United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (5102G) EPA542-B-01-001 www.epa.gov/TIO http://clu-in.org/roadmap R°ad Map to Understanding Innovative Technology Options for Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup, Third Edition NEW AND UPDATED RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY ISSUES ------- ------- and ------- ------- Preparation of this document has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under Contract 68-W-99-020. The document was subjected to the Agency's administrative expert review and was approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial prod ucts does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ------- The Technology Innovation Office acknowledges and thanks the individ uals who reviewed and provided comments on draft documents. The reviewers included representatives of business, community and grassroots organizations, EPA Headquarters and regional offices, local government and city planning offices, and public interest groups. ------- i ii 2 4 How to Use The Map 6 8 MAP 15 17 SITE 27 41 AND 83 SPOTLIGHTS SI to of 25 S2 with 26 S3 TO AND 38 S4 THE Site and 39 S5 QUALITY AND Keys to Site 40 S6 An to 46 S7 GAS PLANT Technologies 47 S8 AT Technology for Tank 55 S9 A 58 S10 OF A 82 S11 THE ROLE OF AT and 66 APPENDICES A TO AND A-1 B LIST OF AND OF KEY B-1 C LIST OF AND C-1 D D-1 OF -1 ------- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has defined brownfields sites as "abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by rea 1 or percei ved en v i ronmenta 1 conta mina tion." EPA established its Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative to empower states, communities, and other stakeholders in economic revitalize tion to work together to accomplish the redevelopment of such sites. Many states local jurisdictions also help businesses and communities adapt environmenta 1 cleanup programs to the special needs of brownfields sites. Preparing brownfields for productive reuse requires the integration of many elements—financial issues, community involvement, liability considerations, environmental assessment and cleanup, regulatory requirements, and more—as well as coordination among many groups of stakeholders. The assessment and cleanup of a site must be carried out in a way integrates all those factors into the overall redevelopment process. In addition, the cleanup strategy will vary from site to site. A t some sites, cleanup will be completed before the property is transferred to new owners. At other sites, cleanup may take place simultaneously with construction and redevelopment activities. Regardless of when and how cleanup is accomplished, the challenge to any brownfields program is to clean up in accordance with redevelopment goals. Such goals may include cost-effectiveness, timeliness, and avoidance of adverse effects on structures on the site and on neighboring communities, as well as redevelopment of the land in a way that benefits communities and local economies. Numerous technology options are available to assist those involved in brownfields cleanup. EPA's Technology Innovation Off ice (TIO) encourages the use of smarter solutions for characterizing and cleaning up contaminated sites by advocating more effective, less costly technology approaches. The use of innovative technologies to characterize and clean up brownfields sites provides opportunities for stakeholders to reduce the cost of cleanup and accelerate the cleanup schedule. When such factors ------- as lower cost, an increased level of environmental protection, and improved effectiveness are considered, innovative technologies frequently are more cost-effective and provide better more efficient cleanup than established treatment technologies. Often, they also are more acceptable to communities. EPA defines an innovative technology as one that has been used in the field but that does not yet have a long history of full-scale use. In addition, data about the cost and performance of innovative technologies may not be s uf f icient to enco urage decision makers to select those technologies over established technologies. A primary area of interest to EPA is documenting and disseminating information about the cost and performance of innovative technologies. EPA, through its work with the Federal Remediation Technologies Round table, has seen significant progress in this area. Innovative technologies are being used in many cleanup programs to assess contamination and to clean up sites. Comprehensive information about the range of these technologies and their use, as well as technical expertise pertinent to them, is available front EPA's Brownfields Technology Support Center (BTSC), coordinated through T1O and supported by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD). Established in 1999 as a pilot program, the BTSC assists brownfields decision makers by presenting strategies for streamlining site assessment and cleanup, identifying information about technology options, evaluating plans and documents, describing complex technologies to communities, and providing demonstration support (see 11 for more information about the BTSC). An is an is in which a of the technology in a An is a technology that has been and to a problem at a site, but a long of use, its cost and how we!! it may be insufficient to of its a wide of operating conditions. and is Only after a has been used at sites and th e res ults f u 11 y do c ume nted is that tec h no logy considered to be established. • Background«introduction * Before You * Site Assessment * Site investigation * Cleanup Options * Cleanup Design and implementation 3 ------- The Road Map to Understanding Innovative Technology Options for Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup, Third Edition, includes new and updated resources to assist in the identification and selection of innovative site characterization cleanup technologies for brownfields redevelopment. The Road Map and accompany ing CD-ROM provide a generally applicable outline of the steps in the cleanup of a site slated for redevelopment, and introduce brownfields stakeholders to the range of innovative technology options resources available to them. The Road Map provides valuable information to a wide range of stakeholders involved in or affected by the redevelopment of brownfields sites, whether p nblic projects, private developments, or public- private partnerships. The third edition, which incorporates minor revisions in the structure and content of the second edition, has been expanded significantly to include new updated resources, which are included on the Road Map CD-ROM. The first edition of the Road Map, published in 1997, provided a broad overview of EPA's brownfields program and an outline of the steps involved in the cleanup of a brownfields site. Targeted primarily at stakeholders who were unfamiliar with the elements of cleaning up a brownfields site, the Road Map built awareness of the advantages offered by innovative technologies. As the brownfields program matured, a second edition of the Road Map was published in 1999 to provide updated information and resources about the program, including additional details about the technologies available for addressing contamination at brownfields sites. This edition, accompanied by a CD-ROM, provided easier access to the wide range of information resources included in the Road Map. The new third edition has been developed for use by a broader audience, ranging from those who may have a limited understanding of the brownfields program and technical background to those who are more experienced. Updated with approximately 70 new resources and one-page descriptions of technologies, processes, initiatives that affect the use consideration of innovative technologies, the newest edition of the Road Map will help: « New less experienced stakeholders learn about EPA's brownfields program in general. * Decision makers who are familiar with the brownfields programs but are also interested in obtaining more detailed information about technologies. The Road Map provides these users ------- with current and up-to-date information about the applicability of Innovative technologies and ready access to the latest resources that can assist them in making their technology decisions. « Stakeholders that hire or oversee site cleanup professionals (such as environmental consultants, cleanup contractors, technology vendors, or staff of analytical laboratories). The Road Map provides these stakeholders with a detailed understanding of the different phases of cleanup of a brownfields site and provides information about the role these professionals play in the process and how to encourage consideration of the use of Innovative technologies. » Regulators by Increasing their understanding of the brownfields program and the advantages innovative technologies and approaches may provide throughout the cleanup process. The Road Map also serves as a resource for regulators to provide site owners, service providers, and other stakeholders with useful information about the brownfields program. * Community members by providing information about the general cleanup process and guidelines and mechanisms that ensure that they are Involved in the decision-making process. « Other stakeholders, such as financial institutions and insurance agencies, by providing information for use in assessing and minimizing risk associated with brownfields redevelopment. It is important to understand that the site characterization and cleanup process may not occur in the sequence outlined in the following chapters. At many sites, several activities may be undertaken concurrently and some steps may reoccur throughout the process. For example, many technologies that are used for characterizing sites during the preliminary phases of a brownfields project may be appropriate for use in later stages of a site cleanup. Understanding the logical progression of the process is crucial to ensuring that the proper groundwork is laid for future phases, and in determining whether activities can be combined or implemented concurrently. The Road Map is not an official guidance document. Instead, it draws upon EPA's experiences with Superfund sites, corrective action sites under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCR A), and Underground Storage Tank (LIST) sites. Specific conditions—such as the kinds and amount of contamination, the proposed reuses of the property, the financial resources available, the level of s upport from neighboring communities—vary from site to site. Addition of 72 new resou roes identified with a "new resource" icon Update of 19 resources One-page spotlights on specific topics that identify and describe key technologies, processes, and initiatives that affect the use and consideration ot innovative technologies at brownfields sites » An index of resources, listed in alphabetical order bv title EPA invites comments from the members of the brownfields community to help ensure that any future versions of the Road Map meet their needs. Please submit comments to: Carlos Pachon U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Innovation Office 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102G) Washington, DC E-mail: paclion.cttiios@epa.gov Phone: (703) Portable document format (pdf) and HTML versions of the Road Map are available for viewing or downloading from the Hazardous Waste Cleanup Information (CLU-1N) web site at 'http://clu-in.org/ roadmap. A printed or hard copy version can also be ordered directly from CLU-IN. If you do not have access to the Internet, a printed or hard copy version of this document can be obtained from: National Service Center for Environmental Publications U.S. EPA P.O. Box Cincinnati, OH Telephone: 490-9198 FAX: (513) When ordering, refer to documentnumber EPA542-B-01-001. ------- Itie Read The first section, Before You Begin, discusses important factors that set the stage for the characterization and cleanup of brownfields sites and lists applicable resources. Regulatory guidelines for the process are Introduced, and innovative technologies are discussed within the overall framework of the selection of site characterization and cleanup technologies. The remaining four sections of the Road Map summarize the general phases of the characterization and cleanup of potentially contaminated sites: site assessment, site Investigation, assessment of cleanup options, and design implementation of the remedy. Each section describes the objective to be accomplished, outlines the key questions to be answered, summarizes the activities undertaken during phase, discusses key questions related to technology selection, lists information resources available to assist in selecting technologies, and ind icates specific actions to be taken at the completion of the phase. The resources are grouped by type of resource— technology resources, site-specific resources, or technology- specific resources — and are listed in alphabetical order under each category. Technology reso urces p rov ide general information about technologies and their application, site- specific resources provide information about the application of innovative technologies to specific contaminants and site types, and technology-specificresmirces presentdetaUed information about specific technologies and the application of those processes to specific contaminants and media. Of Site ^ Fiea; or download pdffik on the Road Map CD-ROM • The document focuses on the DQO process as the appropriate systematic planning process to support decision making. The DQO process is an important tool for project managers and planners to use In defining the types, quality, and quantity of data needed to make defensible decisions. The document Is based on the principles and steps developed in Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites. The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance: User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document focuses on El'A applications, the guidance also is applicable to programs at the state and local levels. < Location at which the resource Is available ------- The Road Map is intended to identify and answer questions related to the selection of technologies, rather than those questions related to other brownfields iss ues. Please remember the key q uestions and activities to be conducted are to guide the reader in identifying issues should be addressed. To serve as guideposts in the cleanup process, the questions take the point of view of the various groups involved in that process. They ask what stakeholders as a group working together—the "we" of each question—must do as assessment and cleanup progresses. gp AT New to this edition are one-page descriptions that "spotlight" key issues related to the characterization and cleanup of '•.. ------ -?---. - i brownfields sites, including key technologies, processes, and ; initiatives affect the use consideration of innovative i technologies at brownfields sites. The spotlights are included : in the section of the Road Map is most relevant to each application. Each spotlight also includes information about additional resources, as appropriate. The topics of the spotlights are: "Other Redevelopment Initiatives" "Mothballed Properties" "Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance" "The Triad Approach" "Data Quality and Representativeness" "State Drycleaner Remediation Programs" "Remediating Manufactured Gas Plant Sites" "Underground Storage Tanks at Brownfields Sites" "Phytoremediation Technology" "Cleanup of Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids" "Understanding the Role of Institutional Controls at Brownfields Sites" Several appendices also are included to help stakeholders understand technical issues and terms related to cleanup. Appendix A, Guide to Contaminants and Technologies, identifies activities that may have caused contamination at sites being considered for redevelopment and the range of technologies that may be appropriate for use at brownfields sites. Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, defines specialized terms and acronyms used in discussing describing brownfields cleanup efforts. Appendix C, List ofBrownfields and Technical Support Contacts, provides information about state and EPA regional and technical points of contact. Appendix D, How to Order Documents, provides information about ordering the documents listed In the Road Map. The Index of Resources provides a complete list of the resources in the Road Map, sorted a Iphabetically by title. lap The Road Map CD-ROM is included with this document. The CD-ROM is organized by the same sections as the Road Map — "Before You Begin," "Site Assessment," "Site Investigation," "Cleanup Options," "Cleanup Design and Implementation." Each of the resources identified in the Road Map can be viewed or downloaded directly from the CD-ROM or accessed or ordered on line using links provided on the CD-ROM. In addition, of the approximately 160 resources identified in the Road Map, approximately 60 percent can be viewed or downloaded directly from the CD-ROM. Another 40 percent of the resources are Internet sites that can be linked to directly from the CD-ROM. The resources can be searched alphabetically by title and by section. EPA TIO has provided these resources in an easy-to-use CD-ROM format to facilitate access to the documents, as well as to reduce paper and costs associated with printing distribution of hard-copy publications. ------- Itis important to consider potential redevelopment plans from the outset of any brownfields project. The redevelopment plan (or lack thereof) will govern most brownfields projects, from the identification of site investigation and cleanup standards the ability to obtain financing to the ultimate affordability or profitability of the project. Defining and understanding the overall long-term goals of the brownfields project and the decisions be made throughout the project in support of those goals is a crucial element in identifying appropriate technologies for site investigation and cleanup. Technology tools, when carefully selected, will assist those responsible for the brownfields project in collecting the data necessary to support such decisions and accomplish the established goals. During the many phases of a brownfields project, it is important to keep in mind that technology options are an effective means of achieving the desired result at a site, rather than an end in themselves. Brownfields projects may be initiated for a number of reasons. A landowner may want to sell a property to a developer who wants to purchase and develop it. A municipality may want to clean up a parcel or area that has become an eyesore, create space for business development, or create a park in a disadvantaged area. A local comprehensive plan may call for infill development of a certain type in a brownfields area. The brownfields process will be tailored to the specific end use, if that use is known. For example, if the redevelopment plan calls for the construction of a light industrial facility, it may be appropriate to apply industrial investigation cleanup standards that are less stringent than those applicable to property that is to be redeveloped for residential use. The standards required will affect every aspect of the project, from its overall cost (which is generally greater as the standards become more conservative) to the applicability of innovative characterization and cleanup technologies. Keep in mind, however, that new information about contamination or cleanup may require that reuse plans be altered; develop flexible plans so that revised cleanup needs can be incorporated into them. If the end use is not known at the beginning of the project, the individua Is involved should make every attempt at least to identify the general type of desired development, whether industrial, commercial, or residential or a mixed-use development of some sort. ------- Absent thai-information, the most conservative assumptions will be made at every stage of the brownfields project, a circumstance could increase significantly the time expense of the project may even make itinfeasible. The redevelopment of brownfields sites may be subject to a variety of federal, state, local laws, regulations, policies, and guidelines with respect to the characterization and cleanup of the site. Such sites also may be governed by the standard practices of other government, nongovernment, and private institutions. The applicable laws, regulations, policies, and guidelines will vary by site, depending on the regulatory authority.' that manages the cleanup. Therefore, it is important to research this information at the outset and to work closely with the regulatory authority? throughout the cleanup process. For example, state or local regulatory authorities may manage the cleanup of brownfields sites. These agencies should be consulted to determine what, if any, site-specific requirements or permits are applicable. Many of the standard practices are designed to help the brownfields redevelopment project obtain financing from public programs and private banks and institutions. Guidance and standards are issued by government and nongovernment organizations, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), state and local economic development authorities, even private lenders. EPA also can be a valuable resource for brownfields stakeholders by providing regulatory and policy support to facilitate the selection of technologies (see Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts for information about EPA regional and technical points of contact). Although compliance with regulations and official policy directives under other federal regulatory and cleanup programs, such as Superf und, may not be required, some of the information gathered and lessons learned under such programs maybe useful in the investigation cleanup of brownfields sites. For example, in the past, a number of sampling events and field mobilizations have been required at many RCRA and Superfund sites to gather sufficient information to characterize the site adequately. Additional sampling has been found necessary for a number of reasons — for example, to ensure that sampling was performed for all potential contaminants, to adequately analyze all pathways of exposure, to obtain representative samples of wastes and environmental media, and to obtain analytical results of the appropriate accuracy to enable regulatory authorities to make decisions about the cleanup with confidence. Multiple sampling events have increased costs and extended the decision- making period for selecting options for site cleanups. When possible, sampling plans should be flexible and dynamic and should allow for adjustments in the field in light of actual field conditions observed and the analytical results. Such a dynamic approach usually requires a well-rounded technical team comprises a broad range of technical expertise and the use of field analytical technologies, including an on-site mobile laboratory, to provide quick turnaround ana lyses. Most decision makers at brownfields sites will require technical and legal assistance to fully understand the complexities of investigating and cleaning up a contaminated site. Depending upon the complexity of a particular site, decision makers may request the assistance of environmental consultants, cleanup contractors, technology vendors, or of analytical laboratories in performing the many activities required to investigate and clean up sites. The inclusion of these professionals and other experts as members of the brownfields team is recommended. Some states may require the participation of certi fied or licensed professionals to help guide the site investigation and cleanup process. To obtain the services of such professionals (individuals or a firm), a request for proposals (RFP) is often used as the procurement mechanism. The RFP addresses approach, qualifications, cost estimate for the services requested includes specifications encourage prospective bidders to think "outside the box" and consider nontraditional approaches. Selection criteria outlined in the RFP should include credentials and demonstrated experience of the individuals or firm in developing valid options for using streamlined strategies and innovative technologies at brownfields sites and successfully implementing the selected option. To ensure that those individuals or firms responding to an RFP propose approaches that are valid for the site, the RFP also should include, or make readily available, all studies reports that provide site-specific information that can be used as the basis for making technology decisions. Individuals preparing RFPs may wish to be proactive and provide suggestions for the use of specific strategies and technologies that ------- appear to be valid for the particular site. When reviewing proposals and interviewing firms, the evaluation must be prepared to ask pointed, detailed questions about the selection and use of technologies to be assured the individual or firm chosen to perform the work is qualified to complete the project successfully. Described in this Road Map are many excellent resources that will assist brownf ields decision makers in preparing specifications to be included in RFPs, selecting the criteria for evaluating proposals, and developing questions for interviews of those responding to the R.FP. For example, see EPA's Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup on page 29 for more information. It is important that brown fields decision makers encourage acceptance of redevelopment plans and cleanup alternatives by involving members of the community early in the decision-making process through community meetings, newsletters, or other outreach activities. For an individual site, the community should be informed about how the use of a proposed technology might affect redevelopment plans or the adjacentneighborhood. For example, the planting of trees for the use of phytoremediation may create aesthetic or visual improvements; on the other hand, the use of phytoremediation may bring about issues related to site security or long-term maintenance that could affect access to the site. EPA can assist members of the brownfields community by directing its members to appropriate resources and providing opportunities to network and participate in the sharing of information. A number of Internet sites, databases, newsletters, and reports provide opportunities for brownfields stakeholders to network with other stakeholders to identify information about cleanup and technology options. As noted in the preceding section, EPA's Brownfields Technology Support Center is a valuable new reso urce for brownfields decision makers (see page 11 for more information). In addition to innovative site characterization and cleanup technologies, the use of established treatment and containment technologies also should be considered. Examples of containment include containing contaminated soil on site using a cap and limiting migration of contaminants using a vertical engineering barrier such as a slurry wall. In either case, containmentdoes not involve actively treating the waste to recover or degrade contaminants. Examples of established technologies include solidification/stabilization, soil vapor extraction, thermal desorption, incineration, and pump-and- treat. (For a complete list description of the technologies, see Appendix .F, Identification of Remedy and Record of Decision Types for Superf und Remedial Actions, of the Treatmen t Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Tenth Edition). The document is available on the Road Map CD-ROM or online at http://cln-in.org/asr/.) When deciding between innovative and established technologies or between treatment and conta in ment technologies, or other options, brownfields stakeholders should consider the specific needs of the individual site and stakeholders. It also is important that brownfields decision makers consider both the current effects of the selected technology approach and its future effects on potentia 1 development of the site. a n The successful cleanup of a brownfields site depends on the selection and » Focus Oil the acceptance of a specific that support Site technology or technology Build consensus i re i»r° i * LitiliUWUi lOvi iOU w approach. Identified in the box below are the key * Understand elements to ensure that a . Allow flexibility proposed technology will be accepted by all stakeholders, whether site owners, potential buyers, financial service providers, investors, regulators, or affected citizens. Spotlights, Keys to Technology Selection ami Acceptance, on page 38, describes in detail these key elements. Described on the next four pages are some of the resources available to brownfields projects from go v ernment and nongo v ernment ins tit utions, including the various EPA hotlines for statutory regulatory programs that may affect brownfields projects. The resources provide more general information than the technology resources identified in the chapters that follow. Training courses and programs provided by EPA, as well as other organizations, also are identified. Information about state local resources can be obtained from the contact for each state listed in Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts. 10 ------- AND of The document, by the Law (ELI) in with EPA, an of Superfund programs, and includes information and organization, activities, policies and requirements for and expenditures, and enforcement tools. The report also the voluntary remediation and brownfieids programs by the and presents program in that comparisons among the A of the report can be from ELI's web site at www.eli.org; "Publications", then 1998 Reports, An is forthcoming in Fall 2001, to ffie tee of In aiirf The report, published in 2000 by the Technology Regulatory Cooperation (ITRC), contains an of 7 from in ordnance (UXO)-contaminated sites. The " report supports early and involvement in the selection of innovative UXO characterization and technologies. The report also otters to ensure the appropriate participation of in the selection of technologies tor characterizing and remediating UXQ-contaminated sites. The document can be or from the Map CD-ROM EPA the Brownfieids Technology Support Center (BTSC) to that are of the full of technologies for conducting site and cleanup, and can for their sites. The center helps government decision site assessment and cleanup process, identify and complex technology options, contractor capabilities and to communities, and plan The center is coordinated through EPA's TIO and works through EPA's ORD can for - Directly through their EPA Coordinator - Online 3\.http://brownfieldstsc.org - By calling 1 (877) 838-7220 (toll free) For more information about the program, contact Dan Powell of EPA's TIO at (703) 803-7196 orpowell.dan@epa.gov. A to This book, American Bar Association (ABA), is at an ot real estate and attorneys, property owners and developers, and consultants, and and local government leaders. The book" an with information the issues and explanations of the and governing brownfieids. Legal, business, financial, and political issues associated with also are The the used to up and state with than 400 of on also is The in 1997, can be ABA's web site at or at the country. The ISBN number forthe bookis 1-57073-439-9. CLU-IN Studio, by EPA's TIO, the ITRC, and other partners, free and unlimited live and the of | information and to site and technologies. The two-hour are live of which has a companion by line or simulcast. The are live that with a companion live The of which the time from 6 to 28 minutes, also may be or on line. Descriptions and information upcoming as and are site at http://clu-in.org/studio/. ------- AND EPA Site This Internet site, coordinated by EPA's Office of and Emergency (OSWER) and Special Projects Staff (OSPS), information EPA's Economic Redevelopment and resources to the initiative. Descriptions of EPA's and points of contact in of the EPA offices are provided, as well as publications, regulations, and other documents. in the and use of for environmental may in EPA's Cleanup Revolving Fund (BCRLF) Pilots, a that includes, other elements, funding of pilot forthe of and of and Specific the program, including criteria for eligibility and a list of BCRLF that are on the web site. The USTFields a new program by EPA's Office of Tanks (OUST) to of (USTs) is as well as the 1 0 communities recently USTFields funding forthe and of For information, visit the web site at www.epa.gov/brownfields. for (EPA The document guidance on the and use of an SOP within a system. An SOP is a set of that a routine or an organization out. The and use of SOPs are an part of a SOPs to the in f o rmatio n n eede d to pe rl o rm a j ob pro pe rly a nd 1 aci i i late co nsisten cy in th e q ua i ity a n d i nteg ri ty of a prod net o r end SOPs both technical and administrative of an that be under a plan, a quality plan, or an organization's plan. A of the can be or downloaded from the Map CD-ROM. of for af 3w«f (E/VI Developed by EPA's Office of and Compliance Assistance (OECA), the handbook is a compilation of If that can be used to the of and a fl any environmental with that property and to from under Superfund. The document CERCLA and provisions and and that can be used as to CERCLA risks with and for use by in the cleanup, and of brownfields, the a of the and of each tool. The pdf version of the document can be or downloaded from the Map CD-ROM. The (HSRC) in part by EPA, the U.S. (DOE), U.S. (DoD), of and technology transfer, and training. HSRC free technical to communities with environmental through two the Technical for (TOSC) and the Technical to (TAB) Communities Program. TOSC uses the and at than 30 to help community the at Through the TOSC toll-free are and and are TAB communities to up and have been or undervalued by Through five training centers, HSRC's TAB lor communities on the following risk site and is on HSRC and on web site at www.hsrc. org. information the TOSC and TAB is at www.hsrc.org/hsrc/html/tosc. 12 ------- and of Coordinated through the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Toxic and Center of (HTRW-CX) provides technical assistance and information about the use of innovative technologiesforcleanup of information a of technology of HTRW-CX, and upcoming training and is on the Center's web site, than 50 of of also are described. Visit the HTRW-CX web site at aritf The ITRC, the the use of and up of than 30 and state the ITRC: (1} provides a forum through which states can technical information; (2) a network of co ntacts f o r the p ro motio n of in n tec h no log ie s; (3) ide ritif ies i rite barrie rs to the d e p I oy merit of tech n oiog i es; (4} benchmarks perspectives about innovative technologies; and (5) develops consensus among regulators, in collaboration with and public stakeholders, on technical regulatory aspects of the use of innovative technologies, decision who wish to obtain applicable guidance documents for the use of innovative technologies will find several guidance documents by the ITRC on ITRC's web site. For additional resources and points of contact, visittheiTRC'swebsiteatvnw./r/?Ciy&&.oflj/. RCRA Online is an online that to of memoranda, and and by EPA's Office of Solid (OSW), The in the If past EPA of the RCRA the of and can through topical, full text, and functions, as well as view the actual text of documents identified in a search, instructions on how to database are provided, as weii as tips for conducting searches, RCRA Online is online at www.epa.gov/rcraonline/. A pdf version of the RCRA Online brochure is provided on the Road Map CD-ROM, anrf ami Act The hotline handles information about EPA's RCRA and programs implemented under RCRA, including the UST program, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabilityAct (CERCLA), EPCRAthe Superfund and Act (SARA) Title III, and the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). The also for obtaining documents concern ing the RCRA, UST, Superfund/CERCLA, and Pollution Prevention/Waste Minimization prog rams. The h oti i n e o perates d ai ly Mo nday th rou g h Fri d ay, 9:00 a. m. to 6:00 p. rn. Easte rn Stan d ard T i me (EST). Th e hotline can be reached by telephone at 800-424-9346 for all nongovernment locations the Washington, DC metropolitan or 703-412-9810 for all locations in the Washington, DC metropolitan calling and The Superfund Docket and Notices, Records of Decision (ROD), and comments sentto EPA, The daily, Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST, The center can be reached by telephone at 703-603-9232 or by facsimile at 703-603-9240. Tax and for Section 198 of the (28 U.S.C. §198 (A)(1 )(B)(¥1)) of costs to the of As the code specifies, taxpayers are permitted to any environmental remediation expense as an expense that is not chargeable to account; Li an can be as a deduction for the year in which it is paid or incurred, in a is an paid or incurred in connection with the of at a site. The and are in 198 of the Internal Code, which can be or from the CD-ROM 13 ------- AND TechDirect TechDirect, by EPA'sTIO, is a free electronic mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest to site and The to from which they can more information. Interested persons may subscribe on line athttp://clu-in.org/techdrct. Met The information information TSCA to the industry, labor and organizations, groups, and the public. Technical as well as information is The information service daily, Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. EST. The information can be by al 202-554-1404, by at 202-554-5603, or by e-mail a(tsca-tjotiine@epa.gov. Training and that can be to particularly in technology are • EPA's Training-Exchange (TRAINEX), an site that a range of training of federal, local, and tribal agencies, is intended primarily for in and remediation. The site provides information than 65 as well as schedules fortheir delivery. Visit the TRAINEX web site at www.trainex.org for information. • EPA's Field-Based Technologies Training Program is particularly for in technologies for site investigation and cleanup. The Field-Based Technologies Training Program of two advanced-level training - the Field-Based Site Characterization Technologies Course, a array of characterization and the for and Sampling Technologies Course, which an of the planning and process with the use of field-based strategies. The course is for and who are in the use or of site characterization or data interpretation to technologies. For and schedule for its delivery, visit the TRAINEX web site atwww.trainex.org; "CERCLA Center (CEC)." • Information upcoming courses, by a of and non-federal is on TIO's CLU-IN web site Alhttp://clu-in,org; "Courses and Conferences" under "What's Hot? What's New? • American Society for Testing and (ASTM) and professional training opportunities which may be of interest to brownfields decision For information, visit their web site at www.astm.org/TRAIN. 14 ------- Community and community (federal, state, local, and Site community Site See Site Contact 15 ------- ------- A S'te The purpose of this is to evaluate the potential for contamination at a particular site by collecting and reviewing existing information. The site assessment, typically referred to as an ASTM Phase I environmental site assessment, is an initial investigation usually limited to a search of historical records. The data collected also includes information about past and current environmental conditions and historical uses of the site. The site assessment is the most crucial step in the brownfields process, because any further environmental investigation and cleanup will hinge on whether potential environmental concerns are identified during that phase. During the site assessment phase, it is important to consider the activities requirements described in the subsequent chapters and determine how they will be affected by the initial site assessment. Because the information obtained in this phase will determine whether any future work must be done at the site, the site assessment must be thorough and tailored to meet specific data objectives. As discussed in the section Before You Begin, decisions made about the use of a site and the long-term goals of the brownfields project will determine the types and quantity of data that must be collected, as well as the level of quality the must attain. The data quality objectives (DQO), in turn, will serve as the basis upon which the best decisions will be made about the most appropriate technologies and techniques to be used in collecting and analyzing the data at a particular site (see Appendix B, List of Acronyms ami Glossary of Key Terms, for a definition of DQO). The collected during this initial of the cleanup process is extremely important for use in identifying and evaluating the applicability of site assessment and cleanup technologies, as well as in determining whether the property can be cleaned up to the level necessary for its intended reuse. If it is carefully planned, some of the follow-on work, such as limited sampling, may also be accomplished during this phase. The site assessment also can provide a preliminary indication of what types of cleanup technologies might be available. It also is essential to assess and address the needs concerns of the community (for example, the development of social and economic profiles and the identification of acceptable environmental risk). Technologies detect possible contamination in the air may be applicable at this as well as some 17 ------- analytical sampling technologies useful for assessing contamination in soil or ground water. Examples of sampling and analysis technologies that may be applicable during this phase are presented in Appendix A, Table A-2, Technologies for Sampling and Analyzing Contaminants Found at Typical Broumfields Sites. However, the use of technologies may be somewhat limited, since much of the work at this stage involves a search of paper and electronic records. Factors that should be considered during this phase include: 1. 4. 5. Has a redevelopment plan been prepared or a proposed use identified? Is the site located in an targeted for redevelopment? Is the site located in an industrial area? Will it remain industrial or be rezoned for commercial use? Or is a residential development planned? Will community members who use the property be exposed directly to the soil or sediment? What are needed to support the long-term goals of the project, address concerns related to it, and ensure its acceptability? What decisions need to be made, and what data should be collected to support those decisions? What level of quality or uncertainty is necessary to meet those goals? What is known about the site? What records exist that indicate potential contamination and past use of the property? Have other environmental actions occurred (such as notices of violation)? Has an environmental audit been conducted? What information is needed to identify the types and extent or the absence of contamination? If the site is located in an area targeted for redevelopment, is the site being considered for cleanup under a federal or state Superfund cleanup initiative? Will the site be entered into a Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP)? If not, what agency (federal, state, local, or tribal) would be responsible for managing oversight of cleanup? Are there other federal, state, local, or tribal regulatory requirements for site assessment? (See the definition of a VCP in Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms) 6. What are the special needs and concerns of the community? How can community involvement be encouraged? How will community views be solicited? 7. What environmental conditions will the community find acceptable? What environmental standards should be considered to ensure that community stakeholders are satisfied with the outcome of the cleanup, in light of the identified and proposed reuse? 8. I f the site shows evidence of contamination, who and what will be affected? Who will pay for the cleanup? The following figure depicts the linkages among the decisions to be made, the data to be collected, and the selection of technologies to expedite the collection of data. the and I I I \ \ What you are trying to accomplish at the site- i I redevelopment, cleanup, etc. I ARE TO SITE Determine: Are or limits to a of certainty? WHA T TION DO I TO THE Identify: Data or information the decision(s) oranswerthequestion(s) Consider: Level of data quality required (detection limits and accuracy) I THE Evaluates Select: Various and required and quality Consider: Technologies to data quickly and cost-effectively at a level of quality required by decisions TELL HE? Can decision(s) be made? Can question(s) be answered? 10 YES on the decision made or question answered. 18 ------- Activities to be conducted during the initial survey of a site Include: * Establish the technical team and take advantage of the team's expertise to determine the adequacy of existing information and identify potential data gaps * Ensure that the brownfields decision makers (such as regulators; citizens; property owners; and technical staff, such as chemists and toxlcologlsts) are involved in the decision-making process « Identify future plans for reuse and redevelopment and goals of the site » Identify data that must be collected to support the goals of the site * Determine whether contamination is likely thro ugh the conduct of an ASTM Phase I environmental site assessment or its equivalent. A records search is performed and the site is visited, but no sampling of soil or groundwater occurs. The effort includes the following activities: - Identify past owners and the uses they made of the property by conducting a title search and reviewing tax documen ts, sewer maps, aerial photographs, and fire, policy, and health department documentation related to the property - Review federal and state lists that identify sites that may have environmental contamination; such lists include, but are not limited to: T) EPA's Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS) of potentially contaminated sites, 2) the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) of permits issued for discharges into surface water, and ?)) state records of "emergency removal" actions (for example, the removal of leaking drums or the excavation of explosive waste) - Test for the presence of various contaminants; for example, lead-based paint, asbestos, and radon in structures Review the applicability of government oversight programs: - Determine whether there is a state VCPand consult with the appropriate federal, state, local, and tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the decision- making process as early as possible - Determine the approach (such as redevelopment programs, the Superfund program, property transfer laws, or a state brownfields program) that is required or available to facilitate the cleanup of sites (see the section, Before You Begin, for an overview of applicable regulations and regulatory guidelines) - Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to identify and determine the availability of EPA support programs and federal financial incentives (see Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts) Determine how to incorporate and encourage community participation: - Identify regulatory requirements for puUic involvement (see page 13 in the section, Before You Begin, for a description of community services provided by HSRC) - Assess community interest in the project - Identify community-based organizations - Review any community plans for redevelopment Identify factors that may impede redevelopment and reuse Begin identifying potential sources for funding site investigation and cleanup activities at the site, if necessary Examine unacceptable environmental conditions in terms of initial costs for site improvement and long-term costs for operation and maintenance — ------- include potential cleanup options and constraints that may affect redevelopment, such as project schedules, cost, potential for achieving the desired reuse Conduct work at the site collect as necessary to define site conditions or to resolve uncertainties related to the site Examples of technology resources that a re available to assist in assessing a site are listed below. Although many of the resources are more applicable in later stages, it may be useful to thinking now about options and tools for investigation cleanup. Information abo nt the av ailability of electronic reso urces — whether the item is found on the Road Map's accompanying CD-ROM, or on various web sites — also is provided. Appendix D, How to Order Documents, provides comp ordering information for documents that are not available on the CD-ROM or on the Internet. A, The documents listed below are resources that provide general information about the availability of technology resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, and user guidelines, for Site View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM Developed by EPA's BTSC, the resource will assist decision makers on brownfields projects in evaluating the capabilities of contractors who are being considered to perform work in support of site investigations. The resource also identifies potential activities contractors can perform to enhance the site investigation process through innovative approaches. A comprehensive series of questions that decision makers can use in interviewing contractors and evaluating those contractors' qualifications is presented, followed by information abo ut the relevance of the questions and potential answers to them. for of Order on line at urarw.astm.org The guide, developed by ASTM, discusses the redevelopmentof a brownfields property for all stakeholders. It Identifies impediments to such redevelopment and suggests solutions that can facilitate completion of a successful project. It describes the flexible process of sustainable brownfields redevelopment thatactively engages property owners, developers, government agencies, and the community in conducting corrective action, economic evaluation, and other efforts promote the long-term productive reuse of a brownfields property. The guide, available at $35 per copy, can be downloaded from the ASTM web site, or ordered by telephone at 610-832-9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555. •-'-• '-• for 'V^.esstnenls: I .''•.•>'..essment (E1527-00) Order on line at www, as tin. org The purpose of the practice, developed by ASTM, is to define commercial and customary practices in the U.S. for conducting Phase I environmental site assessments of commercial real estate with respect to the range of contaminants within the scope of CERCLA, as well as petroleum products. Research and reporting requirements also are identified. The practice, available at $40 per copy, can be downloaded from the ASTM web siteor ordered by telephone at610-832- 9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555. on the View on line at http://clu-in.org The Internet site provides information abo ut innovative treatment technologies and site characterization technologies to the hazardous waste remediation community. CLU-IN describes programs, organizations, publications, and other tools for EPA and other federal personnel, consulting engineers, technology developers and vendors, remediation contractors, researchers, community groups, and individual citizens. Information about issues related to site characterization also is provided: technology verification and evaluation; technology selection tools; guidance application support; case studies; regulatory development; and publications. for ' f f - View or download pdffile on the Road Map H CD-ROM The document focuses on the DQO process as the appropriate systematic planning process to support decision making. The DQO process is an important tool for project managers and planners to use in defining the types, quality, and quantity of data needed to make defensible decisions. The doc urnent 20 ------- is based on the principles and steps developed in Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites. The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality Objectives Process for Superf und: Interim Final Guidance (EPA 1993) Soil Screening Guidance: User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is applicable to programs at the state and local levels. Visit on line at wiow.hanford.gov/dqo/ The DQO web site, sponsored by DOE, is a helpful resource for those responsible for preparing a collection design. The web site defines the DQO process and explains its role in ensuring that a collection activity produces results of sufficient quality to support decisions based on those results. The web site provides step-by-step procedures for the DQO process. It also provides a decision process flow chart, describes purposes goals related to the use of the DQO process, and reviews relevant DOE contractor directives. It a Iso describes a number of available training courses; lists contacts; and provides glossaries of relevant terms, as well as links to related sites. - ol (EM fj View or download pdffile on the Road Map ij CD-ROM Developed by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, the manual provides guidance for the preparation of project-specific sampling and analysis plans (SAP) for the collection of environmental data. In addition, the manual presents default sampling and analytical protocols that may be used verbatim or modified based in light of the DQOs for a specific project. The goal of the manual is to promote consistency in the generation and execution of sampling and analysis plans and therefore to help investigators generate chemical data of known quality for the purpose to which those are to be used. IT) Database View on lineal immo.epareachit.org The EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies (EPA REACH IT) online searchable database provides users comprehensive, up-to-date information about more than 150 characterization technologies and 1,300 remediation technologies. During the preliminary phase of a brownfields project, EPA REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to learn aboutand become familiar with the range of available technology options that can be employed during the investigation and the cleanup phases that follow, as well as about various types of sites. Information about analytical screening technologies that maybe useful for initial sampling of a site also is provided. EPA REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet. Mrtliod T-- View on lineal wioio.ehi.ameslab.gov/ehi/ technologies/projects/esc Demonstrations of the ESC method conducted by Ames include characterization work performed by commercial contractors at existing contaminated sites. The ESC demonstrations include a public information program of presentations, site tours, exhibits, information packets, and opportunities for discussion. i ivi M':- for CJ View or download pdffile at http://clu-in.org !-:l The document describes the three-pronged "triad approach" that forms the basis of EPA's national strategy for site characterization and site assessment. That streamlined approach to site assessment focuses on the conduct of systematic planning to ensure the effective use of resources; the preparation of a dynamic work plan to support decision making in the field; and the use of on-site analytical tools, rapid sampling platforms, and on- site data interpretation. Following the discussion of the "triad" approach to site investigation, the document briefly reviews a number of recent developments that promise marked benefit to cleanup efforts and sets forth the agency's vision of defensible decisions at an affordable cost that is the goal of the national strategy. The document can be downloaded from CLU-IN under "Publications." See Spotlight 4, The Triad Approach, for a more detailed description of the triad approach. Oir. i'ite for Vieuwnlineatiowiv.qja.gov/athens/onsite/ Developed by EPA's ORD and EPA Region ff 9, the web site offers a set of online tools ''"' for site assessment, including calculators for formulas, models, unit conversion factors, and scientific demonstrations for use in assessing the effects of contaminant sin ground water. •Site Assessment ------- for Site Wezi> or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document informs brownfields site managers about concepts and issues related to quality assurance provides step-by-step instructions for identifying the type and quality of environmental data needed to present a clear picture of the environmental conditions at a given site. :'-• *l| SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange information about sensor technologies needs. The purpose of the web site is to serve as a tool to assist those working in the environmental field in cleaning up hazardous waste. The submit and search functions of SenTIX can help match users looking for a sensor technology to meet a specific need. The discussion forum also matches developers, vendors, users. The site was developed by WPI, a nonprofit organization, under a cooperativeagreementwith EPA. B, EPA Office of Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks View or download pdffiles on the Road Map CD-ROM Developed by EP A's Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA), the EPA Sector Notebooks provide extensive profiles of selected major industries; each profile includes information about the processes conducted in the industry, chemical releases and transfers of chemicals, opportunities for pollution prevention, pertinent federal statutes and regulations, compliance initiatives associated with the sector. Profiles are available on line and in hard copy for the following industry sectors: - Aerospace (EPA. 3W-R-98-001) - Air transportation (EPA 310-R-97-001) - Dry cleaning (EPA 3W-R-95-001) - Electronics and computer (EPA 31Q-R-95-002) - Fossil fuel electronic power generation (EPA310-R-97-007) - Ground transportation (EPA 3W-R-97-002) - Inorganic chemical (EPA 3W-R-95-004) - Iron and steel (EPA. 310-R-95-005) - Lumber and wood products (EPA 310-R-95-006) - Metal casting (EPA 3W-R-97-004) - Metal fabrication (EPA 3W-R-95-007) - Metal mining (EPA 3W-R-95-008) - Motor vehicle assembly (EPA 310-R-95-009) - Nonferrons metals (EPA. 310-R-95-010) - Non-fuel, non-metal mining (EPA 3W-R-95-OW - Oil and gas extractions (EPA 3W-R-99-006) - Organic chemical (EPA 3W-R-95-012) - Petroleum refining (EPA 3W-R-95-013) - Pharmaceutical (EPA 310-R-97-005) - Plastic resins and man-made fibers (EPA310-R-97-006) - Printing (EPA 310-R-95-014) - Pulp and paper (EPA 310-R-95-015) - Rubber and plastic (EPA 310-R-95-016) - Shipbuilding and repair (EPA 3W-R-97-008) - Stone, clay, glass, and concrete (EPA 310-R-95-017) - Textiles (EPA 3W-R-97-009) - Transportation equipment clean ing (EPA310-R-95-018) 3 View on line at immo.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/broumfld/ indnstry.htm Developed by EPA Region 3, the fact sheets are designed to assist in the initial planning and evaluation of sites that are under consideration for remediation, redevelopment, or reuse. The fact sheets provide general descriptions of site conditions and contaminants commonly found at selected industrial sites. Each fact sheet provides information about the processes conducted in the industry; raw materials characteristic of the industry; environmental media that could be affected; sampling strategies; and suggested parameters for analysis. Fact sheets on the following subjects are available on line: — Abandoned chemical facilities - Abandoned laboratories - Abandoned oil facilities - Asbestos pile - Auto body facilities ----- Battery reclamation facilities - Bethlehem-asbestos/tailing mine 22 ------- -- Drum recycling facility ----- Dye facilities - Electroplating - Glass manufacturing facilities - Gas stations - Infectious 'wastes - Manufactured gas plants/coal tar sites - Municipal landfill - Ordnance - Paint industry - Pesticide facilities - Petroleum recycling facility -- Plastics - Print shops - Quarry sites - Radiation - Rail yard facilities - Salvage yards - Scrap metal - Steel manufacturing-electric arc/coke - Tanning facility ------ Tire fires - Wood treating facility !"• i -;• •:-;''. Or/^eaning View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM l-:| The EPA fact sheet addresses a number of issues related to drycleaning, including EPA's interest in drycleaning, the process of drycleaning, the human health and environmental risks associated with chemical solvents used in the drycleaning process, what drycleaners and the government are doing to reduce those risks, and other methods of cleaning clothes. The document lists additional sources of information about drycleaning EPA's Design for the Environment Program. of •""enter if View on line at www.hnd.usace.army.mil/ I! OEM// The mission of the Ordnance and Explosives MCX and Design Center, which is hosted by the U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center in Huntsville, Alabama, is to safely eliminate or reduce risks posed by ordnance, explosives, and recovered chemical warfare materia Is at current or formerly used defense sites. The Internet site provides links to information about technical requirements for contracting; fact sheets on ordnance explosives programs; frequently asked questions related to ordnance response actions; innovative technologies, presentations, technical papers; technical guidance procedures related to ordnance and explosives. Points of contact also are identified. C, for Site The documents listed below provide detailed information about specific innovative technologies and the application of those processes to specific contaminants and media in the form of engineering analyses, application reports, technology verification and evaluation reports, and technology reviews. ''-•-... .''.-: •\--.-'.--f.iii :'t and Remediation T.1 : i .:•-;::;•;.::;•;:. i'':: :"".- • View on line at mow,drycleancoalition.org/tech Prepared by the State Coalition for Re media tion of Drycleaners (SCRD) with the support of EPA's TIO, the report presents the results of the coalition's evaluation of assessment remediation technologies commonly used in cleaning up drycleaner sites. The evaluation was based on the results of responses to questionnaires sent to entities involved in such cleanups in 1999. The report presents those results in detail. An appendix in the report provides descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment technologies frequently used at drycleaner sites. View or download pdffile on the Road Map f CD-ROM The fact sheet focuses on EPA's "USTFields" Initiative for addressing brownfields properties at which redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination originating from federally regulated USTs. The fact sheet describes the 50 pilot projects implemented or to be implemented under the two phases of the initiative. ------- After completing an initial assessment and survey of the environmental conditions at the site, one of the following courses of action may be taken: of Site of No apparent contamination is found and there is no reason to suspect other media are contaminated. Concerns of stakeholders have been addressed adequately. Contact the appropriate federal, state, local, or tribal government agencies responsible for hazardous waste. Based on feedback of government agency, determine what cleanup levels arc required for redevelopment, and proceed to the SITE INVESTIGATION phase. Con tamination possi b ly exists. Proceed to the SITE IN VESTJGATfON phase. Contamination definitely exists, AND a site investigation has been performed. Proceed to the SITE INVESTIGATION phase. Proceed to the SITE INVESTIGATION phase if additional investigation is needed; otherwise, proceed to the CLEANUP OPTIONS phase. 24 ------- ; to of The ref EPA's commitment to land uses at Superfund For pilot sites, EPA provides eliflible local governments as much as $100.000 to and to help the use of a site, The also a peer that ioca! and communities that have a Superfund site to their with just the process, Through case fact an of sites, and an site, EPA is providing and the projects. EPA is its policies and to whether changes are to further the effort to sites. EPA is with local groups, and to as valuable assets for communities. Visit EPA's SRi web site at epa, for information, Under and Act Illllllilllglllfl ot proj ects a re '=^^^^^^^^ to test approaches that into the process. The also concerns that application of RCRAto at sites may be the of no grant is with the pilot projects, EPA has contactors to help find to at the pilot EPA has four pilot that it will how and RCRA corrective can to the and of RCRA information the RCRA Prevention is on line at www.epa.gov/swerosps/bffrcrabf.htm. Recently by ;: EPA, the =; I Site \ is to focus short-term NJ atte nti o n and s u p po rt to s ite s at which has or and to as a to at such to from sites, the TSE will sites at which for and reuse, and that a of E PA s u to b ri n g the s ite to iff;n!!!!!!!!^ the next level of cleanup, !i;;I!!!!^^ consensus,orap prop riate c losu re. i^^^g^^^ E PA w i 11 offe r a s mal I amou nt of ^igMM^iJ^^M to support TSE in 'jiii^iiiiMiiij^^ For 'i:^MlEiliM!i!^^M about the program, Sara iHMM^M^^^ Rasrnussen, EPA of Solid l^rrf^rsFj^Tsp^^^^^^^ lA/pcta at i'7fW, • •.,<.. J? , ,• •.., ™J>..,., ™ ffu^HC, at * Uw EPA's a new 111111 by EPA's 111111 Office of 11111 Ta n ks (0 U S T). i s f o cuse d o n ho w illlll to the of sites 111111 by 111111 co nta m i n ation, there by f oste ri n g 111111 the of sites lliil (see Spotlight 8, Under ground 11111F af ::::::::::""'"" , fo r more inform atio n a bo ut litiative), program also are on line at swerustl/ustfietd/, of the of Defense's (DoD) and and EPA's are common to both and and to and financiers, future land use in and controls, and can have on communities. EPA and DoD are ol BRAC and Visit the BRAC site at online to and and ol » You «Site ------- with are by railroad, petrochemical, and and are in the and in the economy has Formerly for and other uses, sites are have been left idle or by the site owner, A by Rutgers University in New at one brownfieids site in 40 percent of the 60 New half of municipalities consider that 3 to be a serious they with or of sites, offer for and cleanup that more in the full of and in the and time frames to complete these activities, and and cost-effective solutions than that can and of contamination, and the long-term and risk to site owners, assessment firms have industrial land markets that couid turn properties \ into assets, For example, the State of Wisconsin a statutory that '^--.-=-=:::i='" for the recovery of environmental costs from current owners a city condemns and cleans properties. The city of a showcase community, the significantly increased the city's ability to encourage of properties to move redevelopment, ===============^±_ For the first time, that state's cost Illf !!!!!!!!!!^ recovery gives a city !!!!!!!!!!^ ba rg a i n i n g po we r i n n e g ot i at i o n s Ii*lIi[lliEI3:Eilll with of mothballed rtic For sites long-term nti o n ai tec h n o i og ies , s u eh "=E^^^^^^ = as and treat and barriers, be to innovative technologies that the and the of the site. For at a former site in Visalia, California, was tried of the pump and treat system. this in a 1 ,000-fold in the rate of recovery, in addition, injection is the time of there is a of $25 in cleanup costs for this site. As new economic incentives states, developers, venture firms, insurers, and risk At the level, tax and deductions for costs to can encourage of to clean up their properties. As specified in Section 198 of the Internal Code, taxpayers are to as a for at a site. Such an may convince owners of that up such sites be more profitable than the sites to remain idle, EPA TIO has a to why \ sites are and may be \ opportunities to use and \ to the of those Contact \ Dan of EPA's TIO for (see \ C, List of Brownfieids and Technical Support Contacts, for ; contact information), \ 26 ------- This phase focuses on confirming whether any contamination exists at a site, locating any existing contamination, and characterizing the nature and extent of that contamination. It is essential that an appropriately detailed study of the site be performed to identify the cause, nature, and extent of contamination and the possible threats to the environment or to any people living or working nearby. For brownfields sites, the results of such a study can be used in determining goals for cleanup, quantifying risks, determining acceptable and unacceptable risk, and developing effective cleanup plans that do not cause unnecessary delays or costs in the redevelopment and reuse of property. To ensure that sufficient information supporting future activities is obtained, the type of data to be collected during this phase should be determined by the proposed cleanup measures and the proposed end use of the site. A site investigation, also referred to as an ASTM Phase II environmental site assessment, is based on the results of the site assessment, which is discussed in the preceding section of the Road Map. The site investigation phase may include the analysis of samples of soil and soil gas, ground water, surface water, and sediment. The migration pathways of contaminants also are examined during this phase, and a baseline risk assessment may be needed to calculate risk to human health and the environment. Examples of sampling and analysis technologies that may be useful during this phase are presented in Appendix A, Table A-2, Technologies for Sampling and Analyzing Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfield Sites. Factors that should be considered during the site investigation, if there is evidence of potential or actual contamination include: 1. Will the site be into a VCP? If so, will the investigation plan be reviewed through the VCP? If not, are there federal, state, local, tribal regulatory requirements applicable to the site investigation? What agency will be responsible for managing oversight of this phase? What is to be done if the appropriate agency has not developed standards or guidelines are suitable for the proposed redevelopment? ------- 2. What technologies are available to facilitate site investigation and to support data collection relevant to the goals of the project? Has the technical team explored the full range of technologies that can produce of the quality necessary? Can the technologies selected limit the number of mobilizations at the site? 3. Can the need for cleanup be assessed fully and accurately from the information gathered d uring the site assessment or from a previous site investigation? 4. What issues has the community raised that may affect the site investigation? 5. What are the potential exposure pathways? Who or what could be affected by the contamination or the efforts to clean up the contamination? 6. What happens if significant contamination is found? What happens if contamination poses a "significant threat" to local residents? 7. What happens if the contamination is originating from an adjacent or other off-site source? What happens if background sampling indicates that contamination is originating from a naturally occurring source? 8. Are the infrastructure systems (roads, buildings, sewers, and other facilities) contaminated? Could they be affected by efforts to clean up contamination? The following table describes field analytical technologies and mobile laboratories. if and Field analytical technologies, often referred to as "field analytics." can be used onsite 'without the for a laboratory. Some field are very and can that are comparable to obtained by analysis in mobile or off-site laboratories. Some field analytical measurements can be quickly, a high rate of sampling. Under certain conditions, data can be collected in a short of time. Field are through the use of as the gas and spectrometry and the x-ray fluorescence analyzer, as well as the use of bench procedures, such as colorimetric and immunoassay tests. A variety of technologies can be in a laboratory. from field they may (such as temperature, humidity, and source of electricity) or complex that or that or protective equipment that require the handling and storage of chemical standards. Technologies to mobile to soil and for inorganic (such as voitammetry) and organic compounds (such as gas chromatography with a variety of detectors). When properly and with quality and quality control (QA/QC), the can results to those achieved by off-site analytical laboratories. Typical activities that may be conducted during the site investigation phase include: « Identify the proper mix of technologies (such as field measurement technologies that characterize the physical and chemical aspects of the site and fixed laboratory sampling methods) that can facilitate site investigations and meet the required level of data quality: - Ensure that the laboratory has appropriate detection limits for analytes » Determine the environmental conditions at the site (for example, by performing an ASTM Phase 11 environmental site assessment or equivalent investigation includes tests to confirm the locations and identities of environmental hazards): - Conduct sampling and analysis to determine the nature, extent, source, and significance of the contamination that may lie present at the site - Conduct sampling and analysis to fully assess the physical, geophysical, and ecological conditions and characteristics of the site - Determine whether and how (if applicable) the infrastructure systems (including existing structures) are affected by contamination Assess the risk the site may pose to human health and the environment. Consider the following exposure pathways: - For soil and dust, direct contact, ingestion, or inhalation - For water, ingestion and inhalation - For air, inhalation or ingestion Consider the use of a site-specific risk assessment to identify cleanup levels when that approach may result in more reasonable cleanup standards or when cleanup standards have not developed Examine unacceptable environmental conditions in terms of initial costs for site improvement and long-term costs for annual operation and maintenance — include potential 28 ------- cleanup options and constraints that may affect redevelopment requirements, such as project schedules, costs, and potential for achieving the desired reuse Revise assumptions about the site based on collected at the site Begin consideration of sources of funding for site investigation and cleanup activities such as brownfields programs and federal tax credits: - Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to identify and determine the availability of EPA support programs and federal financial incentives Continue to work with appropriate regulatory agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements are being properly addressed: - Identify and consult with the appropriate federal, slate, local, and tribal agencies to include them as early as possible in the decision-making process Educate members of the community about the site investigation process and actively involve them in decision making; consider risk communication techniques to facilitate those activities Listed below are examples of resources that assist in identifying the environmental condition of a site. Information about the availability of electronic resources — whether the item is found on the Road Map's accompanying CD-ROM or on various web sites — also is provided. Appendix D, How to Order Documents, provides complete ordering information for documents that are not available on the CD-ROM or on the Internet. A, for Site The documents listed below are resources that provide general information about the availability of technology resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, and user guidelines. for or Order on lineal www.astm.org Developed by ASTM, the guide describes accelerated site characterization (ASC), a process used to rapidly and accurately characterize confirmed or suspected releases of petroleum. The guide provides a framework that responsible parties, contractors, consultants, and regulators can use to streamline and accelerate site characterization. The guide is available at $35 per copy and can be downloaded from the ASTM web site or ordered by telephone at 610-832-9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555. for II Order on line a t unvw.astm.org Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses the framework for employing good commercia 1 and customary practices in the U.S. when conducting Phase II environmental site assessments of commercial property with respect to the potential presence of a range of contaminants within the scope of CERCL A, as well as petroleum products. The practice, available at $35 per copy, can be downloaded from the ASTM web site or ordered by telephone at 610-832-9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555. D:.: i'-. -= -: 'i _•<; f| !-.•: ij View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners, project managers, others preparing RFPs to solicit support in conducting activities to investigate and clean up contaminated sites. It is specifically intended to assist those individuals in writing specifications that encourage contractors and technology vendors to propose options for using innovative characterization and remediation technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also provides information, from a technology perspective, to guide review teams in their evaluations of proposals and the selection of qualified contractors. for the Orderonlineatnmno.epa.gov/ncepihom The guide is one in a series of publications designed to assist communities, states, municipalities, and the private sector to address brownfields sites more effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used with the three guides for specific types of sites - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, Technical Approaches to ------- Characterizing and Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative - provides information about cost estimating tools and resources for addressing cleanup costs at brownfield^ sites. Many decision makers at brownfields sites ma} choose to assign the preparation of cost estimates to consultants who are experienced in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites; however, it benefits those decision makers to be able to provide guidance to their consultants and to understand the process sufficiently well to provide an informed review of the estimates prepared. The guide provides general information about the cost estimation process and includes summaries of various types of estimates. The guide also outlines the process of developing "order of magnitude" cost estimates. Information about resources, databases, and models also is provided. L'Mta for r1 •. GPA f View or download pdffile on the Road Map J:i CD-ROM The document focuses on the DQO process as the appropriate systematic planning process to support decision making. The DQO process is an important tool for project managers and planners to use in defining the types, quality, and quantity of data needed to make defensible decisions. The document is on the principles and steps developed in Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites. The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality Objectives Process for Superf und: Interim Final Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance: User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is applicable to programs at the state local levels. .'•:. f Of .---.alysis (EM ff View or download pdffile on the Road Map '" CD-ROM Developed by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, the manual provides guidance for the preparation of project-specific SAPs for the collection of environmental data. In addition, the manual presents default sampling and analytical protocols that may be used verbatim or modified based in light of the DQOs for a specific project. The goal of the manual is to P promote consistency in the generation execution of sampling and analysis plans and therefore to help investigators generate chemical of known quality for the purpose to which those data are to be used. "TO;..;..-.;' rice of On- _iri;: T-rSf for View online atioivw.epa.gov/epaosioer/ imzwaste/test/maina.htm I. >l n , I by EPA's Office of Waste (OSW), the \ ph sitt» pi ovides procedures guidance that EPA. roc- unmends for use in cond ucting the e\ ,i luatii -ns and measurements needed to comply with tiqiiiti iru nts established under RCRA. The manual piv-m 1 s sla te-of-the-art methods of routine analytical Icbling adapted for use under the RCRA program. It pi PStrnN pi ocedures for field and laboratory quality v_< -iitn 4 sampling, identification of hazardous constituents in wastes, determination of the hazardous characteristics of wastes (toxicity, ignitability, reactivity, or corrosivity), and determination of the physical properties of wastes. It also provides guidance on selecting appropriate methods. IT Online Viewonlineatwww.epareachit.org The EPA REACH IT online searchable provides users comprehensive, up-to-date information about more than 150 characterization technologies which may be applicable during the site investigation phase. The guided advanced search capabilities of the system can be used to gather information about innovative technology solutions and service providers. The information is based upon data submitted by vendors and project managers for EPA, DoD, DOE/and agencies. EPA REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet. of i.'-. L: *- View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental M ana gement, the report e va 1 ua tes DSS, compu ter- based systems that facilitate the use of data, models, and structured decision processes in making decisions related to environmental management. The report evaluates 19 such systems through the application of a rating system that favors software that simulates a wide range of environmental problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a statement of the rationa le for the selection of various aspects of the performance of the DSS for eva luation. 30 ------- r: i kl ;-A ;v) View on line at http://fate.clu-in.org The online encyclopedia provides j:| information about technologies that investigators can use in the field to characterize contaminated soil and gronndwater; monitor the progress of remedial efforts; and, in some cases, perform confirmation sampling and analysis to support closeout of a site. It highlights new tools for improving cleanup and long-term monitoring of contaminated sites, such as computerization, microfabrication, and biotechnology, that permit the development of analytical equipment that has capabilities that blur the distinction between "screening methods" and "definitive methods." The encyclopedia serves a wide range of users, from engineering students to field technicians and site managers. Version 1.0 View on lineal wiow.frtr.gov/site The matrix, an online tool, will assist brownfields stakeholders to obtain information about and screen technologies applicable for site investigation. Each site characterization technology is rated in a number of performance categories, such as detection limits, applicable media, selectivity, and turnaround time. Other useful information provided includes technology descriptions; on commercial status, cost, certification; evaluation reports. The matrix is extremely helpful to users who are not familiar with specific characterization technologies, but who know baseline information about a site, such as contaminants and media; for such users, the matrix can identify and screen technologies for potential use at a site. for The to Cost-Effective View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM Developed by Tufts University in cooperation with EPA, the document provides users with information about the many factors that are to be considered in incorporating field analytical instruments and methods into an adaptive sampling and analysis program for expediting the site investigation process. The guidance is intended to assist federal and state regulators, site owners, consulting engineers, and remediation companies understand how to develop, maintain, and update a dynamic workplan. of fi View or download pdffile on the Road Map [l CD-ROM The report introduces a new standard promoted by EPA's OSWER and TIO that encourages more effective and less costly strategies for characterizing monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new approach uses an integrated triad of systematic planning, dynamic work plans, and onsite analysis for data collection and technical decision making at hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the concepts in the triad is new, but it has been demonstrated that the integrated approach completes projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory and client satisfaction than the traditional phased approach. The report includes a list of additional resources regarding innovative technologies and site characterization. in Series View or download pdf files on the Road Map CD-ROM The studies provide cost performance information a bout the innovative technologies that support less costly more representative site characterization. The purpose of the case studies is to analyze document the effectiveness of new technologies proposed for site cleanup. They present information about the capability of the technologies in analyzing and monitoring cleanup, as well as information about costs associated with the use of the technologies. The following case studies are available: - Hanscom Air Force Base, Operable Unit 1 (EPA 542-R-98-006) - Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-OCB) - Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-00-003) - Site Cleanup of the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Test Plot Site Using a Dynamic Work Plan (2000) (EPA 542- R-00-009) 1 Order on line at ioioio.epa.gov/ncepihoin Produced by EPA's TIO, the CD-ROM contains resources that provide information to help federal, state, and private-sector site managers evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives. The ability to gain access to resources provide information about innovative site characterization and • You »Site «Site Investigation • ------- remediation technologies will increase understanding of those technologies and of the cost and performance factors related to them. Such understanding is essential to the consideration of those technologies for use in addressing contamination at hazardous waste sites. Several resources included on the CD-ROM also are available on the Road Map CD-ROM. '.;> •'-••. -I View on line at www. hrownfieldstech. org j The web site, hosted by Public Technology, Inc. (PT1), and sponsored in part by EPA's TIO, prov ides information about characterization and remediation of brownfields. The site focuses on the demonstration, dissemination, promotion of innovative characterization and remediation technologies suitable for use at brownfields sites to help local governments increase efficiencies and reduce costs associated with brownfields redevelopment. The site highlights "hot" technologies that currently are proving themselves in the field, provides case studies that introduce the user to cities that are experiencing succession employing innovative site characterization remediation technologies, profiles of local government leaders who are employing brownfields remediation technologies to good effect, provides links to other key web sites. :: if--:/ i- • -r^s for =- J M"-. - = View or download pdffile at http://chi-in.org The document is a concise guide to A resources, both existing and planned, that support new, streamlined approaches to site investigation and monitoring. It describes training courses available, including some that are downloadable; lists sources of information about available technologies guidance documents available through EPA programs; and provides so urces of information abo ut technology verification and demonstration efforts. The guide also lists a number of web sites from which related publications and software can be downloaded. The document can be downloaded from CLU-IN under "Publications." i ':• View on line at www.sentix.org SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange ta information about sensor technologies and needs. The purpose of the web site is to serve as a tool to assist those working in the environmental field in cleaning up hazardous waste. The submit search functions of SenTIX can help match users looking for a sensor technology to meet a specific need. The discussionforum also matches developers, vendors, and users. The site was developed by WPI, a nonprofit organization, under a cooperative agreement with EPA. of View on line at http://du-in.org The bibliography lists information resources, both publications electronic databases, that focus on evaluation and use of innovative site characterization and monitoring technologies. The document also provides information on obtaining copies of the documents. 1, 2.0 Order on line at wioio.epa.gov/ncepihoin The CD-ROM, developed by EPA NERL, contains the following documents and software: - ASSESS Version 1.1 A (PB93-505'!54) is an interactive QA/QC program designed to assist the user in statistically determining the quality of data from soil samples. - BIOPLUM EII is a model for two-dimensional transport of con ta minan ts under the influence of oxygen-limited bioilegradation in groundwater. - CalTox is a multimedia total exposure model for hazardous waste. - CHEMFLO enables users to simulate water movement and chemical transport in unsaturated soils. - DEFT is a software package that allows a decision maker to quickly generate cost information about several sampling designs based on DQOs. - FEMWATER/LEWASTE is software which can be used to delineate wellhead protection areas in agricultural regions by using a criterion that considers environmental/actors that reduce the concentration of contaminants transported to wells. - Geo-EAS Version 1.2.1 (PB93-504957)isan interactive tool/or performing two-dimensional geostatistical analyses of spatially-distributed data. - GEOPACK is a comprehensive geostatistical software package that allows both novices and advanced users to conduct geostatistical analyses of spatially- correlated data. - Geophysics Advisor Expert System Version 2.0 (PB93-505T62) is a program thai considers several- geophysical methods of determining the location of contamination and providing site characterization to make recommendations about the best methods to use at a specific site. 32 ------- CEOS software facilitates the collection and analysis ofgeoenvironmen tat data. GRITS/STAT is a comprehensive database system/or storing, analyzing, ami reporting information from grounchvater monitoring programs at RCRA, CERCLA, and other regulated facilities and sites, HELP is a two-dimensional modeling program that simulates water movement into and out of landfills on the basis of a waste management system. IMES offers a computer-based tool for matching site characteristics with an appropriate exposure assessment model or models. MOFAT, a two-dimensional, finite element model for simulating coupled mul.tiphasefl.oiv ami nmlticomponent transport in planar or radically symmetric vertical sections, can be used to evaluate flow and transport for water, NAPLs, ami gas. MULT I MED is a one-dimensional, steady-state model used to predict the concentrations of contaminants migrating from a waste disposal facility through the subsurface, surface water, and air pathways to receptor sites, PESTAN assists users in estimating the vertical migration of dissolved organic solutes through the vadose zone to groundwater. PRZM-2 is a pesticide flmo-and-transport model for the root zone and vadose zone. RETC is a program used in analyzing the 'hydraulic conductivity properties of unsaturated soil. Scout Version 2.0 is a user-friendly and menu-driven program that provides a graphical display of data in a multidimensional format tint allows visual inspection of data, accentuates obvious outliers, ami provides an easy measure for comparing data. STF (VIP + RITZ) consists of three components that provide information about the behavior of chemicals in soil environments. The models simulate the movement and fate of liazardous chemicals during treatment of oily'wastes. Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring Techniques is an interactive, multimedia version of the two-volume EPA publication titled Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring Techniques. The documents include descriptions of more than 280 site characterization and field monitoring methods of detecting groundwater contamination and other aspects of the subsurface at hazardous waste sites. Geological and hydrogeologicai characterization topics covered include surface and borehole approaches, geophysical methods, and sampling of solids; drilling; aquifer tests and groundwater sampling; water-state measurement and monitoring; measurement of'hydraulic conductivity and flux in the vadose zone; water budget characterization; soil- solute sampling and gas monitoring in the vadose electronic version of the guide includes graphic support with animation and hypertext link that make all text readily accessible. - Total Human Exposure Risk database and Advanced Simulation Environment (THERdbASE), Version 1.2, is an integrated database and analytical and modeling software system for use in exposure assessmen t calculations and studies. It provides a prototype for smoothly and efficiently linking communication between databases and exposure assessment models. - VLEACH provides users a one-dimensional, finite difference model for making preliminary assessments of the effects on groundwater of leaching of volatile, sorbed contaminants through the vadose zone. - WhAEM is a computer-based tool used in decision- making processes related to the protection of wellheads. - WHPA, a semi-analyticalground'waterflo'w simulation program, can be used for delineating capture zones in a wellhead protection area. Vieioordonmloadreportsatiimnv.epa.gov/ord/SITE/ reports.html An extensive inventory of reports of the evaluation of measurement and monitoring technologies in the SITE program is available to assist decision makers in reviewing technology options and assessing a technology's applicability to a particular site. The reports evaluate all information about a technology; provide an analysis of its overall applicability to site characteristics, waste types, waste matrices; present testing procedures, performance cost data, and QA/QC standards. The Demonstration Bulletins provide summarized descriptions of technologies and announcements of demonstrations. The Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports provide fu 11 reports of the demonstration results, including technical useful to decision makers. U.S. of View on line at www.em.doe.gov/define f Developed by DOE, the PAMs web site provides access to evaluations of site characterization and remediation technologies preferred by DOE on the basis of the types of contaminants and contaminated media selected. PAMs was developed by DOE's Office of Environmental Restoration (EM-40) to assist decision makers in selecting the most appropriate cleanup alternatives for remediation, waste processing, and decommissioning of sites. It provides a tool for field 33 ------- personnel to use in focusing remedy selection; expediting implementation of preferred alternatives; eliminating the cost of excessive or redundant treatability studies; and allowing preselection of effective, low-cost remediation alternatives. V 5. of View on lineal www.cmst.org/vendor f1 The web site Is devoted to measurements of the chemica 1 and physical properties of environmental samples. The Characterization, Monitoring & Sensor Technology - Cross-C utting Program (CMST-CP) maintains the vendor database as a focal point for environmental measurement technologies. The CMST-CP vendor database matches the user's measurement needs with available products. The site allows the user to enter products and applications, search applications for measurement instruments and sensors, and browse technologies by instrument category. B. <•' of in the If View or download pdffile on the Road Map M CD-ROM This report investigates the reasons voluntary action to redevelop potentially contaminated property is subject to market constraints and other pressures differ vastly from those that affect corrective action programs. It sets forth in detail the current level of application of field-based characterization tools at 115 waterfront brownfields sites sites being addressed under VCP programs. " :' Of '-::-. of a -1 for IPA600-R-99-007)" riew or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM. The objective of the research project was to develop a better understanding of the composition of mine waste leachates and to identify cost-effective groundwater monitoring parameters that could be incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock mining operations. Order on line a t www. qm.gov/ncepihom The document provides information about treatment technologies and the selection of services at pesticide sites to meet acceptable levels of cleanliness as required by applicable regulations. It is targeted primarily for the use of federal, state, or private site removal and remediation managers. The document does not identify or establish cleanup levels. at PB95-271961) Orderonlineatioivw.epa.gov/ncepihoin The report provides Information on site characterization and the selection of treatment technologies capable of meeting site-speci fie cleanup levels at sites contaminated with metal. It is targeted to federal, state, private site removal remediation managers. The report focuses primarily on metalloid arsenic and metals, including cadmium, chromiu m, lead, and mercury. The report does not identify or establish cleanup levels. View on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom/nepishoni The series of publications are designed to assist communities, states, municipalities, the private sector to address brownfields sites more effectively. The guides provide decision makers, such as city planners, private sector developers, others who are involved in redeveloping brownfields, with a better understanding of the technical issues involved in assessing and cleaning up automotive repair sites, iron and steel mill sites, and metal finishing sites. After reading the guides, the user will have a better understanding of activities commonly carried out at such sites and how those activities might cause the release of contaminants into the environment. The guides also provide information about the types of contaminants often found at such sites; a discussion of site assessment, screening and cleanup levels, and cleanup technologies; a conceptual framework for Identifying potential contaminants; information about developing a cleanup plan; and a discussion of issues and special factors that should be considered when developing plans and selecting technologies. The following guides are available: — Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-008) 34 ------- - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-007) - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-OQ6) Tools for A lor View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM Produced by EP A's OUST, this guide is designed to help federal regulators with responsibility for USTs to evaluate conventional new site assessment technologies and promote the use of expedited site assessments. The manual covers five major issues related to UST site assessments: the expedited site assessment process; surface geophysical methods for UST site investigations; soil- gas surveys; direct push technologies; and field analytical methods for the analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons. The equipment and methods presented in the manual are evaluated in terms of applicability, advantages, limitations for use at petroleum UST sites. ":l-.'source for MGP .i.'-.d C if ,1: 1 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM. The document provides current information about useful approaches and tools being applied at former manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites to the regulators and utilities that are engaged in characterizing and remediating these sites. The document outlines site management strategies and field tools for expediting site characterization at MGP sites; presents a summary of existing technologies for remediating MGP wastes in soils; provides sufficient information about the benefits, limitations, and costs of each technology, tool, or strategy for comparison and evaluation; and provides, through case studies, examples of the ways in which those tools and strategies can be implemented at MGP sites. T-: -.- for ••- ': r -: View or order on line at immo.nap.edu/books/ If 0309073219/html The report, prepared by the National Research Counci I's Committee on the Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments under an EPA grant, reviews the nature of the challenge involved in the management of sediments contaminated with PCBs; provides an overview of current knowledge about the inputs, fates, and effects of PCBs; recommends a risk- based framework for use in assessing remediation technologies and risk-management strategies; and elaborates on the framework as it is applicable specifically to sediments contaminated with PCBs. C, for Site The documents listed below provide detailed information about specific innovative technologies and the application of those processes to specific contaminants and media in the form of engineering analyses, application reports, technology verification and evaluation reports, and technology reviews. A to View on line at www. epa.gov/nerksdl/ ==4|iiss^ chemistry/immochem/user-guide.htm 3 Developed by EPA's ORD, the document facilitates transfer of immunochemical methods for the analysis of environmental contaminants to the environmental analytical chemistry laboratory. Field personnel who may have a need to employ a measurement technology at a monitoring site also may find this manual helpful. The document instructs the reader in the use and application of immunochemical methods of analysis for environmental contaminants. It includes a general troubleshooting guide, along with specific instructions for certain analytes. The guide is written in a manner that allows the user to apply the information presented to immunoassays that are not discussed in the manual. - View on line at www.cakpa.ca.gov/calcert The California Environmental Protection Agency's (Cal/EPA) Environmental Technology Certification program Internet site provides the user access to the California Certified Technologies List. The document provides a list of technologies and their respective vendors that have been certified by the of California. Certification is granted to technologies on the basis of an independent, third-party verification of the technology's performance and ability to meet regulatory specifications and requirements. Developers manufacturers define quantitative performance claims for their technologies and provide supporting documentation. Cal/EPA reviews that ------- information and, when necessary?, conducts additional testing to verify the claims. Technologies, equipment, products that are proven to work as claimed receive official state certification. F.I-'A View on line at www.epa.gov/superfimd/ progra ms/dfa/in dex. h tm | Hosted by EPA's Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR), the Internet site provides resources to assist decision makers to streamline activities conducted at hazardous waste sites using real-time data and real-time decisions. Descriptions of the speci fie elements of dynamic field activities are provided, as well as related guidance documents and publications, including links to relevant Internet sites. Information about on-site analytical tools suitable for use during dynamic field activities also is provided. View or download pdf files at 'www.epa.gov/etv Produced by EPA's ORD, the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) program reports provide extensive information about the performance of commercial-ready, private sector technologies. The reports, intended for buyers of technologies, developers of technologies, consulting engineers, and state and federal agencies, verify the environmental performance characteristics of those technologies through the conduct of pilots. The reports, as well as other information about the ETV program, are available on the ETV site. ETV reports and verification statements about the following technologies are available: - Conepenetrometer-deployed sensor ----- Environmen tal decision support software - Explosive detection - Field-portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer - Field-portable x-ray fluorescence analyzer ----- Groundwatersampling - PCB field analysis technologies - Portable gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer - Soil/soil gas sampling - Well-head monitoring for volatile organic compounds (VOC) - Soil sampling technologies for in Soil View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM This paper was prepared by members of the Federal Facilities Forum, a group of EPA scientists engineers representing EPA regional offices and committed to the identification and resolution of issues affecting federal facility Superfund and RCRA sites. The purpose of the paper is to provide guidance to remedial project managers (RPM) about field sampling and on-site analytical methods for detecting and quantifying secondary explosive contaminants in soil. The paper is divided into the following sections: (1) background information; (2) overview of sampling and analysis of explosives; (3) data quality objectives; (4) unique sampling and design considerations for dealing with contaminants from explosives; (5) a summary of on-site analytical methods; and, (6) a summary of the EPA reference analytical methods. of a Oil, (POL) View on line at www.epa.gov/ncepihom/nepishom The report provides comprehensive comparisons of in situ measurements from a cone penerrometer- deployed laser induced fluorescence (LIE) petroleum, oil, and lubricant (POL) sensor with traditional field screening methods. The report includes an introduction that describes the system and indicates the technology constraints. In addition to conclusions recommendations, the report also provides information about methods and materials, such as calibration and sampling procedures, analytical methods, and methods of data reproduction and analysis. Two case studies help illustrate the concepts discussed. of A for View or download pdf file on the Road Map CD-ROM This report describes the conduct and findings of a hydrogeologic characterization study of a saturated fractured, granitic rock aquifer in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains in California. First, the report presents an overview of the problems associated with remediating fractured aquifers, referring to case histories as examples. Brief descriptions of the methods and results of the characterization effort at the experimental field site then are presented. The remaining chapters present particular phases of the characterization effort and a general strategy for hydrogeologic characterization, with each tool and method described in detail. In addition, the report discusses issues related to the effect of incorrect characterization of flow properties on prediction of the behavior of a contaminant. 36 ------- Jji-Service — J i .!. tO -=- V7ra> or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report, published by the U.S. Army Environmental Center, summarizes the development, field demonstration regulatory acceptance activities associated with the SCAPS technologies that are used to detect, identify, and quantify subsurface contamination in soil and croundwater. After you have completed your investigation of the environmental conditions at the site, you may take one of the following courses of action: of the Site Investigation No contamination is found. Contamination is found BUT does not pose a significant risk to stakeholders' human health or the environment. Cleanup of the contamination found probably will require a small expenditure of funds and time. Cleanup of the contamination found probably will require a significant expenditure of funds and time. However, contamination does not pose a significant threat to local residents. Contamination is found that poses a significant threat to local residents. of c' Proceed to the CLEANUP OPTIONS Determine whether redevelopment continues to be practicable as planned, or whether the redevelopment plan can be altered to fit the circumstances; if so, proceed to the CLEANUP OPTIONS phase. Contact the appropriate federal, state, local, or tribal government agencies responsible for hazardous waste. If contamination exists at considerable levels, compliance with other programs, such as RCRA and Superfund, may be required. 61 ------- KEYS TO ; As the Map. innovative ; and offer many ; in the of ; in such sites, however, first ; technology. decision ; the to the ; that the technology will be thereby the ; cleanup of the site. As in 4, The (see is an of all activities. Clear and specific planning to explicit decision objectives is in the process of cleaning up contaminated sites: site assessment, site investigation, site monitoring, and remedy selection. With good planning, brownfieids decision can the cleanup for trie site, identify the decisions necessary to achieve those goals, and and implement a for the decision Technology decisions are in the context of the requirements for Ail are driven by the project goals. An decisions to be and the way in the planned approach be included in the work plan. Investing time, before the site work in decisions that are acceptable to all will and likely. Conversely, begin at a site ^==%==i|*i|=^S4^ a common and acceptance of the decisions have been established increases the likelihood that the cleanup \ process will be inefficient, resulting in and inefficient use of time and money. Further, decision is in all scientific and technical decisions (see for more Clearly and accepting uncertainty thresholds before the site remedy will consensus. also should be in the context of applicable regulatory requirements, forthe and time constraints. A thorough of a technology's capabilities and is to its acceptance. All are in performance. Planning for the and of of its benefits and its acceptance. "Technology approvers," typically regulators, community groups, and are likely to be more of a new if the proposer a clear explanation of the for its use and demonstrates in its applicability to specific site conditions and This point underscores the importance of careful! selecting an of professionals who have the necessary to plan, and implement the site site removal, or monitoring, a uses of the site, and that all understand the for flexibility. Although at other and can as the for a plan and can help from scratch" site, be of too on and as well While such they lack the to To an and clean u p, the actual tech no logy app roach, whethe r d orinnovative. must focus on decisions specific to the site. 38 ------- Site and The of the collection, analysis. interpretation, ana of data to support sites rests on a three- "triad" The introduction of new in a dynamic to clearly an incorporates the is a common-sense to that the level of in the use of the data collected, Once is to a for the that is as well _,:^^^^^^^= as tec hn i cal iy sou n d and def e n s i b i e to these project-critical A team of mu iti d i sc ip i i n a ry, lllllllllllyllillli te ch n ica i staff wo rks to tran s late ^^^^^^^^^; the project's into technical The conceptual site (CSM) is the planning too the information that is known the site; the CSM ^^^^^^^^^ the identify the |llliy;iiy=|yi=ll|l that |^^^^^^^^^ be o btai n ed, The syste matic planning ties tO i^^g^^n^y necessary to reach goals IllllllIZlISlElSlS by data in the 11111E!liE][i[lE:i!l CSM, The then the '^^^^^^^^^ CSM to the of information, the CSM to and as progresses at the site. A plan on real-time data to reach points. The for decision-making is and responsibilities, authority, and lines of communication are Dynamic plan on and is by decisions needed to reach closure, it uses a decision- tree and real-time uncertainty to critical decision in as few as Success of a on the of I experienced staff in the f field to ''-• on the decision logic and \. ''•:-^^^.....-' \_JF their to deal with ""•-•*•-_ ____ _-s=::F'" new data and any issues, as they Field staff communication with or the project of The use of and and of ===^^ data dynamic 1111!!!!^ possible. Such tools are the key site lllllISllIlIIlll investigation tools they 'iMiMMMiiiiiM the data that are used for ^IJMiiiMil^^^^^: on-site making. The =p==== tools are a of P?lllllFlllllllll analytical and that can be at the pllllllllll^ collection site. They incIude !!!!!!!!!|^ ds that can =i=i^^jMji^M outd o o rs with ha nd - h e i d, po rta ble lijig!!^ as well as =====^^M: n goro us rn ethods that reg u i re th e !!!!!!!!!!^ control led e nvi ro n menis of a mobile laboratory (transportable). Mi^MBli!^^^: During the process, the [ISSMllIllOlllli team rigor, and !!!!i!!!!!!^ of data to ^^^^^^^^E=r' the by the CSM, Those then the modifications and the of tools. ------- to Site The of data depends heavily upon the and analytical designs in to the use of the data, the site-specific surrounding that use, and the control. this is understood, on-site can play a major roie in making environ mental decisionrnaking more efficient, and cost-effective, in and climate, are to that are on The term that th e re i s s o m e sta bi i ity i n th e ^^^^^^^^^^^^ samples and assurance of ^=^^^^^^^ density. On-site offer that type of decision-making assurance to the lllllQSEIIigEIISI: user of the data. ^^MMIi^IMiiMl Bro wnf i e id s i nvestig atio ns req u i re that are faster, and common The ^^^sg^^^i 11111II1I111I1I1I in- lllllll[[l!10011lli field and '^^^^^^^^ time of crew and The more is used to and The in data is as by fixed and data on the of sites are sites at which will take measurements, the of and a plan The for such sites will be in nature; therefore, the by instruments will be in successful Data will in site and in the near it the by With an at and data that true site is to Data can be used data that are able to at cost over the cost of current practices. Increased sampling j efficiencies, by \ the use of innovative I technologies, allow more \ targeted sample collection'- efforts that minimize the of that ""•----::,..„,_. I/i^;=:E=' ; provide little value in meeting site- '" "" ; specific data quality objectives (DQO). ; is the type of analysis; ===^^ is so that ; lilllllllll^^^^^ can be each day, ; bringing rapid ; site and ; pl|=l||^ of ; |p||l|l^ data are ; clearly, and when a number of i and ; are it is to; i=!!=i== data so that the ; IMIlIIIEllllll information is for; 'MMlMMM^^^: its still ; IlllllllIIIIlll less costly than possible. ; !!!!!!!!!!^ carefully, on-site ; =========;r' offer ; and data with the ; of and real-time ; of results. ; Although have to ; on the of ; the of on the of ; monitoring and also be ; considered, it is how data ; from can be to ; and in the of ; sampling error and uncertainties. ; By and ; with the use of new and ; can reduce and ; of the true of a Site. This ; site and; as well as the ; of errors and o m i ssio n s that could negatively affect the site ; later. ; 40 ------- The review and analysis of cleanup alternatives rely on the data collected during the site assessment and investigation phases, which are discussed in the preceding sections of the Road Map. The purpose of evaluating various technologies is to identify those technologies for their capability to meet specific cleanup and redevelopment objectives. For brownf ields sites, it also Is important to consider budget requirements and to maintain a work schedule so that the project remains financially viable. The role of institutional controls, such as easements, covenants, zoning restrictions, and the posting of advisories to increase community awareness of the environmental conditions and cleanup activities at the site, also are Important considerations during this phase. See Spotlight 11, Understanding the Role of Institutional Controls at Brownf ields Sites, for more information about institutional controls, Factors that should be considered during the evaluation of cleanup options Include: 1. Flow do we determine the appropriate and feasible level of cleanup? Are there federal, state, local, and tribal requirements for cleanup? Should risk-based approaches be considered as an option for assessing exposure (see the definition of risk-based corrective action [RBCA] in Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms)? Are there prescribed standards for cleanup? Are there provisions for using presumptive remedies? 2. What factors are associated with the Implementation of cleanup options? Will the cleanup facilitate or hinder the planned redevelopment? How long will cleanup take? What will cleanup cost? What are the short-term and long-term effects of the cleanup technologies under consideration? 3. Are the cleanup options compatible with regional or local planning development goals and requirements? Can redevelopment activities (such as construction or renovation of buildings) be conducted concurrently with cleanup? 41 ------- 4. How can the community participate in the review and selection of cleanup options? Are the options acceptable in light of community concerns about protection during cleanup and reuse of the site? What environmental standards should be considered to ensure thatcommunity stakeholders are satisfied with the outcome and process of cleanup, given the intended reuse? 5. Is there a need for institutional controls after cleanup? Are proposed institutional controls appropriate in light of community concerns and access to and use of the property? Will institutional controls facilitate or hinder development? What plans, including financial assurances, are being made to ensure that institutional controls remain in place as long as contamination is present? 6. What options are available to monitor the performance of cleanup technologies? The process of reviewing and analyzing cleanup options technology alternatives usually follows these steps: » Establish goa Is for cleanup that consider the use and use either published state or federal guidelines, RBCAs, or site-specific risk assessment results * Educate members of the community about the site cleanup selection process and actively involve them in decision making » Review genera 1 information about cleanup technologies to become familiar with those that may be applicable to a particular site: - See Appendix A, Table A -3, Remedies for Types of Contaminants Found at Typical Bnrwnfields Sites, for examples of technologies that are appropriate for specific types of contaminants applicability of technology alternatives Narrow the list of potential technologies are most appropriate for addressing the contamination identified at the site and that are compatible with the specific conditions of the site and the proposed reuse of the property: - Network with other brownfields stakeholders and environmental professionals to learn about their experiences and to tap their expertise - Determine whether sufficient data are available to support identification and evaluation of cleanup alternatives - Determine the effects of various technology alternatives on redevelopment objectives Continue to work with appropriate regulatory agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements are addressed properly: - Consult until the appropriate federal, state, local, ami tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the decision-making process as early as possible - Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to identify and determine the availability of EPA support programs Integrate cleanup alternatives with reuse alternatives to identify potential constraints on reuse and time schedules and to assess cost and risk factors To provide a measure of certainty and stability to the project, investigate environmental insurance policies, such as protection against cost overruns, undiscovered contamination, and third-party litigation, integrate their cost into the project financial package Select an acceptable remedy that not only addresses the risk of contamination, but also best meets the objectives for redevelopment and reuse of the property and is compatible with the needs of the community Communicate information about the proposed cleanup option to brownfields stakeholders, including the affected community 42 ------- Examples of resources that will assist in reviewing and analyzing cleanup options are listed on the next page. Information abo lit the availability of electronic reso urces — whether the item is found on the Road Map's accompanying CD-ROM or oil various web sites — also is provided. Appendix D, How to Order Documents, provides complete ordering information for documents that are not available on the CD-ROM or on the Internet. A. The documents listed below are resources that provide general information about the availability of technology resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, ami user guides. for Order on line at wimv.astm.org The purpose of the guide is to define RBCA as a process for assessing and responding to a petroleum release in a manner that ensures the protection of human health and the environment. The guide will assist brownfields decision makers who wish to become familiar with another approach that can be used to assess environmental risk at a site, in conformity with applicable federal, state, local, and tribal regulations. The diversity and flexibility of a RBCA approach is defined and discussed, and the tiered approach of the process is summarized. Although the RBCA process is not limited to a particular site, the guide emphasizes the use of RBCA in response to releases of petroleum. Examples of RBCA applications also are provided. The guide, available at $45 per copy, can be downloaded from the ASTM web site or ordered by telephone at 610- 832-9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555. :">' tO Of [: '•< Technology View or download the pdfflle on the Road Map CD-ROM The report, published in 2000 by the ITRC workgroup, contains an analysis of case studies from states having experience in remediating unexploded ordnance (UXO)-contaminated sites. The report supports early and meaningful state regulatory involvement in the selection of innovative unexploded ordnance characterization remediation technologies. The report also offers recommendations to ensure the appropriate participation of states in the selection of technologies for characterizing and remediating UXO- contaminated sites. Encourage fj -or •" View or download pdfflle on the Road Map CD-ROM The BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners, project managers, others preparing RFPs to solicit support in conducting activities to investigate and clean up contaminated sites. It is specifically intended to assist those individuals in writing specifications that encourage contractors and technology vendors to propose options for using innovative characterization and remediation technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also provides information, from a technology perspective, to guide review teams in their evaluations of proposals and the selection of qualified contractors. Citizen's to View or download pdf files on the Road Map CD-ROM The guides are prepared by EPA to provide site managers with nontechnical outreach materials that they can share with communities in the vicinity of a site. The guides present information on innovative technologies that have been selected or applied at some cleanup sites, provide overviews of the technologies, and present success stories about sites at which innovative technologies have been applied. Spanish versions of the guides are forthcoming. The guides contain information on the following subjects: - Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-01-001) - Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013) - Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015) - In situ flushing (EPA 542-F-01-011) - In situ thermal treatment methods (EPA 542-F-01 -012) - Monitored natural attenuation (EPA. 542-F-01-004) - Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01 -005) - Phyforemediation (EPA 542-F-01-002) - SVE and air sparging (EPA 542-F-01 -006) - Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-008) - Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003) 43 ------- Oil View on line at http://clu-in.org The Internet site provides information about innovative treatment technologies and site characterization technologies to the hazardous waste remediation community. CLU-IN describes programs, publications, and other tools for EPA and other federal and state personnel, consulting engineers, technology developers and vendors, remediation contractors, researchers, community gro ups, and individual citizens. Information about issues related to site remediation also is provided: technology descriptions and status reports; technology selection tools; programs and organizations; TIO perspectives; and publications. for the Orderonlineatwww.epa.gov/ncepihom The guide is one in a series of publications designed to assist communities, states, municipalities, the private sector to address brownfields sites more effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used with the three guides for specific types of sites - Technical Approaches to Characterizing Cleaning Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownf ields Initiative, Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches to Characterizing Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative - provides information abo ut cost estimating tools and resources for addressing cleanup costs at brownfields sites. Many decision makers at brownfields sites may choose to assign the preparation of cost estimates to consultants who are experienced in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites; however, it benefits those decision makers to be able to provide guidance to their consultants and to understand the process sufficiently well to provide an informed review of the estimates prepared. The guide provides general information about the cost estimation process and includes summaries of various types of estimates. The guide also outlines the process of developing "order of magnitude" cost estimates. Inf orma tion a bout resou rces, da ta ba ses, and model s also is provided. D: of to r = View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM " The directory provides information about EPA offices, non-government organizations funded by EPA, and other federal agencies that may be able to provide expertise to assist in the selection of technologies for use in characterizing cleaning up brownfields properties. IT View on line at www.epareachit.org EPA REACH IT will assist those involved in brownfields projects to evaluate and select applicable remediation technologies, as well as to gather detailed information about the providers of those technologies. An online searchable database, EPA REACH IT provides comprehensive, up-to-date information about more than 1,300 remediation technologies that can be accessed through the guided and advanced search capabilities of the system. Examples of sites at which a particular type of technology has been implemented also are presented. The information is based upon data submitted by vendors and project managers for EPA, DoD, DOE, and state agencies, as well as information provided by suppliers of innovative technologies. EPA REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet. of : s -.. L •• ••••: View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental Management, the report evaluates DSS, computer- based systems that facilitate the use of data, models, and structured decision processes in making decisions related to environmental management. The report evaluates 19 such systems through the application of a rating system that favors software that simulates a wide range of environmental problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a statement of the rationale for the selection of various aspects of the performance of the DSS for evaluation. of at View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report provides a national retrospective analysis of the field performance of barrier systems, as well as information that could be useful in developing guidance on the use evaluation of such systems. The report contains information about the design, application, and performance of subsurface engineered barriers. (FRTR) Case Studies View on lineal nmno.frtr.gov/cost The case studies provide the user information about specific remedial technology applications. FRTR case studies are developed by DoD, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE), the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force ------- (USAF), DOE, DOT, and EPA. The case studies focus on full-scale and large field demonstration projects and include information on site background, description of the technology, cost and performance of technology application, and lessons learned. Technologies include innovative and conventional treatment technologies for contaminated soil, groundwater, and solid media. Users can search the case studies by groups of contaminants, media, waste ma nagement p rac tices tha t contrib u te to contamination, and treatment systems. Guide to Cost lor View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document recommends the types of da ta that should be collected to document the performance cost of future cleanups. The guide specifies data elements for 13 conventional and innovative cleanup technologies: soil biovenring, soil flushing, soil vapor extraction, groundwater sparging, in situ groundwater remediation, pump-and-treat technologies, composting, incineration, land treatment, slurry-phase soilbioremediation, soil washing, stabilization, and thermal desorprion. The document provides site managers with a standard set of para meters for doc u meriting completed remediation projects. A number of federal agencies have made commitments to using the guidance to collect data for full-scale cleanups, demonstrations, and treatability studies. 1 '!'(' . -."; yjj A g* «| !*j jT~5 |~%-| l~||lj'"| \ Order online at immo, epa.gov/ncepihoin « Produced by EPA's IIO, the CD-ROM contains resources that provide information to help federal, state, and private-sector site managers evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives. The ability to gain access to resources that provide information about innovative site characterization and remediation technologies will increase understanding of those technologies and of the cost and performance factors related to them. Such understanding is essential to the consideration of those technologies for use in addressing contamination at hazardous waste sites. Several resources included on the CD-ROM also are available on the Road Map CD-ROM. Innovative <»Sj!l in America, 1 View or download pdffiles on the Road Map CD-ROM A revision and expansion of EPA's publication, "Completed North American Innovative Technology Demonstration Projects," is now available in an online, searchable database of ongoing and completed field demonstrations of innovative remediation technologies sponsored by government agencies working in partnership with private technology developers to bring new technologies into the hazardous waste remediation marketplace. 8 £ i View on line at www.bnrwnfieldstech.org The web site, hosted by PTI, sponsored in part by EPA's TIO, provides information about characterization and remediation of brownfields. The site focuses on the demonstration, dissemination, and promotion of innovative characterization and remediation technologies suitable for use at brownfields sites to help local governments increase efficiencies and reduce costs associated with brownfields redevelopment. The site highlights "hot" technologies that currently are proving themselves in the field, provides case studies that introduce the user to cities that are experiencing succession employing innovative site characterization and remediation technologies, profiles of local government leaders who are employing brownfields remediation technologies to good effect, provides links to other key web sites. lor an In View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM This report describes demonstration results for the Lasagna™ process, a process which uses established geotechnical methods to install degradation zones in contaminated soil and electrosmosis to move the contaminants back and forth through these zones until treatment is completed. 3.0 Vieioonlineatwwio.frtr.gov/matrix/ The document is intended to assist site remediation project managers to narrow the field of remediation alternatives and identify potentially applicable technologies for more detailed assessment and evaluation before remedy selection. The document ------- yf An to State-mandated have had a major impact on into With from EPA's TIO, the State for of (SCRD) was in to a forum for the of and the discussion of to information and and the use of in the The is up of of that have Alabama, f lorida, Illinois, Kansas, ^^^^^^^^^ M in nesota, M i sso u ri, North Carolina, Oregon, Carolina, Tenness ee, and Wi scons i n, lillllll=llll[lll A of the has its on ill?! state and the use of technologies to and sites with its "Study of ana Techno log ies f o r Dryc i eane r Sites" W!MfiWi1i^!^ lllllIlLllIllnll are used at sites. For site illliiiylllllill ntechniquesinclude ~^^^^^^^^ and of soil-gas, push techniques, and monitoring and borings. for nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL), a great concern at sites, fluorescence and also h, , As in the report, the most commonly to reduce solvents present in soil include excavation. soil (SVE), and and air and for ==^^ Even of the state programs are new and have very they have in the in a timely To date, the have at least 236 site assessments and 100 and 16 sites, The are as the programs in continue to mature, V7fu>o» l/HCiif www.di'ycleancoaHtiou.oi'g The Internet site, supported by EPA's TIO, provides extensive information about state remediation programs and resources related to the remediation of drycleaner sites. Descriptions of state programs cind points of contact in each of the 11 member states are provided. Publications, regulations, and other documents tire identified as well. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the assessment and cleanup of drycleaner sites in Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Washington, and Wisconsin may be particularly interested in the detailed information provided about programs in those states. Profiles of the remediation of specific sites throughout the U.S. are intended to assist users, particularly state officials, in making more informed decisions related to the remediation of sites in their states, arid, when possible, to provide additional resources, Publications developed by the SCRD, as well as state and federal resources pertinent to issues associated with drycleaner sites, cart be viewed oil line or downloaded at no charge. 46 ------- From the early 1 the mid-1900s, gas plant {MGP) sites were to gas from coal or oil for lighting, heating, and cooking. The gas and at the gas plant that tars, to and light oils, and hydrocarbon products. many of the by-products at MGP sites. The (PAH), ^^^^^^^^ petroleum hydrocarbons, and The base contaminant, coal tar, is of a of PAHs that low volatility, tow solubility, and low Consequently, those are difficult to treat, scale, hornier MGP sites offer an ideal te ch no log ies that exped ite site and source There are an 3,000 to 5,000 the country; some of those sites still are by the to the that fou n ded . M G Ps ty p i cal ly ==.;.;:?; v===^^^ were bu i it o n the outs ki rts of that have grown. Today, therefore, the often are in inner city many are for the brownfields program. The of MGP sites for can help the utility turn into For in the city of fort Florida, a former MGP site was into a private, nonprofit museum and called the imaginarium. Thermal has been used successfully to soils that MGP (for and coal tar), of than 98 in of PAHs; total hydrocarbons (TPH); benzene, toluene, eihylbenzene, and (BTEX) and Performance data have that less than 10 parts per (ppb) of PAHs and can be the of Other technologies that have in co-burning in utility boilers, recycling in road in situ bioremediation, landfarming, and soil MGP sites are a area of land with needs, new are and todernonstratetheirtechnicalfeasibility. Opportunities to and refine new remediation technologies that can assist in expediting processes that can contaminated site into use. As the has to land and concerns, the MGP sites become a central focus, companies are and The in the of the sites and in the at opportunities 47 ------- summarizes the strengths weaknesses of innovative and conventional technologies for remediation of soils, sediments, sludges, groundwater, surface water, and air emissions and off-gases; it focuses primarily on demonstrated technologies. Treatment, containment, separation of wastes, enhanced recovery technologies are covered. Additional references and information resources also a re included. !•"' Assessments: A Tool to ;(' -2 f;r View or download pdffile on the Road Map 1 CD-ROM The memorandum, signed June 4,2001 by EPA's OERR, presents information that supports the developmentof assumptions related to future use when ma king remedy selection decisions for response actions conducted atSuperfund sites. The Reuse Assessment guide, which provides information about the collection and evaluation of information for developing assumptions, and the Superfund Land Use Directive, which provides basic information about developing and using future land use assumptions to support Superfund remedial actions, are included as attachments to the directive. i; •-• v '..•'«.(. le to k-.--: % O'.C! i ji .i^iid View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM Prepared by the member agencies of the FRTR, the guide identifies programs, resources, and publications of the federal government related to technologies for the cleanup of contaminated sites. (SITE) Technology View on line at www.epa.gov/ORD/SITE/profiles3.htm The SITE documents, contained in three separate volumes, provide profiles of more than 150 demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and measurement technologies currently being evaluated. Each technology profile identifies the developer process name of the technology, describes the technology, discusses its applicability to waste, and provides a project status report and contact information. The profiles also include summaries of demonstration results, if available. The following volumes are available: - Demonstration Program, Volume 1 (EPA540-R-99-500A) - Emerging Technology Program, Volume 2 (EPA '540-R-99-500B) - Monitoring and Measurement Program, Volume 3 (EPA 540-R-99-500C) of of Order on line at wioio,epa.gov/ncepihoin The document is a compilation of abstracts that describe field demonstrations of innovative technologies that treat hazardous waste at contaminated sites. The abstracts are information resources that hazardous waste site project managers can use to assess the availability practicability of innovative technologies for treating contaminated groundwater, soils, sludge. The document describes more than 110 demonstrations, sponsored by federal agencies, in six different technology categories, involving the use of innovative technologies to treat soil and groundwater. A matrix that lists the demonstration categories, the type of contaminant, media that can be treated, and the treatment setting for each innovative technology demonstrated also is provided in the document. View on line at immo.epa.gov/siverust1/tnkmcr1 Mm Tank Remedial Action Cost Engineering and Requirements (RACER) is a Windows™-based system that provides fast, accurate, and comprehensive cost estimates for cleanups at petroleum and UST sites. The software estimates costs for cleanups on a site^ specific basis for all phases of remediation, including site assessment, remedial design, remedial action, operation and maintenance, tank closure, and site work and utilities, as well as the costs of using alternative technologies, such as air sparging, bioremediation, bio venting, groundwater extraction wells, land farming, natural attenuation, SYE, and thermal desorption. The software was developed under an interagency agreement between the USAF and EPA. A newer version, Tank RACER 2001, is now available. Visit the web site identified above for more information. View on line at www. techknow. org Developed by the Global Network of Environment & Technology (GNET), TechKnow is an online, interactive database which allows users to gain access to and provide information about innovative and sustainable technologies. For each technology profiled, a summary, development information, status, and cost is provided. The Internet site also 48 ------- provides contact information for the technologies. Users may access the Tech Know database at the Internet site identified above. There is no cost to use TechKnow, but users are required to register on GNET. "i .!. •<.-it Technologies for Site Cleanup: -, - = • K^ T;"J - : f View or download pdffile on the Road Map H CD-ROM The ASR documents, as of summer 2000, the status of treatment technology applications at more than 900 soil groundwater cleanup projects in the Superfund program, selected RCRA corrective action sites, DOE and DoD sites. The report updates the projects included in the ASR ninth edition and provides information aboutprojects obtained from 96 records of decision (ROD) signed in 1998 and 1999. The report examines both source control technologies (addressing soil, sludge, sediment, and other solid wastes) and innovative groundwater treatment technologies. For the most frequently selected technologies in the Superfund remedial program, the report analyzes selection trends overtime, contaminant groups treated, quantity of soil treated (for soil treatment technologies), and the status of project implementation. U,S. of Vi.ewonlineatwww.em.doe.gov/define Developed by DOE, the PAMs web site LI provides access to evaluations of site characterization and remediation technologies preferred by DOE on the basis of the types of contaminants and contaminated media selected. PAMs was developed by DOE's Office of Environmental Restoration (EM-40) to assist decision makers in selecting the most appropriate cleanup alternatives for remediation, waste processing, and decommissioning of sites. It provides a tool for field personnel to use in focusing remedy selection; expediting implementation of preferred alternatives; eliminating the cost of excessive or redundant treatability studies; and allowing preselection of effective, low-cost remediation alternatives. B. for Listed below are survey reports on the application of innovative technologies to specific contaminants and site types, of as an Oil- View or download pdffile on the Road Map I CD-ROM The document, which is based on a review of the relevant literature, provides examples of the phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons discusses the key mechanisms of that process, as well as the special considerations involved in phytoremediation of petrochemicals. The document also discusses the benefits, limitations, costs of phytoremediation,compared with alternative approaches, including natural attenuation, engineering, and bioremediation. of View or download pdffile on the Road Map 1 The technology assessment report discusses the use of bioremediation and phytoremediation for the cleanup of sites contaminated with pesticides. It provides information a bout the current status of the two technologies to federal state agencies, consulting engineering firms, private industries, and technology developers. -: j...: log of on "E-:;-3-00-001) Wcw or download pdffile on the Road Map | CD-ROM The booklet provides an annotated list of UST materials and includes ordering information. Many of the informational leaflets, booklets, videos, and software items listed are designed to provide UST owners and operators with information to help them comply with the federal UST requirements. View on line at unmv.epa.gov/ncepihom/nepishom The series of publications are designed to assist communities, states, municipalities, and the private sector to address brownfields sites more effectively. The guides provide decision makers, such as city planners, private sector developers, and others who are involved in redeveloping brownfields, with a better understanding of the technical issues involved in assessing and cleaning up automotive repair sites, iron and steel mill sites, and metal finishing sites. 49 ------- After reading the guides, the user will have a better understanding of activities commonly carried out at such sites and how those activities might cause the release of contaminants into the environment. The guides also provide information about the types of contaminants often found at such sites; a discussion of site assessment, screening and cleanup levels, and cleanup technologies; a conceptual framework for identifying potential contaminants; information about developing a cleanup plan; and a discussion of issues and special factors that should be considered when developing plans selecting technologies. The following guides are available: - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up A utomotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-9 8-008) ----- Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-007) - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the 'Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-006) of .•cPA542-R-99-006) !f View or download pdffile on the Road Map ji CD-ROM The report summarizes information aboutthe ground water remediation systems at 28 sites throughout the U.S. at which completed or ongoing ground water cleanup programs are in place. It includes details about design, operation, performance of the systems; capital, operating, and unit costs of the systems; factors potentially a ffect the cost and performance of the systems. The report compares contrasts from the case studies to assist those involved in evaluating selecting remedies for ground water contamination at hazardous waste sites. Of the 28 projects presented in the case studies, 24 are Superfund remedial actions, one is a Superfund removal action, one is a cleanup conducted by state authorities, two are corrective actions taken under RCRA. The sites represent a range of site types hydrogeological conditions. To A S/N Order online at www.epa.gav/ncepihom The guide was developed to assist state regulators in efficiently and confidently evaluating corrective action plans (CAP) that incorporate alternative technologies. The guide, written in nontechnical language, takes the reader through the steps involved in reviewing a CAP. Each chapter presents a comprehensive description of the technology, an explanation of how it works, and a flow chart that illustrates the decision points in the process; information that will help the regulator evaluate whether a given technology will clean up a given site successfully; discussion and instruction to help the regulator evaluate whether a CAP is technically sound; a check list to assist the regulator in determining whether or not the CAP includes all the steps necessary; and a list of references. : OC View on lineatwww.getf.org/dnaplguest The web site is sponsored by the Interagency } Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DN APL) Consortium (IDC). It reports on the IDC's effort to eva luate and compare the cost and performance of three innovative remediation technologies for the treatment of DNAPLS. The three technologies are beingapplied for the treatment of trichloroethylene (TCE) at Launch Complex 34 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The three technologies being demonstrated in side-by-side plots at the launch area are chemical oxidation with the use of potassium permanganate, six-phase heating, dynamic underground stripping. for View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM This report describes innovative measures for addressing chromium contamination in each of the three areas described in the title. For the source zone, surfactant-enhanced chromium extraction is evaluated; for the concentrated plume, polyelectrolyte-enhanced ultrafilrration is evaluated; and for the dilute plume, the effectiveness of the permeable barrier wall is evaluated. Fact of (EPA510-F-98-002) View or download pdffile on trie Road Map CD-ROM Developed by EPA's OUST, the fact sheet describes the physical chemical characteristics of methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE) identifies alternative technologies for remediating it. 50 ------- -J of '.'' for of j| ••. (Fn .:.•••: [ 11 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The volume presents updated summaries of information about 29 projects, as well as reports on legislative, regulatory, programmatic,and research Issues related to contaminated land in each participating country. Effectively Vieioonlineatioww.epa.gov/ncepihoni/nepishoni Pay-for-performance cleanup agreements allow users to pay contractors a fixed price as measurable environmental goals are reached, rather than paying using a more typica 1 rime-and-materia Is contract. This document focuses on the experience of the UST Bureau of the New Mexico Environment Department and is supplemented by the experience ideas of representatives of other states, contractors, and EPA. The document is intended as a starting point for owners of USTs to use in designing pay-for- performance cleanup programs. The document first Identifies the advantages of pay-for-performance cleanup agreements, such as cost and time savings. It then explains how to implement a pay-for- performance cleanup program. Many tips for ensuring the success of pay-for-performance agreement programs are provided. Italso presents information about enlisting the support of stakeholders, such as that of state technical funding staff, government auditors, legislators and legislative staff, and cleanup contractors. In addition to providing instructions for constructing such an agreement, the document provides an example of how to calculate performance payments. at Order on line at wwio.epa.gov/ncepihotn Produced by EPA's OERR, the guidance defines EPA's presumptive response strategy discusses technologies for the ex situ treatment component of a groundwater remedy. It also explains how EPA intends to exercise its discretion in implementing the National Contingency Plan (NCP). to of fTfrrrnnsHiF [| View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The 1997 report describes the use of rapid site assessments to characterize soil and groundwater contamination at drycleaning facilities. Conducted under the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Drycleaning Solvent Cleanup Program (DSCP), the rapid site assessments are an innovative approach used to address site assessment and cleanup of contaminated drycleaning facilities. The paper describes legislative, administrative, and technical aspects of the program that permit drastic reductions in the time and costs associated with assessing soil and groundwater contamination for this site type. for In of View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document provides hazardous waste cleanup professionals with an update on the status of four available and promising technologies for in situ remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals: electrokinetics; phytoremediation; soil flushing; and solidification and stabilization. The report Is intended to assist in screening new technologies early in the remedy evaluation and selection process. for if at View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document provides current in formation about useful approaches and tools being applied at former MGP sites to the regulators and utilities that are in characterizing and remediating these sites. The document outlines site management strategies and field tools for expediting site characterization at MGP sites; presents a summary of existing technologies for remediating MGP wastes in soils; provides sufficient information about the benefits, limitations, costs of each technology, tool, or strategy for comparison and evaluation; and provides, through case studies, examples of the ways in which those tools and strategies can be implemented at MGP sites. 51 ------- r- -. ite for of I"- Wew on lineal ww~w.drycleancoaiition.org fjf The Internet site, supported by EPA's TIO, "L provides extensive information abo ut state remediation programs and resources related to the remediation of drycleaner sites. Descriptions of state programs and points of contact in each of the 11 member states are provided. Publications, regulations, and other documents are identified as well. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the assessment cleanup of drycleaner sites in Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Washington, Wisconsin may be particularly interested in the detailed information provided about programs in those states. Profiles of the remediation of specific sites throughout the U.S. are intended to assist users, particularly state officials, in making more informed decisions related to the remediation of sites in their states, and, when possible, to provide additional resources. Publications developed by the SCRD, as well as state and federal resources pertinent to issues associated with drycleaner sites, can be viewed on line or downloaded at no charge. :'-• to Up Viewonlineatwww.drycleancoalition.org/ survey 1 Prepared by the SCRD with the support of EPA's TIO, the report presents a survey that focuses on three principal areas: general administrative issues, fee and fund solvency issues, and benefits associated with the various programs. The report provides information about the number of sites in the various state programs, the remediation stage of each site, the system for setting priorities among sites, the fee system, the fee structure, average fees, deductibles insurance coverage, revenues collected, fund balances, benefits of participation, limit of funds, and requirements of facility owners operators. Detailed tables that present data gathered during the survey are included as an appendix to the report. ':' at <: View or download pdffile on the Road Map | CD-ROM The fact sheet s ummarizes information abo ut the use of treatment technologies at 30 RCRA corrective action sites. It focuses on ongoing or completed cleanups of contaminated soil or groundwater at RCRA sites for which key information, such as the type of technology used and the point of contact, was available. The sites illustrate the types of cleanups conducted at RCRA corrective action sites; they are not intended to be representative of all cleanups conducted under RCRA. Technology Cost for (EPA625-R-97-005) Orderonlineatwww.epa.gov/ttbnrmrl/625/R-97/005.hhn The document presents information about applicable treatment alternatives for the remediation of soil and groundwater at wood preserving sites. The document provides decision makers with a better understanding of technologies suitable for cleaning up such sites. Background information about the wood preserving industry in general is presented, as well as information about contaminants commonly found at wood preserving sites, such as PCPs, PAHs, dioxins and furans, and inorganic compounds. The document describes a number of technologies that have been used to remediate wood preserving sites; treatability and case studies also are presented. Additional sources of information are provided. Use of at View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM. The policy directive, issued April 21,1999, provides guidance to the staff of EPA, the public, the regulated community on how EPA intends to exercise its discretion in implementing national policy on the use of monitored natural attenuation for the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater at sites regulated under the programs of EPA's OSWER. C, The documents listed below provide detailed information about specific innovative technologies and the application of those processes to specific contaminants and media in the form of engineering analyses, application reports, technology verification and evaluation reports, and technology reviews. of in View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM. The study focuses on anaerobic biodegradarion of BTEX isomers in aquifer material from two petroleum- contaminated aquifers. Two different techniques were used to evaluate the ability of indigenous microorganisms to anaerobically degrade BTEX and to estimate the rate of degradation. ------- of for Vi'en; or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report provides an engineering analysis of, and status report on, selected enhancements for SVE treatment technologies. The report is intended to assist project managers who are considering an SVE treatment system by providing then with an u p-to- report on the status of enhancement technologies; an evaluation of each technology's applicability to various site conditions; a presentation of cost and performance information; a list of vendors that specialize in the technologies; a discussion of the relative strengths and limitations of the technologies; recommendations of factors to be kept in mind when considering the enhancements; and a compilation of references. The five enhancement technologies discussed in the report are air sparging, dual-phase extraction, directional drilling, pneumatic and hydraulic fracturing, and thermal enhancement. of for In of View on line at www.epa.gov/glnpo/sedimen t/iscmain/ index, html Published by EPA's Great Lakes National Program Office, the documentprovides technical guidance for subaqueous, in situ capping as a remediation technique for contaminated sediments. Descriptions of the processes, identification of the design requirements, and a recommended sequence for design also are provided. Version. 2.1 View or download database on the Road Map CD-ROM The searchable database provides information about sites at which bioremediation Is being tested or implemented or at which cleanup by bioremediation has been completed. The database covers sites being addressed under CERCLA, RCRA, TSCA, as well as' those being addressed under the LIST Program. Information is available about location, media, contaminants, technology, cost, and performance. of View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report is intended to provide a basic summary of in situ treatment technologies for gronndwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents. It includes information gathered from a range of currently available sources, including project documents, reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal communication with parties Involved in the use of the technologies. Technology for I View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The BTSC developed this document to provide an educational tool for site owners, project managers, and regulators to help evaluate the applicability of the phytoremediation process atbrownfields sites. The primer explains the types of biological processes involved in phytoremediation; provides examples of the sites and contaminants where phytoremediation has been applied; discusses technical considerations in selecting designing phytoremediation systems, activities necessary to operate and maintain phytoremediation systems, and examples of estimated potential cost savings from using phytoremediation versus more conventional treatment processes. The primer also provides a comprehensive list of other resources that are available to assist decision makers in evaluating phytoremediation as an option for cleaning up contaminated sites. - View on line at iiKirw.calepa.ca.gov/calcert The Cal/EPA Environmental Technology Certification program Internet site provides the user access to the California Certified Technologies List. The document provides a list of technologies and their respective vendors that have been certified by the state of California. Certification is granted to technologies on the basis of an independent, third- party verification of the technology's performance and ability to meet regulator}? specifications and requirements. Developers and manufacturers define quantitative performance claims for their technologies and provide supporting documentation. Cal/EPA reviews that information and, when necessary, cond ucts additional testing to verify the claims. Technologies, equipment, and products that are proven to work as claimed receive official state certification. O'.U-IN Technology Focus Virai on line at'http://clu-in.org Technology Focus, a section of EPA TIO's f CLU-IN site, provides a compilation of the "'' most relevant information sources abo ut a dacKdrouno * introduction * Beioie • ane «bile «Cleanup Options« and impiemei ------- range of remediation technologies. Grouped by specific technology, the resources provide a description, information about the applications and use of the technology, relevant engineering regulator}' guidance, and links to training sources and additional references. Information abo ut the following technologies are available: air sparging, bioremediation of chlorinated solvents, bio venting/ blosparglng,fracturing,groundwater circulating wells, in situ flushing, in situ oxidation, multi-phase extraction, natural attenuation, permeable reactive barriers, phy to remediation, soil vapor extraction, and thermal desorption. r= '''/•stems 1 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM Developed on the basis of case studies prepared by EPA, other members of the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable, and the Remediation Technologies Development Forum, the report presents the results of an analysis of groundwater cleanup costs for pump-and-treat systems and permeable reactive barriers (PRB) at 48 sites. Targeted for site managers, technology developers, and users, as well as others involved in groundwater remediation efforts, the report provides detailed information about the costs of groundwater cleanup technologies factors that affect those costs. Of the 48 sites, 32 were pump-and-treat systems 16 were PRBs. ; to In : of I View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report provides an overview of in situ bioremediation for the remediation of chlorinated solvents in contaminated soil and groundwater. It describes mechanisms for the degradation of chlorinated solvents, enhancements of such mechanisms by the addition of various materials and chemicals, design approaches, and factors to consider when selecting and using the technology. The report also presents a list of vendors of the technology and nine case studies of field applications. View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The guide, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, provides practical guidance for the design of liquid- and vapor-phase devices for the adsorption of organic chemicals. The adsorptive media addressed include granular activated carbon (GAC) and other alternative adsorption media, such as powdered activated carbon (PAC) and non-carbon adsorbents. It addresses various types of adsorption media, applicability, use of various adsorption process technologies, design of equipment and ancillary components, availability, advantages, disadvantages, regeneration methods, costs, and safety considerations. 5 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report describes a natural attenuation field study conducted jointly by EPA Region 5, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, and Amoco Corporation that has been underway since October 1994. (EPA542-R-98-008) View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM. The document describes recent pi lot demonstrations and full-scale applications of chemical oxidation processes that treat soil and groundwater in place or increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants to improve their removal by other remediation technologies. of In (EPA542-R-98-009) View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report is one in a series of reports that document recent pilot demonstrations full-scale applications that treat soil and groundwater In situ or increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants to improve their removal by other remediation technologies. Itis hoped that the information provided will facilitate more frequent consideration of new, less costly, and more effective technologies to address the problems associated with hazardous waste sites and petroleum contamination. ------- : AT for Of the 450,000 sites in the U.S., 100,000 to 200,000 (UST) or are by of from With so sites EPA is effective, and less to such as pump-and-treat systems or the in a have and are in tec h no log ies m ay be applicable for of USTs, |llllMM EPA's OUS nd EPA's of Storage Tanks (OUST) has with EPA's Office of and |lllliiIIli;OS101:S:! (OR D) to de ve of in no vati ve s i te [i^^^WJiwi1l^ and technologies, such as field ure m e nt techn iq ues, soi i ^^SijfijMMil vapo r survey i ng, vac u u m - e n ha need free p rod uct recovery, WiMWiisWiWii and ^^MWjjIJWWiif: and 0 U ST co nti n ues to encou rag e lllllilllllElJiIll scientifically and |llllIigi||jIlL|E at UST it also the use of expedited s ite a s sessme nts as a of the process, data collection, and the cost of remediation is the "'"-'-.,:_,___ ^'-~-"' _.^:;|P:;::r from ---:~--^=^^'--- from EPA's Economic initiative. The also is to take of the in :::::::::::::::=^^^ ..... _ that can be at the lilill!!!^ numerous USTFieids Like !!!!!!!!!!^ the brownfieids program, the llOlIlIillllllllll USTFieids to for community pilot llliiil!^ to plan =Mi=M==l^^M co nta m ination of g ro u n 1111111111^^^ and the S^^^S^^l^ of ^^^^^^^^^^ such are IllllpJIIH^^^ is given to that are !Iilil==^ with EPA the ^^;^^^^^^^ USTFieids will l^pplllll^^^^^ now to ^^^p^^^^^ yse of to =;==^ up sites by contamination, lilllillllllll=^^^^ the of those V/ra' on line at www.epa.gov/oust Hosted by EPA's OUST, the Internet site provides resources and tools to assist owners and operators of USTs and brownfieids stakeholders to better assess their options for the operation, maintenance, cleanup of USTs. Information and guidance about technologies suitable for cleaning up releases from UST systems are provided, as well as details about current federal UST regulations and UST program priorities, including specific details about the USTFieids Initiative. Points of contact in each of the EPA regional offices also are identified. An extensive number of UST publications can be viewed on line or downloaded at no charge. In addition, information a bout state-sponsored UST programs, including links to state Internet sites, is provided % on OUST's si te at www.wpa.gov/swerust1/states/index.htm. J ------- A Phyto re mediation the use of plants and natural processes to remediate or in soil, sediments, surface water, or groundwater. By acting as filters or traps, plants can organic pollutants, contaminants, or contain and of contaminants. Phyto remediation first was at in the 1990s, and use of the has increasing. Phyto re mediation has been on a full or at than 200 sites As the of grows, new the cost and performance of will P hyto re m e d i ation m any advantages it has the potential to at a of sites and on ^^^^^W^l involving less than other options. Types of sites at which has been liilllllll^lll;! with of llllli;il=l|||||| success in up the sites :^Mi^=M=MisMM and ^^^^^W^^ municipal landfills, fields, wood treatment sites, 1111PP"fsfIf lllif I i nsta I lati o n s, f u e I e ta n k farms, army ammunition piants, ==i=;:^^=^::d=i and S iteS, '''=EEi===:==:=::=:=:= Phytoremediation is and for its in a of at sites, Current results that the to of hydrocarbons; toluene, and (BTEX); polycyclic (PAH); (PCB); and in to a long-term is an for providing an solution for containing the of contaminants and the process, not the of soil, and its may only minimal Further, can nave a on the character of a site, may be an for use at large sites at of are not or practical, and can be in conjunction with the and land use for the site include the use of Decision at sites at which are low of (that is, organics, or over a large area and in soils, and the use of Phytoremediation also may be for use in conjunction with ==^^ lilf!!!!!^ and land use for a site the use of the of used for are: and rye, and grasses; (clover, and and and buiirush); and for as for zinc or for nickel), if levels of are so of are toxic to piants (phytotoxic), yy||||||||||||lF p nytore rned ration may not be an option, has primarily on a demonstration-scale at this time, site may find it its and efficacy on a site-specific basis, Doing so may an up-front of time and resources to that the of is to the technology options. However, such an ultimately save site significant of money when they up their for redevelopment. ------- 542-R-99-002) Wezc or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM. One of a series of reports that summarize pilot demonstrations and full-scale applications of technologies that treat soil and groundwater, the document presents profiles of a number of applications of PRBs. Each profile identifies, to the extent the Information is available, the name of the site, its location, its characteristics, the principal contaminants present, the installation date of the PRB, the type of construction, the costs of design construction, the reactive materials used, and the results achieved. The profiles also discuss lessons learned lists a point of contact for obtaining further information. A bibliography of articles and documents related to PRBs also is included. to "/hJAPLs: _ _^ ^ ^f View or download pdffile on the Road Map A CD-ROM The document provides to researchers and practitioners a status report on federal projects that are using noninvasive geophysical techniques to locate DNAPLs in the subsurface. for View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document contains detailed information on how steam injection can be used to recover organic contaminants from the subsurface, the contaminant and subsurface conditions for which the process may be appropriate, and general design and equipment consid era ti ons. (GWRTAC) View or download reports on tne Road Map CD-ROM Developed by the Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center (GWRTAC), a variety of reports about groundwater technologies and how they work are available to assist decision makers in reviewing technology options and assessing a technology's applicability to a particular site. The Technical Overview Reports are intended to provide a general overview and introduction to selected groundwater technologies. More detailed information and technical analyses is provided in the Technical Evaluation Reports which provide, for specific technologies, comprehensive descriptions of the technology and performance information; information about its applicability and cost; discussion of regulatory and policy requirements and issues; a summary of lessons learned. The Technology Status Reports are summary documents which provide information about the status of speci fie groundwater technologies or topics. Examples of some of the topics covered include: air sparging; biosl urping; DNAPL remediation; electrokinetics; hydrau lie, pneumatic, and blast-enhanced fracturing; in situ bioremedlation; in situ chemical treatment; in situ flushing; permeable reactive barriers; phytoremediation; surfactants and cosolvents. ifor Systems tf View or download pdffile on the Road Map m CD-ROM The report, contained in two separate volumes, presents a screening analysis that users can use to determine whether they can achieve significant cost savings by altering key aspects of an existing or planned pump-and-rreat-system. The first volume, intended for a broad audience, describes the screening analysis, which uses spreadsheets to allow quick inexpensive cost comparison of alternatives under consideration for use at a site, in terms of net present value (NPV). The second volume, targeted for a more technical audience, provides case study examples of the application of hydraulic optimization at three sites. Site-specific factors, as well as the steps involved to conduct the analysis, are described in detail. The following volumes are available: - Volume I: Pre-Optimization Screening (Method and Demonstration (EPA 542-R-99-OT1A) - Volt me II: Application of Hydraulic Optimization (EPA542-R-99-011B) ': ? ; fU Of !<•: C-:;,; :;.=s II View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report, published by the U.S. Army Environmental Center for the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTC.P), provides an overview of the current developmental status of electrokinetic remediation for metals-contaminated soils. The report identifies concerns about the in situ application of the technology and issues that require further investigation. It also presents the results of a field demonstration conducted at Naval Air Weapons • Backciiound * ifiiiuuucuun * deioie «bile «Cleanup Options« and impiemei 57 ------- Station at Point Mugu to illustrate concerns about the in situ application of the technology at its current of development. In View or download pdffile. on the Road Map CD-ROM The document provides a technology assessment about in situ treatment technologies applicable for cleanup of contaminated sediments. It is intended to provide federal agencies, states, consulting engineering firms, private industries, and technology developers with information on the current status of this technology. ITI1C View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM || The document, produced by the ITRC workgroup, provides a tool that can be used to determine whether phytoremediation can be effective at a given site. It is designed to complement existing phy to re mediation documents. It allows the user to use basic information about a specific site, through a flow chart layout, to decide whether phytoremediation is feasible at that site. to ^ PA View or download pdffile on the Road Map '1 CD-ROM The documentprovides a tool for regulators, owners, neighbors, and managers to use in evaluating the applicability of phytoremediation to a site. The document defines terms provides a framework for use in developing an understanding of phytoremediation applications. It is a compilation of information obtained through research and remediation work that has been done to date. for of Tools for Vadose (EPA542-E-98-019) View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report provides a basic summary of tools in current use for detection of leaks in landfill liners. It includes information gathered from a range of currently available sources, including project documents, reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal communication with parties involved in such efforts. of View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The fact sheet, written for a nonsdentific audience and intended to assist federal, state, and local regulators in educating the public about complex environmental issues, explains what the term "monitored natural attenuation" (MNA) means when it is used to describe a potential strategy for remediating a contaminated site. It also describes the various physical, chemical, and biological processes of natural attenuation that may take place at a site contaminated with chlorinated solvents and explains how decision makers evaluate the role of MNA at a contaminated site. of View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The fact sheet, written for a nonsdentific audience and intended to assist federal, state, and local regulators in educating the public a bout complex environmental issues, explains what the term "MNA" means when it is used to describe a potential strategy for remediating a contaminated site. It also describes the various physical, chemical, biological processes of natural attenuation that may take place at a site contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and explains how decision makers evaluate the role of MNA at a contaminated site. MTBE Site View on lineal www.epa.gov/oust/mtbe/ [| mtberemJitm The searchable web site provides data on completed and ongoing applications of MTBE treatment for drinking water and contaminated media. The case studies describe technologies (both in situ and ex situ aboveground) that have been used to treat MTBE in groundwater, soil, and drinking water. Technologies included are air stripping and sparging, carbon adsorption, bioremediation (in situ and ex situ), in situ chemical oxidation, soil vapor and dual-phase extraction, and pump-and-treat systems. The 18 full case studies are from 2 toll) pages long and vary in level of detail, depending on the data available. The web site also provides summary information about 20 additional treatment applications. of the (EPA542-R-99-004) View or download pdffile on trie Road Map CD-ROM The report describes the use of multi-phase extraction (M PE) for the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater, focusing primarily on the application of MPE at sites at which contamination with halogenated VOCs is present. The report describes MPE technology and the various configurations used for it, indicates the ------- types of site conditions to which M.PE is applicable, and discusses the advantages and potential limitations of the use of MPE at such sites. In addition, the report provides information about vendors of MPE and case studies that summarize cost and performance data on applications of the technology at three sites. N-.-tural Attenuation of Chlorinated >• in r c f View or download pdffile on the Road Map * CD-ROM The industrial members of the Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Consortium (bioconsortium) of the RTDF prepared the document to disseminate up- to-date scientific information about natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents. The mission of the RTDF bioconsortium is to accelerate the development of cost-effective bioremediation processes for degrading chlorinated solvents to achieve public and regulatory acceptance of those processes as safe effective. The document provides a framework to be used in evaluating natural attenuation of chlorinated VOCs. !•-•;; of in the .'••ubsurface f View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM. The document presents a case study conducted at the former Fuel Farm Site at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center at Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The case study is intended to answer several questions: Can MTBE be biodegraded under methanogenic conditions in groundwater that was contaminated by a fuel spill? Will biodegradation produce lower concentrations of MTBE than those required under regulatory standards? Is the rate of degradation in the laboratory adequate to explain the distribution of MTBE in the groundwater at the field site? What is the relationship between the degradation of MTBE and the degradation of the BTEX compounds? What is the rate of natural attenuation at the source area? .'- of of : s i • 1111 -,-;.. yuJU-Ujid ** View or download pdffile on the Road Map I CD-ROM The report assesses the current state of phytoremediation as an innovative technology and discusses its usefulness and potential in the remediation of lead- mercury-contaminated soils found at hazardous waste sites. The advantages and disadvantages, limitations, current status, projected market, and environmental concerns associated with this new and innovative technology are discussed. Case studies involving the phytoremediation of lead mercury detailing bench and full-scale projects are also provided. for View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document provides information about treatable contaminants, design, feasibility studies, construction options. Summaries of several current installations also are provided. for inorganics View or download pdffile on the Road Map S| CD-ROM The report provides a summary of information abo ut permeable reactive barriers for inorganics and a discussion of the current status of such barriers. It contains information gathered from a range of currently available sources, including project documents, reports, periodicals, the Internet, and personal communication with parties involved in projects that use the barriers. for of (VI) in View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM Prepared by EPA's (3RD, the document discusses the use of barrier walls employing zero-valent iron as the reactive substrate for treating ground water contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons or chromium. of at ^^^^^ If View or download pdffile on the Road Map lj CD-ROM The issue paper was developed for the EPA Regional Ground Water Forum. The paper provides a concise discussion of the processes associated with the use of phytoremediation as a cleanup or containment technique for remediation of hazardous waste sites, sediment, groundwater, surface water, and wastewater. 59 ------- of TCE in Populus View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document provides a basic understanding of phy to re mediation for shallow ground water and reports on the status of the technology. View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document aids decision makers in reviewing the applicability of phytoremediation extraction treatment technologies. The document also provides access information on electronic resources and hotlines; cites relevant federal regulations; and provides abstracts of more than 100 pertinent resources, such as bibliographies, guidance documents, workshop proceedings, overview documents, study and test results, and test designs and protocols. Included is a phytoremediation treatment technology resource matrix that compares the documents by technology type, affected media, and contaminants. The guide also provides detailed information on how to obtain the publications listed. P. ^ View or download pdffile on the Road Map 1 CD-ROM The document, published by the ITRC, provides technical and regulator}' guidance to help regulators understand, evaluate, and make informed decisions abo ut phytotechnology proposals. The document includes a description of phytotechnologies and discussions of regulatory and policy issues, technical requirements for phytotechnologies, and concerns on the part of stakeholders. It also provides case studies and technical references. for VOCs in and View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM Produced by EPA and the USAF, this fact sheet provides an explanation of the technology and explains how to determine whether multi-phase extraction is applicable to a site contaminated with VOCs in soil and groundwater. The fact sheet also recommends MPE as a potential enhancement for SVE in the presumptive remedy for sites with VOCs in soil. A for (EPA625-R-95-005) View on line at www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/pumptreat The guide provides an introduction to pump-and- treat ground water remediation by addressing such questions as, "When is pump-and-treat an appropriate remediation approach?" and "How can the design operation of a pump-and-treat system be optimized its performance measured?" The guide is intended to provide decision makers with a foundation for evaluating the appropriateness of conventional or innovative approaches. at ___JHL View or download pdffile on the Road Map ff CD-ROM The report provides to interested stakeholders, such as project managers, technology service providers, consulting engineers, site owners, and the general public, the most recent information about solidification/stabilization applications at Superfund sites, as well as information about trends in the use of the technology, specific types of applications, and '-• t -.- -:ly of ''; '•;•:; for View on lineatimmo.drydeancoalition.org/tcch | Prepared by the SCRD with the support of EPA's TIO, the report presents the results of the coalition's evaluation of assessment and remediation technologies commonly used in cleaning up drycleaner sites. The evaluation was on the results of responses to questionnaires sent to entities involved in such cleanups in 1999. The report presents those results in detail. An appendix provides descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment technologies frequently used at drycleaner sites. ••". = -:-:::•>: (Overview ft View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document provides a summary of information about subsurface barriers —vertical and horizontal — with an emphasis on emerging innovative vertical barrier technologies. It also presents a discussion of the current status of such barriers. The report is not intended to be inclusive; it merely provides an overview of the current work in the field 80 ------- {!ii subsurface barrier technologies drawn from information gathered from a range of sources, including project documents, reports, periodicals, the Internet, personal communication with parties involved in projects that use such barriers. < -.bsurface . V 1999 View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document summarizes the presentations made and workshops conducted during a conference on improving long-term monitoring (LTM) and the performance of remedia 1 systems. The conference, sponsored and developed by the FRTR, took place in St. Louis, Missouri from June 8 through 11,1999. The conference provided up-to-date information about LTM and system optimization through presentations and topical workshops. for In of in View or download pdffile on trie Road Map CD-ROM The report describes enhanced in situ bioremediarion (EISB) and examines the circumstances under which its application is appropriate. It also discusses related regulatory and policy issues, such as the under RCRA on land disposal and technical requirements for implementation of EISB. The report was prepared by the Interstate Technology Regulatory Cooperation Workgroup. v (UIC) r View on line at www.epa.gov/safeuiater/ I nk~.html The UIC Program works with state and local governments to oversee underground injection of waste to prevent contamination of drinking-water resources. Among the wastes the UIC program regulates are: more than nine billion gallons of hazardous waste every year; more than two billion gallons of brine from oil and gas operations every day; and automotive, industrial, sanitary and other wastes that are injected into shallow aquifers. After you have reviewed options for cleanup, you may take any of the following courses of action: of the of The proposed cleanup option appears feasible. No cleanup option appears feasible in light of the proposed redevelopment and land reuse needs (such as project milestones and cost and intended reuse). of Determine whether revising the redevelopment plan remains a practicable option; if so, proceed to the CLEANUP DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION phase. If contamination exists at considerable levels, compliance with oilier programs, such as RCRA and Super-fund, may be required. 81 ------- A ,{ OLD: it is that billions of will be spent by the and sectorto up sites contaminated with (DNAPL). Denser than water, DNAPLs tend to sink through the and form a product pool on top of such soli as ciay. DNAPLs also can sink and migrate laterally through in influence fate and of DNAPLs in the subsurface, and it can be difficult to the path will take, of DNAPLs act as a continuing so urc e of co nta m i n ation. DNAPLs may serious, ^^^^g^^= long-term contamination of ^^^^^^=^= and pose a to of the site, for such as pump-and-treat. At with significant DNAPL contamination, pump-and-treat :^^iJSjjjjIM:]^ may hundreds of to up the g ro u nd wate r. ^^^^ftwfp Siteslikelycontaniinatedwith DN AP Ls inc i ud e d rye lean i ng facilities, sites, gas plants (MGP) sites, and sites operations large of as well as solvent sites), To the and of technologies for DNAPLs in groundwater, a consortium - the interagency DNAPL Consortium (IDC) - was formed. The consortium has a plan that efforts and in and development, technology demonstrations, and full-scale technology to the risk with technologies, The I interagencyagreement I the of \ new and existing \ j technologies in side-by- \ _JF n s to "'"--^, _ .-:=§;::r cost and -----=-:=====-- data that will be used to and use of innovative at site i he i DC has selected three technologies, soil and chemical with to the and cost-efficiency of technologies in DNAPLs. Technical to be released in fall 2001 will document the cost and performance of the technologies. The wiii be to site and to in decisions about the economics and of technologies for the remediation of DNAPLs, 82 ------- This phase focuses on the design and implementation of a cleanup plan to prepare the property for redevelopment and reuse. The design of the cleanup plan and implementation of the technology options selected in the previous phase involves close coordination with all other redevelopment efforts in the immediate vicinity of the site. Factors that should be considered during the design and implementation of cleanup activities include: 1. Are there federa I, state, local, tribal requirements for the design, installation, and monitoring of cleanup activities? 2. How will cleanup be monitored so that work can be stopped when cleanup goals are reached? 3. How best can the community participate in the design and implementation of the cleanup plan? 4. What can be done to protect the community and other property during cleanup? 5. What are the tradeoffs between cost meeting redevelopmentprojectdeadlines? Can redevelopment activities (such as renovation of existing buildings and construction of roads and sewage systems) be performed concurrently with cleanup activities? 6. Whatare the long-term effects of the selected technology on the liability or on the future use of the site? What are the effects of a catastrophic change to the environment (for example, a hurricane or changes to the subsurface)? 7. Will long-term monitoring be required? If so, how will it be managed? 8. Will institutional controls facilitate or hinder redevelopment? Now? In the future? • Cleanup Design and Implementation 83 ------- Typical activities that may be conducted during this phase include: « Review all applicable federal, state, local, and tribal regulatory guidelines regulations to determine all specific requirements, including guidelines for state VCPs » Continue to work with the appropriate regulatory agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements are being properly addressed: - Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local, and tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the decision-making process as early as possible - Contact the EPA regional brownfiekls coordinator to identify and determine the availability of EPA support programs * Develop conceptual plans for cleanup subsequent monitoring that incorporate technology options and consider the effect of any cleanup activities on the proposed reuse of the property the sclied ule for project design or construction: - Develop or review the schedule for completion of the project - Obtain a final amount for the funds available for project developmen t - Coordinate the renovation and construction of infrastructure with cleanup activities - Coordinate activities with developers, financiers, construct ion firms, and members of the local community « Establish contingency plans to address the discover}' of additional contamination during cleanup, including tools such as environmental insurance policies « Develop proced ures for community participation, for example, by working with community advisory boards or local redevelopment authorities * Implement and monitor the cleanup plan and performance of the technology selected « Work with the state VCP program, if applicable, and or county or local officials to facilitate the placement and implementation of institutiona 1 controls Listed below are examples of technology resources that provide information aboutapplicable regulatory guidelines regulations and community outreach materials. In addition, technologies identified during the site investigation phase may be appropriate to monitor cleanup performance and close-out. Information about the availability of electronic resources — whether the item is found on the Road Map's accompanying CD-ROM or on various web sites — also is provided. Appendix D, How to Order Documen is, provides complete ordering information for documents that are not available on the CD-ROM or on the Internet. A. for and lor to Transfer of View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The document provides guidance for designing and conducting soil remediation activities at RCRA and other hazardous waste sites so that cross- contamination is minimal. The document is expected to assist in reducing exposure of workers to contaminants by identifying the potential for transfer from medium to medium and recommending control mechanisms that could be applied during imp lementa tion o f tment techno logies f or soi 1. The BM Ps are provided for seven technology categories: containment technologies; soil washing; therma 1 treatment; vapor extraction; bioremediation; incineration; and other physical and chemical treatments. The document also provides case studies and information about field validation activities that EPA undertook at soil remediation sites in 1996 and 1997. 84 ------- of .->; i of a ;::. PA 600-11-99-007) V7ezc or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The objective of the research project was to develop a better understanding of the composition of mine waste leachates and to identify cost-effective groundwater monitoring parameters that could be incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock mining operations. to View or download pdffiles on the Road Map CD-ROM The guides are prepared by EPA to provide site managers with nontechnical outreach materials that they can share with communities in the vicinity of a site. The guides present information on innovative technologies that have been selected or applied at some cleanup sites, provide overviews of the technologies, and present success stories about sites at which innovative technologies have been applied. Spanish versions of the guides are forthcoming. The guides contain information on the following subjects: - Bioremediation(EPA 542-F-01-001) - Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013) - Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015) - In situ flushing (EPA 542-F-01 -011) - In situ thermal treatment methods (EPA. 542-F-01-012) - Monitored natural attenuation (EPA 542-F-01 -004) - Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01 -005) - Phytoremediation(EPA 542-F-01-002) - SVE and air sparging (EPA. 542-F-01 -006) - Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-008) - Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003) P/: Of -: ;b'!?A542-B-99-005) View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM. The directory provides information about EPA offices, non-government organizations funded by EPA, and other federal agencies that may be able to provide expertise to assist in the selection of technologies for use in characterizing and cleaning up brownfields properties. to in View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The policy directive, issued April 29,1996, describes several initiatives to facilitate the testing, demonstration, and use of innovative cleanup and field measurement technologies and stresses EPA's commitment to promoting the development and commercialization of environmental technologies. The initiatives under the directive place a high priority on selecting innovative treatment characterization technologies, reducing impediments to the development and use of innovative technologies, sharing the risks of using innovative treatment technologies. IT Viewonlineatwww.epareachit.org EPA REACH IT is an online searchable database that assists brownfields stakeholders in obtaining comprehensive information about technologies useful for monitoring cleanup of brownfields sites. Specific information about applicable technologies and their service providers can be accessed readily using the guided advanced search capabilities of the system. EPA REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet. View on line at imow.frtr.gov/cost The case studies provide the user information about specific remedial technology applications. FRTR case studies are developed by DoD, USAGE, the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force (USAF), and EPA. The" case studies focus on full-scale and large field demonstration projects and include information on site background, description of the technology, cost and performance of technology application, and lessons learned. Technologies include innovative and conventional treatment technologies for contaminated soil, groundwater, and solid media. Users also can search the case studies by groups of contaminants, media, waste management practices that contribute to contamination, and treatment systems. • Cleanup Design and Implementation ------- THE ROLE OF AT ^ and ." Institutional controls are administrative and restrictions or limitations placed on the use of a site to minimize potential to of concern or to that with the of a institutional controls are vital of they and the physical component of the remedy to be implemented- On one hand, the right combination of institutional controls is to the of the on the the mix of can be a real or to of a site. The term "institutional control'' can be to a wide spectrum of and administrative measures- in general, for ...—==^^^^ can be into four ;.^^^^^^^^g57|> proprietary controls, Illl|ll|!pPpllf|Ppi| governmental control s. enforcement iliiii=^|p==;;p=^;p= and penult tools with institutional ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ and ^^^^=^5^^^^ I nformationai devi ces, Proprietary ^===J==^=^J=5 are they are ^^^^^^^^^= on real law. ^^^^^^^^^jj of proprietary controls llll[l!liIIlIllZlIIIi include covenants, which are written llll[IlIllIl[IIIil;3L contracts that can llllllOOI[lliIII131 types of or use of ^P^^'^^^p:^ construction on the land, and H can 1| or the to are -^^^^^^^^^^ compatible with the intended use. Governmental controls involve restrictions that generally fall within the traditional police of and local to and of by which restrictions can be imposed through the local zoning or land use that and disturbance of the response action, well drilling prohibitions, and such ordinances as building permit processes and planning activities. Another common type of institutional controls is enforcement mechanisms or permits- Such institutional controls include Orders, Decrees, and RCRA that require a land owner, usually a potential responsible party (PRP), to limit at a site. controls are used tor CERCLA and RCRA cleanups- The final category of institutional controls is informational tools. Informational tools provide information or or that may on site or that a has undertaken. Typical of such tools include of and are as a secondary to help ensure the overall reliability of other institutional controls. \ \ \ ,1 Institutional controls also ^ \ .""'"'"ti .,,11 are to that \ \ V-s^^'jf the post-remediation use of \ \ "•?""_,^--^"'=r the is \,_ -•--:.,-,::;--'-- ^JF with the level of '"••-„,.,.__ _.^=::::r" controls, For deed are informational, not enforceable. An cannot be unless there is a party willing to hold the easement. Some hold and parties may be to do so, laws may not be fully effective unless they are monitored and enforced over ttie long ^^^^^^^^_._i term, and local may not •liH^^^^^^^^, have the to |p||ppp||Pll||llll conduct such oversight. Further, =E=^=====|f zoning ordinances are not '^ij^ji^^jjiiJ^ they can be or local can ^!^j!===;^l=^= to them after public ^^^^^^^^^^^ h earl ngs. Concern has about ^^^^^^^^^^^ the long-term of =il=ii=i= controls as a tool. For iiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ example, they may be forgotten; ']^M^lMi^iM^i^M enforcement agencies may not IlllllJlil!!^ or land 'SlKH^^^^^^^^^ users' actions; or land users simply may take their are a lor a of in the of that contaminated sites thoroughly- Decision makers should the full costs of such options, including capital costs, costs of and and of equipment, as well as concerns about potential long-term risks with left in the cost tli at the land use the of local play a role in the and of it is not always clear what that role will be. Many local governments do not yet the and necessary to meet the challenges of long-term stewardship. With an improved understanding of the terms and issues to local and will be in a to to the long-term challenges of using institutional controls to promote reuse, while ensuring that public health and the environment are protected. 86 ------- '. of '. 3 i |t V7ezc or download pdffile on the Road Map 11 The report introduces a new standard promoted by EPA's OSWER and TIO that enco urages more effective and less costly strategies for characterizing monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new approach uses an integrated triad of systematic planning, dynamic work plans, and onsite analysis for collection technical decision making at hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the concepts in the triad is new, but it has been demonstrated that the integrated approach completes projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory and client satisfaction than the traditional phased approach. The report includes a list of additional resources regarding innovative technologies and site characterization. I A •-'.r tO ;-• at •:-; Corrective View or download the pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The fact sheet provides site managers and decision ma kers at Superfund RCR A corrective action sites with an overview of the types of institutional controls (1C) that commonly are used or implemented and outlines the factors that generally should be considered when evaluating and selecting ICs as part of the remedy. The fact sheet also provides guidance to the public the regulated community in the matter of how EPA intends to eva luate and implement ICs as part of cleanup decisions. Detailed descriptions of the different types of ICs are provided, as well as a glossary, and a checklist for implementing ICs. [': Up f, -; of ____== H ~~jj "* View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report provides technical information about how sites at which waste containment areas are present have been reused safely for recreational purposes, while ensuring that the integrity and protectiveness of the remedy are maintained. The information is helpful when considering recreational reuse options during EPA's process of selecting and designing a cleanup plan for a Superf und site. The information presented in the report draws on experiences gained through lessons learned from previous recreational redevelopment projects at Superf und and other contaminated sites. to In View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report identifies specific state regulatory and policy barriers to the use of techniques enhance in situ ground water treatment technologies through the subsurface injection of surfactants, cosolvents, and nutrients. The report also describes the experiences and policies of each state and provides contact information for obtaining additional assistance. for of in View or download pdffile on the Road Map CD-ROM The report provides guidance for environmental managers about the steps that must be taken to understand the rate and extent to which natural processes are reducing contaminant concentrations at sites that are contaminated by chlorinated solvents. Data collected with this protocol can be used to eva luate natural attenuation through biological processes as part of a protective overall site remedy. The protocol is the result of a collaborative field and laboratory research effort involving researchers from EPA ORD, the USAF, and the U.S. Geological Survey. W ASTECEP of See Appendix D, How to Order Documents, for a WASTECH order form, or view the orderform on the Road Map CD-ROM The WASTECH* project generates authoritative, consensus-based engineering monographs for remediation of hazardous waste sites and contaminated soils and groundwater. WASTECH* is funded by EPA, DoD, DOE, and the American Academy of Environmental Engineers*. During Phase I of the project, eight monographs were published in 1994 and 1995 covering the basics of these technologies, i.e., identification and description, potential applications, process evaluations, limitations. During 1997 and early 1998, an additional seven volumes covering the design applications, including actual case studies, were produced. Copies of the individual monographs (by technology type) or the entire series may be purchased • Cleanup Design and Implementation ------- by contacting the American Academy of Environmental Engineers'15 by telephone at 410-266- 3390 or by facsimile at 410-266-7653. The volumes contain Information on the following technologies: ----- Bioremediation - Chemical treatment ------ Soil washing/soil flushing - Solidification/stabilization ----- Solvent/chemical extraction - Thermal desorption - Thermal destruction - Vacuum vapor extraction After you have completed cleanup, you may fa ke one of the fol lowing courses of action: of Contamination has been removed, contained, or controlled. Additional contamination has been discovered. Long-term of Continue cleanup activities. However, you may have to return to the SITE IN VESTJGA TiON phase to determine the extent and nature of the contamination. 88 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- The tables provided in this appendix are intended to assist brownfields stakeholders to better understand the types of contaminants typically found at brownfields sites the range of technologies that may be appropriate to assess and remediate those contaminants d urlng the phases of a site cleanup. Information for the tables was compiled from several sources, including EPA Guides to Pollution Prevention for selected industries, EPA's REACH IT online searchable database, as well as many other EPA sources. A list of specific citations used is provided on page A-3. The following table identifies activities that may have caused contamination at brownfields sites. The table summarizes contaminants that are related to such activities and identifies sources for the contaminants. However, it is not an exhaustive list of contaminants that can be found at a brownfields site. Identifying contaminants that may be present should be determined on a site-by-site basis. Such a determination should be conducted thoroughly and carefully. Agriculture Automotive refinishingand repair Battery recycling and disposal Chloro-alkali manufacturing Coal gasification Cosmetics ma nutacturing Dry cleaningactivities Dye facilities Electroplating operations G lass manufacturing Herbicide marmlaeluring and use Hospitals Incinerators Land tills—municipal and industria Leather manufacturing Machine shops/metal fabrication Manufactured gas plant M arine maintenance industry Muni tions i nanu fa c turii i g I 'a i nt /ink ma nu fa ctu r inp Volatile organic compounds (VOC), arsenic, copper, carbon tetrachioride, ethyiene dibromideand rnethylenechloride,pesticides, insecticides, herbicides,grain furniganfs Polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), sulfur compounds, cyanide, aluminum, iron, lead, nickel, chromium Heavy metals, dusts, solvents, acids VOCs such as chloroform and tetrachloroethane, various .solvents, spot removers, fluorocarbon 113, perchluroethviene 2-naph thy lamine, 4 -arnii lobipheny 1, benzidine Various metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and cyanide Arsenic, lead Dioxin, metals, herbicides Formaldehyde, raclionuclides, photographic chemicals, solvents, mercury, ethyiene oxide, chemotherapy chemicals Dioxin, various municipal and industrial waste, ash, ordnance compounds, metals Metals, VOCs, polvchiorinatecl biphenyIs(lJCB), ammonia, methane, household products and cleaners, pesticides, hyclrogensiilfide I oluene, ben/ene Metals, VOCs, ciioxin, beryllium, degreasing agents, solvents, waste oils Non-halogenated VOCs and non-ha logenated semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) such as PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs, including naphthalene, phenanthr'ene,ant!iracene, chrysene,and ben/o(a)py rene Solvents, paints, cyanide, acids, VOC emissions, heavy metal sludges, degreasers Lead, explosives, copper, antimony, unexploded ordnance (IJXO) • A: TO AND A-1 ------- 'esticide nianti tacturins* re tr oleum renmng and reuse Pharmaceuticalinaiiufacturing Lead, various organic chemicals, organic solvents Photographic manufacturing and uses Silver bromide, methylene chloride, solvents, photographic products Plastics manufacturing i'olyniers, phthalates, cadmium, solvents, resins, chemical additives, VOCs Printing industry Silver, solvents, acids, waste oils, inks and dyes, photographic chemicals Railroad yards Petroleum hydrocarbons, VOCs, BTEX. solvents, fuels, oil and grease, lead. PCBs, PAHs, phtha lares, carhazole, dieldrin, dibenzofuraiis Research and educational institutions Inorganic acids, organic solvents, metals and metal dust, photographic waste, waste oil, paint, heavy metals, pesticides Scrap metal operations Metals (such as lead and nickel), PCBs, dioxin, transformers Semiconductor manufacturing Metals, VOCs, carbon tetrachloride, clegreasing agents, solvents Smelter operations Metals (such as lead, copper, and arsenic) Underground storage tanks Petroleum hydrocarbons, gasoline, diesel fuel, BTEX, MTDE, solvents, metals, POLs Wood pulp and paper manufacturing Chlorinated organic com pounds, diox ins, furans, chloroform, resin acids A-2, for at Examples of technologies that may be used for sampling and analysis are presented below. wsEsssisiiSM^^^^^^^^M Fuels and Non-halogenated VOCs (gasoline, diesel, motor oil, BTEX, acetone, TPH, PAH) Ha logenated VOCs (PCE,TCE, vinyl chloride) Non-ha bgenated SVOCs (chrysene. naphtha iene, phenanthrene, pyrene) Halogenatecl SVOCs (chiordane, I'CBs, PCP.dioxins, furanri, pesticides) Inorganic Compounds (arsenic, cadniiitni, cliromium, mercury, lead) Explosives (TNT,RDX,HMX) Oxygenates (MTBE,ethanol,ethyi tertiary bntvl ether IETBEJ, teitiary amvl methyl ether fTAME]) Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits; Laser-induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer; Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry; Diffusion Samplers; Intr.in d Monitors Portable Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry; Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay lest Kits; Infrared Monitors; Diffusion Samplers Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry; Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer Gas Chroma tography/Mass Spectrometry; Immunoassay Test Kits; Colorimetric Test Kits Immunoassay Test Kits; X-ray Analyzers; Electrochemical Detector Kits; Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits; Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry Portable Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry; Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay 1 est Kits; Infrared Monitors; Diffusion Samplers '" The contaminants in parentheses are examples of each type of contaminant. A-2 ------- Identified below are types of technologies that may be appropriate for specific types of contaminants. and and Stabilization; Soil Washing: inemial A i r Spa rging; Biosl u rpi ng; B iospa rginj B cto c K Dua I -P base Ext r a ction; Permeable ReacH ve Barriers; Phytoreinecliation; UV Oxidation Halogenated (PCE, TCE, vinyl chloride) Air Sparging; Dua I-Phase Extra ctior Penneable Reactive Barriers; Pump and Treat solvent Extraction; Thermal Desorption; rhermallvEnhancedSVE Incineration; T hernia L Desorption; Therma 11 v Bnha need SV B Permeable Reactive Barriers; Bioreactor; Permeable Reactive Barriers; Phv toreinedia tion SVE: I hermal Desi.Tption;Bioremedi LIST OF TO AND Bioremediation of Ha/ardous Waste: Research Development, - TJie Commercial Printing Industry (EPA 625-7-90-008) and Field Evaluation (EPA 540-R-95-532) . The Mberglass-Reinforcedand Composite Plastics Industry Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 540-R-01-005) Contaminants and Remedial Options at Selected Metal- Contaminated Sites (EPA 540-R-95-512, PB95-271961) Dry Cleaning and Laundry Plants, Fact Sheet (EPA 530-SW-90-027b) EPA OECA Industry Sector Notebooks EPA ORD Brownfields Guides EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets EPA REmediation And CHaracterizatlon Innovative Technologies (EPA REACH IT) Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable(FRTR)Case Studies Field Samplingand AnalysisTechnologies Matrix, Version 1.0 Guidelines for Waste Reduction and Recycling: Metal Finishing, Electroplating, Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing, Hazardous Waste Reduction Program, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (No document number) Guides to Pollution Prevention: - Research and Educational Institutions (EPA 625-7-90-010) - Selected Hospital Waste Streams (DPA 625-7-90-009) - The Automotive Refinishing industry (I'.PA 625-7-91-016) - The Automotive Repair Industry (i'.PA 625-7-91-013) Pollution Prevention Technologies for the Bleached Kraft Segment of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry (EPA 600-R-93-110) Resource for MCP Site Characterization and Remediations: Expedited Site Characterization and Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas Plant Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005) Solving the Hazardous Waste Problem: EPA's RCRA Program (EPA 530-SW-86-037) Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Report, Ninth Edition (EPA 542-R-99-001) U.S. Department of Energy Preferred Alternatives Matrices (PAM) Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case Studies of Minimization, of Mercury-Bearing Wastes at a Mercury Cell Chloralkall Plant; Project Summary (EPA 600-S2-88-011) Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment: Philadelphia Naval Shipyard; Project Summary (EPA 600-S2-90-046) • A: TO AND ------- ------- ------- ------- ARAR ASTM BDAT BTEX BTSC CAA CEECLA CEECLIS CERI CLU-IN CMS CSM CWA DMAPL DQO EPA EPA REACH IT EPCRA ESA FATE FDIC GAC HES HSWA 1C IDC IRIS ITT LDE LNAPL LUST MGP MTBE NAPL MCP NERL NPDES Applicable or Kelevantand Appropriate Requirement American Society for Testing and Materials Best Demonstrated Available Technology Benzene,Toluene, Ethylbenzene,and Xylene EPA Brow nfie Ids Technology Support Center Clean Air Act Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,and Liability Act Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation,and Liability Information System Center for Environmental Research Information EPA Hazardous Waste Clean-up Information Web Site Corrective Measure Study Conceptual Site Model Clean Water Act Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Data Quality Objective U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA KEmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies Online Searchable Database Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act Environmental Site Assessment EPA Field AnalyticTechnologies Encyclopedia Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Granular Activated Carbon Hazard Ranking System Hazardousand Solid Waste Amendments In.stitu ti onal Control I nteragency DNAPL Consort! u m Integrated Risk Information System I nnovative Treatment Technology Land Disposal Restrictions Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Leaking Underground Storage Tank Manufactured Gas Plant Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether Nonaqueous Phase Liquid National Contincenc y Plan NPL National Priorities List NRC National Response Center O&M Operation and Maintenance OERR Office of Emergency and Remedial Response ORD Off ice of Research and Development Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response OUST Office of Underground Storage Tanks PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hyd rocarbon PA/S! Preliminary Assessment and Site Inspection PBMS Performance-Based Measurement System Polychlorinated Biphenyl PCE Tetrachloroethene PCP Pentachlorophenol Potentially Responsible Party QA/QC Quality Assuranceand QualityControl Risk-Based Corrective Action Risk-Based Decision-Making RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RD/RA Remedial Design and Remedial Action RCRA Facility Assessment RFI RCRA Facility Investigation RI/FS Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study Record of Decision RQ Reportable Quantity SARA Superfund Amendmentsand ReauthorizationAct SCRD StateCoalition for Remediation of Dry cleaners Safe Drinking Water Act SITE Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation SOP Standard Operating Procedure SRI Superfund Redevelopment Initiative SVE Soil Vapor Extraction SVOC Semi-Volatile Organic Compound TCE Trichloroethene TCLP ToxicityCharacteristic Leaching Procedure TIO Technology Innovation Office TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon TSCA ToxicSubstancesControl Act TSDF Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility UST Underground Storage Tank UXO Unexploded Ordnance VCP VoluntaryCleanup Program VOC Volatile Organic Compound • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY B-1 ------- The following is a list of specialized terms used during the cleanup of brownfields sites. Absorption Absorption is the passage of one substance into or through another. Adsorption Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. The term also refers to a method of treating wastes in which activated carbon is used to remove organic compounds from wastewater. Sec also Carbon Adsorption. In air sparging, air is injected into the ground below a contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and carry trapped dissolved contaminants to the surface. Air sparging is often used in conjunction with soil vapor extraction systems. See also Soil Vapor Extraction. Air stripping is a treatment technology that removes or "strips" VOCs from contaminated ground water or surface water. As air is forced through the water, VOCs are volatilized. See also Volatile Organic Compound. lor The ASTM sets standards for many services, including methods of sampling and testing of hazardous waste and media contaminated with hazardous waste. or As defined under CERCLA, ARARs are cleanup standards, standards of control, and other substantive environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limits set forth under federal or state law that specifically address problems or situations present at a CERCLA site. ARARs are major considerations in setting cleanup goals, selecting a remedy, and determining how to implement that remedy ata CERCLA site. ARARs must be attained at all CERCLA sites unless a waiver is attained. ARARs are not national cleanup standards for the Superfund program. See also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, ami Liability Act and Superfund. Aquifer An aquifer is an underground rock formation composed of such materials as sand, soil, or gravel that can store groundwarer and supply it to wells and springs. CERCLA requires that Superfund remedial actions attain standards that are legally applicable or relevant appropriate to the circumstances at a given Superfund site. ARARs are used in conjunction with risk-based goals to establish cleanup goals at Superfund sites. ARARs are established on a site-by- site basis, may include those under federal laws and regulations those under state local laws regulations Aromatics Aroma tics are organic compounds that contain 6-carbon ring structures, such as creosote, toluene, and phenol, that often are found at dry cleaning and electronic assembly sites. A baseline risk assessment is an assessment conducted before cleanup activities begin at a site to identify evaluate the threat to human health the environment. After remediation has been completed, the information obtained during a baseline risk assessment can be used to determine whether the cleanup levels were reached. BDAT Under the RCRA Land Disposal Restrictions Program, EPA establishes treatment standards governing specific waste codes that are based on the performance of BDAT. Of the proven, available technologies, EPA designates as BDAT the technology that best minimizes the mobility or toxicity of the hazardous waste constituents of a waste. Bedrock Bedrock is the rock that underlies the soil; it can be permea ble or non-permeable. See also Confining Layer and Creosote. (BDAT) A BDAT is a technology that has demonstrated the ability to reduce a particular contaminant to a lower concentration than other currently available technologies. BDATs can change with time as technologies evolve. Biodegradability Biodegradability is the capability of a substance to break down into simpler substances, especially into innocuous products, by the actions of living organisms (thatis, microorganisms). ------- Biopile Is an aerated static pile composting process In which soil is mixed with amendments on a treatment area that Includes leachate collection systems and aeration with blowers or vacuum pumps. It is used to reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents through the use of biodegradation. Moisture, heat, nutrients, oxygen, pH can be controlled to enhance biodegradation. Bioremediation Bioremediation refers to treatment processes that use microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances. Bioremediation can be used to clean up contaminated soil and water. In situ bioremediation treats contaminated soil or groundwater in the location in which It is found. For ex situ bioremediation processes, contaminated soil is excavated or groundwater is pumped to the surface before they can be treated. Bioreactor Bioreactors use microorganisms in attached or suspended biological systems to degrade contaminants in water. In suspended biological systems, such as activated sludge, fluidized beds, or sequencing batch reactors, contaminated water Is circulated in an aeration basin microbes aerobically degrade organic matter produce carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. In attached systems, such as rotating biological contactors (RBC) and trickling filters, a microbial population is established on an Inert su pport matrix, the cells form a si udge, which is settled out in a clarifier and is recycled to the aeration basin and disposed of. Biosensor A biosensor is a portable device that uses living organisms, such as microbes, or parts and products of living organisms, such as enzymes, tissues, and anitbodies, to produce reactions to specific chemical contaminants. Bioslurping Bioslurping is the adaptation of vacuum-enhanced dewatering technologies to remediate hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. Bioslurping combines elements of bothbioventing and free-product recovery to simultaneously recover free product and bioremediate soils in the vadose zone. Bioventing stimulates the aerobic bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and vacuum-enhanced free-product recovery extracts light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) from the capillary fringe and the water table. See also Vadose Zone. Biotechnology Biotechnology refers to the application of advanced biological techniques in the manufacture of industrial products (for example, antibiotics and insulin) or for environmental management (for example, waste recycling). Bioventing Bioventing Is an in situ remediation technology that stimulates the natural biodegradation of aerobically degradable compounds in soil by the injection of oxygen into the subsurface. Bioventing has been used to remediate releases of petroleum products, such as gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, and diesel fuel. See also Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction. Borehole A borehole is a hole cut into the ground by means of a drilling rig. Borehole geophysics are nuclear or electric technologies used to identify the physical characteristics of geologic formations that are intersected by a borehole. Brownfields Brownflelds sites are abandoned, idled, or under- used industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination. BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene-volatile aromatic compounds typically found in petroleum products, such as gasoline diesel fuel. Cadmium Cadmium is a silvery-white metallic element that Is used in a variety of manufacturing operations, including the manufacture of batteries, coatings, alloys, and pigments. Cadmium is a heavy metal. See also Heavy Metal. Carbazole is formed as a result of the incomplete combustion of nitrogen-containing organic matter. When heated to decomposition, such matter emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. Carbazole is used in making • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY ------- photographic plates sensitive to ultraviolet light and in the manufacture of reagents, explosives, insecticides, lubricants, and rubber antioxidants. Carbon adsorption is a remediation technology that removes contaminants from air or wafer through physical adsorption into the carbon grain. Carbon is "activated" to improve adsorption through a process that creates porous particles that have large internal surface areas. A number of commercial grades of activated carbon are available to meets the needs of specific applications. Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless, highly volatile liquid has a strong ethereal odor similar to that of chloroform. It mixes sparingly with water and, when heated to decomposition, emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene. Carbon tetrachloride is used primarily as a chemical intermediate in the production of the refrigerants Freon 11 and 12. If also has been used as a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations and as an industrial solvent in the manufacture of cables semiconductors. Chemical dehalogenarion is a chemical process that removes halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical contaminant, rendering the contaminant less hazardous. The chemical dehalogenarion process can be applied to common halogenated contaminants such as PCBs and dioxins, which may be present in soil and oils. Dehalogenation can be effective in removing halogens from hazardous organic compounds, such as dioxins, PCBs, and certain chlorinated pesticides. The treatment time is short, energy requirements are moderate, operation maintenance costs are relatively low. This technology can be brought to the site, eliminating the need to transport hazardous wastes. See also Polychlorinated Biphenyi and Dioxin. Chemical treatments typically involve chemical reduction /oxidation (redox) reactions that chemical ly convert hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. Specifically, one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one is reduced (gains electrons). The oxidizing agents most commonly used for treatment of hazardous contaminants are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, artel chlorine dioxide. In cyanide oxidation, organic cyanides are oxidized to less hazardous compounds through chemical reactions. This method can be applied in situ or ex situ to soils, sludges, sediments, and other solids and also can be applied for the in situ treatment o f gr o i ind wate r. CMoiiitafot A chlorinator is a device that adds chlorine, in gas or liquid form, to water or sewage to kill bacteria. Clean Air Act (CAA) The CAA is a federal law passed in 1970 that requires EPA to establish regulations to control the release of contaminants to the air to protect human health and environment. Cleanup Cleanup is the term used for actions taken to deal with a release or threat of release of a hazardous substance that could affect humans and or the environment. The term sometimes is used interchangeably with the terms remedial action, removal action, response action, or corrective action. Act CWA is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to U.S. waters. This law gave EPA the authority to set wastewater discharge standards on an industry-by- ind ustry basis and to set water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters. Colorimetric Colorimetric refers to chemical reaction-based indicators that are used to produce reactions to individ ual, or classes of compounds. The reactions, such as visible color changes or other easily noted indications, are used to detect and quantify contaminants. CERCLA is a law passed in that created a special tax that funds a trust fund, commonly known as Superf und, to be used to investigate and clean up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. CERCLA required for the first time that EPA step beyond its traditional regulatory role and provide response authority to clean up hazardous waste sites. EPA has primary responsibility for managing cleanup and enforcement activities authorized under CERCLA. Under the program, EPA can pay for cleanup when parties responsible for the ------- contamination cannot be located or are unwilling or unable to perform the work, or take legal action to force parties responsible for contamination to clean up the site or reimburse the federal government for the cost of the cleanup. See also Superfuntl, CERCLIS is a database that serves as the official inventory of Superf und hazardous waste sites. CERCLIS also contains information about all aspects of hazardous waste sites, from initial discovery to deletion from the NPL. The database also maintains information about planned and actual site activities and financial information entered by EPA regional offices. CERCLIS records the targets and accomplishments of the Superf und program is used to report that information to the EPA Administrator, Congress, and the public. See also National Priorities List ami Superf unit A CSM, a key element used in facilitating cleanup decisions during a site investigation, is a planning tool that organizes information that already is known about a site and identifies the additional information necessary to support decisions that will achieve the goals of the project. The project team then uses the CSM to direct field work that focuses on the information needed to remove significant unknowns from the model. The CSM serves several purposes - as a planning instrument; as a modeling data interpretation tool; and as a means of communication among members of a project team, decision makers, stakeholders, and field personnel. The cone penetrometer is a truck-mounted device that rapidly penetrates the ground to collect samples. It has been used for approximately the last 50 years for geotechnical applications, but its use for site characterization is relatively new. A "confining layer" is a geological formation characterized by low permeability that inhibits the flow of water. See also Bedrock ami Permeability. Contaminant A contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter present in any media at concentrations that may pose a threat to human health or the environment. If the potential need for corrective measures is verified during a RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI), the owner or operator of a facility is then responsible for performing a CMS. A CMS is conducted to identify, evaluate, and recommend specific corrective measures based on a detailed engineering evaluation. Using data collected during the RFI, the CMS demonstrates that proposed measures will be effective in controlling the source of contamination, as well as problems posed by the migration of substances from the original source into the environment. The measures also must be assessed in terms of technical feasibility, ability to meet public health protection requirements and protect the environment, possible adverse environmental effects, and institutional constraints. See also RCRA Facility Investigation. Corrosivity Corrosive wastes include those that are acidic and capable of corroding metal such as tanks, containers, drums, and barrels. Creosote Creosote is an oily liquid obtained by the distillation of wood that is used as a wood preservative and disinfectant and often is found at wood preserving sites. See also Aromatics and Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid, Cylinder Vessel Cylinders or containers often cannot be sampled safely thro ugh the valve mechanism because of the condition of the container. The cylinder recovery vessel (CRV) was developed to safely control the hazards posed by such containers. The system provides for sampling and recontainerization of the cylinder's contents in a contained, inert environment. The vessel and system are designed to accommodate the high pressures and wide variety of gases and liquids present in gas cylinders. Data Quality The term quality refers to all features and characteristics of data that bear on its ability to meet the stated or implied needs and expectations of the user. DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements specified to ensure that data of known and appropriate quality are obtained. The DQO process is a series of planning steps, typically conducted during site assessment and investigation, that Is designed to ensure that the type, quantity, and quality of • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY ------- environmental data used in decision making are appropriate. The DQO process involves a logical, step-by-step procedure for determining which of the complex issues affecting a site are the most relevant to planning a site investigation before any data are collected. Dechlorination Dechlorination, the process used primarily to treat and destroy halogenated aromatic contaminants, is the chemical reaction that removes halogens (usually chlorine) from the primary structure of the contaminating organic chemical. Dechlorination can treat contaminated liquids, soils, sludges, and sediments, as well as halogenated organics and PCBs, pesticides, and some herbicides. (DNAPL) A DNAPL is one of a group of organic substances that are relatively insol uble in water more dense than water. DNAPLs tend to sink vertically through sand and gravel aquifers to the underlying layer. The lowest concentration of a chemical that can be distinguished reliably from a zero concentration. Dibenzofurans Dibenzof urans are a group of polynuclear aromatic compounds, some of which are toxic. See also Poli/nnclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Dieldrin is an insecticide that was used until 1974 to control insects on cotton, corn, and citrus crops, as well as to control locusts, mosquitoes, and termites. It also was used as a wood preservative. Most uses of dieldrin were banned in 1987. Diffusion samplers use natural molecular diffusion to cause the molecules of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to pass from gro und water thro ugh a semipermeable sampler. Diffusion samplers use a membrane that is filled with water and suspended in the screened interval of a well until chemical equilibrium occurs. The sampler then is retrieved, and the contents are analyzed. Diffusion samplers may offer many advantages over conventional groundwater sampling techniques because they eliminate the need for purging and disposal and can be left in targeted areas for a period of time, thereby allowing collection of a more representative sample. Vapor-based sampler analysis, which can be performed rapidly and inexpensively on field or laboratory chromatographs, yields relative concentrations of VOCs. Water-based sampler analysis provides the advantage of quantifying specific concentrations of VOCs through standard laboratory methods. See also Gas Chromatograpky and Volatile Organic Compounds. A dioxin is any of a family of compounds known chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. They are chemicals released d uring comb ustion. Concern abo ut them arises from their potential toxicity and the risk posed by contamination in commercial products. Boilers and industrial furnaces are among the sources of dioxins. Direct push sampling is a technique in which a sampling tube is hydraulically pushed or driven into the subsurface, collecting material as it advances. This technique can be used when sampling for constituents, including VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, and Disposal Disposal is the final placement or destruction of toxic, radioactive or other wastes; surplus or banned pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and drums containing hazardous materials from removal actions or accidental release. Disposal may be accomplished through the use of approved secure landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep well injection, or ocean dumping. Dual-phase extraction, also known as multi-phase extraction, is a technology that uses a vacuum system to remove various combinations of contaminated gro und water, separate-phase petrole um prod uct, and vapors from the subsurface. The system lowers the water table around a well, exposing more of the formation. Contaminants in the newly exposed vadose zone then are accessible to soil vapor extraction. Once above ground, the extracted vapors or liquid-phase organics and groundwater are separated treated. See also Soil Vapor Extraction. Dynamic underground stripping is a process that employs vapor extraction during underground steaming and electrical heating. The heat, supplied by steam electricity, vaporizes contaminants trapped in the soil. Once vaporized, the contaminants are removed by vacuum extraction. The process is monitored and guided by underground imaging. ------- A dynamic work plan is a work plan that allows project teams to make decisions in the field about how site activities will progress. Dynamic work plans provide the strategy for the way in which dynamic field activities will take place. As such, they document a flexible, adaptive sampling and analytical strategy. Dynamic work plans are supported by the rapid turnaround of data collected, analyzed, and interpreted in the field. Easement An easement is a right to use the land of another for a specific purpose, such as a right-of-way or a utility. Electrochemical test kits use the electrical charges of ions that make up the target analyte(s) to identify and quantify the target analyte(s) in a sample. Typically, the ions are attracted to an anode or a cathode or both, depending on their charge, resulting in the generation of an electrical current that is measured and converted into a sample concentration by the unit's display or electronics. An analyte-specif ic catalyst can be used to aid in the reaction. The self- contained kits include all the equipment and supplies necessary to produce an analytical result. In electrokinetic separation, electrochemical and electrokinetic processes are used to desorb, and then remove, metals and polar organics. This in situ soil processing technology is primarily a separation and removal technique for extracting contaminants from soils. The principle of electrokinetic remediation relies upon application of a low-intensity direct cur rent thro ugh the soil between ceramic electrodes that are separated into a cathode array and an anode array, mobilizing charged species and causing ions and water to move toward the electrodes. The current creates an acid front at the anode and a base front at the cathode. The generation of acidic condition in situ may help to mobilize sorbed metal contaminants to be transported to the collection system at the cathode. EM geophysics refers to technologies used to detect spatial (horizontal and vertical) differences in subsurface electromagnetic characteristics. The data collected provide information about subsurface environments. EM induction is a geophysical technology used to create a magnetic field beneath the earth's surface, which in turn causes a secondary magnetic field to form around nearby objects that have conductive properties, such as ferrous and nonferrous metals. The secondary magnetic field then is used to detect measure buried debris. An emergency removal is an action initiated in response to a release of a hazardous substance that requires on-site activity within hours of a determination that action is appropriate. An emerging technology is an innovative technology that currently is undergoing bench-scale testing. During bench-scale testing, a small version of the technology is built and tested in a laboratory. If the technology is successful during bench-scale testing, it is demonstrated on a small scale at field sites. If the technology is successful at the field demonstrations, it often will be used full scale at contaminated waste sites. As the technology is used and evaluated at different sites, it is improved continually. See also Established Technology and Innovative Technology. Enforcement Action An enforcement action is an action undertaken by EPA under authority granted to it under various federal environmental statutes, such as CERCLA, RCRA, CAA, CWA, TSCA, and others. For example, under CERCLA, EPA may obtain voluntary settlement or compel potentially responsible parties (PRP) to implement removal or remedial actions when releases of hazardous substances have occurred. See also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; Potentially Responsible Party; and Removal Action. An engineered control, such as barriers placed between a contaminated area and the rest of a site, is a method of managing environmental and health risks. Engineered controls can be used to limit exposure pathways. An environmental audit usually refers to a review or investigation that determines whether an operating facility is in compliance with relevant environmental regulations. The audit may include checks for possession of required permits, operation within • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY ------- permit limits, proper reporting, and record keeping. The typical result is a corrective action or compliance plan for the facility. Environmental risk Is the chance that human health or the environment will suffer harm as the result of the presence of environmental hazards. An ESA is the process that determines whether contamination is present at a site. An established technology is a technology for which cost and performance information Is readily available. Only after a technology has been used at many different sites and the results fully documented is that technology considered established. The most frequently used established technologies are incineration, solidification and stabilization, and pump-and-treat technologies for groundwater. See also Emerging Technology and Innovative Technology. An exposure pathway is the route of contaminants from the source of contamination to potential contact with a medium (air, soil, surface water, or groundwater) that represents a potential threat to human health or the environment. Determining whether exposure pathways exist is an essential step in conducting a baseline risk assessment. See also Baseline Risk Assessment, Ex The term ex situ or "moved from Its original place," means excavated or removed. Ex Ex situ bioremedlation uses microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in excavated soil, sludge, and solids. The microorganisms break down contaminants by using them as a food source. The end products typically are carbon dioxide and water. Ex situ bioremediation includes slurry-phase bloremediation, in which the soils are mixed with water to form a slurry to keep solids suspended and microorganisms In contact with the soil contaminants; and solid-phase bioremediation, in which the soils are placed in a cell or building tilled with added water and nutrients. Land farming and composting are types of solid-phase bioremediation. Filtration Filtration is a treatment process that removes solid matter from water by passing the water through a porous medium, such as sand or a manufactured filter. A FID Is an Instrument often used in conjunction with gas chromatography to measure the change of signal as analytes are ionized by a hydrogen-air flame. It also is used to detect phenols, phtlialates, PAHs, VOCs, and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable Gas Chromatography. Fl tii In fluid/vapor extraction, a high-vacuum system is applied to remove liquid and gas simultaneously from low-permeability or heterogeneous formations. The vacuum extraction well includes a screened section In the zone of contaminated soils and groundwater and is used to remove contaminants from above and below the water table. The system lowers the water table around the well, exposing more of the formation. Contaminants In the newly exposed vadose zone are then accessible for vapor extraction, which can remove contaminants more efficiently than pump-and-treat systems. A fourier transform infrared spectroscope Is an analytical air monitoring tool that uses a laser system chemically to identify contaminants. Fumigant A f umigant is a pesticide that is vaporized to kill pests. They often are used in buildings and greenhouses. Ftifaift .Furan Is a colorless, volatile liquid compound used in the synthesis of organic compounds, especially nylon. Gas chromatography is a technology used for investigating assessing soil, water, soil gas contamination at a site. It is used for the analysis of VOCs and SVOCs. The technique identifies and quantifies organic compounds on the basis of molecular weight, characteristic fragmentation patterns, and retention time. Recent advances in gas chromatography that are considered innovative are portable, weather-proof units that have self-contained power supplies. ------- Spectroscopy Graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA) spectroscopy is a highly sensitive spectroscopic technique that provides excellent detection limits for measuring concentrations of metals in liquid sample media. Water samples may be analyzed directly, while soil samples first must undergo an extraction process to draw the contaminants into solution for analysis. The sample is vaporized in the graphite furnace, and light of a specific wavelength then is passed through the atomic vapor of an element of interest. The attenuation of the intensity of the light as a result of absorption is measured, and the amount of attenuation is converted into an estimate of the contaminant metal's concentration. GPR is a technology that emits pulses of electromagnetic energy into the ground to measure its reflection and refraction by subsurface layers and other features, such as buried debris. Groundwater Ground water is the water found beneath the earth's surface mat fills pores between such materials as sand, soil, or gravel and that often supplies wells and springs. See also Aquifer. A halogenated organic compound is a compound containing molecules of chlorine, bromine iodine, and fluorine. Halogenated organic compounds were used In high-voltage electrical transformers because they conducted heat well while being fire resistant and good electrical insulators. Many herbicides, pesticides, and degreasing agents are made from halogenated organic compounds. The HRS is the primary screening tool used by EPA to assess the risks posed to human health or the environment by abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Under the HRS, sites are assigned scores on the basis of the toxicity of hazardous substances that are present and the potential that those substances will spread through the air, surface, water, or groundwater, taking Into account such factors as the proximity of the substance to nearby populations. Scores are used in determining which sites should be placed on the NFL. See also National Priorities List. As defined under CERCLA, a hazardous substance is any material that poses a threat to public health or the environment. The term also refers to hazardous wastes as defined under RCRA. Typical hazardous substances are materials that are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. If a certain quantity of a hazardous substance, as established by EPA, is spilled into the water or otherwise emitted into the environment, the release must be reported. Under the legislation cited above, the term excludes petroleum, crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids, or synthetic gas usable for fuel. (HSWA) HSWA are 1984 amendments to RCRA which required phasing out land disposal of hazardous waste and added minimum technology requirements. See also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic metals including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are present at industrial sites at which operations have included battery recycling and metal plating. Herbicide A herbicide is a chemical pesticide designed to control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses. High-frequency EM sounding, the technology used for nonintrusive geophysical exploration, projects high-frequency electromagnetic radiation into subsurface layers to detect the reflection and refraction of the radiation by various layers of soil. Unlike ground-penetrating radar, which uses pulses, the technology uses continuous waves of radiation. See also Ground-Penetrating Rada r. With hot air injection, hot air or steam is injected below the contaminated zones to heat contaminated soil. The heating enhances the release of contaminants from the soil matrix so they can be extracted and captured for further treatment and recycling. Hydtazirte Hydrazlne is a highly toxic liquid used In rocket propellant, agricultural chemicals, drugs, spandex fibers, antioxldants, plating metals on glass and plastic, explosives, and in boiler feedwater. The chemical compound causes a severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat. • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY ------- Hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in petroleum, natural gas, and coal. HS is a gas emitted during decomposition of organic compounds. It also is a byproduct of oil refining and burning. Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, Including its origin, occurrence, movement, and quality. Hydrology Hydrology is the science that deals with the properties, movement, and effects of water found on the earth's surface, In the soil and rocks beneath the surface, and in the atmosphere. Hydrophobic dye is added to liquids to assist in the observation of the presence of items that are colorless. Hyperaccuniulator A hyperaccumulator is a metallophyte that accumulates an exceptionally high level of a metal to a specified concentration or to a specified multiple of the concentration found in nonaccumulators. The term is used In reference to plants used In Phy to re mediation. See also Metallopnytes and Pnytoremediation, Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain conditions. Examples include liquids, such as solvents that readily catch fire, and friction-sensitive substances. Immunoassay Immunoassay is an Innovative technology used to measure compound-specific reactions (generally colorimetric) to individual compounds or classes of compounds. The reactions are used to detect and quantify contaminants. The technology is available in field-portable test kits. In In situ thermal treatment is a treatment process that involves heating contaminated soil in place to vaporize organic contaminants In the soil. The surface area to be treated is usually covered with silicone rubber mats to provide insulation and to form a vapor barrier. Incineration Incineration is a treatment technology that involves the burning of certain types of solid, liquid, or gaseous materials under controlled conditions to destroy hazardous waste. Infill development is new construction on previously developed land in cities or developed suburbs. The term often refers to redevelopment of small residential, commercial, or industrial properties. An Important aspect of many infill development projects is the enhancement of the built environment with open space and parks. An information repository is a location in a public building mat is convenient for local residents, such as a public school, city hall, or library, that contains Information about a Superf und site, including technical reports and reference documents. An infrared monitor is a device used to monitor the heat signature of an object, as well as to sample air. It may be used to detect buried objects in soil. An inorganic compound is a compound mat generally does not contain carbon atoms (although carbonate and bicarbonate compounds are notable exceptions) and tends to be more soluble In water. Examples of inorganic compounds include various acids, potassium hydroxide, and metals. An innovative technology is a process that has been tested and used as a treatment for hazardous waste or other contaminated materials, b ut lacks a long history of full-scale use and information about Its cost and how well it works sufficient to support prediction of its performance under a variety of operating conditions. An innovative technology is one that is undergoing pilot-scale treatability studies that usually are conducted in the field or the laboratory and require Installation of the technology, and provide performance, cost, and design objectives for the technology. Innovative technologies are being used under many federal and state cleanup programs to treat hazardous wastes that have been improperly released. See also Emerging Technology ami Established Technology. ^1 Q ------- Ion exchange, a common method of softening water, depends on the ability of certain ma ten a Is to remove and exchange ions from water. These ion exchange materiaIs, generally composed of unsoluble organic polymers, are placed in a filtering device. Water softening exchange materials remove calcium and magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium ions. lonization lonization is the process which causes an atom to gain or lose electrons, which results in the atom having a negative or positive charge. Insecticide An insecticide is a pesticide compound specifically used to kill or control the growth of insects. In The term in situ, "in its original place," or "on-site", means unexcavated and unmoved. In situ soil flushing and natural attenuation are examples of in situ treatment methods by which contaminated sites are treated without digging up or removing the contaminants. In In situ bioremediation techniques stimulate and create a favorable environment for microorganisms to grow use contaminants as a food energy source. Generally, this means providing some combination of oxygen, nutrients, and moisture, and controlling the temperature and pH. Sometimes, microorganisms adapted for degradation of the specific contaminants are applied to enhance the process. Bioventing is a common form of in situ bioremediation. Bioventing uses extraction wells to circulate air with or without pumping air into the ground. In In situ oxidation is an innovative treatment technology that oxidizes contaminants that are dissolved in groundwater and converts them into insoluble compounds. In In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment technology that floods contaminated soils beneath the ground surface with a solution that moves the contaminants to an area from which they can be removed. The technology requires the drilling of injection and extraction wells on site and reduces the need for excavation, handling, or transportation of hazardous substances. Contaminants considered for treatment by in situ soil flushing include heavy metals (such as lead, copper, zinc), halogenated organic compounds, aromatics, and PCBs. See also Aromatics, Halogenated Organic Compound, Heavy Metal, and Polychlorinated Biplienyt In. In situ vitrification is a soil treatment technology that stabilizes metal and other inorganic contaminants in place at temperatures of approximately 3000°F. Soils and sludges are fused to form a stable glass and crystalline structure with very low leaching characteristics. In For in situ well aeration, air is injected into a double screened well, allowing the VOCs in the contaminated groundwater to transfer from the dissolved phase to the vapor-phase by air bubbles. As the air bubbles rise to the water surface, the vapors are drawn off and treated by an SYE system. An institutional control is a legal or institutional measure which subjects a property owner to limit activities at or access to a particular property. They are used to ensure protection of human health and the environment, and to expedite property reuse. Zoning and deed restrictions are examples of institutional controls. IRIS is an electronic database that contains EPA's latest descriptive and quantitative regulatory information about chemical constituents. Files on chemicals maintained in IRIS contain information related to both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic heal tli effects. Under CERCL A, joint and several liability is a concept based on the theory that it may not be possible to apportion responsibility for the harm caused by hazardous waste equitably among potentially responsible parties (PRP). Joint liability means that more than one PRP is liable to the plaintiff. Several liability means that the plaintiff may choose to sue only one of the defendants and recover the entire amount. One PRP therefore can be held liable for the entire cost of cleanup, regardless of the share of waste that PRP contributed. Joint several liability is used only when harm is indivisible. If defendants can apportion harm, there is no several liability. See also Potentially Responsible Parti/ and Strict Liability. • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY ------- Lampblack Lampblack is a finely divided, bulky, black soot, at one time the most important black pigment used in the manufacture of printing inks. It is one of several gas plant residues found at manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites. See also Manufactured Gas Plant. LDR is a RCRA program that restricts the land disposal of RCRA hazardous wastes and requires treatment to established treatment standards or a required technology. LDRs may be an important AR AR for Superfund actions. See also Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirement and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Land farming is the spreading and incorporation of wastes into the soil to initiate biological treatment. Landfill A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site for nonhazardous solid wastes at which the waste is spread in layers compacted to the smallest practical volume. Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer Laser-induced fluorescence/cone penetrometer is a field screening method that cou pies a fiber optic- based chemical sensor system to a cone penetrometer mounted on a truck. The technology can be used for investigating and assessing soil and water contamination. Leachate A leachate is a contaminated liquid that results when water collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers. Leaching may occur in farming areas and landfills and may be a means of the entry of hazardous substances into soil, surface water, or groundwater. Lead Lead is a heavy metal that has been used in the manufacture of gasoline, paints, other substances. See also Heavy Metal (LNAPL) An LNAPL is one of a group of organic substances that are relatively insoluble in water and are less dense than water. LNAPLs, such as oil, tend to spread across the surface of the water table form a layer on top of the water table. Long-term monitoring of a site typically is performed to verify that contaminants pose no risk to human health or the environment and that natural processes are reducing contaminant levels and risk as predicted. Magnetrometry Magnetrometry is a geophysical technology used to detect disruptions that metal objects cause in the earth's localized magnetic field. Manufactured gas plants (MGP) were operated nationwide from the early 1880s through the mid- 1900s. MGPs produced gas from coal or oil for lighting, heating, and cooking. The gas manufacturing and purification processes conducted at the plants yielded residues that included tars, sludges, lampblack, light oils, spent oxide wastes, other hydrocarbon products. Although many of the byproducts were recycled, excess residues containing PAHs, petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, cyanide, metals, and phenols remained at MGP sites. Mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis in which the substance to be analyzed is heated and placed in a vacuum. The resulting vapor is exposed to a beam of electrons that causes ionization to occur, either of the molecules or their fragments. The ionized atoms are separated according to their mass and can be identified on that basis. Mechanical soil aeration agitates contaminated soil using tilling or other means to volatilize contaminants. Medium A medium is a specific environment-air, water, or soil-which is the subject of regulatory concern and activities. Mercury Mercury is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is found in thermometers, measuringdevic.es, pharmaceutical agricultural chemicals, chemical manufacturing, and electrical equipment. See also Heavy Metal. A mercury vapor analyzer is an instrument that provides real-time measurements of concentrations of mercury in the air. ------- Metallophytes Mefa llophyfes are plants that preferentially colonize in metal-rich soils. Methane Methane is a colorless, nonpoisonous, flammable gas created by anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds. Methanogenic The term methanogenic refers to anaerobic oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as fermentation of hydrocarbons to methane. Methyl tertiary butyl (MTBE), a synthetic chemical, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. MTBE has a relatively high vapor pressure and is water soluble to a significant degree. MTBE usually is produced in a refinery by mixing a feedstock of isobutylene with methanol. The isobutylene is derived by steam-cracking during production of olefin and fluid-cracking during production of gasoline. Concern about them arises from its potential contamination of groundwater as a result of releases from underground storage tanks of gasoline contains oxygenates. Sec also Oxygenates. A migration pathway is a potential path or route of contaminants from the source of contamination to contact with human populations or the environment. Migration pathways include air, surface water, groundwater, surface. The existence identification of all potential migration pathways must be considered during assessment characterization of a waste site. Mixed waste is low-level radioactive waste contaminated with hazardous waste that is regulated under RCRA. Mixed waste can be disposed only in compliance with the requirements under RCRA that govern disposal of hazardous waste with the RCRA land disposal restrictions, which require that waste be treated before it is disposed of in appropriate landfills. A mobile laboratory refers to a collection of analytical instruments contained in a vehicle that can be deployed to a project site. A mobile laboratory offers many of the advantages of a fixed laboratory, such as protection from the elements, a power supply, climate control, while still providing the advantages of analyzing samples on site while the project is in progress. A mobile laboratory may even allow the use of laboratory-grade instruments which otherwise could not be taken into the field. Configurations can vary in sophistication from a single instrument mounted in a sampling van, to large truck trailers and recreational vehicles equipped with multiple instruments and laboratory-grade support equipment. The term monitored natural attenuation refers to the remedial approach that allows natural processes to reduce concentrations of contaminants to acceptable levels. Monitored natural attenuation involves physical, chemical, and biological processes that act to reduce the mass, toxicity, and mobility of subsurface contamination. Physical, chemical, and biological processes involved in monitored natural attenuation include biodegradation, chemical stabilization, dispersion, sorption, volatilization. A monitoring well is a well drilled at a specific location on or off a hazardous waste site at which groundwater can be sampled at selected depths and studied to determine the direction of groundwater flow and the types and quantities of contaminants present in the groundwater. The term mothballed sites refers to large, idle areas that formerly were used for manufacturing other industrial uses and are not available for sale or redevelopment. N (N CP) The NCP, formally the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan, is the major regulatory framework that guides the Superf und response effort. The NCP is a comprehensive body of regulations that outlines a step-by-step process for implementing Superf und responses and defines the roles and responsibilities of EPA, other federal agencies, states, private parties, and the communities in response to situations in which hazardous substances are released into the environment. See also Superfund. " NPDES is the primary permitting program under the Clean Water Act, which regulates all discharges to surface water. It prohibits discharge of pollutants into waters of the United States unless EPA, a state, or a tribal government issues a special permit to do so. • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY ------- The NPL is EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites identified for possible long-term remedial response under Superf und. Inclusion of a site on the list is based primarily on the score the site receives under the HRS. Money from Superf und can be used for cleanup only at sites that are on the NPL. EPA is required to update the NPL at least once a year. See also Hazard Ranking System and Snperfund, The NRC, by the U.S. Coast Guard, is a communications center that receives reports of discharges or releases of hazardous substances into the environment. The U.S. Coast Guard in turn, relays information about such releases to the appropriate federal agency. Neutralization Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base. The reaction involves acidic or caustic wastes that are neutralized using caustic or acid additives. Nitric oxide is a gas formed by comb ustion under high temperature and high pressure in an internal combustion engine. CM API,) NAPLs are organic substances that are relatively insoluble in water and are less dense than water. Set' also Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid ami Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid, The term non-point source is used to identify sources of pollution that are diffuse and do not have a point of origin or that are not introduced into a receiving stream from a specific o utlet. Common non-point sources are rain water, runoff from agricultural lands, industrial sites, parking lots, and timber operations, as well as escaping gases from pipes and fittings. O&M refers to the activities conducted at a site, following remedial actions, to ensure that the cleanup methods are working properly. O&M activities are conducted to maintain the effectiveness of the remedy and to ensure that no new threat to human health or the environment arises. Under the Superf und program, the state or PRP assumes responsibility for O&M, which may Include such activities as groundwater and air monitoring, inspection and maintenance of the treatment equipment remaining on site, and maintenance of any security measures or institutional controls. or An organic chemical or compound is a substance produced by animals or plants that contains mainly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Oxygenate Oxygenates are hydrocarbons added to fuels to Increase the oxygen content of those fuels to improve combustion, thereby reducing emissions, such as carbon monoxide and other pollutants. Examples of oxygenates include methyl tertiary b utyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl (ETBE), tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), ethanol, and other ethers and alcohols. See also Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether, Ozone Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally which provides a protective layer in the stratosphere shielding the earth from the harmful health effects on human health and the environment from ultraviolet radiation. Ozone also is a chemical oxidant and a major component of smog in the troposphere, the earth's atmospheric layer below the stratosphere extending 7 to 10 miles from the earth's surface. PCP, a chemical compound containing carbon, chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen, is a contaminant used in feed stock material and chemical manufacturing. EPA defines PBMS as a set of processes through which the data needs or limitations of a program or project are specified and serve as criteria for selected appropriate methods to meet those needs in a cost- effective manner. EPA uses the term to convey what must be accomplished, but not prescrlptively how to do it. The PBMS initiative places regulatory emphasis on obtaining analytical results that provide adequate information to support the regulatory decision, but leaves the choice of analytical procedures up to the user. The PBMS approach gives regulators and members of the regulated community increased flexibility in selecting technologies, while still meeting mandated monitoring requirements. The use of PBMS is intended to reduce barriers to the use of new monitoring technologies. ------- Permeability is a characteristic that represents a qualitative description of the relative ease with which rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid (liquid or gas). Permeable reactive barriers, also known as passive treatment walls, are installed across the flow path of a contaminated plume. As groundwater flows through the PRB, contaminants are either degraded or retained in a concentrated form by the reactive material. Examples of reactive media include zero-valent metals, chelators, sorbents, and microbes. Pesticide A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances Intended to prevent or mitigate Infestation by, or destroy or repel, any pest. Pesticides can accumulate in the food chain or contaminate the environment if misused. I Assessment A Phase I environmental assessment is an initial environmental investigation that is limited to a historical records search to determine ownership of a site and to identify the kinds of chemical processes that were carried out at the site. A Phase I assessment includes a site visit, but does not include any sampling. If such an assessment Identifies no significant concerns, Phase II and III audits are not necessary. Phase I assessments also are commonly referred to as site assessments. II Assessment A Phase II environmental assessment is an investigation that includes tests performed at the site to confirm the location and identity of environmental hazards. The assessment includes preparation of a report that Includes recommendations for cleanup alternatives. Phase II assessments also are commonly referred to as site investigations. Ill A Phase III environmental audit is the third step in the assessment that Includes the removal of contaminated materials from a site and their legal disposal. Phenols A phenol is one of a group of organic compounds that are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning, textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. A FID is a nondestructive detector, often used in conjunction with gas chromatography, that measures the change of signal as analytes are Ionized by an ultraviolet lamp. The PID also is used to detect VOCs and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable Gas Chromatography. Physical separation processes use different size sieves and screens to concentrate contaminants into smaller volumes. Most organic and inorganic contaminants tend to bind, either chemically or physically, to the fine fraction of the soil. Fine clay and silt particles are separated from the coarse sand and gravel soil particles to concentrate the contaminants into a smaller volume of soil that could then be further treated or disposed. Phytoremediation Phytoremediation is an innovative treatment technology that uses plants and trees to clean up contaminated soil and water. Plants can break down, or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize metal contaminants by acting as filters or traps. Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil, polyaromatlc carbons, and landfill leachates. Its use generally is limited to sites at which concentrations of contaminants are relatively low and contamination is found in shallow soils, streams, and groundwater. Phytotechnology The term phytotechnology refers to technologies that use living plants. See also Phytoremediation. Phytotoxic The term phy to toxic is used to describe a substance that is harmful to plants. Plasma high-temperature metals recovery is a thermal treatment process that p urges contaminants from solids and soils such as metal fumes and organic vapors. The vapors can be burned as fuel, and the metal fumes can be recovered and recycled. This innovative treatment technology is used to treat contaminated soil and groundwater. PI lime A plume is a visible or measurable emission or discharge of a contaminant from a given point of origin into any medium. The term also is used to refer to measurable and potentially harmful radiation leaking from a damaged reactor. • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY ------- Point Source A point source is a stationary location or fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged or emitted or any single, identifiable discharge point of pollution, such as a pipe, ditch, or smokestack. PCBs are a group of toxic, persistent chemicals, produced by chlorination of biphenyl, that once were used inhigh voltage electrical transformers because they conducted heat well while being fire resistant and good electrical insulators. These contaminants typically are generated from metal degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving processes. A PAH is a chemical compound that contains more than one fused benzene ring. They are commonly found in petroleum fuels, coal products, and tar. Potassium permanganate is a crystalline compound that is soluble in water, acetone, methanol, but is decomposed by ethanol. It is used widely as a powerful oxidizing agent, as a disinfectant in a variety of applications, as an analytical oxidant reagent in redox titrations. A PRP is an individual or company (such as owners, operators, transporters, or generators of hazardous waste) that is potentially responsible for, or contributing to, the contamination problems at a Superf und site. Whenever possible, EPA requires PRPs, through administrative and legal actions, to clean up hazardous waste sites they have contaminated. See also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and Superfiincl. A PA/SI is the process of collecting reviewing available information about a known or suspected hazardous waste site or release. The PA/SI usually includes a visit to the site. Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for common categories of CERCL A sites that have been identi fied through historical patterns of remedy selection and EPA's scientific and engineering evaluation of performance on technology i mp lementa Hon. Pump and treat is a general term used to describe remediation methods that in vol ve the pumping of ground water to the surface for treatment. It is one of the most common methods of treating polluted aquifers groundwater. On jlity Assurance (QA) QA is a system of management activities that ensure tha t a process, Item, or service is of the type and quality needed by the user. QA deals with setting policy and implementing an administrative system of management controls that cover planning, implementation, and review of data collection activities. QA Is an important element of a quality system that ensures that all research design and performance, environmental monitoring and sampling, and other technical and reporting activities conducted by EPA are of the highest possible quality. QC refers to scientific precautions, such as calibrations and duplications, that are necessary if data of known and adequate quality are to be acquired. QC is technical in nature is implemented at the project level. Like QA, QC is an important element of a quality system that ensures that all research design and performance, environmental monitoring and sampling, and other technical and reporting activities conducted by EPA are of the highest possible quality. Radioactive waste is any waste that emits energy as rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles. Sources of such wastes include nuclear reactors, research institutions, and hospitals. Radionuclide A radionuclide is a radioactive element characterized according to its atomic mass and atomic number, which can be artificial or naturally occurring. Radionuclides have a long life as soil or water pollutants. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or degraded; therefore, applicable technologies involve separation, concentration and volume reduction, immobilization, or vitrification. See also Solidification and Stabilization, Radon. Radon is a colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive, Inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of radium atoms. See also Radioactive Waste and Radionuclide. ------- A RFA is performed at a facility to determine the existence of any continuous or non-continuous releases of wastes. During the RFA, EPA or state regulators gather information on solid waste management units other areas of concern at RCRA facilities, evaluate this information to determine whether there are releases that warrant further investigation and action, and determine the need to proceed to a RCRA Facility Investigation. See also Resource Conservation ami Recovery Act. The purpose of a RFI is to gather sufficient data at a facility to fully characterize the nature, extent, and rate of migration of contaminant releases identified in the RCRA Facility Assessment. The generated during the RFI is used to determine the potential need for corrective measures and to aid in the selection and implementation of these measures. See also Corrective Measure Study and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Reactive wastes are unstable under normal conditions. They can create explosions or toxic fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with water. of A ROD is a legal, technical, and public document that explains which cleanup alternative will be used at a Superfund NPL site. The ROD is based on information and technical analysis generated during the remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/ FS) and consideration of public comments and community concerns. See also Preliminary Assessment and Site Investigation and Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study. A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment of a hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous substance, as defined under RCRA. See also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The RD/RA is the step in the Superfund cleanup process that follows the RI /FS selection of a remedy. An RD is the preparation of engineering plans and specifications to properly effectively implement the remedy. The RA is the actual construction or implementation of the remedy. See The RI/FS is the step in the Superfund cleanup process that is conducted to gather sufficient information to support the selection of a site remedy that will reduce or eliminate the risks associated with contamination at the site. The RI involves site characterization ~ collection of data and information necessary to characterize the nature and extent of contamination at the site. The RI also determines whether the contamination presents a significant risk to human health or the environment. The FS focuses on the development of specific response alternatives for addressing contamination at a site. A removal action usually is a short-term effort designed to stabilize or clean up a hazardous waste site that poses an immediate threat to human health or the environment. Removal actions include removing tanks or drums of hazardous substances that were found on the surface and installing drainage controls or security measures, such as a fence at the site. Removal actions also may be conducted to respond to accidental releases of hazardous substances. CERCLA places time and money constraints on the duration of removal actions. See also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. The RQ is the quantity of hazardous substances that, when released into the environment, can cause substantial endangerment to public health or the environment. Under CERCLA, the federal government must be notified when quantities equaling or exceeding RQs specified in regulations are released. The term representative sampling refers to a portion of material or water is as nearly identical in content consistency as possible to that in a larger body of material or water being sampled. To prevent segregation and to provide a level of accuracy, the sample is representative of the volume and nature of the material being sampled. Resin Resins are solids or semi-solids of plant origin used principally in lacquers, varnishes, inks, adhesives, synthetic plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Act (RCRA) RCRA is a federal law enacted in 1976 that established a regulatory system to track hazardous substances from their generation to their disposal. • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY ------- The law requires the use of safe and secure procedures in treating, transporting, storing, and disposing of hazardous substances. RCRA is designed to prevent the creation of new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. A response action is a short-term removal action or a long-term remedial response, authorized under CERCLA that is taken at a site to address releases of hazardous substances. A reuse assessment involves the collection evaluation of information to develop assumptions about reasonably anticipated future land use(s) at Superf und sites. It provides a tool for implementing the Superf und land use directive and can involve a review of available records, visual inspections of the site, and discussions with local government officials, property owners, and community members about potential future land uses. As defined by EPA, RBCA is a streamlined approach through which exposure and risk assessment practices are integrated with traditional components of the corrective action process to ensure that appropriate and cost-effective remedies are selected and that limited resources are allocated properly. RBCA refers specifically to the standard Guide for Risk-BasedConective Action Applied At Petroleum Release Sites, published by ASTM. The RBCA process can be tailored to applicable state and local laws and regulator}/ practices. See also American Society for Testing and Materials, The term RBDM refers to a process through which decisions are made about contaminated sites according to the risk each site poses to human health and the environment. RBDM is a mechanism for identifying necessary and appropriate action at any phase of the corrective action process. Depending on known or anticipated risks to human health and the environment, appropriate action can include site closure, monitoring and data collection, active or passive remediation, containment, or imposition of institutional controls. Risk communication, the exchange of information about health or environmental risks among risk assessors, risk managers, the local community, news media and interest groups, is the process of informing members of the local community about environmental risks associated with a site and the steps that are being taken to manage those risks. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 was established to protect the quality of drinking water in the United States. The act focuses on all waters actually or potentially designed for use as drinking water, whether from abo vegro und or underground sources. The Act authorized EPA to establish safe standards of purity and requires all owners or operators of public water systems to comply with primary (health-related) standards. State governments that assume that authority from EPA also encourage attainment of secondary (nuisance-related) standards. A sampling analysis plan (SAP) documents the procedural and analytical requirements for a one-time or time-limited project that Involves the collection of samples of water, soil, sediment, or other media to characterize areas of potential environmental contamination. A SAP contains all the elements of a quality assurance project plan (QAPP) a field sampling plan (ESP) that must be provided to meet the requirements for any project funded by the EPA under which environmental nteas urements are to be taken. A Sanborn map is a record kept for insurance purposes that shows, for a specific property, the locations of such Items as USTs, buildings, and areas where chemicals have been used for certain industrial processes. A Phase I environmental audit Includes a review of Sanborn maps. Set' also Phase I Environmental Audit, The saturated zone is the area beneath the surface of the land in which all openings are filled with water. Seismic reflection and refraction is a technology used to examine the geophysical features of soil and bedrock, such as debris, buried channels, and other features. (SVOC) SVOCs, composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms, have boiling points greater than 200°C. Common SVOCs include PCBs and phenol. See also Phenol and Poll/chlorinated Biphenyi. ------- The term refers to the level of contamination that a state would consider significant enough to warrant an action. The thresholds vary from state to state. Six-phase soil heating is an in situ thermal technology for the remediation of contamination of soil and ground water. The process splits conventional electricity into six electrical phases for the electrical resistive heating of soil and groundwater. Each electrical phase is delivered to one of six electrodes placed in a hexagonal array. The voltage gradient between phases causes an electrical current to flow through the soil and groundwater. Resistivity causes the temperature to rise. As the soil and groundwater are heated uniformly to the boiling point of water, the water becomes steam, stripping volatile and semi volatile contaminants from the pore spaces. In addition, removal of the soil moisture increases the air permeability of the soils, which can further increase the rate at which contaminants are removed. System The Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) was developed by the Division of the Naval Command, Control, and Ocean Surveillance Center (NCCOSC), in collaboration with the U.S. Army and the U. S. Air Force. SCAPS, a cone penetrometer testing system, coupled with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), measures fluorescence with optical fibers. The measurement is made through a sapphire window on a probe that Is pushed Into the ground with a truck-mounted cone penetrometer testing platform. See also Cone Penetrometer and Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer, Sludge Sludge is a semisolid residue from air or water treatment processes. Residues from treatment of metal wastes and the mixture of waste and soil at the bottom of a waste lagoon are examples of sludge, which can be a hazardous waste. Slurry-phase bioremediation, a treatment technology that can be used alone or in conjunction with other biological, chemical, and physical treatments, is a process through which organic contaminants are converted to innocuous compounds. Slurry-phase bioremediation can be effective in treating various SVOCs and nonvolatile organic compounds, as well as fuels, creosote, PCPs, and PCBs. Soil Boring Soil boring is a process by which a soil sample is extracted from the ground for chemical, biological, analytical testing to determine the level of contamination present. Soil Flushing In soil flushing, large volumes of water, at times s uppleniented with treatment compo unds, are applied to the soil or injected into the groundwater to raise the water into the zone of contaminated soil. Contaminants are leached into the groundwater, and the extraction f 1 uids are recov ered from the underlying aquifer. When possible, the fluids are recycled. Soil Gas Soil gas consists of gaseous elements and compounds that occur in the small spaces between particles of the earth and soil. Such gases can move through or leave the soil or rock, depending on changes In pressure. (SVE) SVE is a process that physically separates contaminants from soil in a vapor form by exerting a vacuum through the soil formation. SVE removes VOCs and some SVOCs from soil beneath the ground surface. Soil Washing Soil washing is an innovative treatment technology that uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined with chemical additives) and a mechanical process to scrub soils, removes hazardous contaminants, and concentrates the contaminants into a smaller volume. The technology Is used to treat a wide range of contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils, and pesticides. Soil washing is a relatively low-cost alternative for separating waste and minimizing volume as necessary to facilitate subsequent treatment. It is often used in combination with other treatment technologies. The technology can be brought to the site, thereby eliminating the need to transport hazardous wastes. Solidification and stabilization are the processes of removing wastewater from a waste or changing it chemically to the waste less permeable and susceptible to transport by water. Solidification stabilization technologies can Immobilize many heavy metals, certain radionuclides, and selected organic compounds, while decreasing the surface area and permeability of many types of sludge, contaminated soils, and solid wastes. • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY •19 ------- Solubility Solubility is a measure of the amount of solute that will dissolve in a solution. It is the ability or tendency of one substance to dissolve into another at a given temperature and pressure and is generally expressed in terms of the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent to produce a saturated solution. Solvent A solvent is a substance, usually liquid, that is capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances. Solvent Solvent extraction is an innovative treatment technology that uses a solvent to separate or remove hazardous organic contaminants from oily-type wastes, soils, sludges, and sediments. The technology does not destroy contaminants, but concentrates them so they can be recycled or destroyed more easily by another technology. Solvent extraction has been shown to be effective in treating sediments, sludges, and soils that contain primarily organic contaminants, such as PCBs, VOCs, halogenated organic compounds, petroleum wastes. Such contaminants typically are generated from metal degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving processes. Solvent extraction is a transportable technology that can be brought to the site. See also Halogenated Organic Compound, Polychlorinated Biphenyl, and Volatile Organic Compound. A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a step-by-step procedure that promotes uniformity inoperations to help clarify augment such operations. SOPs document the way activities are to be performed to facilitate consistent conformance to technical quality system requirements and to support data quality. The use of SOPs is an integral part of a successful quality system because SOPs provide indi vidua Is with the information needed to perform a job properly and facilitate consistency in the quality and integrity of a product or result. SOPs also provide guidance in areas in which the exercise of professional judgment is necessary specify procedures that are unique to each task. Steam injection is a remediation technology that uses the addition of steam to the subsurface to heat the soil and groundwater and drive off contaminants. The technology was developed by the petroleum industry to enhance recovery of oils from reservoirs, and has been adapted by the remediation industry for use in the recovery of organic contaminants from the subsurface. Stratigraphy is the study of the formation, composition, and sequence of sediments, whether consolidated or not. Strict Liability Strict liability is a concept under CERCLA that empowers the federal government to hold PRPs liable without proving that the PRPs were at fault and without regard to a PRP's motive. PRPs can be found liable even if the problems caused by the release of a hazardous substance were unforeseeable, the PRPs acted in good faith, and state-of-the-art hazardous waste management practices were used at the time the materials were disposed of. See also Potentially Responsible Party. Subsurface Underground; beneath the surface. Surfactant flushing is a technology used to treat contaminated groundwater. Surfactant flushing of NAPLs increases the solubility and mobility of the contaminants in water so that the NAPLs can be biodegraded more easily in an aquifer or recovered for treatment abovegro und. See also Nonaqueous Phase Liquid. Surface water is all water naturally open to the atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams, and seas. Superfund Superfund is the trust fund that provides for the cleanup of hazardous substances released into the environment, regardless of fault. The Superfund was established under CERCLA and subsequent amendments to CERCLA. The term Superfund also is used to refer to cleanup programs designed and conducted under CERCLA and its subsequent amendments. See also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. Act (SARA) SARA is the 1986 act amending CERCLA that increased the size of the Superfund trust fund and established a preference for the development and use o f perma nen t remed ies, a nd prov id ed new enforcement and settlement tools. See also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. ------- Program The SITE program is an effort established by EPA in 1986 to advance the development, evaluation, and commercialization of innovative treatment technologies for assessing and cleaning up hazardous waste sites. The program provides an opportunity for technology developers to demonstrate their technologies' ability to successfully process and remediate hazardous waste. The SITE program has four components—the Emerging Technology Program, the Demonstration Program, the Meas urenient and Monitoring Program, and the Technology Transfer Program. Systematic planning is a planning process that is based on the scientific method. It is a common-sense approach designed to ensure that the level of detail in planning is commensurate with the importance and intended use of the data, as well as the available resources. Systematic planning is Important to the successful execution of all activities at hazardous waste sites, but it Is particularly important to dynamic field activities because those activities rely on rapid decision-making. The data quality objective (DQO) process is one formalized process of systematic planning. All dynamic field activities must be designed through the use of systematic planning, whether using DQO steps or some other system. See also Data Quality Objective, for SW-846 refers to an EPA guidance and reference document, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, which is intended to assist analytical chemists and other users In the RCRA and Superf und programs by suggesting procedures that analysts have found to be successful when applied to typical samples. The SW-846 methods are analytical and sampling methods that have been evaluated and approved for use in complying with RCRA regulations. The methods are not intended to be prescriptive, nor are all technologies or methods that may be used are identified. Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloroethene is a nonflammable manufactured chemical widely used for dry cleaning fabrics and in metal-degreasing operations. It also is used as a starting material (building block) for the production of other manufactured chemicals. Other names for tetrachloroethene include PERC, tetrachloroethylene, perchloroetliylene, and PCE. Thermal desorptlon is an innovative treatment technology that heats soils contaminated with hazardous wastes to temperatures from 200 to 1,000°F so that contaminants that have low boiling points will vaporize and separate from the soil. The vaporized contaminants then are collected for further treatment or destruction, typically by an air emissions treatment system. The technology is most effective at treating VOCs, S VOCs and other organic contaminants, such as PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides. It is effective in separating organics from refining wastes, coal tar wastes, waste from wood treatment, and paint wastes. It also can separate solvents, pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and fuel oils from contaminated soil. See also Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon, Polychlorinated Biphenyl, Semivolatile Organic Compound, and Volatile Organic Compound. Toluene Toluene is a colorless liquid chemical with a sweet, strong odor. It is used as a solvent in aviation gasoline and in making other chemicals, perfumes, medicines, dyes, explosives, and detergents. TPH refers to a measure of concentration or mass of petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a given amount of air, soil, or water. Toxicily Toxicity is a quantification of the degree of danger posed by a substance to animal or plant life. Toxicity Characteristic (TCLP) The TCLP is a testing procedure used to identify the toxicity of wastes and is the most commonly used test for degree of mobilization offered by a solidification and stabilization process. Under this procedure, a waste is subjected to a process designed to model the leaching effects that would occur if the waste was disposed of in a RCRA Subtitle D municipal landfill. See also Solidification and Stabilization. A toxic substance is a chemical or mixture that may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment. (TSCA) TSCA was enacted in 1976 to test, regulate, and screen all chemicals prod uced or imported into the U.S. TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches the consumer marketplace be tested for possible toxic • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY &-21 ------- effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any existing chemical that poses health environmental hazards is tracked and reported under TSCA. (TSD) TSDs are sites at which hazardous substances are treated, stored, or disposed. TSD facilities are regulated by EPA states under RCR A. See also Resource Conservation ami Recovery Act. (TCE) TCE is a stable, low-boiling colorless liquid that is used as a solvent, metal degreasing agent, and in other industrial applications. TCE also is known as trichloroethylene. -.; VV: An UV fluorescence system and analytical technique is based on imaging of UV-excited fluorescence from a contaminant. A camera is gated and synchronized with a pulsed UV light source to refuse interfering ambient light. Under computer control, a liquid crystal tuned filter (LCTF) selects the spectral band of fluorescence. As an alternative, an interference filter can be used to provide a higher light throughout at a particular spectral region. The rnultispectral features allow optimization of the detection of a particular contaminant on a selected material surface. The system is transportable and the imaging head is small enough to be mounted on a tripod or controlled by robots. Uncertainty The term uncertainty refers to the inherent unknown quantities present in all scientific and technical decisions. Uncertainties can arise from incomplete knowledge of the nature and extent of contamination, an inability to predict a technology's performance under site-specific conditions, or new or changing regulatory requirements. Inj Underground injection control (UIC) is the prevention of contamination by keeping injected fluids within the well and the intended injection zone or, in the case of the injection of fluids directly or indirectly into an undergro und so urce of drinking water (USDW), ensuring mat injected fluids do not cause a public water system to violate drinking-water standards or otherwise have an adverse effect on public health. The minimum requirements affect the siting of an injection well and the construction, operation, maintenance, monitoring, testing, and closure of the well. (UST) A UST is a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that is used to contain gasoline or other petroleum products or chemical solutions and that is placed in such a manner that at least 10 percent of its combined volume is underground. The term exploded ordnance refers to any munition, weapon delivery system, or ordnance item contains explosives, propellants, chemical agents. Unexploded ordnance (UXO) consists of the same items a fter they: (1) have been armed or otherwise prepared for action; (2) have launched, placed, fired, or released in such a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material; and (3) remain unexploded either by design or by mal function, or for any other reason. The unsaturated zone is the area between the land surface and the uppermost aquifer (or saturated zone). The soils in an unsaturated zone may contain air and water. The vadose zone is the area between the surface of the land the surface of the water table in which the moisture content is less than the saturation point and the pressure is less than atmospheric. The openings (pore spaces) also typically contain air or other gases. Vapor Vapor is the gaseous phase of any substance that is liquid or solid at atmospheric temperatures pressures. Steam is an example of a vapor. Vitrification Vitrification is a process that uses electrical power to heat melt soil contaminated with organic or inorganic contaminants. As the molten material cools, it forms a hard glass and crystalline product that incorporates the contaminants. Vitrification can be performed in situ or ex situ typically involves temperatures above 2,OOOEC. (VOC) A VOC is one of a group of carbon-containing compounds that evaporate readily at room temperature. Examples of VOCs include trichloroethane; trichloroethylene; and BTEX. These contaminants typically are generated from metal degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving processes. ------- Volatilization Volatilization is the process of transfer of a chemical from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase. Solubility, molecular weight, vapor pressure of the liquid and the nature of the gas-liquid affect the rate of volatilization. Voltammetric stripping is a field-portable technology that uses electrochemistry to detect quantify metals in environmental samples. Specific metals can be targeted for detection and quantification by the technology, which generally is applied to water samples. (VCP) A VCP is a formal means established by many states to facilitate a ssessment, cleanup, and redevelopment of brownfields sites. VCPs typically address the identification and cleanup of potentially contaminated sites that are not on the Superfund NPL. Under VCPs, owners or developers of a site are encouraged to approach the state voluntarily to work out a process by which the site can be readied for development. Many state VCPs provide technical assistance, liability assurances, and funding support for such efforts. See also National Priorities List. Wastewater Wastewater is spent or used water from an individual home, a community, a farm, or an industry that contains dissolved or suspended matter. A water table is the boundary between the saturated unsaturated zones beneath the surface of the earth, the level of groundwater, and generally is the level to which water will rise in a well. See also Aquifer and Groundwater. An x-ray fluorescence analyzer is a self-contained, field-portable instrument, consisting of an energy dispersive x-ray source, a detector, and a data processing system that detects quantifies individual meta Is or groups of metals. Zoning Zoning is the exercise of the civil authority of a municipality to regulate control the character and use of property. • B: LIST OF AND OF KEY B-23 ------- ------- ------- ------- The lists included in this appendix identify contacts at the state and EPA regional levels, as well as EPA technical support staff in the Technology Innovation Office and the Office of Research and Development. The individuals are available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts at brownfields sites. The points of contact listed are current, according to information available at the time of publication. State Brownfields Contacts C-2 v-^-x EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinators [[[O6 An online list of regional contacts is available at ------- Stephen Cobb Hazardous Waste Branch, Land Division AL Department of Environmental Management 1400 Coliseum Boulevard Montgomery, AL 36110-2059 Phone: (334)271-7739 Fax: (334) 279-3050 E-mail: sac@adem.state.al.us EN V.CONSER V/home.htm Anne Marie Palmier! AK Department of Environmental Conservation Spill and Prevention Response 410 Willoughby Avenue Juneau, AK 99801 Phone: (907) 766-3184 Fax: (907)465-5262 E-mail: apalmieri@envirocon.state.ak.us ARIZONA Al Roesler AZ Department of Environmental Quality Voluntary Sites Unit 3033 North Central Avenue Phoenix, AZ Phone: (602) 207-4166 Fax: (602)207-4236 E-mail: roesler.al@ev.state.az.us ARKANSAS Mike Bates Hazardous Waste Division AR Department of Environmental Quality 8001 National Drive P.O. Box 8913 Little Rock, AR 72219-8913 Phone: (501) 682-0831 Fax: (501)682-0565 E-mail: bates@adeq.state.ar.us James Frank AR Department of Environmental Quality 8001 National Drive P.O. Box 8913 Little Rock, AR 72219-8913 Phone: (501)682-0854 Fax: (501)682-0565 E-mail: franks@adeq.state.ar.us Megan Cambridge Northern California - Central Cleanup Operations Branch Department of Toxic Substances Control California Environmental Protection Agency 8800 Cal Center Drive Sacramento, CA 95826-3200 Phone: (916)225-3727 Fax: (916)255-3697 Tina Diaz Southern California Cleanup Operations Branch Department of Toxic Substances Control 1011 North Grandview Avenue Clendale, CA 91201 Phone: (818) 551-2862 Fax: 551-2832 Tom Kovac Northern California - Central Cleanup Operations Branch Department of Toxic Substances Control California Environmental Protection Agency 1515 Tollhouse Road Clovis, CA 93611 Phone: (209) 297-3939 Fax: (209)297-3931 Janet Nalto/Lynn Nakashima Northern California Coastal Operations Branch Department of Toxic Substances Control 700 Heinz Avenue Suite 200 Berkeley, CA 94710 Phone: '(510) 540-3833/3839 Fax: (510)540-3819 www.sMc.co.u$/gov_dir/cdphe_dir/hm Daniel Scheppers Hazardous Waste Materials and Waste Management Division CO Department of Public Health and Environment 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South Denver, CO 80222-1530 Phone: (303) 692-3398 Fax: (303) 759-5355 E-maiI: daniel.scheppers@state.co.us CONNECTICUT Doug Zimmerman CT Department of Environmental Protection 79 Elm Street Hartford, CT 06106-5127 Phone: (860) 424-3800 Fax: (860) 424-4057 Karl Kalbacher Site Investigation and Restoration Branch DE Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control 715 Grantham Lane New Castle, DE 19720-4801 Phone: (302) 323-4540 Fax: (302) 323-4561 E-mail: kkalbacher@state.de.us Steve Seidel Department of Revenue 820 N. French Street Wilmington, DE 19801 Phone: (302) Fax: (302) 577-8656 E-mail: sseidel@de.state.us www.d(y.statc.fl.us/ Roger B. Register Brownfields Liaison FL Department of Environmental Protection MS 4505 2600 Blair Stone Road Tallahassee, FL32399-2400 Phone: (850) 413-0062 Fax: (850)922-4368 E-mail: register_r@dep.state.fl.us www.dnr.statc.ga.us/dnr/cnvmni Darren Meadows Environmental Protection Division CA Department of Natural Resources Suite 1462 205 Butler Street, SE Atlanta, GA 30334 Phone: (404) 657-8600 Fax: (404) 657-0307 E-mail: darren_meadows@mail.dnr. state.ga.us Bryce Hatoaka Environmental Management Division HI Department of Health, Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response 919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 206 Honolulu, Hi 96814 Phone: (808) 586-4248 Fax: (808) 586-7537 E-mail: bhatoaka@eha.health.state.hi.us ------- Dean Nygard Division of Environmental Quality ID Department of Health and Welfare 1410 N. Hilton Street Boise, ID 83706 Phone: (208) 373-0276 Fax: (208) 3734)576 Larry Eastep Division of Land Pollution Control IL Environmental Protection Agency 1021 North Grand Avenue East P.O. Box 19276 Springfield, IL 62794-9276 Phone: (217) 782-9802 Fax: (217)782-3258 E-mail: larry.eastep@epa.state.i I .us •wmv.ai.vrx/idem/ocr/indcx.html Peggy Dorsey Voluntary Remediation Program IN Department of Environmental Management P.O. Box 6015 100 North Senate Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015 Phone: (317) 234-0966 E-mail: pdorsey@dem.state.in.us www slate.iuMS/epd Lavoy Haage Solid Waste Section IA Department of Natural Resources Wa I lace State Office Bui Iding DesMoines, IA 50319 Phone: (515) 281-4968 Fax: (515) E-mail: lhaage@rnax.state.ia.us KANSAS Rick Bean Division of Environment Bureau of Environmental Remediation KS Department of Health and Environment Forbes Field, Building 740 Topeka, KS 66620-0001 Phone: (913)296-1675 Fax: (913)296-1686 Jeffrey Pratt Division of Waste Management KY Department of Environmental Protection MRelllyRoad Frankfurt, KY 40601 Phone: (502)564-6716 Fax: (502)564-4049 E-mail: jeff.pratt@mail.state.ky.us LOUISIANA Roger Gingles Department of Environmental Quality Inactive and Abandoned Sites Division P.O. Box 82178 Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178 Phone: (225) 765-0333 Fax: (225)765-0617 E-mail: roger_g@deq.state.la.us MAINE Nicholas Hodgkins Bureau of Hazardous Materials & Solid Waste Control ME Department of Environmental Protection State House Station 17 Augusta, ME 04333-0017 Phone: (207) 287-2651 Fax: (207)287-7826 E-mail: nick.hodgkiiis@state.me.us MARYLAND Jim Met/ MD Department of the Environment 2500 Broening Highway Baltimore, MD 21224 Phone: (410)631-3437 Fax: (410)631-3472 E-mail: bdemarco@charm.net MASSACHUSETTS Department of Economic James Lin ton Site Reclamation Unit Ml Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 30426 Lansing, MI 48909 Phone: (517)373-8450 Fax: (517)373-9657 E-mail: rintonj@state.rni.us MINNESOTA www:vca.s!Me Barbara Jackson VIC/VPIC Program MN Pollution Control Agency 520 Lafayette Road St.Paul,MN55155 Phone: (651)296-7212 Fax: (651)296-9707 E-mail: barb.jackson@pca.state.mn.us Meredith Udoibok Department of Trade and Economic Development St. Paul, MN Phone: (651) 297-4132 MISSISSIPPI Russell Smith Pollution Control and Hazardous Waste Division Office of Pollution Control MS Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 10385 Jackson, MS Phone: (601)961-5171 Fax: (601)961-5741 E-mail: russellsmith@deq.ms.us MISSOURI Jim Belcher Voluntary Cleanup Section MO Department of Natural Resources P.O. Box 176 Jefferson City, MO 65102 Phone: (573) 526-8913 Fax: (573) 526-8922 MONTANA Carol Fox Site Remediation Division MT Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 200901 Helena, MT 59620-0901 Phone: (406) 444-0478 Fax: (406)444-1901 E-mail: cfox@mt.gov - C: LIST OF AND &X3 ------- Jeff Kelley NE Department of Environmental Quality The Atrium Building, Suite400 Lincoln, NE Phone: (402)471-3387 Fax: (402)471-2909 E-mail: deq216@mail.deq.state.ne.us NEVADA Robert Kelso Division of Environmental Protection Bureau of Corrective Actions 333 West Nye Lane Carson City, NV 89706 Phone: (702) 687-5872 Fax: (702)687-6396 E-mail: us.ndepl@govinail.state.tw.us NEW HAMPSHIRE Gary Lynn Waste Management Division NH Department of Environmental Services 6 Hazen Drive Concord, NH Phone: (603) 271-6778 Fax: (603) 271-2456 NEW JERSEY Mr. Gary Creullch NJDEI'- Bureau of Field Operations Northern Field Office 2 Babcock Place West Orange, N] 07052 (973) 669-3960 Mr. George Nicholas NJDEI' - Bureau of Ground Water Pollution Abatement P.O. Box 413 Trenton, N'[ 08625-0413 (609) 984-6565 Mark Pederson Case Assignment Section NJ Department of Environmental Protection 401 E. State Street P.O. Box 434 Trenton, NJ 08625-0434 Phone: (609) 292-1250 Fax: (609)292-2117 Chris Bynum Environment Department Superfunci Oversight Section P.O. Box 26110 Santa Fe,NM 87502 Phone: (505) 827-2754 Fax: (505) 827-2965 E-mail: chris_bynum@nmenv.state. Christine Costopoulos Division of Remedial Response NY Department of Environmental Conservation 50 Wolf Road Albany, NY 12233-7010 Phone: (518) 457-5861 Fax: (518)457-9639 E-mail: qcostop@gw.dec.state.ny.us C A RO LI N A Bruce Nicholson Special Remediation Branch, Superf und Section 1646 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1646 Phone: (919) 733-2801 ext. 353 E-mail: bruce.nicholson@ncmail.us Kurt Erickson Division of Waste Management ND Department of Health and Consolidated Labs P.O. Box 5520 Bismark, ND 58506-5520 Phone: (701)328-5166 Fax: (701)328-5200 E-mail: ccmail.cerickso@ranch. state.nd.us Amy Yersavich Voluntary Action Program OH Environmental Protection Agency 122 South Front Street P.O. Box 1049 Columbus, OH 43216-1049 Phone: (614)644-2285 Fax: (614)728-1791 E-mail: amy.yersavich@epa.state.oh.us u'wu'.aeq.state.oK.us/waste.mmi Rita Kottke Waste Management Division OK Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 1677 707 N. Robinson. Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677 Rhone: (405) 702-5127 Fax: (405) 702-5101 E-mail: rlta.kottke@deqmail.state. ok.us Anil Lyon Department of Environmental Quality Waste Management Division 1000 Northeast 1.0th Street Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212 Phone: (405) 2>1-7128 Fax: (405) 271-1342 E-mail: anll.lyon@oklaosf.state.ok.us OEEGON Alan Kiphut Voluntary Cleanup Section Waste Management and Cleanup Division OR Department of Environmental Quality 811S.W. Sixth Avenue Portland, OR 97204 Phone: (503) Fax: (503) 229-6977 E-mail: kiphut.alan@deq.state.or.us PENNSYLVANIA Scott Dunkelberger Grants Office Department of Community and Economic Development 494 Forum Building Harrisburg, PA 17120 Phone: (717) 787-7120 Fax: (717)787-2890 E-mail: sdunkel@cloc.state.pa.us David Hess Department of Environmental Protection Philadelphia, PA Phone: (717) 783-7509 E-mail: hess.david@al.dep.state.pa.us ------- James Sham' Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Land Recycling & Waste Management 400 Market Street P.O. Box 8471 Harrisburg, PA 17105 Phone: (717) 787-7120 Fax: (717) 787-1904 E-mail: landrecyclng@iil.dep.state.pii.us RHODE ISLAND Greg Fine Office of Waste Management RI Department of Environmental Management 235 Promenade Street Providence, RI Phone: (401) 277-2797 Fax: (401) 277-3812 www.siulcsc.us/dhcc Call Jeter Bureau of Land and Waste Management SC Department of Health and EnvironmentaI Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia, SC 29201 Phone: (803) 896-4069 Fax: (803) 896-4001 E-mail: jetergr@columb34.dhec. state .sens •'.-..• JIT. r .-.'.•'. OTA D.C. Division ot tnvironmental Regulation Andrew Shivas Division of Superfund TN Department of Environment and Conservation 401 Church Street 14th Floor, L&C Annex Nashville,TN 37214 Phone: (615)532-0912 Fax: (615) E-mail: ashivas@mall.state.tn.us mmi.lnrcc.slate.lx,.SASiiiotnepgsioprr.filnii Chuck Epperson Voluntary Cleanup Section TX Natural Resource Conservation Commission P.O. Box 13087-MC221 Austin, TX 78711-3087 Phone: (512)239-2498 Fax: (512)239-1212 E-mail: cepperso@tnrcc.state.tx.us wivw.cq.statc.ut.us/EQERR/errhnip^.htin Brent Everett Division of Environmental Response and Remediation 168 North 1950 West 1st Floor SaltLakeCity,UT84116 Phone: (801)536-4100 Fax: (801) 536-4242 E-mail: beverett@deq.state.ut.us wn-WMir.siate.vi.us/ George Desch Department of Environmental Conservation VT Agency of Natural Resources 103 S. Main Street Waterbury, VT 05671-0404 Phone: (802)241-3491 Fax: (802)244-3296 E-mail: georged@dec.anr.state.vt.us VIRGIH:-, vnnr-tie--- •••'•.••• ••• • Erica Dameron VA Department of Environmental Quality 629 E. Mam Street Richmond, V A 23219 Phone: (804) 698-4201 Fax: (804)698-4334 E-mail: esdameron@deq.state.va .us Curtis Dahlgren WA Department of Ecology P.O. Box 47600 Olympia, WA 98504-7600 Phone: (360) 407-7187 Fax: (360) 407-7154 E-maiI: cdah.461 ©ecy.wa.gov Angelo Tompros Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs Environmental Regulation Ad m in istra tion 2100 Martin Luther King Jr. Ave., SE Room 203 Washington, DC 20020 Phone: (202) Fax: (202) 645-6622 Ken Ellison Office of Waste Management WV Division of Environmental Protection 1356 Hansford Street Charleston, WV 25301 Phone: (304) 558-5929 Fax: (304) 558-0256 E-mail: kelllson@mall.dep.state.wv.us WISCONSIN Darsi Foss Division of Environmental Quality WI Department of Natural Resources 101 South Webster Street Box 7921 Madison, WI 53707-7921 Phone: (608) 267-6713 Fax: (608) 267-7646 E-mail: fossd@dnr.sta te.wi.us http://dcp.sfatc.wv.us/ Carl Anderson Solid and Hazardous Waste Division WY Department of Environmental Quality 122 West, 25th Street Cheyenne, WY 82002 Phone: (307) 777-7752 Fax: (307) 777-5973 E-mail: cander@missc.state.wy.us - C: LIST OF AND c j\) ------- 4 8 Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont www. epa .gov/regio nOI /b ro urn fields/ Lynne Jennings U.S. EPA Region 1 MCHIO One Congress Street, Suite 1100 Boston, MA 02114-2023 Phone: (617)9184210 Fax: (617)9184291 E-mail: jennings. I wine@epa .gov New jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands www.cpa.gov/r02earih/supcrfnd/ brownfld/b frnainpg.htm Larry D'Andrea U.S. EPA Region 2 290" Broadway 18* Floor New York, NY 10007-1866 Phone: (212) 637-4314 Fax: (212) 637-4360 E-mail: dandreti@epa.gov Delaware, Washington, D.C., Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia www.epa.gov/reg3hwnid/brownfld/ htnpagel.htm Tom Stolle U.S. EPA Region 3 MC 3HS 34 1650 Arch Street Philadelphia, FA 19103 Phone: (215) 814-3129 Fax: (215) 814-3254 E-mail: stolle.tom@epa.gov Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee w~drdJ.epa.gov/region4/index.html Mickey Hartnett U.S. El'A Region 4 61 Forsyth Street Atlanta^ GA 30303 Phone: (404) 562-8661 Fax: (404) E-mail: hartnett.mickey@epa.gov Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin www.epa.gov/R5Brownfields/ Joe Dufficy U.S. EPA Region 5 MC HFE-5J 77 West Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60604-3507 I'hone": (312)886-1960 Fax: (312)886-7910 E-mail: dufficy.joe@epa.gov Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas Stan Hitt U.S. El'A Region 6 MC 6SF-P 1.445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200 Da I las, TX 75202-2733 I'hone: (214)665-6736 Fax: (214)665-6660 E-mail: hitt.stan@epa.gov Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska Susan Klein U.S. EPA Region 7 SUPR 901 North 5th Street Kansas City, KS 66101 I'hone: (913)551-7786 Fax: (913)551-7948 E-mail: klein.susan@epa.gov Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming www.epa.gov/region08/land_waste/ bfnonie/bfnonie.him! Kathie Atendo U.S.EFA Region 8 MC8EPR-SA 999 18* Street, Suite 300 Denver, CO 80202-2466 Phone: (303) 312-6803 Fax: (303)312-6071 E-mail: atencio.kathie@epa.gov Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa, Guam Jim Hanson U.S.EFA Region 9 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco, CA 94105 Phone: (415) 744-2237 Fax: (415) 744-1796 E-mail: hanson.jim@epa.gov Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington Tim Brincefield U.S.EFA Region 10 MC ECL-122 1200 Sixth Avenue Seattle, WA 98101 Phone: (206)553-2100 Fax: (206)553-0124 E-mail: brincefield.timothy@epa.gov www.cpa.gov/brownfidds Anthony Raia Outreach and Special Projects Staff Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response U.S.EFA MC: 5105 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20460 Phone: (202) 260-6837 Fax: (202) 260-6066 E-mai I: raia .anthony@epa .gov ------- EPA Contact: Dan Powell Technology Innovation Office U.S. EPA '' Phone: (703) 603-7196 E-mai 1: powe11 .dan@epa.gov John Kingscott Technology Innovation Office U.S. EPA" Ariel Rios Building 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102C) Washington, DC 20460 Phone: (703)603-7189 Fax: (703) 603-9135 E-mail: kingscott.john@epa.gov Richard Steimle Technology Innovation Office U.S. EPA Ariel Rios Building 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102C) Washington, DC 20460 Phone: "(703)603-7195 Fax: (703)603-9135 E-mail: steimle.rkhard@epa.gov Deana Crumbling Technology Innovation Office LJ.S.EPA Ariel Rios Building 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102G) Washington, DC 20460 Phone: (703) 603-0643 Fax: (703)603-9135 E-mail: crumbling.deana@epa.gov OF AND Ed Earth National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA 26 Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 Phone: (513) 569-7669 Fax: (513) 569-7676 E-mail: biirth.ed@epti.gov Joan Co I son National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA 26 Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268" Phone: (513)569-7501 Fax: (513) 569-7676 David Burden Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Center Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA P.O. Box 1198 Ada, OK 74821-1198 Phone: (580) 436-8606 E-tna i I: bu rden .da vid @epa .gov Ken Brown National Exposure Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 Phone: (702) 798-2270 Fax: (702) 798-2261 E-mail: brown.ken@epa.gov Eric Koglin National Exposure Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 I'hone:" (702) 798-2432 Fax: (702) 798-2261 E-mail: koglin.eric@epa.gov - C: LIST OF AND i _ j i ------- ------- ------- ------- Each resource described in this document can either be viewed or downloaded directly from the accompanying CD-ROM, or accessed or ordered on line using links provided on the CD-ROM. Many of the doc unients are provided in portable document format (pdf). Printed or hard copy versions of the publications are available through EPA's National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP). NSCEP is a central repository for all EPA documents, with more than 7,000 titles in paper and electronic format. The documents are available free of charge, but supplies may be limited. You may order one copy each of as many as five documents within any two-week period. Documents may be ordered on line, by telephone, by facsimile, or by using the order form provided on the following page. Please include the EPA doc ument numbers of all p ublications ordered. Some EPA publications also may be available on EPA's National Environmental Publications Internet Site (NEPIS), EPA's online repository of more 7,000 documents. Visit the NEPIS site at www.epa.gav/ncepihom/ nepishom to search for, view, and print documents. The collection may include documents that no longer are available in print. In addition, since some EPA offices selected documents available through their own Web sites, you may wish to visit the Web site, "Publications on the EPA Site" at wiow.epa.gov/epahome/ publications!Mm for more Information about obtaining documents. Publications that have numbers beginning with PB, or publications that are out of stock at NSCEP, may be p urchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Publications of the WASTECH partnerships may be ordered by using the order form provided at the end of this appendix. The addresses, telephone and facsimile numbers, and web addresses for the services are listed below: National. Service Center for Environmental Publications U.S. Environmental Protection Agency P.O. Box Cincinnati, OH Telephone: 490-9198 Telephone: (513) 489-8190 (Government Employees) Fax: (513) 489-8695 WWW: www.epa.gav/ncepihom 5285 Port Royal Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: (703) 605-6000 Fax: (703) 605-6900 E-mail: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov WWW: www.ntis.gov D-1 ------- ------- be the (NSCEP). are of to: P.O. OH 98 No. Name Company Address City Zip Code Daytime Telephone Number ------- FOLD Return Address: for U.S. P.O. OH FOLD ------- SITE I AND Please send me the following books in the WAS TECH'* I ON AND LIMITATIONS. (All books are hardcover and range in length from 130 to 288 pages). Prepayment required by check or charge to Visa or Mastercard. Satisfaction guaranteed, any books returned within 30 days in saiable condition will receive a fuil refund. Save by ordering complete series for $495.00! Check the volume(s) you wish to order, total your purchase amount, and enter in the below form. J Vol 1 Bioremediation code* 00-311-00 U Vol 2 Chemical Treatment $69.95 code* 00-312-00 _J Vol 3 Soil Washing/Soil Flushing code* 00-313-00 _J Vol 4 Stabilization/Solidification code* 00-314-00 U Vol 5 Solvent/Chemical Extraction $69.95 code* 00-315-00 _J Vol 6 Thermal Desorption $69.95 eodefOQ-316-00 _J Vol 7 Thermal Destruction code* 00-317-00 U Vol 3 Vacuum Vapor Extraction code* 00-313-00 U I Name Company/Institution Address City/State/Zip Daytime Phone ( , OrderTotal Shipping & Handling* Total Method of Payment (Please Check One): Check VISA Credit Card* Mastercard ExpDate^ Signature _ 'Add $4.75 ($6.75 Canada) for the first book, plus ($3.50 Canada) each additional book [$18.75 ($31.25 Canada) for the entire series]. Outside the US and Canada — $20.00 + 10% of order amount (surface), $40.00 + 20% of order amount (air). Mail/Fax to; American Academy of Environmental Engineers 130 Holiday Court, Suite 100, Annapolis, MD 21401 Phone: 410-266-3311, Fax: SITE II AND Please send me the following books in the WASTECH'* II ON AND APPLICATION. (All books are hardcover and range in length from 230 to 420 pages). Prepayment required by check or charge to Visa or Mastercard. Satisfaction guaranteed, any books returned within 30 days in salable condition will receive a full refund. Save by ordering complete series for $495.00! (Each monograph will be shipped when published and credit card will be charged 1/7 of series price.) Check the volume(s) you wish to order, total your purchase amount, and enter in the below form. Vol1 Bioremediation code* 00-321-10 Vol 2 Chemical Treatment $79.95 code* 00-322-10 Vol 3 Liquid Extraction Technologies $79.95 code*00-323-10 Vol 4 Stabilization/Solidification $79.95 code* 00-324-10 Vol 5 Thermal Desorption code* 00-325-10 Vol 6 Thermal Destruction $69.95 code* 00-326-10 Vol 7 Vapor Extraction & Air Sparging $39.95 code* 00-327-10 Name Company/Institution Address City/State/Zip Daytime Phone ( , OrderTotal Shippings Handling* Method of Payment (Please Check One): ________ Check Credit Card* Mastercard ExpDate_ Signature 'Add $4.75 ($6.75 Canada) for the first book, plus ($3.50 Canada) each additional book [$16.75 ($27.75 Canada) for the entire series]. Outside the US and Canada — $20.00 + 10% of order amount (surface), $40.00 + 20% of order amount (air). Mail/Fax to: American Academy of Environmental Engineers 130 Holiday Court, Suite 100, Annapolis, MD 21401 Phone: 410-266-3311, Fax: ------- FOLD Return Address: Of 130 100 MD FOLD ------- ------- ------- Index No. of 1 Anaerobic Biodegradation of BTEX in Aquifer Material; Environmental Research Brief (EPA 600-S-97-003) 52 2 Analysis of for Soil Vapor Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007) ........................................ 53 3 Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50-State Study, 1998 Update [[[ 11 4 Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in the Waterfront Voluntary Setting................................ 34 5 Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined Site Investigations (EPA542-R-00-001)........................... 20 6 Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program: Guidance for In Situ Subaqueous Capping of Contaminated Sediments (EPA 905-B-96-004)[[[ 53 7 Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ Technique for Cleaning Oil-Contaminated Sites 49 8 ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases (£1912^98)[[[ 29 9 ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Process (El903-97) 29 10 ASTM Standard Guide for Process of Sustainable Brownfields Development (E1984-98) .............................. 20 11 ASTM Standard G uide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites (E1739-95el) [[[ 12 ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process (E1527-00) 20 13 Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Soil Treatment Technologies: Suggested Operational Guidelines to Prevent Cross-Media Transfer of Contaminants During Clean-Up Activities (EPA 530-R-97-007) ............ 64 14 Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Sites, The 49 15 Bioremediation in the Field Search System (BESS) Version 2.1[[[ 53 16 Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Groundwater [[[ 53 17 Brea king Barriers to the Use of Innovative Technologies: State Regulatory Role in Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Characterization Technology Selection [[[11,43 18 Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 542-R-01-005) 29,43 19 Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup (EPA542-R-01-006)...^.............................".........~ 20 Brownfields Technology Support Center 11 21 Brownfields: A Comprehensiv e G uide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property........................................... 11 22 California Environmental Technology Certification Program - California Certified Technologies List 35,53 23 Catalogof EPA Materials on USTs(EPA510-B-00-001)[[[ 49 24 Characterization of Mine Leachates and the Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring Strategy for Sites (EPA600-R-99-007) [[[".1........34, 65 25 Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative Treatment Technologies [[[43, 65 26 Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World Wide Web 20,44 27 CLU-IN Studio 11 ------- Index No. of Data Quality Objectives Web Site [[[ 21 Directory of Technology Support Services to Brownf ields Localities (EPA 542-B-99-005).......................... 44, 65 Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008) 54 Engineering and Design: Adsorption Design Guide (DG1110-1-2)[[[ 54 Engineering Design: Requirements for the Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans (EM 200-1-3) ". ." 21,30 39 Environmental Technology Verification Reports [[[ 36 40 EPA Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative Internet Site [[[ 12 41 EPA Directive: Initiatives to Promote Innovative Technology in Waste Management Programs (OSWER Directive 9380.0-25, EPA 542-F-96-012) ' 65 42 EPADynanticField Activities mternetSite .......................... 43 EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks ....................................... 22 44 EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 On-Line: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/ Chemical Methods ' 30 45 EPA ORDBrownfieldsGuides[[[34,49 46 EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets 22 47 EPA Region5 Monitored Natural Attenuation Report[[[ 54 48 EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies (REACH IT) Online [[[21,30,44,65 49 EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site[[[ 55 50 Evaluation of Selected Environmental DecisionSupport Software (DSS) [[[30,44 51 Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005) 44 52 Expedited Site Assessment Tools for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Regulators (EPA510-B-97-001) 35 53 Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) Method (Ames Laboratory Environmental Technologies Development Program)[[[ 21 54 Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for Explosives in Soil (EPA 540-R-97-501) .'. 36 55 Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable(FRTR) Case Studies [[[44, 65 56 Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE)[[[ 31 57 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical Oxidation (EPA 542-R-98-008)............. 54 58 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Ground-Water Circulation Wells ------- Index No. of 68 G uide to Doc umenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for Remediation Projects (EPA 542-B-984XF) .../..................................................„ 69 Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective Site Characterization and Cleanup [[[ 31 70 Handbook of Tools for Managing Federal Superfund Liability Risks at Brownfields and Other Sites (EPA 330-B-98-W1)[[[ 12 71 Hazardous Substance Research Centers [[[ 12 Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise[[[ 13 How To Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-6-944)03, S/N 055-000-004994) 50 74 Hydra ulic Optimization Demonstration for Groundwater P ump-and-Treat Systems .................................... 5 7 75 Hydrogeologic Characterization of Fractured Rock Formations: A Guide for Groundwater Remediators; Project Summary (EPA 600-S-96-001)[[[ 36 76 IDC Home Page 50 77 Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data Management for Site Investigation and Cleanup (EPAM2-F-01-030A)[[[^ 78 Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring 31, 67 79 In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils Technology Status Report [[["[[[ 57 80 In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments [[[ 58 81 Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series 31 82 Innovative Measures for Subsurface Chromium Remediation: Source Zone, Concentrated Plume, and Dilute Plume; Environmental Research (EPA 600-S-97-005)................................................. 50 83 Innovative Remediation and Site Characterization Technologies Resources (EPA 542-C-01-001)............ 31,45 84 Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in North America, 2nd Edition (EPA 542-B-00-004)[[[45 85 Institutional Controls: A Site Manager's Guide to Identifying, Evaluating, and Selecting Institutional Controls at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action Cleanups (EPA540-F410-005)....................................... 67 86 Interstate Technology and Regulatory Cooperation 13 87 Introduction to Phytoremediation (EPA 600-R-99-107)[[[ 58 88 ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree[[[ 58 89 Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview ofTools for Vadose Zone Monitoring (EPA 542-R-98-019).... 58 90 Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022) ................................................. 58 91 Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021) 58 ------- Index No. of 101 Pay-For-Perforniance Cleanups: Effectively Managing Underground Storage Tank Cleanups (EPA 510-B-96-002) [[[„ 102 Permeable Reactive Ba rrier Technologies for Contaminant Remediation (EPA 600-R-98-125)....................... 59 103 Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics 59 104 Permeable Reactive Subsurface Barriers for the Interception and Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon and Chromium (VI) Plumes in Ground Wafer (EP A 600-F-97-008) 59 105 Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil Groundwater at Hazardous Waste Sites (EPA 540-54)1-500)[[[ 59 106 Phytoremediation of TCE in Groundwater Using Populus 60 107 PhytoremediationResourceGuide(EPA542-B-99-003)[[[ 60 108 Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance (Phyto-2) 60 109 Presumptive Remedy: Supplemental Bulletin, Multi-Phase Extraction Technology for VOCs in Soil and Groundwater (EPA 540-F-97-004)[[['......................................... 60 110 Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Gro und Water Sites [[[ 51 111 Public Technology Inc.'sBrownfieldsTech.org [[[32,45 112 Pump Treat Ground-Water Remediation: A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners [[[ 60 113 Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting Brownfields Site Assessments (EPA 540-R-98-038)................ 22 114 Rapid Commercialization Initiative (RCI) Final Report for an Integrated In Situ Remediation Technology (Lasagna™)(DOE/OR/22459-l) 45 115 Rapid Site Assessment Applied to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's DrycleaningSolventCleanupProgram [[[ 51 116 [[[ 13 117 RCRA,Superfund,and Emergency PlanningandCommunity Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline 13 118 Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Soils (EPA542-R-97-004) 51 119 Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 3.0 (PB98-108590).................... 45 120 Resource for MGP Site Characterization Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and Source RemediationatFormerManiifactiired Gas Plant Sites (EPA542-R-00-005)....................................35,51 121 Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and Monitoring (EPA 542-F-01-030B) ............................................. 32 122 Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement the Superfund Land Use Directive (OSWER Directive 9355.7-06P) 48 123 Reusing Cleaned Up Superfund Sites: Recreational Use of Land Above Hazardous Waste Containment Areas (EPA 540-K-01-002)[[[ 67 ------- Index No. of 133 Study of Assessment and Remediation Technologies for Drycleaner Sites.................................................. 23, 60 134 S ubs urf ace Containment and Monitoring Systems: Barriers and Beyond (Overview Report)........................ 60 135 Subsurface Remediation: Improving Long-Term Monitoring and Remedial Systems Performance Conference Proceedings, June 1999 (EPA 540-B-00-002) .'. 61 136 Superfund Docket and Information Center [[[ 13 137 S uperf und Innovativ e Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration Reports................................. 3 3 138 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program: Technology Profiles, Tenth Edition ............ 48 139 Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of Innovative Site Remediation Technologies, Third Edition PB94444565)[[[48 140 Tank RACER Software Program [[[ 48 141 Tax Credits and Deductions for Expensing Environmental Remediation Costs (Internal Revenue CodeSection 198). [[[ 13 142 TediDirect[[[^ 14 143 TechKnow™ Database 48 144 Technical and Regulatory Requirements for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater[[[ 61 145 Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water (EPA600-R-98-128) 67 146 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Service [[[ 14 147 Training Information[[[ 14 148 Treatment Experiences at RCRA Corrective Actions (EPA542-F-00-020)[[[ 52 149 Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (ASR) (Tenth Edition) (EPA 542-R^l-(XM) .'................................................„ 15 0 Treatment Technology Performance and Cost Data for Remediation of Wood Preserving Sites ------- 3^or «f)v& »M the isifcrof yaw drfee InsteaM af Hie letlar D.> To view the resources on the Road Map CD-ROM, you will need to have both a web browser and Adobe-? Acrobat"': Reader 4.0 installed on yourcomputer. Foryotir convenience, both can be installed from tins CD. Note: In the instructions, the CD-ROM drive is referred to as the " D" drive. If your CD-ROM is installed on. a different drive, please substitute the appropriate drive letter. To view the Road Map CD-ROM, insert the CD into your CD- ROM drive. Click on the "Start" button, select "Run," and type D:\start.htai. To install Netscape, go to Start, Rim, and type D:\software\netscape.exe and follow the on-screen directions. To insta i i Aclobe::'' Acroba f" Reader 4.0, go to Sta rt, Run, and rype D:\software\acrobat4.exe and follow the tin-screen directions. ------- ------- m en CD O O O CD ° i8 c m CD -60 ea o o S ,22. 5 0 o ^. en o a1 o fttl*, CO o CD (8 O *< ------- |