Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington. DC 20460
EPA/542-B-94-008
September 1994
&EPA Physical/Chemical
Treatment Technology
Resource Guide
Abstracts of Policy,
Guidance, and Technical
Assistance Documents
Summary of Regulatory Mechanisms that
Affect Physical/Chemical Treatment Technologies
Descriptions of Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology-Related Databases, Hotlines,
Catalogs/Bibliographies, and Dockets
Easy-to-Use Matrix that Assists in Identification of Appropriate Documents
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PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
RESOURCE GUIDE
and
PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
RESOURCE MATRIX
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington, D.C. 20460
September 1994
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NOTICE !
i
This document was prepared by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under EPA Contract Number
68-W2-0004. Option 2, Subcontract No. 92-001-01. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document represents a series a technology resource guides prepared by the Technology Innovation Office.
These include the following technology guides: the Bioremediation Resource Guide (EPA/542/B-93/004); the
Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource Guide (EPA/542/B-94/009); and the Soil Vapor Extraction
Treatment Technology Resource Guide (EPA/542/B-94/007).
Information is included in this document on how to obtain these additional resource guides.
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FOREWORD
Identifying and accessing pertinent information resource tools that will help site cleanup managers evaluate innovative
technologies is key to the broader use of these technologies. This Guide is intended to increase awareness about
technical information and specialized support services/resources related to physical/chemical treatment technologies.
Specifically, this document identifies a cross section of information intended to aid users in remedial decision-making,
including: abstracts of field reports and guidance documents; computer systems/data bases; pertinent regulations and
associated guidance documents; program hotlines; as well as Federal centers for ordering publications. In addition.
the look-up format of this document allows the user to quickly scan available resources and access more detailed
abstracts, as desired.
Please let us know about additional information that could make this Guide (and others in the series) more useful to
vou.
Walter W. Kovalick. Jr., Ph.D.
Director, Technology Innovation Office
111
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was prepared under the direction of Mr. John E. Quander and Mr. Michael Forlini, work assignment
managers for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Technology Innovation Office. The Technology
Innovation Office would like to thank the following EPA organizations and personnel for their expert review and
assistance in the development of this document: Librarians in EPA Regions 1,4, and 8; the Center for Environmental
Research and Information (CERI); ORD Laboratories (Edison, Kerr, and Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratories);
Regional Technical Liaisons in Regions?, 8, and 10; Waste Program Offices in Regions 2 and 5; Regional Engineering
Forum Members; the Office of Solid Waste; the Office of Underground Storage Tanks; and the RCRA/Superfund/
OUST Hotline and Document Centers.
IV
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide is intended to support decision-making by
Regional and State Corrective Action permit writers, Remedial Project Managers (RPMs), On-Scene Coordina-
tors, contractors, and others responsible for the evaluation of technologies. This Guide directs managers of sites
being cleaned up under RCRA, UST, and CERCLA waste management programs to physical/chemical treatment
technology resource documents, databases, hotlines, and dockets and identifies regulatory mechanisms (e.g.,
Research Development and Demonstration Permits) that have the potential to ease the implementation of physi-
cal/chemical treatment technologies at hazardous waste sites.
This Guide provides abstracts of representative examples of over 110 physical/chemical treatment technology
guidance, overview/program documents, studies and demonstrations, and other resource guides. The Physical/
Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Matrix, which accompanies this Guide, identifies the technology
type, media, and contaminants covered in each abstracted document. The included documents focus for the most
part on soil, sludge, and sediment and on soil washing/flushing, solvent extraction, thermal desorption, and
chemical dehalogenation. Information contained in this Guide is not intended to be all-inclusive, nor does it
represent an endorsement by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 2
HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS LISTED IN THIS GUIDE r 3
i
SOURCES OF PHYSICAUCHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION/
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 4
FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE RELEVANT
TO PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 7
ABSTRACTS OF PHYSICAUCHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 9
REQUEST FOR COMMENTS 41
ORDER FORMS 43
PHYSICAUCHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY RESOURCE MATRIX Back of Guide
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INTRODUCTION
EPA is committed to identifying the most effective and efficient means of addressing the thousands of hazardous
waste sites in the United States. Therefore, the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response's (OSWER's)
Technology Innovation Office (TIO) at EPA is working in conjunction with the EPA Regions and research
centers, and with industry to identify and further the implementation of innovative treatment technologies. Cur-
rently, soil washing/flushing, solvent extraction, thermal desorption, and chemical dehalogenation are frequently
selected innovative technologies.
The goal of OSWER is to encourage the development and use of innovative hazardous waste treatment technolo-
gies. One way of enhancing the use of these technologies is to ensure that decision-makers can avail themselves
of the most current information on technologies, policies, and other sources of assistance. This Guide was
prepared to help identify documents that can directly assist RPMs and permit writers in investigate existing
information on physical/chemical treatment technologies for contaminants usually found at RCRA. UST and
CERCLA sites.
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
When using this Guide to identify resource information on physical/chemical treatment technologies, you mav
wish to take the following steps:
1 Turn to the Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Matrix located in the back of this Guide
This matrix lists alphabetically by document number over 110 physical/chemical treatment technology-related
documents and identifies the type of information provided by each document, as well as a document'orderm*
number. ^
2. Select the document(s) that appear to fit your needs based on the content information in the matrix.
3. Check the abstract identification code. This number refers to an abstract of the document. The number
corresponds to a page number in the Guide and the letter corresponds to an abstract on that pase
For example: c
Abstract
Identification
Code
: 9 A
1
page 9 in the
Resource Guide
Abstract A on
page 9 of the
Resource Guide
4. Review the abstract that corresponds to the document in which you are interested to confirm that the docu-
ment will fit your needs.
5. If the document appears to be appropriate, check the document number highlighted under the abstract
For example:
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-92/003
6. Turn to the section entitled "How to Order Documents Listed in this Guide" on page 3 of this Guide and order
your document using the directions listed. You will find order forms identified in the section entitled "Order
Forms, which begins on page 43 of this Guide.
7. When seeking information on technical assistance sources, turn to page 4 of this Guide.
8. To identify information on Federal regulations and guidance relevant to physical/chemical treatment tech-
nologies, turn to page 7 of this Guide.
9. If you would like to comment on this Guide or would like additional information, turn to page 41 of this
Guide and follow the directions for mailing or faxing your comments/questions.
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HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS LISTED IN THIS GUIDE
Documents listed in this Guide are available through a variety of sources. When ordering documents listed in the
"Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Abstracts" section of this Guide, use the number listed in the bar
below the abstract. If using the Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Matrix in the back of the
Guide, use the number listed below the document title. If multiple document ordering numbers are identified,
select the appropriate number based on the directions below. EPA/530, EPA/540, EPA/600, and EPA/625
documents may be available through the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI); EPA/450, EPA/
540, EPA/542, and EPA/823 documents may be ordered through the National Center for Environmental Publica-
tions and Information (NCEPI); and EPA/530 documents may be obtained from the RCRA Information Center
(RIC). These document repositories provide in-stock documents free of charge, but document supplies may be
limited. Documents obtained through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) are available for a fee;
therefore, prior to purchasing a document through NTIS, you may wish to review a copy at a technical or univer-
sity library, or a public library that houses government documents.
Document Source
Dnrumgnt Type
Publication numbers with the following prefixes:
AD
DE
PB
PR (free of charge)
NTIS
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 487-4650
fax requests to (70S) 321-8547
8:30 a.m. - 5 p.m., Eastern Time.
NTIS provides documents for a fee. The "NTIS Order Form, " included in the "Order Forms" section of this Guide can be
used to order from NTIS. _______________ .^ __ _ ___^«^
''^i-i--ir--^..»---' >^»v-?'-*^JT«WUJJ ^iil^1 fBMHHMHHHHHHBMHHHIHIHHHHHHHBHMH^BMWP1 "
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513)569-7562
8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m., Eastern Time.
Publications with the following numbers:
EPA/530 (limited collection)
EPA/540 (limited collection)
EPA/600
EPA/625
Out of stock documents may be ordered from NCEPI or may be purchased from NTIS.
Publications with the following numbers:
EPA/450
EPA/540
EPA/542
EPA/823
National Center for Environmental
Publications and Information (NCEPI)
1 1029 Kenwood Road, Building 5
Cincinnati, OH 45242
(513)891-6561
fax requests to (513) 891-6685
8 a.m. - 5 p.m., Eastern Time.
A document title or number is needed to place an order with NCEPI. Some out of stock documents may be ordered from
CERI or may be purchased from NTIS. _
Publications with EPA/530 numbers RCRA Information Center (RIC)
401 M St., SW, Mailcode: 5305
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-9327
9 a.m. - 4 p.m., Eastern Time.
The "Office of Solid Waste Publications Order Form," included in the "Order Forms" section of this Guide can be used to
order from the RIC.
If you have difficulty finding a document or wish to obtain EPA/510 documents, call:
RCRA/Superfund/OUST Hotline: 1-800-424-9346,703-412-9810, TDD: 800-553-7672,703-412-3323
Operates Monday-Friday, 8:30 a.m. - 7:30 p.m.. Eastern Time.
Hotline staff can help EPA staff or members of the public locate documents and assist callers with placing document orders.
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SOURCES OF PHYSICALJCHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION/TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Numerous computer-based bulletin boards, regulatory hotlines, dockets, databases, catalogs/bibliographies, and periodicals
are also available. These resources provide technical information on physical/chemical and other innovative technologies
and guide you to additional valuable resources. Most bulletin board services are provided free of charge.
BULLETIN BOARDS:
Alternative Treatment Technologies
Information Center (ATTIC) data line ..703-908-2137
Provides hazardous waste abstracts, news bulletins, confer-
ence information, and a message board. Users can access
this collection of hazardous waste databases accessed through
a bulletin board.
Help Line 703-908-2138
Provides information on access to ATTIC.
Cleanup Information Bi in
(CLU-JN) data line 301-589-8366
Provides hazardous waste professionals with current infor-
mation on innovative technologies via a bulletin board. Pro-
vides information bulletins, message and on-file exchange,
and-on-line databases and directories.
Help Line 301 -589-8368
Addresses questions about CLU-IN access and contents;
addresses problems with the service.
Office of Research and Development (ORD)
Data line 800-258-9605
Bulletin Board Service (BBS)
Data line 513-569-7610
Provides a bibliography of over 19,000 documents and a
message board.
Help L e 513-569-7272
Provides information on access to and contents of the ORD
BBS.
CA TALOGS/BIBLIOGRAPHIES/DIRECTORIES:
Accessing Federal Data Bases for Contaminated Site
Clean-Up Technologies, Third Edition, September 1993
EPA/542/B-93/008
Provides information on those systems maintaining data on
remedial technologies, including information on data ele-
ments, system uses, hardware and software requirements,
and access.
Catalog of Hazardous and Solid Wast* Publications,
Sixth Edition EPA/530-B-92-001
Catalogs Office of Solid Waste policy directives, guidance
documents, brochures, Regulatory Development Branch
memos, and other documents relevant to hazardous and solid
waste.
Compendium of Superfund Program Publications
EPA/540/8-91/014, NTIS PR 881
Provides abstracts and ordering information fc act sheets,
directives, publications, and computer materials on Superfund.
Use the document ordenng directions to obtain the Compen-
dium.
Federal Publications on Alternative and Innovative Treat-
ment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site
Remediation, Third Edition, September 1993
EPA/542/B-93/007
Lists Federal publications on innovative treatment technolo-
gies, including thermal, biological, and physical/chemical
processes; technology survey reports; treatability studies;
and reports on ground water and community relations.
Literature Review of Nonbiological Remediation Tech-
nologies Which May Be Applicable to Fertilizer/
Agrichemical Dealer Sites NTIS OE93003877/XAB
Provides a general literature overview of the more prominent
nonbiological remediation technologies that may be appli-
cable to fertilizer/agrichemical dealer sites.
Literature Survey of Innovative Technologies for Hazard-
ous Waste Site Remediation, 1987-1991
EPA/542/B-92/004, NTIS PB93-105617
Provides a survey of publications useful to those investigating
innovative technologies. Includes information on current
developments and identifies references to support additional
research.
Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technolo-
gies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation, Novem-
ber 1993 Update EPA/542/B-93/010
Provides a list of EPA information resources related to the use
of alternative and innovative treatment technologies, includ-
ing guidance documents, study results, bulletins, and data-
bases.
Technical Assistance Directory, July 1993
EPA/600/K-93/006
List the programs, areas of expertise, and primary contacts in
each of the major Office of Research and Development (ORD)
operations.
DATABASES/SOFTWARE:
DIALOG Database 800-3-DIALOG
Contains files relevant to hazardous waste including:
Enviroline, CA Search, Pollution Abstracts, Compendex,
Energy Science and Technology, National Technical Infor-
mation Service (NTIS), and others.
NTIS Database
Contain* atMtrmcta at gawnmtnt-tpanaona research, ctowstopmwrt. and enyneenng
anafytaa prepared by approjomatefy 250 FeOeol tgenaaa and some St«f» and local
government*. Access&e vta the DIALOG system.
FEDWORLD
To access via modem 703-321-8020
To access via Internet telnet fedworld.gov or
192.239.92.201
Allows access to more than 100 Federally-operated on-line
computer systems, including eight environmentally related
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SOURCES OF PHYSICAL7CHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION/TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (CONT'D)
systems, under a single umbrella. Environmental systems
include the Alternative Treatment Technology Information
Center, the Waste Water Treatment Information Exchange,
the CLU-IN (Superfund) Bulletin Board, the Clean-Up Stan-
dards and Outreach Bulletin Board, the Office of Research
and Development Bulletin Board, and the Pesticide Informa-
tion Network. FEDWORLD operates 24 hours a day, seven
days a week, free of charge.
Helpline 703-487-4608
/Answers questions about access and contents.
Records of Decision System (RODS)
To get information on accessing
RODS 703-271-5400
Contains the full text of all signed RODs for hazardous waste
clean-up sites nationwide. Direct access to RODS is available
to EPA personnel and organizations that have relevant EPA
contracts. Regional libraries will provide public citizens with
ROD information.
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Treatability
Database
To fax a request 513-891-6685
To send a request NCEPI
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419
Contains extensive review of the removal and destruction of
1,200 chemicals in both aqueous and solid media. Send a fax
to the above number or mail a request to the above address
to order, free of charge, the database on 3 1/2" disk.
Vendor Information System for Innovative
Treatment Technologies (VISITT) 800-245-4505
Contains current information on availability, performance,
and cost of innovative technologies to remedy hazardous
waste sites.
DOCKETS:
Federal Facilities Docket Hotline 800-548-1016
Provides the name, address, A/PL status, agency, and Region
for the Federal facilities listed on the Federal Facilities Docket.
Facilities are on the docket because they reported being a
RCRA TSDF or having spilled or having the potential to
release CERCLA hazardous waste. Operates Monday -
Friday, 8:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m., Eastern Time.
OUST Docket 202-260-9720
Provides documents and regulatory information pertinent to
RCRA Subtitle I (the Underground Storage Tank program).
Operates Monday - Friday, 9a.m. - 4:30p.m., Eastern Time.
RCRA Information Center 202-260-9327
Indexes and provides public access to all regulatory materials
supporting the Agency's actions under RCRA, and dissemi-
nates current Office of Solid Waste publications. Operates
Monday - Friday, 9 a.m. - 4 p.m., Eastern Time.
Superfund Docket 202-260-3046
Provides access to Superfund regulatory documents,
Superfund Federal Register Notices, and Records of Deci-
sion. Operates Monday - Friday, 9 a.m. - 4 p.m., Eastern
Time.
HOTLINES/REGULATORY/TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE:
RCRA/Superfund/OUST Hotline 800-424-9346,
703-412-9810, TDD: 800-553-7672, 703-412-3323
Provides regulatory assistance related to RCRA, CERCLA,
and UST programs. Serves as a liaison between the regu-
lated community and EPA personnel and provides informa-
tion on the availability of relevant documents. Operates
Monday- Friday, 8:30a.m. - 7:30p.m., Eastern Time.
Superfund Health Risk Technical
Support Center 513-569-7300
Provides EPA Regional Superfund risk assessors, State
agencies, and those working under EPA contract with techni-
cal, typically chemical-specific, support and risk assessment
review. Operates Monday - Friday 8 a.m. - 5 p.m., Eastern
Time.
TSCA Hotline 202-554-1404
Answers public and private regulatory questions on TSCA.
Refers callers to appropriate EPA contacts, and takes TSCA-
relevant document orders. Operates Monday - Friday, 8:30
a.m. - 5 p.m., Eastern Time.
INFORMATION CENTER:
National Center for Environmental
Publications and Information
(NCEPI) 513-891-6561
To fax a request 513-891-6685
Stores and distributes to public and private callers a limited
supply of most EPA publications, videos, posters, and
other multi-media materials. Callers should know docu-
ment titles or numbers when calling.
LIBRARIES:
The EPA Headquarters and Regional Libraries provide infor-
mation services covering a wide range of environmental and
related subjects, including hazardous waste, air and water
pollution and control, environmental law, solid waste, toxic
substances, and test methods. These libraries also provide
a collection of materials on social, economic, legislative, legal,
administrative, and management projects related to all as-
pects of environmental policy. EPA Headquarters and Re-
gional Libraries are provided below. In addition to resources
available through EPA libraries, users may also access rel-
evant documents through university libraries or other public
libraries that house government documents.
- EPA Headquarters Library 202-260-5921
Operates Monday - Friday, 10a.m. - 2p.m., Eastern Time
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SOURCES OF PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION/TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (CONT'D)
Region 1 Library (Boston, MA) 617-565-3300
Fax 617-565-3346
Operates Monday - Friday, 8:30a.m. - 5p.m., Eastern Time
Region 2 Library (New York, NY) 212-264-2881
Fax 212-264-5433
Operates Monday - Friday (except Tuesday), 8:30a.m. -
5p.m., Eastern Time
Operates Tuesday, 1p.m. -5p.m., Eastern Time
Region 3 Library (Philadelphia, PA) 215-597-0580
Fax 215-597-7906
Operates Monday - Friday, 8a.m. - 4p.m., Eastern Time
Region 4 Library (Atlanta, GA) 404-347-4216
Fax 404-347-4486
Operates Monday - Friday, 8a.m. - 3:45p.m., Eastern Time
Region 5 Library (Chicago, IL) 312-353-2022
Fax 312-353-1155
Operates Monday - Friday, 7:30a.m. - 5p.m., Central Time
Region 6 Library (Dallas, TX) 214-665-6427
Fax 214-665-2146
Operates Monday - Friday, 7:30a.m. - 4:30p.m., Central
Time
- Region 7 Library (Kansas City, KS) 913-551-7358
Fax 913-551-7467
Operates Monday Friday, 9a.m. - 5:30p.m.. Central Time
- Region 8 Library (Denver, CO) 303-293-1444
Fax 303-294-1087
Public Information Center Operates Monday - Friday
8a.m. - 5p.m., Library Operates Monday - Friday, 12p.m. -
4p.m., Mountain Time
Region 9 Library
(San Francisco, CA) 415-744-1510
Fax 415-744-1474
Operates Monday - Friday, 9a.m. - 5p.m., Western Time
- Region 10 Library
(Seattle, WA) 206-553-1289 or 1259
Fax 206-553-8509
Operates Monday Friday, 9a.m. - 4p.m., Western Time.
RREL/Site Superfund Videotape
Library 201-535-2219
Provides composite videotapes containing a number of EPA-
produced documentaries on specific Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program demonstrations.
Operates Monday - Friday, 8:30a.m. - 4:30p.m.. Eastern
Time.
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FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE RELEVANT TO
PHYSICAUCHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
This table lists pertinent RCRA regulations, with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and Federal Register (FR)
citations and provides information on guidance documents relevant to these regulations. In addition, States may elect
to have more stnngent regulations than the Federal regulations identified here. Contact your State environmental
protection agency when considering the applicability of any of the following Federal regulations.
CITATION
REGULATION
GUIDANCE
Soil Washing/Flushing, Solvent Extraction, Thermal D««orption, Chemical Dahaloganatlon
40 CFR Part 148
July 26, 1988
53 ffl 28118
40 CFR Part 261
February 18, 1994
59 fiR8362
40 CFR §264.552
February 16. 1993
58 FRQ658
40 CFR §264.1030
June 21. 1990
55 FR 25454
40 CFR §264.1050
June 21, 1990
55 FR 25454
40 CFR §268.40
June 1, 1990
55 FR 22686 (Presents
third-third wastes)
40 CFR §268.44(h)
August 17, 1988
53 FR 31143, 31185,
31188,31196,31199,
31202 (Presents final rule
on first-third wastes and
national capacity
variances)
40 CFR §268.45
August 18, 1992
57 FR 37279
40 CFR §264.600
December 10, 1987
52 FR 46946
Hazardous Wast*
Injection Restrictions
Treatability Study
Exemption
Corrective Action
Management Unit
(CAMU)
Air Emission Standard
for Process Vents
Air Emission Standard
for Equipment Leaks
Land Disposal
Restrictions (LOR)
Subpart 0 - Treatment
Standards
Variances from an LOR
Treatment Standard
Treatment Standards
for Hazardous Debris
Miscellaneous Units
Subpart X
Provides for issuance of a
SOWA permit for placement of
liquid hazardous waste into
underground injection wells
Allows for treatability studies
under RCRA
Encourages treatment,
including use of innovative
treatment technologies,
including in situ treatments
Sets forth standards for
process vents associated with
RCRA permitted hazardous
waste facilities that manage
waste with organic concentrat-
ions of at least 10 ppm
Sets forth standards for
process vents associated with
RCRA permitted hazardous
waste facilities that manage
waste with organic
concentrations of at least 10%
by weight
Sets forth RCRA hazardous
waste treatment standards
Allows for a site-specific
treatability vanance to be
issued as a nonrulemaking
procedure
Sets forth alternative
treatment standards for RCRA
hazardous debris
Underground Injection Control Program
(12/88, NTIS PB93-115-905)
Conducting Treatability Studies Under
RCRA (7/92. OSWER Directive
9380.3-09FS, NTIS PB92-963-501)
Environmental Fact Sheet: EPA issues
Final Rules for Corrective Action
Management Units and Temporary Units
(1/93, EPA/530-F-93-001)
Hazardous Waste TSDF - Technical
Guidance Document for RCRA Air
Emission Standards for Process Vents
and Equipment Leaks (7/90.
EPA/450-3-89-021, NTIS P890-263880)
Hazardous Waste TSDF - Technical
Guidance Document for RCRA Air
Emission Standards for Process Vents
and Equipments Leaks (7/90,
EPA/450-3-89-021, NTIS PB90-263880)
Land Disposal Restrictions Summary of
Requirements (2/91, OSWER Directive
9934.0-1 A, NTIS PB91-190835
Regional Guide: Issuing Site-Specific
Treatability Vanances for Contaminated
Soils and Debns from LDRs (1/92,
OSWER Directive 9380.3-08FS, NTIS
PB92-963284)
No Migration Variances to the
Hazardous Waste Land Disposal
Prohibitions: A Guidance Manual for
Petitioners (7/92, NTIS PB92-207695)
Land Disposal Restrictions for Newly
Listed Waste and Hazardous Debns:
Rule (10/18/92, 57 FR 37194, 37221)
No guidance specifically related to these
technologies is available
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FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE RELEVANT TO
PHYSICAUCHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES (CONTD)
CITATION
REGULATION
DESCRIPTION
GUIDANCE
Soil Washing/Flushing. Solvent Extraction, Thermal Desorption, Crwnidi D0h«ioq>n«tlon (CONTD)
40 CFP §270.42(6)
March 7, 1989
54 FR9596
.Changes certain permit
modifications for hazardous
waste)
40 CFP §270.65
July 15. 1985
50 Ffl 28728
RCRA Permit
Modification Rule:
Temporary
Authorization
Research Development
and Demonstration
Permits
Allows the permitting agency
to grant a facility a temporary
authorization to perform
certain activities (e.g.,
cleanups, corrective action
and closure activities) for up to
180 days
Allows the issuance of a
RCRA permit for a pilot scale
study pertaining to an
innovative or expenmental
technology
Modifying RCRA Permits (9/89,
EPA/530-SW-89-050)
Guidance Manual for Research
Development and Demonstration
Permits (7/86. EPA/530-SW-86-008,
OSWER Directive 9527.00-1 A, NTIS
PB86-229192/AS)
40 CFR §264.90
July 26. 1982
47 FR 32274
October 11, 1988
53 ffl 39720
Ground Water
Monitoring
Sets forth ground water
monitoring regulations for
RCRA permitted treatment,
storage, and disposal facilities
RCRA Ground Water Monitoring: Draft
Technical Guidance (11/92,
EPAV530-R-93-001, NTIS PB93-139350)
Thermal Oesorption
40 CFH§264.340
January 23, 1981
46 m 7666
Incinerators
Provides for issuance of a
RCRA permit for hazardous
waste incinerators
Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste
Incinerator Permits (7/83. EPA,SW-966.
NTISPB84-100577)
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ABSTRACTS OF PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES
The following abstracts describe the contents of pertinent physical/chemical treatment technology documents, which are
organized alphabetically within each document type. Documents that address the same site are grouped together within a
document type and listed in alphabetical order by site name. Document types included are:
Begins on Page
Guidance
Overview/Program Documents
Studies and Demonstrations
Other Resource Guides
24
To quickly identify documents pertinent to your interest area, see the Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource
Matrix in the back of this Guide. The documents in the matrix are categorized alphabetically within the document types
identified above, and can be cross-referenced with the abstracts using the code to the left of the document titles on the matrix.
In an effort to limit the number of resources listed here. Records of Decision, and for the most part, documents more than five
years old. foreign documents, and conference proceedings are not included. Those seeking information on these topics or
other topics not addressed in this Guide may wish to contact the hotlines, dockets, or other sources, listed on page 4 of this
Guide. These abstracts were obtained from the NTIS Database.
GUIDANCE
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study
Series: Estimation of Air Impacts for the Excavation of
Contaminated Soil.
Eklund. B.: Smith. S.: and Hendler. A.. Radian Corp..
Austin. TX. U.S. Environmental Protection Agencv. Re-
search Triangle Park. NC. Office of Air. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, March 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/450/1-92/004
NTIS Document Number: PB92-171925/XAB
Analysis of the air impacts associated withcleaning up Super-fund
sites is frequently required prior to actual cleanup. Such analy-
ses depend on estimates rather than on field measurements.
This report provides procedures for estimating the emissions of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the ambient air con-
centrations associated with the excavation of contaminated
soil. Excavation is an integral part of any Superfund site
remediation that involves removal or ex situ treatment such as
incineration, thermal desorption, bioremediation. or solidifica-
tion/stabilization. The report contains procedures to evaluate
the effect of the concentration of the contaminants in the soil
and the excavation rate on the emission rates and on the ambient
air concentrations at selected distances from the excavation
site. Health-based ambient air action levels are also provided
for comparison to the estimated ambient concentrations.
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study
Series: Models for Estimating Air Emission Rates from
Superfund Remedial Actions.
Eklund, B. and Albert. C, Radian Corp.. Austin. TX. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Washington. DC. Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Office of Emer-
gency and Remedial Response. March 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/45 1/R-93/001
NTIS Document Number: PB93-186807/XAB
The report is a compendium of models (equations) for estimat-
ing air emissions from Superfund sites undergoing remediation.
These models predict emission rates of volatile organic com-
pounds (VOCs) and paniculate matter (PM) from both area and
point sources. The following remedial processes are covered:
air stripping, soil vapor extraction, thermal desorption, thermal
destruction (incineration), excavation, dredging, solidification/
stabilization, and bioremediation. Emission estimation meth-
ods are also presented for landfills, lagoons, and spills/leaks/
open waste pits. The models contained in the compendium may
not accurately predict emissions for all possible scenarios.
Assessing UST Corrective Action Technologies: Site
Assessment and Selection of Unsaturated Zone Treat-
ment Technologies, Report for October 1987 - September
1989.
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Guidance
Lyman. W. J. and Noonan, D. C. Camp, Dresser and
McKee. Inc.. Boston, MA. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Cincinnati. OH, Office of Research and Develop-
ment. Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. March 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/6(X)/2-90/011
NTIS Document Number: PB90-187220/XAB
A methodology is presented for evaluating the likely effective-
ness of five soil treatment technologies at sites where petroleum
products have contaminated the unsaturated zone. The five soil
treatment technologies are: soil venting, biorestoration. soil
flushing, hydraulic barriers, and excavation. The evaluation
consists of a site assessment, selection of a treatment technol-
ogy, and performance monitoring and follow-up measure-
ments. The overall focus of the manual is on making a prelimi-
nary screening of what soil treatment technologies would likely
be effective at a given underground storage tank site. Factors
that are critical to the successful implementation of each tech-
nology are represented, and site conditions that are favorable
for each factor are discussed.
Chemical Dehalogenation Treatability Studies Under
CERCLA: An Overview, Fact Sheet.
McNelly, G.. IT Corp.. Sharonville. OH. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Cincinnati. OH. Office of Research and
Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. May
1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-92/013B
NTIS Document Number: PB92-169275/XAB
Systematically conducted, well-documented treatability stud-
ies are an important component of remedy evaluation and
selection under the Superfund program. The fact sheet focuses
on chemical dehalogenation treatability studies conducted in
support of remedy selection that is conducted prior to the
Record of Decision i ROD). The fact sheet presents a standard
guide for designing and implementing a chemical dehalogenation
treatabilitv studv.
Guidance on Remedial Actions for Superfund Sites with
PCB Contamination.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington. DC,
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. August 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/G-90/007
NTIS Document Number: PB91 -921 206/XAB
The document describes the recommended approach for evalu-
ating and remediating Superfund sites with PCB contamina-
tion. It should be used as a guide in the investigation and remedy
selection process for PCB-contaminated Superfund sites. The
guidance provides preliminary remediation goals for various
media that may be contaminated and identifies other consider-
ations important to ensuring protection of human health and the
environment. In addition, potentially applicable or relevant and
appropriate requirements (ARARs) and "to-be-considered"
criteria pertinent to Superfund sites with PCB contamination
and their integration into the RI/FS and remedy selection
process are summarized. The guidance also describes how to
develop remedial alternatives for PCB contaminated materials
that are consistent with Superfund program expectations and
ARARs. To identify the areas for which a response action
should be considered, starting point concentrations (prelimi-
nary cleanup goals) for each media are identified.
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under
CERCLA: Chemical Dehalogenation, Final Report.
McNelly, G.. IT Corp., Sharonville. OH, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Office of Research and
Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. May
1992
EPA Document Number: EPA7540/R-92/013A
NTIS Document Number: PB92-169044/XAB
Systematically conducted, well-documented treatability stud-
ies are an important component of the remedial investigation/
feasibility study (RI/FS) process and the remedial design/
remedial action (RD/RA) process under the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA). The guide, which presents information on
treatability studies involving chemical dehalogenation of soils
and sludges, is intended to supplement the information in the
final generic guide. The guide describes a three-tiered approach
for conducting treatability studies, which consists of (1) remedy
screening, (2) remedy selection, and (3) RD/RA. The purpose
of remedy-screening studies for chemical dehalogenation tech-
nologies is to determine if the technology is chemically feasible
for the contaminants/matrix of concern. The guide also presents
detailed, technology-specific information on the preparation of
a Work Plan and a Sampling and Analysis Plan for chemical
dehalogenation treatability studies. Elements discussed include
test objectives, experimental design and procedures, equipment
and materials, sampling and analysis procedures, quality assur-
ance/quality control procedures, and data analysis and interpre-
tation. See Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies under
CERCLA: Chemical Dehalogenation. Final Report. Fact Sheet
(EPA/540/R-92/013 A. PB92-231307/X AB) for more informa-
tion.
10
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Guidance
11A
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under
CERCLA: Soil Washing, Interim Guidance, Final
Report.
Rawe. J.. Science Applications International Corp.. Cincin-
nati. OH. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati.
OH. Office of Research and Development. Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory. September
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-91/020A
NTIS Document Number: PB92-170570/XAB
Systematically conducted, well-documented treatability stud-
ies are an important component of the remedial investigation/
feasibility study (RI/FS) process and the remedial design/
remedial action (RD/RA) process under the Comprehensive
Environmental Response. Compensation and Liability Act
iCERCLA). The studies provide valuable site-specific data
necessary to aid in the selection and implementation of the
remedy. The manual focuses on soil washing treatability stud-
ie* conducted in support of remedy selection prior to develop-
ing the Record of Decision. The manual presents guidance for
designing and implementing a soil washing treatability study.
In addition, it provides an overview of general information for
determining w hether soil w ashing technology may be effective
in designing and conducting soil washing treatability studies
tor remedy selection, assistance in interpreting data obtained
from remedy selection treatability studies, and guidance to
estimate costs associated w ith remedy design and full-scale soil
w ashing remedial action. The manual is not intended to serve as
a substitute for communication with regulators or investigation
of reports nor as the sole basis for the selection of soil washing
as a particular remediation technology. Soil washing must be
used in conjunction with other treatment technologies since it
generates residuals. The manual is designed to be used in
conjunction with the Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies
L'nder CERCLA; Interim Final.
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under
CERCLA: Solvent Extraction, Interim Guidance.
Rawe. J.. Science Applications International Corp.. Cincin-
nati. OH. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati,
OH. Office of Research and Development, Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory. August 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-92/016A
NTIS Document Number: PB92-239581/XAB
selection under the Superfund Program. This manual tocu^
on solvent extraction treatability studies. This manual presents
a standard guide for designing and implementing solvent ex-
traction treatability studies. The manual presents a description
of and discusses the applicability and limitations of solvent
extraction technologies and defines the prescreening and field
measurement data needed to determine if treatability testing is
required. It also presents an overview of the process of
conducting treatability tests and the applicability of tiered
treatability testing for the evaluation of solvent extraction
technologies. The specific goals of each tier of testing are
defined and performance levels are presented that should he
met at the remedy screening level before additional tests are
conducted at the next tier. See Guide for Conducting Treatabi 111>
Studies Under CERCLA: Solvent Extraction Quick Reference
Fact Sheet (EPA/540-R-92/016B, PB92-239599/XAB i tor more
information.
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under
CERCLA: Thermal Desorption Remedy Selection,
Interim Guidance.
Rawe. J., Science Applications International Corp.. Cincin-
nati. OH. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati.
OH. Office of Research and Development. Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, September 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-9:/
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Overview'Program Documents
Procuring Innovative Technologies at Remedial Sites:
Q's and A's and Case Studies.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Apnl 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/F-92/012
NTIS Document Number: PB92-232388/XAB
The fact sheet is designed to assist EPA Remedial Project
Managers (RPMs) and Contracting Officers (COs) with the
procurement of innovative treatment technologies. RPMs.COs,
and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) personnel were
interviewed to obtain information on their experiences in pro-
curing innovative technologies. EPA's Technology Innovation
Office (TIO) has documented case histories of experiences with
acquiring innovative technologies in the Superfund program.
Remedial sites chosen for inclusion in the review were Fund-
lead sites that had started or completed the procurement of an
innovative technology, including bioremediation. thermal des-
orption. vacuum extraction, chemical treatment, chemical ex-
traction, and in situ soil flushing. The results of these interviews
are presented m a question and answer format. In addition,
specific detailed information on each site is presented in tabular
form.
12B
Selection of Control Technologies for Remediation of
Lead Battery Recycling Sites, Engineering Bulletin.
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse. Inc.. Edison, NJ, U.S. Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, September 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-92/011
NTO Document Number: PB93-121333/XAB
past experience regarding the recyclability of materials that are
found at LBRS; and profiles of potentially applicable innova-
tive treatment technologies.
OVERVIEW/PROGRAM DOCUMENTS
12C
Amendment to the Best Demonstrated Available Tech-
nology (BOAT) Background Document for Wastes from
the Petroleum Refining Industry K048, K049, K050.
K051, K052, Final Report
Kinch, R. and Vorbach, J., Versar. Inc.. Springfield. VA.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington. DC.
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Office of
Solid Waste, May 1990
The objective of this bulletin is to provide remedial project
managers i RPMs), potentially responsible parties (PRPs), and
their supporting contractors with information to facilitate the
selection of treatment alternatives and cleanup services at lead
battery recycling sites (LBRS). This bulletin condenses and
updates the information presented in the EPA technical re-
source document (TRD) entitled "Selection of Control Tech-
nologies for Remediation of Lead Battery Recycling Sites,"
(PB92-114537. July 1991). This bulletin consolidates useful
information on LBRS such as the following: description of
types of operations commonly conducted, and wastes gener-
ated at LBRS: technologies implemented or selected for LBRS
remediation; case studies of treatability studies on LBRS wastes;
EPA Document Number: EPA/530/SW-90/060R
NTIS Document Number: PB90-234451/XAB
The background document provides the Agency's technical
support and rationale for the development of treatment >tan-
dards for the constituents to be regulated for the above-men-
tioned wastes. The amendment presents the K04S-K052 sol-
vent extraction and incineration data used to develop the
treatment standards for non-wastewaters; presents the K04S
incinerator scrubber water data used to develop the treatment
standards for cyanide in wastewaters; and provides EPA's
rationale and technical support for various treatment standards.
An Overview of Underground Storage Tank Remediation
Options.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Underground
Storage Tanks, October 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/510/F-93/029
EPA developed a series of fact sheets to answer basic questions
about selected alternative cleanup technologies and to provide
an easy way to compare technologies. This fact sheet covers
soil remediation technologies, including those pertaining to in
situ soil vapor extraction, in situ bioremediation/bioventing, ex
situ bioremediation/biomounding, on-site low temperature ther-
mal desorption, ex situ bioremediation/land farming, in situ
passive biodegradation, excavation and off-site treatment, and
excavation with off-site landfill disposal.
12E
Citizen's Guide to In Situ Soil Flushing, Technology Fact
Sheet
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington. DC.
12
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Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, March
1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/F-92/007
NTIS Document Number: PB92-233113/XAB
The fact sheet contains a description of what in situ soil flushing
is. how it works, why to consider in situ soil flushing, if soil
flushing will work at the site, where it is being selected, and how
to obtain more information. In addition, it covers the
contaminant's effect on determining the appropriate flushing
solution in the treatment process. It also contains a description
of the following three types of fluids: water only, water plus
additives such as acids, bases, or surfactants, and organic
solvents.
Citizen's Guide to Soil Washing, Technology Fact Sheet.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, March
1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/F-92/003
NTIS Document Number: PB92-233097/XAB
Soil washing is a technology that uses liquids (sometimes
combined with chemical additives) and a mechanical process to
scrub soils. The scrubbing removes hazardous contaminants
and concentrates them into smaller volume. After the soil
washing process is completed, the smaller volume of soil,
which contains the majority of the fine silt and clay particles,
can be further treated by other methods (such as incineration or
bioremediation) or disposed of according to State and Federal
regulations.
Citizen's Guide to Solvent Extraction, Technology Fact
Sheet
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, March
1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/F-92/004
NTIS Document Number: PB92-233089/XAB
Solvent extraction is a treatment technology that uses a solvent
(a fluid that can dissolve another substance) to separate or
remove hazardous organic contaminants from sludges, sedi-
ments, or soil. Solvent extraction does not destroy contami-
nants. It concentrates them so they can be recycled or de-
stroyed. It is used in combination with other technologies to
destroy the separated concentrated contaminants. When the
soil enters an extractor (a tank where the contaminated soil is
mixed with the solvent), the soil is separated into three compo-
nents, or fractions: solvent with dissolved contaminants, solids.
and water. Contaminants are concentrated into each of these
fractions. For example, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)
concentrate in the contaminated solvent mixture, while metals
are left behind in the solids and water.
Citizen's Guide to Thermal Desorption.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington. DC.
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, March
1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/F-92/006
NTIS Document Number: PB92-232396/XAB
Thermal desorption is an innovative treatment technology that
treats soils contaminated with hazardous wastes by heating the
soil at relatively low temperatures (200-1000° F) so that con-
taminants with low boiling points will vaporize (turn into ga^
and, consequently, separate from the soil. There are three steps
in thermal desorption: (1) heating the soil to vaporize the
contaminants; (2) treating the vaporized contaminants: and (3)
testing the treated soil.
Cleaning Excavated Soil Using Extraction Agents: A
State-of-the-Art Review, Final Report, June 1985 -
January 1989.
Raghaven, R.; Coles, E.; and Dietz, D., Foster Wheeler
Enviresponse, Inc., Livingston, NJ, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and
Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, June
1989
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/2-89/034
NTIS Document Number: PB89-212757/XAB
The report presents a state-of-the-art review of soil washing
technologies and their applicability to Superfund sites in the
United States. The review includes Superfund site soil and
contamination characteristics, as well as soil cleaning technolo-
gies, their principles of operation, and process parameters. The
technical feasibility of using soil washing technologies at
Superfund sites in the United States is assessed. Contaminants
are classified as volatile, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic orgamcs;
PCBs; heavy metals; or radioactive material. Soils are classi-
fied as either sand, silt, clay, or waste fill. Three generic types
of extractive treatments are identified for cleaning excavated
soils: water washing augmented with a basic or surfactant agent
13
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Overview/Program Documents
to remove organics and water washing with an acidic or
chelating agent to remove organics and heavy metals; organics-
solvent washing to remove hydrophobic organics and PCBs;
and air or steam stripping to remove volatile organics.
Cleaning Up the Nation's Waste Sites: Markets and
Technology Trends.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington. DC, April
1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/R-92/012
This report captures information on the future demand for
remediation services for all major cleanup programs in the U.S.,
including Superfund, Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) corrective action, underground storage tanks.
State programs, and Federal agencies such as the Departments
of Defense and Energy. This report contains market informa-
tion on the innovative technologies used to remediate sites
contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-
volatile organic compounds (semi-VOCs). and other contami-
nants. This market information should help innovative technol-
ogy vendors, developers, and investors direct their research,
development, and commercialization effort rewards pertinent
waste programs and problems.
Developments in Chemical Treatment of Contaminated
Soil, Symposium Paper.
Davila, B. and Roulier, M. H., U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and
Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-92/030
NTIS Document Number: PB92-152933/XAB
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Re-
search and Development (ORD) is examining processes for
remedial action at Superfund sites and corrective action at
operating disposal sites. Recent legislation emphasizes de-
struction and detoxification of contaminants, rather than con-
tainment or storage of contaminated soils. Chemical treatment
appears promising because it can destroy or greatly change
many contaminants. Oxidation, reduction, neutralization, hy-
drolysis, dehalogenation, and UV/photolysis are chemical pro-
cesses currently used for above ground treatment. Temperature
and physical and chemical characteristics of soil are some
operating parameters that control the effectiveness of these
processes. Excalibur catalytic ozone technology, Exxon and
Rio Linda cyanide destruction, and Trinity ultrasonic detoxifi-
cation are innovative technologies that have been, or are cur-
rently being considered, for pilot-scale demonstrations.
Control Technologies for Defunct Lead Battery Recy-
cling Sites: Overview and Recent Developments, Vol-
ume3.
Royer. M. D.; Selvakumar, A.; and Gaire, R., Foster Wheeler
Enviresponse, Inc., Edison, NJ, U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and
Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-92/019
NTIS Document Number: PB92-150416/XAB
At least 29 lead battery recycling sites are or have been slated
for investigation and possible remediation under the Superfund
program. The paper condenses information regarding the char-
acteristics and remediation of these sites. The information
provided includes: (1) description of operations commonly
conducted and wastes generated, (2) technologies implemented
or selected for site remediation, (3) case studies of treatability
studies on common wastes, (4) past experience regarding the
recyclability of materials found at the sites, and (5) profiles of
potentially applicable innovative treatment technologies.
Dioxin Treatment Technologies, Background Paper.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Technol-
ogy Assessment, Washington, DC, November 1991
NTIS Document Number: PB92-152511/XAB
The term dioxin encompasses all aromatic organic chemicals
known as dibenzo-p-dioxins. The dibenzo-p-dioxins of great-
est concern to public and environmental health belong to a
group of chemicals called halogenated dioxins. Because of the
public's concern, OTA was asked to prepare an analysis of
alternative technologies for treating soil and other materials
contaminated by dioxin. The analysis is thus focused on the
efficacy, availability, and merits of various technologies that
could be used to treat dioxin contamination. The report evalu-
ates the various technologies that are proven and readily avail-
able to be applied as well as those still in the research stage. It
compares the advantages and limitations of these technologies,
and explores the factors that will determine whether they may
actually be applied to a dioxin cleanup operation.
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Overview/Program Documents
Electrokinetic Remediation of Unsaturated Soils.
Lmdgren. E. R.; Kozak, M. W.; and Mattson, E. D., U.S.
Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories,
Albuquerque. NM. 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE93-000741/XAB
Heavy-metal contamination of soil and ground water is a
widespread problem in the DOE weapons complex, and for the
nation as a whole. Electrokinetic remediation is one possible
technique for in situ removal of such contaminants from unsat-
urated soils. Large spills and leaks can contaminate both the
soil above the water table as well as the aquifer itself. Elec-
trodes are implanted in the soil, and a direct current is imposed
between the electrodes. The charged particles in the soil water
will migrate to the oppositely charged electrode (electrormgration
and electrophoresis), and concomitant with this migration, a
bulk flow of water is induced, usually toward the cathode
(electroosmosis). The combination of these phenomena leads
to a movement of contaminants toward the electrodes. The
direction of contaminant movement will be determined by a
number of factors, among which are type and concentration of
contaminant, soil type and structure, interfacial chemistry of
the soil-water system, and the current density in the soil pore
water. Contaminants arriving at the electrodes may potentially
be removed from the soil by one of several methods, such as
electroplating or adsorption onto the electrode, precipitation or
co-precipitation at the electrode, pumping of water near the
electrode, or complexing with ion-exchange resins. Experi-
mental results are described on the removal of sodium dichro-
mate and food dye from soil.
Engineering Issue: Considerations in Deciding to Treat
Contaminated Soils In Situ.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-94/500
NTIS Document Number: PB94-177771/XAB
The purpose of this issue paper is to assist in deciding whether
consideration of in situ treatment of contaminated soil is worth-
w hile and to assist in the process of selection and review of in
situ technologies. This document addresses issues associated
with assessing the feasibility of in situ treatment and selecting
appropriate in situ technologies which include an understand-
ing of the characteristics of the contaminants, the site, the
technologies, and how these factors and conditions interact to
allow for effective delivery, control, and recovery of treatment
agents and/or the contaminants. The document focuses on
established and innovative in situ treatment technologies that
are already available or should be available for full-scale
application within 2 years. Technologies discussed include in
situ solidification/stabilization, soil vapor extraction.
biotreatment, bioventing, in situ vitrification, radio frequency
heating, soil flushing, steam / hot air injection and extraction,
and delivery and recovery systems. This document is intended
to assist in the identification of applicable alternatives early in
the technology screening process and is not a source for final
determinations.
EPA Engineering Issue: Technology Alternatives for the
Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Soil and Sediment.
Davila, B.; Whitford, K.W.; Saylor, E.S.. Science Applica-
tions International Corporation, McLean. VA. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, October 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-93/506
NTIS Document Number: PB94-144250/XAB
This document is primarily intended to familiarize On-Scene
Coordinators (OSC) and Remedial Project Managers (RPM)
with information on established, demonstrated, and emerging
technology alternatives for remediating PCB-contaminated
soil and sediment. The information contained in this
document includes process descriptions, site requirements.
performance examples, process residuals, innovative
systems, and EPA contacts. Estimated costs, advantages.
and limitations for each technology are presented as well as
information on current research and failed treatment tech-
nologies. The secondary purpose of this document is to
provide information on characteristics of PCBs, regulations
affecting PCB remediation, sampling and data collection
methods applicable to PCB contamination, analytical
methods used to quantify PCB contamination, and sources of
further information.
Fifth Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment
Technologies: Domestic and International, Proceedings,
Chicago, Illinois, May 3-5,1994.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office, Office of Research and Development, Washington,
DC, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati,
OH, May 1994
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-94/503
On May 3-5,1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency' s
Technology Innovation Office and Risk Reduction Engineer-
ing Laboratory hosted an international conference in Chicago.
15
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Overview/Program Documents
Illinois to exchange solutions to hazardous waste treatment
problems. During the conference, scientists and engineers
representing government agencies, industry, and academia
attended over 40 technical presentations and case studies de-
scribing domestic and international technologies for the treat-
ment of waste, sludges, and contaminated soils at uncontrolled
hazardous waste disposal sites. A Session was also held on
opportunities in research and commercialization, which in-
cluded presentations on export assistance programs and part-
nerships with EPA in developing innovative technologies. This
compendium includes the abstracts of the presentations from
the conference and many of the posters that were on display.
Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT)
Background Document for Vanadium-Containing
Wastes (PI 19 and P120), Volume 19.
Rosengrant, L. and Craig, R. M, Versar, Inc., Springfield,
VA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Office
of Solid Waste, May 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/530/SW-90/059S
NTIS Document Number: PB90-234196/XAB
The background document presents the Agency's technical
support and rationale for developing regulatory standards for
these wastes. Sections 2 through 6 present waste-specific
information for PI 19 and PI20 wastes. Section 2 presents the
number and location of facilities affected by the land disposal
restrictions, the waste-generating processes, and waste charac-
terization data. Section 3 discusses the technologies used to
treat the wastes (or similar wastes), and Section 4 presents
available performance data, including data upon which the
treatment standards are based. Section 5 explains EPA's
determination of BDAT. Treatment standards for vanadium
wastes are determined in Section 6.
Fourth Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treat-
ment Technologies: Domestic and International, Techni-
cal Papers, San Francisco, California, November 17-19,
1992.
U.S. Env ironmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office. Office of Research and Development, Washington,
DC. Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati,
OH. February 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-93/500
Engineering Laboratory, the Department of Energy, the Corps
of Engineers, and the California Environmental Protection
Agency hosted an international conference in San Francisco,
California, to exchange solutions to hazardous waste treatment
problems. This conference was attended by approximately
1.000 representatives from the U.S. and 25 foreign countries.
During the conference, scientists and engineers representing
government agencies, industry, and academia attended 42
technical presentations and case studies describing domestic
and international technologies for the treatment of waste, slud-
ges, and contaminated soils at uncontrolled hazardous waste
disposal sites. Technologies included physical/chemical, bio-
logical, thermal, and stabilization techniques. Presentations
were made by EPA, their Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) program participants, other federal and state
agencies and their contractors, international scientists, and
vendors. This document contains abstracts of the presentations
from the conference and many of the posters that were on
display.
Handbook on In Situ Treatment of Hazardous Waste-
Contaminated Soils, Report for May 1988 - July 1989.
Chambers, C. D.; Willis, J.; Giti-Pour. S.: Zieleniewski. J.
L.; and Rickabaugh. J. F., PEI Associates. Inc.. Cincinnati.
OH, Cincinnati University, OH, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and
Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
January 1990
On November 17-19, 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Technology Innovation Office and Risk Reduction
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-90/002
NTTS Document Number: PB90-155607/XAB
The handbook is intended to assemble state-of-the-art informa-
tion on in situ treatment technologies for hazardous waste-
contaminated soils. Detailed information is provided on the
following specific in situ treatment technologies: soil flushing,
degradation, control of volatile materials, and chemical and
physical separation technologies. The information presented is
detailed enough to provide the reader with adequate data for an
initial evaluation of the applicability of a technology in certain
situations, yet general enough to be useful and informative to
those whose backgrounds are not highly technical. Extensive
references are provided for those who wish to seek more detail
on a given topic. The Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
is continuing with its research on in situ treatment to improve
technologies discussed in the handbook and to explore new
technologies.
16D
Handbook: Remediation of Contaminated Sediments.
Voskuil, T., Equity Associates, Inc., Knoxville. TN. U.S.
16
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Overview/Program Documents
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and
Development. Washington. DC. April 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/625/6-9 1/028
NTIS Document Number: PB93-1 16275/XAB
EPA Document Number: EPA/9200.5-254/FS
NTIS Document Number: PB90-274226/XAB
The fact sheet provides technology description, site character-
The handbook focuses on small site contaminated sediments
remediation with particular emphasis on treatment technolo-
gies. It is designed to provide a succinct resource booklet for
individuals with responsibilities for the management of con-
taminated sediments. The handbook is organized to address the
major concerns facing contaminated sediment remediation.
Chapter I describes the physical and chemical characteristics of
sediment, with special emphasis on ways in which sediment
property changes affect contaminant mobility. Chapter II
addresses sediment toxicity assessment and describes the cur-
rent status of the EPA effort to address this important topic.
Chapter III discusses sampling techniques and analytical and
modeling methods used to characterize contaminated sedi-
ments. Chapter IV describes removal and transport options.
Chapter V presents pre-treatmenttechnologies. Chapter VI. the
primary focus of the handbook, describes four major classes of
treatment technologies. The chapter offers a comprehensive
overview of specific treatment technologies and addresses
applicability, limitations, and demonstrated results: it also
presents references for further information. Finally, Chapter
VII reviews disposal alternatives for contaminated sediments
that are not treated.
and technology status for glycolate dehalogenation. The sheet
describes the process as being potentially effective in detoxify-
ing specific types of aromatic organic contaminants, particu-
larly dioxins and PCBs.
Innovative Technology: Soil Washing, Fact Sheet, Final.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington. DC.
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, November 1989
EPA Document Number: EPA/9200.5-250/FS
NTIS Document Number: PB90-274184/XAB
The fact sheet provides technology description, site character-
istics affecting treatment feasibility, technology considerations.
and technology status for soil washing. The fact sheet describes
how soil washing can be potentially beneficial in the separation/
segregation and volumetric reduction of hazardous materials in
solids, sludges, and sediments.
Innovative Technology: B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Process, Fact Sheet, Final.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, November 1989
EPA Document Number: EPA/9200.5-253/FS
NTIS Document Number: PB90-274218/XAB
The fact sheet provides technology description, site character-
istics affecting treatment feasibility, technology considerations,
and technology status for the B.E.S.T. solvent extraction pro-
cess. The sheet describes the B.E.S.T. process as using one or
more secondary or tertiary amines to separate toxic wastes and
oils from sludses or soils.
Innovative Technology: Glycolate Dehalogenation, Fact
Sheet, Final.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington. DC.
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, November 1989
Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status
Report (Fifth Edition).
Fiedler, L., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wash-
ington, DC, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
Technology Innovation Office, September 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/R-93/003
NTIS Document Number: PB93-133387/XAB
This yearly report (formerly published semi-annually) docu-
ments and analyzes the selection and use of innovative treat-
ment technologies at Superfund sites and some non-Superfund
sites under the jurisdiction of DOD and DOE. The information
will allow better communication between experienced technol-
ogy users and those who are considering innovative technolo-
gies to clean up contaminated sites. In addition, the information
will enable technology vendors to evaluate the market for
innovative technologies in Superfund for the next several years.
It also will be used by the Technology Innovation Office to track
progress in the application of innovative treatment technolo-
gies.
17
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Overview/Program Documents
Innovative Treatment Technologies: Overview and*
Guide to Information Sources.
Quander, J. and Kingscott, J.. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response, Technology Innovation Office,
October 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/9-91/002
NTIS Document Number: PB92-179001/XAB
The document is a compilation of information on innovative
treatment technologies being used in the Superfund program
and is intended to assist site project managers, consultants.
responsible parties, and owner/operators in their efforts to
identify current literature on innovative treatment technologies
for hazardous waste remediation on corrective action. The
technologies addressed in the guide include the following:
incineration, thermal desorption. soil washing, solvent extrac-
t'on, dechlonnation. bioremediation, vacuum extraction, vitri-
ation. and ground water treatment. Also included in the guide
lor the user's reference are summary statistics of EPA's selec-
tion and application of innovative treatment technologies be-
tween 1982 and 1990. In addition, the guide provides for each
technology a detailed description, status of development and
application, strengths, weaknesses and materials handling con-
siderations. A comprehensive bibliography for each technol-
ogy can be found within each chapter.
conjunction with other treatments that destroy contaminants or
remove them from the extraction fluid and ground water.
18C
Overview of Conventional and Innovative Land-Based
Thermal Technologies for Waste Disposal.
Oberacker, D. A., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and Development, Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/D-90/214
NTIS Document Number: PB91-136929/XAB
For more than the past two decades, the U.S. EPA has been
aggressive in its research, development, perforn e testing.
and encouragement of the regulated use of pr i thermal
destruction (or incineration) technologies for the environmen-
tally acceptable treatment and disposal of combustible waste
streams. Nationally, significant percentages of residential solid
waste, municipal sewage sludge, and a variety of industrial.
chemical, and agricultural wastes are routinely treated by
thermal systems. The paper is an overview of-trie state-of-the-
art of land-based incineration, emphasizing both conventional
and innovative hazardous waste thermal treatment technolo-
gies and regulatory performance standards. High temperature
systems, low-temperature thermal desorption. pyrolysis units.
heat recovery, and newer systems involving fluidized beds.
oxygen-enriched combustion, plasma-arc units, and solar-as-
sisted incineration, etc. are discussed.
In Situ Soil Flushing, Engineering Bulletin.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, October 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-91/021
NTIS Document Number: PB92-180025/XAB
In situ soil flushing is the extraction of contaminants from the
soil w ith water or other suitable aqueous solutions. Soil flushing
is accomplished by passing the extraction fluid through in-
place soils using an injection or infiltration process. Extraction
fluids must be recovered and, when possible, are recycled. The
method is potentially applicable to all types of soil contami-
nants. Soil flushing enables the removal o ontaminants from
the soil and is most effective on impermeai t soils. An effective
collection system is required to prevent migration of contami-
nants and potentially toxic extraction fluids to uncontaminated
areas of the aquifer. Soil flushing, in conjunction with in situ
bioremediation, may be a cost-effective means of soil
remediation at certain sites. Typically, soil flushing is used in
Overview of In Situ Waste Treatment Technologies.
Walker, S.; Hyde, R. A.; Piper, R. B.; and Roy, M. W.,
EG&G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC, 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE92-018012/XAB
In situ technologies are becoming an attractive remedial alter-
native for eliminating environmental problems. In situ treat-
ments typically reduce risks and costs associated with retriev-
ing, packaging, and storing or disposing waste and are generally
preferred over ex situ treatments. Each in situ technology has
specific applications, and, in order to provide the most eco-
nomical and practical solution to a waste problem, these appli-
cations must be understood. This paper presents an overview of
thirty different in situ remedial technologies for buried wastes
or contaminated soil areas. The objective of this paper is to
familiarize those involved in waste remediation activities with
available and emerging in situ technologies so that they may
consider these options in the remediation of hazardous and/or
radioactive waste sites. Several types of in situ technologies are
18
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Overview/Program Ooc~
discussed, including biological treatments, containment tech-
nologies, physical/chemical treatments, solidification/stabili-
zation technologies, and thermal treatments. Each category of
in situ technology is briefly examined in this paper. Specific
treatments belonging to these categories are also reviewed.
Much of the information on in situ treatment technologies in
this paper was obtained directly from vendors and universities
and this information has not been verified.
Overview of the Department of Energy's Soil Washing
Workshop.
EG&G Energy Measurements. Inc.. Las Vegas. NV. Remote
Sensing Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy. Washing-
ton. DC. September 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE92-014985/XAB
The Soil Washing Workshop was convened in Las Vegas.
Nevada, on August 28-29. 1990 at the request ot'C.W. Frank.
Associate Director. Office of Technology Development. U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE). The purpose of the workshop
was to determine the status of existing soil washing technolo-
gies and their applicability to specific soil contamination prob-
lems at DOE sites and at Supertund sues of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA). From the workshop delib-
erations, a course of action was recommended in developing
soil washing technologies. Presentations were given describ-
ing the soil contamination problems at various DOE sites. The
factors addressed for each site included: type of contamination
(organic, heavy metals, radionuclides, etc.). sources of con-
tamination (leaking tanks, ponds, soil columns, pipes, etc.).
types of soils that are contaminated, magnitude of the problem.
current site activities (remediation), other considerations that
impact the use of soil washing technology (e.g.. environmental,
site policies, etc.), and regulations and standards the sites are
required to meet. Major findings and presentations of the
workshop are presented.
PCB Management Technologies for Natural Gas Trans-
mission and Distribution Systems, Topical Report,
October 1989 - March 1990.
Woodyard. J. P.: Fitzgerald, M.; Jones, G.; Sheehan. G.; and
Davisson. C.. Weston (Roy F.). Inc., Walnut Creek. CA. Gas
Research Institute. Chicago. IL. December 1990
NTIS Document Number: PB91-185041/XAB
compressor systems throughout the gas transmission anddistn-
bution industries. Treatment technologies for the potentulK
contaminated media (pipelines, condensate. soil, sludge, water.
building, equipment, and tanks) include thermal treatment.
chemical dechlonnation, landfill, physical separation, and
bioremediation. Pigging technology has been the traditional
method for decontaminating pipeline, though solvent Hushing
and swabbing are available for precut pipeline sections. Pipe-
line PCB-contarrunated condensate is commonly incinerated.
but chemical dechlonnation is another option for treatment
PCB-contaminated soils and sludges have been either disposed
of through use of landfills or by thermal treatment. Se\eral
other technologies have been investigated and some are com-
mercially available. PCB-contaminated w ater is tv picalI> treated
through commercial incineration or filtration/carbon abvop-
tion. Decontamination of equipment and buildings includes a
variety of fundamental effective techniques. Relevant sampling
and analysis techniques were also reviewed.
Presumptive Remedies: Site Characterization and
Technology Selection for CERCLA Sites with Volatile
Organic Compounds in Soils. Fact Sheet.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington. DC.
Office of Solid Waste and Emergencv Response. September
1993
As part of a program to assist gas companies in selecting and
implementing cost effective PCB management technologies, a
rev tew of av ailable technologies for a variety of contamination
scenarios in gas transmission and distribution was performed.
Fluids containing PCBs were used as lubricants in gas and air
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/F-93'
-------
Overview/ Progra'
NTIS Document Number: PB91 - 144873/XAB
rrucro-organisms; and use of enzyme systems capable ot cata-
lyzing reductive dehalogenation.
Introduction and large-scale production of synthetic haloge-
nated organic chemicals over the last fifty years has resulted in
a sroup ot contaminants that tend to persist in the environment
and resist both biotic and abiotic degradation. The low solubil-
ity of these types of contaminants, along with their toxicity and
tendency to accumulate in food chains, make them particularly
relevant targets for remediation activities. Among the mecha-
nisms that result in dehalogenation of some classes of organic
contaminants are stimulation of metabolic sequences through
introduction of electron donor and acceptor combinations;
addition of nutrients to meet the needs of dehalogenatmg
microorganisms; possible use of engineered microorganisms;
and use of enzyme systems capable of catalyzing reductive
dehalogenation. The current state of research and development
m the area of reductive dehalogenation is discussed along with
possible technological application of relevant processes and
mechanisms for the remediation of soil and ground water
contaminated with chlorinated organics. In addition, an over-
v lew of research needs is suggested, which might be of interest
for development of in situ systems to reduce the mass of
halosenated oraanic contaminants in soil and ground water.
Reductive Dehalogenation of Organic Contaminants in
Soils and Ground Water, Ground Water Issue.
Sims. J. L. Suflita. J. M; and Russell. H. H.. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory. Ada. OK. January 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/4-90/054
NTIS Document Number: PB91-191056VXAB
Introduction and large scale production of synthetic haloge-
nated organic chemicals over the last 50 years has resulted in a
group of contaminants that tend to persist in the environment
and res^t both biotic and abiotic degradation. The low solubil-
ity of these types of contaminants, along with their toxicity and
tendencv to accumulate in food chains, make them particularly
relevant targets for remediation activities. Although the pro-
cesses involved m dechlonnation of many of these organic
compounds are well understood in the fields of chemistry and
microbiology, technological applications of these processes to
environmental remediation are relatively newparticularly at
pilot or field scale. It; s well established, however, that there are
several mechanisms that result in dehalogenation of some
classes of organic contaminants, often rendering them less
offensive environmentally. These include; stimulation of meta-
bolic sequences through introduction of electron donor and
acceptor combinations; addition of nutrients to meet the needs
of dehalogenating microorganisms: possible use of engineered
20B
Role of Innovative Remediation Technologies.
Doesburg, J. M.. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories.
Richland. WA. Environmental Management Operations.
U.S. Department of Energy. Washington. DC. May 1992
NTTS Document Number: DE92-015072/XAB
There are currently over 1200 sites on the U.S. Supertund'>
National Priorities List (NPL) of hazardous waste Mtes. and
there are over 30.000 sites listed by the Comprehen>i\e Envi-
ronmental Responsibility, Compensation, and Liability Infor-
mation System (CERCLIS). The traditional approach to
remediating sites in the U.S. has been to remove the material
and place it in a secure landfill, or in the case of grounduater.
pump and treat the effluent. These technologies ha\ e prov en to
be very expensive and don't really fix the problem. The ^ jste
is just moved from one place to another. In recent vearv
however, alternative and innovative technologies have heen
increasingly used in the U.S. to replace the traditional ap-
proaches. This paper will focus on just ->ucri innovative
remediation technologies in the U.S.. looking at the regulator-
drivers, the emerging technologies, some ot the problem^ \\\
deploying technologies, and a case study.
Separation of Heavy Metals: Removal from Industrial
Wastewaters and Contaminated Soil.
Peters. R. W. and Shen. L., Argonne National Laboratory.
IL, Energy Systems Division. U.S. Department of Energy.
Washington, DC, May 1993
NTIS Document Number: DE93-008657/XAB
This paper reviews the applicable separation technologies
relating to removal of heavy metals from solution and from soils
to present the state-of-the-art in the field. Each technology is
briefly described and typical operating conditions and technol-
ogy performance are presented. Technologies described in-
clude chemical precipitation (including hydroxide, carbonate.
or sulfide reagents), coagulation/flocculation, ion exchange.
solvent extraction, extraction with chelating agents, complex -
ation. electrochemical operation, cementation, membrane op-
erations, evaporation, adsorption, solidification/stabilization.
and vitrification. Several case histories are described, with a
focus on waste reduction techniques and remediation of lead-
contaminated soils. The paper concludes with a short discus-
sion of important research needs in the field.
20
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Overview/Program Documents
21A
Soil Washing as a Potential Remediation Technology for
Contaminated DOE Sites.
Devgun. J. S.: Beskid, N. J.; Natsis. M. E.: and Walker, J. S.,
Argonne National Laboratory, IL, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC, 1993
NTIS Document Number: DE93-009205/XAB
Frequently detected contaminants at U.S. Department of En-
ergy (DOE) sites include radionuclides, heavy metals, and
chlorinated hydrocarbons. Remediation of these sites requires
application of several technologies used in concert with each
other, because no single technology is universally applicable.
Special situations, such as mixed waste, generally require
innovative technology development. This paper, however,
focuses on contaminated soils, for which soil washing and
vitrification technologies appear to have wide ranging applica-
tion potential. Because the volumes of contaminated soils
around the DOE complex are so large, soil washing can offer a
potentially inexpensive way to effect remediation or to attain
waste volume reduction. As costs for disposal of low-level and
mixed wastes continue to rise, it is likely that volume-reduction
techniques and in situ containment techniques will become
increasingly important. This paper reviews the status of the soil
washing technology, examines the systems that are currently
available, and discusses the potential application of this tech-
nology to some DOE sites, with a focus on radionuclide
contamination and, primarily, uranium-contaminated soils.
21B
Soil Washing Treatment, Engineering Bulletin.
Science Applications International Corp., Cincinnati, OH,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, September 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-90/017
NTIS Document Number: PB91-228056/XAB
Soil washing is a water-based process for mechanically scrub-
bing soils ex situ to remove undesirable contaminants. The
process removes contaminants from soils in one of two ways:
by dissolving or suspending them in the wash solution (which
is later treated by conventional wastewater treatment methods)
or by concentrating them into a smaller volume of soil through
simple particle size separation techniques (similar to those used
in sand and gravel operations). Soil washing systems incorpo-
rating both removal techniques offer the greatest promise for
application to soils contaminated with a wide variety of heavy
metal and organic contaminants. The concept of reducing soil
contamination through the use of particle size separation is
based on the finding that most organic and inorganic contami-
nants tend to bind, either chemically or physically, to clay and
silt soil particles. At the present time, soil washing is used
extensively in Europe and has had limited use in the United
States. During 1986-1989, the technology was one of the
selected source control remedies at eight Superfund sites. The
bulletin provides information on the technology applicability.
the types of residuals resulting from the use of the technology.
the latest performance data, site requirements, the status of the
technology, and where to go for further information.
Solvent Extraction Processes: A Survey of Systems in the
SITE Program, Journal Article: Published in Journal of
Air and Waste Management Association, v42, p. 118-1121,
August 1992.
Meckes, M. C; Renard, E.; Rawe. J.; and Wahl, G.. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati. OH. Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-92/404
NTIS Document Number: PB93-131795/XAB
Solvent extraction of contaminated soils, sludges, and
sediments has been successfully completed at a number of
Superfund sites. Each commercialized process uses a unique
operating system to extract organic contaminants from
solids. These operating systems may be classified by the
properties of the solvents each utilizes: (1) standard sol-
vents, (2) near-critical fluids/liquified gases, and (3) critical
solution temperature solvents. The paper discusses pre-
treatment and post-treatment requirements, and discusses the
operating systems of the solvent extraction system currently
in the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program. Future demonstrations of these technologies by the
U.S. EPA's SITE Program will provide additional informa-
tion regarding the efficacy of these processes.
21D
Solvent Extraction Treatment, Engineering Bulletin.
Science Applications International Corporation, Cincinnati,
OH, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Office
of Emergency and Remedial Response, September 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-90/013
NTIS Document Number: PB91-228015/XAB
Solvent extraction does not destroy wastes but is a means of
separating hazardous contaminants from soils, sludges, a. :
sediments, thereby reducing the volume of the hazardous waste
21
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Overview/Program Documents
that must be treated. Generally, it is used as one in a series of
unit operations and can reduce the overall cost for managing a
particular site. It is applicable to organic wastes and is generally
not used for treating inorganics and metals. The technology
uses an organic chemical as a solvent and differs from soil
washing, which generally uses water or water with wash im-
proving additives. During 1989. the technology was one of the
selected remedies at six Superfund sites. Commercial-scale
units are in operation. There is no clear solvent extraction
technology leader by virtue of the solvent employed, type of
equipment used, or mode of operation. The final determination
of the lowest cost alternative will be more site-specific than
process equipment dominated. Vendors should be contacted to
determine the availability of a unit for a particular site. The
bulletin provides information on the technology applicability.
the types of residuals produced, the latest performance data, site
requirements, the status of the technology, and sources for
further information.
Summary of Treatment Technology Effectiveness for
Contaminated Soil.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response. June 1990
NTTS Document Number: PB92-963351/XAB
The document presents the results of a study conducted by the
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response that collected soil
treatment data and analyzed the effectiveness of thermal de-
struction, dechlorination. bioremediation, low temperature ther-
mal desorption, chemical extraction, soil washing, and immo-
bilization on contaminant treatability groups. The document
presents the recommendations developed for the treatment of
contaminated soil.
22B
Superfund Engineering Issue: Treatment of Lead-
Contaminated Soils.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emer-
gency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, April 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-91/009
NTIS Document Number: PB91-921291/XAB
Coordinators (OSCs) with an overview of the state-of-the-art
technology for treatment of lead-contaminated soils. The
seminar was organized to address site characterization issues
and actual treatment technologies. The treatment technologies
were divided into two categones: demonstrated and emerging
technologies. The demonstrated technologies included extrac-
tion processes (e.g., soil washing and acid leaching) and solidi-
fication/stabilization techniques. The emerging technologies
included in situ vitrification, electrokinetics, and flash smelt-
ing. The remainder of the bulletin summarizes information
concerning data needs for site and soil characterization and the
applicability of the discussed treatment technologies.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program: Innovation Making a Difference.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development. Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
Cincinnati, OH, May 1994
This bulletin summarizes the contents of a seminar on treatment
of lead-contaminated soils presented on August 28, 1990, to
Region V Superfund and RCRA personnel by members of
EPA's Engineering and Treatment Technology Support Center
located in the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL)
in Cincinnati, Ohio. The seminar was developed to provide
Regional Remedial Project Manager (RPMs) and On-Scene
EPA Document Number: EPA540/F-94/505
The Superfund Innovative Technology Demonstration (SITE)
Program encourages commercialization of innovative tech-
nologies for characterizing and remediating hazardous waste
site contamination through four components: Demonstration.
Emerging Technology; Monitoring and Measurement Pro-
grams; and Technology Transfer Activities. The information
presented in this brochure addresses the demonstration segment
of the program. The demonstration component evaluates
promising innovative remedial technologies on site and pro-
vides reliable performance, cost and applicability information
for making cleanup decisions. This document lists the advan-
tages of the SITE Program as well as statistics such as the
percentage of RODs using innovative technology, cost savings
with innovative technologies for 17 sites, and market activities
as reported by SITE vendors.
220
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program:
Technology Profiles (Sixth Edition).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emerency
and Remedial Response, Office of Research and Develop-
ment, November 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-93/526
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Pro-
gram evaluates new and promising treatment and monitoring
and measurement technologies for cleanup of hazardous w aste
sites. The program was created to encourage the development
and routine use of innovative treatment technologies. As a
result, the SITE Program provides environmental decision-
makers with data on new. viable treatment technologies that
-------
Studies arc Oerrcrsr-a: ens
Technologies to remediate hazardous wastes must be matched
with the properties of the hazardous materials to be treated, the
environment in which the wastes are imbedded, and the desired
extent of remediation. Many promising tecnnologies are being
developed and applied to remediate sites including biological
treatment,immobilization techniques, and in situ methods. The
management and disposal of hazardous wastes is changing
because of Federal and State legislation as well as public
concern. Future waste management systems will emphasize the
substitution of alternatives for the use of hazardous materials
and process waste recycling. On site treatment will also
become more frequently adopted.
to document the applicability and performance of a thermal
desorption system. Thermal desorption is applicable to organic
wastes and generally is not used for treating metals and other
inorganics. Depending on the specific thermal desorption ven-
dor selected, the technology heats contaminated media between
200-1000' F, driving off water and volatile contaminants. Off
gases may be burned in an afterburner, condensed to reduce the
volume to be disposed, or captured by carbon adsorption beds
The bulletin provides information on the technology applicabil-
ity, limitations, the types of residuals produced, the latest
performance data, site requirements, the status of the technol-
ogy, and sources for further information.
Technology Catalogue, First Edition.
Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Manage-
ment. Office of Technology Development, Washington. DC.
February 1994
DOE Document Number: DOE/EM-0138P
NTIS Document Number DE94-008866/XAB
The catalogue provides performance data on the technologies
developed by the Office of Technology Development < OTD) to
scientists and engineers assessing and recommending technical
solutions within the Department's clean-up and waste manage-
ment programs, as well as to industry, other Federal and State
agencies, and academic community. The Technology Cata-
logue features technologies that have been successfully demon-
strated in the field through Integrated Demonstrations (IDs) and
are considered sufficiently mature to be used in the near term.
The Catalogue also discusses the status of the development of
these innovative technologies. Forty-three technologies are
featured: 22 characterization/monitoring technologies and 21
remediation technologies.
24B
Thermal Desorption Treatment, Engineering Bulletin.
Oberacker, D.; Lafornara, P.; and dePercin, P., Science
Applications International Corp.. Cincinnati, OH, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Emer-
gency and Remedial Response, May 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-91/008
NTIS Document Number: PB91-228080/XAB
Thermal desorption is an ex situ means to physically separate
volatile and some semivolatile contaminants from soil, sedi-
ments, sludges, and filter cakes. For wastes containing up to
10% organics. thermal desorption can be used alone for site
remediation. Site-specific treatability studies may be necessary
VOCs in Arid Soils: Technology Summary.
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental
Management, Office of Technology Development. Wash-
ington, DC. February 1994
DOE Document Number: DOE/EM-0136P
NTIS Document Number: DE94-008864/XAB
The Office of Technology Development at the U.S Department
of Energy developed costeffective mechanisms for assembling
a group of related and synergistic technologies to ev aluate their
performance individually or as a complete system in correcting
waste management and environmental problems from cradle to
grave called Integrated Demonstrations. An Integrated Dem-
onstration for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCsi in And
Soils is discussed in this document. The document discusses
technologies to clean up VOCs and associated contaminants in
soil and groundwater at arid sites and includes information on
drilling, characterization and monitoring, retrieval of contami-
nants, above grc J treatment of contaminants, and in ground
treatment of contaminants. Technologies discussed include.
heavy-weight cone penetrometer drilling, directional drilling,
ResonantSonicSM drilling, borehole samplers, halosnifs, por-
table acoustic wave sensors, unsaturated wave apparatus, and
supercritical fluid extraction / field detection. Processes and
technologies used to complete them which are discussed in-
clude in-well vapor stripping, off-gas membrane separation.
supported liquid membranes, steam reforming, turnable hybrid
plasma, and in situ bioremediation of groundwater.
STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS
Documents Focusing on Test Design
100 Area Soil Washing T stability Test Plan.
U.S. Department of Energy, Richland, WA, Richland Field
Office, March 1993
24
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Studies ana C
NTIS Document Number: DE93-012617/XAB
This test plan describes specifications, responsibilities, and
general methodology for conducting a soil washing treatability
study as applied to source unit contamination in the 100 Area.
The objective of this treatability study is to evaluate the use of
physical separation systems and chemical extraction methods
as a means of separating chemically and radioactively contami-
nated soil fractions from u neon laminated soil fractions. The
purpose of separating these fractions is 10 minimize the volume
of soil requiring permanent disposal. It is anticipated that this
treatability study will be performed in (wo phases of testing, a
remedy screening phase and a remedy selection phase. The
remedy screening phase consists of laboratory- and bench-scale
studies performed by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
(PNLi under a work order issued by Westmghouse Hanford
Company i Westinghouse Hanford). This phase will be used to
provide qualitative evaluation of the potential effectiveness of
the soil washing technology. The remedy selection phase con-
sists of pilot-scale testing performed under a separate service
contract. The remedy selection phase will provide data to
support evaluation of the soil washing technology in future
feasibility studies for Interim Remedial Measures (IRMs) or
rlnal operable unit (OU) remedies. Performance data from these
tests will indicate whether applicable or relevant and appropri-
ate requirements < ARARs) or cleanup goals can be met at the
siteisi by application of soil washing. The remedy selection
tests will also allow estimation of costs associated with imple-
mentation to the accuracy required for the Feasibility Study.
300-FF-l Physical Separations CERCLA Treatability
Test Plan, Revision 1.
U.S. Department of Energy, Richland, WA, Richland Field
Office. Mav 1993
NTIS Document Number: DE93-014915/XAB
This test plan describes specifications, responsibilities, and
general procedures to be followed to conduct physical separa-
tions soil treatability tests in the north process pond of the 300-
FF-1 Operable Unit at the Hanford Site. The overall objective
of these tests is to evaluate the use of physical separations
systems as a means of concentrating chemical and radioactive
contaminants into fine soil fractions, thereby minimizing waste
volumes. If successful, the technology could be applied to
cleanup millions of cubic meters of contaminated soils at
Hanford and other sites. In this document, physical separations
refers to a simple and comparatively low cost technology to
potentially achieve a significant reduction in the volume of
contaminated soils without the use of chemical processes.
Removal of metals and radioactive contaminants from the fine
fraction of soils may require additional treatment such as
chemical extraction, electromagnetic separation, or stabiliza-
tion. Investigations/testing of these technologies are recom-
mended to assess the economic and technical feasibility of
additional treatment, but are not within the scope of this test.
This plan provides guidance and specifications for two pro-
posed treatability tests. The main body of this test plan dis-
cusses the tests in general and items that are common to both
tests. Attachment A discusses in detail the EPA system test and
Attachment B discusses the vendor test.
25B
Chemical Dehalogenation Treatment: Base-Catalyzed
Decomposition Process (BCDP), Technical Data Sheet.
Naval Energy and Environmental Support Activity. Port
Hueneme. CA. July 1992
NTIS Document Number: PB93-182939/XAB
The Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process (BCDP) is an
efficient, relatively inexpensive treatment process for poly-
chlonnated biphenyls (PCBs). It is also effective on other
halogenated contaminants such as insecticides, herbicides.
pentachlorophenol (PCP). lindane. and chlorinated
dibenzodioxms and furans. The heart of BCDP is the rotary
reactor in which most of the decomposition takes place. The
contaminated soil is first screened, processed w ith a crusher and
pugrrull. and stockpiled. Next, in the main treatment step, this
stockpile is mixed with sodium bicarbonate (in the amount of
IG^c of the weight of the stockpile) and heated for about one
hour at 630° F in the rotary reactor. Most (about 60'"c to ^o'; >
of the PCBs in the soil are decomposed in this step. The
remainder are volatilized, captured, and decomposed.
Engineering Considerations for the Recovery of Cesium
from Geologic Materials.
Whalen, C., Jason Associates Corp., San Diego, CA, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, May 1993
NTIS Document Number: DE93-015092/XAB
Sorption coefficients for cesium in a variety of media have been
compiled from a search of the open literature. The sorption
coefficient, or K
-------
Studies and Demonstrations
design is based on a material-balance description of the extrac-
tion process. The information presented in this report provides
a basis to predict the movement of cesium through geologic
materials and also to design and predict the performance of
extraction processes such as soil washing.
EPA's Mobile Volume Reduction Unit for Soil Washing,
Conference Paper.
Masters, H. and Rubin. B., Foster Wheeler Enviresponse,
Inc., Livingston, NJ, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and Development, Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/D-91/202
NTIS Document Number: PB91 -231209/XAB
The paper discusses the design and initial operation of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Mobile Volume
Reduction Unit (VRU) for soil washing. Soil washing removes
contaminants from soils by dissolving or suspending them in
the wash solutions (which can be later treated by conventional
waste water treatment methods) or by volume reduction through
simple particle size separation techniques. Contaminants are
primarily concentrated in the fine-grained (<0.063 mm. 0.0025
inch) soil fraction. The VRU is a pilot-scale mobile system for
washing soil contaminated with a w ide variety of heavy metal
and organic contaminants. The unit includes state-of-the-art
washing equipment for field applications.
26B
Hanford Site: Physical Separations CERCLA
Treatability Test Plan.
U.S. Department of Energy, Richland, WA, Richland Field
Office, March 1992
NTIS Document Number DE93-002048/XAB
removal of metals and radioactive contaminants from the tine
fraction of soils will require secondary treatment such as
chemical extraction, electromagnetic separation, or other tech-
nologies. Additional investigations/testing are recommended
to assess the economic and technical feasibility of applying
secondary treatment technologies but are not within the scope
of this test. This plan provides guidance and specifications tor
the treatability test.
Hanford Site: Soil Washing: A Preliminary Assessment
of its Applicability to Hanford.
Gerber, M. A.; Freeman. H. D.; Baker, E. G.; and Riemath.
W. F., Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland.
WA, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington. DC. Septem-
ber 1991
This test plan describes specifications, responsibilities, and
general procedures to be followed to conduct a physical sepa-
rations soil treatability test in the North Process Pond of the 300-
FF-1 Operable Unit at the Hanford Site, Washington. The
objective of this test is to evaluate the use of physical separation
systems as a means of concentrating chemical and radioactive
contaminants into fine soil fractions, thereby minimizing waste
volumes. If successful, the technology could be applied to clean
up millions of cubic meters of contaminated soils in waste sites
at Hanford and other sites. It is not the intent of this test to
remove contaminated materials from the fine soils. Physical
separation is a simple and comparatively low cost technology
to potentially achieve a significant reduction in the volume of
contaminated soils. Organic contaminants are expected to be
insignificant for the 300-FF-I Operable Unit test, and further
NTIS Document Number DE91 -018654/XAB
Soil washing is being considered for treating soils at the U.S.
Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford Site. As a result of
over 50 years of operations to produce plutomum for the U.S.
Department of Defense and research for DOE. soils in areas
within the site are contaminated with hazardous wastes and
radionuclides. In the soil washing process, contaminated soil is
mixed with a liquid and then physically and/or chemicallv
treated to dissolve the contaminants into solution and/or con-
centrate them in a small fraction of the soil. The purpose ot this
procedure is to separate the contaminants from the bulk ot the
soil. The key to successful application is to match the tvpes ot
contaminant sand soil characteristics with physical-chemical
methods that perform well under the existing conditions. The
applicability of soil washing to Hanford Site contaminated soils
must take into account both the characteristics of the oil and the
type of contamination. Hanford soils typically contain up to
90% sand, gravel, and cobbles, which generally are favorable
characteristics for soil washing. For example, in soil samples
from the north pond in the 300 Area, 80% to 90% of the soil
particles were larger than 250 (mu) m. The principal contami-
nants in the soil are radionuclides, heavy metals, and nitrate and
sulfate salts. For most of the sites, organic contaminants are
either not present or are found in very low concentration.
26D
I
Innovative Operational Treatment Technologies for
Application to Superfund Site: Nine Case Studies, Final
Report
Young, C.; Schmoyer, B.; Edison, J.; Roeck, D.; and Ball. J .
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, April 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-90/006
NTIS Document Number: PB90-202656/XAB
26
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Nine case studies are presented in a report that was designed to
identify and obtain operational data from ongoing and com-
pleted remediation efforts. The case studies are presented as
appendices, and provide process description, performance,
operational, and cost data. The nine appendices present case
studies on the following topics: incineration of explosives and
contaminated soils, ground water extraction with air stripping,
ground water biodegradation treatment system, ground water
extraction and treatment, ground water extraction with air
stripping and soil vacuum extraction, ground water extraction
with physical, chemical and biological treatment, and chemical
treatment of groundwater and soil flushing.
tory (ENEL). The sequential extraction methodology is based
on micronutrient bioavailability studies wherein the soil matnx
is chemically dissected to selectively remove particular fixation
mechanisms independently. A mechanism-specific extractant
has the potential for greater removal efficiency than a broad-
spectrum extractant, such as acid, while using a less aggressive
chemistry and reducing resultant water treatment and dissolved
solids handling problems.
STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS (CONT'D)
Documents Focusing on the Study Results
McClellan Air Force Base: Soil Treatability Testing
Work Plan for RGB-Contaminated Soil: Installation
Restoration Program (IRP), Stage 7, Final Report,
February 1992 - September 1992.
Radian Corp., U.S. Air Force, Sacramento. CA, October
1992
NTIS Document Number: AD-A257 731/0/XAB
This work plan has been prepared for McClellan AFB as part of
the Soil Remedial Technologies Screening Project, the purpose
of which is to identify potentially applicable soil treatment
technologies for contaminants found in Operable Unit (OU) B
soils. The work plan presents the rationale and procedures for
treatability testing of two technologies applicable to polychlo-
nnated biphenyl (PCB), dioxin, and furan contaminated soil.
The work plan proposes bench-scale testing of the treatment
technologies on soil collected from Study Area 12 (SA-12)
where PCB, dioxin. and furan contamination have been de-
tected in samples collected over a wide area, and where initial
discussions with agency personnel indicate that treatment of the
soil will be required as part of the S A-12 remediation effort. The
two technologies selected for testing are: glycolate dechlonna-
tion using the APEG-PLUS process available from GRC Envi-
ronmental, Inc. and the Base-Catalyzed Desorption Process
(BCDP) developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
27B
Sequential Extraction Evaluation of Soil Washing for
Radioactive Contamination.
Gombert, D., Westinghouse Idaho Nuclear Company, Inc.,
Idaho Falls, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC,
1992
NTIS Document Number: DE92-041326YXAB
This paper describes an experimental plan for evaluating soil
washing technology for potential application to radioactively
contaminated soils at the Idaho National Engineering Labora-
Abiotic Transformation of Carbon Tetrachloride in the
Presence of Sulfide and Mineral Surfaces.
Kriegman-King, M. R. and Reinhard, M., Stanford Univer-
sity, CA, Department of Civil Engineering, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-92/097
NTTS Document Number: PB92-179738/XAB
Abiotic transformations, such as reductive dehalogenation and
nucleophilic substitution, can influence the fate of halogenated
aliphatic compounds in aqueous environments. Sulfide. com-
monly found in hypoxic environments such as landfill leachate.
hazardous waste plumes, and salt marshes, can act as an
electron donor (Schreier, 1990; Kriegman-King and Reinhard.
1991) or as a nucleophile (Schwarzenbach, et al., 1985; Haag
and Mill, 1988, Barbash and Reinhard, 1989) to promote
transformation of halogenated organics. In subsurface environ-
ments, transformation rates of halogenated organic compounds
may be influenced by mineral surfaces, in addition to the
aqueous chemistry (Estes and Vilker, 1989, Schreier, 1990;
Kriegman-King and Reinhard, 1991; Curtis, 1991). The pur-
pose of the work is to show the effect of mineral surfaces in the
presence of sulfide on the carbon tetrachloride (CTET) trans-
formation rate. Laboratory studies were conducted to identify
and quantify die environmental parameters that govern the
transformation rate of CTET. The parameters studied were
temperature, pH, mineral surface area, and sulfide concentra-
tion.
27D
Applications Analysis Report: SITE Program, CF
Systems Organics Extraction System, New Bedford,
Massachusetts, Final Report.
Valentinetti, R., Science Applications International Corpora-
tion, McLean, VA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and Development, Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, August 1990
27
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Studies and Demonstrations
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/A5-90/002
NTIS Document Number: PB91-1 13845/XAB
EPA Document Number: EP A/540/ AR-92/002
NTTS Document Number: PB93-101 152/XAB
The report summarizes the results of a Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration of the CF Sys-
tems critical fluid orgamcs extraction system at the New Bedford
Harbor, Massachusetts, Superfund site. It also provides a
review of those conditions which this technology is best suited
for, as well as comments by CF Systems Corporation. The
technology depends on the ability of organic pollutants to
solubilize in the process solvent, a liquefied gas. The pollutants
treated include polychlonnated biphenyls (PCBs) and poly-
nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
Bench-Scale Evaluation of Alternative Biological Treat-
ment Processes for the Remediation of Pentachlorophe-
nol- and Creosote-Contaminated Materials: Slurry-
Phase Bioremediation, Journal Article: Published in
Environmental Science and Technology, v25n6, p. 1055-
1061, 1991.
Mueller. J. G. ; Lantz. S. E.; Blattmann. B. O.: and
Chapman, P. J.. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze. FL. 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-91/331
NTIS Document Number: PB92-129683/XAB
Performance data on slurry-phase bioremediation of pentachlo-
rophenol i PCP)- and creosote-contaminated sediment and sur-
face soil were generated at the bench-scale level. Aqueous
slumes, containing 0.05% Triton X-100 to facilitate the soil
washing process and to help stabilize the suspensions, were
prepared from sediment and surface soil freshly obtained from
the American Creosote Works Superfund site at Pensacola,
Florida. Excluding PCP, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)-
fluoranthene. and indeno(123-cd)pyrene, slurry-phase
bioremediation of highly contaminated sediment (pH adjusted)
resulted in rapid and extensive biodegradation (3-5 days to
biodegrade > 50% of targeted compounds) of monitored con-
stituents. Data suggest that slurry-phase bioremediation strate-
gies can be effectively employed to remediate creosote-con-
taminated materials.
28B
Carver-Greenfield Process (Trade Name) Dehydro-Tech
Corporation, Applications Analysis Report, Final Report.
PRC Environmental Management, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, US.
Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati, OH, Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory. September 1992
The report evaluates the Dehydro-Tech Corporation's Carver-
Greenfield (C-G) Process and focuses on the technology's
ability to separate waste mixtures into their constituent solid,
organic, and water fractions while producing a solid residual
that meets applicable disposal requirements. The report pre-
sents performance and economic data from the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency's Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (Slit) demonstration and three case studies The
C-G Process demonstration was conducted as a pan of the SITE
Program at the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory's Re-
leases Control Branch facility in Edison, New Jersey, -sing
drilling mud waste from the PAB Oil Superfund site in Abh -\ille.
Louisiana. The system generated a treated solids prodi. that
passed Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
criteria for volatlles. semivolatiles and metals. Potential w astes
that might be treated by the technology include industrial
residues. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act wastes.
Superfund wastes, and other wastes contaminated with organic
compounds. Economic analyses indicate that the cost of using
the C-G Process is about $523/ton of which $302 is for site-
specific expenses.
CF Systems Organics Extraction Process New Bedford
Harbor, MA: Applications Analysis Report
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
Cincinnati, OH, August 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/A5-90/002
NTIS Document Number PB91-113845/XAB
This document discusses the Superfund Innovative Technol-
ogy Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration of the CF
Systems organics extraction technology. The SITE Program
Demonstration was conducted concurrently with dredging stud-
ies managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at the New
Bedford Harbor Superfund site in Massachusetts to obtain
specific operating and cost information that could be used in
evaluating the potential applicability of this technology to
Superfund sites. Contaminated sediments were treated by CF
Systems' Pit Cleanup Unit (PCU) that extracts organics from
contaminated soils based on their solubility in a mixture of
liquefied propane and butane. This document contains evalu-
ations of the unit's performance, operating conditions, health
and safety considerations, equipment and system materials
handling problems, and projected economics.
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Studies and Demonsrrar-ors
Chemical Dehalogenation Treatment: APEG Treatment,
Engineering Bulletin.
Science Applications International Corporation, Cincinnati,
OH. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office
of Emergency and Remedial Response, September 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-90/015
NTIS Document Number: PB9i -22803 l/XAB
The chemical dehalogenation system discussed in the report is
alkaline metal hydroxide/polyethylene glycol (APEG), which
is applicable to aromatic halogenated compounds. The metal
hydroxide that has been most widely used for this reagent
preparation is potassium hydroxide (KOH) in conjunction with
polyethylene glycol (PEG) (typically, average molecular weight
of 400 Daltons) to form a polymeric alkoxide referred to as
KPEG. However, sodium hydroxide has also been used in the
past and most likely will find increasing use in the future
because of patent applications that have been filed for modifi-
cation to this technology. This new approach will expand the
technology's applicability and efficacy and should reduce
chemical costs by facilitating the use of less costly sodium
hydroxide. A variation of this reagent is the use of potassium
hydroxide or sodium hydroxide/tetraethylene glycol. referred
to as ATEG. that is more effective on halogenated aliphatic
compounds. In some KPEG reagent formulations, dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO) is added to enhance reaction rate kinetics,
presumably by improving rates of extraction of the haloaromatic
contaminants. Previously developed dehalogenation reagents
involved dispersion of metallic sodium in oil or the use of highly
reactive organosodium compounds. The reactivity of metallic
sodium and these other reagents with water presented a serious
limitation to treating many waste matrices; therefore, these
other reagents are not discussed in this bulletin and are not
considered APEG processes.
29B
Demonstration of Remedial Action Technologies for
Contaminated Land and Ground Water, Volume 1, Final
Report, November 1986 - November 1991.
Olfenbuttel, R. F.; Dahl, T. O.; Hinsenveld, M.; James, S. C;
and Lewis, N., NATO Committee on the Challenges of
Modem Society, Brussels, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and Develop-
ment, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. February
1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/R-93/012 A
NTIS Document Number: PB93-218238/XAB
This document demonstrates the selection of remedies at com-
plex hazardous waste sites. Topics covered in this document
include: thermal technologies, stabilization/solidification tech-
nologies, soil vapor extraction technologies, physical/chemi-
cal extraction technologies, chemical treatment of contami-
nated soils (APEG), and microbial treatment technologies.
Demonstration of Thermal Stripping of JP-4 and Other
VOCs from Soils at Tinker Air Force Base Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma, Final Report, September 1988 - March
1990.
Marks. P. J.: Noland, J. W.; and Nielsen. R. K.. Roy F
Weston, Inc., West Chester, PA, U.S. Air Force. March
NTIS Document Number: AD-A222 235/4/XAB
The patented Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3>
System was previously proven to be successful in treating soils
contaminated with volatile organic compounds and petroleum
hydrocarbons. This demonstration broadened the applicability
to include soils contaminated with aviation fuel and other
halogenated solvents. Several tests were conducted to \ enfy the
effectiveness of the LT3 System. While meeting all goal cleanup
objectives, a processing rate of 20,000 Ibs/hr w as demonstrated
with a projected LT3 System processing cost of S86/ton. A
number of system changes and process improvements ore
recommended. The system proved to be an efficient, cot-
effective, and commercially available remediation alternative
for decontaminating soils.
Effect of a Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process on the
Genotoxicity of RGB-Contaminated Soil, Journal Article:
Published in Chemosphere, v24n!2, p. 1713-1720, June
1992.
DeMarini, D. M.; Houk, V. S.; Kernel, A.; and Rogers, C. J.,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, Office of Research and Development, 1992
EPA Document Number: EPAy600/J-92/433
NTIS Document Number: PB93-141323/XAB
The researchers evaluated the genotoxicity of dichloromethane
(DCM) extracts of PCB-contaminated soil before and after the
soil had been treated by a base-catalyzed dechlorination pro-
cess, which involved heating a mixture of the soil, polyethylene
glycol, and sodium hydroxide to 250-350" C. This dechlorina-
tion process reduced by over 99% the PCB concentration tn the
soil, w hich was initially 2,200 ppm. The DCM extracts of both
control and treated soils were not mutagenic in strain TA100 of
Salmonella, but they were mutagenic in strain TA98. The base-
catalyzed dechlonnation process reduced the mutagenic po-
29
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Studies and Demorsrrar.'crs
tency of the soil by approximately one-half. The DCM extracts
of the soils before and after treatment were equally genotoxic in
a prophage-induction assay in E.coli, which detects some
chlorinated organic carcinogens that were not detected by the
Salmonella mutagenicity assay. These results show that treat-
ment of PCB-contaminated soil by this base-catalyzed dechlo-
nnation process did not increase the genotoxicity of the soil.
NT1S Document Number PB92-119023/XAB
30A [
Efficiency of Dioxin Recovery from Fly Ash Samples
During Extraction and Cleanup Process, March 1989,
Final Report, August 19,1987 - September 19,1988.
Finkel, J. M.; James, R. H.; and Baughman, K. W., Southern
Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, U S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Atmo-
spheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory,
March 1989
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/3-90/010
NTIS Document Number: PB90-183393/XAB
This document discusses the Superfund Innovative Technol-
ogy Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration of the DuPont/
Oberiin microfiltration technology. This document evaluates
the microfiltration technology's ability to remove metals (present
in soluble or insoluble form) and particulates from liquid wastes
while producing a dry filter cake and a filtrate that meet
applicable disposal requirements. In addition, it presents eco-
nomic data from the SITE demonstration, and discusses the
potential applicability of the technology. The DuPont/Oberlin
microfiltration technology combines Oberiin's automatic pres-
sure filter with DuPont's new microporous Tyvek filter media.
It is designed to remove particles that are 0.1 micron in diam-
eter, or larger, from liquid wastes, such as contaminated ground
water. This report also summarizes the results from three case
studies. All three facilities treated process waste waters con-
taining metals and total suspended solids (TSS) ranging from
several parts per million to several percent.
30C
The work supported Environmental Monitoring Systems Labo-
ratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in its effort to
monitor the hazardous composition, if any, of tly ash from
various types of incinerators using different types of combus-
tible materials. The analytical determination of dioxms in
environmental samples in the parts per billion, trillion, and
quadrillion levels requires meticulous, time-consuming, and
very complex sample preparation and analysis procedures. A
major part of the task was devoted to the evaluation of various
extraction techniques of fly ash and cleanup of sample extracts
by column chromatography. Several chromatog- .?hic media
and eluting solvents were investigated. Each step M the sample
preparation was evaluated by using 14C-radio labeled 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and octochlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
as a tracer. Radio labeled dioxin allows the analyst to stop and
evaluate each step of the procedure, each extract, and each
column eluate fraction by liquid scintillation computing. To
validate the radiometric assay, dioxin was confirmed by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry. The report contains re-
covery data of spiked 2 3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and
octochlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in carbon-free fly ash and fly ash
containing from 0.1 % to 10% carbon.
Engineering-Scale Evaluation of Thermal Desorption
Technology for Manufactured Gas Plant Site Soils,
Topical Report July 1988-August 1989.
Helsel, R.; Alpenn, E.; and Groen, A., IT Corp.. Knoxville.
TN, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL, Illinois Hazardous
Waste Research and Information Center, Savoy. November
1989
NTIS Document Number: PB90-172529/XAB
30B
E.I. DuPont De Nemours & Company/Obertin Filter
Company Mkroflltratkm Technology: Applications
Analysis Report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati. OH, October 1991
As part of a program to evaluate and develop technologies tor
remediation of contaminated soils at manufactured gas plant
(MGP) sites, pilot plant tests of a thermal desorption treatment
technology were performed. Coal-tar-contaminated soil samples
from three MGP sites were characterized, and bench-scale
treatability tests were performed to establish treatment condi-
tions to use for the pilot tests. A series of 11 pilot tests were
completed using an indirectly heated rotary desorber operating
at 30 to 60 kilograms/hour of soil. Treatment conditions of 300°
C and 400° C and soil residence times of 5 and 9 minutes were
used. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations
were reduced to between 150 and I part per million (ppm) from
initial levels of 2000 to 400 ppm, depending on treatment
conditions. Temperature, residence time, and soil type all had
a significant effect on treatment efficiency. Reasonable agree-
ment was found among results from the static, batch, bench-
scale test apparatus and the dynamic, continuous pilot plant.
30O
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/A5-90/007
EPA Site Demonstration of the BioTrol Soil Washing
Process, Journal Article: Published in Journal of Air and
Waste Management Association, v42nl, p. 96-103,1991.
30
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Studies ana Ferrer s^a:
Stmson, M. K.; Skovronek, H. S.; and Ellis. W. D., U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati. OH, Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory. Science Applications International Corp..
Paramus, NJ, 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-92/051
NTIS Document Number: PB92-150655/XAB
A pilot-scale soil washing process, patented by BioTrol. was
demonstrated on soil that was contaminated by wood treating
waste. The BioTrol Soil Washing was demonstrated in a treat-
ment train sequence with two other pilot-scale units of BioTrol
technologies for treatment of waste streams from the soil
washer. The three technologies of the treatment train were: the
BioTrol Soil Washer (BSW). the BioTrol Aqueous Treatment
System (BATS), and the Slurry Bioreactor(SBR). The BioTrol
processes were evaluated on pentachlorophenol (PCP) and
polvnuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). which were the
primary soil contaminants at the site. The sandy site soil.
consisting of less than 10% of fines, was well suited for
treatment by soil washing. The BSW successfully separated the
feed soil (100% by weight) into 83% of washed soil, 10% of
woody residues, and 7% of fines. The soil washer achieved up
to 89% removal of PCP and PAHs. based on the difference
between their levels in the feed soil and in the washed soil. The
B ATS degraded up to 94% of PCP in the process water from soil
washing. The SB R achieved over 90% removals of PCP and 70-
90% removals of PAHs. respectively, from the soil washing.
Cost of a commercial-scale soil washing, assuming use of all
three technologies, was estimated to be $168 per ton of treated
soil.
Evaluation of Alternative Treatment Technologies for
CERCLA Soils and Debris, Summary of Phase 1 and
Phase 2.
Locke, B. B.; Arozarena, M. M.; Chambers, C. D.; Hessling,
J. A.; and Alpenn, E., PEI Associates, Inc., Cincinnati, OH,
International Technology Corporation, Knoxville, TN,
Bruck. Hartman and Esposito, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, September 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/2-91/050
NTIS Document Number: PB91-240572/XAB
The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a
synthetic soil matrix was prepared as a theoretical composite of
Superfund soils nationwide. In the second phase, soils from
actual Superfund sites were treated. Three treatment technolo-
gies were evaluated in both phases: (1) chemical treatment
(KPEG), (2) physical treatment (soil washing), and (3» low-
temperature thermal desorption. The Phase 1 study also in-
cluded the evaluation of incineration and stabilization. Com-
parison of results obtained in the treatment of Superfund soils
and the synthetic soils reveals that the trend in contaminant
removals was similar for both types of soils. The percentage
removal, however, was higher for synthetic soils than for actual
Superfund soils. This can be attributed to the fact that the
synthetic soils were spiked and tested without allowing much
time for sorption of the contaminant onto the soils. In contrast,
the actual Superfund soils had weathered for long periods of
time before treatment was attempted; therefore, contaminant
removal was shown to be more difficult on the actual soils.
Evaluation of a Subsurface Oxygenation Technique
Using Colloidal Gas Aphron Injections into Packed
Column Reactors.
Wills. R. A. and Coles, P., University of Wyoming Research
Corp., Laramie, Western Research Institute. U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy, Washington, DC, November 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE93-000240/XAB
Bioremediation may be a remedial technology capable of
decontaminating subsurface environments. The objective of
this research was to evaluate the use of colloidal gas aphron
(CGA) injection, which is the injection of micrometer-size air
bubbles in an aqueous surfactant solution, as a subsurface
oxygenation technique to create optimal growth conditions tor
aerobic bacteria. Along with this, the capability of CGAs to act
as a soil-washing agent and free organic components from a
coal-tar-contaminated matrix was examined. Injection of CGAs
may be useful for remediation of underground coal gasification
(UCG) sites. Because of this, bacteria and solid material from
a UCG site located in northeastern Wyoming were used in this
research. CGAs were generated and pumped through packed
column reactors (PCRs) containing post-burn core materials.
For comparison, PCRs containing sand were also studied.
Bacteria from this site were tested for their capability to de grade
phenol, a major contaminant at the UCG site and were also used
to bioaugment the PCR systems. In this study we examined: (1)
the effect of CGA injection on dissolved oxygen concentrations
in the PCR effluents, (2) the effect of CGA, H2O, and phenol
injections on bacterial populations, (3) the stability and trans-
port of CGAs over distance, and (4) CGA injection versus H2O
injection as an oxygenation technique.
Evaluation of Modifications to Extraction Procedures
Used in Analysis of Environmental Samples from
Superfund Sites, Journal Article: Published in Journal of
the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, v72n4, p.
602-608,1989.
31
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Studies and Demonstrations
Valkenburg, C. A.; Munsiow, W. D.; and Butler, L. C,
Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Company, Inc., Las
Vegas, NV, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las
Vegas, NV, 1989
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-89/061
N'TIS Document Number: PB90-1035167XAB
Recoveries from an aqueous sample of the semi-volatile analytes
listed on the EPA Target Compound List are compared using
six different methylene chloride extraction procedures. Four
experimental designs incorporating a continuous extraction
apparatus are evaluated, and two experimental designs using
separatory tunnel methods are tested. In addition, two concen-
tration procedures are compared, and the loss of analytes
associated with both extraction and concentration procedures
are determined. These studies indicate that the most efficient
and economical technique for the extraction of these com-
pounds from an aqueous matrix is a single continuous extrac-
tion procedure performed at 2 pH.
Evaluation of Soil Washing Technology: Results of
Bench-Scale Experiments on Petroleum-Fuels Contami-
nated Soils.
Loden, M. E.. Camp, Dresser and McKee, Inc., Cambridge,
MA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,
OH. Office of Research and Development, Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory. June 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/2-91/023
NTIS Document Number: PB91-206599/XAB
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory's Releases Control Branch,
has undertaken research and development efforts to address the
problem of leaking underground storage tanks (USTs). Under
this effort, EPA is currently evaluating soil washing technology
for cleaning up soil contaminated by the release of petroleum
products from leaking underground storage tanks. Soil washing
is a dynamic physical process that remediates contaminated soil
via two mechanismsparticle separation and dissolution of the
contaminants into the wash water. As a result of the washing
process, a significant fraction of the contaminated soil is cleaned
and can be returned into the original excavation or used as
cleaned "secondary" fill or aggregate material. Since the con-
taminants are more concentrated in the fine soil fractions, their
separation and removal from the bulk soil increases the overall
effectiveness of the process. Subsequent treatment will be
required for the spent wash waters and the fine soil fractions.
The soil washing program evaluated the effectiveness of soil
washing technology in removing petroleum products (unleaded
gasoline, diesel/home heating fuel, and waste crankcase oil)
from an EPA-developed Synthetic Soil Matrix (SSM) and from
actual site soils. Operating parameters such as contact time.
wash water volume, rinse water volume, wash water tempera-
ture, and effectiveness of additives were investigated.
Feasibility of Hydraulic Fracturing of Soil to Improve
Remedial Actions.
Murdoch, L. C.; Losonsky, G.; Cluxton, P.; Patterson. B.;
and Klich, I., Cincinnati University. OH, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and
Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. April'
1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/2-91/012
NTIS Document Number: PB91-181818/XAB
Hydraulic fracturing, a method of increasing fluid flow
within the subsurface, should improve the effectiveness of
several remedial techniques, including pump and treat, '. apor
extraction, bioremediation, and soil flushing. The technique
is widely used to increase the yields of oil wells, but is
untested under conditions typical of contaminated sites The
project consisted of laboratory experiments, vvhere h\draulie
fractures were created in a tnaxial pressure cell, and tuo
field tests, where fractures were created at shallow depth.-, m
soil. The lab tests showed that hydraulic fractures are readily
created in clayey silt, even when it is saturated and loosely-
consolidated. Many of the lab observations can be explained
using parameters and analyses based on linear elastic fracture
mechanics. Following the field tests, the vicinity of the bore
holes was excavated to reveal details of the hydraulic
fractures. Maximum lengths of the fractures, as measured
from the borehole to the leading edge, averaged 4.0 m, and
the average area was 19 sq m. Maximum thickness of sand
ranged from 2 to 20 mm, averaging 11 mm. As many as four
fractures were created from a single borehole, stacked one
over the odier at vertical spacing of 15 to 30 cm.
Field Applications of the KPEG (Potassium Polyethylene
Glycolate) Process for Treating Chlorinated Wastes.
Taylor, M. L.; Wentz, J. A.; Dosani, M. A.; Gallagher, W.;
and Greoer, J. S., PEI Associates, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, Civil Engineering Laboratory (Navy), Port
Hueneme, CA, July 1989
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/2-89/036
NTIS Document Number: PB89-212724/XAB
32
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Studies and Demonstrations
The KPEG chemical dechlorination process was identified at
the Franklin Research Cen >r in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in
1978 for the dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
in oil. Further process development, primarily by the U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, has focused on the
dechlonnation of PCBs and other potentially toxic halogenated
aromatic compounds such as tetrachlorodibenzodioxin that
contaminate soils. In 1987, in Moreau, New York a pilot-scale
treatment system was demonstrated on PCB-contaminated soil
in batches of 35 Ibs each. The demonstration was the first
attempt to dechlorinate PCB-contaminated soil in a reactor/
mixer at a scale larger than that used in the laboratory. Analyti-
cal results of the demonstration indicated an average PCB
reduction of 99.7%, thus illustrating the efficacy of the potas-
sium polyethylene glycolate (KPEG) technology at a larger
scale and warranting assessment for scale-up.
33A
Geophysical Monitoring of Active Hydrologic Processes
as Part of the Dynamic Underground Stripping Project
Newmark. R. L., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
CA, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, May
1992
NTIS Document Number: DE92-018058/XAB
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in collaboration
with the University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory, is conducting the Dynamic Underground
Stripping Project (DUSP). an integrated project demonstrating
the use of active thermal techniques to remove subsurface
organic contamination. Complementary techniques address a
number of environmental restoration problems: (1) steam flood
strips organic contaminants from permeable zones, (2) electri-
cal heating drives contaminants from less permeable zones into
the more permeable zones from which they can be extracted,
and (3) geophysical monitoring tracks and images the progress
of the thermal fronts, providing feedback and control of the
active processes. The first DUSP phase involved combined
steam injection and vapor extraction in a "clean" site in the
Livermore Valley consisting of unconsolidated alluvial interbeds
of clays, sands and gravels. Steam passed rapidly through a
high-permeability gravel unit, where in situ temperatures reached
11T C. An integrated program of geophysical monitoring was
carried out at the clean site. The researchers performed electri-
cal resistance tomography (ERT), seismic tomography
(crossborehole), induction tomography, passive seismic moni-
toring, a variety of different temperature measurement tech-
niques, and conventional geophysical well logging.
33B
Hanford Site: Hanford Site Annual Waste Reduction
Report, 1990.
Nichols, D. H., U.S. Department of Energy, Richland, WA,
Richland Operations Office, March 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE91-010110/XAB
The U.S. Department of Energy-Richland Operations (DOE-
RL) has developed and implemented a Hanford Site Waste
Minimization and Pollution Prevention Awareness Plan that
provides overall guidance and direction on waste minimization
and pollution prevention awareness to the four contractors who
manage and operate the Hanford Site for the DOE-RL. Waste
reduction at DOE-RL will be accomplished by following a
hierarchy of environmental protection practices. First, elimi-
nate or minimize waste generation through source reduction
Second, recycle (i.e., use, reuse, or reclaim) potential waste
materials that cannot be eliminated or minimized. Third, treat
all waste that is nevertheless generated to reduce volume.
toxicity, or mobility before storage or disposal. The scope of the
waste reduction program will include non-hazardous, hazard-
ous, radioactive-mixed, and radioactive wastes. Hazardous
waste generation was reduced by 148,918 kg during the 1990
reporting period, which was primarily the result of source
reduction efforts involving excess materials and product substi-
tution. Radioactive-mixed waste production was reduced bv
more than 4,000 metric tons. The driving force for this
increased savings over previous years was an anticipated short-
age of adequate tank storage space. Adjusting the solvent
extraction start-up parameters at the PUREX facility and better
management of waste during transfers to tank storage account
for more than 90% of the total reduction. Recycling of low-
level waste amounted to 612 kg, and source reduction of TRL'
waste contributed another 800 kg in savings. A detailed
breakdown of waste reduction accomplishments by waste type
and method is provided.
33C
In Situ Biodegradation Treatment
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emer-
gency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, Office of
Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, April 1994
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-94/502
In situ biodegradation may be used to treat low-to-intermediate
concentrations of organic contaminants in place without dis-
turbing or displacing the contaminated media. Although this
technology has been used to degrade a limited number of
inorganics, specifically cyanide and nitrate, in situ biodegrada-
tion is not generally employed to degrade inorganics or to treat
media contaminated with heavy metals. During in situ biodeg-
radation, electron acceptors (e.g., oxygen and nitrate), nutri-
ents, and other amendments may be introduced into the soil and
groundwater to encourage the growth of an indigenous popula-
tion capable of degrading the contaminants of concern. These
33
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supplements are used to control or modify site-specific condi-
tions that impede microbial activity and, thus, the rate and
extent of contaminant degradation. Depending on site-specific
clean-up goals, in situ biodegradation can be used as the sole
treatment technology or in conjunction with other biological,
chemical, and physical technologies in a treatment train. In the
past, in situ biodegradation has often been used to enhance
additional pump and treat technologies. As of Fall 1993, in situ
biodegradation was being considered or implemented^as a
component of the remedy at 21 Superfund sites and 38 RCRA
Underground Storage Tank, Toxic Substances Control Act, and
Federal sites with soil, sludge, sediment, or groundwater con-
tamination. This bulletin provides information on the
technology's applicability, the types of residuals produced the
latest performance data, the site requirements, the status of the
technology, and sources for further information.
NTIS Document Number: PB91-127803/XAB
34A
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3R) Technol-
ogy Roy F. Weston, Inc., Applications Analysis Report.
U S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH. December 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/AR-92/019
NTIS Document Number: PB94-124047/XAB
Supercritical fluid extraction has been publicized as an extrac-
tion method that has several advantages over conventional
methods, and it is expected to result in substantial cost and labor
savings. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of
using supercritical fluid extraction as a sample extraction
method for pollutants and matrices of concern to the EPA.
Various matrices were spiked with compounds from several
classes of pollutants and were extracted with supercritical
carbon dioxide, with and without modifiers. Based on the
results, a preliminary protocol was developed, which was then
tested with additional simple and complex matrices. Another
important segment of this work was to study the influence of
variables on recoveries. The results of this study indicate that
supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide, with or
without modifiers, is an attractive method for the extraction ot
organic contaminants from environmental solid matrices. Po-
tential advantages of the method include less solvent use and
disposal, reduced manpower requirement, and increased speed
and selectivity. However, more developmental work has to be
done before supercritical fluid extraction becomes an easy-to-
use, off-the-shelf method.
This document discusses the Superfund Innovative Technol-
ogy Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration of the Low
Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3) system's ability to
remove volatile organic compounds i VOC) and semi volatile
organic compounds (SVOC) from solid wastes. This evalua-
tion is based on treatment performance, cost data, and five case
studies. TheLT3 system thermally desorbs organic compounds
from contaminated soil without heating the soil to combustion
temperatures. During the development of the LTJ system,
Weston conducted bench- and pilot-scale tests and collected
treatability data for the following wastes: coal tar, drill cuttings
(oil-based mud), leaded and unleaded gasoline, No. 2 diesel
fuel JP4 jet fuel, petroleum hydrocarbons, halogenated and
nonhalogenated solvents, OVSs, S VOCs, and polynuclear aro-
matic hydrocarbons (PAH). The document also discusses the
applicability of the LT3 system based on compliance with
regulatory requirements, implementability, short-term impact,
and long-term effectiveness.
34C
On-Site Engineering Report for the Low-Temperature
Thermal Desorption Pilot-Scale Test on Contaminated
Soil.
Smith, M. L.; Groen, A.; Hessling, J.; and Alpenn, E., IT
Environmental Programs, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, IT Corp.,
Knoxville, TN, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and Development, Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, July 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/R-92/142
NTIS Document Number: PB92-216936/XAB
34B
Method for the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Soils/
Sediments.
Lopez-Avila, V. and Dodhiwaia, N.S., Mid-Pacific Environ-
mental Laboratory, Inc., Mountain View, CA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV, U.S.
Performance of the thermal desorption process for removal of
organic contaminants, mostly polynuclear aromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs), from soils was evaluated. The Superfund Site soil
tested was a fine sandy soil contaminated with creosote. An
optimum operating temperature of 550° C and an optimum
operating residence time of 10 minutes, determined from bench
studies, were used in the pilot-scale desorber. Contaminants
removed from the soil were captured or destroyed in the
associated air pollution control equipment. Test results showed
that greater than 99% of the PAHs were removed from the soil.
The concentration of total PAHs averaged 4629 mg/Kg in the
34
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Studies and Demonstrations
pretreated soils and were below detection in the post-treated
soils.
perox-pure^ Chemical Oxidation Technology
Peroxidation Systems, Inc.: Applications Analysis
Report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development. Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati. OH, July 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/AR-93/501
NTIS Document Number: PB94-130325/XAB
This document discusses the Superfund Innovative Technol-
02> Evaluation (Silt) Program Demonstration of the perox-
pure chemical oxidation technology's ability to remove
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and other organic contami-
nants present in liquid wastes. The perox-purerM chemical
oxidation technology was developed to destroy dissolved or-
ganic contaminants in water. The technology uses ultraviolet
i LrV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize organic
compounds present in water at parts per million levels or less.
This treatment technology produces no air emission and gener-
ates no sludge or spent media that require further processing,
handling, or disposal. Economic data and the results from three
case studies are also summarized in this report. The contami-
nants of concern in these case studies include acetone, isopropyl
alcohol tlPA), TCE. and pentachlorophenol (PCP).
Physical and Morphological Measures of Waste Solidifi-
cation Effectiveness.
Grube, W. E., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, Office of Research and Development, Risk
Redaction Engineering Laboratory, 1991
EPA Document Number EPA/60(yD-91/164
NTIS Document Number: PB91-226340/XAB
The paper describes and discusses physical testing to c haracter-
ize wastes treated by the Soliditech cement-solidification/
stabilization process. In addition, morphological measures
included documented observations and measurements of com-
ponents of structure and form of the treated materials. The
paper provides data to relate easily measured physical and
morphological properties with intensive chemical extraction
and solute teachability information obtained from standardized
tests.
Physical/Chemical Treatment of Mixed Waste Soils.
Morris, M. I.; Alperin, E. S.; and Fox, R. D., Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, TN, U.S. Department of Energy.
Washington. DC, 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE91 -009143/XAB
This report discusses the results and findings of the demonstra-
tion testing of a physical/chemical treatment technology for
mixed wastes. The principal objective of the tests was to
demonstrate the capability of the low temperature thermal
separation (LTTS) technology for rendering PCB-contami-
nated mixed waste soils as non-hazardous and acceptable tor
low level radioactive waste disposal. The demonstration testing
of this technology was a jointly conducted project by the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE), the Martin Marietta Energy
Systems (Energy Systems), Waste Management Technology
Center at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and IT Corpora-
tion. This pilot-scale demonstration program testing of IT's
thermal separator technology in Oak Ridge was conducted as
part of the DOE Model Program. This program has private
industry, regulators, and universities helping to solve DOE
waste management problems. Information gained from the
DOE Model is shared with the participating organizations.
other Federal agencies, and regulatory agencies. The follow mg
represent the most significant findings from these demonstra-
tion tests: Thermal separation effectively separated PCB con-
tamination from a mixed waste to enable the treated soil to be
managed as low level radioactive waste. At the same operating
conditions, mercury contamination of 0.8 ppm was reduced to
less than 0.1 ppm. The majority of uranium and technetium in
the waste feeds oil remained in the treated soil. Radionuclide
concentration in cyclone solids is due to carry-over of entrained
particles in the exit gas and not due to volatilization/condensa-
tion. Thermal separation also effectively treated all identified
semi-volatile contaminants in the waste soil to below detection
limits with the exception of di-n-butylphthalate in one of the
two runs.
35D
Removal of Creosote from Soil by Thermal Desorption.
Lauch, R. P.; Herrmann, J. G.; Smith, M. L.; Alperin, E.: and
Groen, A., International Technology Corp., Knoxville, TN,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH,
Office of Research and Development, Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, 1991
EPA Document Number EPA/600/D-91/276
NTIS Document Number: PB92-126838/XAB
Performance of the thermal desorption process for removal of
organic contaminants, mostly polynuclear aromatic hydrocar-
35
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Stuaies a;
bons (PAHs). from soils was evaluated. A Superfund site soil
that was contaminated with creosote was tested. An operating
temperature of 550° C and an operating residence time of 10
minutes at temperature, determined from bench studies, were
used in the pilot scale desorber. Test results showed that greater
than 99% of the PAHs were removed from the test soil. The
concentrations of total PAHs in the soil before and after
treatment averaged 4629 mg/kg and below detection limits
respectively.
solutions. The effect of fine suspensions in the leacrute-. Aa>
also studied. A solution-diffusion model was modified to in-
clude an adsorption resistance term in water flux, and this term
was correlated with bulk concentration using the Freundlich
isotherm. The correlation was then used to predict water flux
drop at different bulk concentrations or to predict water flux at
different recoveries. Thin-film composite membranes were
found to effectively treat the leachate from rinse water used to
wash contaminated soil. In addition, feed preozonation signifi-
cantly improved water flux.
Results of Treatment Evaluations of Contaminated Soils.
Esposito. P.: Hessling, J.: Locke, B. B.; Taylor, M.; and
Szabo. M.. PEI Associates. Inc.. Cincinnati, OH. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati. OH. Hazard-
ous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, August 1988
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/D-88/181
NTIS Document Number: PB88-250204/XAB
Soil and debris from Superfund sites must be treated to mini-
mize their threat to human health and the environment as part
of remedial actions at such sites. Studies were conducted on the
effectiveness with which five treatment processes removed or
immobilized synthetic soils containing volatile and semivolatile
organics and metals. The treatment technologies were soil
washing, dechlonnation with potassium polyethylene glycol
(KPEG). incineration, low temperature thermal desorption and
solidification/fixation. The paper describes the production of
four synthetic soils containing varying levels of contaminants
and reports the effectiveness of the five treatment methods.
Separation of Hazardous Organics by Low Pressure
Membranes: Treatment of Soil-Wash Rinse-Water
Leachates, Report for January 1990 - January 1992.
Bhattacharyya. D. and Kothari, A., Kentucky University,
Lexington. Department of Chemical Engineering, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati, OH. Office of
Research and Development. Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory. March 1992
EPA Document Number EPA/600/R-92/035
NTIS Document Number: PB92-153436/XAB
Soil washing is a promising technology for treating contami-
nated soils. In the present work, low-pressure, thin-film com-
posite membranes were evaluated to treat the soil-wash leachates
so that the treated water could be recycled back to the soil
washing step. Experiments were done with SARM (Synthetic
Analytical Reference Matrix) soils. Membrane performance
was evaluated with leachates obtained from different wash
SITE Demonstration of the CF Systems Organics
Extraction System, Journal Article: Published in Journal
Air and Waste Management Association, v40n6, p. ^26-
931, June 1990.
Valentinetti. R.; McPherson. J.; and Staley. L.. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. Cincinnati. OH. Office ot
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory. Science Applications International Corporation.
McLean. VA. Vermont Agency of Natural Resources.
Waterburv. 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-90/275
NTIS Document Number: PB91-145110/XAB
The CF Systems Organic Extraction Svstem ua> .^ed ;o
remove PCBs from contaminated sediment dredged from ihe
New Bedford Harbor. This work was done a> pan or i r'ieid
demonstration under the Superfund Innovalive Technology
Evaluation i SITE) program. The purpose of the SITE program
is to provide an independent and objective evaluation of inno-
vative processes. The purpose of this paper is to present the
results of the Silt demonstration of this technology. Results
of the demonstration tests show that the system, which uses
high pressure liquefied propane, successfully removed PCBs
from contaminated sediments in New Bedford Harbor. Re-
moval efficiencies for all test runs exceeded 70%. Some
operational problems occured during the demonstration that
may have affected the efficiency with which PCBs were re-
moved from the dredged sediment. Large amounts of residues
were generated from the demonstration. Costs for using this
process are estimated to be between $150/ton and $450/ton.
Solvent Extraction for Remediation of Coal Tar Sites,
Final Report
Luthy, R. G.; Dzombak, D. A.; Peters, C.; Ali. M. A.; and
Roy, S. B., Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh. PA,
Department of Civil Engineering, Geological Survey.
Reston, VA. Water Resources Division. September 1992
36
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NTIS Document Number: PB93-I 18347/XAB
This document presents the results of an initial assessment of
the feasibility of solvent extraction for removing coal tar from
the subsurface, or tor treating contaminated soil excavated at
manufactured gas plant i MGP) sites. In situ solvent extraction
would involve injection, recovery, and reclamation for remjec-
tion of an environmentally-benign, water-miscible solvent.
Both laboratory experiments and engineering evaluations were
performed to provide a basis for the initial feasibility assess-
ment. Laboratory work included identification and evaluation
of promising solvents, measurement of fundamental properties
of coal tar-solvent-water systems, and measurement of rates of
dissolution of coal tar in porous media into flowing solvent-
water solutions. Engineering evaluations involved identifica-
tion of common hydrogeologic features and contaminant distri-
butions at MGP sites and identification and evaluation of
possible injection-recovery well deployment schemes.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation: Demon-
stration Bulletin, Soil Washing System.
L'.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Center for Environ-
mental Research Information. Julv 1991
EPA Document Number: EP.V540/M5-91/003
The three component technologies of the BioTrol Soil Washing
Sv stem i BSWS >. tested in the SITE demonstration were a Soil
Washer, an Aqueous Treatment System and a Slurry Bio-
Reactor. This document highlights the demonstration pro-
cesses, provides flowcharts, and indicates the results of the
demonstration.
Technology Evaluation Report: BioTrol Soil Washing
System for Treatment of a Wood Preserving Site,
Volumel.
Skovronek. H. S.: Ellis, W.: Evans, J.; Kitaplioglu, O.; and
McPherson. J . Science Applications International Corp.,
McLean. V'A. L'.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati. OH. Office of Research and Development, Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, December 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/5-91/003A
NTIS Document Number: PB92-115310/XAB
The report presents and evaluates the extensive database from
the SITE Program demonstration at the MacGillis and Gibbs
wood treatment facility in New Brighton. Minnesota. Soil
washing and segregation, biotreatment of contaminated pro-
cess water, and biodegradation of a slurry of the contaminated
fines from the soil washing were evaluated over several week-
of operation. The contaminants of concern were pentachlo-
rophenol (PCP) and polynucleararomatic hydrocarbons < PAHs >
The results indicate that the soil washer effectively segregates
contaminated soil into coarse, relatively uncontammated sand
constituting the largest output fraction and a much smaller
fraction of fine clay/silt particles retaining about 30^ of the
original contamination. PCP removal efficiency from the feed
soil is 87%-89<7c (vendor's claim: 90<7c). Contaminated woodv
material is also segregated. Operational variations and their
impact on output qualities and quantities are described.
Biotreatment of process water from the soil washing success-
fully degraded 91-94% of the PCP. The results for the slurrv
biological treatment of the contaminated fines indicated that
>90<7c removal of PCPand PAHs probably can be achie\ ed with
a fully acclimated system operating at steady state. Combined
operating and capital equipment cost for an integrated s\ stem
are estimated to be $ 168/ton of soil treated. Incineration of the
woody debris is a major cost factor. Costs are also presented bv
process since specific applications may require different con-
figurations of the three units.
Technology Evaluation Report: SITE Program. CF
Systems Organics Extraction System. New Bedford.
Massachusetts, Volume 2, Final Report.
Valentinetti. R.. Science Applications International C rpora-
tion. McLean. VA. L'.S. Environmental Protection A^enL\.
Cincinnati. OH. Office of Research and Development. Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory. January 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/5-90/002
NTIS Document Number: PB90-186503/XAB
The report summarizes the results of a Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration of the CF Sys-
tems critical fluid organics extraction system at the New Bedford
Harbor, Massachusetts Superfund site. The technology de-
pends on the ability of organic pollutants to solubilize in the
process solvent, a liquefied gas. The pollutants treated include
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons. The report examines the performance of the
process in terms of PCB extraction efficiency, variation in
process operating conditions, potential health and safety im-
pacts, equipment and handling problems, and projected system
economics. Volume 2 contains sampling and analytical reports
and operating log data. See Volume 1 (EPA/540/5-90/002.
PB90-186495/XAB) for more information.
Technology Evaluation Report. SITE Program Demon-
stration, Resources Conservation Company, Basic
Extractive Sludge Treatment (B.E.S.T. (Trade Name)),
37
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Studies
Grand Calumet River, Gary, Indiana, Volume 2, Part 3.
Wagner, T., Science Applications International Corporation,
McLean, VA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati. OH. Office of Research and Development, Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, July 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-92/079D
NTIS Document Number: PB93-227155/XAB
The report summarizes the findings of an evaluation of the
Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment (B.E.S.T.) solvent extrac-
tion technology developed by Resources Conservation Com-
pany (RCC). During the demonstration test, the B.E.S.T. sys-
tem was used to treat composited sediments from two areas of
the Grand Calumet River. Contaminant concentration reduc-
tions of 96 percent for total poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) and greater than 99 percent for total polychlonnated
biphenyls (PCBs) were achieved for Sediment A. Contaminant
concentration reductions of greater than 99 percent for total
PAHs and greater than 99 percent for total PCBs were achieved
for Sediment B. Removal efficiencies in excess of 98 percent
were realized for both sediments for oil and grease i O&G). See'
Volume 1 (EPA/540/R-92/079A. PB93-227122/XAB). Vol-
ume 2 Part 1 (EPA/540/R-92/079B, PB93-227130/XAB), and
Volume 2 Part 2 uch as
*.hydrocarbon vapor pressure, steam stnppmg, and soil charac-
-H-tenstics. Full-scale LTTD equipment such as asphalt kilns.
rotary dryers, thermal screws, and indirect-fired calcmers are
described. Typical off-gas treatment equipment such as after-
burners, baghouses, wet scrubbers, carbon, and condensation/
recovery are also discussed. Full-scale LTTD performance
data, such as hydrocarbon destruction efficiency, carbon mon-
oxide and paniculate stack concentrations, and soil total petro-
leum hydrocarbon residuals are summarized.
Toronto Harbour Commissioners (THC) Soil Recycle
Treatment Train: Applications Analysis Report
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
Cincinnati, OH, April 1993
The report evaluated the ability of Dehydro-Tech Corporation's
(DTC) Carver-Greenfield Process to separate oil contaminated
waste drilling muds to their constituent solids, oil, and water
fractions. The Carver-Greenfield Process (C-G) was devel-
oped by DTC in the late 1950s and is licensed in over 80 plants
worldwide. The technology is designed to separate solid-liquid
mixtures into three product streams: a clean, dry solid; a water
product substantially free of solids and organics; and a concen-
trated mixture of extracted organics. A mobile pilot plant was
used for the demonstration. The C-G Process demonstration
was conducted at EPA's Edison, New Jersey facility in August,
1991. Waste drilling muds from the PAB Oil and Chemical
Services, Inc. (PAB Oil) site in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana
were processed in the demonstration. PAB Oil. which ceased
EPA Document Number: EPA7540/AR-93/517
NTIS Document Number: PB94-124674/XAB
This document discusses the Superfund Innovative Technol-
ogy Evaluation (Slit) Program Demonstration of the Toronto
Harbour Commissioners (THC) soil treatment train which is
designed to treat inorganic and organic contaminants in soils
without utilizing incineration processes. The THC consists of
three soil remediation technologies which are attrition soil
washing, inorganic removal by chelation, and chemical and
biological treatment to reduce organic contaminants. The goals
of this study were to evaluate the technical effectiveness and
economics of a treatment process sequence and to assess the
potential applicability of the process to other wastes ana.or
38
-------
other Superfund and hazardous waste sites. The results indi-
cated the following: gravel and sand products met the THC
criteria for reuse as fill material at industrial and commercial
sites but fine soil did not meet the criteria; the attrition soil wash
plant produced a gravel and a sand that achieved the primary
THC criteria: the metals contamination levels actually encoun-
tered during pilot-scale processing of the test soil were so low
that there was no need to use the metals removal process; and
the bioslurry process exhibited limited reduction in oil and
crease.
difficult to remove. Waste acid samples contained metal :ms
that were common to those associated with bras-, flue JIM.
another waste material. The recycling potential of the wa>te
acid was significantly improved by utilization of the w aste ac id.
instead of virgin sulfunc acid, to extract Zn from the brass flue
dust. The waste acid was also utilized to extract Cu and Cd from
sludge wastes. Several neutralization schemes designed to
reduce the quantity of hazardous sludge generated were aKo
evaluated as alternatives to the conventional lime-neutrali/a-
tion process.
OTHER RESOURCE GUIDES
Utilization of Uranium Industry Technology and Rel-
evant Chemistry to Leach Uranium from Mixed-Waste
Solids.
Mattus. A. J. and Fair. L. L., Oak Ridge National Labora-
tory. TN. U.S. Department of Energy. Washington, DC.
1991
NTIS Document Number: DE91 -016761 /XAB
Methods for the chemical extraction of uranium from a number
of refractory uranium-containing minerals found in nature have
been in place and employed by the uranium mining and milling
industry for nearly half a century. These same methods, in
conjunction with the principles of relev ant uranium chemistry.
have been employed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
lORNL) to chemically leach depleted uranium from rru.xed-
w a>te sludge and soil. The removal of uranium may result in the
reclassification of the waste as hazardous, which may then be
delisted. The delisted waste might eventually be disposed of in
commercial landfill sites. This paper generally discusses the
application of chemical extractive methods to remove depleted
uranium from a biodemtnfication sludge and a storm sewer soil
sediment from the Y-12 weapons plant in Oak Ridge. Some
select data obtained from scoping leach tests on these materials
are presented along with associated limitations and observa-
tions that might be useful to others performing such test work.
Waste Battery Acid: Use or Disposal, Final Report
George, L. C. and Schluter, R. B., Bureau of Mines. Rolla,
MO, Rolla Research Center, 1992
NTIS Document Number PB92-176155/XAB
The U.S. Bureau of Mines evaluated the potential of using
simple methodologies to convert waste battery acid containing
approximately 300 to approximately 2,000 ppm metal ions into
recyclable products. Several recycling approaches tested, in-
cluding ion adsorption, ion exchange, and solvent extraction,
were not successful in producing battery-grade acid due to
metallic impunties in the waste acid that were extremely
Bioremediation Resource Guide.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office. Washington, DC. September 1993
-------
Ctrer .-esv.
technologies at hazardous waste sites. Collectively, the Guides
provide abstracts of over 330 guidance reports, overview/
program documents, studies and demonstrations, and other
resource guides, as well easy-to-use Resource Matrices that
identify the technologies and contaminants discussed in each
abstracted document.
40
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PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY RESOURCE MATRIX
Abstract
Identifi-
cation
Code
9 (page «} A
(abstract code
Document Title1
Document Ordering Number
Contaminant* *
Originating
Office/Author
GUIDANCE
yA
9B
yc
IOA
IOB
IOC
1IA
lib)
11C
12A
12B
Air/Supertund National Technical Guidance Study Series Estimation of
Air Impacts tor the Excavation of Contaminated Soil
bPA/450/1 92/004. NTIS PB92-1 71925/XAB
Air/Supertund National Technical Guidance Study Series Models for
Estimating Air Emission Rates from Supertund Remedial Actions
EPA/45 1/R-93/001, NTIS PB93- 1 86807/XAB
Assessing UST Corrective Action Technologies Site Assessment and
Selection of Unsaturaled Zone Treatment Technologies, Report for
October 1987 - September 1989
EPA/600/2-90/01 1, NTIS PB90-187220/XAB
Chemical Dehalogenation Treatability Studies Under CERCLA An
Overview, Fact Sheet
EPA 540/R-92/013B, NTIS PB92-169275/XAB
Guidance on Remedial Actions for Supertund Sites with PCB
Contamination
EPA/540VG-90/007 NTIS PB9 1 -92 1 206/XAB
Guide tor Conducting Treatability Studies Under CERCLA Chemical
Dehalogenation, Final Report
EPA/540/R-92/013A. NTIS PB92 169044/XAB
EPA 540/R-92/013A. NTIS PB92-231307/XAB (Fact Sheet)
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under CERCLA Soil Washing,
Interim Guidance, Final Report
EPA/540/2-91/020A, NTIS PB92-170570/XAB
Guide foi Conducting Treatability Studies Under CERCLA. Solvent
Extraction, Interim Guidance
EPA/540/R-92/016A. NTIS PB92-239581/XAB
EPA/540/R-92/016B, NTIS PB92-239599/XAB, Quick Reference Fact
Sheet
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under CERCLA: Thermal
Desorption Remedy Selection, Interim Guidance
EPA/540/R-92/074A, NTIS PB93-126597/XAB
EPA/540/R-92/074B, NTIS PB93-121325/XAB, Quick Reference Fact
Sheet
Procuring Innovative Technologies at Remedial Sites Q's and A's and
Case Studies
EPA/542/F-92/012, NTIS PB92-232388/XAB
Selection of Control Technologies tor Remediation of Lead Battery
Recycling Sites, Engineering Bulletin
EPA/542/S-92/011, NTIS PB93-121333/XAB
.
Biofumedidlion
An Snipping
bioremedialion
Soil Vapor Extraction
Bioremudialion
Soil Venting
BiodelenuFjtioM
tiinceniBilijln.il
Vat UUIII bxlldCllOll,
VitntiCdlion
.
HdJidii Corp . EPA/Oltice of Air,
bklund. Smith, Hendter
Hudiari Coip . tHA/OSWER/
utHH, Eklund, Albert
COM, EPA/ORD/RHtL. Lyman
Noonan
IT Corp , EPA/ORD/RREL,
Mi. Nelly
FPA/OERR
IT Corp EPA/OHD/RRLI
MtNolly
SAIC, EPA/OHD/RREL, Rdwe
SAIC, EPA/ORD/RREL, Hawe
SAIC. EPA/ORD/RREL. Rawe
EPA/OSWER
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse.
Inc . EPA/ORD/RREL
OVERVIEW/PROGRAM DOCUMENTS
Amendment to the Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document tor Wastes from the Petroleum Refining Industry
K048 K049, K050, K051. K052. Final Report
EPA/530/SW-90/060R. NTIS PB90-234451/XAb
An Overview ot Underground Storage Tank Remediation Options
E PA/5 10/F -93/029
Citizen's Guide to In Situ Soil Flushing, Technology Fdcl Sheet
LPA/542/F-92/00/, NTIS PB92-2331 13/XAB
Citizen's Guide to Soil Washing Technology Fact Sheet
i PA".<|o/F qxryri Nll« PH
Versar. Inc . EPA/OSWER/ObW
Kinch, Vcrbach
EPA/OSWER/UUbT
bPA/OSWth/TIO
LPA/OSWEFl/TIG
-------
IbC
Cili/en's (juide to Solvent bxiiaUinn. technology hdct bh
bPA,'b42> -U2/004. Nllb PBbJ J33Gt«/XAB
Cih/en's (j,.,df to Thermal Desorption
FPA/542/t a.MjOtj. NIIS PB92-2323yt>/XAB
Cleaning txc.avaled boil Using Extraction Agen
Review, Final Report June rJ85-January 198U
bPA/bOO/2-89/034 NTIS PB89-212/57/XAB
Cleaning Up the Nation's Waste Sites Markets and Technology Trends
bPA/b427R-92/012
EPA/.
logieslor Delunc.t Ledd Butleiy Hecycliny :,ites Overvie
velopments. Volume 'i
jj;im, NTIS PBUiM5041b/XAB
Developments in Chemical Treatment ut Conldriunalecl Soils, Symposium
Paper
bPA/600/A 92/030, NT IS PB92 152933/XAB
Oioxin Treatment Technologies, Background Paper
NTIS PB92-152511/XAB
Electrokinetic Remediation ol Unsaturated Soils
NTIS DE93-000741/XAB
Engmeenng Issue Considerations in Deciding to Treat Contaminated
Soils In Situ
EPA/540/S-94/500, NTIS PB94 1 77771/XAB
E PA Engineering Issue Technology Alternatives tor the Remediation of
PCB Contaminated Soil and Sediment
fcPA/540/S-93/506, NTIS PB94- 1 44250/XAB
Fifth Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste T realment Technologies
Domestic and international. Proceedings, Chicago, Illinois. May 3-5. 1994
EPA/540/R-94/503
Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document lor Vanadium Containing Wastes (P1 19 and P120) Volume 19
EPA/530/SW-90/059S, NTIS PB90-234 1 96/XAB
Fourth Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies
Domestic and International. Technical Papers. San Fiancisco, California.
November 17 19. 1992
EPA/540/R-93/500
Handbook on In Situ Treatment of Hazardous Waste Contaminated Soils.
Hep.,11 for May 1988- July 1989
EPA/540/2-90/002. NTIS PB90-155607/XAB
Handbook: Remediation o) Contaminated Sediments
EPA/625/6-91/028. NTIS PB93-1 16275/XAB
Innovative Technology B E S. T Solvent Extraction Process, Fact
Sheet- Final
EPA/9200 5-253/FS. NTIS PB90-274218/XAB
Innovative Technology: Glycolate Dei,,,,..denalion, Fact Sheet Final
EPA/9200 5 254/FS, NTIS PB90-274226/XAB
Innovative Technology Soil Washing. Fact Sheet-Final
EPA/9200 5 250/FS. NTIS PB90-274184/XAB
Innovative Treatment Technologies Annual Status Report, Fifth Edition
EPA/542/R 93/003, NTIS PB93-133387/XAB
innovative Treatment Technologies Overview and Guide to Information
Sourc ti;
EPA/MO, u 91/002, NTIS PB92-179001/XAB
n Situ Soil Flushing. Engineering Bulletin
EPA/540/2-91/021, PB92 18002 5/XAB
Overview ot Conventional and Innovative Land Based Thermal
Technologies tor Waste Disposal
tPA/600/D 90/214 NflS PB91 136929/XAB
Overview ot In Situ Waste Treatment Technologies
NTISDE92018012/XAB
rvmw ot Ihe Department of Energy s boil Washing Workshop
BiniKinuiliation.
Vapoi LxtiaUio
Bi.itiealineiil In Situ
Vitntii.dtion H,i.|(
Frequency Heating
Bioremediation
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Kjslei Wheeler (-nvirespons*
In. 1 PA/ORD/hHbL. Royer
belvdKumar, Gaire
tHA.ORD/RRtL Ddvila Hoi
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Assessment
DOb lindgren, Ko/ak, Mans
EPA/OHD
FPA/HHbL. SAIC, Davila
Whittord, Saylor
E PA/OS WE R/TIO/ORD/RHb
Versar Inc fcPA/OSWbH/OJ
Rosengrant. Craig
EPA/OSWERAIO/ORD/RHE
PEI Associates. Inc , Cinciniid
Unrv . EPA, Chambeis. Willis
Pour. Zieleniewsi. Rickabaugf
Equity Associates. Inc .
EPA/ORD; Voskurl
EPA/OSWER/OERR
EPA/OS WE R/OERR
EPA/OSWER/OEHR
EPA/OSWER/TIO. Fiedler
EPA/OSWEH/TIO Quander
Kingston
EPA/OSWER/OtHH
bPA/OHO/RRbL. Ober.i,.ker
bG & G Idaho Inc IXJb, Wai
tyde. Piper Hoy
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lac
19-D
20A
208
20C
21A
218
21C
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22A
226
22C
220
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23B
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248
2-H,
PCB Management Technologies tor Natural Gas 1 laiismr.bioi, and
Distribution Systems, Topical Report, October 19«9 March 1990
N T IS PB9 11 8504 1/XAB
Presumptive Remedies Site Ghaidcten/diiun ami 1 eclinoioyy Selection
tor CtRCLA Sites with Volatile Organic Compounds in boils Fact Sheet
EPA/540/F -93/048, NTIS PB93 963346/XAB
Reductive Dehalogenation A Subsurface Bioiemedialion Process,
Journal Article
EPA/600/J-90/259, NTIS PB9I -144H/J/XAB
Reductive Dehalogenution ot Organic Contaminants in Soils and Ground
Water Ground Water Issue
EPA/540/4-90/054, NTIS PB91 lyiObb/XAB
Role ol Innovative Remediation Technologies
NTISDE92-015072/XAB
Separation ot Heavy Metals Removal trom Industrial Waslewaters and
Contaminated Soil
NTIS DE93-008657/XAB
Soil Washing as a Potential Remediation Technology lor Contaminated
DOt Sites
NTIS DE93-00920VXAB
Soil Washing Treatment, Engineering Bulletin
EPA/540/2-90/017, NTIS PB9 1 -228056/XAB
Solvent Extraction Processes A Survey ol Systems in the SITE Program,
Journal Article
EPA/600/J-92/404. NTIS PB93-13179VXAB
Solvent Extraction Tiealment, Engineering Bulletin
EPA/540/2 90/013, NTIS PB91 22801 5/XAB
Summary ot Tieatment Technology Effectiveness lor Contaminated Soil
NTIS PB92-96335 1/XAB
Supertund Engineenng Issue Treatment ot Lead Contaminated Soils
EPA/540/2-91/009, NTIS PB9 1-921 29 1/XAB
Supertund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program: Innovation
Making a Difference
EPA/540/F-94/505
Supertund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program. Technology
Profiles, Sixth Edition
EPA/540/R-93/526
Surfactants and Subsurface Remediation. Journal Article
EPA/600/J-93/005, NTIS PB93-149854/XAB
Synopses ot Federal Demonstrations ol Innovative Site Remediation
Technologies. Third Edition
EPA/542/B-93/009, NTIS PB93-1441 1 1/XAB
Technologies of Delivery or Recovery lor the Remediation of Hazardous
Waste Sues
EPA/600/2-89/066, NTIS PB90- 1 56225/XAB
Technologies to Remediate Hazardous Waste Sites
NTISDE90-011946/XAB
Technology Catalogue. First Edition
DOE/EM-0138P. NTIS DE94-008866/XAB
Thermal Desorption Treatment, Engineering Bulletin
EPA/540/2 91/OOB. NTIS PB91-228080/XAB
VOCs in And boils Technology Summary
DOr/EM-UKJbP. N1IS DE94 OOB864/XAB
_
l.olrmciliahon.
thermal Treatment
Soil Vapor hull action
Bioremedialiun
Vindication
Bioremedialiori
LlBitl'.KinolKi
VllnUalkjn
Btulovjiuiii Aniteouii IttidllTtuiil
BiokxjiLdl Duyldddliun
PhyMi.dl/Uiemical Trealitwnl.
Precipildlion
inoinidi Utisiiuctiuii
bteain Stripping,
Vapor Extraction
Imilloblll/dlloll,
An Stripping
Vdilll. ,,IIMI,
Bu^orplu-i. :,inppm.j
til. U-|lll'.ll.lll..|l
--
._
-
.....
p
OF
P
(oy 1 Wublul, hie Ua:,
-teaearch Inst , Woodyard.
lUyerald Jones, Sheet tan,
Javisson
EPA/OSWEH
Robert S Kerr Environmental
Research Lab EPA. Utah Water
Rebearch Lab Oklahoma
Unweisity, Sims, Sufllta, Russell
Robert S Ken Environmental
Heseaich Lab, EPA. Sims, Sufllta.
Russell
Bdttelle Pacific Northwest Labs
DOE. Doesburg
Argonne National Lab. DOE,
Peteis. Shen
Aiguiine National Lab. DOE,
Devgun. Beskid. Nutsis. Walkei
SAIC. EPA/OSWER/OERH
EPA/ORD/RREL. Meckes,
Renerd, Rawe. Wahl
i>AIC. EPA/ObWEH/OEHH
EPA/ORD/RREL
EPA/ORD/RHEL
EPA/OERR/ORD
Robert S Kerr Environmental
Research Lab EPA. Oklahoma
University Research Insl , West.
Harwell
Federal Remediation Technology
Houndtable. EPA/OSWER/TIO
Cincinnati University. EPA/HREL,
Murdoch. Patterson, Losonsky,
Harrar
Banelto Pacific Northwest Labs .
DOE. Falco
DOE/OEM/OTD
SAIC EPA/OSWEH/OEHU
Oberacker. Latornara dePen.m
[JOE/OEM/OTD
Continued on back.
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PHYSICAL/CHEMI
TMENTTECHNOLOGY RESOURCE MATRIX
Abstract
Identifi-
cation
Code
9 (paga #| A
(abstract axJ
Document Title '
Document Ordering Number
i
ioxins.'
esticid
Originating
Office/Author
Documents Focusing on Test Designs
1 00 Area Soil Washing Treatabihty Test Plan
NTISDE93-012617/XAB
300-FF-1 Physical Separations CERCLA Treatabilily Test Plan
Revision 1
NTISDE93-014915/XAB
Chemical Dehalognation Treatment Base-Cataly/ed Decomposition
Process (BCDP), Tech Data Sheet
NTIS PB93-182939/XAB
Engmeenng Considerations tor the Recovery ot Cesium From Geologic
Materials
NTISDE93-015092/XAB
hPA's Mobile Volume Reduction Unit tor Soil Washing
EPA/60(VD-91/202,NTIS PB91-231209/XAB
Hantord Site Physical Separations CbHCLA Treatabilrty Test Plan
NTIS DE93-002048/XAB
Hantord Site Soil Washing A Preliminary Assessment ot its Applicability
to Hanlord
NTISDE91-018654/XAB
Innovative Operational Treatment Technologies lor Application to
Supertund Sites: Nine Case Studies, Final Report
EPA/540/2-90/006. NTIS PB90-202666/XAB
McClellan Air Force Base. Soil Treatabilrty Testing Work Plan tor PCB
Contaminated Soil Installation Restoration Program (IRP), Stage 7, Final
Report, February 1 992-September 1992
NTIS AD A257731/0/XAB
Sequential Extraction Evaluation of Soil Washing lor Radioactive
Contamination
NTIS DE92-04I326/XAB
An Stripping
Biodegradation,
Vacuum Extraction
DOE
Naval Energy and Environmental
Support Activity
Jason Associates Corp . DOE,
Whalen
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc
EPA/ORD/RREL. Masters, Rubin
DOE
Batelle Pacific Northwest Labs
DOE. Gerber, Freeman, Baker.
Riemath
EPA/OSWER, Young, Schmoyer.
Edison. Roack, Ball
Radian Corp., US Air Force
Westinghousa Idaho Nuclear Co ,
Inc . DOE. Gombert
Documents Focusing on Study Results
Abiotic Transformation of Carbon Tetrachlonde in the Presence ot Sutfide
and Mineral Surfaces
EPA/600/A 92/097, NTIS PB92- 1 79738/XAB
Applications Analysis Report, SITE Program. CF Systems Organics
Extraction System, New Bedford. Massachusetts. Final Report
EPA/540/A5-9Q/002. NTIS PB91-113845/XAB
Bench-Scale Evaluation of Alternative Biological Treatment Processes
lor the Remediation ot Pentachtorophenol- and Creosote-Contaminated
Materials Slurry-Phase Bioremedialion. Journal Article
EPA/600/J 91/331, NTIS PB92-129683/XAB
Carver Greenfield Process Dehydro Tech Corporation Applications
Analysis Report, Final Report
EPA/540/AH-92/002. NTIS PB93 101 152/XAB
CF Systems Organics Extraction Process New Bedlord Harbor. MA
Application Analysis Report
t HA/b4U/Ab 90/002. NTIS PB91 113B45/XAB
Chemical Dehalogenation Treatment APEG Treatment, Engineering
bulletin
EPA/540/2 90/015 NTIS PB91 -228031 /XAB
BiuiHinudialiun
Stanford Unrvereity, Robert S
Kerr Environmental Research
Lab, EPA. Kn«gm«n-King,
Hemhard
SAIC. EPA/OHD/RHEL,
ValentmatU
Robert S Kerr Environmental
Research Lab. EPA Mueller.
Lanli, Blattmann Chapman
PRC Environmental Manageinei I
Inc . EPA/ORD/HHEL
EHA/OHD/RHEL
SAIC EPA/OSWEH/OfcHH
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32C
33B
IKiildlKI
EPA/540/J-90/015, NTIb HBal 228031/XAB
Demonstration ol Hemediai Action lechnoiogies toi
diid Ground Wdter. Volume 1, Final Report
EPA/600/H 93/012A, NTIS PB93 218238/XAB
Demonstration ol Thermal Stripping ol JP 4 and Other VOCs From Soils
at Tinker Air Force Base Oklahoma City. Oklahoma, Final Report
September 1988 March 1990
NTIS AD-A222235/4/XAB
Etlecl ot d Base-Catalysed Dechlormation Proceb
PCB Contaminated Soil, Journal Article
EPA/600/J 927433, NTIS PB93 141323/XAB
on the Genotoxicity ol
EHiciency ol DIOXIM Recovery Irorn Fly Ash Sample;, During Extraction
and Cleanup Process, March 1989, Final Report, August 19 1987
September 19, 1988
EPA/600/3-90/010, NT IS PB90 1B3393/XAB
E I DuPonl De Nemours & Company/Obertin Filter Company
Microliltration Technology Applications Analysis Report
EPA/540/A5-90/007, NTIS PB92 119023/XAB
Engineering-Scale Evaluation ol Thermal Desorption Technology tor
Manufactured Gas Plant Site Soils, Topical Report July 1988 - August
1989
NTIS PB90-1 72529/XAB
EPA Site Demoiisifaiiori ot the Biolroi Soil Waafiiny i'iuv,oaa, Juumai
Article
EPA/600/J -92/051. NTIS PB92-150655/XAB
Evaluation ol Alternative Treatment Technologies lor CERCLA Soils and
Jebris Summary ot Phase 1 and Phase 2
EPA/600/2-91/050, NTIS PB91-240572/XAB
: valuation ot d Subsurtace Oxygenalron Technique Using Colloidal Gas
Aphron Iniections into Packed Column Reactors
NTIS DE93-000240/XAB
ivaluation ol Moditications to Extraction Procedures Used in Analysis ot
:nvironmental Samples Irom Supertund Sites, Journal Article
iPA/600/J-89/061, NTIS PB90-103516/XAB
valuation ol Soil Washing Technology: Results ol Bench-Scale
ixpenments on Petroleum-Fuels Contaminated Soils
iPA/600/2 91/023, NTIS PB91-206598/XAB
easrbility ol Hydraulic Fractunng of Soil to Improve Remedial Actions
;PA/600/2-91/012, NTIS PB91-181818/XAB
:ield Applications ol llm KPEG (Potassium Polyethylene Glycolate)
' rocess tor Treating Chlorinated Wastes
EPA/600/2-89/036, NTIS PB89-212724/XAB
leophysical Monitoring ol Active Hydrologic Processes as Part ot the
)ynamic Underground Stnppmg Project
MTISDE92-018058/XAB
Hantotd Site Hanlord Site Annual Waste Reduction Report
NTIS DE91-010110/XAB
n Situ Biodegradation Treatment
PA/540/S-94/502
ow Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT«) Technology Roy F Weston.
ic Applications Analysis Report
PA/540/AH 92/019, NTIS PB94-124047/XAB
Method lor the Supercritical Fluid Extraction ot Soils/bedirndiits
HA/bOO/4-90/02b,NTIS PB91 127803/XAB
in bilo Engiiieuiing Report lor the Low temperature Ihermal
'nborption Pilot Scdle Tubl on Contaminated boil
HA/bOO/H 32,'142. N1IS Pb'J2 21693O/XAB
orox pure1" Cliemical Oxidation Technology Peioxidalion byblerns.
ic Applications Analysis Report
PA/540/AR 93,'501 NTIS PB94 130325/XAB
Bioremedidlion,
Vacuum Extraction
Steam Hood, Electrical
Heating. Geophysical
Monitoring
Purnp and I red!
-
__
....
D>
"
'-
__
IMA I u i. ornrninee on unauenyeb
ol Modem Society. EPA/ORD/
RREL, Olfenbuttel. Dahl.
Hmsenveld Jamas. Lewis
Hoy F Weston. Inc , Air Force,
Marks. Noland. Nielson
EPA/ORD, DeManm. Houk.
Kernel Rogers
Southern Research Institute. EPA.
Atmospheric Research and
Exposure Assessment Lab .
FinHel, Jdmes, Baughman
EPA/OHD/HHEL
IT Corp , Gas Research Inst ,
Illmoib Hazardous Waste
Research and Inlorniation Center
Helsel. Alperin. Groen
EPA/OHO/RHEL. SAIC. Stinson.
Skovronek. Ellis
PEI Assoc , International
Technology Corp Bruck
Hdrtiiidn. & Esposilo, Inc ,
EPA/ORO/HREL Locke
Arozarena. Chambers. Hessling
Alpenn
University ot Wyoming Research
Corp . DOE. Wills. Coles
Lockheed Engineering and
Sciences Co., Inc . EPA,
Valkenburg, Munslow. Butler
COM. EPA/OHD/HREL, Loden
Cincinnati Univ.. EPA/ORD/RHEL,
Murdoch. Losonsky, Cluxton,
Panerson. Klich
PEI Associates. Inc .
EPA/ORD/RREL. Taylor. Wenu,
Oosani. Gallagher. Greber
Lawrence Livermore National
Lab . DOfc, Newmark
DUE, Nichols
EPA/OEHH/OHD
EPA/OHD/RREL
Mid Pacific Environmenldl I dlj
nc . Environmental Monitoring
jyblemb Lab tPA/OHD, Lope/
Avild Uudhiwaia
1 1 nviionmunldl Pii.ijidin^ hi,
1 (..,((. FPA/OHlJ.HHtl smith
JIUBII HttbSllriiJ AlperiM
PA/URLtfHREL
-------
nd Muiptiuluijical
.ii.al/Uiemu ul Irealinenl ot Mixed Wd:,l»; boils
3 UE'JI Ou9HJ/XAb
Hemoval ot Creosote From boil tiy I hermal Dosorptic
PA/600/D 91/2/6, NTIb PB92 12btt38/XAb
ullb ol Tredlrnonl tjvakialiuiib ut Conta
LPA/600/D-Ua/lbl. NTIS PB8b 2b0204;A
_>dpardlniii ol Ha/ardoub Oiijaiin.b by Low Probsuru Mdiiitirdiios
Irealment ol Soil Wash Hiribe Water Leachates, Report tor January
1990-January 1992
tPA/600/H 92/035. N I Ib PH92 IblWlib/XAfct
birt Dt)rnonblralion ot lh« CF Systems Organics Extraction System,
Journal Article
LPA/600/J 90/275, NTIS PB91 145110/XAB
.olvenl Extraction loi Hemedialion ot Coal Tai Sites. Final Report
NTIS PB93 11B34//XAB
SupertunJ Innovative Technology Evaluation Demonstration Bulletin.
buii Wasiiiny bysiom
EPA/540/M5-91/003
fechnology Evaluation Report BioTrol Soil Washing System tor
Irealment ol a Wood Preserving Site, Volume 1
fcPA/540/5 91/003A, NTIS PB92-115310/XAB
technology Evaluation Report SITE Program CF Systems Organics
Extraction byblern. New Bedford. Massachusetts Volume 2 Final Report
EPA/540/b 90/002, NTIS PB90 186503/XAB
bPA/540/5 90/002 NTIS PB90 186495/XAB, Volume 1
Technology Evaluation Report SITE Program Demonstration
Resources Conservation Company Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment
(BEST (Trade Name)), Grand Calumet River Gary Indiana, Volume 2
Part 3
EPA/540/H 92/079D. NTIS PB93 227155/XAB
EPA/540VH 92/079A NTIS PB93-227122/XAB, Volume 1
EPA7540/R 92/079B, NTIS PB93-227130/XAB, Volume 2, Part I
EPA/540VR 9270790 NTIS PB93-227148/XAB. Volume 2, Part 2
Technology Evaluation Report The Carver Greenfield Process.
Uehydro Tech Corporation
EPA/450VR-92/002. NTIS PB92-217462/XAB
Thermal Desorption ot Petroleum Contaminated Soils
NTIS PB93-168806/XAB
Toronto Harbour Commissioners (THC) Soil Recycle Treatment Train:
Applications Analysis Report
EPA/540/AR-93/517. NTIS PB94-124674/XAB
Utilization ot Uranium Industry Technology and Relevant Chemistry to
Leach Uranium trom Mixed-Waste Solids
NTISDE91-016761/XAB
Waste Battery Acid Use or Disposal. Final Report
NTISPB92-176155/XAB
Biudegi.id.ilu
Bioslurry Chelation
OTHER RESOURCE GUIDES'
TECHNOLOGIES ADDRESSED
Bioremediation Resource Guide
EPA/542/B 93/004
Ground Water Treatment Technology Resource Guide
EPA/542/B 94/009
boil Vapui Extraction (SVE) Treatment Technology Hebuurce Guide
EPA/54Z/B 94/007
Vapor Exlrai.lion.Aii :,ln[v"»l
Air Sparging biol,nju..ii liu.t -m
Soil Vapoi Extra. In
1-
H/VUHUHHbl . (jiuOe
dk Hitlge National Lab, DOL
urns. Alpenn. Fox
ilenialional I echnology Corp
PA/ORD/HHEL, Lauch.
errrnann. Smith Alpenn Groon
fcl Abboc . Inc . EPA, Esposilo,
lesslinu., Locke. Taylor. S/abo
ei.lui.Ky Umv . EPA/OHLi/HHbL,
IMdltaUiaiyya. Kolhai
tlJA/OHD/HHEL, SAIC, Vermonl
Agency ot Natural Resources.
Valunlinelti, McPhaison, Slaley
( dineyie-Mellon Umv Geological
Survey, Luthy, D/ombak. Peters.
Ar Hoy
EPA. C.EHI
bAIC. EPA/OHD/HHEL,
Skovronek, Ellis, Evans.
Kitaplioglu. McPherson
bAIC EPA;ORL)/HREL,
Valenlmetti
SAIC EPA/OHD/HREL, Wagner
PHC Environmental Manayenient,
nc . EPA/ORD/RREL
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse.
nc Focus Environmental, Inc
EPA/ORD/HREL Troxler. Yezzi,
Cudahy. Rosenthal
EPA/ORD/RREL
Oak Ridge National Lab. DOE,
Mattus. Farr
Bureau ot Mines. George,
Schluter
EPA/OSWEH/TIO
EPA/OSWEHAIU
EPA.OSWEH/TIO
Noto / ltn* Hutu* provides reptosentative onaniplas ot physical ctioinicdl tiaalinonl tocnnuhiyy '«.-»
Nolu / Hiu intorinatkin in this main* is dunvod tiom N1IS dbstiacts an./ is only dS dotailvd di IIiu N
Note .( Hullals tiitdat the Oyad/cs and Matdls/lnotgdiiics columns indicate d yonoidl lotoioncti (o tl>,
rV..(o » f'«.- haaditiij. Studios dnd Oernonstiation*. is divided into Ilia tallowing two subsections (Xx
-,f,..n I.A., »si ^rn/ii ilesnin ihiouqh completion
i iliu Study Hasulls subliediliny i
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