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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington. DC 20460
EP^ 5-2-B-
Septemoe'
3EPA Ground-Water Treatment
Technology Resource
Guide
Abstracts of Policy,
Guidance, and Technical
Assistance Documents
Summary of Regulatory Mechanisms that
Affect Ground-Water Treatment Technologies
Descriptions of Ground-Water Treatment Technology-Related Databases. Hotlines.
Catalogs/Bibliographies, and Dockets
Easy-to-Use Matrix that Assists in Identification of Appropriate Documents
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NOTICE
This document was prepared by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under EPA Contract Number
68-W2-0004. Option 2, Subcontract No. 92-001-01. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document represents a series of technology resource guides prepared by the Technology Innovation Office.
These include the following technology guides: the Bioremediation Resource Guide (EPA/542/B-93/004); the
Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide (EPA/542/B-94/008); and the Soil Vapor Extraction
Treatment Technology Resource Guide (EPA/542/B-94/007).
Information is included in this document on how to obtain these additional resource guides.
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FOREWORD
Identifying and accessing pertinent information resource tools that will help site cleanup managers evaluate innovative
technologies is key to the broader use of these technologies. This Guide is intended to increase awareness about
technical information and specialized support services/resources related to ground water treatment technologies.
Specifically, this document identifies a cross section of information intended to aid users in remedial decision-making.
including: abstracts of field reports and guidance documents; computer systems/data bases; pertinent regulations and
associated guidance documents; program hotlines; as well as Federal centers for ordering publications. In addition,
the look-up format of this document allows the user to quickly scan available resources and access more detailed
abstracts, as desired.
Please let us know about additional information that could make this Guide (and others in the series) more useful to
you.
Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Ph.D.
Director, Technolosv Innovation Office
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was prepared under the direction of Mr. John E. Quander and Mr. Michael Forlini, work assignment
managers for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Technology Innovation Office. The Technology
Innovation Office would like to thank the following EPA organizations and personnel for their expert review and
assistance in the development of this document: Librarians in EPA Regions 1,4, and 8; the Center for Environmental
Research and Information (CERI); ORD Laboratories (Edison. Kerr. and Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratories);
Regional Technical Liaisons in Regions 7.8, and 10; Waste Program Offices in Regions 2 and 5; Regional Engineering
Forum Members; the Office of Solid Waste; the Office of Underground Storage Tanks; and the RCRA/Superfund/
OUST Hotline and Document Centers.
in
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource Guide is intended to support decision-making by
Regional and State Corrective Action permit writers. Remedial Project Managers (RPMs), On-Scene Coordina-
tors, contractors, and others responsible for the evaluation of technologies. This Guide directs managers of sites
being cleaned up under the RCRA, UST, and CERCLA waste programs to ground-water treatment technology
resource documents, databases, hotlines, and dockets and identifies regulatory mechanisms (e.g.. Research
Development and Demonstration Permits) that have the potential to ease the implementation of ground-water
treatment at hazardous waste sites.
This Guide provides abstracts of representative examples of over 50 ground-water treatment technology guidance/
workshop reports, overview documents, studies and demonstrations, and other resource guides. The Ground-
Water Treatment Technology Resource Matrix, which accompanies this Guide, identifies the in situ treatment
technology and contaminants covered in each abstracted document. Information contained in this Guide is not
intended to be all-inclusive, nor does the inclusion of information represent an endorsement by the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA).
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 2
HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS LISTED IN THIS GUIDE 3
SOURCES OF GROUND-WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION/TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 4
FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE RELEVANT
TO GROUND-WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 7
ABSTRACTS OF GROUND-WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES 8
REQUEST FOR COMMENTS 27
ORDER FORMS 29
GROUND-WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY RESOURCE MATRIX Back of Guide
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INTRODUCTION
EPA is committed to identifying the most effective and efficient means of addressing the thousands of hazardous
waste sites in the United States. Therefore, the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response's (OSWER's)
Technology Innovation Office (TIO) at EPA is working in conjunction with the EPA Regions and research
centers and industry to identify and further the implementation of innovative treatment technologies.
The goal of OSWER is to encourage the development and use of innovative hazardous waste treatment technolo-
gies. One way of enhancing the use of these technologies is to ensure that decision-makers can avail themselves
of the most current information on technologies, policies, and other sources of assistance. This Guide was
prepared to help identify documents that can directly assist RPMs and permit-writers in investigating existing
information on ground-water treatment technologies applications for contaminants usually found at RCRA. UST,
and CERCLA sites.
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
When using this Guide to identify resource information on ground-water treatment technologies, you may wish to
take the following steps:
1. Turn to the Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource Matrix located in the back of this Guide.
This matrix lists alphabetically by document type over 60 ground-water treatment-related documents and
identifies the type of information provided by each document, as well as a document ordering number.
2. Select the document(s) that appear to fit your needs based on the content information in the matrix.
3. Check the abstract identification code. This number refers to an abstract of the document. The number
corresponds to a page number in the Guide and the letter corresponds to an abstract on that page.
For example:
Abstract
Identification
Code
Abstract A on
8 A — page 8 of the
I Resource Guide
page 8 in the
Resource Guide
4. Review the abstract that corresponds to the document in which you are interested to confirm that the docu-
ment will fit your needs.
5. If the document appears to be appropriate, check the document number highlighted under the abstract. For
example:
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-92/003
6. Turn to the section entitled "How to Order Documents Listed in this Guide" on page 3 of this Guide and order
your document using the directions listed. You will find order forms identified in the section entitled "Order
Forms," which begins on page 29 of this Guide.
7. When seeking information on technical assistance sources, turn to page 4 of this Guide.
8. To identify information on Federal regulations and guidance relevant to ground water treatment technologies,
turn to page 7 of this Guide.
9. If you would like to comment on this Guide or would like additional information, turn to page 27 of this
Guide and follow the directions for mailing or faxing your comments/questions.
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HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS LISTED IN THIS GUIDE
Documents listed in this Guide are available through a variety of sources. When ordering documents listed in the
"Ground-Water Treatment Technology Abstracts" section of this Guide, use the number listed in the bar below
the abstract. If using the Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource Matrix in the back of the Guide, use
the number listed below the document title. If multiple document ordering numbers are identified, select the
appropriate number based on the directions below. EPA/530, EPA/540, EPA/600, and EPA/625 documents may
be available through the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI); EPA/540 and EPA/542 docu-
ments may be obtained through the National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI);
and EPA/530 may be obtained through the RCRA Information Center (RIC). These document repositories
provide in-stock documents free of charge, but document supplies may be limited. Documents obtained through
the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) are available for a fee; therefore, prior to purchasing a docu-
ment through NTIS, you may also wish to review a copy at a technical or university library, or a public library
that houses government documents.
Document Type Document Source
Publication numbers with the following prefixes:
AD
DE
PB
PR (free of charge)
NTIS
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703)487-4650
fax requests to (703) 321-8547
8:30 a.m. - 5 p.m.. Eastern Time.
NTIS provides documents for a fee. The "NTIS Order Form," included in the "Order Forms" section of this Guide, can he used to
order from NTIS.
Publications with the following numbers:
EPA/530 (limited collection)
EPA/540 (limited collection)
EPA/600
EPA/625
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513)569-7562
8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.. Eastern Time.
Out of stock documents may be ordered from NCEPI or may be purchased from NTIS.
Publications with the following numbers:
EPA/540
EPA/542
National Center for Environmental
Publications and Information (NCEPI)
11029 Kenwood Road. Building 5
Cincinnati, OH 45242
(513)891-6561
fax requests to (513) 891-6685
8 a.m. - 5 p.m., Eastern Time.
A document title or number is needed to place an order with NCEPI. Some out of stock documents may be ordered from CERI or
may be purchased from NTIS.
Publications with EPA/530 numbers
RCRA Information Center (RIC)
401 M St., S.W. Mailcode: 5305
Washington. DC 20460
(202) 260-9327
9 a.m. - 4 p.m.. Eastern Time.
"Office of Solid Waste Publications Order Form," included in the "Order Forms" section of this Guide can be used to order from
the RIC.
If you have difficulty finding a document or wish to obtain EPA/510 documents, call:
RCRA/Superfund/buST Hotline 800-424-9346, 703-412-9810, TDD: 800-553-7672, 703-412-3323
Operates Monday-Friday. 8:30 a.m. - 7:30 p.m.. Eastern Time.
Hotline staff can help EPA staffer members of the public locate documents and assist callers with placing document orders.
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SOURCES OF GROUND-WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION/TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Numerous computer-based bulletin boards, regulatory hotlines, dockets, databases, catalogs/bibliographies, and periodicals
are also available. These resources provide technical information on ground-water treatment technology and other innovative
technolosies and suide you to additional valuable resources. Most bulletin board services are provided free of charge.
BULLETIN BOARDS:
• Alternative Treatment Technologies
Information Center (ATTIC) data line ..703-908-2137
Users can access this collection of hazardous waste data-
bases through a bulletin board. Provides hazardous waste
abstracts, news bulletins, conference information, and a
message board.
Help Line 703-908-2138
Provides information on access to ATTIC.
• Cleanup Information Bulletin
(CLU-IN) data line 301-589-8366
Provides hazardous waste professionals with current infor-
mation on innovative technologies via a bulletin board.
Provides information bulletins, message and on-file ex-
change, and on-line databases and directories.
Helpline 301-589-8368
Addresses questions about CLU-IN access and contents;
addresses problems with the service.
• Office of Research and Development (ORD)
Data line 800-258-9605
Bulletin Board Service (BBS)
Data line 513-569-7610
Provides a bibliography of over 19,000 documents and a
message board.
Helpline 513-569-7272
Provides information on access to and contents of the ORD
BBS.
CA TALOGS/BIBLIOGRAPHIES/DIRECTORIES:
• Accessing Federal Data Bases for Contaminated Site
Clean-Up Technologies, Third Edition, September 1993
EPA/542/B-93/008
Provides information on those systems maintaining data on
remedial technologies, including information on data ele-
ments, system uses, hardware and software requirements,
and access.
• Catalog of Hazardous and Solid Waste Publications,
Sixth Edition EPA/530-B-92-001
Catalogs Office of Solid Waste policy directives, guidance
documents, brochures, Regulatory Development Branch
memos, and other documents relevant to hazardous and
solid waste.
• Compendium of Superfund Program Publications
EPA/540/8-91/014, NTIS PR 881
Provides abstracts and ordering information for fact sheets,
directives, publications, and computer materials on
Superfund. Use the document ordering directions to obtain
the Compendium.
• Federal Publications on Alternative and Innovative Treat-
ment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site
Remediation, Third Edition, September 1993
EPA/542/B-93/007
Lists Federal publications on innovative treatment technolo-
gies, including thermal, biological, and physical/chemical
processes; technology survey reports; treatability studies;
and reports on ground water and community relations.
• Ground-Water Research, Technical Assistance Direc-
tory, Third Edition EPA/600/9-91/006
Lists research contacts in EPA Headquarters and Regional
offices. In addition, the directory provides brief organiza-
tional descriptions of the ground-water research program for
each ORD office.
• Literature Review of Nonbiological Remediation Tech-
nologies Which May Be Applicable to Fertilizer/
Agrichemical Dealer Sites
NTIS DE93003877/XAB
This bulletin provides a general literature overview of the
more prominent nonbiological remediation technologies that
may be applicable to fertilizer/agrichemical dealer sites.
• Literature Survey of Innovative Technologies for Haz-
ardous Waste Site Remediation, 1987-1991
EPA/542/B-92/004, NTIS PB93-105617
Provides a survey of publications useful to those investigat-
ing innovative technologies. Includes information on current
developments and identifies references to support addi-
tional research.
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Tech-
nologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation,
November 1993 Update
EPA/542/B-93/010
Provides a list of EPA information resources related to the
use of alternative and innovative treatment technologies,
including guidance documents, study results, bulletins, and
databases.
• Technical Assistance Directory, July 1993
EPA/600/K-93/006
Lists the programs, areas of expertise, and primary contacts
in each of the major Office of Research and Development
(ORD) operations.
DA TABASES/SOFTWARE:
• DIALOG Database 800-3-DIALOG
Contains files relevant to hazardous waste including:
Enviroline, CA Search, Pollution Abstracts, Compendex,
Energy Science and Technology, National Technical Infor-
mation Service (NTIS), and others.
NTIS Database
Contains abstracts of government-sponsored research, development, and
engineering analyses prepared by approximately 250 Federal agencies and
some State and local governments. Accessible via the DIALOG system.
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SOURCES OF GROUND-WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION/TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (CONT'D)
• Exposure Models Library and Integrated Model Evalua-
tion
EPA/600/C-92/002
Presents about 90 exposure models for determining fate and
transport in various environmental media.
• FEDWORLD
To access via modem 703-321-8020
To access via Internet telnet fedworld.gov or
192.239.92.201
Allows access to more than 100 Federally-operated on-line
computer systems, including eight environmentally related
systems, under a single umbrella. Environmental systems
include the Alternative Treatment Technology Information
Center, the Waste Water Treatment Information Exchange,
the CLU-IN (Superfund) Bulletin Board, the Clean-Up Stan-
dards and Outreach Bulletin Board, the Office of Research
and Development Bulletin Board, and the Pesticide Informa-
tion Network. FEDWORLD operates 24 hours a day, seven
days a week, free of charge.
Help Line 703-487-4608
Answers questions about access and contents.
• Records of Decision System (RODs)
To get information on accessing
RODS 703-271-5400
Contains the full text of all signed RODs for hazardous waste
clean-up sites nationwide. Direct access to RODS is avail-
able to EPA personnel and organizations that have relevant
EPA contracts. Regional libraries will provide public citizens
with ROD information.
• Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Treatability
Database
To fax a request 513-891-6685
To send a request NCEPI
P.O. Box42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419
Contains extensive review of the removal and destruction of
1,200 chemicals in both aqueous and solid media. Send a
fax to the above number or mail a request to the above
address to order, free of charge, the database on
3 1/2" disk.
• Vendor Information System for Innovative
Treatment Technologies (VISITT) 800-245-4505
Contains current information on the availability, performance,
and cost of innovative technologies to remediate hazardous
waste sites.
DOCKETS:
• Federal Facilities Docket Hotline 800-548-1016
Provides the name, address, NPL status, agency, and
Region for the Federal facilities listed on the Federal Facili-
ties Docket. Facilities are on the docket because they
reported being a RCRA TSDF or ha ving spilled or ha ving the
potential to release CERCLA hazardous waste. Operates
Monday - Friday, 8:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m., Eastern Time.
• OUST Docket 202-260-9720
Provides documents and regulatory information pertinent to
RCRA Subtitle I (the Underground Storage Tank program).
Operates Monday - Friday, 9a.m. -4:30p.m., Eastern Time.
• RCRA Information Center 202-260-9327
Indexes and provides public access to all regulatory materi-
als supporting the Agency's actions under RCRA, and dis-
seminates current Office of Solid Waste publications. Oper-
ates Monday - Friday, 9 a.m. - 4 p.m.. Eastern Time.
• Superfund Docket 202-260-3046
Provides access to Superfund regulatory documents.
Superfund Federal Register Notices, and RODs. Operates
Monday - Friday, 9 a.m. - 4 p.m., Eastern Time.
HOTLINES/REGULATORY/TECHNICAL ASSIS-
TANCE:
• Ground-Water and Drinking-Water
Resource Center 202-260-7786
Distributes ground-water and drinking-water publications
and maintains a bibliographic database on Office of Ground-
Water and Drinking- Water documents. Operates Monday -
Friday, 8:30 a.m. - 5 p.m., Eastern Time.
• Ground-Water Fate and Transport Technology
Support Center 405-436-8603
Provides technical support on general ground-water
remediation technologies and provides a catalog of various
ground-water remediation technologies. Operates Monday
- Friday, 8 a.m. - 4 p.m., Central Time.
• RCRA/SuperfunoVOUST Hotline 800-424-9346,
703-412-9810, TDD: 800-553-7672, 703-412-3323
Provides regulatory assistance related to RCRA, CERCLA,
and UST programs. Serves as a liaison between the
regulated community and EPA personnel and provides
information on the availability of relevant documents. Oper-
ates Monday - Friday, 8:30 a.m. - 7:30 p.m., Eastern Time.
• Superfund Health Risk Technical
Support Center 513-569-7300
Provides EPA Regional Superfund risk assessors, State
agencies, and those working under EPA contract with tech-
nical, typically chemical-specific, support and risk assess-
ment review. Operates Monday - Friday 8 a.m. - 5 p.m.,
Eastern Time.
• TSCA Hotline 202-554-1404
/Answers public and private regulatory questions on TSCA.
Refers callers to appropriate EPA contacts, and takes TSCA-
relevant document orders. Operates Monday - Friday,
8:30 a.m. - 5 p.m., Eastern Time.
INFORMATION CENTER:
• National Center for Environmental
Publications and Information (NCEPI) 513-891-6561
To fax a request 513-891-6685
Stores and distributes to public and private callers a
limited supply of most EPA publications, videos, posters,
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SOURCES OF GROUND-WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION/TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (CONT'D)
4 Library (At.anta, GA, 404-347-4216
documents can be obtained from NCEPI, while supplies Qpe/ates Monday "^^'sam^'Ssp.m, Eastern Time
last.
Bioremediation in the Field - ^9'°" 5 Library (Chicago, IL) 312-353-2022
A periodical devoted to bioremediation that contains 140 potential Fax Jl^-JbJ-l1 DO
applications of bioremediation. including bioremediation for remedy of Operates Monday - Friday, 7:30a.m. - 5p.m., Central Time
contaminated ground water.
Ground Water Currents - R^™ 6 Library (Dallas, TX) 214-665-6427
A newsletter that reports on innovative in situ and ex situ ground-water Fax 214-665-2146
remediation technologies to be applied in the field. Operates Monday - Friday, 7:30a.m. - 4:30p.m., Central
LIBRARIES: ^
._, . . - Region 7 Library (Kansas City, KS) 913-551-7358
• The EPA Headquarters and Regional Libraries provide mfor- Fax 913.551 _7467
nation services covering a wide range of environmental and OperaiesMonday • Friday, 9a.m. - 5:30p.m., Central Time
related subjects, including hazardous waste, air and water
pollution and control, environmental law, solid waste, toxic _ RegjOn 3 Library (Denver, CO) 303-293-1444
substances, and test methods. These libraries also provide Fax 303-294-1087
a collection of materials on social, economic, legislative, legal, Pubiiclnformaiion 'center Operates Monday - Friday
administrative, and management projects related to all as- Qa m _ 5p m ubrary Operates Monday - Friday, 12p.m. -
pects of environmental policy. EPA Headquarters and Re- 4p.m., Mountain Time
gional Libraries contact information is provided below. In
addition to resources available through EPA libraries, users _ Regjon g Library
may also access relevant documents through university li- ^San Francisco, CA) 415-744-1510
braries or other public libraries that house government docu- pax ' 415.744.1474
ments. Operates Monday - Friday, 9a.m. - 5p.m., Western Time
- EPA Headquarters Library 202-260-5921 . Region 10 Library
Operates Monday - Friday, 10a.m. - 2p.m., Eastern Time (Seattle, WA) 206-553-1289 or 1259
Fax .' 206-553-8509
- Region 1 Library (Boston, MA) 617-565-3300 Operates Monday - Friday, 9a.m. - 4p.m., Western Time
Fax 617-565-3346
Operates Monday - Friday, 8:30a.m. • 5p.m., Eastern Time . RREL/Site Superfund Videotape
Library 201-535-2219
- Region 2 Library (New York, NY) 212-264-2881 Provides composite videotapes containing a number of EPA-
Fax 212-264-5433 produced documentaries on specific Superfund Innovative
Operates Monday - Friday (except Tuesday), 8:30a.m. - Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program demonstrations.
5p.m., Eastern Time Operates Monday - Friday, 8:30a.m. - 4:30p.m., Eastern Time
Operates Tuesday, 1p.m. - 5p.m., Eastern Time
• Region 3 Library (Philadelphia, PA) 215-597-0580
Fax 215-597-7906
Operates Monday - Friday, 8a.m. - 4p.m., Eastern Time
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FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE RELEVANT TO
GROUND WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
This table lists pertinent RCRA regulations, with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and Federal Register (FR)
citations and provides information on guidance documents relevant to these regulations. In addition, States may elect
to have more stringent regulations than the Federal regulations identified here. Contact your State environmental
protection agency when considering the applicability of any of the following Federal regulations.
CITATION
REGULATION
DESCRIPTION
GUIDANCE
40 CFR Part 261
February 18, 1994
59 FR 8362
40 CFR §270.65
July 15. 1985
50 FR 28728
40 CFR §270.42(6)
December 10, 1987
52 FR 46946
40 CFR §270.42(e)
March 7, 1989
54 FR 9596
(Changes certain permit
modifications for hazardous
waste)
40 CFR §268.40
June 1, 1990
55 FR 22686
(Presents third-third
wastes)
40 CFR §268.44(h)
August 17, 1988
53 FR 31143. 31185, 31188,
31196,31199,31202
(Presents final rule on first-
third wastes and national
capacity variances)
Treatability Study
Exemption
Research Development
and Demonstration
Permits
Subpart X Miscellaneous
Units
RCRA Permit Modification
Rule: Temporary
Authorization
Land Disposal Restrictions
(LOR) Subpart D -
Treatment Standards
Variance from an LDR
Treatment Standard
Provides for treatability studies
under RCRA
Allows the issuance of a RCRA
permit for a pilot scale study
pertaining to an innovative or
experimental technology
Allows the issuance of a RCRA
permit for a miscellaneous unit
Allows the permitting agency to
grant a facility a temporary
authorization to perform certain
activities (e.g., cleanups,
corrective action, and closure
activities) for up to 180 days
Sets forth RCRA hazardous
waste treatment standards
Conducting Treatability Studies Under
RCRA (7/92. OSWER Directive
9380.3-09FS, NTIS PB92-963-501)
Guidance Manual for Research
Development and Demonstration Permits
(7/86, EPA/530-SW-86-008. OSWER
Directive 9527 00-1 A. NTIS
PB86-229192/AS)
No guidance specifically related to
ground-water technologies is available.
Modifying RCRA Permits (9/89,
EPA/530-SW-89-050)
40 CFR §264.552
February 16, 1993
58 FR 8658
40 CFR §264.1030
June 21, 1990
55 FR 25454
40 CFR §264.1050
June 21. 1990
55 FR 25454
40 CFR §264.90
July 26. 1982
47 FR 32274
Corrective Action
Management
Unit (CAMU)
Air Emission Standards for
Process Vents
Allows for a site-specific
treatability vahance to be
issued as a nonrulemaking
procedure
Encourages treatment,
including use of innovative
treatment, instead of
containment
Sets forth standards for process
vents associated with RCRA
permitted hazardous waste
facilities that manage waste
with organic concentrations of
at least lOppm
Land Disposal Restnctions Summary of
Requirements
(2/91, OSWER Directive 9934.0-1 A, NTIS
PB91-190835)
Regional Guide: Issuing Site-Specific
Treatability Variances for Contaminated
Soils and Debris from LDRs (1/92, OSWER
Directive 9380.3-08FS. NTIS PB92-963284)
No Migration Variances to the Hazardous
Waste Land Disposal Prohibitions; A
Guidance Manual for Petitioners (7/92. NTIS
PB92-207695)
Environmental Fact Sheet:
EPA Issues Final Rules for Corrective
Action Management Units and Temporary
Units
(1/93, EPA/530-F-93-001)
Hazardous Waste TSDF - Technical
Guidance Document for RCRA Air Emission
Standards for Process Vents and Equipment
Leaks (7/90, EPA/450-3-89-021, NTIS
PB90-263880)
Hazardous Waste TSDF - Technical
Guidance Document for RCRA Air Emission
Standards for Process Vents and Equipment
Leaks (7/90, EPA/450-3-89-021, NTIS
PB90-263880)
RCRA Ground-Water Monitonng: Draft
Technical Guidance (11/92,
EPA/530-R-93-001, NTIS PB93-139350)
Statistical Analysis of Ground-Water
Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities; Draft
Addendum to Interim Final Guidance
(EPA/530/R-93/003, PB89-151047)
Handbook of RCRA Ground-Water
Monitoring Constituents: Chemical and
Physical Properties (40 CFR Part 264,
Appendix IX, June 1992)
(EPA/530/R-92/002. PB92-233287)
GRITS/STAT - A ground water information
system tracking system with statistical
analysis capability (EPA/625/11-91/002)
GRoundwater Information Tracking System with STATistical Analysis Capability (GRITS/STAT) is a comprehensive ground-water database
system designed to store, analyze, and report data generated from ground water monitoring programs such as facilities regulated by RCRA
Subtitles C & D. GRITS/STAT is IBM PC/AT compatible, includes a User's Manual, and is available as an EPA ORD Publication (EPA
625/11-91/002). For more information contact Jack Teuschler at EPA/ORD/RREL (513) 567-7314.
Ground Water Monitoring
Sets forth standards for process
vents associated with RCRA
permitted hazardous waste
facilities that manage waste
with organic concentrations of
at least 10% by weight
Sets forth ground water
monitoring regulations for
RCRA permitted treatment,
storage, and disposal facilities
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ABSTRACTS OF GROUND-WATER TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES
The following abstracts describe the contents of pertinent ground-water treatment technology documents, which are orga-
nized alphabetically within each document type. Documents that address the same site are grouped together and listed in
alphabetical order by site name. Document types included are:
Begins on Page
• Guidance/Workshops 8
• Overview Documents 8
• Studies and Demonstrations 14
• Other Resource Guides -5
To quickly identify documents pertinent to your interest area, see the Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource
Matrix in the back of this Guide. The documents in the matrix are categorized using the document types identified above
and can be cross-referenced with the abstracts using the code to the left of the document titles on the matrix. In an effort to
limit the number of resources listed here. Records of Decision (RODs), documents more than five years old. and most
proceedings are not included. Those seeking RODs or proceedings may wish to contact the hotlines, dockets, etc. listed on
page 4 of this Guide. These abstracts were pulled from the NTIS Database.
GUIDANCE/WORKSHOPS
Biotechnology Workgroup for Department of Defense
Soil and Ground Water Decontamination Applications,
Final Report for Period Ending March 1989.
Reuter, R. H.. Life Systems. Inc., Cleveland, OH, Naval
Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA. June 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/F-93/019
NTIS Document Number: PB93-963327/XAB
NTIS Document Number: AD-A237 956/8/XAB
This report contains materials used in and generated by the
Department of Defense Biotechnology Workshop on Soil and
Ground-Water Decontamination Applications. Various
bioremediation techniques for treating soil and water contami-
nated with sludges, solvents, toxins, acids, bases, and heavy
metals were discussed as well as the overall place of biotechnol-
ogy in Installation Restoration programs. Among the specific
applications discussed were: biochemical sensors to determine
environmental stress in organisms; in situ detoxification and
biodecontammation of pollutants in soils and waste streams;
sequestration, removal, and recovery of metals in waste streams
with metal-binding proteins; and the use of vegetation to limit
the transport to sequester and/or to remove contaminants from
soil or water.
NPL Construction Completion Definition at Bioremedia-
tion and Soil Vapor Extraction Sites Directive.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC,
June 1993
The report discusses EPA's policy for categorizing
bioremediation and soil vapor extraction sites as Construction
Completions. Technologies addressed are: in situ soil vapor
extraction, in situ bioremediation, and ex situ bioremediation.
OVERVIEW DOCUMENTS
An Overview of Underground Storage Tank Remediation
Options.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC,
October 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/510/F-93/029
This document contains a series of fact sheets to answer basic
questions about selected alternative cleanup technologies and
to provide an easy way to compare one another. The ground-
water remediation technologies include: in situ air sparging
with soil vapor extraction, in situ bioremediation, in situ
bioventing combined with low flow air sparging (biosparging),
and vacuum enhanced pump and treat.
Bioremediation.
Thomas, J. M.; Ward, C. H.; Raymond, R. L.; Wilson, J. T.;
and Loehr, R. C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Roberts. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada,
-------
Overview Documents
OK, National Center for Ground Water Research, Houston,
TX, 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-93/004
NTIS Document Number: PB93-149193/XAB
Bioremediation is defined in the article as the process by which
microorganisms are stimulated to rapidly degrade hazardous
organic contaminants to environmentally safe levels in soils,
subsurface materials, water, sludges, and residues. Stimulation
is achieved by the addition of nutrients and a terminal electron
acceptor, usually oxygen, because most biological reactions
occur faster under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. Under
anaerobic conditions, nitrate has been used as the terminal
electron acceptor. The microorganisms use the contaminants as
a food source and convert the contaminants into biomass and
harmless by-products of metabolism such as CO, and inorganic
salts. Usually bioremediation is used to degrade contaminants
that are sorbed to surfaces or dissolved in water rather than to
degrade pure chemicals. As a result, the process is used in
conjunction with other techniques in remediation of contami-
nated sites. The contaminants can be biodegraded in situ or
removed and placed in a bioreactor. which can be placed off or
at the site where the contamination occurred.
9A
Critical Review of In Situ Bioremediation, Topical
Report, January 1990-March 1992.
Rittmann. B. E.; Valocchi. A. J.; Seagren, E.; Ray, C.; and
Wrenn. B., Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign,
Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, North Dakota
University. Grand Forks. ND; Energy and Environmental
Research Center, Gas Research Institute. Chicago, IL; U.S.
Department of Energy. Morgantown Energy Technology
Center, Morgantown, WV, August 1992
NTIS Document Number: PB93-114247/XAB
In situ bioremediation, which is the managed, in-place cleanup
of contaminated ground water aquifers and surface soils by
microorganisms, is a promising technology because it is versa-
tile and can have significant economic advantages. Many
common contaminants are biodegradable, and new microbial
capabilities for degradation are being discovered all the time.
Success in the field and in laboratory studies point out the
promise. On the other hand, the promises are not yet fulfilled,
mainly because of the complexity of the subsurface situation.
The report provides a comprehensive and in-depth critical
review of in situ bioremediation. It is organized to evaluate the
possibilities and restrictions inherent in all facets of in situ
bioremediation, including microbiology, hydrodynamics, en-
gineering, and legal and other nontechnical aspects. Several of
the key conclusions are illustrated by case studies of successful
field projects. Finally, the research needed to advance in Mtu
bioremediation to become a reliable and acceptable tool is
outlined.
Evaluation of Ground-Water Extraction Remedies:
Phase 2, Volume 1, Summary Report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emer-
gency and Remedial Response. Washington. DC. February
1992
NTIS Document Number: PB92-963346/XAB
The report is the second phase of a study to evaluate the
effectiveness of ground-water extraction systems being used to
remediate ground-water contamination at hazardous uaste
sites. The report was prepared in two volumes. Volume 1
contains an executive summary and chapters which discuss the
purpose, methodologies, and conclusions of the project.
Fifth Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment
Technologies: Domestic and International, Proceedings,
Chicago, Illinois, May 3-5, 1994.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innov ation
Office. Office of Research and Development. Washington.
DC. Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. Cincinnati.
OH, May 1994
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-94/503
On May 3-5.1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
Technology Innovation Office and Risk Reduction Engineer-
ing Laboratory hosted an international conference in Chicago.
Illinois to exchange solutions to hazardous waste treatment
problems. During the conference, scientists and engineers
representing government agencies, industry, and academia
attended over 40 technical presentations and case studies de-
scribing domestic and international technologies for the treat-
ment of waste, sludges, and contaminated soils at uncontrolled
hazardous waste disposal sites. A session was also held on
opportunities in research and commercialization, which in-
cluded presentations on export assistance programs and part-
nerships with EPA in developing innovative technologies. This
compendium includes the abstracts of the presentations from
the conference and many of the posters that were on display.
Fourth Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treat-
ment Technologies: Domestic and International, Techni-
cal Papers, San Francisco, California, November 17-19,
1992.
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Overview Documents
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office, Office of Research and Development. Washington,
DC, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati,
OH, February 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-93/500
On November 17-19. 1992. the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Technology Innovation Office and Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, the Department of Energy, the Corps
of Engineers, and the California Environmental Protection
Agency, hosted an international conference in San Francisco,
California, to exchange solutions to hazardous waste treatment
problems. This conference was attended by approximately
1.000 representatives from the U.S. and 25 foreign countries.
During the conference, scientists and engineers representing
government agencies, industry, and academia attended 42
technical presentations and case studies describing domestic
and international technologies for the treatment of waste, slud-
ges, and contaminated soils at uncontrolled hazardous waste
disposal sites. Technologies included physical/chemical, bio-
logical, thermal, and stabilization techniques. Presentations
were made by EPA. their Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) program participants, other Federal and
State agencies and their contractors, international scientists,
and vendors. This document contains abstracts of the presen-
tations from the conference and many of the posters that were
on display.
Guidance for Evaluating the Technical Impracticability
of Ground-Water Restoration.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC, Septem-
ber 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-93/080
NTIS Document Number: PB93-963507/XAB
This guidance clarifies how EPA will determine whether ground
water restoration is technically impracticable and what alterna-
tive measures or action must be undertaken to ensure that the
final remedy is protective of human health and the environment.
Topics covered include the types of technical data and analyses
needed to support EPA's evaluation of a particular site and the
criteria used to make a determination. As technical impractica-
bility (TI) decisions are part of the process of site investigation,
remedy selection, remedial action, and evaluation of remedy
performance, the guidance also briefly discusses the overall
framework for decision making during these phases of site
cleanup.
Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status
Report, Fifth Edition.
Fiedler, L., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Technology Innov a-
tion Office, Washington, DC, September 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/R-93/003
NTIS Document Number: PB93-133387/XAB
This annual report contains site-specific information on
Superfund sites (both remedial and emergency response ac-
tions) and non-Superfund sites (within the Departments of
Defense and Energy) where innovative treatment technologies
have been or are being used. Innovative treatment technologies
are treatment technologies for which a lack of data on cost and
performance makes their selection and use at Superfund sites
more difficult. The report documents the use of the following
innovative treatment technologies to treat ground water in situ:
soils, sediments, sludge, and solid-matrix wastes: bioremediation
(ex situ); bioremediation (in situ); chemical treatment: dechlo-
nnation; in situ flushing; in situ vitrification: soil vapor extrac-
tion; soil washing; solvent extraction: thermal desorption: and
other technologies.
Innovative Treatment Technologies: Overview and
Guide to Information Sources.
Quander, J. and Kingscott, J., U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
Technology Innovation Office, Washington, DC, October
1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/9-91/002
NTIS Document Number: PB92-179001/XAB
The document is a compilation of information on innovative
treatment technologies being used in the Superfund program
and is intended to assist site project managers, consultants,
responsible parties, and owner/operators in their efforts to
identify current literature on innovative treatment technologies
for hazardous waste remediation on corrective action. The
technologies addressed in the guide include the following:
incineration, thermal desorption, soil washing, solvent extrac-
tion, dechlorination, bioremediation, vacuum extraction, vitri-
fication, and ground-water treatment. Also included in the
guide for the user's reference are summary statistics of EPA's
selection and application of innovative treatment technologies
between 1982 and 1990. In addition, for each technology the
10
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Qvervew
guide provides a detailed description, status ot" development
and application, strengths, weaknesses, and materials handling
considerations. A comprehensive bibliography for each tech-
nology can be found within each chapter.
In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground Water.
Sims. J. L.: Suflita. J. M.; and Russell, H. H.: U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response. Washington, DC, February 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA;540/S-92/003
NTIS Document Number: PB92-224336/XAB
In-situ bioremediation. where applicable, appears to be a poten-
tial cost-effective and environmentally acceptable remediation
technology. Suflita (1989) identified characteristics of the ideal
candidate site for successful implementation of in-situ
bioremediation. These characteristics included: (1) a homoge-
neous and permeable aquifer: (2) a contaminant originating
from a single source: (3) a low ground-water gradient; (4) no
tVee product: (5) no soil contamination; and (6) an easily
degraded, extracted, or immobilized contaminant. Obviously,
few sites meet these characteristics. However, development of
information concerning site-specific geological and microbio-
logical characteristics of the aquifer, combined w ith knowledge
concerning potential chemical, physical, and biochemical fate
of the wastes present, can be used to develop a bioremediation
strateev for a less-than-ideal site.
In Situ Bioremediation of Ground Water and Geological
Material: A Review of Technologies, Research Report.
Norris. R. D.; Hinchee. R. E.; Brown, R.; and McCarty, P.
L.; Semprini, L.; Dynamac Corporation, Ada, OK, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, July 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/R-93/124
NTIS Document Number. PB93-215564/XAB
The report provides the reader with a detailed background of the
technologies available for the bioremediation of contaminated
soil and ground water. The document has been prepared for
scientists, consultants, regulatory personnel, and others who
are associated in some way with the restoration of soil and
ground water at hazardous waste sites. It provides the most
recent scientific understanding of the processes involved with
soil and ground-water remediation, as well as a definition of the
state-of-the-art technologies with respect to circumstances of
their applicability and their limitations. In addition to discus-
sions and examples of developed technologies, the report also
provides insights to emerging technologies that are at the
research level of formation, ranging from theoretical concepts.
through bench-scale inquiries, to limited field-scale investiga-
tions. The report centers around a number of bioremediation
technologies applicable to the various subsurface compart-
ments into which contaminants are distributed. The processes
that drive these remediation technologies are discussed in depth
along with the attributes that direct their applicability and
limitations according to the phases into which the contaminants
have partitioned. These discussions include in situ remediation
systems, air sparging and bioventing. use of electron acceptors
alternate to oxygen, natural bioremediation. and introduction of
organisms into the subsurface. The contaminants of major
focus in the report are petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated
solvents.
In Situ Bioremediation of Ground Water, Summary
Paper.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Robert S Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory. Ada. OK. Januar\
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-92/017
NTIS Document Number: PB93-146850/XAB
The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laborator>
(RSKERL) has developed a number of issue papers and brief-
ing documents that are designed to exchange up-io-date infor-
mation related to the remediation of contaminated soil and
ground water at hazardous waste sites. In an attempt to make
the content of these documents available to a w ider audience.
RSKERL is developing a series of summary papers that are
condensed versions of the original documents. There are a
number of techniques that may potentially be used for dealing
with problems resulting from the contamination of ground
water with organic compounds. Ground water can sometimes
be treated in place using chemical or biological processes. An
emerging technology for the in situ remediation of ground
water is the use of microorganisms to degrade contaminants
that are present in aquifer materials. Although in situ
bioremediation has been used for a number of years in the
restoration of ground water contaminated with petroleum hy-
drocarbons, its application to other classes of contaminants is
relatively recent. This is discussed in the summary paper.
In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Ground Water: An
Inventory of Research and Field Demonstrations and
Strategies for Improving Ground Water Remediation
Technologies.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
11
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Overview
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office, Washington. DC January 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/500/K-93/001
NTTS Document Number: PB93-193720/XAB
The predominance of ground-water contamination at hazard-
ous waste sites and the dearth of methods to efficiently treat this
contamination is a problem that the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency (EPA) is examining. The contaminated ground
water found at most Superfund sites is often the limiting factor
for complete site remediation. The purpose of the document is
to describe recent research, development, and application of
technologies that either treat ground-water contaminants in
place or improve the solubility and mobility of contaminants to
enhance pump-and-treat remediation effectiveness. The report
discusses techniques that can be applied in situ and excludes
pumping methodologies or surface treatment systems. In
addition, the publication presents conclusions based on obser-
vations of the survey. Finally, strategies for action for stake-
holders concerned with in situ ground-water technology devel-
opment are presented. The study has not defined the extent or
activities of research and development outside of EPA-sup-
ported groups.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program: Innovation Making a Difference.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH. May 1994
EPA Document Number: EPA540/F-94/505
The SITE Program encourages commercialization of innova-
tive technologies for characterizing and remediating hazardous
waste site contamination through four components: demon-
stration: emerging technology; monitoring and measurement
programs: and technology transfer activities. The information
presented in this brochure addresses the demonstration segment
of the program. The demonstration component evaluates
promising innovative remedial technologies on site and pro-
vides reliable performance, cost, and applicability information
for making cleanup decisions. This document lists the advan-
tages of the SITE Program, as well as statistics such as the
percentage of RODs using innovative technology, cost savings
with innovative technologies for 17 sites, and market activities
as reported by SITE vendors.
12B
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program:
Technology Profiles, Sixth Edition.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
Cincinnati, OH, November 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/R-93/526
NTIS Document Number: PB93-163053/XAB
This document contains a collection of abstracts describing
innovative technologies being implemented in the Superfund
Innovative Technology Evaluation Program for treating con-
taminated ground water, soils, and sludges. Each technology
profile contains a: 1) technology description, 2) discussion of
waste applicability, 3) schematic diagram or photograph of the
process, and 4) summary of demonstration results. The docu-
ment contains over 30 abstracts concerning ground-water
remediation.
Surfactants and Subsurface Remediation, Journal
Article: Published in Environmental Science Technology,
v26n!2, pg. 2324-2330, 1992.
West, C. C. and Harwell, J. H., U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory, Ada. OK, Oklahoma University Research
Institute, OK, 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-93/005
NTIS Document Number: PB93-149854/XAB
Because of the limitations of pump-and-treat technology, atten-
tion is now focused on the feasibility of surfactant use to
increase its efficiency. Surfactants have been studied for use in
soil washing and enhanced oil recovery. Although similarities
exist between the applications, there are significant differences
in the objectives of the technologies and the limitations placed
on surfactant use. This article reviews environmental studies
concerned with the fate and transport of surface-active com-
pounds in the subsurface environment and discuss key issues
related to their successful use for in situ aquifer remediation,
particularly with respect to nonaqueous-phase liquids.
Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of Innovative Site
Remediation Technologies.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office, Washington, DC, Prepared by the Member Agencies
of the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable,
October 1993
12
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Overview D
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/B-93/009
NTIS Document Number: PB94-151065/XAB
This collection of abstracts describes demonstrations of inno-
vative technologies to treat hazardous waste including
remediation costs and contacts. The collection is intended to be
an information resource for hazardous waste site project man-
agers for assessing the availability and viability of innovative
technologies for treating contaminated ground water, soils, and
sludge. It is also intended to assist government agencies in
coordinating ongoing hazardous waste remediation technology
research initiatives, particularly those sponsored by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of En-
ergy, and U.S. Department of Defense. In total 75 demonstra-
tions in seven different categories are described.
TCE Removal from Contaminated Soil and Ground
Water.
Russell, H.H.; Matthews, I.E.: and Sewell. G.W. Robert S.
Kerr Environmental Laboratory, Ada. OK, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Develop-
ment. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,
Technology Innovation Office. Washington, DC, January
1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-92/002
NTIS Document Number: PB92-224104/XAB
The purpose of this paper is to present a synopsis of
physiochemical properties and reactive mechanisms of Trichlo-
roethylene (TCE) and to delineate and discuss promising
remediation technologies that have been proposed and/or dem-
onstrated for restoring TCE-contaminated subsurface environ-
mental media. The technologies discussed include air stripping,
granular activated carbon adsorption, soil venting, in-well
aeration, bioremediation of extracted ground waters/subsur-
face air streams, and in situ bioremediation.
13B
Technologies to Remediate Hazardous Waste Sites.
Falco, J.W., Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories,
Richland, WA, March 1990
NTIS Document Number: DE90-011946/XAB
Technologies to remediate hazardous wastes must be matched
with the properties of the hazardous materials to be treated, the
environment in which the wastes are imbedded, and the desired
extent of remediation. Many promising technologies are being
developed and applied to remediate sites including biological
treatment, immobilization techniques, and in situ methods. The
management and disposal of hazardous wastes is changing
because of Federal and State legislation, as well as public
concern. Future waste management systems will emphasize the
substitution of alternatives for the use of hazardous materials
and process waste recycling. On site treatment will also
become more frequently adopted.
13C
Technology Assessment of Soil Vapor Extraction and Air
Sparging.
Loden, M. E.; Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc.. Cambridge.
MA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati. OH, September 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/R-92/173
NTIS Document Number: PB93-100154/XAB
Air sparging, also called "in situ air stripping" and "in situ
volatilization," injects air into the saturated zone to stnp away
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dissolved in ground water
and adsorbed to soil. These volatile contaminants transfer in a
vapor phase to the unsaturated zone where soil vapor extraction
(SVE) can then capture and remove them. In addition to
removing VOCs via mass transfer, the oxygen in the injected air
enhances subsurface biodegradation of contaminants. Air
sparging is a relatively new treatment technology. Research
efforts have not yet fully elucidated the scientific basis (or
limitations) of the system, nor completely defined the associ-
ated engineering aspects. However, a substantial body of
available information describes the effectiveness and charac-
teristics of air sparging systems. This document summarizes
the available literature and addresses case studies of practical
air sparging applications. It also identifies needs for further
research.
13D
Technology Catalogue, First Edition.
Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Manage-
ment, Office of Technology Development, Washington, DC.
February 1994
DOE Document Number: DOE/EM-0138P
NTIS Document Number: DE94-008866/XAB
The catalogue provides performance data on the technologies
developed by the Office of Technology Development (OTD) to
scientists and engineers assessing and recommending technical
solutions within the Department's clean-up and waste manage-
ment programs, as well as to industry, other Federal and State
13
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Studies and
agencies, and academic community. The Technology Cata-
logue features technologies that have been successfully demon-
strated in the field through Integrated Demonstrations (IDs) and
are considered sufficiently mature to be used in the near term.
The catalogue also discusses the status of the development of
these innovative technologies. Forty-three technologies are
featured: 22 charactenzation/momtonng technologies; and 21
remediation technologies.
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-93/172
NTIS Document Number: PB93-221901/XAB
14A
VOCs in Arid Soils: Technology Summary.
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental
Management, Office of Technology Development, Wash-
ington, DC, February 1994
DOE Document Number. DOE/EM-0136P
NTIS Document Number: DE94-008864/XAB
The Office of Technology Development at the U.S. Department
of Energy developed cost effective mechanisms for assembling
a groupof related and synergistic technologies to evaluate their
performance individually or as a complete system in correcting
waste management and environmental problems from cradle to
grave called Integrated Demonstrations. An Integrated Dem-
onstration for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Arid
Soils is discussed in this document. The document discusses
technologies to clean up VOCs and associated contaminants in
soil and groundwater at and sites and includes information on
dnlling, charactenzation and monitoring, retrieval of contami-
nants, above ground treatment of contaminants, and in-ground
treatment of contaminants. Technologies w- cussed include,
heavy-weight cone penetrometer drilling, directional drilling,
ResonantSonicSM drilling, borehole samplers, halosnifs, por-
table acoustic wave sensors, unsaturated wave apparatus, and
supercritical fluid extraction / field detection. Processes and
technologies used to complete them which are discussed in-
clude in-well vapor stripping, off-gas membrane separation,
supported liquid membranes, steam reforming, turnable hybrid
plasma, and in situ bioremediation of groundwater.
STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS
Documents Focusing on Test Design
Rational design relates laboratory treatability studies at field
scale to the distribution of contaminants and to the residence
time of remedial fluids. The electron acceptor is usually the
limiting factor in bioremediation. Ideally, the electron acceptor
should not be depleted as water or air moves across the region
contaminated with oily phase matenal. When all of the con-
taminated mass receives adequate supplies of electron accep-
tor, the course of redemption should parallel that established in
the laboratory study. If regions of the contaminated mass are
not adequately supplied, the course of remediation at field scale
is not predicted in any straightforward way from the laboratory
study. Rational design compares the residence time and con-
centration of electron acceptor at field s^ ile to the demand
demonstrated for the electron acceptor in the laboratory to
ensure that the engineered implementation of in situ
bioremediation is adequate.
Effects of Ground Water Chemistry on Co-Metabolism
of Chlorinated Solvents by Methanotrophic Bacteria.
Palumbo, A. V. and Strandberg, G. W., U.S. Department of
Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge. TN.
1990
NTIS Document Number: DE91-014223/XAB
14B
Combining Treatability Studies and Site Characteriza-
tion for Rational Design of In Situ Bioremediation Using
Nitrate as an Electron Acceptor.
Hutchins, S. R.; Kampbell, D. H.; Cook, M. L.; Pfeffer, F.
M.; and Cosby, R. L.; U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory,
Ada, OK, ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., Ada,
OK. Dynamac Corporation, Ada, OK, 1993
Degradation of chlorinated alkenes such as tnchloroethylene
(TCE) by methanotrophic bacteria is a promising technology
for the remediation of contaminated ground water. Ultimately,
the success of this approach may be dependent on the influence
of ground-water chemistry on degradation rates and extent.
TCE can rapidly be reduced to low levels in laboratory cultures
growing on defined media. However, if major changes in
ground-water chemistry are necessary to achieve substantial
TCE degradation, field application of processes (i.e.. above-
ground and in situ treatment) may be limited by cost or logistic
problems. For example, the presence of competitive inhibitors
may limit the extent of TCE degradation. The goal of the
research is to quantify the potential effects of ground-water
chemistry on the biodegradation of TCE by methanotrophs and
to define concentrations of methane that need to be added to the
system to produce maximum rates of TCE degradation. This
includes evaluation of major nutritional requirements (e.g.,
PO ) in addition to the focus on competitive inhibition.
UDj
Experimental Evaluation of the Mathematical Model for
In Situ Aquifer Restoration Processes.
Short, T. E. and Yeh, G. T.. U.S. Environmental Protection
-------
Studies and Demonstrations
Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory,
Ada, OK, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
PA, U.S. Department of Civil Engineering, 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-93/147
NTIS Document Number: PB93-212363/XAB
An experimental investigation using an artificial aquifer was
conducted on in situ denitnfication. Methanol substrate was
injected into the aquifer to enable denitrifying bacteria to
convert the nitrates into nitrogen. The experiment in the study
provided a database that was used to evaluate mathematical
simulations of the processes involved. Numerical dispersion
was found to be a critical characteristic of the numerical
solution technique. Density drive and plugging of the aquifer
due to biological growths were found to be important processes
that need to be considered in future simulations.
In Situ Bioremediation of Spills from Underground
Storage Tanks: New Approaches for Site Characteriza-
tion, Project Design, and Evaluation of Performance.
Wilkson, J. T; Lowell, E. L., Michalowski, J.; Vandergrift,
S.; and Callaway, R., U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory,
Ada, OK. July 1989
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/S2-89/042
NTIS Document Number: PB89-219976/XAB
This report presents a systematic approach for the design of in
situ bioremediation of hydrocarbon contamination in ground
water from the determination of the total quantity of hydrocar-
bons in the aquifer to the utilization of that information in an
actual field demonstration. This report explains why the total
quantity of hydrocarbons in an aquifer can only be determined
by collecting cores. A procedure to acquire cores from a
contaminated aquifer is described. The procedures described in
the report were field tested in designing a demonstration of the
bioremediation of an aviation gasoline leak. The performance
of the demonstration was consistent with the expected perfor-
mance based on the preliminary site characterization using the
described procedures.
In Situ Redox Manipulation: Enhancement of Contami-
nant Destruction and Immobilization.
Fruchter, J. S., Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories,
Richland, WA, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington,
DC, January 1993
NTIS Document Number: DE93-007877/XAB
This report discusses a project to develop, test, and evaluate in
situ methods for immobilizing inorganic contaminants (metals.
inorganic ions, and radionuclides) and destroying nitrates or-
ganic contaminants, (primarily chlorinated hydrocarbons). This
research work is being performed for the U.S. Department of
Energy through the In Situ Remediation Integrated Program.
Methodologies for Evaluating In Situ Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Solvents, Research Report 21, August 19,
1989 - June 19,1991.
Semprini, L.; Grbic-Galic, D.; McCarty, P. L.; and Roberts.
P. V.; Stanford University, CA, U.S. Department of Civil
Engineering, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Robert
S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada. OK,
March 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/R-92/042
NTIS Document Number: PB92-146943/XAB
The report summarizes the behavior of and requisite conditions
for a class of natural biological processes that can transform
chlorinated aliphatic compounds. These compounds are
among the most prevalent hazardous chemical contaminants
found in municipal and industrial wastewaters, landfills and
landfill leachates, industrial disposal sites, and ground water.
Biological degradation is one approach that has the potential for
destroying hazardous chemicals so that they can be rendered
harmless for all time. Methodologies are presented that are
useful for evaluating the potential for biorestoration of ground
water contaminated with chlorinated aliphatic compounds.
Section 1 provides an introduction and an overview of the
problems with chlorinated aliphatic compounds in ground
water. Section 2 presents a review of the processes affecting the
movement and fate of chlorinated aliphatics in the subsurface,
including advection, dispersion, sorption and relative mobility,
diffusional transport, and immiscible transport. Methodologies
and results are presented for evaluating the presence of a native
methantrophic community and its ability to degrade the con-
taminants of concern, determining the sorption of contaminants
to the aquifer material, and preliminary designing of an in situ
treatment approach using the model previously described.
15D
Novel Closed Loop Air Stripping Process for VOC
Removal from Contaminated Water, Final Report
Bhowmick, M.; Sontag, T. K.; and Semmens, M. J.; Minne-
sota University, Minneapolis, MN, Department of Civil and
Mineral Engineering, U.S. Geological Survey, Water
Resources Division, Reston, VA, December 1990
NTIS Document Number: PB92-218247/XAB
15
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Studies and Demonstrations
The study presents an approach for the treatment of contami-
nated ground water, which includes Volatile Organic Com-
pounds (VOCs) stripped from the water using hollow fiber
membranes or using conventional air stripping technology and
then the VOCs are oxidized in the gas phase using UV oxidation
or a combination of photo oxidation and photo-catalysis with
Titanium Dioxide (TiO:). The work on the photooxidation of
VOCs is applicable to both water and soil treatment techniques,
such as air stripping and in situ vacuum extraction. The study
is divided into five major segments. Each segment includes
relevant sections on the experimental methods employed, the
results from the tests conducted, the development of models,
and the conclusions that were drawn from the work.
nologies for possible inclusion in the demonstration. The
evaluations are made with respect to the initial focus of the
VOC-Arid ID: the carbon tetrachloride contamination at the
Hanford Site, where it was disposed to the vadose zone along
with other volatile and nonvolatile organic wastes, heavy met-
als, acids, and radionuclides. The purposes of this report are (1)
to identify candidate in situ technologies for inclusion in the
program, (2) to evaluate the candidate technologies based on
their potential applicability to VOC contamination at arid sites
and geologic conditions representative of the ID host site (i.e.,
Hanford Site), and (3) to prioritize those technologies for future
U.S. Department of Energy support.
Office of Technology Development Integrated Program
for Development of In Situ Remediation Technologies.
Peterson, M., Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories,
Richland, WA, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington,
DC, August 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE93-001312/XAB
The Department of Energy's Office of Technology Develop-
ment has instituted an integrated program focused on develop-
ment of in situ remediation technologies. The development of
in situ remediation technologies will focus on five problem
groups: buried waste, contaminated soils, contaminated ground
water, containerized wastes, and underground detonation sites.
The contaminants that will be included in the development
program are volatile and nonvolatile organics, radionuclides,
inorganics, and highly explosive materials, as well as mixtures
of these contaminants. The In Situ Remediation Integrated
Program (ISRIP) has defined the fiscal year 1993 research and
development technology areas for focusing activities, and they
are described in this paper. These R&D topical areas include:
nonbiological in situ treatment, in situ bioremediation, electro-
kinetics, and in situ containment.
Preliminary Evaluation of Selected In Situ Remediation
Technologies for Volatile Organic Compounds Contami-
nation at Arid Sites.
Lenhard, R. J.; Gerber, M. A.; and Amonette, J. E., Battelle
Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, October 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE93-002182/XAB
To support the Volatile Organic Compounds-Arid Site (VOC-
Arid) Integrated Demonstration (ID) in its technical, logistical,
institutional, and economical testing of emerging environmen-
tal management and restoration technologies. Pacific North-
west Laboratory is evaluating several in situ remediation tech-
Savannah River: Horizontal Wells for In Situ
Remediation of Ground Water and Soils.
Kaback, D. S.; Looney, B. B.; Corey, J. C.; Wright, L. M.;
and Steele, J. L., DuPont de Nemours (E.I.) and Company,
Aiken, SC, Sirrine Environmental Consultants, Greenville,
SC, U.S. Department of Energy, Savannah River Laboratory,
Aiken, SC, 1989
NTIS Document Number: DE89-010456/XAB
Two horizontal wells were installed adjacent to an abandoned
process sewer line at the Savannah River Plant. Documented
leaks from the process sewer have contaminated the underlying
vadose zone and ground water with volatile organic com-
pounds. The wells were installed to test new methods of in situ
remediation of soils and ground water. A deep horizontal well.
installed below the water table, is to be used as an air-injection
well to strip volatile organics from the contaminated ground
water. The shallow horizontal well, installed in the vadose
zone, is to be used to remove vapor-phase volatile organic
compounds from the vadose zone and to recover the organics
purged from the ground water. Horizontal wells were selected
for injection and extraction because this geometry should
maximize the surface area available for in situ remediation
reactions to occur. Target zones for the lateral well screens
were selected on the basis of (1) concentrations of volatile
organic compounds in ground water from nearby monitoring
wells, and (2) porosity and permeability of the sediments as
determined by core analysis, geophysical logs, and sieve analy-
ses.
16D
Savannah River: In Situ Remediation System for Con-
taminated Ground Water, Patent Application.
Corey, J. C.; Looney, B. B.; and Kaback, D. S., U.S.
Department of Energy, Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken,
SC, August 1988
NTIS Document Number: DE91-017331/XAB
16
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Studies and Demonstrations
A system for removing volatile contaminants from a subsurface
plume of contamination comprising two sets of wells, a well for
injecting a fluid into a saturated zone on one side of the plume
and an extracting well for collecting the fluid together with
volatilized contaminants from the plume on the other side of the
plume, is described. The fluid enables the volatile contami-
nants to be volatilized and carried through the ground to the
extracting well. Injecting and extracting wells are preferably
horizontal wells positioned below the plume in the saturated
zone and above the plume in the vadose zone. The fluid may be
air or other gas or a gas and liquid mixture depending on the type
of contaminant to be removed and may be preheated to facilitate
volatilization. Treatment of the volatilized contamination may
be by filtration, incineration, atmospheric dispersion, or the
like.
Savannah River: Test Plan for In Situ Bioremediation
Demonstration of the Savannah River Integrated Demon-
stration Project, DOE/OTD TTP No. SR 0566-01.
Revision 3.
Hazen. T. C; Westinghouse Savannah River Company,
Aiken, SC, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC,
September 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE92-013973/XAB
This project is designed to demonstrate in situ bioremediation
of ground water and sediment contaminated with chlorinated
solvents. Indigenous microorganisms will be simulated to
degrade trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE)
and their daughter products in situ by addition of nutrients to the
contaminated zone. In situ biodegradation is a highly attractive
technology for remediation because contaminants are destroyed,
not simply moved to another location or immobilized, thus
decreasing costs, risks, and time, while increasing efficiency
and public and regulatory acceptability. Bioremediation has
been found to be among the least costly technologies in appli-
cations where it will work.
Solvent Extraction for Remediation of Coal Tar Sites,
Final Report
Luthy, R. G.; Dzombak, D. A.; Peters, C.; Ali, M. A.; and
Roy, S. B.. Carnegie-Mellon University, Department of Civil
Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S. Geological Survey, Water
Resources Division, Reston, VA, September 1992
NTIS Document Number: PB93-118347/XAB
factured gas plant (MGP) sites. In situ solvent extraction would
involve injection, recovery, and reclamation for reinjection of
an environmentally-benign, water-miscible solvent. Both labo-
ratory experiments and engineering evaluations were performed
to provide a basis for the initial feasibility assessment. Labora-
tory work included identification and evaluation of promising
solvents, measurement of fundamental properties of coal tar-
solvent-water systems, and measurement of rates of dissolution
of coal tar in porous media into flowing solvent-water solutions.
Engineering evaluations involved identification of common
hydrogeologic features and contaminant distributions at MGP
sites, and identification and evaluation of possible injection-
recovery well deployment schemes.
STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS (CONT'D)
Documents Focusing on Study Results
Applied Geologic, Microbiological, and Engineering
Constraints of In Situ BTEX Bioremediation, Journal
Article: Published in Remediation, v3nl, pg. 83-110,
Winter 1992-1993.
Kennedy, L. G. and Hutchins, S. R., U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory, Ada, OK, American Environmental Consultants.
Inc., Norman, OK, February 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-92/450
NTIS Document Number: PB93-141513/XAB
The report presents the results of an initial assessment of the
feasibility of solvent extraction for removing coal tar from the
subsurface or for treating contaminated soil excavated at manu-
An in situ bioremediation project has been designed and con-
structed for a site in south-central Kansas just north of Wichita.
A pipeline leaked an unknown quantity of refined fuels in the
1970s. The spill was undetected until hydrocarbons were found
in a nearby municipal water supply well. Of concern, from a
regulatory perspective, are the alky Ibenzene components found
in the ground water, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylene (BTEX). Initial abatement procedures, including
free product removal and pumping, had become ineffective. In
situ bioremediation was selected to complete the restoration
process. The project emphasizes the need for a strong under-
standing of the geologic and hydrogeologic conditions preva-
lent under the site. Site studies were conducted to determine the
distribution and mass of the contaminant and the hydraulic
regime. Laboratory microbial studies were used to determine
the efficacy of nitrate as a primary electron acceptor. Informa-
tion from site studies was used to design a treatment system
tailored to the requirements of the site. The treatment system is
designed to deliver the maximum amount of nutrient-enriched
water to the contaminated zone while maintaining hydraulic
control of the site.
17
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Studies and Demonstrations
A Process for Contaminant Removal and Waste Volume
Reduction to Remediate Groundwater Containing
Certain Radionuclides, Toxic Metals, and Organics, Final
Report.
Buckley, L. P.; Killey, D.; Vijayan, S.; and Wong, P.,
Argonne National Laboratory, Chemical Technology
Division. August 1993
DOE Document Number: DOE/CH-9201
A project to remove groundwater contaminants by an improved
treatment process was performed during October 1990 to
March 1992 by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited for the
United States Department of Energy, managed by Argonne
National Laboratory. The goal was to generate high-quality
effluent while minimizing secondary waste volume. Two
effluent target levels, within an order of magnitude or less of the
U.S. Drinking Water Limit, were set to judge the process
effectiveness. The program employed mixed waste feeds
containing cadmium, uranium, lead, iron, calcium, strontium-
85-90, cesium-137, benzene, and trichloroethylene in simu-
lated and actual groundwater and soil leachate solutions. A
combination of process steps that included sequential chemical
conditioning, cross-flow microfiltration anddewatering by low
temperature-evaporation, and filter pressing were effective for
the treatment of mixed waste having diverse physicochemical
properties. Overall test results revealed a three-step chemical
treatment / microfiltration sequence combined with a final
dewatering step is optimal.
Characteristics of the Volatile Organic Compounds —
Arid Integrated Demonstration Site.
Last, G. V.; Lenhard, R. J.; Bjomstad, B. N.; Evans, J. C;
and Roberson, K. R., Battelle Pacific Northwest Laborato-
ries, Richland, WA, U.S. Department of Energy, Washing-
ton, DC, October 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE92-003882/XAB
plex, with large spatial variabilities in hydraulic properties. A
thorough understanding of the problem is essential to the
selection of appropriate containment, retrieval, and/or in situ
remedial technologies. The effectiveness of remedial technolo-
gies depends on knowing where the contaminants are; how they
are hold up in a given physical and chemical subsurface
environment; and knowing the physical, chemical, and micro-
biological changes that are induced by the various remedial
technologies.
Chemical Enhancements to Pump-and-Treat
Remediation.
Palmer, C.D. and Fish, W., Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Laboratory, Ada, OK, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Research and Development. Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innova-
tion Office, Washington, DC, January 1992
The Volatile Organic Compounds — Arid Integrated Demon-
stration Program (VOC-Arid ID) is targeted at demonstration
and testing of technologies for the evaluation and cleanup of
volatile organic compounds and associated contaminants at
arid DOE sites. The initial demonstration site is an area of
carbon tetrachloride (CC14) contamination located near the
center of the Hanford Site. The movement of CC14 and other
volatile organic contaminants in the subsurface is very com-
plex. The problem at the Hanford Site is further complicated by
the concurrent discharge of other waste constituents including
acids, lard oil, organic phosphates, and transuranic radionu-
clides. In addition, the subsurface environment is very com-
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-92/001
NTIS Document Number: PB92-180074
The document looks into the use of chemical enhancement to
improve ground-water remediation efficiencies using pump-
and-treat technologies and points out arenas of contamination
where such techniques are not practical. While various chemi-
cal enhancement methods must be evaluated with regard to
specific site conditions, there are general concepts applicable to
all chemical enhancement methods, and they are discussed in
this document. In addition, this document poses key questions
that should be answered before any chemical-enhancement
scheme is initiated and stimulates discussion on the merits and
limitations of chemical enhancement methods.
Comparison of Bioventing and Air Sparging for In Situ
Bioremediation of Fuels.
Kampbell, D. H.; Griffin, C. J.; and Blaha, F. A., U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, Solar Universal
Technologies, Inc., Traverse City, ML Coast Guard Civil
Engineering Unit, Cleveland, OH, 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-93/178
NTIS Document Number: PB93-221968/XAB
Bioremediation pilot-scale subsurface venting and sparging
systems were operated at a low aeration rate at an aviation
gasoline spill site. Bioventing removed 99 percent of vadose
zone contamination in eight months with minimal surface
emissions. The biosparging process is presently operating and
has removed one-third of oily phase residue below the water
18
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Studies and Demonstrations
table in one year. The ground-water plume has been cleansed
of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compo-
nents by sparging.
where hydrogen peroxide was injected. This indicated that a
significant fraction of hydrogen peroxide rapidly decomposed
to oxygen gas and escaped into the unsaturated zone.
E.I. DuPont De Nemours & Company/Oberlin Filter
Company Microfiltration Technology: Applications
Analysis Report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati. OH, October 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/A5-90/007
NTIS Document Number: PB92-119023/XAB
This document discusses the Superfund Innovative Technol-
ogy Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration of the DuPont/
Oberlin microfiltration technology. This document evaluates
the microfiltration technology's ability to remove metals (present
in soluble or insoluble form) and particulates from liquid wastes
while producing a dry filter cake and a filtrate that meet
applicable disposal requirements. In addition, it presents eco-
nomic data from the SITE demonstration, and discusses the
potential applicability of the technology. The DuPont/Oberlin
microfiltration technology combines Oberlin's automatic pres-
sure filter with DuPont's new microporous Tyvek filter media.
It is designed to remove particles that are 0.1 micron in diam-
eter, or larger, from liquid wastes, such as contaminated ground
water. This report also summarizes the results from three case
studies. All three facilities treated process waste waters con-
taming metals and total suspended solids (TSS) ranging from
several parts per million to several percent.
Enhanced Bioremediation Utilizing Hydrogen Peroxide
as a Supplemental Source of Oxygen: A Laboratory and
Field Study.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Ken-
Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, February
1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/S-29/006
NTIS Document Number: PB90-183435/XAB
Laboratory and field-scale studies were conducted to investi-
gate the feasibility of using hydrogen peroxide as a supplemen-
tal source of oxygen for bioremediation of an aviation gasoline
fuel spill. Ground water data from the enhanced in situ
bioremediation pilot field study indicates that hydrogen perox-
ide successfully increased the concentration of available oxy-
gen downgradient. In this study, however, it was observed that
there was a measurable increase of oxygen in the soil gas area
Experimental Examination of Integrated Soil Vapor
Extraction Techniques, Journal Article: Published in
Proceedings of the Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic
Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection, and
Restoration, pg. 441-452, November 1992.
Johnson, R. L.; Bagby, W.; Perrott, M.: and Chen, C. T.,
Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Beaverton, OR, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 1992
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-92/280
NTIS Document Number: PB93-131738/XAB
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) has been shown to be effective at
removing hydrocarbons from the unsaturated zone. How-ever.
at many spill sites significant fractions of the mass are at or
below the water table, in which case SVE is far less effective.
To improve its efficiency in cases where gasoline is trapped
below the water table, SVE can be used in conjunction with
other techniques to get at that trapped mass. In the last few years
the direct injection of air into the formation below the water
table (i.e., in situ sparging) has become a popular technique.
Another approach is to lower the water table to improve airflow
in the vicinity of the trapped product. This can be accomplished
either in the localized area of a ground water draw down cone
or as the result of larger scale dewatering. In experiments
conducted at the Oregon Graduate Institute (OGI), hydrocar-
bon spills into a large three-dimensional physical model filled
with sand are being used to study the efficiencies of SVE
combined with other techniques. Experiments to date have
examined SVE operating as a stand-alone technique, as well as
in conjunction with air sparging below the water table, dewater-
ing of the "smear zone" (i.e., where product is trapped as
residual below the water table), and air injection into the
dewatered smear zone.
Feasibility of Biodegradation of Tetrachloroethylene in
Contaminated Aquifers, Final Report.
Fogel, S., Cambridge Analytical Associates, Inc.,
Bioremediation Systems Division, Boston, MA, National
Science Foundation, Division of Industrial Science and
Technological Innovation, Washington, DC, September 16.
1988
NTIS Document Number: PB91-199778/XAB
19
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Studies and Demonstrations
Tetrachloroethylene (TCEK a solvent and de-greasing agent, is
widely spilled and disposed of on soil. It is easily transported
in ground water, causing wide-spread aquifer contamination.
Conventional technology for the treatment of solvent-contami-
nated aquifers, which involves pumping out the water and
above-ground treatment by physical/chemical techniques, is
slow a~nd expensive. Cambridge Analytical Associates
Bioremediation Systems has carried out experiments to demon-
strate the feasibility of in situ biodegradation of TCE. The
process would involve controlled addition of nutrients to the
ground water to stimulate the activity of naturally occurring
bacteria. A 23 liter laboratory aquifer simulator was con-
structed and filled with soil, and amended ground water was
recirculated throughout the soil. Methanogenic conditions
were brought about in the reactor within 15 days and TCE was
shown to degrade rapidly to dichloroethylene. Oxygen was
then introduced and the oxidation of dichlororethylene by
methanotrophic bacteria was initiated. The aquifer simulator
experiment indicated that aquifer conditions can be manipu-
lated in situ to bring about the complete degradation of TCE.
Influence of Microbial Transport Processes on "In Situ"
Biodegradation of Ground Water Contaminants, Techni-
cal Progress Report, Final.
Cunningham. A. B. and Characklis. W. G.; Montana State
University. Bozeman Institute for Biological and Chemical
Process Analysis. MT. U.S. Geological Survey, Water
Resources Division, Reston, VA, 1991
NTIS Document Number: PB91-234732/XAB
A fundamental understanding of both transport and transforma-
tion processes is essential to the development of technically
sound remediation strategies for ground water contamination.
Accordingly, the goal of the project is to enhance the rate and
efficiency of in situ microbial degradation of subsurface con-
taminants through an improved understanding of processes that
govern transport, attachment, growth, and activity of microor-
ganisms in porous media. The report is organized into the
following sections: 1) Transport Processes: contains experi-
mental methods and results that document the effect of biofilm
accumulation on the transport of water, nutrients, and sus-
pended cells in one-dimensional porous media flow reactions,
2) Effects of Cell Starvation and Motility: presents experimen-
tal procedures and results describing transport characteristics of
starved vs. growing and motile vs. nonmotile cells in porous
media, 3) Modeling Microbial Transport and Activity: de-
scribes development of a mathematical model that simulates
contaminant biodegradation/biosorption, nutrient depletion and
biomass accumulation in one-dimensional porous media flow.
and 4) Bioremediation Guidelines: summarize relevant infor-
mation in the form of guidelines useful to decision-makers
concerned with bioremediation of contaminated water and soil.
20B
In Situ Biodegradation Treatment.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Emer-
gency and Remedial Response. Washington, DC. Office of
Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH. Apnl 1994
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/S-94/502
In situ biodegradation may be used to treat low-to-intermediate
concentrations of organic contaminants in place without dis-
turbing or displacing the contaminated media. Although this
technology has been used to degrade a limited number of
inorganics, specifically cyanide and nitrate, in situ biodegrada-
tion is not generally employed to degrade inorganics or to treat
media contaminated with heavy metals. During in situ biodeg-
radation, electron acceptors (e.g., oxygen and nitrate), nutri-
ents, and other amendments may be introduced into the soil and
groundwater to encourage the growth of an indigenous popula-
tion capable of degrading the contaminants of concern. These
supplements are used to control or modify site-specific condi-
tions that impede microbial activity and. thus, the rate and
extent of contaminant degradation. Depending on site-specific
clean-up goals, in situ biodegradation can be used as the sole
treatment technology or in conjunction with other biological.
chemical, and physical technologies in a treatment-train. In the
past, in situ biodegradation has often been used to enhance
traditional pump and treat technologies. As of Fall 1993.in>itu
biodegradation was being considered or implemented as a
component of the remedy at 21 Superfund sites and 38 RCRA.
Underground Storage Tank, Toxic Substances Control Act. and
Federal sites with soil, sludge, sediment, or groundwater con-
tamination. This bulletin provides information on the
technology's applicability, the types of residuals produced, the
latest performance data, the site requirements, the status of the
technology, and sources for further information.
20C
In Situ Bioremediation of Hanford Ground Water.
Skeen, R. S.; Roberson, K. R.; Workman, D. J.; Petersen. J.
N.; and Shouche, M., Battelle Pacific Northwest Laborato-
ries, Richland, WA, U.S. Department of Energy. Washing-
ton, DC, April 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE92-012350/XAB
Liquid wastes containing radioactive, hazardous, and regulated
chemicals have been generated throughout the 40+ years of
operations at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford
Site. Some of these wastes were discharged to the soil column
and many of the waste components, including nitrate, carbon
tetrachloride (CC14), and several radionuclides. have been de-
tected in the Hanford ground water. Current DOE policy
20
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Studies and Demonstrations
prohibits the disposal of contaminated liquids directly to the
environment, and remediation of existing contaminated ground
waters may be required. In situ bioremediation is one technol-
ogy currently being developed at Hanford to meet the need for
cost effective technologies to clean ground water contaminated
with CC14. nitrate, and other organic and inorganic contami-
nants. This paper focuses on the latest results of an ongoing
effort to develop effective in situ remediation strategies through
the use of predictive simulations.
In Situ Generation of Oxygen By Electrolysis and the
Electrochemical Effects on Microorganisms' Population,
Final Report, September 19,1990- November 19,1991.
Han, M. K.; Wyza, R. E.; and Olfenbuttel. R. F.. Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, OH, Naval Civil Engineering
Laboratory. Port Hueneme, CA, June 1992
NTIS Document Number: AD-A252 358/7/XAB
The objective of this program was to quantitatively assess the
effectiveness of in situ electrolysis of ground water on the
growth of soil microorganisms. The electrolysis method was
used to supply oxygen to soil microorganisms to enhance
bioremediation of sites that are contaminated with hydrocar-
bons. Electrochemical tests were performed with two different
types of soils in a 10-gallon glass container. Experimental
variables examined included driving voltage, current, and elec-
trode spacing. Stainless steel mesh was used for both the anode
and the cathode. Depending on the soil, a sustained supply of
dissolved oxygen up to 16 ppm was achieved. The population
of soil microorganisms increased with increasing the oxygen
content in the ground water. A slight decrease in the population
was seen at the cathode, which might have been due to an
increase in the pH at the cathode.
21B
In Situ Steam Extraction Treatment, Engineering
Bulletin.
Science Applications International Corporation, Cincinnati,
OH, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response, Washington, DC, May 1991
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/2-91/005
NTIS Document Number: PB91-228064/XAB
In situ steam extraction removes volatile and semivolatile
hazardous contaminants from soil and ground water without
excavation of the hazardous waste. Waste constituents are
removed in situ by the technology and are not actually treated.
The use of steam enhances the stripping of volatile contami-
nants from soil and can be used to displace contaminated
ground water under some conditions. The resultant condensed
liquid contaminants can be recycled or treated prior to disposal.
The steam extraction process is applicable to organic wastes but
has not been used for removing insoluble inorganics and metals.
Steam is injected into the ground to raise the soil temperature
and drive off volatile contaminants. Alternatively, steam can be
injected to form a displacement front by steam condensation to
displace ground water. The contaminated liquid and steam
condensate are then collected for further treatment. Two types
of systems are discussed in the document: 1) the mobile system
and 2) the stationary system. The bulletin provides information
on the technology applicability, limitations, a description of the
technology, types of residuals produced, site requirements, the
latest performance data, the status of the technology, and
sources for further information.
Laboratory Evaluation of the In Situ Chemical Treat-
ment Approach for Remediation of Contaminated Soils
and Ground Water.
Thorton, E. C; Jurgensmeier, C. A.; and Baechler. M. A..
Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland. WA. U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington. DC, October 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE93-006901/XAB
Bench-scale solution and soil tests were conducted in a proof of
principle demonstration of the in situ chemical treatment ap-
proach to the remediation of metal and radionuclide contami-
nated soil and ground water. These tests were directed specifi-
cally towards treatment of Cr6 contaminated solutions and
unsaturated soil as an application of the approach. Testing was
planned and conducted to provide general information relating
treatment agent concentrations to effect. This approach served
to define the amount of a specific agent required to achieve
acceptable results and provided information regarding treat-
ment rates and pH effects associated with the treatment reac-
tions.
Performance Evaluation of a Ground Water and Soil Gas
Remedial Action.
Hansen, M. C. and Hartnett, S. L., U.S. Department of
Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, IL, July 1990
NTIS Document Number: DE90-017659/XAB
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) continue to be remediated
by a ground-water extraction system and an in situ vapor
extraction system at a Midwest agricultural site. Carbon tetra-
chloride (CC14) and chloroform (CHC13) contamination levels
were detected at maximum concentrations of 4000 parts per
billion (ppb) and 360 ppb, respectively, for on-site ground-
water samples and 6000 ppb and 1800 ppb, respectively, for on-
21
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Studies and Demonstrations
site gas samples. Ground water from a domestic well and a
monitoring well located at least 2300 ft. downgradient from the
site also had CC14 and CHC13 contamination. Furthermore, a
public water supply well, located downgradient of the site, was
found to have ground water contaminated with CC14. During
two years of operation of the remedial action, ground-water and
soil gas samples have been analyzed to monitor potential
migration of contaminants from the site and to track the overall
progress toward cleanup. Results demonstrate a decrease in
ground-water contamination in both on- and off-site monitor-
ing wells and a decrease in soil gas air emissions from the site.
This paper presents the sampling results for the site over the last
two years and discusses trends indicating the effectiveness of
the remedial action system in controlling contaminant migra-
tion and overall progress toward reducing the source of con-
tamination in the unsaturated subsoils.
22A
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology
Peroxidation Systems, Inc.: Applications Analysis
Report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH, July 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/AR-93/501
NTIS Document Number: PB94-130325/XAB
This document discusses the Superfund Innovative Technol-
ogy Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration of the perox-
pure™ chemical oxidation technology's ability to remove
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and other organic contami-
nants present in liquid wastes. The perox-pure™ chemical
oxidation technology was developed to destroy dissolved or-
ganic contaminants in water. The technology uses ultraviolet
(UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize organic
compounds present in water at parts per million levels or less.
This treatment technology produces no air emissions and gen-
erates no sludge or spent media that require further processing,
handling, or disposal. Economic data and the results from three
case studies are also summarized in this report. The contami-
nants of concern in these case studies include acetone, isopropyl
alcohol (IPA). TCE, and pentachlorophenol (PCP).
Reductive Dehalogenation: A Subsurface Bioremedia-
tion Process, Journal Article: Published in Remediation,
Winter 1990-1991.
Sims, J. L.; Suflita, J. M.; and Russell, H. H., U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, Utah Water Research
Laboratory, Logan, OK. Oklahoma University, Department
of Botany and Microbiology, Norman, OK, 1990
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-90/259
NTIS Document Number: PB91-144873/XAB
Introduction and large-scale production of synthetic haloge-
nated organic chemicals over the last 50 years has resulted in a
group of contaminants that tend to persist in the environment
and resist both biotic and abiotic degradation. The low solubil-
ity of these types of contaminants, along with their toxicity and
tendency to accumulate in food chains, make them particularly
relevant targets for remediation activities. Among the mecha-
nisms that result in dehalogenation of some classes of organic
contaminants are stimulation of metabolic sequences through
introduction of electron donor and acceptor combinations.
addition of nutrients to meet the needs of dehalogenatmg
microorganisms, possible use of engineered microorganisms.
and use of enzyme systems capable of catalyzing reductive
dehalogenation. The current state of research and development
in the area of reductive dehalogenation is discussed along with
possible technological application of relevant processes and
mechanisms to remediation of soil and ground water contami-
nated with chlorinated organics. In addition, an overview ot
research needs is suggested, which might be of interest for
development of in situ systems to reduce the mass of haloge-
nated organic contaminants in soil and ground water.
22C
Removal of Radionuclides by Electrokinetic Soil Process-
ing, Journal Article: Published in Journal of the National
Technical Association, Spring 1993.
Parker, R. A., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office
of Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 1993
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/J-93/296
NTIS Document Number: PB93-222875/XAB
Electrokinetics promises to be an innovative treatment process
for in situ treatment of soils and ground water contaminated
with heavy metals and radionuclides. Electrokinetics refers to
the movement of ionic liquids and charged particles relative to
one another under the action of an applied direct current electric
field. The paper summarizes the results of laboratory tests for
the removal of uranium, thorium, and radium, conducted from
February 28,1991, to March 30,1991, and a review of progress
to date.
Retrospective Performance Evaluation on In Situ
Bioremediation: Site Characterization.
Wilson, J. T. and Kampbell, D. H., Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, 1993
-------
Studies and Demonstrations
EPA Document Number: EPA/600/A-93/173
NTIS Document Number: PB93-221919/XAB
Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken. SC. U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, June 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE92-009749/XAB
Performance of in situ bioremediation was demonstrated at a
shallow water site with subsurface contamination of used crank
case oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, and other oily phase products.
Treatment involved ground-water amendment by hydrogen
peroxide and nutrients by a recharge gallery. The system was
operated for 2 1/2 years. During treatment benzene and total
BTEX concentrations in ground water were reduced in magni-
tude exceeding ten and twenty times, respectively. Vertical
profile core samples showed a two-feet thick interval near the
water table containing significant amounts of hydrocarbons.
The center of the interval had not been depleted of BTEX
compounds, but the surrounding cortex had been physically and
biologically weathered. The interval material was fine textured
which restricted flow of remedial fluids resulting in little
opportunity for bioremediation.
Savannah River: Field Demonstration of In Situ Air
Stripping Using Horizontal Wells.
Looney, B. B. and Kaback, D. S., Westinghouse Savannah
River Company, Aiken, SC, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington. DC, 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE92-009963/XAB
Under sponsorship from the U.S. Department of Energy, tech-
nical personnel from the Savannah River Laboratory and other
DOE laboratories, universities, and private industry have com-
pleted a full scale demonstration of environmental remediation
using horizontal wells. The 139-day long test was designed to
remove volatile chlorinated solvents from the subsurface using
two horizontal wells. One well, approximately 90 m long and
45 m deep drilled below a contaminant plume in the ground
water, was used to inject air and strip the contaminants from the
ground water. A second horizontal well, approximately 50 m
long and 20 m deep in the vadose zone, was used to extract
residual contamination in the vadose zone along with the
material purged from the ground water. The test successfully
removed approximately 7250 kg of contaminants. A large
amount of characterization and monitoring data was collected
to aid in interpretation of the test and to provide the information
needed for future environmental restorations that employ
directionally drilled wells as extraction or delivery systems.
Savannah River: Full-scale Field Test of the In Situ Air
Stripping Process at the Savannah River Integrated
Demonstration Test Site.
Looney, B. B.; Hazen, T. C; Kaback, D. S.; and Eddy, C. A.,
Under sponsorship from the U.S. Department of Energy, tech-
nical personnel from the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) and
other DOE laboratories, universities, and private industry have
completed a full-scale demonstration of environmental
remediation using horizontal wells. This demonstration was
performed as Phase I of an Integrated Demonstration Project
designed to evaluate innovative remediation technologies for
environmental restoration of sites contaminated with organic
contaminants. The demonstration utilized two directionally
drilled horizontal wells to deliver gases and extract contami-
nants from the subsurface. The resulting in situ air stripping
process was designed to remediate soils and sediments above
and below the water table as well as ground water contaminated
with volatile organic contaminants. The 139-day long test
successfully removed volatile chlorinated solvents from the
subsurface using the two horizontal wells. One well, approxi-
mately 300 ft (90 m) long and 165 ft (50 m) deep drilled below
a contaminant plume in the ground water, was used to inject air
and strip the contaminants from the ground water. A second
horizontal well, approximately 175 ft (53 m) long and 75 ft (23
m) deep in the vadose zone, was used to extract residual
contamination in the vadose zone along with the material
purged from the ground water. Pre-test and post-test character-
ization data and monitoring data during the demonstration were
collected to aid in interpretation of the test and to provide the
information needed for future environmental restoration that
employs directionally drilled wells as extraction or delivery
systems. Contaminant concentration data and microbiological
monitoring data are summarized in this report; the characteriza-
tion data and geophysical monitoring data are documented in a
series of related project reports.
Savannah River: Ground Water and Soil Remediation:
In Situ Air Stripping Using Horizontal Wells.
Kaback, D. S.; Looney, B. B.; Eddy, C. A.; and Hazen, T. C.,
Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken, SC, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1990
NTIS Document Number: DE92-009906/XAB
An innovative environmental restoration technology, in situ air
stripping, has been demonstrated at the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina.
This process, using horizontal wells, is designed to concur-
rently remediate unsaturated-zone soils and ground water con-
taining volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In situ technolo-
gies have the potential to substantially reduce costs and time
required for remediation, as well as improve effectiveness of
remediation. Horizontal wells were selected to deliver and
23
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Studies and Demonstrations
extract fluids from the subsurface because their geometry can
maximize the efficiency of a remediation system and they have
great potential for remediating contaminant sources under
existing facilities. The first demonstration of this new technol-
ogy was conducted for a period of twenty weeks. A vacuum was
first drawn on the vadose zone well until a steady-state removal
of VOCs was obtained. Air was then injected at three different
rates and at two different temperatures. An extensive character-
ization program was conducted at the site and an extensive
monitoring network was installed prior to initiation of the test.
Significant quantities of VOCs have been removed from the
subsurface (equivalent to an eleven-well, 500-gpm, pump-and-
treat system at the same site). Concentrations of VOCs in the
ground water have been significantly reduced in a number of the
monitoring wells.
Savannah River: Immunological Techniques as Tools to
Characterize the Subsurface Microbial Community at a
Trichloroethylene Contaminated Site.
Fliermans, C. B.; Dougherty, J, M.; Franck, M. M.;
McKinzey, P. C.; and Hazen, T. C., Westinghouse Savannah
River Company, Aiken, SC, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC, 1992
NTIS Document Number: DE93-007443/XAB
Effective in situ bioremediation strategies require an under-
standing of the effects pollutants and remediation techniques
have on subsurface microbial communities. Therefore, de-
tailed characterization of a site's microbial communities is
important. Subsurface sediment borings and water samples
were collected from a trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated
site, before and after horizontal well in situ air stripping and
bioventing, as well as during methane injection for stimulation
of methane-utilizing microorganisms. Subsamples were pro-
cessed for heterotrophic plate counts, acridine orange direct
counts (AODC), community diversity, direct fluorescent anti-
bodies (DFA) enumeration for several nitrogen-transforming
bacteria, and Biolog (regsign) evaluation of enzyme activity in
collected water samples. Plate counts were higher in near-
surface depths than in the vadose zone sediment samples.
During the in situ air stripping and bioventing, counts increased
at or near the saturated zone and remained elevated throughout
the aquifer, but did not change significantly after the air strip-
ping. Sporadic increases in plate counts at different depths as
well as increased diversity appeared to be linked to differing
lithologies. AODCs were orders of magnitude higher than plate
counts and remained relatively constant with depth except for
slight increases near the surface depths and the capillary fringe.
Nitrogen transforming bacteria, as measured by serospecific
DFA, were greatly affected both by the in situ air stripping and
the methane injection. Biolog (regsign) activity appeared to
increase with subsurface stimulation both by air and methane.
The complexity of subsurface systems makes the use of selec-
tive monitoring tools imperative.
Savannah River: Savannah River Integrated Demonstra-
tion Program.
Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken, SC, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1991
NTIS Document Number: DE92-009587/XAB
Leakage of solvents (trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethvlene)
from an underground process sewer line has contaminated soils
and underlying ground water at the Savannah River facility of
the Department of Energy (DOE). This site was chosen for an
experimental project, conducted as part of DOE's integrated
demonstrated program for environmental remediation. The
project demonstrated a new in situ remediation technology that
has the potential to reduce clean-up costs and time. Known as
in situ air stripping, the new technology involves injection of air
through underground horizontal wells to strip ground water and
soils of volatile organics; the resulting diffused air is collected.
and the hazardous chemicals are removed to the surface for
further processing. This brochure briefly describes the use of
the integrated demonstration approach, and in situ air stripping
with horizontal wells as a viable new remediation method.
Stabilization of Microorganisms for In Situ Degradation
of Toxic Chemicals, Progress Report, Year Two.
Crawford, R. L. and Stormo, K., Idaho University, Moscow.
ID, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, March
1991
NTIS Document Number: DE92-040792/XAB
Methods were developed to microencapsulate a petachloro-
phenol (PCP)-degrading Flavobacterium and a p-cresol (PCR )-
degrading Pseudomonas within beads of 5-100 am diameter,
and these entrapped cells were examined for their ability to
mineralize PCP and PCR in the presence of subsurface soils and
waters obtained from the University of Idaho (UI) Ground-
Water Research Site (GRS). Matrices employed to make beads
included alginate, agarose. polyurethane, agarose coated by
polyurethane, and novel polyurethanes containing cross-linked
sources of supplemental carbon and/or nitrogen sources. A low-
pressure-nozzle apparatus was developed for the production of
microspheres. Results showed that microencapsulated cells
survived better and were catabolically more active than free
cells in the presence of aquifer materials. Microcosm studies
reported here confirmed that microbeads containing long-lived
pollutant-degrading bacterial cells can be readily prepared in
sizes that will travel through subsurface sand/gravel aquifer
24
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Other Resource Guides
matrixes. Microencapsulated bacteria at PCP concentrations up
to 275 ppm and free cells at PCP concentrations < 150 ppm can
remain active for extended periods under simulated aquifer
conditions. Periods of several months are certainly attainable.
This should be sufficient time to effect significant environmen-
tal restoration through biodegradation of specific targeted pol-
lutants.
Surfactant Flooding Technology for In Situ Cleanup of
Contaminated Soils and Aquifers—A Feasibility Study.
Porzucek. C. U.S. Department of Energy. Los Alamos
National Laboratory, NM, November 1989
NTIS Document Number: DE90-003989/XAB
The process of in situ, surfactant-enhanced soil washing has
been investigated to determine its usefulness and limitations.
Previous work on this subject has been reviewed critically.
Entrapment/displacement mechanisms of nonaqueous phase
liquids (NAPLs) in porous media have been identified and are
discussed. The effect of surfactant on each of these mechanisms
has been investigated. A joint research project has been
initiated with Howard University personnel to determine the
effect of surfactant on contaminants that have adsorbed onto
soil surfaces. Results of this research are necessary to more
fully determine the limitations of in situ, surfactant-enhanced
soil washing. However, based on field observations of NAPLs
and modification of an existing mass-transfer-based model, it is
apparent that in situ, surfactant-enhanced soil washing alone
will not be a sufficient remedial action plan because it cannot
displace enough contaminant to clean the soil to within the
Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines of cleanliness.
The process shows the most promise when it is used in conjunc-
tion with another remedial action plan such as biorestoration.
Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum Extraction System: Applica-
tions Analysis Report.
Stinson. M.. Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc., Livingston,
NJ, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory. Cincinnati. OH, July 1989
EPA Document Number: EPA/540/A5-89/003
NTIS Document Number: PB90-119744/XAB
The report analyzes the results from the Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation Program's 56-day demonstration at the
Valley Manufactured Product Company's site in Groveland.
Massachusetts. Conclusions were reached concerning the
technology's suitability for use in remediations involving both
similar and different materials at other sites. Operational data
and sampling and analysis information were monitored care-
fully to establish a database against which vendor's claims for
the technology could be evaluated. Additional data on the
technology's performance at other sites is also discussed. The
conclusions from the results of the Groveland demonstration
test and from other available data are: 1) the process can be used
to remediate a site contaminated with VOCs: 2) the process can
remove VOCs from soils with permeabilities as low as 10*
cm/s; 3) the process operates well in all weather conditions: and
4) the process implementation costs can be as low as $20/ton.
depending on various site-specific conditions.
Treatability of Contaminated Ground Water and
Aquifer Solids at "Town Gas" Sites, Using Photolytic
Ozonation and Chemical In Situ Reclamation, Final
Report.
Peyton, G. R.; LeFaivre, M. H.; and Smith. M. A.. Illinois
State Water Survey Division. Champaign. Aquatic Chemis
try Section, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural
Resources. Champaign, Hazardous Waste Research and
Information Center, August 1990
NTIS Document Number: PB90-267253/XAB
The feasibility of cleaning up contaminated ground water and
aquifer solids from so-called "town gas" sites using photolvtic
ozonation and chemical in situ aquifer reclamation (CISR)
techniques was investigated in the laboratory. At the actual site.
coal was thermally oxidized to produce methane for municipal
distribution. The degradation left a coal which, if released into
the ground, could contaminate ground water and aquifer solids
with a number of organic substances, including aromatic hydro-
carbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX). and poly-
nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at environmentally
significant concentrations. A chemical in situ treatment method
using persulfate as a source of free radicals destroyed organic
contaminants that were adsorbed to the aquifer solids. PAHs
were reduced by 34 percent after 12 days of treatment and by 52
percent after 40 days.
OTHER RESOURCE GUIDES
Bioremediation Resource Guide.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response. Technology Innovation
Office, Washington, DC, September 1993
(see abstract below)
EPA Document Number: EPA/542/B-93/004
25
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Other Resource Guides
Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource
Guide.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste And Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office, Washington, DC. September 1994
(see abstract below)
EPA Document Number: EPA/542-B-94/008
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Treatment Technology
Resource Guide.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste And Emergency Response, Technology Innovation
Office, Washington, DC, September 1994
EPA Document Number: EPA/542-B-94/007
These documents are intended to support decision-making by
Regional and State Corrective Action permit writers. Remedial
Project Managers (RPMs), On-Scene Coordinators, contrac-
tors, and others responsible for the evaluation of innovative
treatment technologies. These guides direct managers of sites
being remediated under RCRA. UST, and CERCLA to
bioremediation, ground-water, physical/chemical, and soil va-
por extraction treatment technology resource documents; data-
bases; hotlines; and dockets, and identify regulatory mecha-
nisms (e.g.. Research Development and Demonstration Per-
mits) that have the potential to ea.se the implementation of these
technologies at hazardous waste sites. Collectively, the guides
provide abstracts of over 300 guidance/workshop reports, over-
view/program documents, studies and demonstrations, and
other resource guides, as well easy-to-use Resource Matrices
that identify the technologies and contaminants discussed in
each abstracted document.
26
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Supertund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles, Sixth
Edition
EPA/540/H-93/526, NTIS PB93 163053/XAB
Surfactants and Subsurface Remediation, Journal Article: Published in
Environmental Science Technology. v26 n12, pg 2324-2330. 1992
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14B
14C
14D
15A
15B
15C
15D
16A
16B
16C
16D
into Focusing On Tact Daalgn
Combining Treatabflity Studies and Stte Characterization tor Rational Design In Sttu
BioremedlaOon Using Nitrate as an Electron Acceptor
EPA/BOO/A-93/172. NTIS PB03-221901/XAB
Effects of Ground Water Chemistry on Co-Metabolism of Chlorinated Solvents by
Methanotrophic Bacteria
NTISDE91-014223/XAB
Experimental Evaluation of the Mathematical Model for In Situ Aquifer Restoration
Processes
EPA/600/A-93/147. NTIS PB83-212363/XAB
In Situ Bioremediation of Spills from Underground Storage Tanks: New Approaches
for Site Characterization, Protect Design, and Evaluation of Performance
EPA/600/S2-B9/042. NTIS PB89-219976/XAB
In Situ Redox Manipulation: Enhancement of Contaminant Destruction and
Immobilization
NTIS DE93-007877/XAB
Methodologies tor Evaluating In Sttu Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents,
Research Report 21. August 19. 1989 - June 19. 1991
EPA/600/R 92/042. NTIS PB92-14«943/XAB
Novel Closed Loop Air Stripping Process for VOC Removal from Contaminated
Water. Final Report
NTISPB92-218247/XAB
Office of Technology Development Integrated Program for Development of In Situ
Remediation Technologies
NTISDE93-001312/XAB
Preliminary Evaluation of Selected In Situ Remediation Technologies for Volatile
Organic Compounds Contamination at And Sites
NTIS DE93-002182/XAB
Savannah River: Horizontal Wells tor In Situ Remediation of Ground Water and
Soils
NTIS DE89-010456/XAB
Savannah River In Situ Remediation System for Contaminated Ground Water,
Paten) Application
NTISDE91 017331/XAB
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•
•
•
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Chemical Treatment
In Situ Treatment.
In Situ Containment,
Electrokinetics
Multiple Technologies
•
•
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•
•
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,
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•
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EPA/Robert S Kerr Lab. ManTech
Environmental Technology, Inc ,
Dynamac Corp.; Hutchine. Kampbelt.
Cook, Pteffer, Cosby
DOE/Oak Ridge National Lab,
Palumbo. Strandberg
EPA/RotMrt S. Kerr Lab, Pennsylvania
Slat* Untoratty; Short, Yen
EPA/Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Lab; WNkson, Lowell.
MtohatowcW. Vandergrtft. Callaway
BatteHo PacMc Northwest Labs. DOE.
Fruchter
Stanford University, EPA/Roben S
Kerr Lab; Semprtni. Grbtc-Gaiic,
MoCarty, Roberts
Minnesota University. U.S Geological
Sunny; Bhowmlck, Sontag. Semmen*
Battsto Pad6c Northwest Labs. oot .
Peterson
nattsli Pacific Northwest Lab* nut
Leonard, Qerber, Amonette
DuPont Co . DOE/Savannah HIVMI
Lab, Sirrine Environmental
Consultants; Kaback. Looney i.uioy
Wright, Steele
DOE/Savannah River Lab, Cuiey
Looney. Kaback
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Air Stripping,
Air Sparging
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fcHA/540/2-91/005. NTIS PB91 228064/XAB
Laboratory Evaluation ol the In Situ Chemical Treatment Approach tor Remediation
ol Contaminated Soils and Qround Water
NTISDt93-006901/XAB
perox-pure m Chemical Oxidation Technology Peroxidation Systems, Inc.:
Applications Analysis Report
EPA/&4uYAR-*V301, NTIS PBB4-ia0326/XAB
Chemical Treatment
Ground-Water Extraction
Chemical Oxidation
Westtnghooae Hartford Co , DOE
Thorton, Jurganamalar. Baachlar
DOe/Argonna National Lab; Haneen,
Hartnefl
228
Reductive Denatoganaslon: A Subsurface Btoramediatktn Process. Journal ArtcJe:
Pubiahad In flevnadteaon, VMntar 1990-1901
EPA/WXKMQftM. NTW PM1-144873/XAB
EPA^obart 8. Harr Lafc Mm*. SuMu.
Ruaaatt
22C
Removal ol Radtonuoadas by nsrtrnlimaMc tai Piaoasslnq. Journal Aride:
Pubiahad to Joun*let*e AMfona/ fa«1MH4|MPaia^ «pilnf 1998
EPA/QOtMXeWM6. NTO PBM422a7«XAf^
Electrokinetics
220
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EPA/WXVA-WI73, MTB PeM-ttWeVXA*
Savanna* JT*ag 1
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EPA«42-B-*4VOOt
9e» Waahlng/Flushlng, Solvent Extraction, Thermal Desorptlon. Chemical Oanatoganadon
DO€; Crawtord,
268
SoN Vapor Extraction Treatment Twhnategy naaouroa Gkada
EPAA42-B44VW7
Sol Vapor Extraction
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