United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington, DC 20460
EPA/542-B-94-007
September 1994
&EPA Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
Treatment Technology
Resource Guide
Abstracts of Policy,
Guidance, and Technical
Assistance Documents
Summary of Regulatory Mechanisms that
Affect Soil Vapor Extraction
Descriptions of Soil Vapor Extraction-Related Databases, Hotlines, Catalogs/Bibliogra-
phies, and Dockets
Easy-to-Use Matrix that Assists in Identification of Appropriate Documents
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SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
RESOURCE GUIDE
and
SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
RESOURCE MATRIX
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington, D.C. 20460
September 1994
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NOTICE
This document was prepared by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under EPA Contract Number
68-W2-0004, Option 2, Subcontract No. 92-001-01. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document represents a series of technology resource guides prepared by the Technology Innovation Office.
These include the following technology guides: the Bioremediation Resource Guide (EPA/542/B-93/004); the
Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource Guide (EPA/542/B-94/009); and the Physical/Chemical Treat-
ment Technology Resource Guide (EPA/542/B-94/008).
Information is included in this document on how to obtain these additional resource guides.
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FOREWORD
Identifying and accessing pertinent information resource tools that will help site cleanup managers evaluate innovative
technologies is key to the broader use of these technologies. This Guide is intended to increase awareness about
technical information and specialized support services/resources related to soil vapor extraction treatment technolo-
gies.
Specifically, this document identifies a cross section of information intended to aid users in remedial decision-making,
including: abstracts of field reports and guidance documents; computer systems/data bases; pertinent regulations and
associated guidance documents; program hotlines; as well as Federal centers for ordering publications. In addition,
the look-up format of this document allows the user to quickly scan available resources and access more detailed
abstracts, as desired.
Please let us know about additional information that could make this Guide (and others in the series) more useful to
you.
Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Ph.D.
Director, Technology Innovation Office
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managers for the n j EpA organirations and personnel for their expert rev.ew and
OUST Hotline and Document Centers.
IV
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Treatment Technology Resource Guide is intended to support decision-
making by Regional and State Corrective Action permit writers, Remedial Project Managers (RPMs), On-Scene
Coordinators, contractors, and others responsible for the evaluation of technologies. This Guide directs managers
of sites being cleaned up under the RCRA, UST, and CERCLA waste programs to soil vapor extraction resource
documents, databases, hotlines, and dockets and identifies regulatory mechanisms (e.g.. Research Development
and Demonstration Permits) that have the potential to ease the implementation of soil vapor extraction at hazard-
ous waste sites.
This Guide provides abstracts of representative examples of over 70 SVE guidance/policy and reference docu-
ments, overview/program documents, and studies and demonstrations. The Soil Vapor Extraction Treatment
Technology Resource Matrix, which accompanies this Guide, identifies the contaminants, soil type, and activi-
ties used to support the application of SVE covered in each abstracted document. Information contained in this
Guide is not intended to be all-inclusive, nor does it represent an endorsement by the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency (EPA).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 2
HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS LISTED IN THIS GUIDE 3
SOURCES OF SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION/TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 4
FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE RELEVANT
TO SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACTS OF SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
RESOURCES 8
REQUEST FOR COMMENTS 29
ORDER FORMS 31
SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY RESOURCE MATRIX Back of Guide
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EPA is committed to identifying the most effective and efficient means of addressing the thousands of hazardous
waste sites in the United States. Therefore, the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response * (OSWER s)
Technology Innovation Office (TO) at EPA is working in conjunction with the EPA Regions and research
centers and with industry to identify and further the implementation of innovative treatment technologies. Cur-
rently, SVE is a frequently selected innovative technology.
The goal of OSWER is to encourage the development and use of innovative hazardous waste treatment technolo-
oSs One way of enhancing the us'e of these technologies is to ensure that decision-makers^can avail themselves
S the most current information on technologies, policies, and other sources of assistance. This Guide was
p ep^d to help identify documents that can directly assist RPMs and permit vm« "^^^
information on SVE remedial applications for contaminants usually found at RCRA, UST, and CERCLA sites.
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
When using this Guide to identify resource information on SVE, you may wish to take the following steps:
1 Turn to the Soil Vapor Extraction Treatment Technology Resource Matrix located in the back of this
' S£e TOs matrixlists alphabetically by document type over 70 SVE-related documents and identities the
type of information provided by each document, as well as a document ordering number.
2. Select the document(s) that appear to fit your needs based on the information in the matrix.
3 Check the abstract identification code. This number refers to an abstract of the document. The number
corresponds to a page number in the Guide and the letter corresponds to an abstract on that page.
For example: ________^_
Abstract
Identification
Code
8 A
1
page 8 in the
Resource Guide
Abstract A on
_ page 8 of the
Resource Guide
4. Review the abstract that corresponds to the document in which you are interested to confirm that the docu-
ment will fit your needs.
5. If the document appears to be appropriate, check the document number highlighted under the abstract. For
example:
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-92/003
6. Turn to the section entitled "How to Order Documents Listed in this Guide" on page 3 of this Guide andorder
your document using the directions listed. You will find order forms identified in the section entitled Order
Forms." which begins on page 31 of this Guide.
7. When seeking information on technical assistance sources, turn to page 4 of this Guide.
8. To identify information on Federal regulations and guidance relevant to SVE, turn to page 7 of this Guide.
9. If you would like to comment on this Guide or would like additional information, turn to page 29 of this
Guide and follow the directions for mailing or faxing your comments/questions.
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HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS LISTED IN THIS GUIDE
Documents listed in this Guide are available through a variety of sources. When ordering documents listed in the
"Soil Vapor Extraction Treatment Technology Abstracts" section of this Guide, use the number listed in the bar
below the abstract. If using the Soil Vapor Extraction Treatment Technology Resource Matrix in the back of
the Guide, use the number listed below the document title. If multiple document ordering numbers are identified,
select the appropriate number based on the directions below. EPA/530, EPA/540, EPA/600, and EPA/625
documents may be available through the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI); EPA/540 and
EPA/542 documents may be obtained through the National Center for Environmental Publications and Informa-
tion (NCEPI); and EPA/530 documents may be obtained from the RCRA Information Center (RIC). These
document repositories provide in-stock documents free of charge, but document supplies may be limited. Docu-
ments obtained through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) are available for a fee: therefore, pnor
to purchasing a document through NTIS, you may wish to review a copy at a technical or university library, or a
public library that houses government documents.
Document Type Document Source
Publication numbers with the following prefixes: National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
AD 5285 Port Royal Road
DE Springfield, VA 22161
pB (703) 487-4650
PR (free of charge) fax requests to (703) 321-8547
8:30 a.m. - 5 p.m., Eastern Time.
NTIS provides documents for a fee. The "NTIS Order Form," included in the "Order Forms" section of this Guide, can be
used to order from NTIS.
Publications with the following numbers: Center for Environmental Research Information
EPA/530 (limited collection) (CERI)
EPA/540 (limited collection) Cincinnati, OH 45268
EPA/600 (513)569-7562
EPA/625 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m., Eastern Time.
Out of stock documents ma\ be ordered from NCEPI or may be purchased from NTIS.
Publications with the following numbers: National Center for Environmental
EPA/540 Publications and Information (NCEPI)
EPA/542 11°29 Kenwood Road, Building 5
Cincinnati, OH 45242
(513)891-6561
fax requests to (513) 891-6685
8 a.m. - 5 p.m., Eastern Time.
A document title or number is needed to place an order with NCEPI. Some out-of-stock documents may be ordered from
CERI or may be purchased from NTIS.
Publications with EPA/530 numbers RCRA Information Center (RIC)
401 M St., S.W. Mailcode: 5305
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-9327
9 a.m. - 4 p.m., Eastern Time.
The "Office of Solid Waste Publications Order Form," included in the "Order Forms" section of this Guide can be used to
order from the RIC.
If you have difficulty finding a document or which to obtain EPA/510 documents, call:
RCRA/Superfund/OUST Hotline ~ 800-424-9346,703-412-9810, TDD: 800-553-7672,703-412-3323
Operates Monday - Friday, 8:30 a.m. - 7:30 p.m.. Eastern Time.
Hotline staff can help EPA staff or members of the public locate documents and assist callers with placing document orders.
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SOURCES OF SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
-J^Jll V f%m ^^1 »» mr~*^* * ^^ -^-
INFORMATION/TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Numerous computer-based bulletin boards, regulatory hotlines, dockets, databases, catalogs/bibhographies, and periodicals
^eTo avaTbU-These resources provide technical information on SVE and other innovative technologies and guide you to
additional valuable resources. Most bulletin board services are provided free of charge.
BULLETIN BOARDS:
Alternative Treatment Technologies
Information Center (ATTIC) data line ..703-908-2137
Provides hazardous waste abstracts, news bulletins, confer-
ence information, and a message board. Users can access
this collection of hazardous waste databases through a
bulletin board.
Help Line 703-908-2138
Provides information on access to ATTIC.
Cleanup Information Bulletin
(CLU-IN) data line 301-589-8366
Provides hazardous waste professionals with current infor-
mation on innovative technologies via a bulletin board.
Provides information bulletins, message and on-file ex-
change, and on-line databases and directories.
Help Line 301-589-8368
Addresses questions about CLU-IN access and contents;
addresses problems with the service.
Office of Research and Development (ORD)
Data line 800-258-9605
Bulletin Board Service (BBS)
Data line 513-569-7610
Provides a bibliography of over 19,000 documents and a
message board.
Help Line 513-569-7272
Provides information on access to and contents of the ORD
BBS.
CATALOGS/BIBLIOGRAPHIES/DIRECTORIES:
Accessing Federal Data Bases for Contaminated Site
Clean-Up Technologies, Third Edition, September 1993
EPA/542/B-93/008
Provides information on those systems maintaining data on
remedial technologies, including information on data ele-
ments, system uses, hardware and software requirements,
and access.
Catalog of Hazardous and Solid Waste Publications,
Sixth Edition EPA/530-B-92-001
Catalogs Office of Solid Waste policy directives, guidance
documents, brochures, Regulatory Development Branch
memos, and other documents relevant to hazardous and
solid waste.
Compendium of Superfund Program Publications
EPA/540/8-91/014, NTIS PR 881
Provides abstracts and ordering information for fact sheets,
directives, publications, and computer materials on
Superfund. Use the document ordering directions to obtain
the Compendium.
Federal Publications on Alternative and Innovative Treat-
ment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site
Remediation, Third Edition, September 1993
EPA/542/B-93/007
Lists Federal publications on innovative treatment technolo-
gies, including thermal, biological, and physical/chemical
processes; technology survey reports; treatability studies;
and reports on ground water and community relations.
Literature Survey of Innovative Technologies for Haz-
ardous Waste Site Remediation, 1987-1991
EPA/542/B-92/004, NTIS PB93-105617
Provides a survey of publications useful to those investigat-
ing innovative technologies. Includes information on current
developments and identifies references to support addi-
tional research.
Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Tech-
nologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation,
November 1993 Update EPA/542/B-93/010
Provides a list of EPA information resources related to the
use of alternative and innovative treatment technologies,
including guidance documents, study^results, bulletins, and
databases.
Technical Assistance Directory, July 1993
EPA/600/K-93/006
Lists the programs, areas of expertise, and primary contacts
in eacr- e the major Office of Research and Development
(ORD, itions.
DATAB* 3/SOFTWARE:
DIALOG Database 800-3-DIALOG
Contains files relevant to hazardous waste including:
Enviroline, CA Search, Pollution Abstracts, Compendex,
Energy Science and Technology, National Technical Infor-
mation Service (NTIS), and others.
NTIS Database
Contains abstracts of government-sponsored research, de-
velopment, and engineering analyses prepared by approxi-
mately 250 Federal agencies and some State and local
governments. Accessible via the DIALOG system.
FEDWORLD
To access via modem 703-321-8020
To access via internet telnet fedworld.gov or
192.239.92.201
Allows access to more than 100 Federally-operated on-line
computer systems, including eight environmentally related
systems, under a single umbrella. Environmental systems
include the Alternative Treatment Technology Information
Center, the Waste Water Treatment Information Exchange,
the CLU-IN (Superfund) Bulletin Board, the Clean-Up Stan-
dards and Outreach Bulletin Board, the Office of Research
and Development Bulletin Board, and the Pesticide Informa-
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tion Network. FEDWORLD operates 24 hours a day, seven
days a week, free of charge.
Help Line 703-487-4608
Answers questions about access and contents.
Hyperventilate - Decision Support Software for SVE
Technology Application
To obtain technical assistance 908-906-6924
EPA/600/R-93/028
Assists user in evaluating the feasibility of using SVE,
through an interactive system, based on site and contami-
nant characteristics. The software and user's manual is
available for purchase from NTIS. Hyperventilate can also
be downloaded from ATTIC, CLU-IN, GPO's Federal Bulle-
tin Board, or CompuServe.
Records of Decision System (RODS)
To get information on accessing
RODS 703-271 -5400
Contains the full text of all signed RODs for hazardous waste
clean-up sites nationwide. Direct access to RODS is avail-
able to EPA personnel and organizations that have relevant
EPA contracts. Regional libraries will provide public citizens
with ROD information.
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Treatability
Database
To fax a request 513-891-6685
To send a request NCEPI
P.O. Box42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419
Contains extensive review of the removal and destruction of
1,200 chemicals in both aqueous and solid media. Send a
fax to the above number or mail a request to the above
address to order, free of charge, the database on
3 1/2" disk.
Vendor Information System for Innovative
Treatment Technologies (VISITT) 800-245-4505
Contains current information on the availability, performance,
and cost of innovative technologies to remediate hazardous
waste sites.
DOCKETS:
Federal Facilities Docket Hotline 800-548-1016
Provides the name, address, NPL status, agency, and
Region for the Federal facilities listed on the Federal Facili-
ties Docket. Facilities are on the docket because they
reported being a RCRA TSDF or having spilled or having the
potential to release CERCLA hazardous waste. Operates
Monday - Friday, 8:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m., Eastern Time.
OUST Docket 202-260-9720
Provides documents and regulatory information pertinent to
RCRA Subtitle I (the Underground Storage Tank program).
Operates Monday - Friday, 9a.m. -4:30p.m., Eastern Time.
RCRA Information Center 202-260-9327
Indexes and provides public access to all regulatory materi-
als supporting the Agency's actions under RCRA, and dis-
seminates current Office of Solid Waste publications. Oper-
ates Monday - Friday, 9 a.m. - 4 p.m., Eastern Time.
Superfund Docket 202-260-3046
Provides access to Superfund regulatory documents,
Superfund Federal Register Notices, and RODs. Operates
Monday - Friday, 9 a.m. -4p.m., Eastern Time.
HOTLINES/REGULATORY/TECHNICAL ASSIS-
TANCE:
RCRA/Superfund/OUST Hotline 800-424-9346,
703-412-9810, TDD: 800-553-7672, 703-412-3323
Provides regulatory assistance related to RCRA, CERCLA,
and UST programs. Serves as a liaison between the
regulated community and EPA personnel and provides
information on the availability of relevant documents. Oper-
ates Monday - Friday, 8:30 a.m. - 7:30 p.m., Eastern Time.
Superfund Health Risk Technical
Support Center 513-569-7300
Provides EPA Regional Superfund risk assessors, State
agencies, and those working under EPA contract with tech-
nical, typically chemical-specific, support and risk assess-
ment review. Operates Monday - Friday, 8 a.m. - 5 p.m.,
Eastern Time.
TSCA Hotline 202-554-1404
/Answers public and private regulatory questions on TSCA.
Refers callers to appropriate EPA contacts, and takes TSCA-
relevant document orders. Operates Monday - Friday,
8:30 a.m. -5 p.m., Eastern Time.
INFORMATION CENTER:
National Center for Environmental
Publications and Information
(NCEPI) 513-891-6561
To fax a request 513-891-6685
Stores and distributes to public and private callers a limited
supply of most EPA publications, videos, posters, and other
multi-media materials. Callers should know document titles
or numbers when calling.
LIBRARIES:
The EPA Headquarters and Regional Libraries provide
information services covering a wide range of environmental
and related subjects, including hazardous waste, air and
water pollution and control, environmental law, solid waste,
toxic substances, and test methods. These libraries also
provide a collection of materials on social, economic, legis-
lative, legal, administrative, and management projects re-
lated to all aspects of environmental policy. EPA Headquar-
ters and Regional Libraries contact information is provided
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SOURCES OF SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION/TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (CONT'D)
below. In addition to resources available through EPA librar-
ies, users may also access relevant documents through
university libraries or other public libraries that house govern-
ment documents.
- EPA Headquarters Library 202-260-5921
Operates Monday - Friday, 10a.m. - 2p.m., Eastern Time
- Region 1 Library (Boston, MA) 617-565-3300
Fax 617-565-3346
Operates Monday - Friday, 8:30a.m. - 5p.m., Eastern Time
- Region 2 Library (New York, NY) 212-264-2881
Fax 212-264-5433
Operates Monday - Friday (except Tuesday), 8:30a.m. -
5p.m., Eastern Time
Operates Tuesday, 1p.m. - 5p.m., Eastern Time
- Region 3 Library (Philadelphia, PA) 215-597-0580
Fax 215-597-7906
Operates Monday - Friday, 8a.m. - 4p.m., Eastern Time
- Region 4 Library (Atlanta, GA) 404-347-4216
Fax 404-347-4486
Operates Monday - Friday, 8a.m. - 3.45p.m., Eastern Time
- Region 5 Library (Chicago, IL) 312-353-2022
Fax 312-353-1155
Operates Monday - Friday, 7:30a.m. - 5p.m., Central Time
- Region 6 Library (Dallas, TX) 214-665-6427
Fax 214-665-2146
Operates Monday - Friday, 7 30a.m. - 4:30p.m., Central
Time
- Region 7 Library (Kansas City, KS) 913-551-7358
Fax 913-551 -7467
Operates Monday Friday, 9a.m. - 5:30p.m., Central Time
- Region 8 Library (Denver, CO) 303-293-1444
Fax 303-294-1087
Public Information Center Operates Monday - Friday
8a.m. - 5p.m., Library Operates Monday - Friday, 12p.m. -
4p.m., Mountain Time
- Region 9 Library
(San Francisco, CA) 415-744-1510
Fax 415-744-1474
Operates Monday - Friday, 9a.m. - 5p.m., Western Time
- Region 10 Library
(Seattle, WA) 206-553-1289 or 1259
Fax 206-553-8509
Operates Monday - Friday, 9a.m. - 4p.m., Western Time
RREUSite Superfund Videotape
Library 201-535-2219
Provides composite videotapes containing a number of EPA-
produced documentaries on specific Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program demonstrations.
Operates Monday - Friday, 8:30a.m. - 4:30p.m., Eastern
Time.
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FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE RELEVANT TO
SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
This table lists pertinent RCRA regulations with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and Federal Register (FR)
citations, and provides information on guidance documents relevant to these regulations. In addition, States may elect
to have more stringent regulations than the Federal regulations identified here. Contact your State environmental
protection agency when considering the applicability of any of the following Federal regulations.
CITATION
REGULATION
DESCRIPTION
GUIDANCE
40 CFR Part 261
February 18, 1994
59 FR 8362
40 CFR §270.65
July 15, 1985
50 FR 28728
40 CFR §264.600
December 10, 1987
52 FR 46946
40 CFR §270.42(6)
March 7, 1989
54 FR 9596
(Changes certain permit
modifications for hazardous
waste)
40 CFR §268.40
June 1, 1990
55 FR 22686
(Presents third-third
wastes)
40 CFR §268.44(h)
August 17, 1988
53 FR 31143, 31185,31188,
31196,31199, 31202
(Presents final rule on first-
third wastes and national
capacity variances)
40 CFR §260, 264.552 et al
February 16, 1993
58 FR 8658
(Presents final CAMU rule)
Treatability Study
Exemption
Research Development
and Demonstration
Permits
Subpart X Miscellaneous
Units
RCRA Permit Modification
Rule: Temporary
Authorization
Land Disposal Restrictions
(LDR) Subpart D -
Treatment Standards
Variance from an LDR
Treatment Standard
Corrective Action
Management
Unit (CAMU)
Provides for treatability studies
under RCRA
Allows the issuance of a RCRA
permit for a pilot scale study
pertaining to an innovative or
experimental technology
Allows the issuance of a RCRA
permit for a miscellaneous unit
Allows the permitting agency to
grant a facility a temporary
authorization to perform certain
activities (e.g., cleanups,
corrective action, and closure
activities) for up to 180 days
Sets forth RCRA hazardous
waste treatment standards
Allows for a site-specific
treatability variance to be
issued as a nonrulemaking
procedure
Encourages use of innovative
treatment technologies,
including in situ treatment,
rather than containment
Conducting Treatability Studies
Under RCRA (7/92, OSWER
Directive 9380.3-09FS, NTIS
PB92-963-501)
Guidance Manual for Research
Demonstration and Design
Permits
(7/86, EPA/530-SW-86- 008,
OSWER Directive 9527.00-1 A,
NTISPB86-229192/AS)
No guidance specifically
related to SVE is available
Modify RCRA Permits (9/89,
EPA/530-SW-89-050)
Land Disposal Restrictions
Summary of Requirements
(2/91, OSWER Directive
9934.0-1 A, NTIS
PB91-190835)
Regional Guide: Issuing
Site-Specific Treatability
Variances for Contaminated
Soils and Debris from LDRs
(1/92, OSWER Directive
9380.3-08FS)
Environmental Fact Sheet:
EPA Issues Final Rules for
Corrective Action
Management Units and
Temporary Units
(1/93, EPA/530-F-93-001)
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The following abstracts describe the contents of pertinent SVE documents, which are organized alphabetically within each
document type Documents that address the same site are grouped together and listed in alphabetical order by site name.
Document types included are: Begins on Page
To
Guidance/Policy and Reference Documents [[[
Overview/Program Documents [[[ .^
Studies and Demonstrations [[[ ^
Other Resource Guides [[[ ~
documents pertinent to your interest area, see the Soil Vapor Extraction Treatment Technology
the back of this Guide" The documents in the matrix are organized alphabetically within the document
n
types identified above. The document listings in the matnx can be cross-referenced with the abstracts using the code to the
eHf the document titles on the matnx. In an effort to limit the number of resources listed here Records ot Decision
RODs) moTproceedings, and documents more than five years old are not included. Those seeking RODs or proceedings
may wish^o contact the hotlines, dockets, or other sources listed on pages 4 of this Guide. These abstracts were obtained
from the NTIS Database.
GUIDANCE/POLICY AND REFERENCE
DOCUMENTS
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series:
Emission Factors for Superfund Remediation Technolo-
gies.
Thompson, P.; Inglis, A.; and Eklund, B., Radian Corp.,
Austin, TX, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Emer-
gency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, March
1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/450/1-91/001
NTIS Document Number: PB91-190975/XAB
ter, SO,, NOx, CO, HC1, and HF. The report also contains an
extensive bibliography related to waste treatment technologies.
The report contains procedures and example calculations for
estimating air emissions that occur from treating contaminated
material at Superfund sites. Emission factors for six treatment
technologies are presented. These are: (1) thermal treatment,
(2) air stripping, (3) soil vapor extraction, (4) solidification and
stabilization, (5) physical and chemical treatment, and (6)
biotreatment and land treatment. For each of the six technolo-
gies, a literature review was conducted to develop a flow
diagram and identify emission points, as well as to analyze
available air emissions data. For most of the technologies
examined, emission factors were based on available data as well
as assumed "typical" operating conditions. Where possible,
however, emission factors were presented on actual operating
data from the site studies. Emission factors are presented for
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), metals, paniculate mat-
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study
Series: Estimation of Air Impacts for Soil Vapor Extrac-
tion (SVE) Systems.
Eklund, B.; Smith, S.; Thompson, P.; and Malik, A. S.,
Radian Corp., Austin, TX, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC,
January 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/450/1-92/001
NTIS Document Number: PB92-143676/XAB
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards and the Regional air offices
have been given the responsibility of evaluating air impacts
from Superfund sites. The report provides procedures for
roughly estimating the ambient air concentrations associated
with soil vapor extraction (SVE). The procedures for SVE
systems are analogous to procedures for air strippers that have
previously been published. SVE is also known as soil venting,
vacuum extraction, aeration, or in situ volatilization. It is a
widely used technique for removing volatile organic compound
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Guidance/Policy and Reference Documents
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study
Series: Models for Estimating Air Emission Rates from
Superfund Remedial Actions.
Eklund, B. and Albert, C, Radian Corp., Austin, TX. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response, Office of Emergency and Reme-
dial Response, Washington. DC, March 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/451 /R-93/001
NTIS Document Number: PB93-186807/XAB
The report is a compendium of models (equations) for estimat-
ing air emissions from Superfund sites undergoing remediation.
These models predict emission rates of volatile organic com-
pounds (VOCs) and paniculate matter from both area and point
sources. The following remedial processes are covered: air
stripping, soil vapor extraction, thermal desorption, thermal
destruction (incineration), excavation, dredging, solidification/
stabilization, and bioremediation. Emission estimation meth-
ods are also presented for landfills, lagoons, and spills/leaks/
open waste pits. The models contained in the compendium may
not accurately predict emissions for all possible scenarios.
Engineering Bulletin: Technology Preselection Data
Requirements.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response, Washington, DC, October 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-92/009
NTIS Document Number: PB93-105591/XAB
The bulletin provides a listing of soil, water, and contaminant
data elements needed to evaluate the potential applicability of
technologies for treating contaminated soils and water. This
base set of data should permit preselection of applicable treat-
ment methods and the direct elimination of others. This bulletin
emphasizes the site physical and chemical soil and water
characteristics for which observations and measurements should
be compiled. Gathering and analyzing the information called
for in this bulletin prior to extensive field investigations will
facilitate streamlining and targeting the sampling and analytical
objectives of the overall program.
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under CERCL A:
Soil Vapor Extraction, Interim Guidance.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response, Washington, DC, September 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-91/019A
NTIS Document Number: PB92-227271/XAB
Section 121 (b) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) mandates
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to select
remedies that "utilize permanent solutions and alternative treat-
ment technologies or resource recovery technologies to the
maximum extent practicable." Treatability studies conducted
during the RI/FS phase indicate whether a given technology can
meet the expected cleanup goals for the site. The document
refers to three levels or tiers of treatability studies: remedy
screening, remedy selection, and remedy design. Summary
information on planning and executing soil vapor extraction
(SVE) remedy screening and remedy selection treatability
studies is provided in "Guide for Conducting Treatability
Studies Under CERCLA: Soil Vapor Extraction," Quick Ref-
erence Fact Sheet, EPA/540/2-91/019B.
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under
CERCLA: Soil Vapor Extraction, Quick Reference Fact
Sheet.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC. Septem-
ber 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA7540/2-91 /019B
NTIS Document Number: PB92-224401/XAB
The fact sheet provides a summary of information to facilitate
the planning and execution of soil vapor extraction (SVE)
remedy screening and remedy selection treatability studies in
support of the remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS)
and the remedial design/remedial action (RD/RA) processes.
Detailed information on designing and implementing remedy
screening and remedy selection treatability studies for SVE is
provided in "Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under
CERCLA: Soil Vapor Extraction," Interim Guidance, EPA/
540/2-91/019A, September 1991.
Handbook on In Situ Treatment of Hazardous Waste-
Contaminated Soils.
Chamber, C. D.; Willis, J.; Giti-Pour, S.; Zieleniewski, J. L.;
Richabaugh, J. S., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development, Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, January 1990
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Overview/Program Documents
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-90/Q02
NTIS Document Number: PB90-155607/XAB
This publication discusses various alternatives for in situ treat-
ment of hazardous waste in contaminated soils. In situ tech-
nologies discussed include: soil flushing; solidification/stabi-
lization; chemical and biological degradation and photolysis;
control of volatile materials, including soil vapor extraction;
and chemical and physical separation techniques. Delivery and
recovery systems are also discussed. For each technology, the
document includes a description of the process and its advan-
tages and disadvantages. An extensive list of references is
included.
10A
NPL Construction Completion Definition at Bioremediation
and Soil Vapor Extraction Sites.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC, June
1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/ 540/F-93/019, OSWER-
)320.2-06
NTIS Document Number: PB93-963327/XAB
10B
Procuring Innovative Technologies at Remedial Sites:
Q's and A's and Case Studies.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC, April
1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/F-92/012
NTIS Document Number: PB92 232388/XAB
innovative technology, including bioremediation, thermal des-
orption, vacuum extraction, chemical treatment, chemical ex-
traction, and in situ soil flushing. The results of these interviews
are presented in a question and answer format. In addition,
specific detailed information on each site is presented in tabular
form.
OVERVIEW/PROGRAM DOCUMENTS
The report discusses EPA's policy for categorizing
bioremediation and soil vapor extraction sites as Construction
Completions. Technologies addressed are: in situ soil vapor
extraction, in situ bioremediation, and ex situ bioremediation.
10C
An Overview of Underground Storage Tank Remediation
Options.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Underground
Storage Tanks, October 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/510/F-93/029
EPA developed a series of fact sheets to answer basic questions
about selected alternative cleanup technologies and to provide
an easy way to compare technologies. The fact sheets related
to soil vapor extraction technologies include those pertaining to
in situ soil vapor extraction, in situ bioremediation and
bioventing, and on-site low-temperature thermal desorption.
10D
Citizen's Guide to Air Sparging, Fact Sheet.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington. DC, March
1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/F-92/010
NTIS Document Number: PB92-235597/XAB
The fact sheet is designed to assist EPA Remedial Project
Managers (RPMs) and Contracting Officers (COs) with the
procurement of innovative treatment technologies. RPMs,
COs, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) personnel were
interviewed to obtain information on their experiences in pro-
curing innovative technologies. EP A's Technology Innovation
Office (TTO) has documented case histories of experiences with
acquiring innovative technologies in the Superfund program.
Remedial sites chosen for inclusion in the review were Fund-
lead sites that had started or completed the procurement of an
The fact sheet contains a description of air sparging; how it
works; why use this treatment method; will it always work;
where air sparging is being used; and how to get more informa-
tion on this treatment.
Cleaning Up the Nation's Waste Sites: Markets and
Technology Trends.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovative
Office, Washington, DC, April 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/R-92/012
This report captures information on the future demand for
remediation services for all major c leanup programs in the U. S.,
including Superfund, Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) corrective action, underground storage tanks, state
10
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Overview/Program Documents
programs, and federal agencies such as the Department of
Defense and Energy. This report contains market information
on the innovative technologies used to remediate sites contami-
nated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile
organic compounds (semi-VOCs), and other contaminants.
This market information should help innovative technology
vendors, developers, and investors direct their research, devel-
opment, and commercialization effort towards pertinent waste
programs and problems.
Engineering Issue: Considerations in Deciding to Treat
Contaminated Soils In Situ.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-94/500
NTIS Document Number: PB94-177771/XAB
The purpose of this issue paper is to assist in deciding whether
consideration of in situ treatment of contaminated soil is worth-
while and to assist in the process of selection and review of in
situ technologies. This document addresses issues associated
with assessing the feasibility of in situ treatment and selecting
appropriate in situ technologies which include an understand-
ing of the characteristics of the contaminants, the site, the
technologies, and how these factors and conditions interact to
allow for effective delivery, control, and recovery of treatment
agents and/or the contaminants. The document focuses on
established and innovative in situ treatment technologies that
are already available or should be available for full-scale
application within 2 years. Technologies discussed include in
situ solidification/stabilization, soil vapor extraction,
biotreatment, bioventing, in situ vitrification, radio frequency
heating, soil flushing, steam / hot air injection and extraction,
and delivery and recovery systems. This document is intended
to assist in the identification of applicable alternatives early in
the technology screening process and is not a source for final
determinations.
Experimental Examination of Integrated Soil Vapor
Extraction Techniques: Published in Proceedings of the
Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in
Groundwater: Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, p.
441-452, November 1992.
Johnson, R. L.; Bagby, W.; Perrott, M.; and Chen, C. T.,
Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology,
Beaverton, OR, Department of Environmental Science and
Engineering, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-92/280
NTIS Document Number: PB93-131738/XAB
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) has been shown to be effective at
removing hydrocarbons from the unsaturated zone. However,
at many spill sites significant fractions of the mass are at or
below the water table, in which case SVE is far less effective.
To improve its efficiency in cases where gasoline is trapped
below the water table, SVE can be used in conjunction with
other techniques to get at that trapped mass. In the last few years
the direct injection of air into the formation below the water
table (i.e., in situ sparging) has become a popular technique.
Another approach is to lower the water table to improve air flow
in the vicinity of the trapped product. This can be accomplished
either in the localized area of a ground water draw down cone
or as the result of larger scale dewatering. In experiments
conducted at the Oregon Graduate Institute (OGI), hydrocar-
bon spills into a large three-dimensional physical model filled
with sand are being used to study the efficiencies of SVE
combined with other techniques. Experiments to date have
examined SVE operating as a stand-alone technique, as well as
in conjunction with air sparging below the water table, dew ater-
ing of the "smear zone" (i.e., where product is trapped as
residual below the water table), and air injection into the
dewatered smear zone.
Innovative Technology Demonstrations.
Anderson, D.B.; Hartley, J.N.; and Luttrell. S.P., Battelle
Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, April 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE92-015617/XAB
This document discusses the several innovative technologies
that are currently being demonstrated at Tenker Air Force Base
(TAFB) to address specific problems associated with remediating
two contaminated test sites at the base. Cone penetrometer
testing (CPT) is a form of testing that can rapidly characterize
a site. This technology was selected to evaluate its applicability
in the tight clay soils and consolidated sandstone sediments
found at TAFB. Directionally drilled horizontal wells have
been successfully installed at the U.S. Department of Energy's
(DOE) Savannah River Site to test new methods of in situ
remediation of soils and ground water. This emerging technol-
ogy was selected as a method that may be effective in accessing
contamination beneath a building at the site without disrupting
the mission of the building, and in enhancing the extraction of
contamination both in ground water and in soil. A soil gas
extraction (SGE) demonstration, also known as soil vapor
extraction, will evaluate the effectiveness of SGE in remediating
fuels and TCE contamination contained in the tight clay soil
formations surrounding the abandoned underground fuel stor-
-------
age vault located at the SW Tanks Site. In site sensors have
recently received much acclaim as a technology that can be
effective in remediating hazardous waste sites. Sensors can be
useful for determining real-time, in situ contaminant concentra-
tions during the remediation process for performance monitor-
ing and in providing feedback for controlling the remediation
process. A demonstration of two in situ sensor systems capable
of providing real-time data on contamination levels will be
conducted and evaluated concurrently with the SGE demon-
stration activities. Following the SGE demonstration, the SGE
system and SW Tanks test site will be modified to demonstrate
bioremediation as an effective means of degrading the remain-
ing contaminants in situ.
Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status
Report, Fifth Edition.
Fiedler, L., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innova-
tion Office, Washington, DC, September 1993
Overview/Program Documents
-i
and is intended to assist site project managers, consultants,
responsible parties, and owner/operators in their efforts to
identify current literature on innovative treatment technologies
for hazardous waste remediation on corrective action. The
technologies addressed in the guide include the following:
incineration, thermal desorption, soil washing, solvent extrac-
tion, dechlorination, bioremediation, vacuum extraction, vitri-
fication, and ground water treatment. Also included in the
guide for the user's reference are summary statistics of EPA's
selection and application of innovative treatment technologies
between 1982 and 1990. In addition, the guide provides for
each technology a detailed description, status of development
and application, strengths, weaknesses, and materials handling
considerations. A comprehensive bibliography for each tech-
nology can be found within each chapter.
12C
EPA Document Number: EPAy542/R-93/003
NTIS Document Number: PB93-133387/XAB
In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction Treatment, Engineering
Bulletin.
Science Applications International Corp., Cincinnati, OH,
FW Energy Applications, Inc., Livingston, NJ, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response, Office of Emergency and Remedial
Response, Washington, DC, May 1991
This yearly report (formerly published semi-annually) docu-
ments and analyzes the selection and use of innovative treat-
ment technologies at Superfund sites and some non-Superfund
sites under the^urisdiction of DOD and DOE. The information
will allow better communication between experienced technol-
ogy users and those who are considering innovative technolo-
gies to clean up contaminated sites. In addition, the information
will enable technology vendors to evaluate the market for
innovative technologies in Superfund for the next several years.
It also will be used by the Technology Innovation Office to track
progress in the application of innovative treatment technolo-
gies. Alternative technologies are defined as alternatives to
land disposal; innovative technologies are alternative technolo-
gies for which there is a lack of data on cost and performance.
O
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-91/006
NTIS Document Number: PB91-228072/XAB
12B
Innovative Treatment Technologies: Overview and
Guide to Information Sources.
Quander, J. and Kingscott, J., U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
Technology Innovation Office, Washington, DC, October
1991
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is designed to physically remove
volatile compounds, generally from the vadose or unsaturated
zone. It is an in situ process employing vapor extraction wells
alone or in combination with air injection wells. Vacuum
blowers supply the motive force, inducing air flow through the
soil matrix. The air strips the volatile compounds from the soil
and carries them to the screened extraction well. Air emissions
from the systems are typically controlled by adsorption of the
volatiles onto activated carbon, thermal destruction (incinera-
tion or catalytic oxidation), or condensation by refrigeration.
SVE is a developed technology that has been used in commer-
cial operations for several years. The final determination of the
lowest cost alternative will be more site-specific than process
equipment-dominated. The bulletin provides information on
the technology applicability, the limitations of the technology,
the technology description, the types of residuals produced, the
site requirements, the latest performance data, the status of the
technology, and sources for further information.
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/9-91/002
NTIS Document Number: PB92-179001/XAB
12D
This document is a compilation of information on innovative
treatment technologies being used in the Superfund program
Potential for Joint Research Between EPA and the U.S.
Army, Symposium Paper.
Sullivan, D.; Farlow, J.; and Freestone, F., U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
12
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Overview/Program Documents
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH,
1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-93/007
NTIS Document Number: PB93-149227/XAB
The environmental problems being faced by the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army are closely
related, and the research needed to address them overlaps in
many areas. The paper presents an overview of the hazardous
waste site remediation research programs being conducted by
EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) and
proposes a number of areas where joint efforts between the two
agencies could be mutually beneficial. EPA has established a
policy of encouraging the use of innovative technologies that
both reduce the quantity of contaminant to be handled and also
destroy harmful contaminants. Several technologies, including
soil washing, soil vapor extraction, thermal desorption, solvent
extraction and soil flushing are of special interest. The RREL
has established capabilities for treatability studies and other
research endeavors at a number of its locations. EPA also
continues to foster the use of innovative technologies through
its Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) pro-
gram. In addition, EPA has established a technology transfer
program available to other agencies involving both manuals/
documents and training personnel. The authors welcome future
contacts by Army personnel interested in sharing environmen-
tal projects.
Soil-Air Permeability Method Evaluation, Symposium
Paper.
Sellers, K. L.; Pederson, T. A.; and Fan, C. Y., Camp
Dresser & McKee, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH,
1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/D-91/273
NTIS Document Number: PB92-212439/XAB
The feasibility of soil vapor extraction (SVE) is, in part, based
on vadose zone soil-air permeability. Field, laboratory, and
empirical correlation methods for estimating soil-air perme-
ability have been reviewed for their appropriateness in deter-
mining SVE feasibility and the development of SVE system
design criteria. To better understand the available air perme-
ability test methods, a review of their theoretical development
is provided. Empirical correlation methods are available to
derive estimates of soil-air permeabilities from soil grain size
distributions, hydraulic conductivity measurements, or pump
test drawdown data. Although these techniques provide data
that are of value in determining if the use of SVE at a specific
site should be excluded from further consideration, they do not
provide adequate data for system design criteria development.
Laboratory soil-air permeability tests are also inappropriate for
SVE system design because they do not take into account field
variability and the non-representative nature of soil cores
collected in the field. Most field techniques employed for
determining soil-air permeability for surficial soils are likewise
inappropriate for the evaluation of contaminant releases that
have migrated to depths of greater than one meter. The in situ
field borehole permeability techniques used by petroleum engi-
neers, and subsequently modified for use at relatively shallow
soil depths, hold the most promise for application to SVE
design.
Soil Vapor Extraction Technology: Reference Handbook,
Final Report.
Pederson, T. A. and Curtis, J. T., Camp Dresser & McKee,
Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Research and Development, Risk Reduc-
tion Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, February 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-91/003
NTIS Document Number: PB91-168476/XAB
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems are being used in increas-
ing numbers due to many advantages these systems hold over
other soil treatment technologies. SVE systems appear to be
simple in design and operation, yet the fundamentals governing
subsurface vapor transport are quite complex. In view of the
complexity, an expert workshop was held to discuss the state-
of-the-art technology, the best approach to optimize systems
application, and process efficiency and limitations. As a result
of the workshop, an SVE Technology Assessment report was
produced. The report discusses the basic science of the subsur-
face environment and subsurface monitoring, emission control,
and costs. The report also serves as the proceedings of the
expert workshop. Additional research activities being con-
ducted include a field demonstration of a structured SVE
system design approach, a laboratory column study to deter-
mine and characterize residuals following vapor extraction, an
assessment of secondary emissions and regulations governing
releases from SVE systems, cost of SVE implementation and
operation, and a survey of techniques to enhance vapor re-
moval.
State of Technology Review: Soil Vapor Extraction
Systems, Final Report.
Hutzler, N. J.; Murphy, B. E.; and Gierke, J. S., Michigan
Technological University, Houghton, MI, U.S. Department
13
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EPA Document Number: EPA/600/2-89/024
NTIS Document Number: PB89-195184/XAB
Soil vapor extraction is a cost-effective technique for the
removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contami-
nated soils. Among the advantages of the soil air extraction
processes are that they create a minimal disturbance of the
contaminated soil, they can be constructed from standard equip-
ment, there is demonstrated experience with soil vapor extrac-
tion at pilot- and field-scale, they can be used to treat larger
volumes of soil than can be practically excavated, and there is
a potential for product recovery. The expenence with existing
extraction systems has been reviewed and information about
each system is briefly summarized.
-
This collection of abstracts describes field demonstrations of
innovative technologies used to treat hazardous waste. Ninety-
one demonstrations in six different technology categones
(bioremediation, chemical treatment, thermal treatment, vapor
extraction, soil washing, and other physical treatment) are
described. This publication is intended to be an information
resource for hazardous waste site project managers for assess-
ing the availability and viability of innovative technologies for
treating contaminated ground water, soils, and sludge. It is also
intended to assist government agencies in coordinating ongoing
hazardous waste remediation technology research initiatives.
Innovative technologies, for the purposes of this compendium,
are defined as those technologies for which detailed perfor-
mance and cost data are not readily available.
14C
14A I
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program: Innovation Making a Difference.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH, May 1994
Technology Assessment of Soil Vapor Extraction and Air
Sparging.
Loden, M. E., Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., Cambridge,
MA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, September 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/R-92/173
NTIS Document Number: PB93-100154/XAB
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/F-94/505
The Superfund Innovative Technology Demonstration (SITE)
Program encourages commercialization of innovative tech-
nologies for characterizing and remediating hazardous waste
site contamination through four components: Demonstration;
Emerging Technology; Monitoring and Measurement Pro-
grams; and Technology Transfer Activities. The information
presented in this brochure addresses the demonstration segment
of the program. The demonstration component evaluates
promising innovative remedial technologies on site and pro-
vides reliable performance, cost, and applicability information
for making cleanup decisions. This document lists the advan-
tages of the SITE Program, as well as statistics such as the
percentage of RODs using innovative technology, cost savings
with innovative technologies for 17 sites, and market activities
as reported by SITE vendors.
14B
J
Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of Innovative Site
Remediation Technologies, Third Edition.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid and
Waste Emergency Response, Technology Innovation Office,
U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Energy,
U.S. Department of the Interior, October 1993
Air sparging, also called "in situ air stripping" and "in situ
volatilization" injects air into the saturated zone to strip away
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dissolved in ground water
and adsorbed to soil. These volatile contaminants transfer in a
vapor phase to the unsaturated zone where soil vapor extraction
(SVE) can then capture and remove them. In addition to
removing VOCs via mass transfer, the oxygen in the injected air
enhances subsurface biodegradation of contaminants. Air
sparging is a relatively new treatment technology. Research
efforts have not yet fully elucidated the scientific basis (or
limitations) of the system, nor completely defined the associ-
ated engineering aspects. However, a substantial body of
available information describes the effectiveness and charac-
teristics of air sparging systems. This document summarizes
the available literature and addresses case studies of practical
air sparging applications. It also identifies needs for further
research. ___^__
STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS
Documents Focusing on Test Design
14D
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/B-93/009
Column Vapor Extraction Experiments on Gasoline
Contaminated Soil: Published in Hydrocarbon Contami-
nated Soils Proceedings, ch26vll, p. 437-449, September
1991.
14
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Studies and Demonstrations
Miller, M. E.; Pederson, T. A.; Kaslick, C. A.; and Fan, C.
Y., Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., Cambridge, MA, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-92/254
NTIS Document Number: PB93-131514/XAB
Soil vapor extraction (S VE) is a technique that is used to remove
volatile organic compounds from unsaturated soils. Air is
pumped from the contaminated area and the chemicals are
removed from the resulting vapor stream. In the work labora-
tory, soil column experiments were conducted using a gasoline
residually saturated sandy soil to evaluate the performance of
SVE under controlled conditions. Both vapor extraction and
aqueous leaching of the soil columns were conducted. The
progress of the vapor extraction event was continuously moni-
tored by an in-line total hydrocarbon analyzer. Performance of
vapor extraction was evaluated by a series of soil chemical
analyses including total petroleum, hydrocarbons, headspace
measurements, and extraction techniques with quantification
by GC/FID and GC/MS.
Feasibility of Hydraulic Fracturing of Soil to Improve
Remedial Actions.
Murdoch, L. C.; Losonsky, G.; Cluxton, P.; Patterson, B.;
and Klich, I., University of Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Develop-
ment, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati,
OH, April 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/2-91/012
NTIS Document Number: PB91 -181818/XAB
Hydraulic fracturing, a method of increasing fluid flow within
the subsurface, should improve the effectiveness of several
remedial techniques, including pump and treat, vapor extrac-
tion, bio-remediation, and soil-flushing. The technique is
widely used to increase the yields of oil wells, but is untested
under conditions typical of contaminated sites. The project
consisted of laboratory experiments, where hydraulic fractures
were created in a triaxial pressure cell, and two field tests, where
fractures were created at shallow depths in soil. The lab tests
showed that hydraulic fractures are readily created in clayey
silt, even when it is saturated and loosely-consolidated. Many
of the lab observations can be explained using parameters and
analyses based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. Following
the field tests, the vicinity of the boreholes was excavated to
reveal details of the hydraulic fractures. Maximum lengths of
the fractures, as measured from the borehold to the leading
edge, averaged 4.0 m, and the average area was 19 sq m.
Maximum thickness of sand ranged from 2 to 20 mm. averaging
11 mm. As many as four fractures were created from a single
borehold, stacked one over the other at vertical spacing of 15 to
30cm.
15B
Innovative Technology Demonstrations.
Anderson, D. B.; Luttrell, S. P.; Hartley, J. N.; and Hinchee,
R., Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA,
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, August 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE92-015617/XAB
Environmental Management Operations (EMO) is conducting
an Innovative Technology Demonstration Program for Tinker
Air Force Base (TAFB). Several innovative technologies are
being demonstrated to address specific problems associated
with remediating two contaminated test sites at the base. Cone
penetrometer testing (CPT) is a form of testing that can rapidly
characterize a site. This technology was selected to evaluate its
applicability in the tight clay soils and consolidated sandstone
sediments found at TAFB. Directionally drilled horizontal
wells were selected as a method that may be effective in
accessing contamination beneath Building 3001 without dis-
rupting the mission of the building, and in enhancing the
extraction of contamination both in ground water and in soil. A
soil gas extraction (SGE) demonstration, also known as soil
vapor extraction, will evaluate the effectiveness of SGE in
remediating fuels and TCE contamination contained in the tight
clay soil formations surrounding the abandoned underground
fuel storage vault located at the SW Tanks Site. In situ sensors
have recently received much acclaim as a technology that can
be effective in remediating hazardous waste sites. Sensors can
be useful for determining real-time, in situ contaminant concen-
tration during the remediation process for performance moni-
toring and in providing feedback for controlling the remediation
process. Following the SGE demonstration, the SGE system
and SW Tanks test site will be modified to demonstrate
bioremediation as an effective means of degrading the remain-
ing contaminants in situ. The bioremediation demonstration
will evaluate a bioventing process in which the naturally
occurring consortium of soil bacteria will be stimulated to
aerobically degrade soil contaminants, including fuel and TCE,
in situ.
15C
McClellan Air Force Base: Health and Safety Plan, Soil
Vapor Extraction Treatability Investigation, Site S
Within Operable Unit D, McClellan Air Force Base,
Draft Final Report.
CH2M/Hill, U.S. Air Force, Sacramento, CA, July 1991
NTIS Document Number: AD-A239 407/0/XAB
15
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Studies and Demonstrations
The health and safety program for personnel working at
McClellan Air Force Base (McAFB), California, consists of a
base site safety plan (SSP) and task-specific amendments. The
base SSP contains general information that applies to all or most
areas of the site. The base SSP contains: the project description,
personnel responsibilities, site hazards, personal protective
equipment (PPE), air monitoring guidelines, site control, de-
contamination procedures, and an emergency response plan.
Predominant functions at McAFB have been to manage, main-
tain, and repair aircrafts, missiles, space vehicles, electronics,
and communication equipment. These operations have re-
quired the use of toxic and hazardous materials. Some of the
hazardous materials that have been used or generated on the
base include: industrial solvents and caustic cleaners, electro-
plating waste, heavy metals, oils contaminated with polychlo-
rinated biphenyls, contaminated jet fuels, low-level radioactive
wastes, unused chemicals, oils, and lubricants. Characteriza-
tion, recovery, and remediation of areas affected by waste
disposal practices are ongoing. Contaminated drill cuttings and
purge water will be generated during field activities. Purge
water will be disposed of at the industrial waste water treatment
plant (IWTP) or ground water treatment plant. Drill cuttings
and contaminated, soils will be handled in accordance with the
McAFB Soils Management Plan.
16A
McClellan Air Force Base: Sampling and Analysis Plan,
Soil Vapor Extraction Treatability Investigation, Site S
Within Operable Unit D, McClellan Air Force Base,
Draft Final Report
CH2M/Hill, U.S. Air Force, Sacramento, CA, July 1991
NTIS Document Number: AD-A239 406/2/XAB
This sampling and analysis plan (SAP) describes procedures
developed for the treatability investigation of soil vapor extrac-
tion (SVE) at Site S at the McClellan Air Force Base near
Sacramento, California. The purpose of the treatability inves-
tigation is to develop sufficient field and operational data to
assess the applicability of SVE technology in removing site-
specific contaminants at the base. Site S is one of 12 waste
disposal sites identified as a former fuel and solvent disposal
pit. Primary objectives of the sampling and analysis efforts are
to: (1) assess the nature and extent of vadose zone soil
contamination; (2) evaluate the in situ permeability of vadose
zone soils; (3) obtain site-specific field data for design of the
pilot-scale SVE system; and (4) evaluate the effectiveness and
implementability of SVE for site remediation and recovery.
16B
Radioactive Waste Management Complex: Health and
Safety Plan for Operations Performed for the Environ-
mental Restoration Program, Task: Vapor Vacuum
Extraction.
Lugar, R. M., EG&G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, ID, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, July 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE91-018758/XAB
This document constitutes the generic health and safety plan for
the Environmental Restoration Program (ERP). It addresses
the health and safety requirements of the Comprehensive Envi-
ronmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA); Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.120 standard; and EG&G Idaho, Inc.
This plan is a guide to individuals who must complete a health
and safety plan for a task performed for the ERP. It contains a
task-specific addendum that, when completed, specifically
addresses task-specific health and safety issues. This health and
safety plan reduces the time it takes to write a task-specific
health and safety plan by providing discussions of require-
ments, guidance on where specific information is located, and
specific topics in the addendum that must be discussed at a task
level. This format encourages a complete task-specific health
and safety plan and provides a standard for all health and safety
plans written for ERP. This plan also incorporates the "Health
and Safety Plan for Operations Performed for the Environmen-
tal Restoration Program" (EGG-WM-8771, Rev. 1) with an
addendum completed for vapor vacuum extraction (WE). The
WE project includes: sampling and analyzing of gas concen-
trations in monitors and open wells; measuring pressures in
monitoring wells; measuring extraction well gas and system
operational parameters in support of characterizing the volatile
organic compounds (VOC) contamination beneath the subsur-
face disposal area (SDA) of the Radioactive Waste Manage-
ment Complex (RWMC); and calibrating the organic transport
model and prevailing engineering data for a final remedial
action.
16C
Radioactive Waste Management Complex: Report of
Results of the Vapor Vacuum Extraction Test at the
Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) on
the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory IINEL) in
the State of Idaho.
Chatwin, T. D.; Miyasaki, D. H.; Sisson, J. B.; and Sondrup,
A. J., EG&G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC, 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE92-017920/XAB
A test-scale vapor vacuum extraction (WE) system was in-
stalled and operated at the Radioactive Waste Management
Complex (RWMC) on the Idaho National Engineering Labora-
tory (INEL), which is west of Idaho Falls, Idaho and is managed
by the U.S. Department of Energy Idaho Field Office. The
system was constructed for the purpose of demonstrating the
feasibility of WE or vapor venting technology to abate a
volatile organic compound (VOC) plume located in the vadose
16
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Studies and Demonstrations
zone below the subsurface disposal area at the complex. To
date, the system has been operated for two periods, a two-week
test and a four-month test. The purpose of the two-week test
was to determine what would be extracted from the borehole
and to verify the design of the system to handle what would be
extracted. The original prediction for the removal of VOCs
from the vadose zone was after three months of operation there
should be a very noticeable decrease in the gas concentration
upwards to 200 ft. in a radial direction from the extraction well.
However, the test data indicated very little change in concentra-
tion at the monitoring well at 82 ft. The modeling parameters
required to be adjusted in the model cannot be determined from
the test data. Information for design of a remediation facility is
also lacking and further testing is required.
Remediation Cleanup Options for the Hoe Creek UCG
Site.
Nordin, J.; Griffin, W.; Chatwin, T.; Lindblom, S.; and
Grader, S., University of Wyoming Research Corp., Laramie,
WY, Western Research Institute, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC, March 1990
NTIS Document Number: DE91 -002003/XAB
The U.S. Department of Energy must restore ground water
quality at the Hoe Creek, Wyoming, underground coal gasifi-
cation site using the best proven practicable technology. Six
alternative remediation methods are evaluated in this project:
(1) excavation, (2) three variations of ground water plume
containment, (3) in situ vacuum extraction, (4) pump and treat
using a defined pattern of pumping wells to obtain an effective
matrix sweep, (5) in situ flushing using a surfactant, and (6) in
situ bioremediation. Available site characterization data is
insufficient to accurately project the cost of remediation. Sev-
eral alternative hypothetical examples and associated costs are
described in the text and in the appendices. However, not
enough information is available to use these examples as a basis
for comparison purposes. Before a cleanup method is selected,
core borings should be taken to define the areal extent and depth
of contaminated matrix material. Segments of these core
borings should be analyzed for organic contaminants in the soil
(e.g., benzene) and their relationship to the ground water
contamination. These analyses and subsequent treatability
studies will show whether or not the contaminants can be
effectively removed by surface or in situ volatilization, leached
from the matrix using washing solutions, or removed by
bioremediation. After this information is obtained, each tech-
nology should be evaluated with respect to cost and probability
of success. A decision tree for implementing remediation at the
Hoe Creek site is presented in this report.
17B
Subsurface Interim Measures/Interim Remedial Action
Plan and Decision Document for the 903 Pad, Mound,
and East Trenches Areas (Operable Unit No. 2), Public
Comment, Responsiveness Summary: Final.
EG&G Rocky Flats, Inc., Golden, CO, Rocky Flats Plant,
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, September
1992
NTIS Document Number: DE93-002251/XAB
The Department of Energy (DOE) is pursuing an Interim
Measure/Interim Remedial Action (IM/IRA) at the 903 Pad,
Mound, and East Trenches Areas (Operable Unit No. 2) at the
Rocky Flats Plant (RFP). This IM/IRA is to be conducted to
provide information that will aid in the selection and design of
final remedial actions at OU2 that will address removal of
suspected free-phase volatile organic compound (VOC) con-
tamination. The plan involves investigating the removal of
residual free-phase VOCs by in situ vacuum-enhanced vapor
extraction technology at three suspected VOC source areas
within OU2. VOC-contaminated vapors extracted from the
subsurface would be treated by granular activated carbon
(GAC) adsorption and discharged. The plan also includes water
table depression, when applicable at the test sites, to investigate
the performance of vapor extraction technology in the saturated
zone. The plan provides for treatment of any contaminated
ground water recovered during the IM/IRA at existing RFP
treatment facilities. The proposed IM/IRA plan is presented in
the document entitled "Proposed Subsurface Interim Measures/
Interim Remedial Action Plan/Environmental Assessment and
Decision Document, 903 Pad, Mound, and East Trenches
Areas, Operable Unit No. 2," dated March 20, 1992. Informa-
tion concerning the proposed Subsurface EM/IRA was pre-
sented during a DOE Quarterly Review meeting held on April?,
1992 and a public meeting held on May 7,1992, at the Marriott
Hotel in Golden, Colorado. The Responsiveness Summary
presents DOE's response to all comments received at the public
meeting, as well as those mailed to date to DOE during the
public comment period.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program:
Technology Profiles, Sixth Edition.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
November 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-93/526
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Pro-
gram evaluates new and promising treatment and monitoring
17
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Studies and Demonstrations
and measurement technologies for cleanup of hazardous waste
sites. The program was created to encourage the development
and routine use of innovative treatment technologies. As a
result, the SITE Program provides environmental
decisionmakers with data on new, viable treatment technolo-
gies that may have performance or cost advantages compared to
traditional treatment technologies. Each technology profile
presented in this document contains (1) a technology developer
and process name, (2) a technology description, including a
schematic diagram or photograph of the process, (3) a discus-
sion of waste applicability, (4) a project status report, and (5)
EPA project manager and technology developer contacts. The
profiles also include summaries of demonstration results if
available. The technology description and waste applicability
sections are written by the developer. EPA prepares the status
and demonstration results if available.
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, July 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA7540/R-93/509
NTIS Document Number: PB93-216596/XAB
18A
Technologies of Delivery or Recovery for the Remediation
of Hazardous Waste Sites.
Murdoch, L.; Patterson, B.; Losonsky, G.; and Harrar, W.,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH,
January 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/2-89/066
NTIS Document Number: PB90-156225/XAB
The Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction (PFE) process developed
by Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc., makes it possible to use
vapor extraction to remove volatile organics at increased rates
from a broader range of vadose zones. The low permeability of
silts, clays, shales, etc. would otherwise make such formations
unsuitable for cost-effective vapor extraction and require more
costly approaches. Pneumatic fracturing provides an innova-
tive means of increasing the permeability of a formation and
thus extending the radius of influence so that contaminants can
be effectively extracted. In the PFE process, fracture wells are
drilled in the contaminated vadose zone and left open bore
(uncased) for most of their depth. A packer system is used to
isolate small (2 ft.) intervals so that short bursts (< 20 sec.) of
compressed air (less than 500 psig) can be injected into the
interval to fracture the formation. The process is repeated for
each interval. The fracturing extends and enlarges existing
fissures and/or introduces new fractures, primarily in the hori-
zontal direction. When fracturing has been completed, the
formations then are subjected to vapor extraction.
STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS (CONT'D)
Documents Focusing on Study Results
Techniques to recover contaminants or deliver treating material
at contaminated sites are described in the report. Few of the 17
described delivery or recovery techniques are in use today.
New technologies, used in other industries such as petroleum
extraction or mining, show promise for remediation of contami-
nated sites but require investigation to confirm their suitability
for in situ remediation. The following 17 technologies are
described: colloidal gas aphrons, hydraulic fracturing, radial
drilling, ultrasonic methods, kerfing, electro-kinetics, jet slur-
rying, CO, injection, polymer injection, vapor extraction, steam
stripping/hot brine injection, in situ combustion, radio fre-
quency heating, cyclic pumping, soil flushing, and ground
freezing. Each description of a technology includes an expla-
nation of the basic processes involved, the optimal site condi-
tions for use, the current status of research, the personnel
currently involved in research, and a list of references.
AWD Technologies Integrated AquaDetox (Trade
Name)/SVE Technology: Applications Analysis Report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH, October 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/A5-91/002
NTIS Document Number: PB92-218379/XAB
18B
J
Technology Evaluation Report: SITE Program Demon-
stration Test, Accutech Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction
and Hot Gas Injection, Phase 1, Volume 1.
Science Applications International Corporation, Hackensack,
NJ, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
In support of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program, the report evaluates the AWD Technologies, Inc.,
integrated AquaDetox/SVE treatment system for simultaneous
on-site treatment of contaminated ground water and soil-gas.
The AWD technology uses an AquaDetox moderate vacuum
steam stripping system to treat contaminated ground water and
a SVE system that uses granular activated carbon (GAC) beds
to treat soil-gas. The two systems are looped together to form
a closed system with no emissions. The report evaluates both
the treatment efficiency and economic data based on results
from the SITE demonstration and describes several case stud-
ies.
18
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Studies and Demonstrations
Demonstration of Remedial Action Technologies for
Contaminated Land and Ground Water, Volume 1, Final
Report, November 1986 - November 1991.
Olfenbuttel, R.F.; Dahl, T.O.; Hinsenveld, M.; James, S.C.;
Lewis, N., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modem
Society, Washington, DC, 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/R-93/012A
NTIS Document Number: PB93-218238/XAB
This publication reports the results of the NATO Committee on
the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO/CCMS) Pilot Study,
which was conducted from 1986-1991. The Pilot Study was
designed to identify and evaluate innovative, emerging, and
alternative remediation technologies and to transfer technical
performance and information to potential users. Technologies
included are: thermal, stabilization/solidification, soil vapor
extraction (SVE), physical/chemical extraction, pump-and-
treat, chemical treatment of contaminated soils, and microbial.
The chapter on SVE discusses the NATO/CCMS pilot studies
and related studies implemented in the U.S. The case studies
were chosen to illustrate how SVE has been applied to a wide
range of site and soil conditions, as well as to various contami-
nant types and concentrations. Commercially available pro-
cesses for destruction of the vented air emissions are also
discussed.
Demonstration of Waste Treatment Technologies.
Martin, J. F., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-92/091
NTIS Document Number: PB92-179670/XAB
strations have been completed in the SITE Program to date.
Those completed within the past year include microfiltration
(DuPont and the Oberlin Filter Company), waste excavation
and emissions control (EPA Region 9), integrated vapor extrac-
tion and steam vacuum stripping (AWD Technologies), solidi-
fication of contaminated soil (Silicate Technology Corpora-
tion), and flame reactor recovery of lead (Horsehead Resource
Development Company).
Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Con-
tamination.
Crotwell, A. T.; Waehner, M. J.; Maclnnis, J. M.; Travis, C.
C; and Lyon, B. F., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN,
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, May 1992
The need for long-term, permanent treatment schemes as alter-
natives to land disposal has been highlighted by legislation such
as the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of the Re-
source Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of
1986. SARA directed the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency to establish an "Alternative or Innovative Treatment
Technology Research and Demonstration Program" to identify
promising waste treatment technologies, assist with their evalu-
ation, and promote their use at Superfund sites. In response to
this directive, the Superfund Innovative Technology Evalua-
tion (SITE) Program was formed. Twenty technology demon-
NTIS Document Number: DE92-019065/XAB
An in-depth analysis of vapor extraction for remediation of
soils contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
was conducted at 13 sites. The effectiveness of the vapor
extraction system (VES) in removing organic contaminants
from soil was evaluated using two methods. Soil sampling, the
first method, is the best method of characterizing the concentra-
tion and location of contaminant within the substance. The
second method, soil gas sampling, is the more common but less
accurate method of evaluating the effectiveness of VES. The
range of effectiveness was found to be 64 percent to 99 percent
effective in removing organic contaminants from soil. At 9 of
the 13 sites studied in this report, vapor extraction was found to
be effective in reducing VOC concentrations by at least 90
percent. At the remaining four sites studied, vapor extraction
was found to reduce VOC concentrations by less than 90
percent. Vapor extraction is ongoing at two of these sites. At
a third, the ineffectiveness of the vapor extraction is attributed
to the presence of "hot spots'' of contamination. At the fourth
site, where performance was found to be relatively poor, the
presence of geological tar deposits at the site is thought to be a
major factor in the ineffectiveness.
19D
J
Forced Air Ventilation for Remediation of Unsaturated
Soils Contaminated by VOCs.
Cho, J. S., Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Labora-
tory, Ada, OK, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC, May 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/2-91/016
NTIS Document Number: PB91-181750/XAB
Parameters that were expected to control the removal process of
VOCs from contaminated soil during the SVE operation were
studied by means of numerical simulations and laboratory
19
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Studies and Demonstrations
experiments in the project. Experimental results of SVE with
soil columns in the laboratory indicated that the removal
efficiency of VOCs from soil columns was a complicated
function of air flow and the hydrogeometry inside. The parti-
tion process between air and the immobile liquid was not an
equilibrium one, and the interfacial mass transfer varied with
the residual amount of VOCs in the soil. Additional experi-
ments under various conditions should be conducted to obtain
further insight into SVE process. Two computer models were
developed to study soil air and VOC movement during the SVE
process. The first one was an analytical approximate model that
could be used for the simulation of air movement in the SVE
operation with multiple wells in homogeneous soil media. The
second one was a numerical model in three-dimensional geom-
etry that used a finite difference solution scheme. A simple
pneumatic pump test was conducted, and part of test data were
used for the validation of the simple analytical model.
Groveland, Massachusetts: EPA Site Demonstration of
the Terra Vac In situ Vacuum Extraction Process in
Groveland, Massachusetts, SITE Program Update: Part
VII, Journal Article: Published in Journal of the Air
Pollution Control Association, v39n8, p. 1054-1062,
August 1989.
Stinson, M. K., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development, Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 1989
Michaels, P. A., Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc.,
Livingston, NJ, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development, Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, April 1989
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/5-89/003A
NTIS Document Number: PB89-192025/XAB
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-89/520
NTTS Document Number: PB91 -182097/XAB
The paper presents an EPA evaluation of the in situ vacuum
extraction process patented by Terra Vac, Inc. that was field-
demonstrated on trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated soil in
Groveland, Massachusetts, under the EPA Superfund Innova-
tive Technology Evaluation (SITE) program. The Terra Vac
process employs vacuum for removal and venting of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), such as TCE, from the subsurface
soil without excavation. The demonstration site was a machine
shop operating in Groveland. The site was contaminated with
VOCs, mainly TCE, which had been used as a degreasing
solvent. The Terra Vac system was designed, installed, and
operated by Terra Vac, Inc. Evaluation of the process was
performed by EPA based on the results from an extensive
sampling and analytical program and on daily observation of
the operations.
An evaluation was made of Terra Vac, Inc.' s vacuum extraction
system during a 56-day demonstration test run at Valley Manu-
factured Product Company's site in Groveland, Massachusetts.
This site is part of the Groveland Wells Superfund site and is
contaminated mainly by trichloroethylene. The report, one of
three volumes, includes a detailed discussion of the operations
of the vacuum extraction unit, a process description and dia-
gram of the system, and a summary of the sampling and
analytical protocols. The final sampling and analytical report
and the quality assurance project plan are included. An overall
evaluation of the process cost and its applicability to other
Superfund sites across the country is included. Both shallow
soil gas and soil VOC concentrations showed a decline with
time that was correctable. The process worked well in soils of
both high and low permeability. The system operation was very
reliable during the 56-day demonstration test run and the only
attention required was to replace the spent activated carbon
canisters with fresh canisters.
Groveland, Massachusetts: Technology Evaluation
Report: SITE (Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation) Program Demonstration Test, Terra Vac In
Situ Vacuum Extraction System, Groveland, Massachu-
setts, Volume 2.
Michaels, P. A., Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc.,
Livingston, NJ, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development, Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, April 1989
20B
Groveland, Massachusetts: Technology Evaluation Report:
SITE (Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation) Pro-
gram Demonstration Test, Terra Vac In situ Vacuum Ex-
traction System, Groveland, Massachusetts, Volume 1.
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/5-89/003B
NTIS Document Number: PB89-192033/XAB
Sampling and analysis were conducted during the Terra Vac in
situ vacuum extraction project in Groveland, Massachusetts.
The Terra Vac process was demonstrated and tested under the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Superfund
Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program. The major
objectives of the demonstration were: (1) to determine the
ability of the technology to reach an acceptable low level of
contaminant concentration in the soil, (2) to assess the effec-
tiveness in various soil types, (3) to gather capital and operating
costs, and (4) to gain performance and reliability information.
A secondary objective was to establish a correlation between
volatile organic concentrations in soils and concentration in
20
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Studies and Demonstrations
extracted vapor. The report has been organized into three
volumes. Volume II, Field Data Sheets, contains copies of the
original daily sample data sheets that were used to record
process conditions and sampling information. Copies of the
chain-of-custody sheets used during the project are also in-
cluded.
Groveland, Massachusetts: Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum
Extraction System: Applications Analysis Report.
Stinson, M., Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc., Edison, NJ,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH, July 1989
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/A5-89/003
NTIS Document Number: PB90-119744/XAB
The document is an evaluation of the Terra Vac in situ vacuum
extraction system and its applicability as a treatment method for
waste site cleanup. The report analyzes the results from the
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program's
56-day demonstration at the Valley Manufactured Product
Company's site in Groveland, Massachusetts and data from
other applications. Conclusions were reached concerning the
technology's suitability for use in remediations involving both
similar and different materials at other sites. Operational data
and sampling and analysis information were monitored care-
fully to establish a database against which the vendor's claims
for the technology could be evaluated. The conclusions from
the results of the Groveland demonstration test and from other
available data are: (1) the process can be used to remediate a site
contaminated with VOCs; (2) the process can remove VOCs
from soils with permeabilities as low as 10~8 cm/s; (3) the
process operates well in all weather conditions; and (4) the
process implementation costs can be as low as $ 10/ton, depend-
ing on various site-specific conditions.
Hanford Site: Field Observations of Variability of Soil
Gas Measurements.
Fancher, J. D., Westinghouse Hanford Co., Richland, WA,
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, December
1992
NTIS Document Number: DE93-006904/XAB
A baseline monitoring survey is being performed at the U. S.
Department of Energy's Hanford Site located in southeast
Washington State. Monitoring is in support of the carbon
tetrachloride Expedited Response Action (ERA) vapor extrac-
tion system (VES) operations. Since late 1991, soil-gas probes
and wellheads have been routinely monitored for volatile
organic concentrations. The monitoring network now encom-
passes 59 locations. These include 46 wellhead locations, 11
shallow soil-gas probes (1.2 m (4 ft.) deep), and 2 deep soil-gas
probes (11 and 22 m (37 and 73 ft.) deep). The project site is an
area where carbon tetrachloride (CC14) and co-contaminants
were discharged to the soil between 1955 and 1973. There are
three separate CC14 disposal areas at the project site. This
contamination is linked to past liquid waste disposal practices
resulting from operation of the Plutonium Finishing Plant at the
Hanford Site. The contamination caused an extensive vapor
plume in the vadose zone and a ground water contamination
plume that covers over 12km2. The following are the objectives
of this baseline monitoring survey: (1) to measure the existing
concentrations of CC14 in the subsurface prior to initiation of the
vacuum extraction; (2) to investigate how the existing concen-
trations of CC14, vary with time; (3) to evaluate the impact of
vapor extraction on the distribution and concentrations of CC14,
in the subsurface; and (4) to provide data to help maintain a safe
working environment.
Hanford Site: Soil Vapor Extraction Test in a Radiologi-
cally Contaminated Site.
Swanson, L. C.; Moak, D. J.; Coffman, R. T.; Gale, S. J.; and
Wilder, J., Westinghouse Hanford Co., Richland, WA, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, September 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE93-002241/XAB
A pilot test was conducted at the Hanford site in Washington
State using soil vapor extraction technology, to test the vapor
extraction technology under Hanford site conditions, and to
provide data for designing a large-scale vapor extraction system
that will be used to stabilize an existing vadose zone CC14 vapor
plume. Testing was performed at the 216-Z-1A tile field where
over 5 million liters of water, 245 metric tons of CC14, and 58
kilograms of plutonium and americium were disposed in the
1960s. The test objectives were to determine the distribution of
CC14 beneath the tile field, estimate soil permeabilities, observe
trends in CC14 concentrations during soil vapor extraction, and
determine the behavior of radionuclides during the extraction
process. The presence of the radionuclides required the use of
a high efficiency paniculate filter mounded in-line with the
conventional vapor extraction equipment. Gas and filter samples
were collected for laboratory analysis using a gas chromato-
graph/mass spectrometer. Real-time monitoring was per-
formed using on-line flame-ionization and photo-ionization
detectors for CC14 and continuous alpha-radiation and beta-
radiation air monitors for radionuclides. The test results showed
that CC14 concentrations generally increased with depth with
significant concentrations of CC14 detected outside the tile field
boundaries; air permeabilities were in the range of a sand; large
amounts of CC14 were produced; plutonium and americium
were not detected during the test or later on any of the test
equipment; and unexpectedly high volumes of radon can be
21
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produced. The test also demonstrated that the so, vapor
technology isaviablemethodforremovmgCCl.attheu.e field
with the ab,lity to separate CC14 from the p.utomum and
americium soil contamination.
22A
Studies and Demonstrations
testing this technology prior to full-scale application. Volume
3 includes results of the Hill AFB test. These publications will
provide valuable information to Air Force engineers respon-
sible for cleaning up chemically «otM^ "^J^J^
Volume 1 (NTIS Document Number: AD-A254 924/4/XAB
and Volume 3 (NTIS Document Number: AD-A261 179/6/
XAB).
Innovative Operational Treatment Technologies for
AppTation to Superfund Site: Nine Case Studies, Final
22C
Young, C, Schmoyer, B,, Edison, J, Roeck, D.; and Ball. J,
U S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC. April
1990
EPA Document Number:
NTIS Document Number: PB90-202656/XAB
McClellan Air Force Base: Data Summary Report for
Area D Soil Gas Sampling and Analysis, McClellan Air
Force Base, Volume 1, Data Summary, Final Report.
CH2M/Hill, U.S. Air Force, Sacramento, CA, January 19V.
. ,
NTIS Document Number: AD-A246 266/1/XAB
The task order for which this report was prepared required
I N i u> UOCUIIIC.H ^u...^. . . samnling and analysis of soil gas extracted from vent risers
~" h ha low oermeability cover over hazardous waste sites in
Nine case studies are presented in a report that was designed* throug ^ pe ^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^ penmeter
identify and obtain operational data from o^"^^ of the cover. The objectives of sampling and analyses were to
pleted remediation efforts. The case studies are presented as o ^ ^ Qf me vanous sampimg media
appendices and provide process descriptions plus Performance^ p ^ ^ concemratlons of target analytes m subsur-
operational, and cost data. The nine appendices present case , evaiuate ^ ^^ ^ subsurface gas concentra
studies on the following topics: incineration of «pU»ive*and a g ^^ evaluat recovery of
. .. .......^.^nnnwithairstriDDinK, tion ^^.^ dunng non.extractlOn penods, evaluate
sampling and analytical methods for future use in determining
the nature and extent of contamination at the site, and recom-
mended routine sampling and analytical protocols tor soil gas
.. ^t 11._ TV:,, ~a.r*r\rt ic r>rcrani7ed into a Qaia
studies on me roiiowiiigiwH^3- v :_.
contaminated soils; ground water extraction with air smpping
around water biodegradation treatment system; ^"*«
^traction and treatment; ground water extraction with air
tr ppmg and soil vacuum extraction; ground water extraction
with physical, chemical, and biological, treatment; and chemi-
cal treatment of ground water and soil flushing.
22B
mene roune
monitoring at McClellan. This report is organized into a data
interpretation volume (Volume 1), a second volume (Volume
2) containing data both condensed and as received, and quality
control reports.
22D
In Situ Soil Venting - Full Scale Test, Hill AFB, Volume 2,
Guidance Document, Final Report
Depaoli, D. W.; Herbes, S. E.; Wilson, J. H.; Solomon, D_
K and Jennings, H. L, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN,
u's Department of Energy. Washington, DC, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth Sciences
Laboratones, Boulder, CO, August 1991
' NTIS Document Number: AD-A254 888/1/XAB
The purpose of this project was to demonstrate a ^^ ^rj^d states Air Force (US AF) is conducting a study at the
situ soil venting technology and to carefully Document the The Un ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ extent f
, .._ ;« onri norfnmiance of this system so that it mc^ieiioii rt «PartirP.s and soil s on the
McClellan Air Force Base: Soil Vapor Extraction
Treatability Investigation, Site S Within Operabk Unit
D McClellan Air Force Base, Addendum to the Quality
Assurance Project Plan, Draft Final Report
CH2M/Hill, U.S. Ak Force, Sacramento, CA, July
NTTS Document Number: AD-A239 345/2/XAB
' '
stu soi v
design operation, and performance of this system so that it
could be applied at other Air Force contaminated sites. A -
though this technology is now commercially available, its
ability to fully remediate jet fuel spills had never been proven,
nor had the full-scale costs ever been validated when catalytic
incineration is used as an emission control method. ESL
Technical Report 90-21 is in three volumes. Volume 1 is a
complete literature review of previous soil venting research and
field work. Volume 2 is a guidance manual that provides
important deslgn information and descnbes methods of pilot
Thenteae
McClellan Air Force Base to assess the nature and extent ot
contamination resulting from past practices and spills on the
base and to plan for the remediation of identified areas of
contamination. This project discusses activities related to the
testability investigation to assess the viability and effect ve-
nessofinsitusoilvaporextraction(SVE)asatoolforremediation
and recovery at the McClellan AFB. The treatabihty investiga-
tion will include a site characterization study, an m situ air
permeability test, and an SVE pilot test. Sampling includes soil
borings samples, air permeability testing, and SVE pilot testing.
22
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Studies and Demonstrations
Analytical methodology includes identification of volatile or-
ganic compounds from canister air sampling.
discusses plans to expedite cleanup operations and increase
their cost-effectiveness.
McClellan Air Force Base: Steam Injection/Vacuum
Extraction, Phase 2, Treatability Investigation, Site
Characterization and Design, Final Report.
Heglie. J.; Koster, R.; Pexton, R.; and Stewart, L., CH2M/
Hill, U.S. Air Force, Sacramento, CA, December 1991
NTIS Document Number: AD-A243 745/7/XAB
The United States Air Force is planning to conduct a pilot test
of steam injection and vapor extraction remediation technology
at McClellan AFB. This innovative technology, under devel-
opment by Kent Udell at the University of California at Berke-
ley, combines in situ steam injection into soil in both the vadose
(unsaturated) and saturated zones, with vacuum extraction of
volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants from the soil.
Results of the composite soil samples received to date show the
presence of dioxins and dibenzofurans. petroleum hydrocar-
bons, volatile organics, semi-volatile organics, and polychlori-
nated biphenyls in the waste fill material. Results of the
treatability testing indicate that: (1) low concentrations of
dioxins and furans were mobilized by the steam condensate, (2)
high concentrations of hydrocarbons were reduced by one
order-of-magnitude by the steam, and (3) dioxins and furans
appear to be dissolved mainly in the hydrocarbon nonaqueous
phase liquid (NAPL) phase. Petroleum hydrocarbon and dioxin
concentrations are not high enough to preclude a pilot scale test.
Model for the Future: Innovative Combination of
Technologies for Soil and Ground Water VOC (Volatile
Organic Compound) Remediation.
Reeme, T. L.; Hartnett, S. L.; and Miller, S. F., Argonne
National Laboratory, IL, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC, July 1989
NTIS Document Number: DE90-001767/XAB
Elevated levels of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform were
detected in 4hlN/2 in a public water supply serving a small
agricultural community in the Midwest. The U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency subsequently initiated an "expedited
response action" and identified the contaminant source as a
former grain storage facility where carbon tetrachloride had
been used as a fumigant from 1955 to 1965. An innovative
remedial system, operating at the facility site since early 1988,
simultaneously removes volatile organic compounds from ex-
tracted ground water by air stripping and reduces subsoil source
contamination by in situ vapor extraction. This paper presents
a case history of the contamination and the remedial action and
Performance Evaluation of a Ground Water and Soil Gas
Remedial Action.
Hansen, M.C.; and Hartnett, S. L., Argonne National
Laboratory, IL, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington,
DC, July 1990
NTIS Document Number: DE90-017659/XAB
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) continue to be remediated
by a ground water extraction system and an in situ vapor
extraction system at a Midwest agricultural site. Carbon
tetrachloride (CC14) and chloroform (CHClJ contamination
levels were detected at maximum concentrations of 4.000 parts
per billion (ppb) and 360 ppb, respectively, for on-site ground-
water samples and 6,000 ppb and 1,800 ppb. respectively, for
on-site gas samples. Groundwater from a domestic well and a
monitoring well located at least 2,300 ft. downgradient from the
site also had CC14 and CHC13 contamination. Furthermore, a
public water supply well, located downgradient of the site, was
found to have groundwater contaminated with CC14. During
two years of operations of the remedial action, groundwater and
soil gas samples have been analyzed to monitor potential
migration of contaminants from the site and to track the overall
progress toward cleanup. Results demonstrate a decrease in
groundwater contamination in both on- and off-site monitoring
wells and a decrease in soil gas air emissions from the site. This
paper presents the sampling results for the site over the last two
years and discusses trends indicating the effectiveness of the
remedial action system in controlling contaminant migration
and overall progress toward reducing the source of contamina-
tion in the unsaturated subsoils.
Pneumatic Pumping Test for Soil Vacuum Extraction,
Journal Article: Published in Environmental Progress,
vlln3, p. 228-233, August 1992.
Cho, J. S. and DiGiulio, D. C, Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Washington, DC, August 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-92/391
NTIS Document Number: PB93-121234/XAB
In situ pneumatic pumping tests were performed to estimate the
pneumatic permeability at a site containing soils contaminated
with aviation gasoline. Determination of pneumatic perme-
ability was necessary to evaluate soil-air discharge or pore
volume exchange rates. Pressure propagation was measured in
23
-------
Studies and Demonstrations
clustered vapor probes during the application of vacuum and
positive pressure. An analytical solution for soil-air pressure
distribution with a non-linear data fitting algorithm was adopted
to obtain the pneumatic permeability from soil-air pressure
distribution. Pneumatic pumping tests indicated substantially
higher air discharge rates in the immediate vicinity of wells.
The air discharge rate dissipated rapidly as distance from the
wells increased. Application of increased vacuum or injection
pressure resulted in substantially increased air flow in the
immediate vicinity with small changes at a distance. This fact
indicates that effective design should be based on air flow fields
near wells, and the site specific design criteria should be
determined with carefully conducted tests.
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion: Technology Demonstration
Assessment Report for X-231B (Part I) and Summary of
Closure Activities (Part 2).
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, OH, Theta Technolo-
gies, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC, July 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE93-004610/XAB
This Technology Demonstration Assessment Report (TDAR)
was developed to evaluate and recommend the most feasible
approach for cleanup of contaminated Minford soil in the
vadose zone and to summarize closure activities at the Ports-
mouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant X-231B Oil Biodegradation
Plot (X-23 IB). The X-231B site, consisting of a north and south
area, is oriented on a north-south axis. The north and south
areas measure 265 ft. by 10 ft. and 100 ft. by 70 ft., respectively.
The X-23 IB Technology Demonstration (TD) Project was
initiated during Fall 1990 to identify and evaluate emerging
technologies that could provide cost effective and feasible in
situ soil treatment. The four technologies plus the contingent
design evaluated were: in situ soil mixing with solidification/
stabilization, in situ soil mixing with isothermal vapor extrac-
tion, in situ soil mixing with thermally enhanced vapor extrac-
tion, in situ soil mixing with peroxidation destruction, and
center-line trench drain-contingent design.
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion: Technology Demonstra-
tion Assessment Report for X-701B Holding Pond.
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, OH, Theta Technolo-
gies, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC, July 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE93004608/XAB
approach for cleanup of contaminated Minford soils below the
X 701B Holding Pond and to summarize closure activities at the
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant X-70 IB Holding Pond
(X-701B) site. In this TDAR, the recommended altemative and
the activities for closure of the X-701B site are discussed. Four
treatment technologies chosen for the TD, along with a Contin-
gent Design, were evaluated to determine which approach
would be appropriate for final closure of X-70 IB. These
technologies address removal of soil contamination from the
vadose zone and the saturated zone. The four technologies plus
the Contingent Design evaluated were: in situ soil mixing with
solidification/stabilization, in situ soil mixing with isothermal
vapor extraction, in situ soil mixing with thermally enhanced
vapor extraction, in situ soil mixing with peroxidation destruc-
tion, and contingent closure. These technologies were evalu-
ated according to their performance, reliability,
implementability, safety, waste minimization, cost, and imple-
mentation time. Based on these criteria, a preferred treatment
approach was recommended. The goal of the treatment ap-
proach is to apply the most appropriate technology demon-
strated at X-23 IB in order to reduce Volatile Organic Com-
pounds (VOCs) in the saturated Minford soils directly beneath
the X-70 IB Holding Pond. The closure schedule will include
bidding and awarding of two construction contracts, mobiliza-
tion and demobilization, soil treatment, cap design, and cap
construction. The total time required for soil treatment will be
established based on actual performance of the soil treatment
approach in the field.
Remediation of a Gasoline Spill by Soil Vapor
Extraction.
Cook, G. E.; Oberdorfer, J. A.; and Orloff, S. P., Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, September 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE92-000488/XAB
This Technology Demonstration Assessment Report (TDAR)
was developed to evaluate and recommend the most feasible
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is located
approximately 40 miles east of San Francisco in the southeast-
ern portion of the Livermore Valley near Livermore, California.
In 1979, an underground gasoline tank was found to be leaking.
The spill occurred near Building 403 in the southeast corner of
LLNL. The initial investigation confirmed the presence of
gasoline contamination in both the soil and ground water. The
water table is at a depth of approximately 100 feet. A pilot study
on the use of soil vapor extraction in heterogeneous deposits
was begun in August 1988. Fieldwork to assess the efficacy of
the vapor extraction, including soil sampling and installation of
three vadose zone monitoring devices, began in October 1990.
The soil vapor extraction system at LLNL was found to be
effective in removing BTEX from the soil. It is also noted as
being more effective in areas of high concentrations of volatile
compounds.
24
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Studies and Demonstrations
Savannah River Site: Pilot Test of a Vacuum Extraction
System for Environmental Remediation of Chlorinated
Solvents at the Savannah River Site.
Looney, B. B.; Pickett, J. B.; and Malot, J. J., Westinghouse
Savannah River Co.. Aiken, SC, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC. December 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE93-006165/XAB
Vacuum extraction is an environmental restoration technique
that is currently being applied to the remediation of soils and
shallow segments that are contaminated with volatile constitu-
ents. In 1987, a study was performed to evaluate the perfor-
mance and potential applicability of this technology at the
Savannah River Site (SRS). Vacuum extraction is useful when
volatile constituents are present in the vadose zone. The
technology has been used to remediate a number of sites across
the country, including leaking underground storage tanks, spill
sites, landfills, and production facilities. The primary objective
of the pilot study was to test the performance of the technology
under the conditions specific to many of the potential areas of
application at SRS. There is only a limited body of literature
documenting field studies in similar environments within sands
and clayey zones and a relatively thick vadose zone. Careful
studies of this type are needed to develop full scale designs at
SRS. The vacuum extraction pilot study at SRS was performed
by a group consisting of technical representatives of the Envi-
ronmental Sciences Section in the Savannah River Laboratory
(SRL), the Raw Materials Engineering and Technology Section
of SRS, and Terra Vac, Inc., a subcontractor with experience in
this field. The pilot study yielded promising results. The
concentrations of contaminants in the extracted gas decreased
significantly during the test. Modeling of the pressures in the
vicinity of the test indicate that the gas flow in this interbedded
vadose system is similar to water flow in a leaky confined
aquifer system; a shallow clay zone at 30 to 40 ft. deep acts as
an "aquitard" overlying a relatively thick zone of higher perme-
ability. The data from the pilot study indicate that vacuum
extraction will be an effective tool for cleaning up volatile
contaminants in the vadose zone at SRS.
25B
Savannah River Site: Status of In Situ Air Stripping Tests
and Proposed Modifications: Horizontal Wells AMH-1 and
AMH-2, Savannah River Site.
Kaback, D. S. and Looney, B. B., Westinghouse Savannah
River Co., Aiken, SC, U.S. Department of Energy, Washing-
ton, DC, August 1989
NTIS Document Number: DE90-000652/XAB
A project to drill and install two horizontal vapor extraction/air
injection wells at the Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, South
Carolina, was performed in September and October of 1988.
The project was performed to test the feasibility of horizontal
drilling technologies in shallow unconsolidated sediments.
Additional study to evaluate the effectiveness of in situ air
stripping of volatile organics from the ground water and unsat-
urated soils is planned. This status report contains (1) a short
summary of the construction details of the two horizontal wells
and (2) proposed modifications to the original program plan.
The modifications include added pressure monitoring and use
of an inert tracer gas (helium) to better evaluate system perfor-
mance. This paper contains sections that provide information
requested by the South Carolina Department Health and Envi-
ronmental Control as part of the underground injection well
permitting process.
25C
Savannah River Site: Well Completion Report on
Installation of Horizontal Weils for In Situ Remediation
Tests.
Kaback, D. S.; Looney, B. B.; Corey, J. C.; and Wright. L.
M., Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, August 1989
NTIS Document Number: DE93-008615/XAB
A project to drill and install two horizontal vapor extraction/air-
injection wells at the Savannah River Site (SRS.). Aiken, South
Carolina, was performed in September and October of 1988.
This study was performed to test the feasibility of horizontal
drilling technologies in unconsolidated sediments and to evalu-
ate the effectiveness of in situ air stripping of volatile organics
from the ground water and unsaturated soils. A tremendous
amount of knowledge was obtained during the drilling and
installation of the two test wells. Factors of importance to be
considered during design of another horizontal well drilling
program include the following: (1) trips in and out of the
borehole should be minimized to maintain hole stability, and no
reaming to enlarge the hole should be attempted; (2) drilling
fluid performance should be maximized by utilizing a low
solids, low weight, moderate viscosity, high lubricity fluid, and
interruption of drilling fluid circulation should be minimized;
(3) well materials should possess adequate flexibility to nego-
tiate the curve, and a flexible guide should be attached to the
front of the well screen to guide the screen downhole; and (4)
sands containing a minor amount of clay are recommended for
completion targets, as better drilling control in the laterals was
obtained in these sections.
25D
Soil Vapor Extraction Column Experiments on Gasoline
Contaminated Soil, Final Report.
25
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Studies and Demonstrations
Miller, M. E.; Pederson, T. A.; Kaslick, C. A.; Hoag, G. E.;
and Fan, C. Y., Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., Cambridge,
MA, University of Connecticut, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Office of Research and Development, Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, Septem-
ber 1992
26B
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/R-92/170
NTIS Document Number: PB92-226430/XAB
Summary Report of Results of the Vapor Vacuum
Extraction Test at the RWMC.
Sisson, J. B. and Ellis, G. C., EG&G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls,
ID, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, November
1990
NTIS Document Number: DE91-006145/XAB
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a technique that is used to remove
volatile organic compounds from unsaturated soils. Air is
pumped through and from the contaminated zone to remove
vapor phase constituents. In the work, laboratory soil column
experiments were conducted using a gasoline residually satu-
rated sandy soil to evaluate the performance of SVE under
controlled conditions. Both vapor extraction and aqueous
leaching of the soil columns were conducted. The progress of
the vapor extraction event was continuously monitored by an
in-line total hydrocarbon analyzer. Performance of vapor
extraction was evaluated by a series of soil chemical analyses
including total petroleum hydrocarbons, headspace measure-
ments, and extraction techniques with quantification by GC/
FID and GC/MS.
A test scale vapor vacuum extraction system was operated for
four months at the Radioactive Waste Management Complex.
The extraction system removed more than 65 million ft.' ot soil
gas containing 429 kg of carbon tetrachloride and 164 kg of
TCE. Hydraulic properties of the basalts were estimated and
inputted into a numerical transport model. The model simula-
tions indicated that a rubble zone at 190 ft. dominated the soil
gas flow pattern. Refined calibration of transport models will
allow enhancement of the production system design to increase
operational efficiency and effectiveness.
26C
26A
Thermal Enhanced Vapor Extraction System.
Phelan, J. M., Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque.
NM, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1992
Soil Vapor Extraction VOC Control Technology Assess-
ment, Final Report.
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., Durham, NC. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and
Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1989
NTIS Document Number: DE93-005343/XAB
EPA Document Number: EPA/450/4-89/017
NTIS Document Number: PB90-216995/XAB
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is an emerging technology in
which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are extracted from
soil through use of a vacuum system. The decision to employ
a VOC control system treatment is largely dependent upon
VOC concentrations and applicable regulations. The selection
of a particular VOC treatment option may be somewhat more
complicated and based upon individual site characteristics.
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. (PES), was contracted by
the U.S. EPA to investigate and evaluate potential VOC control
techniques for use at SVE sites. The purpose of the investiga-
tion is to gain insight into the operation of SVE systems in
general and to develop and summarize information on the
factors associated with determining applicable VOC control
systems. These factors include the feasibility, relative cost, and
performance of various air pollution control techniques.
At some landfills, hazardous wastes were placed into disposal
pits with other waste oils. Volatile organic wastes, such as
cleaning solvents, when combined with oil are much more
difficult to remove from the soils because the oil makes the
volatile organic chemical evaporate much slower. The typical
vacuum extraction remediation method could become a lengthy
campaign. Since all chemicals evaporate faster when they are
heated, if the contaminated soil could be heated, the chemicals
would be easier to remove from the soil. By using heating
techniques developed by the oil and gas industry to enhance the
removal of oil and gas resources from the soil, the problem of
removing contamination from the soils could be solved. The
Thermal Enhanced Vapor Extraction System (TE VES) demon-
stration will combine vacuum vapor extraction technology with
powerline frequency soil heating and radiofrequency soil heat-
ing to accelerate the soil decontamination process. The premise
that soil heating technology can actually reduce the costs of soil
decontamination is complicated by the high capital costs of the
soil heating equipment and the cost of electrode installation. By
performing this field demonstration, Sandia will be able to
collect the information needed to see if this new technology will
improve the decontamination of soils.
26
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27A
U.S. EPA Site Demonstration of AWD Technologies'
AquaDetox/SVE System, Journal Article: Published in
Journal of Air and Waste Management Association,
v41nll, p. 1519-1523, November 1991.
Evans. G. M, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-91/300
NTIS Document Number: PB92-124387/XAB
The report covers the results of the Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation Program's demonstration of the AWD
Technologies' AquaDetox/SVE. The system combines a vacuum
assisted steam stripping unit and a soil vapor gas extraction
system into an integrated unit. The demonstration was con-
ducted during September 1990 at the Lockheed Aeronautical
System Corporation in Burbank, California. The results of a 2-
week demonstration confirmed the ability of the system to meet
regulatory discharge requirements for the contaminants of
concern, TCE and PCE.
OTHER RESOURCE GUIDES
Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource
Guide.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office, Washington, DC, September 1994
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/B-94/008
These documents are intended to support decision-making by
Regional and State Corrective Action permit writers. Remedial
Project Managers (RPMs), On-Scene Coordinators, contrac-
tors, and others responsible for the evaluation of innovative
treatment technologies. These guides will direct managers of
sites being remediated under RCRA, UST, and CERCLA to
bioremediation, ground water, physical/chemical, and soil va-
por extraction treatment technology resource documents, data-
bases, hotlines, and dockets, and will identify regulatory mecha-
nisms (e.g., Research Development and Demonstration Per-
mits) that have the potential to ease the implementation of these
technologies at hazardous waste sites. Collectively, the guides
provide abstracts of over 330 guidance/workshop reports, over-
view/program documents, studies and demonstrations, and
other resource guides, as well as easy-to-use Resource Matrices
which identify the technology and contaminants discussed in
each abstracted document.
Bioremediation Resource Guide.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office. Washington, DC, September 1993
(see abstract below)
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/B-93/004
Ground Water Treatment Technology Resource Guide.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office, Washington, DC, September 1994
(see abstract below)
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/B-94/009
27
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SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY RESOURCE MATRIX
Abstract
Identifi-
cation
Code
8 (page #) A
(abstract code;
Document Title1
Document Ordering Number
Contaminants:
Supporting2
Activities
Originating
Organization/Author
GUIDANCE AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
8A
9B
9C
10B
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series Emission Factors for Superfund Remediation
Technologies
EPA/450/1-91/001, NTIS PB91 190975/XAB
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series Estimation of Air Impacts for Soil Vapor Extraction (SVtr)
Systems
EPA/450/1-92/001, NTIS PB92-143676/XAB
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series Models for Estimating Air Emission Rates From
Superfund Remedial Actions
EPA/451/R 93/001, NTIS PB93 186807/XAB
Engineering Bulletin: Technology Preselection Data Requirements
EPA/540/S 92/009, NTIS PB93-105591
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under CERCLA Soil Vapor Extraction. Interim Guidance
EPA/540/2 91/019A. NTIS PB92-227271/XAB
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under CERCLA Soil Vapor Extraction, Quick Reference f act Sheet
EPA/540/2-91/019B, NTIS PB92-224401/XAB
Handbook on In Situ Treatment of Hazardous Waste-Contaminated Soils
EPA/540/2-90/002, NTIS PB90-155607/XAB
NPL Construction Completion Definition at Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction Sites
EPA/540/F-93/019, OSWER 9320 2-06, NTIS PB93-963327/XAB
Procuring Innovative Technologies at Remedial Sites Q s and A's and Case Studies
EPA/542/F-92/012. NTIS PB92 232388/XAB
VOCs Paniculate Matter, SO2, NO,,
CO. HCI, HF
VOCs
VOCs, Paniculate Matter
Multiple Contaminants
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous Waste, VOCs
Hazardous Waste
OVERVIEW/PROGRAM DOCUMENTS
An Overview of Underground Storage Tank Remediation Options
EPA/510/F-93/029
10D
10E
Citizen's Guide to Air Sparging, Fact Sheet
EPA/542/F-92/010, NTIS PB92-235597/XAB
Cleaning Up the Nation's Waste Sites: Markets and Technology Trends
EPA/542/R-92/012
Engineering Issue Considerations in Deciding to Treat Contaminated Soils In Situ
EPA/540/S-94/500, NTIS PB94-177 771/XAB
Expenmental Examination of Integrated Soil Vapor Extraction Techniques
EPA/600/J 92/280, NTIS PB93-131738/XAB
Innovative Technology Demonstrations
NTIS DE92-015617/XAB
Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report, Fifth Edition
EPA/542/R 93/003. NTIS PB93 13338 7/XAB
Innovative Treatment Technologies: Overview and Guide to Information Sources
EPA/540/9 91/002, NTIS PB92 179001/XAB
In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction Treatment. Engineenng Bulletin
Multiple Contaminants
Multiple Contaminants
CONTENTS
Emission factors for thermal treatment, SVE, air
stripping, physical and chemical treatment
Estimation techniques of ambient air
concentrations associated with SVE
Air stripping thermal desorption, incineration,
excavation, bioremediation
Remedy selection and design
Remedy screening selection and design
SVE lemedy selection treatabiliry studies
Remedy selection
Policy for categorizing bioremediation and soil
vapor extraction sites as construction completion
In situ SVE, in situ bioremediation, ex situ
bioremediation
Multiple Contaminants
VOCs. Semi-VOCs,
Radioactive Waste
Halogenated VOCs
Non halogenated VOCs
Nori halocjenated SVOCs
Gasoline
Bioremediation. thermal desorption, vacuum
extraction, chemical treatment, chemical
extraction, in situ soil flushing
CONTENTS
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12D
13A
13B
13C
14A
14B
14C
Potential for Joint Research Between EPA and the U S Aimy. ,jrii,Huoi
EPA/600/A-93/007, NTIS PB93-149227/XAB
Soil-Air Permeability Method Evaluation, Symposium Paper
EPA/600/D 91/273, NTIS PB92 212439/XAB
Soil Vapor Extraction Technology, Reference Handbook, Final Report
EPA/540/2-91/003, NTIS PB91 168476/XAB
State of Technology Review: Soil Vapor Extraction Systems, Final Report
EPA/600/2-89/024, NTIS PB89-195184/XAB
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Innovation Making a Difference
EPA/540/F 94/505
Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of Innovative Site Remediation Technologies, Third Edition
EPA/542/B-93/009
Technology Assessment of Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging
EPA/600/R-92/173, NTIS PB93-100154/XAB
Solvents
VOCs
Hydrocarbons
VOCs
VOCs
IS
taminants
Soil washing, thermal desorptioo. solvent
extraction, soil flushing
In situ field borehole permeability techniques
Subsurface environment monrtonng, emission
control
Soil air extraction processes
Ground-water vapor recovery system, in situ soil
venting, in situ steam and air stripping, steam
injection and vacuum extraction, bioventing
Air sparging
EPA/ORD/RREL, Sullivan, f ailow
Freestone
COM Inc , EPA/ORD/HHEL, Selle
Pederson, Fan
COM Inc . EPA/ORD/RREL,
Pederson, Curtis
Michigan Technological University
DOE, EPA/ORD/RREL, Hutzler,
Murphy, Gierke
EPA/ORD/RREL
EPA/OSWER/TIO. DOD. DOE. DC
COM Inc., EPA/ORD/RREL, Loder
Documents Focusing on Test Designs
14D
15A
15B
15C
16A
16B
16C
17A
17B
17C
ISA
IBB
Column Vapor Extraction Experiments on Gasoline Contaminated Soil
EPA/600/A-92/254. NTIS PB93-131514/XAB
Feasibility of Hydraulic Fracturing of Soil to Improve Remedial Actions
EPA/600/2-91/012, NTIS PB91-181818/XAB
Innovative Technology Demonstrations
NTIS DE92-015617/XAB, DE92-015617/XAB
McCteilan Air Force Base: Hearth and Safety Plan, Soil Vapor Extraction Treatability Investigation, Site S Within
Operable Unit D. McCtollan Air Force Base, Draft Final Report
NTIS AD-A239 407/0/XAB
McCletlan Air Force Base Sampling and Analysis Plan, Soil Vapor Extraction Treatability Investigation, Site S Within
Operable Unit D, McClellan Air Force Base, Draft Final Report
NTIS AD-A239 406/2/XAB
Radioactive Waste Management Complex: Health and Safety Plan for Operations Performed for the environmental
Restoration Program, Task: Vapor Vacuum Extraction
NTISDE91-018758/XAB
Radioactive Waste Management Complex Report of Results of the Vapor Vacuum Extraction Tost at the
Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) in the
State of Idaho
NTIS DE92-017920/XAB
Remediation Cleanup Options for the Hoe Creek UCG Site
NTISDE91-002003/XAB
Subsurface Interim Measures/Interim Remedial Action Plan and Decision Document for the 903 Pad, Mound, and
East Trenches Areas (Operable Unit No 2), Public Comment, Responsiveness Summary Final
NTIS DE93-002251/XAB
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program. Technology Profiles, Sixth Edition
EPA/540/R-93/526
Technologies of Delivery or Recovery tor the Remediation of Hazardous Waste Sites
EPA/600/2 89/066, NTIS PB90 15622VXAB
Technology Evaluation Report SITE Program Demonstration Test, Accutech Pneumatic Fracturing Extiat.tu.m jMl|
Hot Gas Iniection. Phase I. Volume 1
EPA/540/R-93/509, NTIS PB93-216596/XAB
Fuel, TCE
Hazardous Waste. Industrial
Solvents, Caustic Cleaners, PCBs,
Fuel, Radioactive Waste
Fuel. VOCs
VOCs
VOCs
Benzene
Free-Phase VOCs
VOCs. PCHsi. SeinrVOCs. Dioxms,
Furans, Pesticides Petroleum.
Organics. Inorganics, Radioactive
Waste
Multiple ContdiTiinHnts
Vapor extraction aqueous leaching of soil
Cone penetrometer testing, in situ sensors
Site safety plan and task-specific amendments
Sampling and analysis plan
Hearth and safety plan
Vapor vacuum extraction
Ground-water plume containment, in situ
flushing, in situ bioremediation
In situ vacuum-enhanced vapor extraction,
granular activated carbon adsorption
Soil washing and Hushing, solvent extraction,
thermal desorption
Colloidal gas aprons, hydraulic fracturing, radial
drilling, ultrasonic methods
Pneumatic fracturing extraction hot gas injection
COM, Inc., EPA/ORD/RREL, Miller
Pederson, Kaslick, Fan
University of Cincinnati,
EPA/ORD/RREL; Murdoch, Losonsky
Cluxton, Patterson. Klich
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs. DOt
Anderson, Luttrell, Hartley. Hinchee
CH2M/HHI, US Air Force
CH2M/HMI, U.S. Air Force
EG4G Idaho Inc., DOE. Lugar
EG&G Idaho, Inc., DOE, Chatwin,
Miyasaki, Sisson, Sondrup
University of Wyoming Research
Corp . Western Research Institute.
DOE, Nordin, Griffin, Chatwin,
LindWom, Crader
EG&G Rocky Flats, Inc., DOE
EPA/ORD/RREL
University of Cincinnati, EPA/OHI
HREL; Murdoch, Patterson. I osm
Harrar
SAIC, EPA/OHD/RHEL
Continued on back.
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SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY RESOURCE MATRIX
Abstract
Identifi-
cation
Code
8 (page ») A
(abstract code)
Document Title1
Document Ordering Number
Contaminants'
Supporting2
Activities
Originating
Organization/Author
Documents Focusing on Study Results
IRC
1QA
AWD Technologies Integrated AquaDetox (Trade Namp)'SVF Technology Applications Analysis Rpport
EPA/540/A5-91/002. NTIS PB92-218379/XAB
Demonstration of Remedial Action Technologies for Contaminated Land and Groundwater. Volume 1. Final Report
EPA/600/R-93/012A. NTIS PB93 218238/XAB
Hazardous Waste
Multiple Contaminants
Granular gas activated carbon beds
Thermal, stabilization, and solidification
technologies
Chemical treatment of contaminated soils
Pump and treat
EPA/ORD/RREL
NATO Committee on the Challenges
of Modem Society. EPA/ORD/RREL;
Olfenbuttel, Dahl. Hinsenveld, James,
Lewis
1QR
Demonstration of Was»e Treatment Technologies
EPA/600/A-92/091. NTIS Pby2 179670/XAB
Integrated vapor extraction and steam vacuum
stripping
EPA/ORD/RREL; Martin
19C
Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
NTIS DE92-019065/XAB
VOCs
Vapor extraction systems
Oak Ridge National Lab, DOE,
Crotwell, Waehner, Maclnnis. Travis,
Lyon
Forced Air Ventilation for Remediation of Unsalurated Soils Contaminated by VOCs
EPA/600/2-91/016, NTIS PB91 181750/XAB
VOCs
Development of computer models to study soil.
air, and VOC movement during SVE process
Robert S. Kerr Lab, EPA; Cho
?OA
Groveland. Massachusetts: EPA Site Demonstration of the Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum Extraction Process in
Groveland, Massachusetts, SITE Program Update Part VII. Journal Article Published in Journal of thp Air
Pollution Control Association. August 1989
EPA/600/J-89/520, NTIS PB91-182097/XAB
TCE. VOCs
EPA/ORD/RREL. Stinson
Groveland. Massachusetts: Technology Evaluation Report SITE Program Demonstration Test. Tpr^a Vac In Situ
Vacuum Extraction System, Groveland, Massachusetts. Volume 1
EPA/54075-89/003A. NTIS PB89-192025/XAB
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc
EPA/ORD/RREL; Michaels
?nc
Groveland, Massachusetts Technology Evaluation Report SITE Program Demonstration Test Tnrrn Var in Situ
Vacuum Extraction System, Groveland, Massachusetts. Volume 2
EPA/540/5-89/003B. NTIS PB89-192033/XAB
Vapor extraction system
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse. Inc.
EPA/ORD/RREL; Michaels
Groveland, Massachusetts: Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum Extraction System Applications Analysis Rpnort
EPA/540/A5-89/003, NTIS PB90-119744/XAB
Vapor extraction system
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc.
EPA/ORD/RREL; Stinson
21B
Hanford Site: Field Observations of Variability of Soil Gas Measurements
NTIS DE93-006904/XAB
VOCs
Baseline monitoring survey in support of vapor
extraction system
Westinghouse Hanford Co., DOE;
Fancher
Hanford Site: Soil Vapor Extraction Test in Radiologically Contaminated Site
NTISDE93-002241/XAB
VOCs. Jet Fuel, Gasoline
Monitoring using on-line flame-ionization and
photo-ionization detectors and alpha- and beta-
radiation air monitors
Westinghouse Hanford Co., DOE;
Swanson, Moak, Coffman, Gale,
Wilder
2?A
Innovative Operational Treatment Technologies for Application to Superfund Site Nine Case Studies. Final Report
EPA/540/2-90/006. NTIS PB90 202656/XAB
Hazardous Waste. Fxploswes
Thermal destruction, air stripping, bioremedi-
ation, ground extraction, vacuum extraction,
chemical treatment, soil flushing
EPA/OSWER; Young. Schmoyer.
Edison, Roeck. Ball
2?B
In Situ Soil Venting Full Scale Test. Hill AFB, Guidance Document, Volume 2, Final Report
NTISAD-A254888/1/XAB
22C
McClellan Air Force Base Data Summary Report tor Area D Soil Gas Sampling anrj Analysis. MrClellan Air Fr
Base, Volume 1, Data Summary, Final Report
NTIS AD A246 266/1/XAB
Fuel
Hazardous Wa
In situ soil venting
Oak Ridge National Lab. DOE, NOAA
Earth Sciences Labs ; Depaoli.
Heroes. Wilson, Solomon, Jennings
Soil gas monitoring
CH2M/HHI, U.S. Air Force
2?n
McClellan Air Force Base Soil Vapor Extraction Treatability Inypstiqation Site S Within Opp'ahlp I Init D M<-C!pl!ar
Air Force Base, Addendum to the Quality Assurance Plan. Draft F mal Report
NTIS AD-A239 345/2/XAB
SVF treatability investiqation
CH2M/HHI U S Air Force
McClellan Air Force Base Steam Injection/Vacuum Extraction, Phase ?, Treatability Investiagation, Site
Chararlrnrfitinn znrl rVsi^n Fiml Ropnri
In situ steam inaction into soil in both vadose
CH2M/HHI, U.S. Air Force. Heqlie.
Koster Pexton. Stewart
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1 Ch*mrtrrriratir>n nnmr>pnf,i< Prriqrr":<:
August 1992
EPA/600/J-92/391. NTIS PB93 121234/XAB
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Technology Demonstration Assessment Report for X 231R (Part I) and Summary of
Closure Activities (Part 2)
NTIS DE 93-0046 10/XAB
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion: Technology Demonstration Assessment Report for X 701 B Holding Pond
NTIS DE93 004608/XAB
Remediation of a Gasoline Spill by Soil Vapor Extraction
NTIS DE92-000488/XAB
Savannah River Site: Pilot Test of a Vacuum Extraction System for Environmental Remediation of Chlorinated
Solvents at the Savannah River Site
NTIS DE93-006165/XAB
Savannah River Site: Status of In Situ Air Stripping Tests and Proposed Modifications: Horizontal Wells AMH-1
and AMH-2. Savannah River Site
NTIS DE90-000652/XAB
Savannah River Site: Well Completion Report on Installation of Horizontal Wells for In Situ Remediation Tests
NTIS DE93-008615/XAB
Soil Vapor Extraction Column Experiments on Gasoline Contaminated Soil, Final Report
EPA/600/R-92/170, NTIS PB92-226430/XAB
Soil Vapor Extraction VOC Control Technology Assessment, Final Report
EPA/450/4-89/017, NTIS PB90-216995/XAB
Summary Report of Results of the Vapor Vacuum Extraction Test at the RWMC
NTISDE91-006145/XAB
Thermal Enhanced Vapor Extraction System
NTIS DE93-005'M3/XAB
US EPA Site Demonstration of AWD Technologies' AquaDetox/SVE System, Journal Article Published in Journal
of Air Waste Management Association, November 1991
EPA/600/J-91/300, NTIS PB92-124387/XAB
EK5£6&M&J^ «*»*% 4 '"'"
RcVuuRCE QUIDES
Bioremediation Resource Guide
EPA/542/B 93/004
Ground Water Treatment Technology Resource Guide
EPA/542/B-94/009
Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide
EPA/542/B 94/008
Polroloum Hvdrorarhoric
vor <,
vor<;
Gasoline
Chlorinated Aiiphat'r Hydrocarbons
VOCs
Gasoline
Chlorinated Solvents
VOCs
VOCs
VOCs, Gasoline
VOCs
Carbon Tetrachloride. TCE.
Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
VOCs. Semi VOCs, Jet Fuel,
Gasoline
TCE. PCE
Vfryt&f
TECHNOLO
Bioremediation
and saturated 7nnp<;
Air stripping
Groundwater extraction system, in situ vapor
extraction
In situ pneumatic pumping tests
Isothermal vapor extraction, thermally enhanced
vapor extraction, peroxidation destruction
Solidification, stabilization, isothermal vapor
extraction, thermally enhanced vapor extraction,
peroxidation destruction
Vadose zone monitoring
Vacuum extraction system
Horizontal drilling technologies
Horizontal drilling technologies in unconsolidated
sediments
Evaluation of in situ air stripping of VOCs from
groundwater and unsaturated soils
Vapor extraction, aqueous leaching of soil
Potential VOC control technique at SVF sites
Vapor vacuum extraction system
PoweHine frequency soil heating, radio
frequency soil heating
Combination vacuum-assisted steam stripping
unit and SVE unit
HHlE jj^L[^M^^|||^B&^M|K ' -^* >
ORES ADDRESSED
Vapor extraction/air atripping/air sparging,
biological treatment
Soil washing/flushing, solvent extraction, thermal
desorption. chemical dehalogenation
-- -
Argonne National 1 ab. DOE. Reeme.
Hartnett, Miller
Argonne National Lab, DOF Hanson,
Hartnett
Robert S Kerr Lab. EPA; Cho.
DiGiulio
Theta Technologies, Inc. DOE
Theta Technologies, Inc , DOE
Lawrence Livermore National Lab,
DOE; Cook, Oberdorfer. Orloff
Westinghouse Savannah River Co.,
DOE; Looney, Pickett, Malot
Westinghouse Savannah River Co .
DOE; Kaback, Looney
Westinghouse Savannah River Co .
DOE; Kaback, Looney, Corey, Wright
CDM, Inc., University of Connecticut.
EPA/ORD/RREL; Miller, Pederson,
Kaslick, Hoag, Fan
Pacific Environmental Services
EPA/OAR/OAQPS
EG&G Idaho, Inc . DOE. Sisson, Ellis
Sandia National Labs, DOE; Phelan
EPA/ORD/RREL; Evans
"^TV^N'W'W ''-^ ""' '
EPA/OSWER/TIO
EPA/OSWER/TIO
EPA/OSWER/TIO
Not? 1:
Note 2
N^tP 3
This matrix provides representative examples of soil vapor extraction resource documents It is not all idiifive
The information in this matnx is derived from NTIS abstracts and is only as detailed as the NTIS abstracts
The heading. Studies and Demonstrations, is divided into the following two subheading* Documents Focusing on Test Designs and Documents Focusing on Study Results Documents included in the Study Results subsection may comprehensively cover
the study process from design through completion
The Resource Guides direct readers to technical documents but do not explicitly identify contaminants.
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