlorination, the process used primarily to treat
and destroy halogenated aromatic contaminants, is
the chemical reaction that removes halogens (usually
chlorine) from the primary structure of the
contaminating organic chemical. Dechlorination can
treat contaminated liquids, soils, sludges, and
sediments, as well as halogenated organics and PCBs,
pesticides, and some herbicides.

                               (DNAPL)
A DNAPL is one of a group of organic substances that
are relatively insol uble in water    more dense than
water. DNAPLs tend to sink vertically through sand
and gravel aquifers to the underlying layer.


The lowest concentration of a chemical that can be
distinguished reliably from a zero concentration.

Dibenzofurans
Dibenzof urans are a group of polynuclear aromatic
compounds, some of which are toxic. See also
Poli/nnclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon,


Dieldrin is an insecticide that was used until 1974 to
control insects on cotton, corn, and citrus crops, as
well as to control locusts, mosquitoes, and termites. It
also was used as a wood preservative. Most uses of
dieldrin were banned in 1987.


Diffusion samplers use natural molecular diffusion to
cause the molecules of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) to pass from gro und water thro ugh a
semipermeable sampler. Diffusion samplers use a
membrane that is filled with water and suspended in
the screened interval of a well until chemical
equilibrium occurs. The sampler then is retrieved, and
the contents are analyzed. Diffusion samplers may
offer many advantages over conventional
groundwater sampling techniques because they
eliminate the need for purging and disposal and can
be left in targeted areas for a period of time, thereby
allowing collection of a more representative sample.
Vapor-based sampler analysis, which can be
performed rapidly and inexpensively on field or
laboratory    chromatographs, yields relative
concentrations of VOCs. Water-based sampler
analysis provides the advantage of quantifying
specific concentrations of VOCs through standard
laboratory methods. See also Gas Chromatograpky and
Volatile Organic Compounds.


A dioxin is any of a family of compounds known
chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins.  They are chemicals
released d uring comb ustion. Concern abo ut them
arises from their potential toxicity and the risk posed
by contamination in commercial products.  Boilers
and industrial furnaces are among the sources of
dioxins.


Direct push sampling is a technique in which a
sampling tube is hydraulically pushed or driven into
the subsurface, collecting material as it advances.
This technique can be used when sampling for
constituents, including VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, and


Disposal
Disposal is the final placement or destruction of toxic,
radioactive or other wastes; surplus or banned
pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and
drums containing hazardous materials from removal
actions or accidental release. Disposal may be
accomplished through the use of approved secure
landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep
well injection, or ocean dumping.


Dual-phase extraction, also known as multi-phase
extraction, is a technology that uses a vacuum system
to remove various combinations of contaminated
gro und water, separate-phase petrole um prod uct, and
vapors from the subsurface. The system lowers the
water table around a well, exposing more of the
formation. Contaminants in the newly exposed
vadose zone then are accessible to soil vapor
extraction. Once above ground, the extracted vapors
or liquid-phase organics and groundwater  are
separated    treated. See also Soil Vapor Extraction.


Dynamic underground stripping is a process that
employs vapor extraction during underground
steaming and electrical heating. The heat, supplied by
steam    electricity, vaporizes contaminants trapped
in the soil. Once vaporized, the contaminants are
removed by vacuum extraction. The process is
monitored and guided by underground imaging.

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A dynamic work plan is a work plan that allows
project teams to make decisions in the field about how
site activities will progress. Dynamic work plans
provide the strategy for the way in which dynamic
field activities will take place. As such, they
document a flexible, adaptive sampling and
analytical strategy. Dynamic work plans are
supported by the rapid turnaround of data collected,
analyzed, and interpreted in the field.

Easement
An easement is a right to use the land of another for a
specific purpose, such as a right-of-way or a utility.


Electrochemical test kits use the electrical charges of
ions that make up the target analyte(s) to identify and
quantify the target analyte(s) in a sample. Typically,
the ions are attracted to an anode or a cathode or
both, depending on their charge, resulting in the
generation of an electrical current that is measured
and converted into a sample concentration by the
unit's display or electronics. An analyte-specif ic
catalyst can be used to aid in the reaction. The self-
contained kits include all the equipment and supplies
necessary to produce an analytical result.


In electrokinetic separation, electrochemical and
electrokinetic processes are used to desorb, and then
remove, metals  and polar organics. This in situ soil
processing technology is primarily a  separation and
removal technique for extracting contaminants from
soils. The principle of electrokinetic remediation
relies upon application of a low-intensity direct
cur rent thro ugh the soil between ceramic electrodes
that are separated into a cathode array and an anode
array, mobilizing charged species and causing ions
and water to move toward the electrodes. The current
creates an acid front at the anode and a base front at
the cathode. The generation of acidic condition in
situ may help to mobilize sorbed metal contaminants
to be transported to the collection system at the
cathode.


EM geophysics refers to technologies used to detect
spatial (horizontal and vertical) differences in
subsurface electromagnetic characteristics. The data
collected provide information about subsurface
environments.
EM induction is a geophysical technology used to
create a magnetic field beneath the earth's surface,
which in turn causes a secondary magnetic field to
form around nearby objects that have conductive
properties, such as ferrous and nonferrous metals.
The secondary magnetic field then is used to detect
    measure buried debris.


An emergency removal is an action initiated in
response to a release of a hazardous substance that
requires on-site activity within hours of a
determination that action is appropriate.


An emerging technology is an innovative technology
that currently is undergoing bench-scale testing.
During bench-scale testing, a small version of the
technology is built and tested in a laboratory. If the
technology is successful during bench-scale testing, it
is demonstrated on a small scale at field sites. If the
technology is successful at the field demonstrations, it
often will be used full scale at contaminated waste
sites. As the technology is used and evaluated at
different sites, it is improved continually. See also
Established Technology and Innovative Technology.

Enforcement Action
An enforcement action is an action undertaken by
EPA under authority granted to it under various
federal environmental statutes, such as CERCLA,
RCRA, CAA, CWA, TSCA, and others. For example,
under CERCLA, EPA may obtain voluntary settlement
or compel potentially responsible parties (PRP) to
implement removal or remedial actions when releases
of hazardous substances have occurred. See also
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act; Potentially Responsible Party; and
Removal Action.


An engineered control, such as barriers placed
between a contaminated area and the rest of a site, is
a method of managing environmental and health
risks.  Engineered controls can be used to limit
exposure pathways.


An environmental audit usually refers to a review or
investigation that determines whether an operating
facility is in compliance with relevant environmental
regulations.  The audit may include checks for
possession of required permits, operation within
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permit limits, proper reporting, and record keeping.
The typical result is a corrective action or compliance
plan for the facility.


Environmental risk Is the chance that human health
or the environment will suffer harm as the result of
the presence of environmental hazards.


An ESA is the process that determines whether
contamination is present at a site.


An established technology is a technology for which
cost and performance information Is readily available.
Only after a technology has been used at many
different sites and the results fully documented is that
technology considered established. The most
frequently used established technologies are
incineration, solidification and stabilization, and
pump-and-treat technologies for groundwater. See
also Emerging Technology and Innovative Technology.


An exposure pathway is the route of contaminants
from the source of contamination to potential contact
with a medium (air, soil, surface water, or
groundwater) that represents a potential threat to
human health or the environment. Determining
whether exposure pathways exist is an essential step
in conducting a baseline risk assessment. See also
Baseline Risk Assessment,

Ex
The term ex situ or "moved from Its original place,"
means excavated or removed.

Ex
Ex situ bioremedlation uses microorganisms to
degrade organic contaminants in excavated soil,
sludge, and solids. The microorganisms break down
contaminants by using them as a food source.  The
end products typically are carbon dioxide and  water.
Ex situ bioremediation includes slurry-phase
bloremediation, in which the soils are mixed with
water to form a slurry to keep solids suspended and
microorganisms In contact with the soil
contaminants; and solid-phase bioremediation, in
which the soils are placed in a cell or building
tilled with added water and nutrients. Land farming
and composting are types of solid-phase
bioremediation.
Filtration
Filtration is a treatment process that removes solid
matter from water by passing the water through a
porous medium, such as sand or a manufactured
filter.


A FID Is an Instrument often used in conjunction with
gas chromatography to measure the change of signal
as analytes are ionized by a hydrogen-air flame. It
also is used to detect phenols, phtlialates, PAHs,
VOCs, and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable
Gas Chromatography.

Fl tii
In fluid/vapor extraction, a high-vacuum system is
applied to remove liquid and gas simultaneously
from low-permeability or heterogeneous formations.
The vacuum extraction well includes a screened
section In the zone of contaminated soils and
groundwater and is used to remove contaminants
from above and below the water table. The system
lowers the water table around the well, exposing more
of the formation. Contaminants In the newly exposed
vadose zone are then accessible for vapor extraction,
which can remove contaminants more efficiently than
pump-and-treat systems.


A fourier transform infrared spectroscope Is an
analytical air monitoring tool that uses a laser system
chemically to identify contaminants.

Fumigant
A f umigant is a pesticide that is vaporized to kill
pests. They often are used in buildings and
greenhouses.

Ftifaift
.Furan Is a colorless, volatile liquid compound used in
the synthesis of organic compounds, especially nylon.


Gas chromatography is a technology used for
investigating     assessing soil, water,    soil gas
contamination at a site. It is  used for the analysis of
VOCs and SVOCs. The technique identifies and
quantifies organic compounds on the basis of
molecular weight, characteristic fragmentation
patterns, and retention time. Recent advances in gas
chromatography that are considered innovative are
portable, weather-proof units that have self-contained
power supplies.

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Spectroscopy
Graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA)
spectroscopy is a highly sensitive spectroscopic
technique that provides excellent detection limits for
measuring concentrations of metals in liquid sample
media. Water samples may be analyzed directly,
while soil samples first must undergo an extraction
process to draw the contaminants into solution for
analysis. The sample is vaporized in the graphite
furnace, and light of a specific wavelength then is
passed through the atomic vapor of an element of
interest. The attenuation of the intensity of the light
as a result of absorption is measured, and the amount
of attenuation is converted into an estimate of the
contaminant metal's concentration.


GPR is a technology that emits pulses of
electromagnetic energy into the ground to measure its
reflection and refraction by subsurface layers and
other features, such as buried debris.

Groundwater
Ground water is the water found beneath the earth's
surface mat fills pores between such materials as
sand, soil, or gravel and that often supplies wells and
springs. See also Aquifer.


A halogenated organic compound is a compound
containing molecules of chlorine, bromine iodine, and
fluorine. Halogenated organic compounds were used
In high-voltage electrical transformers because they
conducted heat well while being fire resistant and
good electrical insulators. Many herbicides,
pesticides, and degreasing agents are made from
halogenated organic compounds.


The HRS is the primary screening tool used by EPA to
assess the risks posed to human health  or the
environment by abandoned or uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites. Under the HRS, sites are
assigned scores on the basis of the toxicity of
hazardous substances that are present and the
potential that those substances will spread through
the air, surface, water, or groundwater, taking Into
account such factors as the proximity of the substance
to nearby populations. Scores are used in
determining which sites should be placed on the
NFL. See also National Priorities List.
As defined under CERCLA, a hazardous substance is
any material that poses a threat to public health or the
environment. The term also refers to hazardous
wastes as defined under RCRA. Typical hazardous
substances are materials that are toxic, corrosive,
ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. If a
certain quantity of a hazardous substance, as
established by EPA, is spilled into the water or
otherwise emitted into the environment, the release
must be reported. Under the legislation cited above,
the term excludes petroleum, crude oil, natural gas,
natural gas liquids, or synthetic gas  usable for fuel.

                                       (HSWA)
HSWA are 1984 amendments to RCRA which
required phasing out land disposal of hazardous
waste and added minimum technology requirements.
See also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,


The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic metals
including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury,
silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are present at
industrial sites at which operations have included
battery recycling and metal plating.

Herbicide
A herbicide is a chemical pesticide designed to
control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.


High-frequency EM sounding, the technology used
for nonintrusive geophysical exploration, projects
high-frequency electromagnetic radiation into
subsurface layers to detect the reflection and
refraction of the radiation by various layers of soil.
Unlike ground-penetrating radar, which uses pulses,
the technology uses continuous waves of radiation.
See also Ground-Penetrating Rada r.


With hot air injection, hot air or steam is injected below
the contaminated zones to heat contaminated soil. The
heating enhances the release of contaminants from the
soil matrix so they can be extracted and captured for
further treatment and recycling.

Hydtazirte
Hydrazlne is a highly toxic liquid used In rocket
propellant, agricultural chemicals, drugs, spandex
fibers, antioxldants, plating metals on glass and
plastic, explosives, and in boiler feedwater. The
chemical compound causes  a severe explosion
hazard when exposed to heat.
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Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing
only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in
petroleum, natural gas, and coal.


HS is a gas emitted during decomposition of organic
compounds. It also is a byproduct of oil refining and
burning.


Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, Including
its origin, occurrence, movement, and quality.

Hydrology
Hydrology is the science that deals with the
properties, movement, and effects of water found on
the earth's surface, In the soil and rocks beneath the
surface, and in the atmosphere.


Hydrophobic dye is added to liquids to assist in the
observation of the presence of items that are colorless.

Hyperaccuniulator
A hyperaccumulator is a metallophyte that
accumulates an exceptionally high level of a metal to a
specified concentration or to a specified multiple of the
concentration found in nonaccumulators.  The term is
used In reference to plants used In Phy to re mediation.
See also Metallopnytes and Pnytoremediation,


Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain
conditions. Examples include liquids, such as
solvents that readily catch fire, and friction-sensitive
substances.

Immunoassay
Immunoassay is an Innovative technology used to
measure compound-specific reactions (generally
colorimetric) to individual compounds or classes of
compounds. The reactions are used to detect and
quantify contaminants. The technology is available
in field-portable test kits.

In
In situ thermal treatment is a treatment process that
involves heating contaminated soil in place to
vaporize organic contaminants In the soil. The
surface area to be treated is usually covered with
silicone rubber mats to provide insulation and to form
a vapor barrier.
Incineration
Incineration is a treatment technology that involves
the burning of certain types of solid, liquid, or
gaseous materials under controlled conditions to
destroy hazardous waste.


Infill development is new construction on previously
developed land in cities or developed suburbs. The
term often refers to redevelopment of small
residential, commercial, or industrial properties. An
Important aspect of many infill development projects
is the enhancement of the built environment with
open space and parks.


An information repository is a location in a public
building mat is convenient for local residents, such as
a public school, city hall, or library, that contains
Information about a Superf und site, including
technical reports and reference documents.


An infrared monitor is a device used to monitor the
heat signature of an object, as well as to sample air. It
may be used to detect buried objects in soil.


An inorganic compound is a compound mat
generally does not contain carbon atoms (although
carbonate and bicarbonate compounds are notable
exceptions) and tends to be more soluble In water.
Examples of inorganic compounds include various
acids, potassium hydroxide, and metals.


An innovative technology is a process that has been
tested and used as a treatment for hazardous waste or
other contaminated materials, b ut lacks a long history
of full-scale use and information about Its cost and
how well it works sufficient to support prediction of
its performance under a variety of operating
conditions. An innovative technology is one that is
undergoing pilot-scale treatability studies that
usually are conducted in the field or the laboratory
and require Installation of the technology, and
provide performance, cost, and design objectives for
the technology. Innovative technologies are being
used under many federal and state cleanup programs
to treat hazardous wastes that have been improperly
released. See also Emerging Technology ami Established
Technology.
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Ion exchange, a common method of softening water,
depends on the ability of certain ma ten a Is to remove
and exchange ions from water. These ion exchange
materiaIs, generally composed of unsoluble organic
polymers, are placed in a filtering device. Water
softening exchange materials remove calcium and
magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium ions.

lonization
lonization is the process which causes an atom to
gain or lose electrons, which results in the atom
having a negative or positive charge.

Insecticide
An insecticide is a pesticide compound specifically
used to kill or control the growth of insects.

In
The term in situ, "in its original place," or "on-site",
means unexcavated and unmoved. In situ soil
flushing and natural attenuation are examples of in
situ treatment methods by which contaminated sites
are treated without digging up or removing the
contaminants.

In
In situ bioremediation techniques stimulate and
create a favorable environment for microorganisms to
grow    use contaminants as a food     energy
source. Generally, this means providing some
combination of oxygen, nutrients, and moisture, and
controlling the temperature and pH. Sometimes,
microorganisms adapted for degradation of the
specific contaminants are applied to enhance the
process. Bioventing is a common form of in situ
bioremediation. Bioventing uses extraction wells to
circulate air with or without pumping air into the
ground.

In
In situ oxidation is an innovative treatment
technology that oxidizes contaminants that are
dissolved in groundwater and converts them into
insoluble compounds.

In
In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment
technology that floods contaminated soils beneath the
ground surface with a solution that moves the
contaminants to an area from which they can be
removed. The technology requires the drilling of
injection and extraction wells on site and reduces the
need for excavation, handling, or transportation of
hazardous substances. Contaminants considered for
treatment by in situ soil flushing include heavy
metals (such as lead, copper,    zinc), halogenated
organic compounds, aromatics, and PCBs. See also
Aromatics, Halogenated Organic Compound, Heavy
Metal, and Polychlorinated Biplienyt

In.
In situ vitrification is a soil treatment technology that
stabilizes metal and other inorganic contaminants in
place at temperatures of approximately 3000°F. Soils
and sludges are fused to form a stable glass and
crystalline structure with very low leaching
characteristics.

In
For in situ well aeration, air is injected into a double
screened well, allowing the VOCs in the
contaminated groundwater to transfer from the
dissolved phase to the vapor-phase by air bubbles.
As the air bubbles rise to the water surface, the vapors
are drawn off and treated by an SYE system.


An institutional control is a legal or institutional
measure which subjects a property owner to limit
activities at or access to a particular property. They
are used to ensure protection of human health and the
environment, and to expedite property reuse. Zoning
and deed restrictions are examples of institutional
controls.


IRIS is an electronic database that contains EPA's
latest descriptive and quantitative regulatory
information about chemical constituents. Files on
chemicals maintained in IRIS contain information
related to both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic
heal tli effects.


Under CERCL A, joint and several liability is a
concept based  on the theory that it may not be
possible to apportion responsibility for the harm
caused by hazardous waste equitably among
potentially responsible parties (PRP). Joint liability
means that more than one PRP is liable to the
plaintiff. Several liability means that the plaintiff may
choose to sue only one of the defendants and recover
the entire amount. One PRP therefore can be held
liable for the entire cost of cleanup, regardless of the
share of waste that PRP contributed. Joint
several liability is used only when harm is
indivisible. If defendants can apportion harm, there
is no several liability. See also Potentially Responsible
Parti/ and Strict Liability.
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Lampblack
Lampblack is a finely divided, bulky, black soot, at
one time the most important black pigment used in
the manufacture of printing inks. It is one of several
gas plant residues found at manufactured gas plant
(MGP) sites. See also Manufactured Gas Plant.


LDR is a RCRA program that restricts the land
disposal of RCRA hazardous wastes and requires
treatment to established treatment standards or a
required technology. LDRs may be an important
AR AR for Superfund actions. See also Applicable or
Relevant and Appropriate Requirement and Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act.


Land farming is the spreading and incorporation of
wastes into the soil to initiate biological treatment.

Landfill
A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site for
nonhazardous solid  wastes at which the waste is
spread in layers compacted to the smallest practical
volume.

Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer
Laser-induced fluorescence/cone penetrometer is a
field screening method that cou pies a fiber optic-
based chemical sensor system to a cone penetrometer
mounted on a truck.  The technology can be used for
investigating and assessing soil and water
contamination.

Leachate
A leachate is a contaminated liquid that results when
water collects contaminants as it trickles through
wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers.
Leaching may occur in farming areas and landfills
and may be a means of the entry of hazardous
substances into soil, surface water, or groundwater.

Lead
Lead is a heavy metal that has been used in the
manufacture of gasoline, paints,    other
substances. See also Heavy Metal

                              (LNAPL)
An LNAPL is one of a group of organic substances
that are relatively insoluble in water and are less
dense than water. LNAPLs, such as oil, tend to
spread across the surface of the water table    form
a layer on top of the water table.
Long-term monitoring of a site typically is performed
to verify that contaminants pose no risk to human
health or the environment and that natural processes
are reducing contaminant levels and risk as predicted.

Magnetrometry
Magnetrometry is a geophysical technology used to
detect disruptions that metal objects cause in the
earth's localized magnetic field.


Manufactured gas plants (MGP) were operated
nationwide from the early 1880s through the mid-
1900s. MGPs produced gas from coal or oil for
lighting, heating, and cooking. The gas
manufacturing and purification processes conducted
at the plants yielded residues that included tars,
sludges, lampblack, light oils, spent oxide wastes,
other hydrocarbon products. Although many of the
byproducts were recycled, excess residues containing
PAHs, petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, cyanide,
metals, and phenols remained at MGP sites.


Mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis
in which the substance to be analyzed is heated and
placed in a vacuum. The resulting vapor is exposed
to a beam of electrons that causes ionization to occur,
either of the molecules or their fragments. The
ionized atoms are separated according to their mass
and can be identified on that basis.


Mechanical soil aeration agitates contaminated soil
using tilling or other means to volatilize
contaminants.

Medium
A medium is a specific environment-air, water, or
soil-which is the subject of regulatory concern and
activities.

Mercury
Mercury is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the
environment and is found in thermometers,
measuringdevic.es, pharmaceutical     agricultural
chemicals, chemical manufacturing, and electrical
equipment. See also Heavy Metal.


A mercury vapor analyzer is an instrument that
provides real-time measurements of concentrations of
mercury in the air.

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Metallophytes
Mefa llophyfes are plants that preferentially colonize
in metal-rich soils.

Methane
Methane is a colorless, nonpoisonous, flammable gas
created by anaerobic decomposition of organic
compounds.

Methanogenic
The term methanogenic refers to anaerobic oxidation
of petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as fermentation of
hydrocarbons to methane.


Methyl tertiary butyl      (MTBE), a synthetic
chemical, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid.
MTBE has a relatively high vapor pressure and is
water soluble to a significant degree. MTBE usually is
produced in a refinery by mixing a feedstock of
isobutylene with methanol. The isobutylene is derived
by steam-cracking during production of olefin and
fluid-cracking during production of gasoline.
Concern about them arises from its potential
contamination of groundwater as a result of releases
from underground storage tanks of gasoline
contains oxygenates.  Sec also Oxygenates.


A migration pathway is a potential path or route of
contaminants from the source of contamination to
contact with human populations or the environment.
Migration pathways include air, surface water,
groundwater,         surface. The existence
identification of all potential migration pathways
must be considered during assessment
characterization of a waste site.


Mixed waste is low-level radioactive waste
contaminated with hazardous waste that is regulated
under RCRA. Mixed waste can be disposed only in
compliance with the requirements under RCRA that
govern disposal of hazardous waste     with the
RCRA land disposal restrictions, which require that
waste be treated before it is disposed of in appropriate
landfills.


A mobile laboratory refers to a collection of analytical
instruments contained in a vehicle that can be
deployed to a project site.  A mobile laboratory offers
many of the advantages of a fixed laboratory, such as
protection from the elements, a power supply,
climate control, while still providing the advantages
of analyzing samples on site while the project is in
progress. A mobile laboratory may even allow the use
of laboratory-grade instruments which otherwise
could not be taken into the field. Configurations can
vary in sophistication from a single instrument
mounted in a sampling van, to large truck trailers and
recreational vehicles equipped with multiple
instruments and laboratory-grade support equipment.


The term monitored natural attenuation refers to the
remedial approach that allows natural processes to
reduce concentrations of contaminants to acceptable
levels. Monitored natural attenuation involves
physical, chemical, and biological processes that act
to reduce the mass, toxicity, and mobility of
subsurface contamination. Physical, chemical, and
biological processes involved in monitored natural
attenuation include biodegradation, chemical
stabilization, dispersion, sorption,    volatilization.


A monitoring well is a well drilled at a specific
location on or off a hazardous waste site at which
groundwater can be sampled at selected depths and
studied to determine the direction of groundwater
flow and the types and quantities of contaminants
present in the groundwater.


The term mothballed sites refers to large, idle areas
that formerly were used for manufacturing     other
industrial uses and are not available for sale or
redevelopment.

N                       (N CP)
The NCP, formally the National Oil and Hazardous
Substances Contingency Plan, is the major regulatory
framework that guides the Superf und response effort.
The NCP is a comprehensive body of regulations that
outlines a step-by-step process for implementing
Superf und responses and defines the roles and
responsibilities of EPA, other federal agencies, states,
private parties, and the communities in response to
situations in which hazardous  substances are
released into the environment. See also Superfund.


                                       "
NPDES is the primary permitting program under the
Clean Water Act, which regulates all discharges to
surface water.  It prohibits discharge of pollutants
into waters of the United States  unless EPA, a state, or
a tribal government issues a special permit to do so.
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The NPL is EPA's list of the most serious
uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites
identified for possible long-term remedial response
under Superf und. Inclusion of a site on the list is
based primarily on the score the site receives under
the HRS. Money from Superf und can be used for
cleanup only at sites that are on the NPL. EPA is
required to update the NPL at least once a year. See
also Hazard Ranking System and Snperfund,


The NRC,        by the U.S. Coast Guard, is a
communications center that receives reports of
discharges or releases of hazardous substances into
the environment. The U.S. Coast Guard in turn, relays
information about such releases to the appropriate
federal agency.

Neutralization
Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid
and a base. The reaction involves acidic or caustic
wastes that are neutralized using caustic or acid
additives.


Nitric oxide is a gas formed by comb ustion under
high temperature and high pressure in an internal
combustion engine.

                         CM API,)
NAPLs are organic substances that are relatively
insoluble in water and are less dense than water. Set'
also Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid ami Light
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid,


The term non-point source is used to identify sources
of pollution that are diffuse and do not have a point
of origin or that are not introduced into a receiving
stream from a specific o utlet. Common non-point
sources are rain water, runoff from agricultural lands,
industrial sites, parking lots, and timber operations,
as well as escaping gases from pipes and fittings.


O&M refers to the activities conducted at a site,
following remedial actions, to ensure that the cleanup
methods are working properly. O&M activities are
conducted to maintain the effectiveness of the remedy
and to ensure that no new threat to human health or
the environment arises. Under the Superf und
program, the state or PRP assumes responsibility for
O&M, which may Include such activities as
groundwater and air monitoring, inspection and
maintenance of the treatment equipment remaining
on site, and maintenance of any security measures or
institutional controls.

                 or
An organic chemical or compound is a substance
produced by animals or plants that contains mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Oxygenate
Oxygenates are hydrocarbons added to fuels to
Increase the oxygen content of those fuels to improve
combustion, thereby reducing emissions, such as
carbon monoxide and other pollutants.  Examples of
oxygenates include methyl tertiary b utyl ether
(MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl     (ETBE), tertiary amyl
methyl ether (TAME), ethanol, and other ethers and
alcohols. See also Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether,

Ozone
Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally which
provides a protective layer in the stratosphere
shielding the earth from the harmful health effects on
human health and the environment from ultraviolet
radiation. Ozone also  is a chemical oxidant and a
major component of smog in the troposphere, the
earth's atmospheric layer below the stratosphere
extending 7 to 10 miles from the earth's surface.


PCP, a chemical compound containing carbon,
chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen, is a contaminant
used in feed stock material and chemical
manufacturing.


EPA defines PBMS as a set of processes through
which the data needs or limitations of a program or
project are specified and serve as criteria for selected
appropriate methods to meet those needs in a cost-
effective manner. EPA uses the term to convey what
must be accomplished, but not prescrlptively how to
do it. The PBMS initiative places regulatory emphasis
on obtaining analytical results that provide adequate
information to support the regulatory decision, but
leaves the choice  of analytical procedures up to the
user. The PBMS approach gives regulators and
members of the regulated community increased
flexibility in selecting technologies, while still
meeting mandated monitoring requirements. The use
of PBMS is intended to reduce barriers to the use of
new monitoring technologies.

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Permeability is a characteristic that represents a
qualitative description of the relative ease with which
rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid (liquid or
gas).


Permeable reactive barriers, also known as passive
treatment walls, are installed across the flow path of a
contaminated plume. As groundwater flows through
the PRB, contaminants are either degraded or retained
in a concentrated form by the reactive material.
Examples of reactive media include zero-valent
metals, chelators, sorbents, and microbes.

Pesticide
A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances
Intended to prevent or mitigate Infestation by, or
destroy or repel, any pest. Pesticides can accumulate
in the food chain    or contaminate the environment
if misused.

      I               Assessment
A Phase I environmental assessment is an initial
environmental investigation that is limited to a
historical records search to determine ownership of a
site and to identify the kinds of chemical processes
that were carried out at the site. A Phase I assessment
includes a site visit, but does not include any
sampling. If such an assessment Identifies no
significant concerns, Phase II and  III audits are not
necessary. Phase I assessments also are commonly
referred to as site assessments.

      II              Assessment
A Phase II environmental assessment is an
investigation that includes tests performed at the site
to confirm the location and identity of environmental
hazards. The assessment includes preparation of a
report that Includes recommendations for cleanup
alternatives. Phase II assessments also are commonly
referred to as site investigations.

      Ill
A Phase III environmental audit is the third step in
the assessment that Includes the removal of
contaminated materials from a site and their legal
disposal.

Phenols
A phenol is one of a group of organic compounds that
are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning,
textile, dye, and resin manufacturing.
A FID is a nondestructive detector, often used in
conjunction with gas chromatography, that measures
the change of signal as analytes are Ionized by an
ultraviolet lamp. The PID also is used to detect VOCs
and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable Gas
Chromatography.


Physical separation processes use different size
sieves and screens to concentrate contaminants into
smaller volumes. Most organic and inorganic
contaminants tend to bind, either chemically or
physically, to the fine fraction of the soil. Fine clay
and silt particles are separated from the coarse sand
and gravel soil particles to concentrate the
contaminants into a smaller volume of soil that could
then be further treated or disposed.

Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation is an innovative treatment
technology that uses plants and trees to clean up
contaminated soil and water. Plants can break down,
or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize metal
contaminants by acting as filters or traps.
Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals,
pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil,
polyaromatlc carbons, and landfill leachates. Its use
generally is limited to sites at which concentrations of
contaminants are relatively low and contamination is
found in shallow soils, streams, and groundwater.

Phytotechnology
The term phytotechnology refers to technologies that
use living plants. See also Phytoremediation.

Phytotoxic
The term phy to toxic is used to describe a substance
that is harmful to plants.


Plasma high-temperature metals recovery is a thermal
treatment process that p urges contaminants from
solids and soils such as metal fumes and organic
vapors. The vapors can be burned as fuel, and the
metal fumes can be recovered and recycled. This
innovative treatment technology is used to treat
contaminated soil and groundwater.

PI lime
A plume is a visible or measurable emission or
discharge of a contaminant from a given point of
origin into any medium.  The term also is used to refer
to measurable and potentially harmful radiation
leaking from a damaged reactor.
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Point Source
A point source is a stationary location or fixed facility
from which pollutants are discharged or emitted or
any single, identifiable discharge point of pollution,
such as a pipe, ditch, or smokestack.


PCBs are a group of toxic, persistent chemicals,
produced by chlorination of biphenyl, that once were
used inhigh voltage electrical transformers because
they conducted heat well while being fire resistant
and good electrical insulators. These contaminants
typically are generated from metal degreasing, printed
circuit board cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving
processes.


A PAH is a chemical compound that  contains more
than one fused benzene ring.  They are commonly
found in petroleum fuels, coal products, and tar.


Potassium permanganate is a crystalline compound
that is soluble in water, acetone,    methanol, but is
decomposed by ethanol.  It is used widely as a
powerful oxidizing agent, as a disinfectant in a variety
of applications,     as an analytical oxidant reagent
in redox titrations.


A PRP  is an individual or company (such as owners,
operators, transporters, or generators of hazardous
waste)  that is potentially responsible  for, or
contributing to, the contamination problems at a
Superf und site. Whenever possible, EPA requires
PRPs, through administrative and legal actions, to
clean up hazardous waste sites they have
contaminated. See also Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and Superfiincl.


A PA/SI is the process of collecting    reviewing
available information about a known or suspected
hazardous waste site or release. The  PA/SI usually
includes a visit to the site.


Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for
common categories of CERCL A sites that have been
identi fied through historical patterns of remedy
selection and EPA's scientific and engineering
evaluation of performance    on technology
i mp lementa Hon.
Pump and treat is a general term used to describe
remediation methods that in vol ve the pumping of
ground water to the surface for treatment. It is one of
the most common methods of treating polluted
aquifers    groundwater.

On jlity Assurance (QA)
QA is a system of management activities that ensure
tha t a process, Item, or service is of the type and
quality needed by the user. QA deals with setting
policy and implementing an administrative system of
management controls that cover planning,
implementation, and review of data collection
activities. QA Is an important element of a quality
system that ensures that all research design and
performance, environmental monitoring and
sampling, and other technical and reporting activities
conducted by EPA are of the highest possible quality.


QC refers to scientific precautions, such as
calibrations and duplications, that are necessary if
data of known and adequate quality are to be
acquired. QC is technical in nature    is
implemented at the project level. Like QA, QC is an
important element of a quality system that ensures
that all research design and performance,
environmental monitoring and sampling, and other
technical and reporting activities conducted by EPA
are of the highest possible quality.


Radioactive waste is any waste that emits energy as
rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles. Sources
of such wastes include nuclear reactors, research
institutions, and  hospitals.

Radionuclide
A radionuclide is a radioactive element characterized
according to its atomic mass and atomic number,
which can be artificial or naturally occurring.
Radionuclides have a long life as soil or water
pollutants. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or
degraded; therefore, applicable technologies involve
separation, concentration and volume reduction,
immobilization, or vitrification. See also Solidification
and Stabilization,

Radon.
Radon is a colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive,
Inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of
radium atoms. See also Radioactive Waste and
Radionuclide.

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A RFA is performed at a facility to determine the
existence of any continuous or non-continuous
releases of wastes. During the RFA, EPA or state
regulators gather information on solid waste
management units    other areas of concern at
RCRA facilities, evaluate this information to
determine whether there are releases that warrant
further investigation and action, and determine the
need to proceed to a RCRA Facility Investigation. See
also Resource Conservation ami Recovery Act.


The purpose of a RFI is to gather sufficient data at a
facility to fully characterize the nature, extent, and
rate of migration of contaminant releases identified in
the RCRA Facility Assessment. The     generated
during the RFI is used to determine the potential need
for corrective measures and to aid in the selection and
implementation of these measures. See also Corrective
Measure Study and Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act.


Reactive wastes are unstable under normal
conditions. They can create explosions    or toxic
fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with water.

       of
A ROD is a legal, technical, and public document that
explains which cleanup alternative will be used at a
Superfund NPL site. The ROD is based on
information and technical analysis generated during
the remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/
FS) and consideration of public comments and
community concerns. See also Preliminary Assessment
and Site Investigation and Remedial Investigation and
Feasibility Study.


A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,
emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, leaching,
dumping, or disposing into the environment of a
hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous
substance, as defined under RCRA. See also Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act.


The RD/RA is the step in the Superfund cleanup
process that follows the RI /FS     selection of a
remedy. An RD is the preparation of engineering
plans and specifications to properly    effectively
implement the remedy. The RA is the actual
construction or implementation of the remedy. See
The RI/FS is the step in the Superfund cleanup
process that is conducted to gather sufficient
information to support the selection of a site remedy
that will reduce or eliminate the risks associated with
contamination at the site.  The RI involves site
characterization ~ collection of data and information
necessary to characterize the nature and extent of
contamination at the site.  The RI also determines
whether the contamination presents a significant risk
to human health or the environment.  The FS focuses
on the development of specific response alternatives
for addressing contamination at a site.


A removal action usually is a short-term effort
designed to stabilize or clean up a hazardous waste
site that poses an immediate threat to human health
or the environment.  Removal actions include
removing tanks or drums of hazardous substances
that were found on the surface and installing
drainage controls or security measures, such as a
fence at the site. Removal actions also may be
conducted to respond to accidental releases of
hazardous substances. CERCLA places time and
money constraints on the duration of removal actions.
See also Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act.


The RQ is the quantity of hazardous substances that,
when released into the environment, can cause
substantial endangerment to public health or the
environment. Under CERCLA, the federal government
must be notified when quantities equaling or
exceeding RQs specified in regulations are released.


The term representative sampling refers to a portion of
material or water    is as nearly identical in content
    consistency as possible to that in a larger body of
material or water being sampled. To prevent
segregation and to provide a level of accuracy, the
sample is representative of the volume and nature of
the material being sampled.

Resin
Resins are solids or semi-solids of plant origin used
principally in lacquers, varnishes, inks, adhesives,
synthetic plastics, and pharmaceuticals.

                                  Act (RCRA)
RCRA is  a federal law enacted in 1976 that
established a regulatory system to track hazardous
substances  from their generation to their disposal.
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The law requires the use of safe and secure
procedures in treating, transporting, storing, and
disposing of hazardous substances. RCRA is
designed to prevent the creation of new, uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites.


A response action is a short-term removal action or a
long-term remedial response, authorized under
CERCLA that is taken at a site to address releases of
hazardous substances.


A reuse assessment involves the collection
evaluation of information to develop assumptions
about reasonably anticipated future land use(s) at
Superf und sites. It provides a tool for implementing
the Superf und land use directive and can involve a
review of available records, visual inspections of the
site, and discussions with local government officials,
property owners, and community members about
potential future land uses.


As defined by EPA, RBCA is a streamlined approach
through which exposure and risk assessment
practices are integrated with traditional components
of the corrective action process to ensure that
appropriate and cost-effective remedies are selected
and that limited resources are allocated properly.
RBCA refers specifically to the standard Guide for
Risk-BasedConective Action Applied At Petroleum
Release Sites, published by ASTM.  The RBCA process
can be tailored to applicable state and local laws and
regulator}/ practices. See also American Society for
Testing and Materials,


The term RBDM refers to a process through which
decisions are made about contaminated sites
according to the risk each site poses to human health
and the environment. RBDM is a mechanism for
identifying necessary and appropriate action at any
phase of the corrective action process. Depending on
known or anticipated risks to human health and the
environment, appropriate action can include site
closure, monitoring and data collection, active or
passive remediation, containment, or imposition of
institutional controls.


Risk communication, the exchange of information
about health or environmental risks among risk
assessors, risk managers, the local community, news
media and interest groups, is the process of informing
members of the local community about environmental
risks associated with a site and the steps that are
being taken to manage those risks.


The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 was
established to protect the quality of drinking water in
the United States.  The act focuses on all waters
actually or potentially designed for use as drinking
water, whether from abo vegro und or underground
sources. The Act authorized EPA to establish safe
standards of purity and requires all owners or
operators of public water systems to comply with
primary (health-related) standards. State governments
that assume that authority from EPA also encourage
attainment of secondary (nuisance-related) standards.


A sampling     analysis plan (SAP) documents the
procedural and analytical requirements for a one-time
or time-limited project that Involves the collection of
samples of water, soil, sediment, or other media to
characterize areas of potential environmental
contamination.  A SAP contains all the elements of a
quality assurance project plan (QAPP)    a field
sampling plan (ESP) that must be provided to meet the
requirements for any project funded by the EPA under
which environmental nteas urements are to be taken.


A Sanborn map is a record kept for insurance
purposes that shows, for a specific property, the
locations of such Items as USTs, buildings, and areas
where chemicals have been used for certain industrial
processes. A Phase I environmental audit Includes a
review of Sanborn maps. Set' also Phase I
Environmental Audit,


The saturated zone is the area beneath the surface of
the land in which all openings are filled with water.


Seismic reflection and refraction is a technology used
to examine the geophysical features of soil and
bedrock, such as debris, buried channels, and other
features.

                                (SVOC)
SVOCs, composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen
atoms, have boiling points greater than 200°C.
Common SVOCs include PCBs and phenol. See also
Phenol and Poll/chlorinated Biphenyi.

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The term refers to the level of contamination that a
state would consider significant enough to warrant
an action. The thresholds vary from state to state.


Six-phase soil heating is an in situ thermal technology
for the remediation of contamination of soil and
ground water. The process splits conventional
electricity into six electrical phases for the electrical
resistive heating of soil and groundwater. Each
electrical phase is delivered to one of six electrodes
placed in a hexagonal array.  The voltage gradient
between phases causes an electrical current to flow
through the soil and groundwater. Resistivity causes
the temperature to rise. As the soil and groundwater
are heated uniformly to the boiling point of water, the
water becomes steam, stripping volatile and
semi volatile contaminants from the pore spaces. In
addition, removal of the soil moisture increases the air
permeability of the soils, which can further increase the
rate at which contaminants are removed.


System
The Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer
System (SCAPS) was developed by the Division of the
Naval Command, Control, and Ocean Surveillance
Center (NCCOSC), in collaboration with the U.S. Army
and the U. S. Air Force. SCAPS, a cone penetrometer
testing system, coupled with laser-induced
fluorescence (LIF), measures fluorescence with optical
fibers. The measurement is made through a sapphire
window on a probe that Is pushed Into the ground
with a truck-mounted cone penetrometer testing
platform. See also Cone Penetrometer and Laser-Induced
Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer,

Sludge
Sludge is a semisolid residue from air or water
treatment processes. Residues from treatment of metal
wastes and the mixture of waste and soil at the
bottom of a waste lagoon are examples of sludge,
which can be a hazardous waste.


Slurry-phase bioremediation, a treatment technology
that can be used alone or in conjunction with other
biological, chemical, and physical treatments, is a
process through which organic contaminants are
converted to innocuous compounds. Slurry-phase
bioremediation can be effective in treating various
SVOCs and nonvolatile organic compounds, as well
as fuels, creosote, PCPs, and PCBs.
Soil Boring
Soil boring is a process by which a soil sample is
extracted from the ground for chemical, biological,
    analytical testing to determine the level of
contamination present.

Soil Flushing
In soil flushing, large volumes of water, at times
s uppleniented with treatment compo unds, are applied
to the soil or injected into the groundwater to raise the
water     into the zone of contaminated soil.
Contaminants are leached into the groundwater, and
the extraction f 1 uids are recov ered from the underlying
aquifer. When possible, the fluids are recycled.

Soil Gas
Soil gas consists of gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between particles of the
earth and soil. Such gases can move through or leave
the soil or rock, depending on changes In pressure.

                    (SVE)
SVE is a process that physically separates
contaminants from soil in a vapor form by exerting a
vacuum through the soil formation. SVE removes
VOCs and some SVOCs from soil beneath the ground
surface.

Soil Washing
Soil washing is an innovative treatment technology
that uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined
with chemical additives) and a mechanical process to
scrub soils, removes hazardous contaminants, and
concentrates the contaminants into a smaller volume.
The technology Is used to treat a wide range of
contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils, and
pesticides. Soil washing is a relatively low-cost
alternative for separating waste and minimizing
volume as necessary to facilitate subsequent
treatment. It is often used in combination with other
treatment technologies. The technology can be
brought to the site, thereby eliminating the need to
transport hazardous wastes.


Solidification and stabilization are the processes of
removing wastewater from a waste or changing it
chemically to     the waste less permeable and
susceptible to transport by water. Solidification
stabilization technologies can Immobilize many
heavy metals, certain radionuclides, and selected
organic compounds, while decreasing the surface
area and permeability of many types of sludge,
contaminated soils, and solid wastes.
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Solubility
Solubility is a measure of the amount of solute that will
dissolve in a solution. It is the ability or tendency of one
substance to dissolve into another at a given
temperature and pressure and is generally expressed in
terms of the amount of solute that will dissolve in a
given amount of solvent to produce a saturated solution.

Solvent
A solvent is a substance, usually liquid, that is capable
of dissolving or dispersing one or more other
substances.

Solvent
Solvent extraction is an innovative treatment technology
that uses a solvent to separate or remove hazardous
organic contaminants from oily-type wastes, soils,
sludges, and sediments. The technology does not
destroy contaminants, but concentrates them so they can
be recycled or destroyed more easily by another
technology. Solvent extraction has been shown to be
effective in treating sediments, sludges, and soils that
contain primarily organic contaminants, such as PCBs,
VOCs, halogenated organic compounds,    petroleum
wastes. Such contaminants typically are generated from
metal degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning,
gasoline, and wood preserving processes. Solvent
extraction is a transportable technology that can be
brought to the site. See also Halogenated Organic
Compound, Polychlorinated Biphenyl, and Volatile Organic
Compound.


A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a step-by-step
procedure that promotes uniformity inoperations to
help clarify    augment such operations. SOPs
document the way activities are to be performed to
facilitate consistent conformance to technical
quality system requirements and to support data
quality. The use of SOPs is an integral part of a
successful quality system because SOPs provide
indi vidua Is with the information needed to perform a
job properly and facilitate consistency in the quality
and integrity of a product or    result. SOPs also
provide guidance in areas in which the exercise of
professional judgment is necessary    specify
procedures that are unique to each task.


Steam injection is a remediation technology that uses
the addition of steam to the subsurface to heat the soil
and groundwater and drive off contaminants. The
technology was developed by the petroleum industry to
enhance recovery of oils from reservoirs, and has been
adapted by the remediation industry for use in the
recovery of organic contaminants from the subsurface.
Stratigraphy is the study of the formation,
composition, and sequence of sediments, whether
consolidated or not.

Strict Liability
Strict liability is a concept under CERCLA that
empowers the federal government to hold PRPs liable
without proving that the PRPs were at fault and
without regard to a PRP's motive. PRPs can be found
liable even if the problems caused by the release of a
hazardous substance were unforeseeable, the PRPs
acted in good faith, and state-of-the-art hazardous
waste management practices were used at the time the
materials were disposed of. See also Potentially
Responsible Party.

Subsurface
Underground; beneath the surface.


Surfactant flushing is a technology used to treat
contaminated groundwater. Surfactant flushing of
NAPLs increases the solubility and mobility of the
contaminants in water so that the NAPLs can be
biodegraded more easily in an aquifer or recovered for
treatment abovegro und. See also Nonaqueous Phase
Liquid.


Surface water is all water naturally open to the
atmosphere, such as  rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams,
and seas.

Superfund
Superfund is the trust fund that provides for the
cleanup of hazardous substances released into the
environment, regardless of fault. The Superfund was
established under CERCLA and subsequent
amendments to CERCLA. The term Superfund also is
used to refer to cleanup programs designed and
conducted under CERCLA and its subsequent
amendments. See also Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.

                                          Act
(SARA)
SARA is the 1986 act amending CERCLA that
increased the size of  the Superfund trust fund and
established a preference for the development and use
o f perma nen t remed ies, a nd prov id ed new
enforcement and settlement tools. See also
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act.

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Program
The SITE program is an effort established by EPA in
1986 to advance the development, evaluation, and
commercialization of innovative treatment
technologies for assessing and cleaning up
hazardous waste sites. The program provides an
opportunity for technology developers to demonstrate
their technologies' ability to successfully process and
remediate hazardous waste. The SITE program has
four components—the Emerging Technology
Program, the Demonstration Program, the
Meas urenient and Monitoring Program, and the
Technology Transfer Program.


Systematic  planning is a planning process that is
based on the scientific method. It is a common-sense
approach designed to ensure that the level of detail in
planning is commensurate with the importance and
intended use of the data, as well as the available
resources. Systematic planning is Important to the
successful execution of all activities at hazardous
waste sites, but it Is particularly important to
dynamic field activities because those activities rely
on rapid decision-making. The data quality objective
(DQO) process is one formalized process of systematic
planning. All dynamic field activities must be
designed through the use of systematic planning,
whether using DQO steps or some other system. See
also Data Quality Objective,

             for

SW-846 refers to an EPA guidance and reference
document, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods, which is intended to assist
analytical chemists and other users In the RCRA and
Superf und programs by suggesting procedures that
analysts have found to be successful when applied to
typical samples. The SW-846 methods are analytical
and sampling methods that have been evaluated and
approved for use in complying with RCRA
regulations. The methods are not intended to be
prescriptive, nor are all technologies or methods that
may be used are identified.

Tetrachloroethene
Tetrachloroethene is a nonflammable manufactured
chemical widely used for dry cleaning fabrics and in
metal-degreasing operations. It also is used as a
starting material (building block) for the production of
other manufactured chemicals. Other names for
tetrachloroethene include PERC, tetrachloroethylene,
perchloroetliylene, and PCE.
Thermal desorptlon is an innovative treatment
technology that heats soils contaminated with
hazardous wastes to temperatures from 200 to 1,000°F
so that contaminants that have low boiling points
will vaporize and separate from the soil. The
vaporized contaminants then are collected for further
treatment or destruction, typically by an air emissions
treatment system. The technology is most effective at
treating VOCs, S VOCs and other organic
contaminants, such as PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides. It
is effective in separating organics from refining
wastes, coal tar wastes, waste from wood treatment,
and paint wastes. It also can separate solvents,
pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and fuel oils from
contaminated soil. See also Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon,
Polychlorinated Biphenyl, Semivolatile Organic
Compound, and Volatile Organic Compound.

Toluene
Toluene is a colorless liquid chemical with a sweet,
strong odor. It is used as a solvent in aviation
gasoline and in making other chemicals, perfumes,
medicines, dyes, explosives, and detergents.


TPH refers to a measure of concentration or mass of
petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a
given amount of air, soil, or water.

Toxicily
Toxicity is a quantification of the degree of danger
posed by a substance to animal or plant life.

Toxicity Characteristic                   (TCLP)
The TCLP is a testing procedure used to identify the
toxicity  of wastes and is the most commonly used test
for degree of mobilization offered by a solidification
and stabilization process. Under this procedure, a
waste is subjected to a process designed to model the
leaching effects that would occur if the waste was
disposed of in a RCRA Subtitle D municipal landfill.
See also Solidification and Stabilization.


A toxic substance is a chemical or mixture that may
present  an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the
environment.

                           (TSCA)
TSCA was enacted in 1976 to test, regulate, and
screen all chemicals prod uced or imported into the
U.S.  TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches the
consumer marketplace be tested for possible toxic
•          B: LIST OF          AND          OF KEY
                                           &-21

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effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any existing
chemical that poses health     environmental
hazards is tracked and reported under TSCA.

                                      (TSD)
TSDs are sites at which hazardous substances are
treated, stored, or disposed. TSD facilities are
regulated by EPA    states under RCR A. See also
Resource Conservation ami Recovery Act.

               (TCE)
TCE is a stable, low-boiling colorless liquid that is
used as a solvent, metal degreasing agent, and in
other industrial applications. TCE also is known as
trichloroethylene.

         -.; VV:
An UV fluorescence system and analytical technique
is based on imaging of UV-excited fluorescence from a
contaminant. A camera is gated and synchronized
with a pulsed UV light source to refuse interfering
ambient light. Under computer control, a liquid
crystal tuned filter (LCTF) selects the spectral band of
fluorescence. As an alternative, an interference filter
can be used to provide a higher light throughout at a
particular spectral region. The rnultispectral features
allow optimization of the detection of a particular
contaminant on a selected material surface.  The
system is transportable and the imaging head is small
enough to be mounted on a tripod or controlled by
robots.

Uncertainty
The term uncertainty refers to the inherent unknown
quantities present in all scientific and technical
decisions. Uncertainties can arise from incomplete
knowledge of the nature and extent of contamination,
an inability to predict a technology's performance
under site-specific conditions, or new or changing
regulatory requirements.

             Inj
Underground injection control (UIC) is the prevention
of contamination by keeping injected fluids within the
well and the intended injection zone or, in the case of
the injection of fluids directly or indirectly into an
undergro und so urce of drinking water (USDW),
ensuring mat injected fluids do not cause a public
water system to violate drinking-water standards or
otherwise have an adverse effect on public health. The
minimum requirements affect the siting of an injection
well and the construction, operation, maintenance,
monitoring, testing, and closure of the well.
                          (UST)
A UST is a tank and any underground piping
connected to the tank that is used to contain gasoline
or other petroleum products or chemical solutions
and that is placed in such a manner that at least 10
percent of its combined volume is underground.


The term exploded ordnance refers to any munition,
weapon delivery system, or ordnance item
contains explosives, propellants,    chemical agents.
Unexploded ordnance (UXO) consists of the same
items a fter they: (1) have been armed or otherwise
prepared for action; (2) have     launched, placed,
fired, or released in such a manner as to constitute a
hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or
material; and (3) remain unexploded either by design
or by mal function, or for any other reason.


The unsaturated zone is the area between the land
surface and the uppermost aquifer (or saturated
zone). The soils in an unsaturated zone may  contain
air and water.


The vadose zone is the area between the surface of the
land    the surface of the water table in which the
moisture content is less than the saturation point and
the pressure is less than atmospheric. The openings
(pore spaces) also typically contain air or other gases.

Vapor
Vapor is the gaseous phase of any substance  that is
liquid or solid at atmospheric temperatures
pressures. Steam is an example of a vapor.

Vitrification
Vitrification is a process that uses electrical power to
heat    melt soil contaminated with organic or
inorganic contaminants. As the molten material cools,
it forms a hard glass and crystalline product that
incorporates the contaminants. Vitrification can be
performed in situ or ex situ     typically involves
temperatures above 2,OOOEC.

                          (VOC)
A VOC is one of a group of carbon-containing
compounds that evaporate readily at room
temperature. Examples of VOCs include
trichloroethane; trichloroethylene; and BTEX. These
contaminants typically are generated from metal
degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline,
and wood preserving processes.

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Volatilization
Volatilization is the process of transfer of a chemical
from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase.
Solubility, molecular weight,    vapor pressure of
the liquid and the nature of the gas-liquid affect the
rate of volatilization.


Voltammetric stripping is a field-portable technology
that uses electrochemistry to detect     quantify
metals in environmental samples. Specific metals can
be targeted for detection and quantification by the
technology, which generally is applied to water
samples.

                          (VCP)
A VCP is a formal means established by many states
to facilitate a ssessment, cleanup, and redevelopment
of brownfields sites. VCPs typically address the
identification and cleanup of potentially
contaminated sites that are not on the Superfund
NPL.  Under VCPs, owners or developers of a site are
encouraged to approach the state voluntarily to work
out a process by which the site can be readied for
development. Many state VCPs provide technical
assistance, liability assurances, and funding support
for such efforts. See also National  Priorities List.

Wastewater
Wastewater is spent or used water from an individual
home, a community, a farm, or an industry that
contains dissolved or suspended matter.


A water table is the boundary between the saturated
    unsaturated zones beneath the surface of the
earth, the level of groundwater, and generally is the
level to which water will rise in a well. See also
Aquifer and Groundwater.


An x-ray fluorescence analyzer is a self-contained,
field-portable instrument, consisting of an energy
dispersive x-ray source, a detector, and a data
processing system that detects    quantifies
individual meta Is or groups of metals.

Zoning
Zoning is the exercise of the civil authority of a
municipality to regulate     control the character and
use of property.
•          B: LIST OF          AND          OF KEY                                               B-23

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The lists included in this appendix identify contacts at the state and EPA regional levels, as well as EPA
technical support staff in the Technology Innovation Office and the Office of Research and Development.
The individuals are available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts at brownfields sites.

The points of contact listed are current, according to information available at the time of publication.
                     State Brownfields Contacts	C-2
       v-^-x
                     EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinators [[[O6
                       An online list of regional contacts is available at

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Stephen Cobb
Hazardous Waste Branch, Land
  Division
AL Department of Environmental
  Management
1400 Coliseum Boulevard
Montgomery, AL 36110-2059
Phone: (334)271-7739
Fax:  (334) 279-3050
E-mail: sac@adem.state.al.us

         	

EN V.CONSER V/home.htm
Anne Marie Palmier!
AK Department of Environmental
  Conservation
Spill and Prevention Response
410 Willoughby Avenue
Juneau, AK 99801
Phone: (907) 766-3184
Fax:  (907)465-5262
E-mail: apalmieri@envirocon.state.ak.us

ARIZONA
Al Roesler
AZ Department of Environmental
  Quality
Voluntary Sites Unit
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ
Phone: (602) 207-4166
Fax: (602)207-4236
E-mail: roesler.al@ev.state.az.us

ARKANSAS
Mike Bates
Hazardous Waste Division
AR Department of Environmental
  Quality
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Phone: (501) 682-0831
Fax: (501)682-0565
E-mail: bates@adeq.state.ar.us

James Frank
AR Department of Environmental
  Quality
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Phone: (501)682-0854
Fax: (501)682-0565
E-mail: franks@adeq.state.ar.us
Megan Cambridge
Northern California - Central Cleanup
  Operations Branch
Department of Toxic Substances Control
California Environmental Protection
  Agency
8800 Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, CA 95826-3200
Phone: (916)225-3727
Fax: (916)255-3697

Tina Diaz
Southern California Cleanup Operations
  Branch
Department of Toxic Substances Control
1011 North Grandview Avenue
Clendale, CA 91201
Phone: (818) 551-2862
Fax:      551-2832

Tom Kovac
Northern California - Central Cleanup
  Operations Branch
Department of Toxic Substances Control
California Environmental Protection
  Agency
1515 Tollhouse Road
Clovis, CA 93611
Phone: (209) 297-3939
Fax: (209)297-3931

Janet Nalto/Lynn Nakashima
Northern California Coastal Operations
  Branch
Department of Toxic Substances Control
700 Heinz Avenue
Suite 200
Berkeley, CA 94710
Phone: '(510) 540-3833/3839
Fax: (510)540-3819

            	
www.sMc.co.u$/gov_dir/cdphe_dir/hm
Daniel Scheppers
Hazardous Waste Materials and Waste
  Management Division
CO Department of Public Health and
  Environment
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
Phone: (303) 692-3398
Fax: (303) 759-5355
E-maiI: daniel.scheppers@state.co.us

CONNECTICUT
Doug Zimmerman
CT Department of Environmental
  Protection
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106-5127
Phone: (860) 424-3800
Fax:  (860) 424-4057
Karl Kalbacher
Site Investigation and Restoration
  Branch
DE Department of Natural Resources
  and Environmental Control
715 Grantham Lane
New Castle, DE 19720-4801
Phone: (302) 323-4540
Fax: (302) 323-4561
E-mail: kkalbacher@state.de.us

Steve Seidel
Department of Revenue
820 N. French Street
Wilmington, DE 19801
Phone: (302)
Fax: (302) 577-8656
E-mail: sseidel@de.state.us

         	
www.d(y.statc.fl.us/
Roger B. Register
Brownfields Liaison
FL Department of Environmental
  Protection
MS 4505
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL32399-2400
Phone: (850) 413-0062
Fax: (850)922-4368
E-mail: register_r@dep.state.fl.us

          	
www.dnr.statc.ga.us/dnr/cnvmni
Darren Meadows
Environmental Protection Division
CA Department of Natural Resources
Suite 1462
205 Butler Street, SE
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone: (404) 657-8600
Fax: (404) 657-0307
E-mail: darren_meadows@mail.dnr.
  state.ga.us
Bryce Hatoaka
Environmental Management Division
HI Department of Health, Hazard
  Evaluation and Emergency Response
919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 206
Honolulu, Hi 96814
Phone: (808) 586-4248
Fax:  (808) 586-7537
E-mail: bhatoaka@eha.health.state.hi.us

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Dean Nygard
Division of Environmental Quality
ID Department of Health and Welfare
1410 N. Hilton Street
Boise, ID 83706
Phone: (208) 373-0276
Fax: (208) 3734)576

          	

Larry Eastep
Division of Land Pollution Control
IL Environmental Protection Agency
1021 North Grand Avenue East
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
Phone: (217) 782-9802
Fax: (217)782-3258
E-mail: larry.eastep@epa.state.i I .us

          	
•wmv.ai.vrx/idem/ocr/indcx.html
Peggy Dorsey
Voluntary Remediation Program
IN Department of Environmental
  Management
P.O. Box 6015
100 North Senate Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
Phone: (317) 234-0966
E-mail: pdorsey@dem.state.in.us

      	
www slate.iuMS/epd
Lavoy Haage
Solid Waste Section
IA Department of Natural Resources
Wa I lace State Office Bui Iding
DesMoines, IA 50319
Phone: (515) 281-4968
Fax: (515)
E-mail: lhaage@rnax.state.ia.us

KANSAS
Rick Bean
Division of Environment
Bureau of Environmental Remediation
KS Department of Health and
  Environment
Forbes Field, Building 740
Topeka, KS 66620-0001
Phone: (913)296-1675
Fax: (913)296-1686
Jeffrey Pratt
Division of Waste Management
KY Department of Environmental
  Protection
MRelllyRoad
Frankfurt, KY 40601
Phone: (502)564-6716
Fax: (502)564-4049
E-mail: jeff.pratt@mail.state.ky.us

LOUISIANA
Roger Gingles
Department of Environmental Quality
Inactive and Abandoned Sites
  Division
P.O. Box 82178
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178
Phone: (225) 765-0333
Fax: (225)765-0617
E-mail: roger_g@deq.state.la.us

MAINE
Nicholas Hodgkins
Bureau of Hazardous Materials & Solid
  Waste Control
ME Department of Environmental
  Protection
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333-0017
Phone: (207) 287-2651
Fax: (207)287-7826
E-mail: nick.hodgkiiis@state.me.us

MARYLAND
Jim Met/
MD Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
Phone: (410)631-3437
Fax: (410)631-3472
E-mail: bdemarco@charm.net

MASSACHUSETTS
Department of Economic
James Lin ton
Site Reclamation Unit
Ml Department of Environmental
  Quality
P.O. Box 30426
Lansing, MI 48909
Phone: (517)373-8450
Fax: (517)373-9657
E-mail: rintonj@state.rni.us

MINNESOTA
www:vca.s!Me
Barbara Jackson
VIC/VPIC  Program
MN Pollution Control Agency
520 Lafayette Road
St.Paul,MN55155
Phone: (651)296-7212
Fax:  (651)296-9707
E-mail:  barb.jackson@pca.state.mn.us

Meredith Udoibok
Department of Trade and Economic
  Development
St. Paul, MN
Phone: (651) 297-4132

MISSISSIPPI
Russell Smith
Pollution Control and Hazardous
  Waste Division
Office of Pollution Control
MS Department of Environmental
  Quality
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS
Phone: (601)961-5171
Fax: (601)961-5741
E-mail: russellsmith@deq.ms.us

MISSOURI
Jim Belcher
Voluntary Cleanup Section
MO Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
Phone: (573) 526-8913
Fax: (573) 526-8922

MONTANA
                                     Carol Fox
                                     Site Remediation Division
                                     MT Department of Environmental
                                        Quality
                                     P.O. Box 200901
                                     Helena, MT 59620-0901
                                     Phone:  (406) 444-0478
                                     Fax: (406)444-1901
                                     E-mail:  cfox@mt.gov
-          C:  LIST OF              AND
                                                                     &X3

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Jeff Kelley
NE Department of Environmental
  Quality
The Atrium Building, Suite400
Lincoln, NE
Phone: (402)471-3387
Fax: (402)471-2909
E-mail: deq216@mail.deq.state.ne.us

NEVADA
Robert Kelso
Division of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Corrective Actions
333 West Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89706
Phone: (702) 687-5872
Fax: (702)687-6396
E-mail: us.ndepl@govinail.state.tw.us

NEW HAMPSHIRE
Gary Lynn
Waste Management Division
NH Department of Environmental
  Services
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH
Phone: (603) 271-6778
Fax: (603) 271-2456

NEW JERSEY
Mr. Gary Creullch
NJDEI'- Bureau of Field Operations
Northern Field Office
2 Babcock Place
West Orange,  N] 07052
(973) 669-3960

Mr. George Nicholas
NJDEI' - Bureau of Ground Water
  Pollution Abatement
P.O. Box 413
Trenton, N'[ 08625-0413
(609) 984-6565

Mark Pederson
Case Assignment Section
NJ Department of Environmental
  Protection
401 E. State Street
P.O. Box 434
Trenton, NJ 08625-0434
Phone:  (609) 292-1250
Fax: (609)292-2117
Chris Bynum
Environment  Department
Superfunci Oversight Section
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe,NM 87502
Phone: (505) 827-2754
Fax: (505) 827-2965
E-mail: chris_bynum@nmenv.state.

Christine Costopoulos
Division of Remedial Response
NY Department of Environmental
  Conservation
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233-7010
Phone: (518) 457-5861
Fax: (518)457-9639
E-mail: qcostop@gw.dec.state.ny.us

         C A RO LI N A
Bruce Nicholson
Special Remediation Branch,
Superf und Section
1646 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1646
Phone: (919) 733-2801 ext. 353
E-mail: bruce.nicholson@ncmail.us
Kurt Erickson
Division of Waste Management
ND Department of Health and
  Consolidated Labs
P.O. Box 5520
Bismark, ND 58506-5520
Phone: (701)328-5166
Fax: (701)328-5200
E-mail: ccmail.cerickso@ranch.
  state.nd.us
Amy Yersavich
Voluntary Action Program
OH Environmental Protection Agency
122 South Front Street
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43216-1049
Phone: (614)644-2285
Fax: (614)728-1791
E-mail: amy.yersavich@epa.state.oh.us
u'wu'.aeq.state.oK.us/waste.mmi
Rita Kottke
Waste Management Division
OK Department of Environmental
  Quality
P.O. Box 1677
707 N. Robinson.
Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677
Rhone: (405) 702-5127
Fax: (405) 702-5101
E-mail: rlta.kottke@deqmail.state.
  ok.us

Anil Lyon
Department of Environmental Quality
Waste Management Division
1000 Northeast 1.0th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
Phone: (405) 2>1-7128
Fax: (405) 271-1342
E-mail: anll.lyon@oklaosf.state.ok.us

OEEGON
Alan Kiphut
Voluntary Cleanup Section
Waste Management and Cleanup
  Division
OR Department of Environmental
  Quality
811S.W. Sixth Avenue
Portland, OR 97204
Phone: (503)
Fax: (503) 229-6977
E-mail: kiphut.alan@deq.state.or.us

PENNSYLVANIA
Scott Dunkelberger
Grants Office
Department of Community and
  Economic Development
494 Forum Building
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Phone: (717) 787-7120
Fax: (717)787-2890
E-mail: sdunkel@cloc.state.pa.us

David Hess
Department of Environmental
   Protection
Philadelphia, PA
Phone: (717) 783-7509
E-mail: hess.david@al.dep.state.pa.us

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James Sham'
Department of Environmental
  Protection
Bureau of Land Recycling & Waste
  Management
400 Market Street
P.O. Box 8471
Harrisburg, PA 17105
Phone: (717) 787-7120
Fax: (717) 787-1904
E-mail: landrecyclng@iil.dep.state.pii.us

RHODE ISLAND
Greg Fine
Office of Waste Management
RI Department of Environmental
  Management
235 Promenade Street
Providence, RI
Phone: (401) 277-2797
Fax: (401) 277-3812

                   	
www.siulcsc.us/dhcc
Call Jeter
Bureau of Land and Waste
  Management
SC Department of Health and
  EnvironmentaI Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: (803) 896-4069
Fax: (803) 896-4001
E-mail: jetergr@columb34.dhec.
  state .sens

•'.-..• JIT. r .-.'.•'. OTA

                                                                                             D.C.
Division ot tnvironmental Regulation

Andrew Shivas
Division of Superfund
TN Department of Environment and
  Conservation
401 Church Street
14th Floor, L&C Annex
Nashville,TN 37214
Phone: (615)532-0912
Fax: (615)
E-mail: ashivas@mall.state.tn.us
mmi.lnrcc.slate.lx,.SASiiiotnepgsioprr.filnii
Chuck Epperson
Voluntary Cleanup Section
TX Natural Resource Conservation
  Commission
P.O. Box 13087-MC221
Austin, TX 78711-3087
Phone: (512)239-2498
Fax: (512)239-1212
E-mail: cepperso@tnrcc.state.tx.us

      	
wivw.cq.statc.ut.us/EQERR/errhnip^.htin
Brent  Everett
Division of Environmental Response
  and Remediation
168 North 1950 West
1st Floor
SaltLakeCity,UT84116
Phone: (801)536-4100
Fax: (801) 536-4242
E-mail: beverett@deq.state.ut.us

           	
wn-WMir.siate.vi.us/
George Desch
Department of Environmental
  Conservation
VT Agency of Natural Resources
103 S.  Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05671-0404
Phone: (802)241-3491
Fax: (802)244-3296
E-mail: georged@dec.anr.state.vt.us

VIRGIH:-,
vnnr-tie---  •••'•.••• ••• •
Erica Dameron
VA Department of Environmental
  Quality
629 E. Mam Street
Richmond, V A 23219
Phone: (804) 698-4201
Fax: (804)698-4334
E-mail: esdameron@deq.state.va .us

               	

Curtis Dahlgren
WA Department of Ecology
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
Phone: (360) 407-7187
Fax: (360) 407-7154
E-maiI: cdah.461 ©ecy.wa.gov
Angelo Tompros
Department of Consumer and
  Regulatory Affairs
Environmental Regulation
  Ad m in istra tion
2100 Martin Luther King Jr. Ave., SE
Room 203
Washington, DC 20020
Phone: (202)
Fax: (202) 645-6622

                 	

Ken Ellison
Office of Waste Management
WV Division of Environmental
  Protection
1356 Hansford Street
Charleston, WV 25301
Phone: (304) 558-5929
Fax: (304) 558-0256
E-mail: kelllson@mall.dep.state.wv.us

WISCONSIN
Darsi Foss
Division of Environmental Quality
WI Department of Natural Resources
101 South Webster Street
Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707-7921
Phone: (608) 267-6713
Fax:  (608) 267-7646
E-mail: fossd@dnr.sta te.wi.us

           	
http://dcp.sfatc.wv.us/
Carl  Anderson
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
WY Department of Environmental
  Quality
122 West, 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: (307) 777-7752
Fax:  (307) 777-5973
E-mail: cander@missc.state.wy.us
-           C:  LIST OF              AND
                                                                        c
                                                                      j\)

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         4
                                                                                     8
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Vermont
www. epa .gov/regio nOI /b ro urn fields/
Lynne Jennings
U.S. EPA
Region 1
MCHIO
One Congress Street, Suite 1100
Boston, MA 02114-2023
Phone: (617)9184210
Fax:    (617)9184291
E-mail: jennings. I wine@epa .gov

          	
New jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands
www.cpa.gov/r02earih/supcrfnd/
brownfld/b frnainpg.htm
Larry D'Andrea
U.S. EPA
Region 2
290" Broadway
18* Floor
New York, NY 10007-1866
Phone: (212) 637-4314
Fax:    (212) 637-4360
E-mail: dandreti@epa.gov

          	
Delaware, Washington, D.C.,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
West Virginia
www.epa.gov/reg3hwnid/brownfld/
htnpagel.htm
Tom Stolle
U.S. EPA
Region 3
MC 3HS 34
1650 Arch Street
Philadelphia, FA 19103
Phone: (215) 814-3129
Fax:    (215) 814-3254
E-mail: stolle.tom@epa.gov
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee
w~drdJ.epa.gov/region4/index.html
Mickey Hartnett
U.S. El'A
Region 4
61 Forsyth Street
Atlanta^ GA 30303
Phone: (404) 562-8661
Fax:    (404)
E-mail: hartnett.mickey@epa.gov

          	
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Wisconsin
www.epa.gov/R5Brownfields/
Joe Dufficy
U.S. EPA
Region 5
MC HFE-5J
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604-3507
I'hone": (312)886-1960
Fax:    (312)886-7910
E-mail: dufficy.joe@epa.gov

          	
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, Texas
Stan Hitt
U.S. El'A
Region 6
MC 6SF-P
1.445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200
Da I las, TX 75202-2733
I'hone: (214)665-6736
Fax:   (214)665-6660
E-mail: hitt.stan@epa.gov

          	
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Susan Klein
U.S. EPA
Region 7
SUPR
901 North 5th Street
Kansas City, KS 66101
I'hone: (913)551-7786
Fax:    (913)551-7948
E-mail: klein.susan@epa.gov
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
www.epa.gov/region08/land_waste/
bfnonie/bfnonie.him!
Kathie Atendo
U.S.EFA
Region 8
MC8EPR-SA
999 18* Street, Suite 300
Denver, CO 80202-2466
Phone: (303) 312-6803
Fax:   (303)312-6071
E-mail: atencio.kathie@epa.gov

           	
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
American Samoa, Guam
Jim Hanson
U.S.EFA
Region 9
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415) 744-2237
Fax:   (415) 744-1796
E-mail: hanson.jim@epa.gov

           	
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
Tim Brincefield
U.S.EFA
Region 10
MC ECL-122
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
Phone: (206)553-2100
Fax:    (206)553-0124
E-mail: brincefield.timothy@epa.gov

                      	

www.cpa.gov/brownfidds
Anthony Raia
Outreach and Special Projects Staff
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
  Response
U.S.EFA
MC:  5105
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (202) 260-6837
Fax:    (202) 260-6066
E-mai I: raia .anthony@epa .gov

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EPA Contact:  Dan Powell
              Technology Innovation Office
              U.S. EPA ''
              Phone: (703) 603-7196
              E-mai 1: powe11 .dan@epa.gov




                           	

John Kingscott
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA"
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102C)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone:  (703)603-7189
Fax:    (703) 603-9135
E-mail:  kingscott.john@epa.gov

                                 	

Richard Steimle
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102C)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: "(703)603-7195
Fax:    (703)603-9135
E-mail:  steimle.rkhard@epa.gov
Deana Crumbling
Technology Innovation Office
LJ.S.EPA
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone:  (703) 603-0643
Fax:    (703)603-9135
E-mail:  crumbling.deana@epa.gov
        OF             AND

                           	

Ed Earth
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Phone:  (513) 569-7669
Fax:     (513) 569-7676
E-mail:  biirth.ed@epti.gov

Joan  Co I son
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268"
Phone:  (513)569-7501
Fax:     (513) 569-7676


David Burden
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
P.O.  Box 1198
Ada, OK 74821-1198
Phone:  (580) 436-8606
E-tna i I:  bu rden .da vid @epa .gov


Ken  Brown
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
P.O.  Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Phone:  (702) 798-2270
Fax:     (702) 798-2261
E-mail:  brown.ken@epa.gov

Eric Koglin
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
P.O.  Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
I'hone:" (702) 798-2432
Fax:     (702) 798-2261
E-mail:  koglin.eric@epa.gov
-          C: LIST OF             AND
                                               i _
                                               j i

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Each resource described in this document can either be viewed or downloaded directly from the
accompanying CD-ROM, or accessed or ordered on line using links provided on the CD-ROM. Many of the
doc unients are provided in portable document format (pdf). Printed or hard copy versions of the
publications are available through EPA's National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP).
NSCEP is a central repository for all EPA documents, with more than 7,000 titles in paper and electronic
format. The documents are available free of charge, but supplies may be limited. You may order one copy
each of as many as five documents within any two-week period. Documents may be ordered on line, by
telephone, by facsimile, or by using the order form provided on the following page. Please include the EPA
doc ument numbers of all p ublications ordered.

Some EPA publications also may be available on EPA's National Environmental Publications Internet Site
(NEPIS), EPA's online repository of more     7,000 documents. Visit the NEPIS site at www.epa.gav/ncepihom/
nepishom to search for, view, and print documents. The collection may include documents that no longer are
available in print. In addition, since some EPA offices      selected documents available through their own
Web sites, you may wish to visit the Web site, "Publications on the EPA Site" at wiow.epa.gov/epahome/
publications!Mm for more Information about obtaining documents.

Publications that have numbers beginning with PB, or publications that are out of stock at NSCEP, may be
p urchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS).

Publications of the WASTECH partnerships may be ordered by using the order form provided at the end of
this appendix.

The addresses, telephone and facsimile numbers, and web addresses for the services are listed below:

         National. Service Center for Environmental Publications
         U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
         P.O. Box
         Cincinnati, OH
         Telephone:        490-9198
         Telephone:   (513) 489-8190 (Government Employees)
         Fax:         (513) 489-8695
         WWW:       www.epa.gav/ncepihom

         5285 Port Royal
         Springfield, VA 22161
         Telephone:   (703) 605-6000
         Fax:         (703) 605-6900
         E-mail:       orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
         WWW:       www.ntis.gov

                                                                                              D-1

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                be                the
       (NSCEP).             are             of

to:

         P.O.
                   OH
                    98
            No.

 Name
 Company
     Address
 City                                                       Zip Code
 Daytime Telephone Number

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FOLD
Return Address:
                                                    for
                          U.S.
                          P.O.
                                      OH
FOLD

-------
                                                       SITE
                                              I                                 AND
Please send me the following books in the WAS TECH'*       I         ON
AND LIMITATIONS. (All books are hardcover and range in length from 130 to 288 pages).  Prepayment required by check or charge to Visa or Mastercard.
Satisfaction guaranteed, any books returned within 30 days in saiable condition will receive a fuil refund. Save by ordering complete series for $495.00!
Check the volume(s) you wish to order, total your purchase amount, and enter in the below form.
J Vol 1  Bioremediation                         code* 00-311-00
U Vol 2  Chemical Treatment          $69.95     code* 00-312-00
_J Vol 3  Soil Washing/Soil Flushing               code* 00-313-00
_J Vol 4  Stabilization/Solidification                code* 00-314-00
U Vol 5  Solvent/Chemical Extraction   $69.95     code* 00-315-00
_J Vol 6  Thermal Desorption           $69.95     eodefOQ-316-00
_J Vol 7  Thermal Destruction                    code* 00-317-00
U Vol 3  Vacuum Vapor Extraction                code* 00-313-00

U              I


Name	

Company/Institution 	
Address
City/State/Zip 	

Daytime Phone ( ,
                                                                            OrderTotal

                                                                            Shipping & Handling*

                                                                            Total
                                                                       Method of Payment (Please Check One):
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                                                                       ExpDate^
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                                                                       'Add $4.75 ($6.75 Canada) for the first book, plus      ($3.50 Canada)
                                                                       each additional book [$18.75 ($31.25 Canada) for the entire series].
                                                                       Outside the US and Canada — $20.00 + 10% of order amount (surface),
                                                                       $40.00 + 20% of order amount (air).

                                                                       Mail/Fax to;      American Academy of Environmental Engineers
                                                                                      130 Holiday Court, Suite 100, Annapolis, MD 21401
                                                                                      Phone: 410-266-3311, Fax:
                                                       SITE
                                                       II             AND
Please send me the following books in the WASTECH'*        II         ON                                                       AND
APPLICATION. (All books are hardcover and range in length from 230 to 420 pages). Prepayment required by check or charge to Visa or Mastercard.
Satisfaction guaranteed, any books returned within 30 days in salable condition will receive a full refund.  Save by ordering complete series for $495.00!
(Each monograph will be shipped when published and credit card will be charged 1/7 of series price.)  Check the volume(s) you wish to order, total your
purchase amount, and enter in the below form.
   Vol1   Bioremediation                           code* 00-321-10
   Vol 2   Chemical Treatment             $79.95    code* 00-322-10
   Vol 3   Liquid Extraction Technologies   $79.95    code*00-323-10
   Vol 4   Stabilization/Solidification        $79.95    code* 00-324-10
   Vol 5   Thermal Desorption                       code* 00-325-10
   Vol 6   Thermal Destruction             $69.95    code* 00-326-10
   Vol 7   Vapor Extraction & Air Sparging  $39.95    code* 00-327-10
Name
Company/Institution

Address
City/State/Zip
Daytime Phone ( ,
                                                                            OrderTotal

                                                                            Shippings Handling*
                                                                       Method of Payment (Please Check One):
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                                                                       Signature
                                                                       'Add $4.75 ($6.75 Canada) for the first book, plus      ($3.50 Canada)
                                                                       each additional book [$16.75 ($27.75 Canada) for the entire series].
                                                                       Outside the US and Canada — $20.00 + 10% of order amount (surface),
                                                                       $40.00 + 20% of order amount (air).

                                                                       Mail/Fax to:     American Academy of Environmental Engineers
                                                                                      130 Holiday Court, Suite 100, Annapolis, MD 21401
                                                                                      Phone: 410-266-3311, Fax:

-------
FOLD
Return Address:
                                                    Of
                            130                          100
                                         MD
FOLD

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Index
No.                                          of

1      Anaerobic Biodegradation of BTEX in Aquifer Material; Environmental Research Brief
       (EPA 600-S-97-003)	52
2      Analysis of                        for Soil Vapor Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007) ........................................ 53
3      Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50-State Study, 1998 Update [[[ 11
4      Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in the Waterfront Voluntary Setting................................ 34
5      Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined Site Investigations (EPA542-R-00-001)........................... 20
6      Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program: Guidance for In Situ
       Subaqueous Capping of Contaminated Sediments (EPA 905-B-96-004)[[[ 53
7      Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ Technique for Cleaning Oil-Contaminated Sites	49
8      ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected
       Petroleum Releases (£1912^98)[[[ 29
9      ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment
       Process (El903-97)	29
10     ASTM Standard Guide for Process of Sustainable Brownfields Development (E1984-98) .............................. 20
11     ASTM Standard G uide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites
       (E1739-95el) [[[
12     ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site
       Assessment Process (E1527-00)	20
13     Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Soil Treatment Technologies: Suggested Operational Guidelines
       to Prevent Cross-Media Transfer of Contaminants During Clean-Up Activities (EPA 530-R-97-007) ............ 64
14     Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Sites, The	49
15     Bioremediation in the Field Search System (BESS) Version 2.1[[[ 53
16     Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Groundwater [[[ 53
17     Brea king Barriers to the Use of Innovative Technologies: State Regulatory Role in Unexploded
       Ordnance Detection and Characterization Technology Selection [[[11,43
18     Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative
       Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 542-R-01-005)	29,43
19     Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting    Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup
       (EPA542-R-01-006)...^.............................".........~
20     Brownfields Technology Support Center	11
21     Brownfields: A Comprehensiv e G uide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property........................................... 11
22     California Environmental Technology Certification Program - California Certified Technologies List	35,53
23     Catalogof EPA Materials on USTs(EPA510-B-00-001)[[[ 49
24     Characterization of Mine Leachates and the Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring Strategy
       for       Sites (EPA600-R-99-007) [[[".1........34, 65
25     Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative Treatment Technologies [[[43, 65
26     Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World Wide Web	20,44
27     CLU-IN Studio	11

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Index
No.                                           of

       Data Quality Objectives Web Site [[[ 21
       Directory of Technology Support Services to Brownf ields Localities (EPA 542-B-99-005).......................... 44, 65
       Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents:  Fundamentals and
       Field Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008)	54
       Engineering and Design:  Adsorption Design Guide (DG1110-1-2)[[[ 54
       Engineering     Design:  Requirements for the Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans
       (EM 200-1-3)	".	."	21,30
39     Environmental Technology Verification Reports [[[ 36
40     EPA Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative Internet Site [[[ 12
41     EPA Directive: Initiatives to Promote Innovative Technology in Waste Management Programs
       (OSWER Directive 9380.0-25, EPA 542-F-96-012)	'	65
42     EPADynanticField Activities mternetSite ..........................
43     EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks ....................................... 22
44     EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 On-Line: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/
       Chemical Methods	'	30
45     EPA ORDBrownfieldsGuides[[[34,49
46     EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets	22
47     EPA Region5 Monitored Natural Attenuation Report[[[ 54
48     EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies (REACH IT) Online
                            [[[21,30,44,65
49     EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site[[[ 55
50     Evaluation of Selected Environmental DecisionSupport Software (DSS) [[[30,44
51     Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005)	44
52     Expedited Site Assessment Tools for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Regulators
       (EPA510-B-97-001)	35
53     Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) Method (Ames Laboratory Environmental Technologies
       Development Program)[[[ 21
54     Federal Facilities Forum Issue:  Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for
       Explosives in Soil (EPA 540-R-97-501)	.'.	36
55     Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable(FRTR) Case Studies [[[44, 65
56     Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE)[[[ 31
57     Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical Oxidation (EPA 542-R-98-008)............. 54
58     Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Ground-Water Circulation Wells

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Index
No.                                           of

68     G uide to Doc umenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for Remediation Projects
       (EPA 542-B-984XF) .../..................................................„
69     Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective Site
       Characterization and Cleanup [[[ 31
70     Handbook of Tools for Managing Federal Superfund Liability Risks at Brownfields and Other Sites
       (EPA 330-B-98-W1)[[[                                                       12
71     Hazardous Substance Research Centers [[[ 12
       Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise[[[ 13
       How To Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites:
       A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-6-944)03, S/N 055-000-004994)	50
74     Hydra ulic Optimization Demonstration for Groundwater P ump-and-Treat Systems .................................... 5 7
75     Hydrogeologic Characterization of Fractured Rock Formations: A Guide for Groundwater
       Remediators; Project Summary (EPA 600-S-96-001)[[[ 36
76     IDC Home Page	50
77     Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data Management for Site Investigation and Cleanup
       (EPAM2-F-01-030A)[[[^
78     Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring	31, 67
79     In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils Technology Status Report
                                 [[["[[[ 57
80     In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments [[[ 58
81     Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series	31
82     Innovative Measures for Subsurface Chromium Remediation: Source Zone, Concentrated
       Plume, and Dilute Plume; Environmental Research     (EPA 600-S-97-005)................................................. 50
83     Innovative Remediation and Site Characterization Technologies Resources (EPA 542-C-01-001)............ 31,45
84     Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in North America,
       2nd Edition (EPA 542-B-00-004)[[[45
85     Institutional Controls: A Site Manager's Guide to Identifying, Evaluating, and Selecting Institutional
       Controls at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action Cleanups (EPA540-F410-005)....................................... 67
86     Interstate Technology and Regulatory Cooperation	13
87     Introduction to Phytoremediation (EPA 600-R-99-107)[[[ 58
88     ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree[[[ 58
89     Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview ofTools for Vadose Zone Monitoring (EPA 542-R-98-019).... 58
90     Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022)  ................................................. 58
91     Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021)	58

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Index
No.                                           of

101    Pay-For-Perforniance Cleanups: Effectively Managing Underground Storage Tank Cleanups
       (EPA 510-B-96-002) [[[„
102    Permeable Reactive Ba rrier Technologies for Contaminant Remediation (EPA 600-R-98-125)....................... 59
103    Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics	59
104    Permeable Reactive Subsurface Barriers for the Interception and Remediation of Chlorinated
       Hydrocarbon and Chromium (VI) Plumes in Ground Wafer (EP A 600-F-97-008)	59
105    Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil    Groundwater at Hazardous Waste Sites
       (EPA 540-54)1-500)[[[ 59
106    Phytoremediation of TCE in Groundwater Using Populus	60
107    PhytoremediationResourceGuide(EPA542-B-99-003)[[[ 60
108    Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance (Phyto-2)	60
109    Presumptive Remedy: Supplemental Bulletin, Multi-Phase Extraction Technology for VOCs in
       Soil and Groundwater (EPA 540-F-97-004)[[['......................................... 60
110    Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Gro und
       Water            Sites                     [[[ 51
111    Public Technology Inc.'sBrownfieldsTech.org [[[32,45
112    Pump    Treat Ground-Water Remediation: A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners
                           [[[ 60
113    Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting Brownfields Site Assessments (EPA 540-R-98-038)................ 22
114    Rapid Commercialization Initiative (RCI) Final Report for an Integrated In Situ Remediation
       Technology (Lasagna™)(DOE/OR/22459-l)	45
115    Rapid Site Assessment Applied to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's
       DrycleaningSolventCleanupProgram [[[ 51
116                  [[[ 13
117    RCRA,Superfund,and Emergency PlanningandCommunity Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline	13
118    Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Soils (EPA542-R-97-004)	51
119    Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 3.0 (PB98-108590).................... 45
120    Resource for MGP Site Characterization    Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and
       Source RemediationatFormerManiifactiired Gas Plant Sites (EPA542-R-00-005)....................................35,51
121    Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and Monitoring (EPA 542-F-01-030B)  ............................................. 32
122    Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement the Superfund Land Use Directive
       (OSWER Directive 9355.7-06P)	48
123    Reusing Cleaned Up Superfund Sites: Recreational Use of Land Above Hazardous Waste
       Containment Areas (EPA 540-K-01-002)[[[ 67

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Index
No.                                             of

133   Study of Assessment and Remediation Technologies for Drycleaner Sites.................................................. 23, 60
134   S ubs urf ace Containment and Monitoring Systems: Barriers and Beyond (Overview Report)........................ 60
135   Subsurface Remediation: Improving Long-Term Monitoring and Remedial Systems Performance
       Conference Proceedings, June 1999 (EPA 540-B-00-002)	.'.	61
136   Superfund Docket and Information Center [[[ 13
137   S uperf und Innovativ e Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration Reports................................. 3 3
138   Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program: Technology Profiles, Tenth Edition ............ 48
139   Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of Innovative Site Remediation Technologies, Third Edition
                           PB94444565)[[[48
140   Tank RACER Software Program [[[ 48
141   Tax Credits and Deductions for Expensing Environmental Remediation Costs (Internal Revenue
       CodeSection 198). [[[ 13
142   TediDirect[[[^             14
143   TechKnow™ Database	48
144   Technical and Regulatory Requirements for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated
       Solvents in Groundwater[[[ 61
145   Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water
       (EPA600-R-98-128)	67
146   Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Service [[[ 14
147   Training Information[[[ 14
148   Treatment Experiences at RCRA Corrective Actions (EPA542-F-00-020)[[[ 52
149   Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (ASR) (Tenth Edition)
       (EPA 542-R^l-(XM) .'................................................„
15 0   Treatment Technology Performance and Cost Data for Remediation of Wood Preserving Sites

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To view the resources on the Road Map CD-ROM, you will need
to have both a web browser and Adobe-? Acrobat"': Reader 4.0
installed on yourcomputer. Foryotir convenience, both can be
installed from tins CD.

Note: In the instructions, the CD-ROM drive is referred to as the
" D" drive. If your CD-ROM is installed on. a different drive,
please substitute the appropriate drive letter.
To view the Road Map CD-ROM, insert the CD into your CD-
ROM drive.  Click on the "Start" button, select "Run," and type
D:\start.htai.
To install Netscape, go to Start, Rim, and type
D:\software\netscape.exe and follow the on-screen directions.
To insta i i Aclobe::'' Acroba f" Reader 4.0, go to Sta rt, Run, and rype
D:\software\acrobat4.exe and follow the tin-screen directions.

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