United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA542-B-97-001
&EPA
Tool Kit of Information
Resources for Brownfields
Investigation and Cleanup
Internet Address (URL) • http://www.epa.gov
Recycled/Recyclable ^Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Recycled Paper (20% Postconsumer)
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Tool Kit of Information Resources
for Brownfieids Investigation
and Cleanup
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington, DC 20460
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
NOTICE
This document has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
under Contract 68-W5-0055 to PRC Environmental Management, Inc. The document was
subjected to the Agency's administrative and expert review and was approved for publication as
an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Technology Innovation Office (TIO) would like to acknowledge and thank the
individuals who reviewed and provided comments on draft documents. The reviewers
included representatives of business, community and grassroots organizations, EPA
Headquarters and regional offices, local government and city planning offices, and
professional associations representing local and state government officials.
Ill
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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IV
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS '"
BACKGROUND 1
INTRODUCTION 3
SITE ASSESSMENT RESOURCES 5
SITE INVESTIGATION RESOURCES 11
CLEANUP OPTIONS RESOURCES 17
CLEANUP DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION RESOURCES 31
OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS AND RESOURCES 35
APPENDICES
BROWNFIELDS SITE CLEANUP "STARTER KIT' A'1
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS B-1
LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS C-1
HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS D'1
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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TOOL KVT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
BACKGROUND
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has defined Brownfields sites as "abandoned, idled,
or under-used industrial and commercial facilities
where expansion or redevelopment is complicated
by real or perceived environmental contamination."
EPA established its Brownfields Economic
Redevelopment Initiative to empower
states, communities, and other
stakeholders involved in economic
revitalization to work together to
accomplish the redevelopment of such
sites. Many states and local jurisdictions
also help business and communities
adapt environmental cleanup programs
to the special needs of Brownfields sites.
Preparing Brownfields sites for
productive reuse requires the integration
of many elements—financial issues,
community involvement, liability
considerations, environmental
assessment and cleanup, regulatory
requirements, and more—as well as
coordination among many groups of
stakeholders. The assessment and
cleanup of a site must be carried out in a
way that integrates all those factors into
the overall redevelopment process. In
addition, the cleanup strategy will vary
from site to site. At some sites, cleanup
will be completed before the property is
transferred to new owners. At other
sites, cleanup may take place
simultaneously with construction and
redevelopment activities. Regardless of when and
how cleanup is accomplished, the challenge to any
Brownfields program is to clean up sites quickly
and redevelop the land in ways that benefit
communities and local economies.
Numerous technology options are available to assist
those involved in Brownfields cleanup. EPA's
Technology Innovation Office (TIO) encourages the
use of innovative and cost-effective technologies to
characterize and clean up contaminated sites.
Innovative technologies for evaluating the nature
and extent of contamination and for addressing the
cleanup of Brownfields sites hold promise for
reducing the cost of cleanup and accelerating the
cleanup schedule—potentially producing significant
benefits to Brownfields stakeholders by reducing
barriers to redevelopment that add to costs, or time
schedules, or create uncertainties. When such
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
factors as lower cost, increased environmental
protection, and improved effectiveness are
considered, innovative technologies frequently are
more cost-effective and provide better and more
efficient cleanup than established treatment
technologies. Often, they also are more acceptable to
communities.
Innovative does not mean unproven. EPA defines
an innovative technology as one that has been used
in the field but that is not yet considered routinely
for use. In addition, cost and performance data on
the technologies may be insufficient to encourage
managers of cleanup projects to select those
technologies over established methods.
Nevertheless, innovative technologies are being used
in many cleanup programs to assess contamination
and to treat a variety of hazardous substances and
petroleum products that have been released into the
environment. For example, approximately 43
percent of Superfund sites that have contaminated
soil are using "innovative" technologies (Innovative
Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report,
Eighth Edition).
An Emerging Technology is an innovative
technology that currently is undergoing bench-scale
testing, in which a small version of the technology is
tested in a laboratory.
vative Technology is a technology that has
i-tested and applied to a hazardous waste
at a site, but lacks a long history of full-scale
An Innovative Technolog
been field-i
problem at a site, but lacks a long history of full-scale
use. Information about its cost and how well it works
may be insufficient to support prediction of its
performance under a wide variety of operating
conditions.
An Established Technology is a technology for which
cost and performance information is readuy available.
Only after a technology has been used at many
different sites and the results fully documented is that
technology considered established.
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
INTRODUCTION
The Tool Kit of Information Resources for Brownfields
Investigation and Cleanup focuses on the site
characterization and cleanup phase of Brownfields
redevelopment. It introduces Brownfields
stakeholders to the range of technology options and
resources available to them. This Tool Kit provides
abstracts and access information about a variety of
resources, including electronic databases, bulletin
boards, newsletters, regulatory and policy guidance,
and technical reports, that may be useful to
Brownfields stakeholders as they proceed through
the cleanup process. The Tool Kit is intended to
assist Brownfields stakeholders involved in the
selection of technologies in assessing, and, if
necessary, addressing contamination at their site.
The Tool Kit is a companion guide to the Road Map
to Understanding Innovative Technology Options for
Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup, also
developed by TIO. The Road Map provides a
framework of the four basic phases of the
characterization and cleanup of a Brownfields
site—Site Assessment, Site Investigation,
Cleanup Options, and Cleanup Design and
Implementation—and links technology
options and resources to each of those steps.
The Tool Kit, in turn, describes the resources
identified in each step in the Road Map,
provides information about how to obtain them,
and provides a "starter kit" of important
information resources. Used in tandem, the two
documents should help Brownfields stakeholders
better understand the technology options and
resources available to them.
This Tool Kit is intended for the various individuals
involved in or affected by the redevelopment of
Brownfields sites. It specifically focuses on those
who will make decisions about Brownfields sites
but may not be familiar with many of the elements
involved in cleaning them up. The document seeks
to create an "educated consumer" by introducing
the decision makers to the full range of technology
information and resources available. In addition,
since most Brownfields sites will not be subject to
the provisions of such Federally mandated
programs as Superfund, the Tool Kit, along with the
Road Map, introduces Brownfields stakeholders to
the steps involved in implementing a cleanup. To
better understand those steps, stakeholders should
consult as early as possible with the appropriate
regulators at the state and, if necessary, at the
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Federal level. Stakeholders can obtain additional
information and assistance by working with
reputable technical and legal experts. A qualified
site cleanup professional from a reputable
consulting and engineering firm also may be
employed.
It is important to understand that the cleanup
process may not occur in the sequence outlined in
the following chapters. At many sites, several
activities may be undertaken concurrently with
other phases. It is important to consider during
each phase the activities and requirements
described for subsequent phases, as well as to
determine whether activities can be combined or
implemented concurrently.
How to Use the Tool Kit
The first four sections of the Tool Kit identify the
four phases of the cleanup of potentially
contaminated sites: site assessment, site
investigation, assessment of cleanup options, and
design and implementation of the remedy. Each
section describes the objective to be accomplished,
summarizes the activities undertaken during that
phase, and then provides detailed descriptions of
information resources available to help Brownfields
stakeholders understand technology options
applicable at that phase. The last section, "Other
Important Considerations and Resources," discusses
additional factors that affect the cleanup of
Brownfields sites and lists applicable resources,
including hotlines and other services.
Several appendices also are included to help
Brownfields stakeholders understand technical
terms and issues related to cleanup. Appendix A,
Brownfields Site Cleanup "Starter Kit," provides
several important resources to give Brownfields
stakeholders examples of the materials available to
assist their cleanup and redevelopment efforts.
Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key
Terms, defines special terms and acronyms used in
discussing and describing Brownfields cleanup
efforts. Appendix C, List ofBrovmfields and Technical
Support Contacts, provides information about state
and EPA regional and technical points of contact.
Appendix D, How to Order Documents, provides
information about ordering the documents listed in
the Tool Kit, as well as order forms.
How to Submit Comments
To help ensure that any future versions of the
document meet the needs of its intended audience,
EPA invites comments from the members of the
Brownfields community. Please submit comments
to:
Brownfields Tool Kit
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Technology Innovation Office
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
E-mail: poweU.dan@epamail.epa.gov
Fax: (703) 603-9135
How to Obtain Additional Copies
'"iff
Additional copies of this document can be obtained
from:
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 487-4650
When ordering, refer to document number
PB97-144828 for the Tool Kit and document
number PB97-144810 for the Road Map.
\ All resources
CI.U-IH 'ma|*ed with the
tCLU-IN icon can
4«* be downloaded
¥i**'" from the CLU-IN
Websiteat/jttp.-//
clu-in.com.
All resources with
the "starter kit"
icon are provided
in Appendix A,
Brownfields Site
Cleanup "Starter
Kit."
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
SITE ASSESSMENT
RESOURCES
Site
Assessment
Collect and Assess information About the
Brownflelds Site
The purpose of this step is to determine the
likelihood of contamination at a particular site by
collecting and reviewing applicable information
about a site. This "environmental audit" is an initial
investigation that usually is limited to a search of
historical records. The data to be collected also
include information about past and current
environmental conditions and historical uses of the
site.
During the site assessment phase, it is important
to consider the activities and requirements
described in the subsequent chapters and
determine how they can be combined with or
initiated during the site assessment. The
collection of data during this initial step of the
cleanup process is extremely important for
use in identifying and evaluating the
applicability of site assessment and cleanup
technologies, as well as in determining
whether the property can be cleaned to the
level necessary for its intended reuse. It also is
essential to assess and address the needs and
concerns of the community (for example, the
development of social and economic profiles and
the identification of acceptable environmental risk).
To ensure that sufficient data are collected, the
potential applicability of innovative technologies to
the site also should be considered. Since much of
the work at this stage involves a search of paper and
electronic records, applicable technology options
may be somewhat limited.
Listed below are information resources that can
assist Brownfields stakeholders in conducting an
initial assessment of the environmental conditions
at a site.
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Resources
A. Technology Survey Resources
The documents listed below are
resources that provide general
information about the availability of technology
resources in the form of bibliographies and status
reports. A bulletin board system designed for the
exchange of information also is included.
ct i«J*
\ Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN)
*. Bulletin Board System.
• The system is designed for use by
.* hazardous waste cleanup professionals
' who need current information on innovative
technologies for remediation and access to EPA
publications, other regularly updated information,
and databases. CLU-IN can be accessed by modem
at (301) 589-8366 or through the Internet at
http://clu-in.com. Assistance can be reached at
(301) 589-8368.
A copy of the CLU-IN brochure is provided
on page A-91 in Appendix A, Brownfields Site
Cleanup "Starter Kit."
*. Clean-Up Information Home Page on the
\ World Wide Web (EPA 542-F-96-011).
»The home page provides information
«• about innovative treatment technologies to
* the hazardous waste remediation
community. It describes programs,
organizations, publications, and other tools for EPA
and other Federal and state personnel, consulting
engineers, technology developers and vendors,
remediation contractors, researchers, community
groups, and individual citizens. The home page can
be accessed through the Internet at http://clu-in.com.
National Exposure Research Laboratory—
Las Vegas, Site Characterization CD-ROM
(EPA 600-C-96-001).
The CD-ROM, developed by EPA's National
Exposure Laboratory (NERL) - Las Vegas,
Characterization Research Division, compiles
guidance documents and related software to aid
environmental professionals in the complex,
multidisciplinary characterizing of hazardous waste
sites. The CD-ROM, a compilation of computer
programs and documents developed by EPA,
includes more than 3,200 pages of documents
related to EPA's Resource Conservation and
'•*'•*
Recovery Act (RCRA) and Superfund programs that
can be printed, as well as searched by key words.
Using the CD-ROM requires a personal computer
with DOS Version 3.0 or higher, 640K of RAM, and
3MB hard disk space. A math coprocessor is
recommended but not required. The CD-ROM can
be purchased from the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS) for $135.00 (see the
order form in Appendix D, How to Order Documents).
The CD-ROM contains the following documents
and software:
- Bibliography of Groundwater Sampling Methods
- Compendium of Superfund Program
Publications (EPA 540-8-91-014)
- Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund
(EPA 540-R-93-071)
- Description and Sampling of Contaminated
Soils: A Field Pocket Guide (EPA 625-12-91-002)
- Field Screening Methods Catalog
(EPA 540-2-8-005)
- Guidance for Conducting Remedial
Investigations and Feasibility Studies Under
CERCLA (EPA 540-G-89-004)
- Guidance for Performing Preliminary
Assessments Under CERCLA
(EPA 540-G-91-013)
- Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design and
Installation of Groundwater Monitoring
Wells (EPA 600-4-89-034)
- Preliminary Assessment Guidance for FY88
(OSWER 9345.0-01)
- Preparation Aids for the Development of
Category I Quality Assurance Project Plans
(EPA 600-8-91-003)
- Preparation of Soil Sampling Protocols:
Sampling Techniques and Strategies
(EPA 600-R-92-129)
- RCRA Groundwater Monitoring Technical
Enforcement Guidance Document
(OSWER 9950.1)
- Soil Sampling Quality Assurance User's Guide
(EPA 600-8-89-046)
- Superfund Exposure Assessment Manual
(EPA 540-1-88-001)
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Vadose Zone Monitoring for Hazardous Waste
Sites (EPA 600-X-83-064)
ASSESS Version 1.1A (PB93-505154). ASSESS is
an interactive quality assurance and quality
control (QA/QC) program designed to assist
the user in statistically determining the quality
of data from soil samples.
Decision Error Feasibility Trials (DEFT) Version
4.0. The DEFT software allows a decision
maker or member of a planning team to quickly
generate cost information about several
sampling designs based on data quality
objectives (DQO). A user's guide is available on
the CD-ROM.
Geostatistical Environmental Assessment Software
(Geo-EAS) Version 1.2.1 (PB93-504967). Geo-
EAS offers environmental scientists an
interactive tool for performing two-dimensional
geostatistical analyses of spatially distributed
data. Extensive use of screen graphics such as
maps, histograms, scatter plots, and variograms
helps the user search for patterns, correlations,
and problems in a data set. A user's guide also
is available on the CD-ROM.
Geophysics Advisor Expert System Version 2.0
(PB93-505162). The program considers several
geophysical methods of determining the
location of contamination and providing site
characterization to make recommendations on
the best methods to use at a specific site.
Version 2.0 also includes a database of the
physical and chemical properties of 94
substances selected from EPA's National
Priorities I4st (NPL).
• Scout Version 2.0. Scout is a user-friendly and
menu-driven program that provides a graphical
display of data in a multidimensional format
that allows visual inspection of data,
accentuates obvious outliers, and provides an
easy means of comparing one data set with
another. A user's guide also is available on the
CD-ROM.
B. Site-Specific Resources
Listed below are survey reports on the application of
innovative technologies to specific contaminants and
site types. PC-based searchable databases also are
included.
Contaminants and Remedial Options at Pesticide
Sites (EPA 600-R-94-202, PB95-183869).
The document provides information about
treatment technologies and the selection of services
at pesticide sites to meet acceptable levels of
cleanliness as required by applicable regulations. It
is targeted primarily for the use of Federal, state, or
private site removal and remediation managers.
The document does not identify or establish cleanup
levels.
Contaminants and Remedial Options at Selected
Metal-Contaminated Sites (EPA 540-R-95-512,
PB95-271961).
The report provides information on site
characterization and the selection of treatment
technologies capable of meeting site-specific
cleanup levels at sites contaminated with metal. It
is targeted to Federal, state, and private site removal
and remediation managers. The report focuses
primarily on metalloid arsenic and metals,
including cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury.
The report does not identify or establish cleanup
levels.
Contaminants and Remedial Options at
Solvent-Contaminated Sites (EPA 600-R-94-203,
PB95-177200).
The document provides information about the
selection of treatment technologies and services to
meet established cleanup levels at solvent-
contaminated sites. It will assist Federal, state, or
private site removal and remediation managers
operating within the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA), RCRA, or state rules. The document is
designed to be used with other guidance
documents. The document does not provide risk
assessment information or policy guidance related
to determining cleanup levels.
Contaminants and Remedial Options at Wood
Preserving Sites (EPA 600-R-92-182, PB92-232222).
The report provides information on site
characterization and selection of treatment
technologies capable of meeting site-specific
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
cleanup levels at wood preserving sites. It is
targeted to Federal, state, and private site removal
and remediation managers. The report focuses
primarily on chemicals associated with wood
preserving processes—pentachlorophenol, creosote,
fire retardants, and water and ammonia solutions of
copper, chromium, arsenic, and zinc.
Expedited Site Assessment Tools for Underground
Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Regulators
(EPA 510-B-97-001).
Produced by EPA's Office of Underground Storage
Tanks (OUST), this guide is designed to help state
and Federal regulators with responsibility for
underground storage tanks (UST) to evaluate
conventional and new site assessment technologies
and promote the use of expedited site assessments.
The manual covers five major issues related to UST
site assessments: the expedited site assessment
process; surface geophysical methods for UST site
investigations; soil-gas surveys; direct push
technologies; and field analytical methods for the
analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons. The
equipment and methods presented in the manual
are evaluated in terms of applicability, advantages,
and limitations for use at petroleum UST sites.
C. Technology-Specific Resources
T/ie documents listed below provide detailed
information about specific innovative technologies
and the application of those processes to specific
contaminants and media in the form of engineering
analyses, application reports, technology verification
and evaluation reports, and technology reviews. PC-
based searchable databases also are included.
Consortium for Site Characterization
V Technology—Innovative Technology
J Verification Reports (Fact Sheet
EPA 542-F-96-012).
The Consortium for Site Characterization
Technology (CSCT) is a partnership program
involving EPA, the U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
that is responsible for evaluating and verifying the
performance of innovative site characterization
technologies. The CSCT provides technology
support to technology developers, evaluates and
verifies data generated during demonstrations,
and develops and disseminates information about
the performance of site characterization
technologies. The fact sheet describes the mission
»•»•'
of the Consortium and its activities and identifies
points of contacts. The document can be
downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://clu-in.com.
The Consortium is in the process of finalizing
verification statements and accompanying reports
for 12 technologies in three technology categories:
Cone Penetrometer/Laser Induced Fluorescence
(LIF), Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (FPXRF),
and Portable Gas Chromatograph/Mass
Spectrometers (GC/MS). Innovative technology
verification reports for two in situ laser-induced
fluorescence-based technologies, Site
Characterization and Analysis Penetroriieter System
(SCAPS) and the Rapid Optical Screening Tool
(ROST), are now available. The reports listed below
document the demonstration activities, and present
and evaluate the demonstration data to verify the
performance of the tested technologies relative to
claims of the developers:
- Cone Penetrometer/Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)
• Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST)
(EPA 600-R-97-020)
• Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer
System (SCAPS) (EPA 600-R-97-019)
- Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (FPXRF)
- Portable Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometers
(GC/MS)
?. Vendor Field Analytical and
\ Characterization Technologies System
I (Vendor FACTS), Version 2.0.
i* The Windows™-based system contains
>w .*'** information provided by vendors on field-
portable technologies for measuring and
monitoring contaminated soil and groundwater.
Some of the technologies listed in the system are air
measurement technologies, analytical detectors, gas
chromatography equipment, chemical reaction-
based indicators, immunoassay instruments, and
soil-gas analyzers. The system allows users to
screen technologies by such parameters as
contaminant, medium, or development status.
Updated annually, the system can be downloaded
from the Internet at http://www.ttemi.com/vfacts or
from the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com.
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TOOL KVT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
~ . Vendor FACTS Bulletin
\ (EPA 542-N-97-007).
cut-in . -jfae 1-)^^^ informs technology users of
.* the composition of Vendor FACTS and
technology vendors of the opportunities
Vendor FACTS can offer them. The bulletin
also provides information on obtaining copies of the
software and user manual, and system
requirements, as well as a registration and order
form. A list of the names of vendors, the types of
technology used, and the contaminants monitored
also is provided. The document can be downloaded
free of charge from the CLU-EST Web site at
http://clu-in.com.
A copy of the Vendor FACTS Bulletin is
provided on page A-115 in Appendix A,
Broumfields Site Cleanup "Starter Kit."
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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TOOL KVT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
SITE INVESTIGATION
RESOURCES
Site
Investigation
Identify the Source, Nature, and Extent
of Contamination
The site investigation focuses on identifying,
locating, and characterizing the nature and the
extent of contamination (if it is present) at a
Brownfields site. It is essential that an
appropriately detailed study of the site be
performed to identify the cause, nature, and extent
of contamination and the possible threats to the
environment or to any people living or working
nearby. For Brownfields sites, the results of such a
study can be used in determining goals for cleanup,
quantifying risks, determining acceptable and
unacceptable risk, and developing cleanup plans
that do not cause unnecessary delays in the
redevelopment and reuse of the property.
A site investigation is based on the results of the
site assessment, which is discussed in the
preceding section of the Tool Kit. The site
investigation may include the analysis of samples
of soil and soil gas, groundwater, surface water, and
sediment. The migration pathways of contaminants
also are examined during this phase, and a baseline
risk assessment may be needed to calculate risk to
human health and the environment.
The information resources listed below describe
investigation methods and technologies for
identifying the characteristics of a site.
Resources
A. Technology Survey Resources
The documents listed below are
resources that provide general
information about the availability of technology
resources in the form of bibliographies and status
reports. A bulletin board system designed for the
exchange of information also is included.
National Exposure Research Laboratory— Las
Vegas, Site Characterization CD-ROM (EPA 600-
C-96-001).
The CD-ROM, developed by EPA's National
Exposure Laboratory (NERL) - Las Vegas,
Characterization Research Division, compiles
guidance documents and related software to aid
environmental professionals in the complex,
11
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
multidisciplinary characterizing of hazardous waste
sites. The CD-ROM, a. compilation of computer
programs and documents developed by EPA,
includes more than 3,200 pages of documents
related to EPA's RCRA and Superfund programs
that can be printed, as well as searched by key
words. Using the CD-ROM requires a personal
computer with DOS Version 3.0 or higher, 640K of
RAM, and 3MB hard disk space. A math
coprocessor is recommended but not required. The
CD-ROM can be purchased from the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS) for $135.00
(see the order form in Appendix D, How to Order
Documents). The CD-ROM contains the following
documents and software:
- Bibliography of Ground Water Sampling
Methods
- Compendium of Superfund Program
Publications (EPA 540-8-91-014)
- Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund
(EPA 540-R-93-071)
- Description and Sampling of Contaminated
Soils: A Field Pocket Guide (EPA 625-12-91-002)
- Field Screening Methods Catalog
(EPA 540-2-8-005)
- Guidance for Condtuting Remedial
Investigations and Feasibility Studies Under
CERCLA (EPA 540-G-89-004)
- Guidance for Performing Preliminary Assessments
Under CERCLA (EPA 540-G-91-013)
- Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design and
Installation of Ground Water Monitoring
Wells (EPA 600-4-89-034)
- Preliminary Assessment Guidance for FY88
(OSWER 9345.0-01)
- Preparation Aids for the Development of
Category I Quality Assurance Project Plans
(EPA 600-8-91-003)
- Preparation of Soil Sampling Protocols:
Sampling Techniques and Strategies
(EPA 600-R-92-129)
- RCRA Ground Water Monitoring Technical
Enforcement Guidance Document
(OSWER 9950.1)
- Soil Sampling Quality Assurance User's Guide
(EPA 600-8-89-046)
• Superfund Exposure Assessment Manual
(EPA 540-1-88-001)
• Vadose Zone Monitoring for Hazardous Waste
Sites (EPA 600-X-83-064)
• ASSESS Version 1.1A (PB93-505154). ASSESS is
an interactive QA/QC program designed to
assist the user in statistically determining the
quality of data from soil samples.
Decision Error Feasibility Trials (DEFT) Version
4.0. The DEFT software allows a decision
maker or member of a planning team to quickly
generate cost information about several
sampling designs based on data quality
objectives (DQO). A user's guide is available on
the CD-ROM.
Geostatistical Environmental Assessment Software
(Geo-EAS) Version 1.2.1 (PB93-504967). Geo-EAS
offers environmental scientists an interactive tool
for performing two-dimensional geostatistical
analyses of spatially distributed data. Extensive
use of screen graphics such as maps, histograms,
scatter plots, and variograms helps the user
search for patterns, correlations, and problems in
a data set. A user's guide also is available on the
CD-ROM.
Geophysics Advisor Expert System Version 2.0
(PB93-505162). The program considers several
geophysical methods of determining the
location of contamination and providing site
characterization to make recommendations on
the best methods to use at a specific site.
Version 2.0 also includes a database of the
physical and chemical properties of 94
substances selected from EPA's National
Priorities List (NPL).
Scout Version 2.0. Scout is a user-friendly and
menu-driven program that provides a graphical
display of data in a multidimensional format
that allows visual inspection of data,
accentuates obvious outliers, and provides an
easy means of comparing one data set with
another. A user's guide also is available on the
CD-ROM.
CLU-1H
•^ Site Characterization and Monitoring:
'', Bibliography of EPA Information
* Resources (EPA 542-B-96-001).
The bibliography lists information
;$••*** resources, both publications and electronic
12
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TOOL tOT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOB. BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
databases, that focus on evaluation and use of
innovative site characterization and monitoring
technologies. The document also provides
information on obtaining copies of the documents.
The bibliography can be downloaded free of charge
from the CLU-IN Web site at http://du-in.com.
Status Report on Field Analytical Technologies
Utilization, Fact Sheet (EPA 542-R-97-003).
The Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
(OSWER) is creating a document that will report on
the status of analytical and site characterization
efforts that employ innovative field-portable
technologies. The final report will identify the
vendor, characterize the application, and list points
of contact and references for additional information.
The fact sheet, which describes the effort to develop
data on past uses of the technologies, will help site
managers identify projects at which the technologies
have been used. The fact sheet also provides
contact information and instructions for on-line
access.
B. Site-Specific Resources
Listed below are survey reports on the application of
innovative technologies to specific contaminants and
site types. PC-based searchable databases also are
included.
Expedited Site Assessment Tools for Underground
Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Regulators (EPA
510-B-97-001).
Produced by EPA's Office of Underground Storage
Tanks (OUST), this guide is designed to help state
and Federal regulators with responsibility for
underground storage tanks (UST) to evaluate
conventional and new site assessment technologies
and promote the use of expedited site assessments.
The manual covers five major issues related to UST
site assessments: the expedited site assessment
process; surface geophysical methods for UST site
investigations; soil-gas surveys; direct push
technologies; and field analytical methods for the
analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons. The
equipment and methods presented in the manual
are evaluated in terms of applicability, advantages,
and limitations for use at petroleum UST sites.
C. Technology-Specific Resources
The documents listed below provide detailed
information about specific innovative technologies
and the application of those processes to specific
contaminants and media in the form of engineering
analyses, application reports, technology verification
and evaluation reports, and technology reviews. PC-
based searchable databases also are included.
Abstract Proceedings: Superfund Technical
Support Project General Meeting, Athens,
Georgia 12/3/90 -12/6/90 (PB93-205862).
The document is a collection of abstracts from a
workshop on the Superfund Technical Support
Project held in Athens, Georgia in December 1990.
Several papers discuss technical issues, such as
causes and effects of well turbidity; characterization
of heterogeneous hazardous-wastes; computer-
aided assessment of contaminated sites; metal
partitioning from incineration of soils and debris;
and RCRA groundwater monitoring regulations.
Other abstracts describe various programs,
including the Superfund Technical Liaison Program,
the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program, and the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers laboratory support program for EPA
regions. In addition, other summaries provide
information about the Remedial Response
Construction Cost Estimating System (RACES) and
other databases. Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the MINTEQA2
Geochemical Equilibrium Model are described in
other abstracts, along with a range of issues related
to technical support for Superfund.
Characterization of Chromium-Contaminated
Soils Using Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence
(PB94-210457).
In 1990, EPA, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the Robert
S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
initiated a cooperative effort to evaluate various
methods of site characterization at sites
contaminated with metals, particularly chromium.
The document provides technical information about
the evaluation and uses of field-portable x-ray
fluorescence technologies to assess and characterize
such soils.
Characterization Protocol for Radioactive
Contaminated Soils (PB92-963354).
The fact sheet describes physical separation
technologies that may be useful in characterizing
13
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
sites at which soils are contaminated with
radioactive wastes. It provides information about
the use of physical separation technologies to
reduce the volume of radioactive soil on site.
\ \t Consortium for Site Characterization
'.Technology—Innovative Technology
cw-tH l Verification Reports (Fact Sheet EPA 542-
£ F-96-012).
s¥.««* The Consortium for Site Characterization
Technology (CSCT) is a partnership program
involving EPA, the U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
that is responsible for evaluating and verifying the
performance of innovative site characterization
technologies. The CSCT provides technology
support to technology developers, evaluates and
verifies data generated during demonstrations,
and develops and disseminates information about
the performance of site characterization
technologies. The fact sheet describes the mission
of the Consortium and its activities and identifies
points of contacts. The document can be
downloaded free of charge from the CLU-EM Web
site at http://clu-in.com.
The Consortium is in the process of finalizing
verification statements and accompanying reports
for 12 technologies in three technology categories:
Cone Penetrometer/Laser Induced Fluorescence
(LIF), Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (FPXRF),
and Portable Gas Chromatograph/Mass
Spectrometers (GC/MS). Innovative technology
verification reports for two in situ laser-induced
fluorescence-based technologies, Site
Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System
(SCAPS) and the Rapid Optical Screening Tool
(ROST), are now available. The reports listed below
document the demonstration activities, and present
and evaluate the demonstration data to verify the
performance of the tested technologies relative to
claims of the developers:
- Cone Penetrometer/Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)
• Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST)
(EPA 600-R-97-020)
• Site Qmracterization and Analysis Penetrometer
System (SCAPS) (EPA 600-R-97-019)
- Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (FPXRF)
- Portable Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometers
(GC/MS)
Development of a Battery-Operated Portable
Synchronous Luminescence Spectrofluorometer
(PB94-170032).
The document describes a field screening method
that may be useful in characterizing sites at which
contaminated groundwater or hazardous waste is
present. Battery-operated portable synchronous
luminescence spectrofluorometers are used to
conduct trace analyses of such contaminants as
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
creosote, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in
complex mixtures. The report describes the
components of the instrument and provides an
evaluation of its effectiveness when used to analyze
soil samples.
DNAPL Site Evaluation (PB93-150217).
The manual provides information about the
treatment of sites contaminated with dense
nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL), particularly
chlorinated solvents. It discusses several issues
related to the characterization of such sites,
including the risk of inducing migration of DNAPLs
by drilling, pumping, or conducting other field
activities; the use of special sampling and
measurement methods to assess the presence and
migration potential of DNAPLs; the development of
cost-effective characterization strategies that
account for chemical transport processes of
DNAPLs; and the collection of data required to
select and implement a remedy. The manual also
describes and evaluates activities that can be used
to determine the presence and fate and transport of
subsurface DNAPL contamination.
Navy/EPA Technical Screening Matrix.
The U.S. Navy and EPA currently are developing a
site characterization screening matrix and reference
guide that is intended to provide users with an
understanding of the site characterization
technology options available to them and the
applicability of various technologies to their
particular problem(s). The matrix will provide a
general understanding of state-of-the-art
technologies for site characterization. When
completed, the matrix and reference guide will
enhance technology information transfer and
provide much-needed comparison among
competing technologies. The document will be
available in September 1997.
14
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Sampling of Contaminated Sites (PB92-110436).
The paper discusses the development of sampling
plans to identify and characterize contaminants that
may exist at a site. It describes the components of a
sampling plan and identifies issues that should not
be overlooked during the sampling of contaminants.
Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) Program—Measuring
^^ and Monitoring Program Reports.
An extensive inventory of reports of the
evaluation of measurement and monitoring
technologies in the SITE program is available to
assist decision makers in reviewing technology
options and assessing a technology's applicability to
a particular site. The reports evaluate all
information about a technology; provide an analysis
of its overall applicability to site characteristics,
waste types, and waste matrices; and present testing
procedures, performance and cost data, and
QA/QC standards. The Demonstration Bulletins
provide summarized descriptions of technologies
and announcements of demonstrations. The
Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports provide
full reports of the demonstration results, including
technical data useful to decision makers. See page
A-113 in Appendix A, Brownfields Site Cleanup
"Starter Kit," for a complete list of the reports and
the publication numbers.
The reports provide information on the following
technologies:
- Analytical Screening Methods
- Cone Penetrometer
- Immunoassay Test Kits
t Vendor Field Analytical and
'*. Characterization Technologies System
• (Vendor FACTS), Version 2.0.
.* The Windows™-based system contains
„ >"* information provided by vendors on field-
portable technologies for measuring and
monitoring contaminated soil and groundwater.
Some of the technologies listed in the system are air
measurement technologies, analytical detectors, gas
chromatography equipment, chemical reaction-based
indicators, immunoassay instruments, and soil-gas
analyzers. The system allows users to screen
technologies by such parameters as contaminant,
medium, or development status. Updated annually,
the system can be downloaded from the Internet at
http://ivww.ttemi.com/vfacts or from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://clu-in.com
7"~*. Vendor FACTS Bulletin
«* \(EPA542-N-97-007).
cut-in J .j^g Bulletin informs technology users of
~ .* the composition of Vendor FACTS and
>»*•*"* technology vendors of the opportunities
Vendor FACTS can offer them. The bulletin
also provides information on obtaining copies of the
software and user manual, and system
requirements, as well as a registration and order
form. A list of the names of vendors, the types of
technology used, and the contaminants monitored
also is provided. The document can be downloaded
free of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at
http://clu-in.com.
A copy of the Vendor FACTS Bulletin is
provided on page A-115 in Appendix A,
Brownfields Site Cleanup "Starter Kit."
15
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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16
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CLEANUP OPTIONS
RESOURCES
Evaluate Applicable Cleanup Alternatives for
the Site
The review and analysis of cleanup alternatives rely
on the data collected during the site assessment and
investigation phases which are discussed in the
preceding sections of the Tool Kit. The purpose of
screening various technologies is to evaluate those
technologies for their capability to meet specific
cleanup and redevelopment objectives. For
Brownfields sites, it also is important to consider
budget requirements and to maintain a work
schedule so that the project remains profitable.
The role of institutional controls, such as zoning
and deed restrictions, posting of safety signs, and
efforts to increase community awareness of the
environmental conditions and cleanup activities
at the site, also is an important consideration
during this phase.
The information resources listed below provide
information about reviewing and analyzing
cleanup options and technology alternatives.
Resources
A. General Technology Program
Information
Listed below are resources that
provide general information about the availability of
technology resources and descriptions of EPA
programs and initiatives on innovative technologies.
Reports and literature on EPA guidance for
conducting treatability studies, the EPA Superfimd
Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program,
and a bulletin board system designed for the
exchange of information also are included.
•*. Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN) Bulletin
' ',f>*
.;,;'*• Board System.
• The system is designed for use by
•" -/.* hazardous waste cleanup professionals
'•'"* who need current information on innovative
technologies for remediation and access to EPA
publications, other regularly updated information,
and databases. CLU-IN can be accessed by modem
at (301) 589-8366 or through the Internet at http://
clu-in.com. Assistance can be reached at (301) 589-
8368.
17
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
A copy of the CLU-IN brochure is provided
on page A-91 in Appendix A, Brownfields Site
Cleanup "Starter Kit."
\ Clean-Up Information Home Page on the
'. World Wide Web (EPA 542-F-96-011).
CIU-IH I .j^g ^00,^ page provides information
j? about innovative treatment technologies to
»4V»* the hazardous waste remediation
community. It describes programs,
organizations/ publications, and other tools for EPA
and other Federal and state personnel, consulting
engineers, technology developers and vendors,
remediation contractors, researchers, community
groups, and individual citizens. The home page can
be accessed at http://clu-in.com.
Conducting Treatability Studies Under RCRA
(OSWER Directive 9380.3-09FS, PB92-963501).
The fact sheet provides a quick reference on EPA's
RCRA program and the opportunities to perform
treatability studies of treatment technologies. It
provides information about the treatability studies
exemption rule, research development and
demonstration permits, Subpart X permits, and
corrective action. The fact sheet also lists the states
that are authorized by EPA to issue treatability
studies exemptions and research, development, and
demonstrations permits under RCRA.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program: Emerging Technology Program
(EPA 540-F-95-502).
The SITE program encourages the development of
innovative technologies for faster, more effective,
and less costly treatment of hazardous waste.
Through the program, EPA evaluates technologies
in conjunction with technology developers to
determine the effectiveness of each innovative
technology in meeting performance and cost
objectives. The SITE Program consists of the
following four evaluation components: the Emerging
Technology Program, the Demonstration Program,
the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies
Program, and Technology Transfer. The Emerging
Technology Program provides direct technical and
financial assistance to developers of innovative
remediation technology.
The brochure provides information about the
Emerging Technology Program, including its
purpose, background, and components, as well as
the results of the program. The brochure also
provides contact information.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program: Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-95-009).
The fact sheet provides information about the SITE
program. The fact sheet, which describes efforts to
advance the development, evaluation, and
commercialization of innovative technologies used
to assess and clean up hazardous waste sites,
includes a description of the components of the
program, as well as a summary of the benefits and
stages of technology development. A list of
documents available from EPA's National Risk
Management Research Laboratory also is included.
The fact sheet also provides information on
obtaining copies of the documents and videotapes.
Technology Transfer Highlights
(EPA 625-N-96-001).
The document identifies and describes information
resources developed by EPA's Center for
Environmental Research Information (CERI).
CERI provides information about a broad range of
technical options, and may at times highlight the
development of new technologies. The document
lists resources for manuals; technical capsule
reports; seminar publications; brochures;
handbooks; guides to pollution prevention;
summary reports; environmental regulations and
technical publications; and software. It also
provides titles, document numbers, and ordering
information.
B. Technology Survey Resources
The documents listed below provide general
information about innovative technologies in the
form of bibliographies, status reports, and case
studies. Survey reports on the application of
innovative treatment technologies to specific
contaminants and site types as well as PC-based
searchable database systems are included.
General
CLU-IH
< Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies
\ (EPA 542-R-95-001, PB95-201711).
,• The document is a collection of two-page
„/;• abstracts summarizing 37 case studies of
»•*'«*" s*te rernediation projects. It was prepared
by member agencies of the Federal
Remediation Technologies Roundtable. Each
abstract contains information on the site,
18
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TOOUm OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
contaminants and media treated, the technology
used, and the technology vendor, as well as a
summary of cost and performance data and a point
of contact for the technology application. The
document can be downloaded free of charge from
the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com.
\. Accessing Federal Data Bases for
'jjfr Contaminated Site Clean-Up
f • Technologies, Fourth Edition
;W}^ (EPA 542-B-95-005, PB96-141601).
.. .£-••* The document, prepared by the Federal
Remediation Technologies Roundtable,
provides information on accessing Federal
databases that contain data on innovative
remediation technologies. Each database profile
contains data elements, system uses, and hardware
and software requirements. The profiles also
provide points of contact for each system. The
document can be downloaded free of charge from
the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com.
Alternative Treatment Technology Information
Center (ATTIC).
The Alternative Treatment Technology Information
Center (ATTIC) is a comprehensive computer
database system that provides up-to-date
information on innovative treatment technologies.
The database contains information on biological,
chemical, and physical treatment processes;
solidification and stabilization processes; and
thermal treatment technologies. The on-line
automated bibliographic reference integrates
existing data on hazardous waste into a unified,
searchable resource. The ATTIC system provides
users with access to several independent databases,
an electronic bulletin board system, a hotline, and a
repository of documents related to alternative and
innovative treatment technologies. The ATTIC
database can be accessed by modem at (703) 908-
2138. Assistance can be reached at (703) 908-2137.
:., Bibliography for Innovative Site Clean-
• ~j& Up Technologies (EPA 542-B-96-003).
^;f« The document is a comprehensive guide to
,"* information resources available on
innovative site cleanup technologies. The
bibliography lists resources for technology
survey reports; EPA program information;
groundwater (in situ) treatment; thermal treatment;
bioremediation; soil vapor extraction and
enhancements; physical and chemical treatment; site
characterization; other conferences and
international surveys; technical support; community
relations; bulletin board systems, databases,
software, and the Internet; technology newsletters;
and innovative site remediation engineering
technology monographs. The document also
provides titles, document numbers, and ordering
information. The document can be downloaded
free of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at http://
clu-in.com
;y; • •. Completed North American Innovative
„**. Technology Demonstration Projects (EPA
CUM* I542-B-96-002, PB96-153127).
,'•>''. *, ." The report summarizes more than 300
'--^'••* innovative technology field demonstration
projects that have been completed in North
America. The demonstration projects listed include
those performed, co-sponsored, or funded through
programs developed by EPA, the military services,
the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S.
Department of Interior (DOI), the government of
Canada, and the State of California. The report
summarizes key information from available
demonstration projects in a single document and
presents that information in a manner that enables
project managers and other interested persons to
easily identify innovative technologies that may be
appropriate to their particular site remediation
needs. The report highlights key features of the
demonstrations, including contaminants treated,
site types, technology types, technology vendors,
project sponsors, and technical reports available.
The report can be downloaded free of charge from
the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com.
Federal Publications on Alternative and
InnovativeTreatmentTechnologiesfor
*• Corrective Action and Site Remediation,
> / Fifth Edition (EPA 542-B-95-004, PB96-
i»* 145099).
The document is a bibliography of EPA reports
that describe Federal research, evaluation, and
demonstration of innovative treatment technologies
for hazardous waste sites. The bibliography lists
EPA resources for international surveys and
conferences; technology survey reports; treatability
studies; groundwater treatment; thermal processes;
biological, physical and chemical processes; and
community relations. The document also provides
titles, document numbers, and ordering
information. The document can be downloaded
free of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at
http://clu-in.com.
19
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CLU-IH
\ Guide to Documenting Cost and
*« Performance for Remediation Projects
* (EPA 542-B-95-002, PB95-182960).
j? The document is a guide that recommends
the types of data that should be collected to
document the performance and cost of future
cleanups. The guide specifies data elements for 13
conventional and innovative cleanup technologies:
soil bioventing, soil flushing, soil vapor extraction,
groundwater sparging, in situ groundwater
remediation, pump-and-treat technologies,
composting, incineration, land treatment, slurry-
phase soil bioremediation, soil washing,
stabilization, and thermal desorption. The
document provides site managers with a standard
set of parameters for documenting completed
remediation projects. A number of Federal agencies
have made commitments to using the guidance to
collect data for full-scale cleanups, demonstrations,
and treatability studies. The document can be
downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://clu-in.com.
CLU-IH
Innovative Treatment Technologies:
'. Annual Status Report, Eighth Edition
* (EPA 542-R-96-010).
f The report documents and analyzes the
!»•*** selection and use of innovative treatment
technologies in the Superfund program and at
some non-Superfund sites being addressed by the
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and DOE. The
report contains site-specific information on almost
400 projects at which soil vapor extraction, soil
washing, bioremediation, solvent extraction, and
other innovative technologies are in use. The
seventh edition of the report can be downloaded
free of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at http://
cltt-in.com.
CLU-1H
\ Innovative Treatment Technologies:
'.Annual Status Report Database (ITT
; Database).
.* The Windows™-based system contains
"* information on the almost 400 sites
documented in the eighth edition of the Annual
Status Report. The database provides information
about site type, technology selected or used, target
contaminants and matrix, and status of the project,
as well as contact names and telephone numbers.
The database is searchable and can generate reports.
The database can be downloaded free of charge
from the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com.
CLU-IN
Remediation Case Studies: Fact Sheet
*. and Order Form (EPA 542-F-95-003).
; The fact sheet provides information about
»* the contents of 37 case study reports on
»•••*'* full-scale remediation and demonstration
projects prepared by the member agencies of
the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable,
the Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies, and the
Guide to Documenting Cost and Performance for
Remediation Projects. The case studies describe
aboveground and in situ technologies, including
bioremediation, groundwater treatment, soil vapor
extraction, thermal desorption, soil washing, and in
situ vitrification. Each case study documents
project design, operation, performance, costs, and
lessons learned. A summary of the case studies is
included in the fact sheet and order form. The order
form provides information about obtaining copies
of the documents. The fact sheet and order form
can be downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN
Web site at http://clu-in.com.
I~T~". Remediation Technologies Screening
\ Matrix and Reference Guide, Second
CLU-IN • Edition (EPA 542-B-94-013, PB95-104782;
;* Fact Sheet EPA 542-F-95-002).
•"* The document is designed to help site
remediation project managers narrow the field
of remediation alternatives and identify potentially
applicable technologies for more detailed
assessment and evaluation before remedy selection.
The document summarizes the strengths and
weaknesses of 55 innovative and conventional
technologies for remediation of soils, sediments,
sludges, groundwater, and air emissions and off-
gases. Treatment, containment, separation of
wastes, and enhanced recovery technologies are
covered. The document can be downloaded free of
charge from the CLU-IN Web site at
http://clu-in.com.
The fact sheet provides the table of contents of the
matrix and reference guide and information on
obtaining a copy of the document.
A copy of the screening matrix is provided on
page A-93 in Appendix A, Brownfields Site
Cleanup "Starter Kit."
20
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment
Technologies for Corrective Action and Site
Remediation: A Bibliography of EPA Information
Resources (EPA 542-B-95-001).
The document is a bibliography of reports that
describe selected alternative and innovative
treatment technologies for corrective action and site
remediation. The bibliography lists resources for
such topics as treatability studies, groundwater,
thermal treatment, bioremediation, soil vapor
extraction and enhancements, soil washing
treatment, physical and chemical treatments,
technical support, and community relations. It also
lists conferences and international surveys,
technology survey reports and guidance, bulletin
board systems and databases, technology
newsletters, publications of the Federal Remediation
Technologies Roundtable, and innovative site
remediation technology monographs. The
document provides titles, document numbers, and
ordering information.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program: Technology Profiles, Ninth Edition
(EPA 540-R-97-502).
The document provides profiles of more than 150
demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and
measurement technologies currently being
evaluated. Each technology profile identifies the
developer and process name of the technology,
describes the technology, discusses its applicability
to waste, and provides a project status report and
contact information. The profiles also include
summaries of demonstration results, if available.
The document can be downloaded free
of charge from the SITE Web site at
http://www.epa.gov/ord/site/.
' ' ' -, Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of
- 4 *• Innovative Site Remediation
CLU-m ^Technologies, Third Edition
-'- V (EPA 542-B-93-009, PB94-144565).
" The document is a compilation of abstracts
that describe field demonstrations of innovative
technologies that treat hazardous waste at
contaminated sites. The abstracts are information
resources that hazardous waste site project
managers can use to assess the availability and
practicability of innovative technologies for treating
contaminated groundwater, soils, and sludge. The
document describes more than 110 demonstrations,
sponsored by Federal agencies, in six different
technology categories, involving the use of
innovative technologies to treat soil and
groundwater. A matrix that lists the demonstration
categories, the type of contaminant, media that can
be treated, and the treatment setting for each
innovative technology demonstrated also is
provided in the document. The document can be
downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://clu-in.com.
Technology Preselection Data Requirements:
Engineering Bulletin (EPA 540-S-92-009).
The document, prepared by EPA's National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, provides a
listing of soil, water, and contaminant data elements
needed to evaluate the potential applicability of
technologies for treating contaminated soil and
water. The bulletin identifies physical and chemical
site characteristics for which observations and
measurements should be compiled. The summary
is designed to help remedial project managers and
other site cleanup managers understand and select
technologies that may have potential applicability to
their particular site.
". Vendor Information System for
. \InnovativeTreatmentTechnologies
CLU-IH * (VISITT), Version 5.0.
,* The PC-based system contains information
-.•"* about 325 innovative remediation
»***
technologies (70 percent of which are
commercially available) offered by 204 vendors. The
major technology categories are acid and solvent
extraction, bioremediation, chemical treatment, in
situ thermally enhanced recovery, soil vapor
extraction, soil washing, thermal desorption, and
vitrification. VISITT provides detailed information
that enables users to screen and assess remediation
technologies quickly. Users also can build queries
that reflect the conditions at a particular site. The
system is available on diskette, with a user manual,
and requires a personal computer with DOS Version
3.3 or higher, 640K of RAM, and 10MB hard disk
space. It is updated annually and can be
downloaded from the Internet at
http://www.ttemi.com/visitt or from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://clu-in.com.
VISITT 5.0 Bulletin (EPA 542-N-96-006).
The bulletin informs remediation
professionals of the composition of VISITT
and innovative treatment technology vendors of
the opportunities VISITT can offer them. The
bulletin also provides information on obtaining
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
copies of the software and user manual, system
requirements, and registration as well as an order
form. A list of vendors also is provided. A copy of
the VISITT Bulletin is provided on page A-123 in
Appendix A, Brownfields Site Cleanup "Starter Kit."
Site/Waste Types
METALS
In Situ Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Soils
(EPA 542-R-96-001).
The document provides information about four in
situ technologies for treating metal-contaminated
soils: electrokinetic remediation, phytoremediation,
soil flushing, and solidification/stabilization. The
report is intended to assist in screening new
technologies early in the remedy evaluation and
selection process. It identifies vendors, summarizes
performance data, and discusses technology
attributes that should be considered during the
early screening of potential remedies for metal-
contaminated soils. The document outlines the
relatively few alternative methods for in situ
treatment of metals.
Literature Review Summary of Metals Extraction
Processes Used to Remove Lead From Soils:
Project Summary (EPA 600-SR-94-006).
The document reviews and evaluates literature
about metals extraction technologies, soil
characterization, chelating agents, and membranes.
The literature assessment provides information
about potential operating problems that can be
identified and avoided when extraction processes
are used to recover lead from soils.
\ Recent Developments for In Situ
*. Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Soils
• (EPA 542-R-97-004).
V The document provides hazardous waste
** cleanup professionals with an update on the
status of four available and promising
technologies — electrokinetics, phytoremediation,
soil flushing, and solidification and stabilization —
for in situ remediation of soil contaminated with
heavy metals. The report is intended to assist in
screening new technologies early in the remedy
evaluation and selection process. The document can
be downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN
Web site at http://clu-in.com.
,»,•
Selection of Control Technologies for
Remediation of Lead Battery Recycling Sites:
Engineering Bulletin (EPA 540-S-92-011,
PB93-121333).
The document provides information about the
selection of treatment technologies at lead battery
recycling sites. It also describes treatability studies
at lead battery recycling sites and discusses
innovative technologies with the potential to treat
lead-contaminated wastes.
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB)
Technology Alternatives for the Remediation of
PCB-Contaminated Soil and Sediment (EPA 540-S-
93-506).
The document is intended to familiarize on-scene
coordinators and remediation project managers
with issues important to the successful selection of
technology alternatives available for the remedia-
tion of soil and sediment contaminated with poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB) at Superfund sites.
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
How to Effectively Recover Free Product at
Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites: A
Guide for State Regulators (EPA 510-F-96-001; Fact
Sheet EPA 510-F-96-005).
The guide provides information to help
underground storage tank (UST) regulators
understand the portion of a UST corrective action
plan that proposes free product recovery
techniques. The guide focuses on appropriate
technology use, taking into consideration site-
specific conditions. It also discusses the relevant
properties of hydrocarbons and geologic media for
free product recovery and the methods used to
estimate the extent and volume of free product, as
well as free product recovery technologies,
mechanical components, operation, and monitoring
requirements. '
The fact sheet provides information on the
organization of the guide, and how to obtain copies
of the guide.
How To Evaluate Alternative Cleanup
Technologies for Underground Storage Tank
Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan
Reviewers (EPA 510-B-94-003, S/N 055-000-00499-4;
Pamphlet EPA 510-F-95-003).
The guide was developed to assist state regulators
in efficiently and confidently evaluating corrective
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TOOL KTT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
action plans (CAP) that incorporate alternative
technologies. The guide, written in nontechnical
language, takes the reader through the steps
involved in reviewing a CAP. Each chapter
presents a comprehensive description of the
technology, an explanation of how it works, and a
flow chart that illustrates the decision points in the
process; information that will help the regulator
evaluate whether a given technology will clean up a
given site successfully; discussion and instruction to
help the regulator evaluate whether a CAP is
technically sound; a check list to assist the regulator
in determining whether or not the CAP includes all
the steps necessary; and a list of references.
The pamphlet provides information about the
purpose, background, organization, and format of
the guide. The pamphlet also provides instructions
for ordering the guide.
Introducing TANK RACER (EPA 510-F-96-001).
TANK RACER is a Windows™-based PC software
that provides fast, accurate, and comprehensive cost
estimates for cleanups at leaking UST sites. The
software estimates costs for cleanups on a site-
specific basis for all phases of remediation,
including site assessment, remedial design,
remedial action, operations and maintenance, tank
closure, and site work and utilities, as well as the
costs of using alternative technologies, such as air
sparging, bioremediation, bioventing, groundwater
extraction wells, land farming, natural attenuation,
soil vapor extraction, and thermal desorption. The
software was developed under an interagency
agreement between the U.S. Air Force and EPA.
The pamphlet provides information about the
software. The pamphlet also provides information
about available training workshops.
Overview of UST Remediation Options
(EPA 510-F-93-029).
The document is a collection of two-page fact sheets
summarizing different options for remediating
contamination from leaking underground storage
tanks. Each fact sheet contains information on the
option, advantages and limitations, system
components, waste stream treatment, parameters to
be monitored, cleanup levels, and time needed to
achieve cleanup, as well as a summary of cost data.
WOOD PRESERVING/TREATMENT
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program: Technology Profiles, Ninth Edition
(EPA 540-R-97-502).
The document provides profiles of more than 150
demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and
measurement technologies currently being
evaluated. Each technology profile identifies the
developer and process name of the technology,
describes the technology, discusses its applicability
to waste, and provides a project status report and
contact information. The profiles also include
summaries of demonstration results, if available.
The document can be downloaded free of charge
from the SITE Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ord/site/.
C. Technology-Specific Resources
The documents listed below provide detailed
information about specific innovative technologies
and the application of those processes to specific
contaminants and media in the form of engineering
analyses, application reports, technology verification
and evaluation reports, and technology reviews. PC-
based searchable databases also are included
Community Outreach
CLU-IH
' ^ Citizens's Guides to Understanding
*» Innovative Treatment Technologies.
g g^^ are prepared by EPA to
' ',«' provide site managers with nontechnical
>»'•»* outreach materials, in English and Spanish,
that they can share with communities in the
vicinity of a site. The guides present information on
innovative treatment technologies that have been
selected or applied at some cleanup sites, provide
overviews of innovative treatment technologies, and
present success stories about sites at which
innovative treatment technologies have been
applied. The second document number listed after
each title below is the document number for the
guide in Spanish. The documents, including the
Spanish versions, can be downloaded free of charge
from the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com.
The guides contain information on the following
subjects:
- Bioremediation
(EPA 542-F-96-007, EPA 542-F-96-023)
- Chemical Dehalogenation
(EPA 542-F-96-004, EPA 542-F-96-020)
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
- In Situ Soil Flushing
(EPA 542-F-96-006, EPA 542-F-96-022)
- Innovative Treatment Technologies for
Contaminated Soils, Sludges, Sediments, and Debris
(EPA 542-F-96-001, EPA 542-F-96-017)
- Natural Attenuation
(EPA 542-F-96-015, EPA 542-F-96-026)
- Phytoremediation
(EPA 542-F-96-014, EPA 542-F-96-025)
- Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging
(EPA 542-F-96-008, EPA 542-F-96-024)
- Soil Washing
(EPA 542-F-96-002, EPA 542-F-96-018)
- Solvent Extraction
(EPA S42-F-96-003, EPA 542-F-96-019)
- TJterntalDesorption
(EPA 542-F-96-005, EPA 542-F-96-021)
- Treatment Walls
(EPA 542-F-96-016, EPA 542-F-96-027)
Copies of the Citizen's Guides are provided
in Appendix A, Brownfields Site Cleanup
"Starter Kit," beginning on page A-3.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program
SITE Program—Demonstration Program
Reports.
An extensive inventory of reports of the
evaluation of demonstration, emerging, and
monitoring and measurement technologies in the
SITE program is available to assist decision makers
in reviewing technology options and assessing a
technology's applicability to a particular site. The
reports evaluate all information about a technology;
provide an analysis of its overall applicability to site
characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices; and
present testing procedures, performance and cost
data, and quality assurance and quality control
standards. Applications Analysis Reports provide
assessments of the applicability of technologies to a
variety of sites and include cost and performance
data. The Innovative Technology Evaluation
Reports provide full reports of the demonstration
results, including technical data useful to decision
makers. See page A-105 in Appendix A, Brownfields
Site Cleanup "Starter Kit," for a complete list of the
reports and the publication numbers.
The reports provide information on the following
technologies:
- Bioremediation/Biological Treatment
- Chemical-Volume Reduction
- Filtration Technologies
- Fracturing Technologies
- Oxidation
- Physical/Chemical
- Radio Frequency Heating
- Soil and Sediment Washing
- Solidification-Stabilization
- Solvent-Chemical Extraction
- Steam Stripping
- Thermal Treatment
- Vacuum Extraction
- Vitrification
SITE Program—Measuring and Monitoring
Program Reports.
An extensive inventory of reports of the
evaluation of measurement and monitoring
technologies in the SITE program is available to
assist decision makers in reviewing technology
options and assessing a technology's applicability to
a particular site. The reports evaluate all
information about a technology; provide an analysis
of its overall applicability to site characteristics,
waste types, and waste matrices; and present testing
procedures, performance and cost data, and
QA/QC standards. The Demonstration Bulletins
provide summarized descriptions of technologies
and announcements of demonstrations. The
Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports provide
full reports of the demonstration results, including
technical data useful to decision makers. See page
A-113 in Appendix A, Brownfields Site Cleanup
"Starter Kit," for a complete list of the reports and
the publication numbers.
The reports provide information on the following
technologies:
- Analytical Screening Methods
- Cone Penetrometer
- Immunoassay Test Kits
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Bioremediation
> Bioremediation Field Evaluation:
*
V Champion International Superfund Site,
f ;• Libby, Montana (EPA 540-R-96-500).
' $T The Champion International Superfund
" site is a wood preserving facility that
contaminated soil and groundwater with two
wood preservatives: pentachlorophenol (PCP) and
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The
report provides the results of a field evaluation of
three treatment processes—surface soil
bioremediation, aboveground fixed-film bioreactor
remediation, and in situ bioremediation—for the
degradation of PCP and PAHs in soil and
groundwater. The profile identifies the processes
used to evaluate the technologies, and identifies
points of contact. The document can be
downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://clu-in.com.
Bioremediation Field Evaluation:
*
V Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska
»• (EPA 540-R-95-533).
* V Eielson Air Force Base is a site
„•* contaminated with jet fuel (petroleum
hydrocarbons) in shallow unsaturated soil. The
profile provides the results of a field evaluation of
the use of soil-warming technologies to enhance the
effectiveness of bioventing jet fuel-contaminated
soil in a cold climate. Points of contact also are
identified. The document can be downloaded free
of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-
in.com.
'ff Bioremediation Field Initiative Site
g ,'j Profiles.
CLU-IN , j^g s^e profjjes provide information on the
''^" * status of bioremediation projects at sites at
>•*•'*" wluch field performance evaluations have
been or are being conducted. The contaminants
at the sites include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylene (BTEX); creosote; pentachlorophenols
(PCP); petroleum hydrocarbons; and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Each profile
identifies the processes used to evaluate the
technologies. Points of contact also are identified.
The site profiles listed below can be downloaded free
of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-
in.com:
- Libby Groundwater Superfund Site, Montana (EPA
540-F-95-506A)
- Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska (EPA 540-F-95-
506B)
- Escambia Wood Preserving Site, Florida (EPA 540-
F-95-506G)
- Hill Air Force Ease Superfund Site, Utah (EPA 540-
F-95-506C)
- Public Service Company of Colorado, Colorado (EPA
540-F-95-506D)
- Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation, Minnesota
(EPA 540-F-95-506H)
CLU-IN
Bioremediation in the Field Search
*. System (EPA 540-F-95-507; Fact Sheet
' EPA 540-F-94-506).
The system is a PC-based searchable
database of information about sites at
which bioremediation is being tested or
implemented or at which cleanup by bioremediation
has been completed. The database contains data on
location, media, contaminants, technology, cost, and
performance. The system can be downloaded free
of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-
in.com.
The fact sheet provides information on the type of
system, the type of information contained in the
database, how the system works, how to obtain a
copy of the system, and how to contribute to the
database.
CLU-IN
Bioremediation Resource Guide (EPA
'-.542-B-93-004, PB94-112307).
s» The document aids decision makers in
•«* reviewing the applicability of
** bioremediation. The document also
provides access information on electronic
resources and hotlines; cites relevant Federal
regulations; and provides abstracts of pertinent
print resources, such as bibliographies, guidance
documents, workshop proceedings, overview
documents, study and test results, and test designs
and protocols. Included is a bioremediation
resource matrix that compares the documents by
technology type, affected media, and contaminants.
The guide also provides detailed information on
how to obtain the publications listed. The
document can be downloaded free of charge from
the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com.
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA Engineering Bulletins.
The bulletins, developed by EPA's National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, are a series of
documents that summarize the latest information on
specific treatment and remediation processes. The
documents also provide information on the
limitations of the technologies, the latest
performance data, site requirements, and the status
of the technologies. Sources for additional
information also are identified. The bulletins
provide detailed information about bioremediation
technologies, including:
- Composting: Engineering Bulletin
(EPA 540-S-96-502)
- In Situ Biodegradation Treatment: Engineering
Bulletin (EPA 540-S-94-502, PB94-190469)
- Rotating Biological Contactors: Engineering
Bulletin (EPA 540-S-92-007)
- Slurry Biodegradation: Engineering Bulletin
(EPA 540-2-90-016, PB91-228049)
In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground
Water (EPA 540-S-92-003, PB92-224336).
The document provides an overview of the factors
involved in in situ bioremediation and outlines
types of information required for the application of
this technology. The document also identifies the
advantages and disadvantages offered by the
technology.
In Situ Bioremediation of Ground Water and
Geological Material: A Review of Technologies
(EPA 6QO-SR-93-124, PB93-215564).
The report provides information about the processes
of soil and groundwater remediation and the
technologies that can be used for in situ
bioremediation of soil and groundwater. The
document also reviews the applications and
limitations of several technologies.
\ Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
". (EPA 542-R-95-002, PB95-182911).
C"M* ; Developed by EPA, DoD, and DOE, the
•* case studies present cost and performance
,»-^-«** information for nine bioremediation projects,
including bioventing and land treatment
technologies, as well as a large-scale slurry-phase
project. The most frequent contaminants of the
projects are petroleum hydrocarbons, and two land
treatment projects are completed cleanups at sites
contaminated with creosote. The study is intended to
assist remedy selection at contaminated sites and to
allow comparisons of bioremediation technologies.
The document provides information about the sites,
contaminants, and media treated, technologies,
technology vendors, and a summary of cost and
performance data. Points of contact also are
identified. The document can be downloaded free of
charge from the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com.
Groundwater Treatment
Emerging Abiotic In Situ Remediation
Technologies for Ground Water and Soil:
Summary Report (EPA 542-S-95-001, PB95-239299).
The document summarizes the status and trends in
the development of abiotic technologies that treat
contaminated groundwater in place or increase
solubility and mobility of contaminants to improve
their removal by pumping. The document provides
an overview of site status reports that document
demonstrations and research on emerging abiotic
technologies: surfactant enhancements, treatment
walls, hydraulic fracturing and pneumatic
fracturing, cosolvents, electrokinetics, and thermal
enhancements. The information provided in the
report will allow site managers to understand the
current investments in emerging abiotic
technologies and make more informed decisions
about their use for remediation.
Evaluation of Technologies for In Situ Cleanup of
DNAPL Contaminated Sites (EPA 600-R-94-120,
PB94-195039).
The document provides a review and technical
evaluation of in situ technologies for the remedia-
tion of DNAPL contamination that has occurred
below the groundwater tables. It reviews several
in situ technologies and provides information
about the evaluation of tike technologies on the
basis of theoretical background, field implementa-
tion, level of demonstration and performance,
waste, technical and site applicability and limita-
tions, and cost and availability.
Ground-Water Remediation Technologies
Analysis Center.
The Ground-Water Remediation Technologies
Analysis Center (GWRTAC) was established
through a cooperative agreement between the
National Environmental Technology Applications
Center (NETAC) of the Center for Hazardous
Materials Research (CHMR) and EPA. The goal of
GWRTAC is to compile, analyze, and disseminate
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUIP
information on innovative groundwater
remediation technologies to industry, the research
community, contractors, government, investors, and
the public. The center currently is compiling
information to be included in databases of
interactive case studies and vendor information that
will be available on the GWRTAC Web site.
Additional information is available on the
GWRTAC Web site at http://www.gwrtac.org.
~ '. Ground-Water Treatment Technology
x \ Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-009, PB95-
GUHH : 1398657).
jf The document aids decision makers in
,»"* reviewing the applicability of groundwater
treatment technologies. The document also
provides access information on electronic resources
and hotlines; cites relevant Federal regulations; and
provides abstracts of pertinent print resources, such
as bibliographies, guidance documents, workshop
proceedings, overview documents, study and test
results, and test designs and protocols. Included is
a groundwater treatment technology resource
matrix that compares the documents by technology
type, affected media, and contaminants. The guide
also provides detailed information on how to obtain
the publications listed. The document can be
downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://clu-in.com.
In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground
Water (EPA 540-S-92-003, PB92-224336).
The document provides an overview of the factors
involved in in situ bioremediation and outlines
types of information required for the application of
this technology. The document also identifies the
advantages and disadvantages offered by the
technology.
In Situ Bioremediation of Ground Water and
Geological Material: A Review of Technologies
(EPA 600-SR-93-124, PB93-215564).
The report provides information about the processes
of soil and groundwater remediation and the
technologies that can be used for in situ
bioremediation of soil and groundwater. The
document also reviews the applications and limita-
tions of several technologies.
Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (EPA 540-S-95-
500, PB95-267738).
The document provides information on the
transport, fate, characterization, and remediation of
light nonaqueous phase liquids in the environment.
Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater
''. Treatment (EPA 542-R-95-003, PB95-
."182929).
." Developed by EPA, DoD, and DOE, the
~ .. '* report describes 11 groundwater treatment
projects. Most of the projects address
contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons and
trichloroethylene (TCE). Eight of the projects are
using pump-and-treat technologies, while two of
the three completed projects utilized air sparging.
The study is intended to assist remedy selection at
contaminated sites and allow comparisons of
groundwater treatment technologies. The
document provides information about the sites,
contaminants, and media treated, technologies,
technology vendors, and a summary of cost and
performance data. Points of contact also are
identified. The document can be downloaded free
of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-
in.com.
Status Reports on In Situ Treatment
A\ Technology Demonstrations and
GUMB ; Applications.
.* The series of seven documents describes
«. ,*•* more than 90 field demonstrations or full-
scale applications of in situ abiotic technologies
for treatment of nonaqueous phase liquids and
groundwater. The documents, which can be
downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://clu-in.com, provide information on the
following subjects:
- Altering Chemical Conditions (EPA 542-K-94-008)
- Cosolvents (EPA 542-K-94-006)
- Electrokinetics (EPA 542-K-94-007)
- Hydraulic and Pneumatic Fracturing (EPA 542-K-
94-005)
- Surfactant Enhancements (EPA 542-K-94-003)
- Thermal Enhancements (EPA 542-K-94-009)
- Treatment Watts (EPA 542-K-94-004)
Physical and Chemical Treatment
EPA Engineering Bulletins.
The bulletins, developed by EPA's National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, are a series of
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
documents that summarize the latest information on
specific treatment and remediation processes.
Limitations of the technologies, the latest
performance data, site requirements, and the status
of the technologies also are summarized. The
bulletins provide detailed information about several
physical and chemical treatment processes,
including:
- Chemical Delialogenation Treatment: APEG
Treatment: Engineering Bulletin (EPA 540-2-90-
015, PB91-228031)
- Chemical Oxidation Treatment: Engineering
Bulletin (EPA 540-2-91-025, PB92-180066)
- In Situ Soil Flushing: Engineering Bulletin (EPA
540-2-91-021, PB95-180025)
- In Situ Vitrification Treatment: Engineering
Bulletin (EPA 540-S-94-504, PB95-125499)
- Solidification/Stabilization ofOrganics and
Inorganics: Engineering Bulletin
(EPA 540-S-92-015)
- Supercritical Water Oxidation: Engineering
Bulletin (EPA 540-S-92-006, PB92-224088)
CLIHH
*._ Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology
"'. Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-008,
:pB95-138665).
.• The document aids decision makers in
,„•*"* reviewing the applicability of physical/
chemical treatment technologies. The
document also provides access information on
electronic resources and hotlines; cites relevant
Federal regulations; and provides abstracts of
pertinent print resources, such as bibliographies,
guidance documents, workshop proceedings,
overview documents, study and test results, and
test designs and protocols. The documents focus
primarily on soil, sludge, and sediment and soil
washing/flushing, solvent extraction, thermal
desorption, and chemical dehalogenation. Included
is a physical/chemical treatment technology
resource matrix that identifies the technology type,
affected media, and contaminants. The guide also
provides detailed information on how to obtain the
publications listed. The document can be
downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://cht-in.com.
Remediation Case Studies: Thermal
\ Desorption, Soil Washing, and In Situ
J Vitrification (EPA 542-R-95-005,
^/ PB95-182945).
i'«* Developed by EPA, DoD, and DOE, the case
studies describe projects using thermal
desorption, soil washing, and in situ vitrification
technologies. Six of the projects were sites
contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), pesticides, and trichloroethylene (TCE). The
study is intended to assist remedy selection at
contaminated sites and allow comparisons of
technologies. Information about the sites,
contaminants, and media treated, technologies,
technology vendors, a summary of cost and
performance data, and points of contact also are
provided. The document can be downloaded free
of charge from the CLU-ESI Web site at http://clu-
in.com.
Soil Washing Treatment: Engineering Bulletin
(EPA 540-2-90-017, PB91-228056).
The document provides detailed information about
soil washing treatment processes. The limitations of
the technologies and performance data as well as
the status of the technologies also are described.
The summary is designed to help remediation
project managers and other site cleanup managers
understand and select technologies that may have
potential applicability to particular sites.
Solvent Extraction Treatment: Engineering
Bulletin (EPA 540-S-94-503, PB94-190477).
The document aids decision makers in evaluating
the potential applicability of solvent extraction
treatment processes for treating contamination at a
site. In addition, the bulletin also provides
information on the limitations of the technology, the
latest performance data, site requirements, the
status of the technology, and identifies sources for
more information.
Soil Vapor Extraction and Enhancements
EPA Engineering Bulletins.
The documents listed below provide information
about several soil vapor extraction and
enhancement technologies. Limitations of the
technologies, the latest performance data, site
requirements, and the status of the technologies also
are summarized. The documents are designed to
help remediation project managers and other site
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TOOL KTT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BHOWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
cleanup managers understand and select
technologies that may have potential applicability to
particular sites. The bulletins provide detailed
information about the following technologies:
- In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction Treatment:
Engineering Bulletin (EPA 540-2-91-006, PB91-
228072)
- In Situ Steam Extraction Treatment: Engineering
Bulletin (EPA 540-2-91-005, PB91-2228064)
~? •?. Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor
".Extraction (EPA 542-R-95-004,
CLU-IH 1 PB95-182937).
4"* Developed by EPA, DoD, and DOE, the
' £•* report describes 10 projects. Eight of the
projects were sites contaminated with various
chlorinated aliphatic contaminants, such as
trichloroethylene (TCE). The study is intended to
assist remedy selection at contaminated sites and
allow comparisons of soil vapor extraction
technologies. Information about the site,
contaminants, and media treated, technology,
technology vendor, a summary of cost and
performance data, and points of contact also are
provided. The document can be downloaded free
of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at http://du-
in.com.
7TT- •. Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
\ Enhancement Technology Resource
CLU-IH ; Guide: Air Sparging, Bioventing,
». ." Fracturing, and Thermal Enhancements
,M,X (EPA 542-B95-003).
The technology resource guide contains
information on documents, databases, hotlines, and
dockets pertaining to soil vapor extraction
enhancement technologies. The document also
identifies regulatory mechanisms that can ease
implementation of the technology at hazardous
waste sites. The guide contains a resource matrix
that identifies the technology, medium, and
contaminants covered in the document, and
provides detailed information on how to obtain the
publications listed. The document can be
downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://clu-in.com.
^ Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
\ Treatment Technology Resource Guide
j(EPA542-B-94-007).
/» The document aids decision makers in
^ •"* reviewing the applicability of soil vapor
extraction treatment technologies. The
document also provides access information on
electronic resources and hotlines; cites relevant
Federal regulations; and provides abstracts of
pertinent print resources, such as bibliographies,
guidance documents, workshop proceedings,
overview documents, study and test results, and
test designs and protocols. Included is a soil vapor
extraction treatment technology resource matrix
that compares the documents by technology type,
affected media, and contaminants. The guide also
provides detailed information on how to obtain the
publications listed. The document can be
downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN Web
site at http://clu-in.com.
Thermal Treatment
EPA Engineering Bulletins.
Developed by EPA's National Risk Management
Research Laboratory, the bulletins are a series of
documents that summarize the latest information on
specific treatment and remediation processes. The
bulletins provide site managers with an
understanding of data and site characteristics
necessary to evaluate the potential applicability of a
technology to specific sites. The bulletins provide
detailed information about soil treatment
technologies, including:
- MobilefTmnsportable Incineration Treatment:
Engineering Bulletin (EPA 540-2-90-014,
PB91-228023)
- Pyrolysis Treatment: Engineering Bulletin
(EPA 540-S-92-010)
- Thermal Desorption Treatment: Engineering
Bulletin (EPA 540-S-94-501, PB94-160603)
29
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
\ Remediation Case Studies: Thermal
; Desorption, Soil Washing, and In Situ
• Vitrification (EPA 542-R-95-005,
/ PB95-182945).
».»•*** Developed by EPA, DoD, and DOE, the case
studies describe projects using thermal
desorption, soil washing, and in situ vitrification
technologies. Six of the projects were sites
contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), pesticides, and trichloroethylene (TCE).
The study is intended to assist remedy selection at
contaminated sites and allow comparisons of
technologies. Information about the sites,
contaminants, and media treated, technologies,
technology vendors, a summary of cost and
performance data, and points of contact also are
provided. The document can be downloaded
free of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at
http://cht-in.com.
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CLEANUP DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
RESOURCES
Develop and Carry Out Detailed Cleanup Plans
for the Site
This phase focuses on the design and
implementation of a cleanup plan to prepare the
property for redevelopment and reuse. The design
of the cleanup plan and implementation of the
technology options selected in the previous phase
involves close coordination with all other
redevelopment efforts in the immediate vicinity of
the site.
The information resources described below
provide information about developing and
implementing cleanup plans.
Resources
A. General Technology Program
Information
Listed below are resources that
provide general information about the
availability of technology resources and
descriptions of EPA programs and initiatives on
innovative technologies. Reports and literature
on EPA guidance for conducting treatability
studies, the EPA Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) program, and a
bulletin board system designed for the exchange
of information also are included.
GiM-m
4*.
Initiatives to Promote Innovative
\TechnologyinWasteManagement
programs (QSWER Directive 9380.0-25,
x „«* EPA 540-F-96-012).
*"* The Policv directive, issued April 29, 1996,
describes several initiatives to facilitate the
testing, demonstration, and use of innovative
cleanup and field measurement technologies and
stresses EPA's commitment to promoting the
development and commercialization of
environmental technologies. The initiatives under
the directive place a high priority on selecting
innovative treatment and characterization
technologies, reducing impediments to the
development and use of innovative technologies,
and sharing the risks of using innovative treatment
technologies. The document can be downloaded
free of charge from the CLU-IN Web site at http://
clu-in.com.
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
\ State Policies Concerning the Use of
1 Injectants for In Situ Ground Water
, Remedjation (EpA 542-R-96-001, PB96-
/ 164538).
,».•• The report identifies specific state
regulatory and policy barriers to the use of
techniques that enhance in situ groundwater
treatment technologies through the subsurface
injection of surfactants, cosolvents, and nutrients.
The report also describes the experiences and
policies of each state and provides contact
information for obtaining additional assistance. The
document can be downloaded free of charge from
the CLU-IN Web site at http://du-in.com.
B. Technology Survey Resources
Tfie documents listed below are resources that
provide general information about the availability of
technology resources in the form of bibliographies
and status reports. A bulletin board system designed
for the exchange of information also is included.
*% Vendor Information System for
\ Innovative Treatment Technologies
:
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATfON AND CLEANUP
- Soil Washing
(EPA 542-F-96-002, EPA 542-F-96-018)
- Solvent Extraction
(EPA 542-F-96-003, EPA 542-F-96-019)
- Thermal Desorption
(EPA 542-F-96-005, EPA 542-F-96-021)
- Treatment Walls
(EPA 542-F-96-016, EPA 542-F-96-027)
__ Copies of the Citizen's Guides are provided
^j^ in Appendix A, Brownfields Site Cleanup
"Starter Kit," beginning on page A-3.
~*. Technology Resource Guides.
/ \Thefivetechnologyresourceguides
CLU-IH I contain information on documents,
• // databases, hotlines, and dockets
••"* pertaining to the subject technology. They
also identify regulatory mechanisms that can
ease implementation of the technology at hazardous
waste sites. Each guide contains a resource matrix
that identifies the technology, medium, and
contaminants covered in each document. The
guides can be downloaded free of charge from the
CLU-IN Web site at http://du-in.com.
- Bioremediation Resource Guide
(EPA 542-B-93-004, PB94-112307)
- Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource
Guide (EPA 542-B-94-009, PB95-138657)
- Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource
Guide (EPA 542-B-94-008, PB95-138665)
- Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Enhancement
Technology Resource Guide: Air Sparging,
Bioventing, Fracturing, and Thermal Enhancements
(EPA 542-B-95-003)
- Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Treatment Technology
Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-007)
WASTECH® Series of Innovative Site Remediation
Technology Engineering Monographs.
The WASTECH® project generates authoritative,
consensus-based engineering monographs for
remediation of hazardous waste sites and
contaminated soils and groundwater. WASTECH®
is funded by EPA, DoD, DOE, and the American
Academy of Environmental Engineers®. The
project originated primarily from the substantial
expenditures EPA has made and continues to make
in the quest to foster the use of those technologies
which may offer improved performance and cost
savings over traditional methods. During Phase I of
the project, eight monographs were published in
1994 and 1995 covering the basics of these
technologies, i.e., identification and description,
potential applications, process evaluations, and
limitations. During 1997 and early 1998, an
additional seven volumes covering the design and
applications, including actual case studies, will be
produced. The eight volumes of Phase I currently
are available. The Phase II monographs covering
the design and applications will be available in the
fall of 1997. Copies of the individual monographs
(by technology type) or the entire series may be
purchased by contacting the American Academy of
Environmental Engineers® by telephone at
(410) 266-3390 or by facsimile at (410) 266-7653.
An order form is provided in Appendix D, How to
Order Documents. The volumes contain information
on the following technologies:
- Bioremediation
- Chemical Treatment
- Soil Washing/Soil Flushing
- Solidification/Stabilization
- Solvent/Chemical Extraction
- Thermal Desorpt ion
- Thermal Destruction
- Vacuum Vapor Extraction
33
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
OTHER IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATIONS
AND RESOURCES
V State and Federal Regulations
VInnovative Technologies
versus Other Characterization
arid Cleanup Options
VComrflumty Input
and Networking
TProfessional
Support and
.Consulting
Understanding Regulatory Guidelines and
Regulations
Understanding the applicable regulatory guidelines
and regulations is crucial to selecting the appropriate
technologies for cleaning up a Brownfields site. It is
important to note that many Brownfields sites will
be managed under state regulatory authorities.
Therefore, the state regulatory authority will specify
many of the requirements for, and steps in, site
assessment, site investigation, the selection of
cleanup options, and the design and implementation
of cleanup. State regulatory agencies should be
consulted to determine what, if
any, site-specific requirements may
exist. State regulators also can help
to identify other regulatory guidelines
and regulations (such as applicable
Federal statutes) that also may affect the
site. For these reasons, it is important to
remain in constant contact with state
regulatory agencies, as well as any other
appropriate regulatory agencies, throughout the
cleanup process.
Although compliance with official policy directives
under other Federal regulatory and cleanup
programs, such as Superfund, may not be required,
some of the information and lessons learned under
such programs may be useful in the investigation
and cleanup of Brownfields sites. EPA also can be a
valuable resource for Brownfields stakeholders by
providing regulatory and policy support to facilitate
the selection of technologies. Other guidance and
standards are promulgated by government and
nongovernment organizations, such as the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Small
Business Administration (SBA), and the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The box
on the next page provides descriptions of the various
EPA hotlines for statutory and regulatory programs.
35
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
HOTLINES AND OTHER SERVICES
Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI).
CERI is the focal point for the exchange of scientific and technical environmental information
produced by EPA. CERI publishes brochures, capsule and summary reports, handbooks, newsletters,
project reports, and manuals. The center operates daily, Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:30
p.m. eastern standard time (EST). The center can be reached by telephone at 513-569-7391.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act/Underground Storage Tanks (RCRAIUST), Superfund, and
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline.
This hotline provides information about the RCRA/UST, Superfund, and EPCRA programs. The
hotline handles information about EPA's RCRA regulations and programs implemented under
RCRA, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA),' "',
EPCRA, and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title HI. The hotline also
provides referrals for obtaining related documents concerning the RCRA, UST; Superfund/CERCLA, •
and Pollution Prevention/Waste Minimization programs. Translation is available for Spanish-
speaking callers. The hotline operates daily Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m, to 6:00 p.m/EST. The
hotline can be reached by telephone at 800-424-9346 for all nongovernment locations outside the
Washington, DC metropolitan local calling area, or 703-412-9810 for all locations in the Washington,
DC metropolitan local calling area.
itw&ju»*2^ „
RCRA Docket and Information Center (RIC).
The RIC provides public access to all regulatory materials supporting EPA's actions under RCRA and
disseminates publications from EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER). The
information center operates daily, Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. The
information center can be reached by telephone at 703-603-9230.
Superfund Docket and Information Center. >
The Superfund Docket and Information Center provides access to Superfund regulatory documents,
Superfund Federal Register Notices, and Records of Decision (ROD). The center operates daily,
Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. The center can be reached by telephone at
703-603-8917 or by facsimile at 703-603-9133.
TecJiDirect.
TechDirect is a free electronic mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest to
site cleanup professionals. Approximately once a month, EPA's Technology Innovation Office (TIO)
sends subscribers an e-mail message announcing the availability of publications and the scheduling of
events. The message also directs subscribers to sources from which they can obtain more information.
Contact Mr. Jeff Heimerman at 703-603-7191 or by e-mail at heimerman.jeff@epamatt.epa.gov for more
information.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Service. /
The information service provides information about regulations under TSCA to the chemical industry,
labor and trade organizations, environmental groups, and the general public. Technical as well as
general information is available. The information service operates daily, Monday through Friday,, 8:30
a.m. to 5:00 p.m. EST. The information service can beBreached by telephone at 202-554-1404, -, "" ,
36
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AMD CLEANUP
Comparing Innovative Technologies to Other
Characterization and Cleanup Options
The Tool Kit and Road Map focus on innovative
characterization and treatment options. Although
the documents emphasize the use of innovative
technologies to address contamination, the use of
other technologies also should be considered. For
example, containment or more standard technology
options also may be appropriate to address
contamination at Brownfields sites. Examples of
containment technologies include dynamic
compaction, landfill reuse, and stabilization or
solidification of contaminated material. Established
technologies, such as incineration and pump-and-
treat processes for groundwater contamination, also
are alternatives to innovative technologies for use in
addressing contamination.
When deciding between innovative and established
technologies or between treatment and containment
technologies, Brownfields stakeholders should
compare the effectiveness and efficiency of each
technology against the specific needs of the
individual site and stakeholders. During this
analysis, one should remember that technologies, or
at least our understanding of them, change
constantly.
Seeking External Support (Community Relations
and Professional Support)
A wealth of information and expertise related to site
cleanup is readily available. It is important that
members of the Brownfields community have access
to that information and are able to draw upon
lessons learned to benefit from the experience of
others.
Most decision makers at Brownfields sites will
require technical and legal assistance to fully
understand the complexities of investigating and
cleaning up a contaminated site. In fact, some states
may require the participation of certified or licensed
professionals to help guide the site investigation and
cleanup process. State regulatory agencies should be
consulted to determine the requirements, if any, for
the participation of certified or licensed cleanup
professionals. It is recommended that site cleanup
professionals and legal and other experts be
recruited as members of the Brownfields team.
The Brownfields community can benefit from EPA's
assistance in directing its members to appropriate
resources and providing opportunities to network
and participate in the sharing of information. A
number of electronic bulletin boards and databases,
newsletters, and reports provide opportunities for
Brownfields stakeholders to network with other
stakeholders to identify information about site
cleanup and technology options. Such information
resources are described below. Updates on
regulatory development and business opportunities
in the area of hazardous waste also are included.
Resources
Alternative Treatment Technology
Information Center (ATTIC).
The Alternative Treatment Technology
Information Center (ATTIC) is a comprehensive
computer database system that provides up-to-date
information on innovative treatment technologies.
The database contains information on biological,
chemical, and physical treatment processes;
solidification and stabilization processes; and
thermal treatment technologies. The on-line
automated bibliographic reference integrates
existing data on hazardous waste into a unified,
37
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
searchable resource. The ATTIC system provides
users with access to several independent databases,
an electronic bulletin board system, a hotline, and a
repository of documents related to alternative and
innovative treatment technologies. The ATTIC
database can be accessed by modem at (703) 908-
2138. Assistance can be reached at (703) 908-2137.
Bioremediation Action Committee: Fact Sheet
(EPA 542-F-96-031).
The Bioremediation Action Committee (BAG) is a
partnership of experts representing government,
industry, and academia. The purpose of the BAG is
to improve the use of bioremediation in the
treatment, control, and prevention of environmental
contamination and promote the use of
bioremediation as a viable cleanup alternative for
remediating hazardous waste sites. The Committee
is co-chaired by representatives of EPA's HO and
the Office of Research and Development (ORD) and
includes more than 100 experts in the field of
bioremediation. The fact sheet describes the
mission and structure of the BAG and its activities
and provides information about products the BAG
has developed. Points of contact also are identified.
\ Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN) Bulletin
'.Board System.
ciuww I The system is designed for use by
V hazardous waste cleanup professionals
i «•** who need current information on innovative
technologies for remediation and on access to
EPA publications, other regularly updated
information, and databases. CLU-IN can be
accessed by modem at (301) 589-8366 or through the
Internet at http://clu-in.com. Assistance can be
reached at (301) 589-8368.
A copy of the CLU-IN Brochure is provided
on page A-91 in Appendix A, Broztmfields Site
Cleanup "Starter Kit."
?. Clean-Up Information Home Page on the
'•.World Wide Web (EPA 542-F-96-011).
.The home page provides information
/ about innovative treatment technologies to
»'•* the hazardous waste remediation
community. It describes programs,
organizations, publications, and other tools for EPA
and other Federal and state personnel, consulting
engineers, technology developers and vendors,
remediation contractors, researchers, community
groups, and individual citizens. The home page can
be accessed at http://clu-in.com.
CUM*
*. Federal Remediation Technologies
'. Roundtable: Five Years of Cooperation
. (EpA 542-F-95-007).
'/! The fact sheet provides information on the
>«***" e^or*s °f the Federal Remediation
Technologies Roundtable for the past five
years. The fact sheet also describes the initiatives,
information sharing, ongoing cooperation, and
future goals of the roundtable; A list of publications
of the roundtable is included in the fact sheet. The
fact sheet can be downloaded free of charge from
the CLU-LN Web site at http://clu-in.com.
~ t. Ground Water Currents
'\ (EPA-542-N-96-003).
GLU-IN • -j^g newsietter presents updated
J} information about the development and
»»'••** use °f innovative treatment technologies for
groundwater. It also provides information on
groundwater research and regulatory issues that
affect the development and application of
technologies. Issues published after January 1, 1996
can be downloaded free of charge from the CLU-IN
Web site at http://clu-in.com.
Ground-Water Remediation Technologies
Analysis Center.
The Ground- Water Remediation Technologies
Analysis Center (GWRTAC) was established
through a cooperative agreement between the
National Environmental Technology Applications
Center (NETAC) of the Center for Hazardous
Materials Research (CHMR) and EPA. The goal of
GWRTAC is to compile, analyze, and disseminate
information on innovative groundwater
remediation technologies to industry, the research
community, contractors, government, investors, and
the public. The center currently is compiling
information to be included in databases of
interactive case studies and vendor information that
will be available on the GWRTAC Web site.
Additional information is available on the
GWRTAC Web site at http://ivww.gwrtac.org.
Partnerships for the Remediation of Hazardous
Wastes (EPA 542-R-96-006).
Prepared by EPA's TIO, the document provides
potential private sector partners interested in the
development of new and innovative hazardous
38
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
waste technologies with information about
opportunities to participate in joint public-private
development projects. The document also identifies
points of contact and provides information about
four programs through which EPA and other
Federal agencies support technology development
through partnerships with private entities. The
purpose and activities of each program are
summarized, and an order form is included for
requesting additional information about the
partnerships.
Progress in Reducing Impediments to the Use of
Innovative Remediation Technology
(EPA 542-F-95-008, PB95-262556).
The document highlights the accomplishments of
TIO and its partners in advancing innovative
treatment technologies. The accomplishments
discussed include policy and regulatory
improvements and improvements in research,
development, and demonstration; information
sharing; and training.
Public-Private Partnership Program for Evaluating
Innovative Technologies: Fact Sheet
(EPA 542-F-96-029).
The document provides information about the
Public-Private Partnership Program, a project led by
Clean Sites, Inc., a nonprofit public interest and
research organization, under a cooperative
agreement with EPA's HO. The purpose of the
program is to stimulate the use of innovative
remedial technologies by establishing partnerships
between Federal agencies and site owners from
private industry for the joint implementation and
evaluation of innovative technologies. The fact
sheet describes the program, identifies its members,
and explains the roles of the partnership members.
Ongoing projects also are summarized, and points
of contact are identified.
Remediation Technologies Development Forum
Series.
The series of documents, prepared by EPA's ORD,
summarizes the activities of the Remediation
Technologies Development Forum (RTDF). The
RTDF is a consortium of partners representing
industry, government agencies, and academia who
work together to develop more effective, less costly
hazardous waste characterization and treatment
technologies. It is designed to foster public-private
partnerships to conduct laboratory and field
research to develop, test, and evaluate innovative
technologies. Five Action Teams have been formed
to address priority research areas in the
development, testing, and evaluation of in situ
remediation technologies. Each document in the
series describes the purpose and activities of one of
the Action Teams, identifies the participants in that
team, and provides contact information. The
various documents provide detailed information
about:
- Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Consortium
(EPA 542-F-96-010B)
- Lasagna™ Public-Private Partnership (EPA 542-F-
96-010A)
- IINERT Soil-Metals Action Team (EPA 542-F-96-
010D)
- Permeable Barriers Action Team (EPA 542-F-96-
010C)
- Remediation Technologies Development Forum
(EPA 542-F-96-010)
- Remediation Technologies Development Forum:
Questions and Answers Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-97-
003)
V— ?. Tech Trends (EPA 542-N-96-002).
, V The newsletter presents information about
CLU-IH appiie(j technologies for site
<<* ;• characterization and remediation. Among
„•• the issues addressed are new technologies,
innovative uses of existing technologies, ways
to overcome bureaucratic obstacles to the use of
innovative technologies, and the applicability of
innovative technologies in the Superfund program.
The newsletter can be downloaded free of charge
from the CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com.
39
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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40
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APPENDICES
A. Brownfields Site Cleanup
"Starter Kit'
B. List of Acronyms and Glossary
of Key Terms
C. List of Brownfields and
Technical Support Contacts
D. How to Order Documents
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APPENDIX A
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TOOL KIT OP INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Appendix A
BROWNFIELDS SITE CLEANUP "STARTER KIT"
The following is a "starter kit" of important information resources to give Brownfields stakeholders an example of
the resources available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts at Brownfields sites. The documents in the
"starter kit" include:
Citizen's Guides A-3
Clean-Up Information (CLU-DM) Bulletin Board System Brochure A-91
Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix A-93
Selecting Innovative Cleanup Technologies: EPA Resources.
.A-95
List of Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program Reports
, A-105
Vendor Field Analytical and Characterization Technologies System
(Vendor FACTS) Bulletin A-115
Vendor Information System for Innovative Treatment
Technologies (VISITT) Bulletin
. A-123
A-1
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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A-2
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA542-F-96-OQ7
April 1996
A Citizen's Guide to
Bioremediation
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What is bioremediation?
Bioremediation is a treatment process that uses naturally
occurring microorganisms (yeast, fungi, or bacteria) to
break down, or degrade, hazardous substances into less
toxic or nontoxic substances. Microorganisms, just like hu-
mans, eat and digest organic substances for nutrients and
energy. In chemical terms, "organic" compounds are those
that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. Certain microor-
ganisms can digest organic substances such as fuels or sol-
vents that are hazardous to humans. The microorganisms
break down the organic contaminants into harmless prod-
ucts—mainly carbon dioxide and water (Figure 1). Once
the contaminants are degraded, the microorganism popula-
tion is reduced because they have used all of their food
source. Dead microorganisms or small populations in the
absence of food pose no contamination risk.
How does it work?
Microorganisms must be active and healthy in order for
bioremediation to take place. Bioremediation technologies
assist microorganisms' growth and increase microbial
populations by creating optimum environmental conditions
for them to detoxify the maximum amount of contami-
nants. The specific bioremediation technology used is de-
termined by several factors, for instance, the type of micro-
organisms present, the site conditions, and the quantity and
toxicity of contaminant chemicals. Different microorgan-
isms degrade different types of compounds and survive
under different conditions.
Indigenous microorganisms are those microorganisms that
are found already living at a given site. To stimulate the
growth of these indigenous microorganisms, the proper
soil temperature, oxygen, and nutrient content may need
to be provided.
If the biological activity needed to degrade a particular
contaminant is not present in the soil at the site, microor-
ganisms from other locations, whose effectiveness has
been tested, can be added to the contaminated soil. These
are called exogenous microorganisms. The soil conditions
at the new site may need to be adjusted to ensure that the
exogenous microorganisms will thrive.
Bioremediation can take place under aerobic and anaero-
bic conditions. In aerobic conditions, microorganisms use
available atmospheric oxygen in order to function. With
sufficient oxygen, microorganisms will convert many^or-
ganic contaminants to carbon dioxide and water. Anaero-
bic conditions support biological activity in which no
oxygen is present so the microorganisms break down
chemical compounds in the soil to release the energy
they need. Sometimes, during aerobic and anaerobic
processes of breaking down the original contaminants,
intermediate products that are less, equally, or more
toxic than the original contaminants are created.
Bioremediation can be used as a cleanup method for con-
taminated soil and water. Bioremediation applications fall
into two broad categories: in situ or ex situ. In situ biore-
mediation treats the contaminated soil or groundwater in
the location in which it was found. Ex situ bioremediation
processes require excavation of contaminated soil or
pumping of groundwater before they can be treated.
A Quick Look at Bioremediation
Uses naturally occurring microorganisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic
substances.
A cost effective, natural process applicable to many common organic wastes.
Many techniques can be conducted on-site.
Printed on Recycled Paper
A-3
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In Situ Bioremediation
In situ techniques do not require excavation of the con-
taminated soils so may be less expensive, create less dust,
and cause less release of contaminants than ex situ tech-
niques. Also, it is possible to treat a large volume of soil at
once. In situ techniques, however, may be slower than ex
situ techniques, may be difficult to manage, and are most
effective at sites with permeable (sandy or uncompacted)
soil.
The goal of aerobic in situ bioremediation is to supply
oxygen and nutrients to the microorganisms in the soil.
Aerobic in situ techniques can vary in the way they supply
oxygen to the organisms that degrade the contaminants.
Two such methods are bioventing and injection of hydro-
gen peroxide. Oxygen can be provided by pumping air
into the soil above the water table (bioventing) or by deliv-
ering the oxygen in liquid form as hydrogen peroxide. In
situ bioremediation may not work well in clays or in
highly layered subsurface environments because oxygen
cannot be evenly distributed throughout the treatment area.
In situ remediation often requires years to reach cleanup
goals, depending mainly on how biodegradable specific
contaminants are. Less time may be required with easily
degraded contaminants.
Bioventing. Bioventing systems deliver air from the atmo-
sphere into the soil above the water table through injection
wells placed in the ground where the contamination exists.
The number, location, and depth of the wells depend on
many geological factors and engineering considerations.
An air blower may be used to push or pull air into the soil
through the injection wells. Air flows through the soil and
the oxygen in it is used by the microorganisms. Nutrients
may be pumped into the soil through the injection wells.
Nitrogen and phosphorous may be added to increase the
growth rate of the microorganisms.
Injection of Hydrogen Peroxide. This process delivers
oxygen to stimulate the activity of naturally occurring mi-
croorganisms by circulating hydrogen peroxide through
contaminated soils to speed the bioremediation of organic
contaminants. Since it involves putting a chemical (hydro-
gen peroxide) into the ground (which may eventually seep
into the groundwater), this process is used only at sites
where the groundwater is already contaminated.
What Is An Innovative Treatment
Technology?
Treatment technologies are processes applied to the
treatment of hazardous waste or contaminated
materials to permanently alter their condition through
chemical, biological, or physical means. Innovative
treatment technologies are those that have been
tested, selected or used for treatment of hazardous
waste or contaminated materials but lack well-
documented cost and performance data under a
variety of operating conditions.
A system of pipes or a sprinkler system is typically used
to deliver hydrogen peroxide to shallow contaminated
soils. Injection wells are used for deeper contaminated
soils.
Ill Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater
In situ bioremediation of groundwater speeds the natural
biodegradation processes that take place in the water-
soaked underground region that lies below the water table.
For sites at which both the soil and groundwater are con-
taminated, this single technology is effective at treating
both.
Generally, an in situ groundwater bioremediation system
consists of an extraction well to remove groundwater from
the ground, an above-ground water treatment system
where nutrients and an oxygen source may be added to the
contaminated groundwater, and injection wells to return
the "conditioned" groundwater to the subsurface where
the microorganisms degrade the contaminants.
One limitation of this technology is that differences in un-
derground soil layering and density may cause reinjected
conditioned groundwater to follow certain preferred flow
paths. Consequently, the conditioned water may not reach
some areas of contamination.
Another frequently used method of in situ groundwater
treatment is air sparging, which means pumping air into
the groundwater to help flush out contaminants. Air
sparging is used in conjunction with a technology called
soil vapor extraction and is described in detail in the docu-
ment entitled A Citizen's Guide to Soil Vapor Extraction
and Air Sparging (see page 4).
Ex Situ Bioremediation of Snil
Ex situ techniques can be faster, easier to control, and
used to treat a wider range of contaminants and soil types
than in situ techniques. However, they require excavation
and treatment of the contaminated soil before and, some-
times, after the actual bioremediation step. Ex situ tech-
niques include slurry-phase bioremediation and solid-
phase bioremediation.
Slurry-phase bioremediation. Contaminated soil is com-
bined with water and other additives in a large tank called
a "bioreactor" and mixed to keep the microorganisms—
which are already present in the soil—in contact with the
contaminants in the soil. Nutrients and oxygen are added,
and conditions in the bioreactor are controlled to create the
optimum environment for the microorganisms to degrade the
contaminants. Upon completion of the treatment, the water is
removed from the solids, which are disposed of or treated
further if they still contain pollutants.
Slurry-phase biological treatment can be a relatively rapid
process compared to other biological treatment processes,
particularly for contaminated clays. The success of the
process is highly dependent on the specific soil and
chemical properties of the contaminated material. This
technology is particularly useful where rapid remediation
is a high priority.
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Figure 1
Schematic Diagram of Aerobic Biodegradation in Soil
Solid-phase bioremediation. Solid-phase bioremediation
is a process that treats soils in above-ground treatment
areas equipped with collection systems to prevent any con-
taminant from escaping the treatment. Moisture, heat, nu-
trients, or oxygen are controlled to enhance biodegradation
for the application of this treatment. Solid-phase systems
are relatively simple to operate and maintain, require a
large amount of space, and cleanups require more time to
.complete than with slurry-phase processes. Solid-phase
soil treatment processes include landfarming, soil biopiles,
and composting.
Landfarming. In this relatively simple treatment method,
contaminated soils are excavated and spread on a pad with
a built-in system to collect any "leachate" or contaminated
liquids that seep out of contaminant-soaked soil. The soils
are periodically turned over to mix air into the waste.
Moisture and nutrients are controlled to enhance bio-
remediation. The length of time for bioremediation to oc-
cur will be longer if nutrients, oxygen or temperature are
not properly controlled. In some cases, reduction of con-
taminant concentrations actually may be attributed more to
volatilization than biodegradation. When the process is
conducted in enclosures controlling escaping volatile con-
taminants, volatilization losses are minimized.
Soil biopiles. Contaminated soil is piled in heaps several
meters high over an air distribution system. Aeration is
provided by pulling air through the heap with a vacuum
pump. Moisture and nutrient levels are maintained at lev-
els that maximize bioremediation. The soil heaps can be
placed in enclosures. Volatile contaminants are easily con-
trolled since they are usually part of the air stream being
pulled through the pile.
Composting. Biodegradable waste is mixed with a bulking
agent such as straw, hay, or corn cobs to make it easier to
deliver the optimum levels of air and water to the microor-
ganisms. Three common designs are static pile composting
(compost is formed into piles and aerated with blowers or
vacuum pumps), mechanically agitated in-vessel
composting (compost is placed in a treatment vessel where
it is mixed and aerated), and windrow composting (com-
post is placed in long piles known as windrows and peri-
odically mixed by tractors or similar equipment).
Will it work at every site?
Biodegradation is useful for many types of organic wastes
and is a cost-effective, natural process. Many techniques
can be conducted on-site, eliminating the need to transport
hazardous materials.
The extent of biodegradation is highly dependent on the
toxicity and initial concentrations of the contaminants,
their biodegradability, the properties of the contaminated
soil, and the particular treatment system selected.
Contaminants targeted for biodegradation treatment are
non-halogenated volatile and semi-volatile organics and
fuels. The effectiveness of bioremediation is limited at
sites with high concentrations of metals, highly chlorinated
organics, or inorganic salts because these compounds are
toxic to the microorganisms.
Where has it been used?
At the Scott Lumber Company Superfund site in Missouri,
16,000 tons of soils contaminated with poly aromatic hy-
drocarbons (PAHs) were biologically treated using land
treatment application. PAH concentrations were reduced
by 70%.
At the French Ltd. Superfund site in Texas, slurry-phase
bioremediation was used to treat 300,000 tons of lagoon
sediment and tar-like sludge contaminated with volatile or-
ganic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, met-
als, and pentachlorophenol. Over a period of 11 months,
the treatment system was able to meet the cleanup goals set
by EPA.
Some additional examples of Superfund sites where differ-
ent types of bioremediation have been selected as a treat-
ment method are listed in Table 1 on page 4.
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Table 1
Examples of Superfund Sites Using Bioremediation Technologies*
Name of Site
Treatment
Applied Environmental Services, NY Bioventing
Onalaska Municipal Landfill, Wl
Eielson Air Force Base, AK
Brown Wood Preserving, FL
Voge! Paint & Wax, IA
Broderick Wood Products, CO
Burlington Northern (Somers). MT
Bioventing
Bioventing
Land treatment
Land treatment
Land treatment/Bioventing
Land treatment/
In Situ Bioremediation
Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)
VOCs, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
VOCs, SVOCs. PAHs
PAHs
VOCs
SVOCs, PAHs, dioxins
SVOCs, PAHs
Fora listing of Superfund sites at which innovative treatment technologies have been used or selected for use,
contact NCEPI at the address in the box below for a copy of the document entitled Innovative Treatment
Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Additional information about the sites listed
in the Annual Status Report is available in database format. The database can be downloaded free of charge from
EPA's Cleanup Information bulletin board (CLU-IN). Call CLU-IN at 301-589-8366 (modem). CLU-IN's help line is
301-589-8368. The database also is available for purchase on diskettes. Contact NCEPI for details.
* Not a wssto types and site conditions an comparable. Each stt» must be Individually Investigated and tested
EnglMaiingtnd scientific Judgment must be used to determine If a technology Is appropriate fora site.
For More Information
The publications listed below can be ordered free of charge by calling NCEPI at 513-489-8190 or faxing your request
to 513-489-8695. If NCEPI is out of stock of a document, you may be directed to other sources. Write to NCEPI at:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Sources, January 1995, EPA 542-B-95-001. A bibliography of EPA
publications about Innovative treatment technologies.
• Bioremediation Resource Guide, September 1993, EPA 542-B-93-004. A bibliography of publications and
other sources of Information about bioremediatlon technologies.
• A Citizen's Guide to Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging, EPA 542-F-96-008
• Engineering Bulletin: In Situ Biodegradation Treatment, April 1994, EPA 540-S-94-502.
• Engineering Bulletin: Slurry Biodegradation, September 1990, EPA 540-2-90-016.
• Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies, March 1995, EPA 542-R-95-001.
• WASTECH* Monograph on Bioremediation, ISBN #1-883767-01-6. Available for $49.95 from the American
Academy of Environmental Engineers, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, MD 21401. Telephone 410-266-3311.
£X|^
ptrtym KJgthon with the United Stales. The Agency also reserves the right to change ttHs guidance at any time without public notice
-4-
A-6
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Organismo para la
Proteccibn del Medio Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
DesGchos S6lidos y
Respuesta en Situaciones
de Emergencia (5102G)
EPA542-F-9B-023
Abril de 1996
vvEPA
Gufa del ciudadano:
Medidas biocorrectivas
Oficina de Innovaciones Tecnol6gicas
Ficha tecnolbgica
lQ\te son las medidas biocorrectivas?
Las medidas biocorrectivas consisten en el uso de
microorganismos naturales (levaduras, hongos o bacterias)
para descomponer o degradar sustancias peligrosas en
sustancias menos toxicas o que no scan t6xicas. Los
microorganismos, igual que los seres humanos, comen y
digieren sustancias orgdnicas, de las cuales obtienen
nutrientes y energfa. En terminos quimicos, los compuestos
"organicos" son aquellos que contienen atomos de carbono e
hidr6geno. Ciertos microorganismos pueden digerir
sustancias organicas peligrosas para los seres humanos,
como combustibles o solventes. Los microorganismos
descomponen los contaminantes organicos en productos
inocuos, principalmente di6xido de carbono y agua (figura
1). Una vez degradados los contaminantes, la poblacidn de
microorganismos se reduce porque ha agotado su fuente de
alimentos. Las poblaciones pequenas de microorganismos
sin alimentos o los microorganismos muertos no presentan
riesgos de contaminaci6n.
&C6mo funcionan?
Los microorganismos deben estar activos y saludables para
que puedan desempenar su tarea correctiva. Las medidas
biocorrectivas facilitan el crecimiento de los
microorganismos y aumentan la poblaci6n microbiana
creando condiciones ambientales 6ptimas para que puedan
destoxificar la mayor cantidad posible de contaminantes.
La medida biocorrectiva que se use dependera de varios
factores, entre ellos el tipo de microorganismos presentes,
las condiciones del lugar y la cantidad y toxicidad de los
productos quimicos contaminantes. Hay diversos
microorganismos que degradan distintos tipos de
compuestos y sobreviven en condiciones diferentes.
Los microorganismos autdctonos son los que ya viven en
un lugar determinado. Para estimular su crecimiento, tal
vez sea necesario proporcionarles una temperatura
apropiada del suelo, oxfgeno y nutrientes.
Si la actividad bio!6gica que se necesita para degradar un
contaminante en particular no estd presente en el suelo del
lugar, se pueden anadir al suelo contaminado microorganismos
de otros lugares cuya eficacia se haya comprobado. Estos
son microorganismos exdgenos. Es posible que haya que
modificar las condiciones del suelo del lugar nuevo para que
los microorganismos exogenos proliferen.
Las medidas biocorrectivas pueden aplicarse en
condiciones aerobias y anaerobias. En condiciones
aerobias, los microorganismos usan el oxfgeno disponible
en la atm<5sfera para ftmcionar. Con suficiente oxfgeno,
los microorganismos convertiran muchos contaminantes
organicos en di6xido de carbono y agua. En condiciones
anaerobias, la actividad biologica tiene lugar en ausencia
de oxfgeno, de modo que los microorganismos
descomponen compuestos qufmicos del suelo para liberar
la energfa que necesitan. A veces, en los procesos aerobics
y anaerobios de descomposicion de los contaminantes
originates se crean productos intermedios de toxicidad
menor, igual o mayor.
Las medidas biocorrectivas pueden usarse como me'todo
para descontaminar el suelo y el agua. Estas medidas se
clasifican en dos grandes categorias: in situ y ex situ. Con
medidas biocorrectivas in situ se trata la tierra contaminada
o el agua subterranea en el lugar donde se encuentra. Las
medidas biocorrectivas ex situ consisten en excavar el
suelo contaminado o extraer el agua subterranea por
bombeo para aplicar el tratamiento.
Medidas biocorrectivas in situ para el suelo
Con las t&nicas in situ no es necesario excavar el suelo
contaminado, de modo que son menos costosas, levantan
menos polvo y liberan menos contaminantes que las tecnicas ex
situ. Ademas, se puede tratar una gran cantidad de tierra por vez.
Sin embargo, las tecnicas in situ pueden llevar mas tiempo que
las tecnicas ex situ, pueden ser diffciles de manejar y son mas
eficaces en suelos permeable* (arenosos o que no sean compactos).
Perfil de las medidas biocorrectivas
Se usan microorganismos naturales para descomponer sustancias peligrosas en sustancias menos toxicas o que
no sean toxicas.
• Es un proceso natural, eficaz en funci6n del costo, que puede aplicarse a muchos desechos organicos comunes.
' Muchas de las tecnicas pueden aplicarse in situ.
Impreso en papel reciclado
A-7
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La meta de las mcdidas biocorrectivas in situ en condiciones
aerobias cs suministrar oxfgeno y nutrientes a los
microorganismos del suelo. Las tecnicas aerobias in situ
varfan en cuanto al me"todo de suministro de oxfgeno a los
microorganismos que degradan los contaminantes. Dos de
esos mdtodos son la bioaireacidn y la inyeccidn de per6xido
dc hidrdgcno. Se puede suministrar oxfgeno introduciendo
aire por bombco en el suelo, arriba de la capa frea'tica
(bioaireacidn), o en forma Ifquida como per6xido de
hidrdgeno. Las medidas biocorrectivas in situ tal vez no den
bucnos rcsultados en suelos arcillosos o en subsuelos
altamcnte estratificados porque no se puede distribuir oxfgeno
de manera uniforme en toda la zona que necesita tratamiento.
Con medidas biocorrectivas in situ a veces se tarda anos en
alcanzar las mctas en cuanto a limpieza, dependiendo
principalmcnte de cuan biodegradables scan detenninados
contaminantes. Con contaminantes que se degradan facilmente
quMsctardemenos,
BioaireacUin. Los sistemas de bioaireacidn introducen aire
de la atmdsfera en el suelo, aniba de la capa frea'tica, por
medio de pozos de inyeccidn situados en el lugar
contaminado. La cantidad, la ubicacidn y la profundidad de
los pozos dependen de muchos factorcs geoldgicos y
consideraciones teenicas.
Se puede usar un ventiiador para forzar la entrada de aire en
el suelo por cmpuje o tracci6n por los pozos de inyeccidn. El
aire fluye por el suelo, y los microorganismos usan el oxfgeno
del aire. Por los pozos de inyeccidn se pueden introducir
tambieji nutrientes, como nitrdgeno y fdsforo, para acelerar el
crecimiento de los microorganismos.
Inyeccidn de perdxido de hidrdgeno. Con esta t£cnica se
suministra oxfgeno para estimular la actividad de
microorganismos naturales haciendo circular perdxido de
hidrdgeno por el suelo contaminado para acelerar la
climinacidn bioldgica de contaminantes organicos. Como
consiste en introducir una sustancia qufmica (perdxido de
hidrdgeno) en el suelo (que podrfa infiltrarse hasta llegar al
agua subtcrranca), se usa solamente en lugares donde el agua
subtcrranca ya estd contaminada.
Gcncralmcntc se usa un sistema de tuberfas o de aspersores
para introducir perdxido de hidrdgeno en suelos
contaminados a poca profundidad. Para suelos contaminados
a mayor profundidad se usan pozos de inyeccidn.
Medidas biocorrectivas in situ para el agua subterranea
Las mcdidas biocorrectivas in situ para el agua subterranea
acelcran los procesos naturales de biodegradacidn que tienen
iQuti son las tdcnicas de tratamiento
innovadoras?
Las Vknicas da tatemterto son procesos que se apfcan a
dasochos peSgroeos o materiates conterrinados para alterar su
fefcos. Us ticnfcas da tratamiento Innovadoras son ttofcas que
ban skfo ereayadas, seteccfcnadas o uOzadas para el tratarriento
da ctesedxs peSgrasos o materials cortamhados, auique
kxJavfaros8dbpcx)acJedatebieodocuTientadossobresucosto
yrosuitacteendrvwsascondfcfcnesdeapScacxSa
lugar en la regidn subtenanea empapada en agua que estd
debajo de la capa frea'tica. En los lugares donde tanto el
suelo como el agua subterranea estan contaminados, esta
tecnica sirve para tratar ambos.
Por lo general, un sistema biocorrectivo in situ para el agua
subterranea consiste en un pozo de extraccidn para sacar el
agua subterranea del suelo, un sistema de tratamiento del
agua en la superficie, con el cual se pueden agregar nutrientes
y una fuente de oxfgeno al agua subterrdnea contaminada, y
pozos de inyeccidn para reintroducir el agua subterranea
"acondicionada" en el subsuelo, donde los microorganismos
degradan los contaminantes.
Una de las limitaciones de esta tecnica es que las diferencias
en la disposicidn y la densidad de las capas del suelo podrian
llevar al agua subterranea acondicionada reinyectada a seguir
ciertos trayectos preferidos, sin llegar nunca a algunos
lugares contaminados.
Otro m&odo que se usa con frecuencia para el tratamiento in
situ de agua subtenanea es la aspersidn de aire, que consiste
en introducir aire por bombeo en el agua subterranea para
que arrastre los contaminantes. La aspersidn de aire se usa junto
con la tecnica de extraccidn de vapores del suelo, que se describe
con pormenores en la Gufa del ciudadano: La extraction de
vapores del suelo y la aspersidn de aire (vease la pagina 4).
Medidas biocorrectivas ex situ para el suelo
Las t&nicas ex situ llevan menos tiempo, son m£s fdciles de
controlar y se usan para tratar una gama mas amplia de
contaminantes y tipos de suelo que las t&nicas in situ. Sin
embargo, requieren la excavacidn y el tratamiento del suelo
contaminado antes de la medida biocorrectiva en sf y, a
veces, incluso despuds. Entre las tdcnicas ex situ cabe sefialar
las medidas biocorrectivas de fase de lechada y las
medidas biocorrectivas de fase solida.
Medidas biocorrectivas de fase de lechada. Latierra
contaminada se combina con agua y otros aditivos en un
tanque grande denominado "biorreactor", se mezcla para
mantener los microorganismos presentes en la tierra en
contacto con los contaminantes y se anaden nutrientes y
oxfgeno. Las condiciones en el biorreactor se controlan a fin
de crear el medio dptimo para que los microorganismos
degraden los contaminantes. Una vez concluido el
tratamiento, se separa el agua de los sdlidos, que se
eliminan o son sometidos a un tratamiento ulterior si
todavfa tienen contaminantes.
El tratamiento bioldgico de fase de lechada puede ser
relativamente rapido en comparacidn con otros
tratamientos bioldgicos, particularmente para la arcilla
contaminada. El e*xito del proceso depende en gran
medida del tipo de suelo y de las propiedades quimicas
del material contaminado. Esta tecnica es
particularmente util en los casos en que se necesitan
medidas correctivas rapidas.
Medidas biocorrectivas defuse solida. Con medidas
biocorrectivas de fase sdlida, se somete la tierra a un
tratamiento en la superficie con sistemas de recoleccidn
para evitar la ruga de contaminantes. Se controla la
humedad, el calor, los nutrientes y el oxfgeno a fin de
propiciar la biodegradacidn para aplicar este tratamiento.
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A-8
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Figura 1
Esquema de la biodegradacion aerobia en el suelo
Los sistemas de fase solida son relativamente sencillos de
usar y de mantener, aunque ocupan mucho lugar y la
limpieza lleva mas tiempo que con los procesos de fase de
lechada. Los sistemas de tratamiento de fase solida
abarcan el tratamiento de la tierra, biopilas de tierra y la
produccion de abonos a partir de desechos.
Tratamiento de la tierra. Con este metodo de tratamiento
relativamente sencillo, se excava el suelo contaminado y
se esparce la tierra en una plataforma con un sistema
incorporado para recoger cualquier "lixiviado" o Ifquido
contaminado que se escurra del suelo empapado en
'contaminantes. Se da vuelta la tierra periodicarnente para
mezclar aire con los desechos. Asimismo, se controla la
humedad y los nutrientes para propiciar la accion
biocorrectiva. La biocorrecci6n llevara mas tiempo si los
nutrientes, el oxfgeno o la temperatura no estan bien
controlados. En algunos casos, la reducci6n de la
concentracion de contaminantes podrfa atribuirse mas a la
volatilizaci6n que a la biodegradacidn. Cuando el proceso
dene lugar en lugares cerrados donde se controlan los
contaminantes volatiles que se escapan, las perdidas por
volatilizacion 'se reducen al mmimo.
Biopilas de tierra. La tierra contaminada se amontona en
pilas de varies metros de altura sobre un sistema de
distribution de aire. La aireacion se realiza forzando el
paso del aire por el monton de tierra con una bomba de
vacfo. La humedad y los nutrientes se mantienen en un
nivel optimo para la accion biocorrectiva. Los montones
de tierra pueden colocarse en lugares cerrados. Los
contaminantes voldtiles son faciles de controlar porque
generalmente se integran a la corriente de aire que se hace
pasar por la pila.
Produccion de abono a partir de desechos. Se mezclan
desechos biodegradables con un agente que les de mas
volumen, como paja, heno o mazorcas, para facilitar el
suministro de la cantidad optima de aire y agua a los
microorganismos. Tres tipos comunes son la produccion
de abono en pilas estdticas (se forman pilas de desechos
aireadas con ventiladores impelentes o bombas de vacio),
la produccion de abono en recipientes con agitacion
mecdnica (los desechos se colocan en un recipiente para el
tratamiento donde se mezclan y airean) y produccidn de
abono en hileras (los desechos se colocan en pilas
alargadas, o sea hileras, y se mezclan perio'dicamente
usando tractores o equipo similar).
£,Dara resultado esta tecnica en cualquier
lugar?
La biodegradacion sirve para muchos tipos de desechos
organicos y es un proceso natural y eficiente en funci6n del
costo. Muchas tecnicas pueden aplicarse in situ, evitando
la necesidad de transportar materiales peligrosos.
El grado de biodegradacion depende principalmente de la
toxicidad y de la concentracidn inicial de contaminantes,
su biodegradabilidad, las propiedades del suelo
contaminado y el sistema de tratamiento que se seleccione.
Los contaminantes que se pueden biodegradar son
compuestos organicos no halogenados, tanto volatiles
como semivola'tiles, y combustibles. La eficacia de las
medidas biocorrectivas es limitada en lugares con una alta
concentracion de metales, compuestos organicos altamente
dorados o sales inorganicas porque estos compuestos son
toxicos para los microorganismos.
£D6nde se ha usado esta tecnica?
En el predio de Scott Lumber Company (Misuri), uno de
los sitios comprendidos en el Superfund, se aplic6 un
tratamiento bio!6gico a 16.000 toneladas de tierra
contaminada con hidrocarburos poliaromaticos, usando la
tecnica de tratamiento de la tierra. Se Iogr6 una reduction
del 70% en la concentraci6n de hidrocarburos.
En el sitio de French Ltd. (Texas), tambien comprendido
en el Superfund, se usaron medidas biocorrectivas de fase
de lechada para tratar 300.000 toneladas de sedimentos de
una laguna y fango residual tipo alquitran contaminados
con compuestos organicos volatiles y semivola'tiles,
metales y pentaclorofenol. Con este sistema de tratamiento,
las metas de limpieza establecidas por el EPA se
alcanzaron en el plazo de 11 meses.
En el cuadro 1 de la pagina 4 hay mas ejemplos de lugares
donde se han seleccionado distintos tipos de medidas
biocorrectivas como metodo de tratamiento con recursos
del Superfund.
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Cuadro 1
Ejemplos de sitios donde se usan tecnicas biocorrectivas con recursos del Superfuncf
Nombre de) sitlo
Applied Environmental Services
(NuevaYork)
Onalaska Municipal Landfill
(Wisconsin)
Eielson Air Force Base
(Arkansas)
Brown Wood Preserving
(Florida)
Vogel Paint & Wax (Indiana)
Brodflrick Wood Products
(Colorado)
Burlington Northern (Somers)
(Montana)
Tratamiento
Bioaireacidn
Bioaireacidn
Bioaireacidn
Tratamiento de la tierra
Tratamiento de la tierra
Tratamiento de la tierra
y bioaireacidn
Tratamiento de la tierra y
medidas biocorrectivas in situ
Contamlnantes
Compuestos organicos volatiles,
compuestos organicos semivolatiles
Compuestos organicos volatiles,
hidrocarburos poliaromaticos
Compuestos organicos volatiles,
compuestos organicos semivolatiles,
hidrocarburos poliaromaticos
Hidrocarburos poliaromaticos
Compuestos organicos volatiles
Compuestos organicos semivolatiles,
hidrocarburos poliaromaticos, dioxinas
Compuestos organicos semivolatiles,
hidrocarburos poliaromaticos
SI desaa una lista de los sitios para los cuales se nan usado o seleccionado tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras con
recursos del Superfund, dirfjase a) NCEPI, cuya direccidn figura en el recuadro a continuacidn, y solicite un ejemplar del
documento titulado Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Hay una base
da dates con mas informacidn sobre los sitios indicados en el Annual Status Report. La base de datos se puede recibir
gratis porcomputadora; est£ en la cartelera electrdnica con informacidn sobre operaciones de limpieza del EPA (CLU-IN).
Uame a CLU-IN, m6dem: 301-589-8366. El numero de teldfono de CLU-IN para ayuda tecnica es 301-589-8368. La base
do datos tambien se puede comprar en disquetes. Consulte at NCEPI para mas pormenores.
• No todo* to* Vpo* dfl daxechos y no todai las condicfones da tos stttos son comparabies. Es necasarto InvosWgar cada sltlo y someterto a pruebas por
Mptmdo. St ctoban emptatr crilertos dtnttflcos y tfcnlcos para determlnar si una tdcnfca es aproplada para un sitio.
Para mds informacidn:
Las pubUcaciones quo se indican a continuacidn pueden obtenerse gratis del NCEPI. Para encargarlas, envfe su pedido
por fax al 513-489-8695. Si a! NCEPI no le quedan mas ejemplares de alguno de estos documentos, puede dirigirse a
otras fuentes. Escriba al NCEPI a la siguiente direccidn:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
* Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Resources, enero de 1995, EPA 542-B-95-001. Blbliograffo de publlcaclones del
EPA sobre ttcnlcas de tratamiento Innovadoras.
* Bioremediation Resource Guide, septiembre de 1993, EPA 542-B-93-004. Blbliograffa de publlcaclones y otras
fuentes de Informacidn sobre t6cnlcas biocorrectivas.
• A Citizen's Guide to Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging, EPA 542-F-96-008.
• Engineering Bulletin: In Situ Biodegradation Treatment, abril de 1994, EPA 540-S-94-502.
• Engineering Bulletin: Slurry Biodegradation, septiembre de 1990, EPA 540-2-90-016.
• Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies, EPA 542-R-95-001.
• WASTECH® Monograph on Bioremediation, ISBN #1-883767-01-6. Puede obtenerse de la Academia
EaUdounidense de Ingenieros Ambientales, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, Maryland 21401; telefono: 410-266-3311.
CUBSta US$49,95.
AVISO: Ettt IttM Ucnka essottmenta una fuente da oritntacKn 0 intomacifo. No es suprnpSstto crearderechos quepuedan hacersa valor por via Judicial an
Ea»A>tUni
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA S42-F-96-OD4
April 1996
&EPA
A Citizen's Guide to
Chemical Dehalogenation
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What is chemical dehalogenation?
Chemical dehalogenation is a chemical process to re-
move halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical con-
taminant, rendering it less hazardous. Halogens are a
class of chemical elements that include chlorine, bro-
mine, iodine, and fluorine. Polychlorinated biphenyls
are. halogenated compounds that once were used in high
voltage electrical transformers because they conducted
heat well while being fire resistant and good electrical
insulators. In addition, halogenated compounds are
used to produce pesticides because their addition
causes the toxicity needed to control pests. Haloge-
nated compounds also are commonly used in water
treatment, swimming pool chemicals, and plastic piping
and textile production. The chemical dehalogenation
process can be used on common halogenated contami-
nants such as PCBs and dioxins which are usually
found in soil and oils.
How does it work?
There are two common versions of the chemical
dehalogenation process in use: glycolate dehalogen-
ation and the base-catalyzed decomposition process.
Glvcolate Dehalogenation
Glycolate dehalogenation makes use of a chemical re-
agent called APEG. APEG consists of two parts: an
alkali metal hydroxide (the "A" in APEG) and
polyethylene glycol (PEG), a substance similar to anti-
freeze. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are
two common alkali metal hydroxides. Potassium poly-
ethylene glycolate is the most common APEG reagent.
The process consists of mixing and heating the con-
taminated soils with the APEG reagent. During heat-
ing, the alkali metal hydroxide reacts with the halogen
from the contaminant to form a non-toxic salt; and the
PEG takes the location in the PCB molecule formerly
occupied by the halogen making it less hazardous.
The glycolate dehalogenation process consists of five
steps: preparation, reaction, separation, washing, and
dewatering (Figure 1). During the preparation step, the
contaminated waste (soil, for example) is excavated
and sifted to remove debris and large objects such as
boulders and logs. Next, in the reaction step, the con-
taminated soils and the APEG reagent are blended in a
large container called a reactor, mixed, and heated for
four hours.
Vapors resulting from the heating process are col-
lected. The vapor is separated into water and the gas-
eous contaminants by means of a condenser. The
water can be used during a later step in the process and
the gaseous contaminants are passed through activated
carbon filters to capture the contaminant.
A Quick Look at Chemical Dehalogenation
Used to treat halogenated aromatic organic contaminants, particularly PCBs and dioxins.
Chemically converts toxic materials to less toxic or non-toxic materials.
Involves heating and physically mixing contaminated soils with chemical reagents.
Is a transportable technology that can be brought to the site.
Printed on Recycled Paper
A-11
-------
The soil-APEG mixture, after treatment in the reactor,
goes to the separator, where the APEG reagent is sepa-
rated from the soil and recycled for future use in the
system. The treated soil contains products of the treat-
ment which are less toxic chemicals resulting from the
dchalogcnation reaction. These new chemical products
are a non-toxic salt and a less toxic, partially
dchalogcnated organic compound.
The soil passes from the separation step to a washer,
where the water collected in the earlier reaction step is
added. The last traces of residual APEG reagent are
extracted from the soil and recycled. The soil proceeds
to a dewatering phase where the water and soil are
separated. The water is treated to remove contami-
nants before discharge to a municipal water treatment
system, a receiving stream, or other appropriate dis-
charge areas. The soil is retested for contaminant con-
centrations. If it still contains contaminants above
targeted treatment concentrations, it is recycled
through the process or put into an environmentally safe
landfill; if the soil is clean, it can be returned to its
original location on the site.
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
A second type of chemical dehalogenation, the base-
catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process, was devel-
oped by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as
a clean, inexpensive way to remediate liquids, sludge,
soil, and sediment contaminated with chlorinated
organic compounds, especially PCBs, pesticides, some
herbicides and dioxins.
In the BCD process (Figure 2 on page 3), contaminated
soil is excavated and screened to remove debris and
large particles, then crushed and mixed with sodium bi-
carbonate at roughly one part sodium bicarbonate to
ten parts soil. This mixture is heated in a reactor. The
heat separates the halogenated compounds from the
soil by evaporation. The soil left behind is removed
from the reactor and can be returned to the site. The
contaminated gases, condensed into a liquid form, pass
into a liquid-phase reactor. The dehalogenation reac-
tion occurs when several chemicals including sodium
hydroxide (a base) are mixed with the condensed con-
taminants and heated in the reactor. The resulting liq-
uid mixture can be incinerated or treated by other
technologies and recycled. The BCD process elimi-
nates the need to remove the reactants from the treated
soil as in the glycolate dehalogenation process.
The BCD process components are easily transported
and safely operated. The process employs off-the-shelf
equipment and requires less time and space to mobi-
lize, set up, and take down than an incinerator—which
is a common alternative treatment for PCB-contami-
nated wastes.
Figure 1
The Glycolate Dehalogenation Process
Emissions
Emissions Control
(Activated Carbon)
Treated
Emissions
Dcwntcring
System :
Debris
Recycled
Reagent
Water
to Publicly
Owned
Treatment
Works
Collect Decontaminated
Soils
I
Further
Testing and
Treatment if
Necessary
-2-
A-12
-------
What Is An Innovative Treatment Technology?
Treatment technologies are processes applied to hazardous waste or contaminated materials to permanently after their
condition through chemical, biological, or physical means. Treatment technologies are able to alter, by destroying or
changing, contaminated materials so that they are less hazardous or are no longer hazardous. This may be done by
reducing the amount of contaminated material, by recovering or removing a component that gives the material its
hazardous properties or by immobilizing the waste. Innovative treatment technologies are those that have been tested,
selected, or used for treatment of hazardous waste or contaminated materials but still lack well-documented cost and
performance data under a variety of operating conditions.
Why consider chemical dehalogenation?
Dehalogenation can be an effective process for remov-
ing halogens from hazardous organic compounds, such
as dioxins, furans, PCBs, and certain chlorinated pesti-
cides. The treatment time is short, energy require-
ments are moderate, and operation and maintenance
cpsts are relatively low. The technology can be
brought to the site, so hazardous wastes do not have to
be transported.
Will dehalogenation work at every site?
Characteristics of the contaminated material that inter-
fere with the effectiveness of chemical dehalogenation
are high clay or water content, acidity, or high natural
organic content of the soil. Glycolate dehalogenation is
not designed for large waste volumes or wastes with
concentrations of chlorinated contaminants above 5%.
Since contaminated soil must be excavated and
screened before treatment, there must be sufficient
space at the site to conduct this pretreatment process.
Where is dehalogenation being used?
Some Superfund sites where chemical dehalogenation
has been selected as a treatment method are listed in
Table 1 on page 4. The BCD process also has been
used by the Navy at a Public Works Center in Guam to
treat PCB-contaminated soil. The BCD process was
successful at meeting EPA's cleanup goals for the soil.
Figure 2
The Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process
Mix with
dehalogenation
chemicals
Collect
contaminated
vapors
t
Solids
Reactor
Heat mixture
at 600-800°F
Mix with sodium
bicarbonate
Debris
Mixture
disposed of or
recycled off-site
Heat mixture at
650°F.
Contaminants
dehalogenated.
Collect
decontaminated
soil
-3-
A-13
-------
Table 1
Examples of Superfund Sites Using Chemical Dehalogenation*
Name of Site
Wide Beach Development, NY
Myers Property, NJ
Saunders Supply Co., VA
Status** Process
Completed Glycolate dehalogenation
In design BCD
In design To be determined
Contaminants
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Semi-volatile organic compounds
(SVOCs), pesticides
SVOCs, dioxins
For a listing of Superfund sites at which innovative treatment technologies have been used or selected for use,
contact NCEPI at the address in the box below for a copy of the document entitled Innovative Treatment
Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Additional information about the sites listed
tn the Annual Status Report Is available in database format. The database can be downloaded free of charge from
EPA's Cleanup Information bulletin board (CLU-IN). Call CLU-IN at 301-589-8366 (modem). CLU-IN's help line is
301-589-8368. The database also is available for purchase on diskettes. Contact NCEPI for details.
Not a* wtsla typos and *»• condHtons an comparable. Each site must be Individually Investigated and tested.
Engh>Mtlng and scientific Judgment must ba used to determine Ha technology Is appropriate fora site.
• As rt August 1995
For More Information
The publications listed below can be ordered free of charge by calling NCEPI at 513-489-8190 or faxing your request
to 513-489-8695. If NCEPI is out of stock of a document, you may be directed to other sources. Write to NCEPI at:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
* Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Sources, January 1995, EPA 542-B-95-001. A bibliography of EPA
publications about Innovative treatment technologies.
• Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide, September 1994, EPA 542-B-94-008. A bibliography
of publications about chemical dehalogenation and other innovative treatment technologies.
• Engineering Bulletin: Chemical Dehalogenation Treatment: APEG Treatment, September 1990, EPA 540-2-90-015.
• SITE Program Technology Profiles (7th Ed.), November 1994, EPA 540-R-94-526.
NO77CE: mtttctst^at Is Intended soMy as general guidance tnd Information, tt Is not Intended, nor can It be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any
party In H0g»tfon with tn» Untltd States. Tho Agency also reserves the right to chango this guidance at anytime without public notice.
-4-
A-14
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Organismo para la
Protecci6n del Medio Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
Desechbs S6lidos y
Respuesta en Situaciones
de Emergencia (5102G)
EPA542-F-96-020
Abrifde 1996
«*EPA Gufa del ciudadanp:
La deshalogenacion
qufmica
Oficina de Innovaciones Tecnol6gicas
Ficha tecnol6gica
&Que es la deshalogenacion qufmica?
La deshalogenacidn qufmica es un proceso qufmicx) para
retirar los halogenos (generalmente cloro) de un
contaminante quimico, volviendolo menos peligroso. Los
halogenos son una clase de elementos qufmicos en la cual
se encuentran el cloro, el bromo, el yodo y el fluor. Los
bifenilos policlorados son compuestos halogenados que an-
tes se usaban en transformadorcs electricos de alta tensi6n
porque eran buenos conductorcs del calor y al mismo
tiempo eran resistentes al fuego y buenos aisladores
electricos. Ademas, los compuestos halogenados se usan
para fabricar plaguicidas porque confieren la toxicidad
necesariaparacombatirplagas. Los compuestos
halogenados tambien se usan comunmente en el
tratamiento del agua, en productos qufmicos para piscinas,
en la fabricacidn de tuberfas de plastico y en la industria
textil. La tecnica de deshalogenaci6n qufmica puede
aplicarse a contaminantes halogenados comunes, como
bifenilos policlorados y dioxinas, que generalmente se
encuentran en el suelo y en aceites.
&C6mo funciona?
Se usan dos versiones comunes del proceso de
deshalogenacion qufmica: la deshafogenation con glicolatos
y d proceso de descomposkion catalLzado por bases.
Deshalogenacion con glicolatos
Para la deshalogenaci6n con glicolatos se usa un reactivo
qufmico llamado APEG. El APEG tiene dos
componentes: un hidroxido de metales alcalinos (la "A"
de las siglas APEG) y glicol polietilenico (que se abrevia
"PEG" en ingle's), sustancia similar al anticongelante. El
hidnSxido de sodio y el hidroxido de potasio son
hidrdxidos de metales alcalinos comunes. El glicolato
polietile*nico de potasio es el reactivo APEG mas comiin.
El proceso consiste en mezclar y calentar la tierra
contaminada con el reactivo APEG. Durante el
calentamiento, el hidr6xido de metal alcalino reacciona
con el haldgeno del contaminante, formando una sal que
no es tdxica, y el glicol polietilenico ocupa el lugar que
antes ocupaba el ha!6geno en la motecula de bifenilo
policlorado, volvie"ndolo menos peligroso.
El proceso de deshalogenaci6n con glicolatos abarca
cinco pasos: preparacidn, reaccion, separation, lavado y
deshidrataci<5n (figura 1). Durante lapreparacidn, se
excavan los desechos contaminados (tierra, por ejemplo)
y se pasan por una criba para separar desechos y objetos
grandes tales como piedras y troncos. Despu£s, en el paso
de reaccion, se vierte la tierra contaminada y el reactivo
APEG en un contenedor de gran tamano, llamado reac-
tor, donde se mezclan y se calientan durante cuatro horas.
Los vapores que se producen durante el calentamiento se
recogen y se separan en agua y contaminantes gaseosos
en un condensador. El agua se puede usar en un paso
posterior del proceso, en tanto que los contaminantes
gaseosos pasan por filtros de carbdn activado que
capturan el contaminante.
Perfil de la deshalogenacion qufmica
Se usa para tratar contaminantes organicos aromaticos halogenados, particularmente bifenilos
policlorados y dioxinas.
Por medios qufmicos se convierten materiales t6xicos en materiales menos tdxicos o que no son tdxicos.
Consiste en calentar y mezclar f fsicamente tierra contaminada con reactivos qufmicos.
Esta tecnica usa dispositivos portatiles que pueden trasladarse hasta el lugar de las operaciones.
Impreso en papel reciclado
A-15
-------
Dcspuds del tratamicnto en el reactor, la mezela de tierra y
APEG pasa al sepatador, donde se separa el reactivo APEG
dclatkrrayscrcciclaparavolverausariocnelsistema. La
tiena tratada contiene ptoductos del tratamiento que son
sustantias menos uSxlcas itsultantes de la reacci<5n que se pro-
duce durante la deshafogenacidn. Estas sustantias qufinicas
nuevas son una sal que no es bSxica y un compuesto organico
parcialmcnte deshatogcnado que es menos uSxico.
La tierra pasa del paso de separation aunalavadora, donde se
afiadeclaguarecogida en el pasode reaction anterior. Se
ex tracn de la tierra los tiMmos vestigios del rcactivo APEG y se
nxiclan. Latienapasaalaetapadedeshidratack3n,enlacualse
separanclaguaylatjerra. Elaguacssometidaauntratamiento
para nairarkscontaminantes antes devertcria en unsistema
municipal de tratamiento de aguas, un arroyo receptor u otros
kigaresapropiadospaialadescarga. Latierraessometidaaotra
pnx^paradctominarhconccntracioYidccortaminantes. Si
los cotxaminantcs queconticne todavfacxceden las metas del
tralamicnto, vuclve apasar por el proceso o se coloca en un
vcitcdaoqucnoprcscnteriesgosambientales;silatieiraest4
limpia, puede vdver acdocarse en el sitio original.
de L'quidos, fangos residuales, tierra y sedimentos con
compuestos organicos dorados, especialmente bifenitos
policlorados, plaguicidas, algunos herbicidas y dioxinas.
En el proceso de descompositio'n catalizada por bases (figura
2 de lapagina 3), se excava el suelo contaminado y se pasa la
tierra por una criba para sacar desechos y partfculas grandes,
despues se tritura y se mezela con bicarbonate de sodio en una
propoiti6n de aliededor de una parte de bicarbonato de sodio
pordiezpartesde tierra. Estamezela secalientaen un reactor.
El calor separa los compuestos habgenados de la tierra por
evaporati6n. La tierra que queda se saca del reactor y se
puedellevardevueltaasulugardeorigen. Los gases
contaminados, condensados en forma liquida, pasan a un reac-
tor de fase Ifquida. La reaccidn de deshalogenacidn se pro-
duce cuando varias sustantias qufmicas, entre ellas hidrdxido
de sodio (una base), se mezclan con los contaminantes
condensados y se calientan en el reactor. La mezela Ifquida
rcsultante se puede intinerar o tratar con otra tecnica y
reciclar. Con la descomposici6n catalizada por bases noes
necesario extraer los reactivos de la tierra tratada como en el
caso de la deshalogenaci6n con glicolatos.
£1 segundo tipo de deshalogenation qufinica—la
dcscomposick5n catalizada por bases—fueideadoporel
Organisnx) para la Protecci(5n del Medio Ambiente.de
Estados Unidos. Es una tecnicaecorkSmica, que no causa
ccwUaminack5n,para(Xirrcgirelp!t)blernadelacontaminaci6n
Los dispositivos que se usan para la descomposicio'n
catalizada por bases sepueden transportar facilmente y no
piesentanriesgos. Seusaequipoenexistentia,querequiere
menos tiempo y espacio para movilizar, instalar y desmantelar
que un intinerador, otro tratamiento comun de los desechos
contaminados con bifenilos policlorados.
Figure 1
El proceso de deshalogenacidn con glicolatos
Emisiones
Control de emisiones
(cartx5n activado)
Emisiones tratadas
._-—
TIflrr*
conUmtnada
I Sislonia de l
'doshidrntncion.
Catantamtanto
• 150'C durante
4hora«
OtMtchos
Mtzcli
con«l
IMCtiVQ
APEQ
L
Reactivo
rectelado
Agua ^
m estactonas
pObllcas de
tratamiento
Racotoccldn de tierra
deacontamlnada
I
Pruebaay
tratamtontoa
adldonalea ai ea
necesario
-2-
A-16
-------
&Qu6 son las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras?
Las tecnicas de tratamiento son procesos que se aplican a desecnos peligrosos o matenales contaminados para alterar su
estado en forma permanente por medios qufmicos, bioldgicos o f fsicos. Con tecnicas de tratamiento se pueden alterar
matenales contaminados, destruyendolos o modificandolos, a fin de que sean menos peligrosos o dejen de ser peligrosos.
Con ese fin se puede reducir la cantidad de material contaminado, recuperar o retirar un componente que confiera al maten'al
sus propiedades peligrosas o inmovilizar los desechos. Las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras son tecnicas que nan sido
ensayadas, seleccionadas o utilizadas para el tratamiento de desechos peligrosos o materiales contaminados, aunque
todavfa no se dispone de dates bien documentados sobre su costo y resultados en diversas condiciones de aplicacidn.
^En que casos convendrfa usar la
tecnica de deshalogenacion qufmica?
La deshalogenaci6n puede ser un proceso eficaz para
suprimir haldgenos de compuestos organicos peligrosos,
como dioxinas, furanos, bifenilos policlorados y ciertos
plaguicidas dorados. El tratamiento dura poco, usa una
cantidad moderada de energfa y los gastos de operacidn y
mantenimiento son relativamente bajos. Los dispositivos
pueden trasladarse hasta el sitio que deba tratarse, de modo
que no es necesario transportar desechos peligrosos.
c,Dara resuitado la deshalogenacion en
cualquier lugar?
Las caracterfsticas del material contaminado que
interfieren en la eficacia de la deshalogenacidn qufmica
son un alto contenido de arcilla o agua, acidez o alto
contenido organico natural del suelo. La
deshalogenacidn con glicolatos no sirve para tratar
grandes cantidades de desechos o desechos con una
concentraci6n de contaminantes dorados superior al 5%.
Como es necesario excavar el suelo contaminado y cribar
la tierra antes del tratamiento, debe haber suficiente lugar
en el sitio para realizar este tratamiento preliminar.
tDonde se esta usando la deshalogenacion?
En el cuadro 1 de la pagina 4 figuran algunos sitios para
los cuales se ha seleccionado la deshalogenacion qufmica
como me'todo de tratamiento con recursos del Superfund.
Asimismo, la Armada de Estados Unidos ha usado la
descomposicion catalizada por bases en un centra de obras
publicas de Guam para tratar tierra contaminada con
difenilos policlorados. Con esta tecnica se alcanzaron las
metas de limpieza establecidas por el EPA para el suelo.
Figure 2
El proceso de descomposicion catalizado por bases
Mezcla con
sustancias
qufmicas para la
deshalogenac!6n
fase liguida
Elimination o reciclaje
de la mezcla en
otro tugar
&&&&'€!&&&£&
Tierra
contaminada
&
Captacidn de
vapores
contaminados
Reactor de
fase solida
Calentamiento de la
mezcla a 340'C.
Deshalogenacibn de
contaminantes.
Calentamiento de
la mezcla a
310'C-430'C
Mezcla con
bicarbonate de
sodio
Recoleccidn de la
tierra
descontaminada
Desechos
-3-
A-17
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Cuadro 1
EJempIos de sitios donde se usa la deshalogenacidn qufmica con recursos del Superfuntf
Nombre del sitlo Situacidn"
Wide Beach Development Concluido
(NuevaYork)
Myers Property (Nueva Jersey) En proyecto
Saundors Supply Co. (Virginia) En proyecto
Procoso
Deshalogenacidn
con glicolatos
Descomposicidn
catalizada por bases
Se determinara mas
adelante
Contaminantes
Bifenilos policlorados
Compuestos organicos
semivolatiles, plaguicidas
Compuestos organicos
semivolatiles, dioxinas
Si desea una lista de los sitios para ios cuales se han usado o seleccionado tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras con
recursos del Superfund, dirfjase al NCEPI, cuya direccion figura en el recuadro a continuacidn, y solicite un
ejsmplar del documento titulado Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-
008. Hay una base de datos con mas informacidn sobre los sitios indicados en el Annual Status Report. La base
da datos se pueda recibir gratis por computadora; esta en la cartelora electrdnica con informacidn sobre
operactones de Umpieza del EPA (CLU-IN). LJame a CLU-IN, m6dem: 301-589-8366. El numero de telefono de
CLU-IN para ayuda tecnfca es 301-589-8368. La base de datos tambien se puede comprar en disquetes. Consulte
al NCEPI para mas pormonores.
s. EsnecesariolnvesOgarcadasltioysometerioapniebaspor
Si daoon tmptsar crttarios dantfficos y tecnkxs para determlnar si una tecnica es aproplada paraun sltto.
•• Hust tgotto da 1995.
Para mds informacldn:
Las pubiteaciones que se indican a continuacidn pueden obtenerse gratis del NCEPI. Para encargarias, envfe su pedido
por fax al 513-489-8695. Si al NCEPI no le quedan mas ejemplares de alguno de estos documentos, puede dirigirse a
otras fuentes. Escriba al NCEPI a la siguiente direccidn:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Resources, enero de 1995, EPA 542-B-95-001. Bibllograffa de publlcaciones del
EPA sobf* tecnlcas da tratamiento Innovadoras.
• Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide, sepUembre de 1994, EPA 542-B-94-008. Bibllograffa de
publicaclones sobre la deshalogenacUSn qufmica y otras tecnlcas de tratamiento Innovadoras.
• Engineering Bulletin: Chemical Dehalogenation Treatment APEG Treatment, septiembre de 1990, EPA 540-2-90-015.
• SITE Program Technology Profiles (7th Ed.), noviembre de 1994, EPA 540-R-94-526.
AVISO; El!* fch* Ucnk* *J soltmonta una hienle de orttnUcMn o fnfomacldn. No es su pmpdslto crear derechos qua puedan hacerse valor por via Judicial en
Eilicfcj Unktot, nlsa puad« ncwrir a osta ftcha tscntea con ess fin. El EPA tambien se teserva el derecho de camblar estas pautas en cuatquler momenta sin
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA542-F-96-006
April 1996
v>EPA
A Citizen's Guide to
In Situ Soil Flushing
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What is in situ soil flushing?
In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment tech-
nology that floods contaminated soils with a solu-
tion that moves the contaminants to an area where
they are removed. "In situ"—meaning "in place"—
refers to treating the contaminated soil without dig-
ging up or removing it.
The specific contaminants in the soil at any particu-
lar site determine the type of flushing solution need-
ed in the treatment process. The flushing solution is
typically one of two types of fluids: 1) water only;
or 2) water plus additives such as acids (low pH),
bases (high pH) or surfactants (like detergents).
Water is used to treat contaminants that dissolve
easily in water. An acidic solution is a mixture of
water and an acid, such as nitric acid or hydrochloric
acid. Acidic solutions are used to remove metals
and organic contaminants, such as those typically
found in battery recycling or industrial chrome plat-
ing processes. For example, zinc contamination—
which can result from plating operations—would be
treated with an acidic solution. A basic solution is a
mixture of water and a base, such as sodium
hydroxide. (Ammonia is an example of a base com-
monly used in households.) Basic solutions are used
to treat phenols and some metals. A surfactant can
be a detergent or emulsifier. Emulsifiers help mix
substances that normally do not mix such as oil and
water. For this reason, surfactant solutions are effec-
tive at removing oily contaminants.
Researchers also are investigating the use of water
plus organic solvents as a flushing solution. Organic
solvents such as ethanol are used to dissolve certain
contaminants that water alone cannot dissolve.
How does it work?
Figure 1 on page 2 provides an illustration of one
type of in situ soil flushing process. The process be-
gins with the drilling of injection wells and extrac-
tion wells into the ground where the contamination
has been found. The number, location, and depth of
the injection and extraction wells depend on many
geological factors and engineering considerations.
Wells may be installed either vertically or horizon-
tally. In addition to placing the wells, other equip-
ment—such as a wastewater treatment system—
must be transported to or built on the site.
A Quick Look at In Situ Soil Flushing
Injects a washing solution into unexcavated soils to flush out contaminants.
Is most effective on soils with low silt or clay content.
Requires the drilling of injection and extraction wells on-site.
Is a transportable technology that can be brought to the site.
Requires greater understanding of the site's geology than some other technologies.
Printed on Recycled Paper
A-19
-------
The soil flushing equipment pumps the flushing
solution into the injection wells. The solution passes
through the soil, picking up contaminants along its
way as it moves toward the extraction wells. The
extraction wells collect the elutriate—Hie flushing
solution mixed with the contaminants.
The elutriate is pumped out of the ground through
the extraction wells. Here, the elutriate is typically
treated by a wastewater treatment system to remove
the contaminants. The contaminants are treated or
disposed of, and the treated water can either be
recycled for use in the flushing solution or disposed
of in another acceptable manner. It is because of
this circular process that in situ soil flushing systems
are often referred to as injection/recirculation
systems.
Any contaminated fumes or vapors that might be given
off during the wastewater treatment step of the process
are collected and treated.
How Is Soil Flushing Different From
Soil Washing?
With soil flushing, the soil is treated in place using
an injection/recirculation process. Soil washing
involves excavating the contaminated soil and
treating it at the surface in a soil washer.
with oily waste, surfactants can be added to the
flushing solution to remove them more easily from
the soil.
In addition, since soil flushing is conducted in situ, it
reduces the need for excavation, handling, or trans-
portation of the hazardous substances. The process
has been most effective in removing the contami-
nants such as those identified in Figure 2 on page 3.
Why consider in situ soil flushing?
In situ soil flushing can be tailored to treat specific
contaminants. For example, if a site is contaminated
Will it work at every site?
In situ soil flushing works best at sites with soil that
has spaces that permit the wash solution to move
Figure 1
The In Situ Soil Flushing Process (Using Vertical Wells)
Treated water (either recycled for use in washing
solution or discharged in another acceptable manner)
Washing solution
Treated
Emissions
Washing
Solution
Separator
(Further Treatment
or Disposal)
Washing solution/
Contaminant mixture
Extraction
Well
-2-
A-20
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What Is an Innovative Treatment
Technology?
Treatment technologies are processes
applied to hazardous waste or contaminated
materials to permanently alter their condition
through chemical, biological, or physical
means. Treatment technologies are able to
alter, by destroying or changing, contam-
inated materials so they are less hazardous
or are no longer hazardous. This may be
done by reducing the amount of contam-
inated material, by recovering or removing a
component that gives the material its haz-
ardous properties or by immobilizing the
waste.
Innovative treatment technologies are those
that have been tested, selected or used for
treatment of hazardous waste or
contaminated materials but lack well-
documented cost and performance data
under a variety of operating conditions.
through it. If the soil has a high percentage of silt or
clay, for example, the flushing solution can not easi-
ly move through the soil, so it can not easily make
contact with the contaminants. This limits the over-
all effectiveness of the soil flushing process. In ad-
dition, some flushing fluids contain additives which
may themselves create new groundwater contamina-
tion if they are not completely removed.
There are additional considerations for the use of
this technology. For example:
• The flow of the groundwater must be well
understood in order to design the well system for
a given site. Extensive field investigations may
be necessary to define the groundwater flow
completely.
• The makeup and arrangement of subsurface layers
must be well understood to be able to predict the
path of the flushing fluids and contaminants and
ensure that the contamination is not spread be-
yond the area from which it can be collected.
• Since in situ soil flushing is tailored to treat specif-
ic contaminants, it is not highly effective with
soils contaminated with a mixture of hazardous
substances, for example, metals and oils. It would
be difficult to prepare a flushing solution that
would effectively remove several different types
of contaminants at the same time.
Where is in situ soil flushing being
used?
Table 1 on page 4 lists some Superfund sites where
in situ soil flushing has been selected as a treatment
method.
Figure 2
Contaminants Considered
for Treatment by In Situ Soil Flushing
Contaminants
Industries
Where Used
Heavy metals (lead, Battery Recycling,
copper, zinc) Metal Plating
Halogenated solvents Drycleaning,
(TCE, trichloroethane) Electronics Assembly
Aromatics (benzene, Wood Treating
toluene, cresol,
phenol)
Gasoline and fuel oils Petroleum, Automobile
PCBs and chlorinated Pesticide, Herbicide,
phenol Electric Power
Not all waste types and site conditions are comparable. Each
s/te must be individually investigated and tested. Engineering
and scientific judgment must be used to determine Ha
technology is appropriate fora site.
-3-
A-21
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Table 1
Examples of Superfund Sites Using Soil Flushing *
Name of Site
Upari Landfill, NJ
Vinotand Chemical, NJ
Ninth Avenue Dump, Ml
Lee Chemical, MO
Idaho Pole Company, MT
United Chrome Products, OR
Umatilla Army Depot, OR
Status"
Operational
In design
Completed
Operational
In design
Operational
Design complete
Type of Facility
Landfill
Pesticide manufacturing
Industrial landfill
Solvent recovery
Wood preserving
Chrome plating
Explosives storage
Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), semi-volatile organic
compounds (SVOCs), metals
Metals
VOCs, polyaromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs)
VOCs
SVOCs. PAHs
Metals
Explosives, propellents
For a listing of Superfund sites at which innovative treatment technologies have been used or selected for use,
contact NCEPI at the address in the box below for a copy of the document entitled Innovative Treatment
Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Additional information about the sites listed
In the Annual Status Report is available in database format. The database can be downloaded free of charge from
EPA's Cleanup Information bulletin board (CLU-IN). Call CLU-IN at 301-589-8366 (modem). CLU-IN's help line is
301-589-8368. The database also is available for purchase on diskettes. Contact NCEPI for details.
'NoliU wtttf types and stia conditions are comparable. Each site must be individually Investigated and tested.
Engineering arid scientific Judgment must be used to determine H a technology Is appropriate for a site.
"M olAugust 19SS
For More Information
The publications listed below can be ordered free of charge by calling NCEPI at 513-489-8190 or faxing your request
to 513-489-8695. If NCEPI is out of stock of a document, you may be directed to other sources. You may write to
NCEPI at:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• SelectedAlternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Resources, January 1995, EPA 542-B-95-001. A bibliography of EPA publications about
Innovative treatment technologies.
• Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide, September 1994, EPA 542-B-94-008. A bibliography of
publications and other sources of Information about soil flushing, soil washing, solvent extraction, and other
Innovative treatment technologies.
• Engineering Bulletin: In Situ SoH Flushing, May 1991, EPA 540-2-91 -021.
* Engineering Issue: Considerations in Deciding to Treat Contaminated Soils In Situ, EPA 540-S-94-500.
• In Situ Remediation Technology Status Report: Surfactant Enhancement, EPA 542-K-94-003.
• In Situ Remediation Technology Status Report: Cosolvents, EPA 542-K-94-006.
* WASTECH* Monograph on Soil Washing/Soil Flushing, ISBN #1-883767-03-2. Available for $49.95 from the American
Academy of Environmental Engineers, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, MD 21401. Telephone 410-266-3311.
NOTICE: This ttct sheet Is Intended solely as general guidance and Information. It Is not Intended, nor can It be raited upon, to create any rights enforceable by any
party In KSgtSon with the United Status. The Agency also reserves the right to change this guidance at any time without public notice.
-4-
A-22
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Organismo para la
Protection del Medio Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
Desechos Sdlidos y
Respuesta en Situaciones
de Emergencia (5102G)
EPA 542-F-96-022
Abril de 1996
xvEPA
Gufa del ciudadano:
El enjuague del suelo
in situ
Oficina de Innovaciones Tecnoldgicas
Ficha tecnol6gica
c,Que es el enjuague del suelo in situ?
El enjuague del suelo in situ es una tecnica de trata-
miento innovadora que consiste en inundar suelos
contaminados con una solucion que lleva los contam-
inantes hasta un lugar donde pueden extraerse. "In
situ" (que significa "en el lugar") se refiere al trata-
miento de tierra contaminada sin excavarla ni sacarla
de su lugar.
El tipo de solucidn que se necesita para el tratamiento
depende de los contaminantes que se hallen en el sue-
lo en un lugar determinado. La solucion de enjuague
generalmente es uno de los siguientes Ifquidos: 1)
agua solamente o 2) agua con aditivos tales como ac-
idos (pH bajo), bases (pH alto) o agentes tensioacti-
vos (como detergentes).
El agua se usa para tratar contaminantes que se dis-
uelven facilmente en el agua. Una solucion acidica
es una mezcla de agua y acido, como acido nftrico o
acido clorhidrico. Las soluciones acidicas se usan
para extraer metales y contaminantes organicos,
como los que se encuentran generalmente en el reci-
claje de baterias o en procesos de cromado industrial.
For ejemplo, la contamination con zinc, una de las
posibles consecuencias de las operaciones de croma-
do, se trataria con una solucidn acidica. Una solucion
bdsica es una mezcla de agua y una base, como
hidrtixido de sodio. (El amoniaco es un ejemplo de
una base que se usa comunmente en el hogar.) Las
soluciones basicas se usan para tratar fenoles y algun-
os metales. Un agente tensioactivo puede ser un de-
tergente o un emulsor. Los emulsores facilitan la
mezcla de sustancias que normalmente no se mez-
clan, como aceite y agua. For esta raz6n, las solu-
ciones tensioactivas son eficaces para retirar
contaminantes oleosos.
Tambien se est£ investigando el uso de agua con sol-
ventes organicos como soluci6n de enjuague. Los
solventes organicos, como el etanol, se usan para dis-
olver ciertos contaminantes que el agua sola no puede
disolver.
tComo f unciona?
La figura 1 de la pagina 2 es un esquema de un tipo
de enjuague del suelo in situ. El proceso comienza
con la perforaci6n de pozos de inyecci6n y de extrac-
ci6n en el suelo contaminado. La cantidad, la ubi-
caci6n y la profundidad de los pozos de inyecci6n y
Perfil del enjuague de suelos in situ
Se inyecta una solucidn de lavado en suelos sin excavar para arrastrar los contaminantes hasta un
lugar donde puedan extraerse.
Es sumamente eficaz para el tratamiento de suelos con bajo contenido de limo o arcilla.
Requiere la perforacidn de pozos de inyeccidn y de extracci6n en el lugar.
El equipo es portatil y puede llevarse hasta el lugar de las operaciones.
Exige una mayor comprensidn de las caracterfsticas geologicas del sitio que otras tecnicas.
Impreso en papel reciclado
A-23
-------
de extracci<5n dependen de varies factores geoI6gicos
y consideraciones t£cnicas. Los pozos pueden insta-
larse en forma vertical u horizontal. Ademis de la
colocac&n de los pozos, hay que trasladar hasta el si-
tio otros equipos (como un sistema de tratamiento de
aguas residuales) o construirlos in situ.
La soluci6n de enjuague se introduce en los pozos de
inyeccidn por bombeo y pasa por el suelo, arrastrando
contaminantes micntras se dirige a los pozos de ex-
traccidn. En los pozos de extracci6n se recoge el elu-
triadot o sea la solucidn de enjuague mezclada con los
contaminantes.
El elutriado se extrae del suelo por bombeo en los po-
zos de extraccio'n y generalmente pasa a un sistema de
tratamiento de aguas residuales para retirar los con-
taminantes. Los contaminantes son tratados o elimi-
nados, y el agua tratada puede reutilizarse en la
soluci<5n de enjuague o eliminarse de otra forma
aceptable. Debido a que se trata de un proceso circu-
lar, los sistemas de enjuague del suelo in situ a menu-
do se denominan sistemas de inyecci6n y
rccirculaci6n.
qu6 difieren las t£cnicas de enjuague del
suelo y lavado del suelo?
Con el enjuague, el suelo es sometido a un
tratamiento in situ con un sistema de inyeccidn y
recirculacidn. El lavado del suelo consiste en excavar
el suelo contaminado y tratar la tierra en la superficie
en una lavadora de tierra.
El humo o los vapores contaminados que puedan
emitirse durante el tratamiento de las aguas residuales
se recogen y se someten a un tratamiento.
&En qu£ casos convendrfa usar la
tecnica de enjuague del suelo in situ?
El enjuague del suelo in situ puede adaptarse al trata-
miento de determinados contaminantes. Por ejemplo,
si un lugar esta" contaminado con desechos oleosos, se
pueden agregar agentes tensioactivos a la solucidn de
enjuague para facilitar su remocidn del suelo.
Figure 1
El proceso del enjuague del suelo in situ (con pozos verticales)
Agua tratada (para reutilizar en la solucidn de
lavado o para descargar de otra forma aceptable)
Solucidn de lavado
Emisionas
tratadas
SoluckSn
d*l«v(Kk>
Pozod*
lny«cclon
Separador-*•
Tratamtonto de
contamlnantoa
(tratamiento ulterior
o eliminacidn)
Mezcli de solucidn de
lavado y contaminants
Pozoda
extraccldn
-2-
A-24
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Cuadro 1
Ejemplos de lugares donde se usa la tecnica de enluague del suelo con recursos del Superfund*
Nombre del sitio Situaci6n"
Lipari Landfill (Nueva Jersey) En ejecucidn
Vineland Chemical (Nueva Jersey) En proyecto
Ninth Avenue Dump (Michigan) Concluido
Lee Chemical (Misuri) En ejecucidn
Idaho Pole Company (Montana) En proyecto
United Chrome Products (Oreg6n) En ejecucion
Umatilla Army Depot (Oreg6n) Proyecto
concluido
Tipo de instalacldn
Vertedero
Fabricaci6n de plaguicidas
Vertedero industrial
Recuperacidn de solventes
Conservacion de maderas
Cromado
Almacenamiento
de explosives
Contaminantes
Compuestos organicos volatiles,
compuestos organicos semivolatiles,
metales
Metales
Compuestos organicos volatiles,
hidrocarburos poliaromaticos
Compuestos organicos volatiles
Compuestos organicos semivolatiles,
hidrocarburos poliaromaticos
Metales
Explosives, propulsantes
Si desea una lista de los sitios para los cuales se han usado o seleccionado tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras con
recursos del Superfund, dirfjase al NCEPI, cuya direccion figura en el recuadro a continuacidn, y solicite un ejemplar del
documento titulado Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Hay una
base de dates con mas informacitfn sobre los sitios indicados en el Annual Status Report. La base de dates se puede
recibir gratis por computadora; esta en la cartelera electrdnica con informacidn sobre operaciones de limpieza del EPA
(CLU-IN).' Llame a CLU-IN, modem: 301-589-8366. El numero de telefono de CLU-IN para ayuda tecnica es 301-589-
8368. La base de dates tambien se puede comprar en disquetes. Consulte al NCEPI para mas pormenores.
No foefos los tlpos de desechos ynotodaslas condldones de los sitios son comparables. Es necesario investigar cada sitio ysometertoa pruebas por
separado. Se deben emplear criterios cientificos y tecnlcos para determlnar si una tecnica es apropiada para un sitio.
' Hasta agosto de 1995.
Para mas informacion:
Las publicaciones que se indican a continuacidn pueden obtenerse gratis del NCEPI. Para encargarlas, envfe su
pedido por fax al 513-489-8695. Si al NCEPI no le quedan mas ejemplares de alguno de estos documentos, puede
dirigirse a otras fuentes. Escriba al NCEPI a la siguiente direccion:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Resources, enero de 1995, EPA 542-B-95-001. Bibliograffa de publicaciones
del EPA sobre tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras.
• Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide, septiembre de 1994, EPA 542-B-94-008. Bibliograffa
de publicaciones y otras fuentes de informacion sobre el enjuague del suelo In situ, el lavado del suelo, la
extracei6n con solventes y otras tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras.
• Engineering Bulletin: In Situ Soil Flushing, mayo de 1991, EPA 540-2-91-021.
• Engineering Issue: Considerations in Deciding to Treat Contaminated Soils In Situ, EPA 540-S-94-500.
• n Situ Remediation Technology Status Report: Surfactant Enhancement, EPA 542-K-94-003.
• In Situ Remediation Technology Status Report: Cosolvents, EPA 542-K-94-006.
• WASTECH® Monograph on Soil Washing/Soil Flushing, ISBN #1-883767-03-2. Puede obtenerse de la Academia
Estadounidense de Ingenieros Ambientales, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis. Maryland 21401; telefono: 410-266-
3311. Cuesta US$49,95.
AVISO: Esta ficha tecnica es solamente una fuente de orientacldn e Informacion. No es supropdsito crearderechos que puedan hacerse valerpor via Judicial en
Estados Unldos, ni se puede recurrir a esta ficha tecnica con ese fin. El EPA tambien se reserva el derecho de camblar estas pautas en cualquler momenta sin
avisaralpiJblico.
A-25
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iQue son las tecnicas de tratamiento
innovadoras?
Las tecnicas de tratamiento son procesos que se
apltoan a desechos peligrosos o materiales
contaminados para alterar su estado en forma
permanente por medios qufmicos, bio!6gicos o
ffsteos. Con tecnicas de tratamiento se pueden
alterar materiales contaminados, destruy^ndolos
o modificandotos, a fin de que sean menos
peligrosos o dejen de ser peligrosos. Con ese fin
se puede reducir la cantidad de material
contarninado, recuperaro retirarun componente
que confiera al material sus propiedades
peligrosas o inmovilizarlos desechos.
Las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras son
tecnicas que ban sido ensayadas, seleccionadas
o utilizadas para el tratamiento de desechos
peligrosos o materiales contaminados, aunque
todavfa no se dispone de datos bien
documentados sobre su costo y resultados en
dh/ersas condiciones de aplicacidn.
lugar determinado. Posiblemente se necesiten extensos
estudios sobre el terreno para lograr un conocimiento
acabado del flujo del agua subterranea.
• Es necesario comprender bien la composici6n y dis
position de las capas subterraneas para prever el
trayecto que seguiran el Ifquido de enjuague y los
contaminantes y cerciorarse de que los contaminantes
no se extiendan fuera del lugar donde se pueden recoger.
• Como el enjuague del suelo in situ se adapta al trata
miento de determinados contaminantes, no es muy
eficaz para los suelos contaminados con una mezcla
de sustancias peligrosas, como metales y aceites.
Sena diffcil preparar una soluci6n de enjuague capaz
de retirar eficazmente varies tipos diferentes de con
taminantes al mismo tiempo.
£D6nde se esta usando el enjuague del
suelo in situ?
En el cuadro 1 de Iapagina4 figuran algunos lugares para
los cuales se ha seleccionado el enjuague del suelo in situ
como metodo de tratamiento con recursos del Superfimd.
Ademas, como el enjuague del suelo se realiza in
situ, se reduce la necesidad de excavacitfn, movimien-
to o transporte de las sustancias peligrosas. El proceso
ha resultado sumamente eficaz para retirar contaminant-
es tales como los que se indican en Iafigura2delapagi-
na3.
l,Dara resultado esta tecnica en
cualquier lugar?
Con el enjuague del suelo in situ se obtienen resultados
optimos en lugares donde hay espacios en el suelo que
permiten el paso de la soluci6n de lavado. Si el suelo
tiene un alto porcentaje de limo o arcilla, por ejemplo,
la solucidn de enjuague no puede desplazarse facil-
mente en su interior, de modo que no puede entrar en
contacto fdcilmente con los contaminantes. Eso limita
la eficacia general del proceso de enjuague del suelo.
Ademas, algunos Ifquidos de enjuague contienen aditi-
vos que podrfan contaminar el agua subterranea si no
se retiran por completo.
En la seleccion de esta t£cnica influyen tambie'n los
siguientes factores, entre otros:
• Se debe comprender bien el flujo del agua subter
rdnca a fin de proyectar el sistema de pozos para un
Figura 2
Contaminantes que podrfan tratarse
con la tecnica de enjuague del suelo in situ
Contaminantes
Industries
donde se usa
Metales pesados Reciclaje de baten'as,
(plomo, cobre, zinc) revestimientos metalicos
Solventes halogenados Limpieza en seco,
(tricloroetano) ensamblaje de
aparatos electrdnicos
Aromaticos (benceno, Tratamiento de maderas
tolueno, cresol, fenol)
Gasolina y fuel-oil
Petrdleo, automoviles
Biienilos policlorados Plaguicidas, herbicidas,
y fenol clorado energfa e!6ctrica
No todos los tipos de desechos y no todas las
condiciones de los sitios son comparables. Es
necesario investigar cada sitio y someterlo a
pruebas por separado. Se deben emplear criterios
cientfficos y tecnicos para determinarsi una tecnica
es apropiada para un sitio.
A-26
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA 54Z-F-96-a<31
April 1996
vvEPA A Citizen's Guide to
Innovative Treatment
Technologies
For Contaminated Soils, Sludges, Sediments, and Debris
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What are innovative treatment
technologies?
Treatment technologies are chemical, biological, or
physical processes applied to hazardous waste or contami-
nated materials to permanently change their condition.
This Citizen's Guide focuses on treatment technologies
for soil, sludge, sediment, and debris.
Treatment technologies destroy contaminants or change
them so that they are no longer hazardous or, at least, are
less hazardous. They may reduce the amount of contami-
nated material at a site, remove the component of the
waste that makes it hazardous, or immobilize the contami-
nant within the waste.
Innovative treatment technologies are newly invented
processes that have been tested and used as treatments for
hazardous waste or other contaminated materials, but still
lack enough information about their cost and how well
they work to predict their performance under a variety of
operating conditions.
Why use an innovative technology?
Treatment of contaminated sludges and soils is a field of
technology that has developed and grown since Congress
passed the "Superfund" law for contaminated waste site
cleanup in 1980. An initial approach to eliminate a
hazardous waste from a particular location was to move it
somewhere else, or cover it with a cap. These methods
use land disposal as the solution to the problem. With an
increasing number of cleanups underway, and the passage
of amendments to the Superfund law in 1986 that stated a
preference for treatment, demand developed for alterna-
tives to land disposal that provided more permanent and
less costly solutions for dealing with contaminated
materials. Development and use of more suitable treat-
ment technologies has progressed.
As knowledge about the cleanup of contaminated sites
increases, new methods for more effective, permanent
cleanups will become available. Innovative treatment
technologies, which lack a long history of full-scale use,
do not have the extensive documentation necessary to
make them a standard choice in the engineering/scientific
community. However, many innovative technologies have
been used successfully at contaminated sites in the United
States, Canada, and Europe despite incomplete verifica-
tion of their utility. Some of the technologies were
developed in response to hazardous waste problems and
some have been adapted from other industrial uses.
Developing and perfecting treatment technologies is an
on-going process, as shown in Figure 1 on page 2. The
process begins with a concept — an idea of how to treat a
particular hazardous waste. The concept usually under-
goes a research and evaluation process to prove its
feasibility. If the concept is found to be useful, often the
next step is to undergo bench-scale testing. During bench-
scale testing, a small-scale version of the technology is
Why Use Innovative Treatment Technologies?
They offer cost-effective, long-term solutions to hazardous waste clean-up problems.
They provide alternatives to land disposal or incineration.
They are often more acceptable to surrounding communities than some established treatment technologies.
Printed on Recycled Paper
A-27
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Are Innovative Treatment Technologies
Always the Right Choice?
Although innovative treatment technologies may
be less expensive and even more effective than
established technologies, science and
engineering professionals must determine which
technology is most appropriate at a given site.
built and tested in a laboratory. During this testing, it is
considered an emerging technology. If it is successful
during bench-scale testing, it is then demonstrated at
small-scale levels at field sites. If successful at the field
demonstrations, the technology often will be used full-
scale at contaminated waste sites. As the technology is
used and evaluated at different sites, it is continuously
improved.
Only after a technology has been used at many different
types of sites and the results fully documented, is it
considered an established technology. The majority of
technologies in use today are still classified as
innovative.
What types of treatment technologies
are in use?
Established technologies such as incineration and
solidification/stabilization have been the most widely
used at Superfund sites. By 1990, however, 40 percent of
the treatment technologies used were innovative. In 1994
the figure reached almost 60 percent. Table 1 on page 3
describes some of the most frequently used innovative
treatment technologies.
How is a treatment technology selected
for a site?
Before a treatment technology can be selected for a
Superfund site, detailed information about the site
conditions and contaminants must be collected. EPA uses
this information to determine which of the possible
remedies will be capable of meeting the clean-up stan-
dards thai EPA has set.
A treatability study is often conducted to assess a treat-
ment technology's potential for success. It is conducted
on contaminated material from the site, either when the
treatment technology is being considered or after selec-
tion of the remedy, in order to collect additional operation
and performance information.
There are three levels of a treatability study. The level
chosen depends on the information available about the
site and technology and the nature of information that is
needed. The quickest, least expensive treatability study is
the laboratory screening. It is done to learn more about
the characteristics of the waste to determine if it would be
treatable by a particular technology. A laboratory screen-
ing test takes a matter of days and generally costs from
$10,000 to $50,000. Successful laboratory screening may
lead to more sophisticated treatability studies.
The next level of a treatability study is the bench-scale
study which provides greater information on the perfor-
mance (and, in some cases, the cost) of a technology by
simulating the treatment process using a very small
quantity of waste. The objective of this type of test is to
determine if the technology can meet the clean-up
standards set for the site. These tests typically cost
between $50,000 and $250,000.
At the highest level, the pilot-scale treatability study is
usually conducted in the field or the laboratory and
requires installation of the treatment technology. This
study is used to provide performance, cost, and design
objectives for the treatment technology. Due to the cost of
this type of study—generally more than $250,000—it is
used almost exclusively to fine-tune the design of the
technology following other treatability studies.
What happens if a technology does not
work?
There is always a possibility that a treatment technology,
established or innovative, may not work once it is in full-
scale operation in spite of the best engineering design.
Site conditions that could not be predicted from the
smaller-scale studies are often to blame. Natural condi-
tions are far more complex than laboratory conditions.
Figure 1
Developing Treatment Technologies
r
Concept
•Id«a
• Research
• Laboratory
Screening
•>
Emerging
• Bench -Scale Study
r-
Innovative
• Pilot-Scale «Chosen for • Limited Full-
Study or Field Cleanup Scale Use
Demonstration
Established
• Common Full-Scale
Use
-2-
A-28
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Table 1
Descriptions of Some Innovative Treatment Technologies
Soil Vapor Extraction removes contaminant vapors from soil (without having to dig it up) through the use
of vacuum extraction wells placed in the ground. Contaminants are collected for further treatment.
Air Sparging injects air into the ground below the contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and carry
trapped and dissolved contaminants to the surface where they are captured by a soil vapor extraction
system.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms, such as bacteria in engineered processes, to break down organic
contaminants into harmless substances.
Thermal Desorption heats soil at relatively low temperatures to vaporize contaminants with low boiling
points. Vaporized contaminants then are captured and removed for further treatment or destruction.
Soil Washing uses water or a washing solution and mechanical processes to scrub excavated soils and
remove hazardous contaminants.
Chemical Dehalogenation converts contaminants that contain halogens (chlorine and fluorine, for
example) to less toxic substances through controlled chemical reactions that remove or replace halogen
'atoms.
Solvent Extraction separates hazardous organic contaminants from oily-type wastes, soils, sludges, and
sediments, reducing the volume of hazardous waste that must be treated.
In Situ Soil Flushing floods contaminated soils beneath the ground surface with a solution that flushes the
contaminants to an area where they can be extracted.
A technology may be adapted or redesigned to treat
targeted waste, despite initial failures. In some rare cases
a different technology may have to be designed and
installed. Experience with and increasing use of innova-
tive treatment technologies will lead to better and faster
ways to clean up the environment.
Where are innovative treatment
technologies being selected?
Industry is using technologies labeled as "innovative" by
EPA for containing and treating the hazardous wastes
generated during manufacturing processes. Innovative
technologies also are being used under many federal and
state-clean-up programs to treat hazardous wastes that
have been improperly released on the land. For example,
innovative technologies are being selected to manage
contamination (primarily petroleum) at some leaking
underground tank sites. They also are being selected to
clean up contamination that resulted from past disposal
practices at industrial sites regulated under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act, and to clean up
contamination at uncontrolled hazardous wastes sites,
known as Superfund sites. One innovative treatment
technology, soil vapor extraction, is now routinely used in
federal and state clean-up programs. As more cost and
performance data are documented, innovative treatment
technologies will be increasingly recognized for their
effectiveness.
Why is EPA encouraging the use of
innovative treatment technologies?
The Environmental Protection Agency is encouraging the
selection of innovative treatment technologies for site
remedies because they have the potential to be more cost-
effective and to provide better and more efficient
cleanups. In addition, they are often more acceptable to
surrounding communities than established treatment
technologies.
-3-
A-29
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EPA Supports the Use of Innovative Treatment Technologies
The mission of EPA's Technology Innovation Office (TIO) is to increase government and industry use of
innovative treatment technologies at contaminated waste sites.
Numerous other efforts to increase the use of innovative technologies are described in the EPA fact
sheet entitled Progress in Reducing Impediments to the Use of Innovative Remediation Technology.
(The document number is EPA 542-F-95-008 and can be ordered from NCEPI at the address given
below.)
For More Information
The U.S. EPA's Technology Innovation Office has produced a series of Citizen's Guides, including this one, on topics
relating to innovative treatment technologies:
• A Citizen's Guide to Soil Washing, EPA 542-F-96-002
• A Citizen's Quids to Solvent Extraction, EPA 542-F-96-003
» A Citizen's Guide to Chemical Dehalogenation, EPA 542-F-96-004
• A Citizen's Guide to Thermal Desorption, EPA 542-F-96-005
• A Citizen's Guide to In Situ Soil Flushing, EPA 542-F-96-006
• A Citizen's Guide to Bioremediation, EPA 542-F-96-007
• A Citizen's Guide to Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging, EPA 542-F-96-008
• A Citizen's Guide to Phytoremediatlon, EPA 542-F-96-014
• A Citizen's Guide to Natural Attenuation, EPA 542-F-96-015
• A Citizen's Guide to Treatment Walls, EPA 542-F-96-016
Some other publications of interest include:
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Resources, EPA 542-B-95-001. A bibliography of EPA publications about innovative
treatment technologies.
• Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. A description of
sites at which innovative treatment technologies have been used or selected for use.
* Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report Database. An automated computer database of
descriptions of sites at which innovative treatment technologies have been used or selected for use. The
database can be downloaded free of charge from EPA's Cleanup Information bulletin board (CLU-IN). Call CLU-
IN at 301-589-8366 (modem). CLU-IN's help line is 301-589-8368. The database also is available for purchase
on diskettes. Contact NCEPI for details.
Copies of the items listed above are available from:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Fax your order request to 513-489-8695 or call 513-489-8190
If these documents are out of stock, you may be directed to other sources. In this case, there may be a charge for
some of these documents.
NOTICE: This ltd sheet Is Intended solely as general guidance and Information. It Is not Intended, nor can It be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any
ptrtyln toigillon with the United Stales. The Agency also reserves the right to change this guidance at any time without public notice.
-4-
A-30
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Organismo para la
Proteccidn del Medio Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
Desechos S6lidos y
Respuesta en Situaciones
de Emergencia (5102G)
EPA 542-F-96-O17
Abrilde1996
xvEPA
Guia del ciudadano:
Tecnicas de tratamiento
innovadoras
Para suelos contaminados, fango residual, sedimentos y detritos
Oficina de Innovaciones
Ficha tecnol6gica
cQue son las tecnicas de tratamiento
innovadoras?
Las tecnicas de tratamiento consisten en la aplicacidn de
procesos qufmicos, bioldgicos o fisicos a desechos
peligrosos o materiales contaminados a fin de cambiar su
estado en forma permanente. Esta Guia del ciudadano se
concentra en tecnicas de tratamiento para suelos, fango
residual, sedimentos y detritos.
Las tecnicas de tratamiento destruyen contaminantes o los
modifican a fin de que dejen de ser peligrosos o, por lo
menos, para que sean menos peligrosos. Pueden reducir la
cantidad de material contaminado presente en un lugar,
retirar el componente de los desechos que los hace
peligrosos o inmovilizar el contaminante en los desechos.
Las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras son
procedimientos inventados hace poco que se ban probado y
usado para el tratamiento de desechos peligrosos o de otros
materiales contaminados, pero sobre cuyo costo y eficacia
todavia no se dispone de suficiente informacion como para
prever los resultados que daran en diversas condiciones
de aplicacion.
iPor que conviene usar tecnicas innovadoras?
El tratamiento de fangos residuales y suelos contaminados
es un campo de la tecnologfa que se ha desarrollado y
crecido desde 1980, ano en que el Congreso aprobo la ley
del Superfimd para la limpieza de sitios con desechos
contaminados. Uno de los metodos iniciales para eliminar
un desecho peligroso de un lugar era trasladarlo a otro lugar
o cubrirlo. Estos metodos utilizan vertederos para
solucionar el problema. Con el numero creciente de
procedimientos de limpieza iniciados y la aprobacion de
enmiendas a la ley del Superfund en 1986 que dan
preferencia al tratamiento, se planted la necesidad de otros
metodos, que no fuesen el uso de vertederos, para
solucionar de forma mas permanente y menos costosa el
problema de los materiales contaminados. En
consecuencia, se ha avanzado en el desarrollo y el uso de
tecnicas de tratamiento mas apropiadas.
A medida que se vayan adquiriendo mas conocimientos
sobre la limpieza de lugares contaminados, se idearan
nuevos metodos para realizar una limpieza mas eficaz y
permanente. Las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras
carecen de una larga trayectoria de uso en gran escala y no
se dispone de la extensa documentation necesaria para
convertirlas en una option corriente en los ambitos tecnicos
y cientfficos. Sin embargo, en sitios contaminados de
Estados Unidos, Canada y Europa se han usado muchas
tecnicas innovadoras, con buenos resultados, a pesar de que
se habfa realizado solo una verificacidn incompleta de su
utilidad. Algunas de esas tecnicas se idearon para abordar
problemas de desechos peligrosos; otras han sido adaptadas
de otros usos industriales.
El desarrollo y perfeccionamiento de tecnicas de
tratamiento es un proceso permanente, como se indica en
iPor que conviene usar tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras?
Ofrecen soluciones a largo plazo y eficaces en funcidn del costo para los problemas de la limpieza de desechos
peligrosos.
Presentan alternatives frente al uso de vertederos y la incineration.
A menudo son mas aceptables para los vecindarios de los alrededores que algunas tecnicas de tratamiento
habituates.
Impreso en papel reciclado
A-31
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iSon \aa t6cnlcas de tratamiento innovadoras
alempre la opc!6n acertada?
Aunque las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras
podrfan sor menos costosas e incluso m£s eficaces
quo las t6cnteas consagradas por el uso, los
cientilicos y los tecnteos deben determinar qu6 tecnica
es la mas apropiada para un lugar determinado.
la figura 1 de la pdgina 2. El proceso comienza con un
concepto, una idea de c6mo tratar un desecho peligroso en
particular. El concepto gencralmente pasa por un proceso
de invcsugaci(5n y evaluacidn para comprobar su
factibilidad. Si sc Hcga a la conclusion de que el concepto
cs tftil, cl paso siguicnte consiste a menudo en pruebas de la
tccnica en pcqucna cscala en un laboratorio. Durante esta
ctapa, la tifcnica cs aun incipiente. Si da resultado en las
pruebas de laboratorio, se ensaya en pequena escala sobre
el tcrrcno. Si en esas condiciones tambien da resultado,
con frccuencia la tccnica pasa a usarse en gran escala en
lugares con dcsechos contaminados, y se mejora
contlnuamente a medida que se va usando y evaluando en
distintos sitios.
S<51o dcspues que una tecnica se ha usado en muchos tipos
de lugares y que se ban documentado plenamente los
rcsultados, sc considcra que es una tecnica consagrada por
d uso. La mayorfa dc las tecnicas que usamos en la
actualidad todavfa estan clasificadas como innovadoras.
i,Qu& clases de tdcnicas de tratamiento
se usan en la actualidad?
Cicrtas tecnicas consagradas por el uso, como la
incincraci<5n y la solidificacio'n/estabilizacidn, son las que
mis sc ban usado para operaciones de limpieza con
recursos del Superfund. Sin embargo, para 1990,40% de
las tdcnicas de tratamiento que se estaban usando eran
innovadoras. En 1994 esa cifra Ueg<5 casi al 60%. En el
cuadro 1 de la pdgina 3 se describen algunas de las tecnicas
de tratamiento innovadoras de uso mas frecuente.
se selecciona la tecnica de
tratamiento para un sitio?
Antes de seleccionar una tecnica de tratamiento para
operaciones de limpieza de un sitio determinado con
recursos del Superfund, es necesario recopilar informacidn
detallada sobre el estado del lugar y los contaminantes.
Basandose en esta informaci6n, el EPA determina con cudl
de los medios disponibles se podrdn cumplir las normas
para la limpieza establecidas por el EPA.
A menudo se hace un estudio de tratabilidad para
determinar las posibilidades de exito de una tecnica de
tratamiento. Este estudio se hace con materiales
contaminados extrafdos del sitio, cuando se esta"
considerando la posibilidad de usar una tecnica o despues
de seleccionarla, para obtener informacidn adicional sobre
su acci6n y su eficacia.
Hay tres niveles de estudios de tratabilidad. El nivel que se
seieccione dependera de la informacidn disponible sobre el
sitio y de la tecnologia y el tipo de informacidn que se
necesiten. El estudio de tratabilidad mas rapido y
economico es una prueba preliminar de laboratorio, que
se hace con el prop6sito de obtener mas information sobre
las caracteristicas de los desechos a fin de determinar si
podrian tratarse con una tecnica determinada. Una prueba
preliminar de laboratorio se puede hacer en cuestion de
dfas y generalmente cuesta entre US$10.000 y US$50.000.
Si se obtienen buenos resultados, se podrian realizar
estudios de tratabilidad mas avanzados.
El nivel siguiente en los estudios de tratabilidad es la
prueba de laboratorio en pequena escala, que consiste
en simular un proceso de tratamiento con una cantidad
muy pequena de desechos y proporciona mas informacidn
sobre la eficacia (y, en algunos casos, sobre el costo) de
una tecnica. El objetivo de las pruebas de este tipo es
determinar si con la tecnica se podrdn cumplir las normas
para la limpieza del sitio. El costo de estas pruebas
generalmente se situa entre US$50.000 y US$250.000.
El nivel mas alto es el estudio piloto de tratabilidad, que
generalmente se hace sobre el terreno o en el laboratorio y
requiere la instalacidn de equipo de tratamiento. Este
estudio se usa para establecer objetivos de eficacia, costo y
Figura 1
Desarrollo de tecnicas de tratamiento
Concepto
• Idsa
• Investigation
• Pruabas
preliminaros
de labomtorlo
T6cn1ca Incipiente
• Estudio da laboratorio
•n pequefia escala
Tecnica Innovadora
• Estudio piloto o • Seleccionada • Uso limitado en
demostraddn para la limpiez gran escala
sobre el terreno
Tecnica consagrada
por el uso
• Uso comun en
gran escala
-2-
A-32
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Cuadro 1
Descripcion de algunas tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras
Extraccl6n de vapores del suelo: remocibn de vapores contaminantes del suelo (sin excavar) mediante pozos de
aspiraci6n. Se recogen los contaminantes para someterlos a un tratamiento ulterior.
Aspersi6n de aire: inyeccidn de aire en el suelo debajo de la zona contaminada; el aire forma burbujas que suben,
llevando contaminantes atrapados y disueltos hasta la superficie, donde se pueden capturar con un sistema de
extraccion de vapores del suelo.
Medidas biocorrectivas: uso de microorganismos, como bacterias en procesos manejados, para descomponer
contaminantes organicos en sustancias inocuas.
Desorcion termica: calentamiento del suelo a temperaturas relativamente bajas para vaporizar contaminantes con un
punto de ebullicidn bajo. Los contaminantes vaporizados se capturan y se retiran para someterlos a un tratamiento
ulterior o para destruirlos.
Lavado del suelo: uso de agua o de una solucion de lavado y procedimientos mecanicos para depurar suelos
excavados y retirar contaminantes peligrosos.
Deshalogenacidn qufmica: conversibn de contaminantes que contienen ha!6genos (cloro y fluor, por ejemplo) en
sustancias menos tdxicas mediante reacciones qufmicas controladas que retiran o reemplazan los atomos de
haldgenos.
Extracci6n con solventes: separacion de contaminantes organicos peligrosos de desechos oleosos, suelos, fango
residual y sedimentos, reduciendo la cantidad de desechos peligrosos que deben tratarse.
Enjuague del suelo in situ: inundacidn subterranea de suelos contaminados con una solucidn que arrastra los
contaminantes hasta un lugar donde pueden extraerse.
concepcion para la tecnica de tratamiento. Debido a su
costo, que generalmente supera los US$250.000, se usa casi
exclusivamente para perfeccionar la concepci6n de la
tecnica despues de otros estudios de tratabilidad.
pasa si una tecnica no da
resultado?
Siempre existe la posibilidad de que una tecnica de
tratamiento, consagrada por el uso o innovadora, no d£
resultado cuando comienza a aplicarse en gran escala, a
pesar de que la concepcion tecnica sea optima. A menudo
el problema se debe a condiciones del sitio que no podian
preverse en estudios en menor escala. Las condiciones
naturales son mucho mas complejas que las condiciones
de laboratorio.
A pesar de un fracaso inicial, se puede adaptar o modificar
una tecnica para tratar desechos en forma selectiva. Rara
vez sera necesario idear y aplicar una tecnica diferente. La
experiencia que se adquiera con el uso creciente de tecnicas
de tratamiento innovadoras conducira* a metodos de
limpieza ambiental mds rapidos y mejores.
cDonde se seleccionan las tecnicas de
tratamiento innovadoras?
La industria esti usando tecnicas consideradas
"innovadoras" por el EPA para contener y tratar los
desechos peligrosos generados en procesos de fabricaci6n.
Tambien se estan usando tecnicas innovadoras en muchos
programas de limpieza federales y estatales para tratar
desechos peligrosos que ban sido liberados indebidamente
en la tierra. Por ejemplo, se est&i seleccionando tecnicas
innovadoras para manejar la contamination (principalmente
con petrdleo) causada por fugas de tanques subterrdneos.
Otros usos son la descontaminaci6n de sitios industriales
reglamentados por la Ley de Conservation y Recuperation
de Recursos que se contaminaron debido a metodos de
eliminaci6n que se usaban antes, asi como la
descontaminaci6n de lugares que no estdn sujetos a control,
conocidos como "sitios del Superfund". La extracci6n de
vapores del suelo es una tecnica de tratamiento innovadora
que ahora se usa regularmente en programas de limpieza
federales y estatales. A medida que se obtengan mas datos
sobre su costo y rendimiento, se reconocera la eficacia de las
tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras.
i,Por que promueve el EPA el uso de
tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras?
El Organismo de Proteccidn Ambiental promueve la
selection de tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras para
corregir la situaci6n en muchos lugares porque podrian
resultar mas eficaces en funcidn del costo y permitir una
limpieza mejor y m£s eficiente. Ademas, con frecuencia son
mas aceptables para los vecindarios de los alrededores que
las tecnicas de tratamiento habituales.
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A-33
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Ei EPA apoya el uso de tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras
La miston de la Oficlna de Innovaciones Tecnol6gicas (TIO) del EPA es promover el uso de tecnicas de
tratamiento innovadoras por el gobierno y la industria en lugares donde hay desechos contaminados.
En la ficha tecnoldgica del EPA titulada Progress in Reducing Impediments to the Use of Innovative
Remediation Technology se describen muchas otras medidas para promover el uso de tecnicas
innovadoras. (El numero de esta publicaci6n es EPA-542-F-95-008; envfe su pedido al NCEPI, cuya
direcckSn figura mas abajo.)
Para mas informacidn:
La Ofteina de Innovaciones Tecno!6gicas del EPA ha publicado una serie de Gufas del ciudadano, incluida la
presente, sofare temas relacionados con t6cnicas de tratamiento innovadoras:
• Gufa de! ciudadano: El lavado del suelo, EPA 542-F-96-018
• Gufa del ciudadano: La extracckSn con solventes, EPA 542-F-96-019
• Gufa del ciudadano: La deshaiogenaci6n qufmica, EPA 542-F-96-020
• Gufa del ciudadano: La desorci<5n termica, EPA 542-F-96-021
• Gufa del ciudadano: El enjuague del suelo in situ, EPA 542-F-96-022
• Gufa del ciudadano: Medidas biocorrectivas, EPA 542-F-96-023
• Gufa del dudadano: La extraccitin de vapores del suelo y la aspersidn de aire, EPA 542-F-96-024
* Gufa del ciudadano: Medidas fitocorrectivas, EPA 542-F-96-025
• Gufa del ciudadano: Atenuaci<5n natural, EPA 542-F-96-026
• Gufa del ciudadano: Muros de tratamiento, EPA 542-F-96-027
Otras publicaciones de interns:
* Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Resources, EPA 542-B-95-001. Bibliograffa de publicaciones del EPA sobre
t&cnlcas de tratamiento innovadoras.
• Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Descripcion de
lugares donde se han usado tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras o para los cuales se han
selecclonado tecnicas de este tipo.
• Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report Database. Base de datos computadorizada
autornJtica con la descripcidn de lugares donde se han usado tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras
o para los cuales se han seleccionado tecnicas de este tipo. La base de datos se puede recibir gratis
por computadora; esta en la cartelera electrfnica con informacidn sobre operaciones de limpieza del EPA
(CLU-IN). Llarne a CLU-IN, m6dem: 301-589-8366. El numero de tetefono de CLU-IN para ayuda tecnica
es 301-589-8368. La base de datos tambien se puede comprar en disquetes. Consulte al NCEPI para mas
• pormenores.
Para obtener ejemplares de las publicaciones precedentes, dirijase a:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Envfe su pedido por fax al 513-489-8695.
S! eslos documentos estan agotados, puede dirigirse a otras fuentes, en cuyo caso es posible que tenga
que pagarios.
AVISO; Esta Sent Ucnlct es solamenta una fuenta tie ortenladon 0 Intormaclin. No es su proposito crear derechos que puedan haceise valerpor via Judicial en
Esttdos Unites, nl sa puada rtcunira esta ficfta tecnica con ese I'm. El EPA tambien se reserva el derecho de cambiar estas pautas en cuakjuler momenta s/n
tYtstralpubfco
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA S42-F-96-015
October 1996
vxEPA
A Citizen's Guide to
Natural Attenuation
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What is natural attenuation?
Natural attenuation makes use of natural processes to
contain the spread of contamination from chemical
spills and reduce the concentration and amount of
pollutants at contaminated sites. Natural attenua-
tion—also referred to as intrinsic remediation,
bioattenuation, or intrinsic bioremediation—is an in
situ treatment method. This means that environmen-
tal contaminants are left in place while natural at-
tenuation works on them. Natural attenuation is
often used as one part of a site cleanup that also
includes the control or removal of the source of
the contamination.
How does natural attenuation work?
The processes contributing to natural attenuation are
typically acting at many sites, but at varying rates
and degrees of effectiveness, depending on the types
of contaminants present, and the physical, chemical
and biological characteristics of the soil and ground
water. Natural attenuation processes are often cat-
egorized as destructive or non-destructive. Destruc-
tive processes destroy the contaminant.
Non-destructive processes do not destroy the con-
taminant but cause a reduction in contaminant
concentrations.
Natural attenuation processes may reduce contami-
nant mass (through destructive processes such as bio-
degradation and chemical transformations); reduce
contaminant concentrations (through simple dilution
or dispersion); or bind contaminants to soil particles
so the contamination does not spread or migrate very
far (adsorption).
Biodegradation, also called bioremediation, is a pro-
cess in which naturally occurring microorganisms
(yeast, fungi, or bacteria) break down, or degrade,
hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic sub-
stances. Microorganisms, like humans, eat and digest
organic substances for nutrition and energy. (In
chemical terms, "organic" compounds are those that
contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.) Certain micro-
organisms can digest organic substances such as fuels
or solvents that are hazardous to humans. Biodegra-
dation can occur in the presence of oxygen (aerobic
conditions) or without oxygen (anaerobic condi-
tions). In most subsurface environments, both aerobic
and anaerobic biodegradation of contaminants occur.
The microorganisms break down the organic con-
taminants into harmless products—mainly carbon di-
oxide and water in the case of aerobic biodegradation
(Figure 1). Once the contaminants are degraded, the
A Quick Look at Natural Attenuation
Uses naturally occurring environmental processes to clean up sites.
Is non-invasive and allows the site to be put to productive use while being cleaned up.
Requires careful study of site conditions and monitoring of contaminant levels.
Printed on Recycled Paper
A-35
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Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Aerobic Biodegradation in Soil
microorganism populations decline because they
have used their food sources. Dead microorganisms
or small populations in the absence of food pose no
contamination risk. The fact sheet entitled A
Citizen's Guide to Bioremediation describes the
process in detail (see page 4).
Many organic contaminants, like petroleum, can be
biodegraded by microorganisms in the underground
environment. For example, biodegradation processes
can effectively cleanse soil and ground water of hy-
drocarbon fuels such as gasoline and the BTEX com-
pounds—benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylenes. Biodegradation also can break down chlor-
inated solvents, like trichloroethylene (TCE), in
ground water but, the processes involved are harder
to predict and are effective at a smaller percentage of
sites compared to petroleum-contaminated sites.
Chlorinated solvents, widely used for degreasing air-
craft engines, automobile parts, and electronic com-
ponents, are among the most often-found organic
ground-water contaminants. When chlorinated com-
pounds are biodegraded, it is important that the deg-
radation be complete, because some products of the
breakdown process can be more toxic than the origi-
nal compounds.
The effects of dilution and dispersion appear to re-
duce contaminant concentration but do not destroy
the contaminant. Relatively clean water from the
ground surface can seep underground to mix with
and dilute contaminated ground water. Clean ground
water from an underground location flowing into
contaminated areas, or the dispersion of pollutants as
they spreading out away from the main path of the
contaminated plume also lead to a reduced concen-
tration of the contaminant in a given area.
Adsorption occurs when contaminants attach or
sorb to underground particles. Fuel hydrocarbons
tend to repel water, as most oily substances do.
When they have an opportunity to escape from the
ground water by attaching to organic matter and clay
minerals that also repel water, they do so. This is
beneficial because it may keep the contaminants
from flowing to an area where they might be a health
threat. Sorption, like dilution and dispersion, appears
to reduce the concentration and mass of contamina-
tion in the ground water, but does not destroy the
contaminants.
Why consider natural attenuation?
In certain situations, natural attenuation is an effec-
tive, inexpensive cleanup option and the most appro-
priate way to remediate some contamination
problems. Natural attenuation is sometimes
mislabeled as a "no action" approach. However,
natural attenuation is really a proactive approach that
focuses on the confirmation and monitoring of natu-
ral remediation processes rather than relying totally
on "engineered" technologies. Mobile and toxic fuel
hydrocarbons, for example, are good candidates for
natural attenuation. Not only are they difficult to trap
because of their mobility, but they are also among
the contaminants most easily destroyed by biodegra-
dation. Natural attenuation is non-invasive, and, un-
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A-36
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like many elaborate mechanical site cleanup tech-
niques, while natural attenuation is working below
ground, the land surface above ground may continue
to be used. Natural attenuation can be less costly
than other active engineered treatment options, espe-
cially those available for ground water, and requires
no energy source or special equipment.
Will natural attenuation work at every
site?
To estimate how well natural attenuation will work
and how long it will take requires a detailed study of
the contaminated site. The community and those con-
ducting the cleanup need to know whether natural at-
tenuation, or any proposed remedy, will reduce the
contaminant concentrations in the soil and water to
legally acceptable levels within a reasonable time.
Natural attenuation may be an acceptable option for
sites that have been through some active remediation
which has reduced the concentrations of contami-
nants. However, natural attenuation is not an appro-
priate option at all sites. The rates of natural
processes are typically slow. Long-term monitoring
is necessary to demonstrate that contaminant concen-
trations are continually decreasing at a rate sufficient
to ensure that they will not become a health threat. If
not, more aggressive remedial alternatives should be
considered.
What Is An Innovative
Treatment Technology?
Treatment technologies are
processes applied to the treatment of
hazardous waste or contaminated
materials to permanently alter their
condition through chemical,
biological, or physical means.
Innovative treatment technologies are
those that have been tested, selected
or used for treatment of hazardous
waste or contaminated materials but
lack well-documented cost and
performance data under a variety of
operating conditions.
Because the ability of natural attenuation to be an ef-
fective cleanup method depends on a variety of con-
ditions, the site needs to be well-characterized to
determine if natural attenuation is occurring or will
occur. Sites where the soil contains high levels of
natural organic matter, such as swampy areas or
former marshlands often provide successful condi-
tions for natural attenuation. Certain geological for-
mations such as fractured bedrock aquifers or
limestone areas are less likely candidates for natural
attenuation because these environments often have a
wide variety of soil types that cause unpredictable
ground water flow and make predicting the move-
ment of contamination difficult.
Where is natural attenuation being used?
Natural attenuation is being used to clean up petro-
leum contamination from leaking underground stor-
age tanks across the country.
Within the Superfund program, natural attenuation
has been selected as one of the cleanup methods at
73 ground-water-contaminated sites—but is the sole
treatment option at only six of these sites. Some of
these sites include municipal and industrial land fills,
refineries, and recyclers.
At the Allied Signal Brake Systems Superfund site in
St. Joseph, Michigan, microorganisms are effectively
removing TCE and other chlorinated solvents from
ground water. Scientists studied the underground
movement of TCE-contaminated ground water from
its origin at the Superfund site to where it entered
Lake Michigan about half a mile away. At the site it-
self, they measured TCE concentrations greater than
200,000 micrograms per liter (|ig/L), but by the time
the plume reached the shore of Lake Michigan, the
TCE was one thousand times less—only 200 |xg/L.
About 300 feet offshore in Lake Michigan, the con-
centrations were below EPA's allowable levels. EPA
estimated the plume took about 20 years to move
from the source of contamination to Lake Michi-
gan—plenty of time for the microorganisms natu-
rally present in the ground water to destroy the TCE
without any outside intervention. In fact, microor-
ganisms were destroying about 600 pounds of TCE a
year at np cost to taxpayers. EPA determined that na-
ture adequately remediated the TCE plume in St.
Joseph.
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A-37
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For More Information
The publications listed below can be ordered free of charge by faxing your request to NCEPI at 513-489-8695. If
NCEPI !s out of stock of a document, you may be directed to other sources. Some of the documents listed also can
be downloaded free of charge from EPA's Cleanup Information (CLU-IN) World Wide Web site (http://clu-in.com) or
electronic bulletin board (301-589-8366). The CLU-IN help line number is 301-589-8368.
You may write to NCEPI at:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• A Citizen's Guide to Bloremediation, April 1996, EPA 542-F-96-007.
• Symposium on Intrinsic Bioremediation of Ground Water, August 1994, EPA 540-R-94-515.
• Bforemedfation Research: Producing Low-Cost Tools to Reclaim Environments, September 1995, EPA 540-R-95-
523a.
• "Natural Bloremediation of TCE," Ground Water Currents (newsletter), September 1993, EPA 542-N-93-008.
• "Innovative Measures Distinguish Natural Bioattenuation from Dilution/Sorption," Ground Water Currents
(newsletter), December 1992, EPA 542-N-92-006.
• How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for UST Sites, (Chapter on Natural Attenuation), May 1995,
EPA 510-B-95-007.
* Bioremediation Resource Guide, September 1993, EPA 542-B-93-004. A bibliography of publications and
other sources of information about bloremediation technologies.
• Engineering Bulletin: In Situ Blodegradation Treatment, April 1994, EPA 540-S-94-502.
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Sources, January 1995, EPA 542-B-95-001. A bibliography of EPA
publications about innovative treatment technologies.
• WASTECH* Monograph on Bioremediation, ISBN #1 -883767-01 -6. Available for $49.95 from the American
Academy of Environmental Engineers, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, MD 21401. Telephone 410-266-3311.
NOTICE: mi ltd sheet Is Mended solely as general guidance and Information. It Is not Intended, nor can It be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any
pMyln ftigitton with the United States. The Agency also reserves the right to change this guidance at any time without public notice.
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Organisms para la
Protection del Medio Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
Desechos S6lidos y Respuesta
en Situaciones de Emergencia
(5102G)
EPA542-F-96-026
Septiembre cfe 1996
Gufa del ciudadano:
Atenuacion natural
Oficina de Innovaciones Tecnologicas
Ficha tecnolbgica
c,Qu6 es la atenuacion natural?
La atenuacion natural aprovecha procesos naturales
para contener la contamination causada por derrames
de productos quimicos y reducir la concentration y la
cantidad de contaminantes en los lugares afectados. La
atenuacion natural, conocida tambien como medidas
correctivas intrinsecas, bioatenuacion o biocorreccion
intrinseca, es un metodo de tratamiento in situ, o sea
que se dejan los contaminantes donde estan mientras se
produce la atenuacion natural. Con frecuencia se
utiliza la atenuacion natural como parte de la limpieza
de un sitio donde tambien se recurre al control o la
extraction de la fuente de contamination.
iComo funciona?
Los procesos que contribuyen a la atenuacion natural
generalmente se encuentran en muchos lugares, pero
con diferencias en cuanto a la celeridad y a la eficacia
segun el tipo de contaminante y las caracteristicas
fisicas, quimicas y biologicas del suelo y del agua
subterranea. Los procesos de atenuacion natural a
menudo se clasifican en destructives y no destructives.
Los procesos destructives destruyen el contaminante.
Los procesos no destructives no destruyen el
contaminante, sino que reducen su concentration.
Los procesos de atenuacion natural pueden reducir la
masa del contaminante (por medio de procesos
destructives tales como biodegradacion y
transformaciones quimicas), reducir su concentration
(mediante dilution o dispersi6n) o unir los
contaminantes a particulas de tierra a fin de que la
contamination no se propague o no se extienda
demasiado (adsorcion).
La biodegradacidn, llamada tambien biocorreccion,
es un proceso en el cual los microorganismos natu-
rales (levaduras, bongos o bacterias) descomponen o
degradan sustancias peligrosas, transformandolas en
sustancias menos toxicas o inocuas. Los
microorganismos, igual que los seres humanos, comen
y digieren sustancias organicas, de las cuales se nutren
y obtienen energfa. (En terminos quimicos, los
compuestos "organicos" son aquellos que contienen
atomos de carbono y de hidrogeno.) Ciertos
microorganismos pueden digerir sustancias organicas,
como combustibles o solventes, que son peligrosas
para los seres humanos. La biodegradacion puede
producirse en presencia de oxfgeno (en condiciones
aerobias) o sin el (en condiciones anaerobias). En la
mayoria de los entornos subterraneos se produce la
biodegradacion de contaminantes tanto en forma
aerobia como en forma anaerobia. Los
microorganismos descomponen los contaminantes
organicos en productos inocuos, principalmente
dioxide de carbono y agua en el caso de la
biodegradacion aerobia (figura 1). Una vez
degradados los contaminantes, la poblacion de
microorganismos disminuye porque ha agotado su
fuente de alimentos. Los microorganismos muertos o
Pertil de la atenuacidn natural
Consiste en el uso de procesos naturales para limpiar sitios contaminados.
Es una tecnica no invasiva que permite usar productivamente el lugar mientras se realiza la limpieza.
Requiere un estudio pormenorizado de las condiciones del lugar y la vigilancia de la concentracidn de
contaminantes.
Impreso en papel reciclado
A-39
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Figura 1 Esquema de la biodegradacion aerobia en el suelo
comwelpatrdteoy
otro* contaminants*
orgrinlcos. • •'•* •"•
una poblacidn pequena de microorganismos sin
alimcntos no presentan riesgo de contaminaci6n. En la
ficha titulada Gufa del ciudadano: Medidas
btocorrectlvas se describe el proceso con pormenores
(vdasc la pdgina 4).
Muchos contaminantes organicos, como el petroleo,
pueden ser biodegradados por microorganismos en el
entomo subterrdneo. Por ejemplo, con procesos de
biodegradacidn se pueden eliminar eficazmente del
suelo y del agua subterranea hidrocarburos tales como
gasolina y compuestos de BTEX (benceno, tolueno,
etilbcnccno y xilenos). La biodegradacion tambien
puede descomponcr solventes dorados, como
tricloroetileno (TCE), en el agua subterrSnea, pero si
no se trata de lugares contaminados por petnSleo la
acci6n es m£s diffcil de prever y es eficaz en un
porcentaje menor de sitios. Los solventes dorados, que
se usan mucho para desengrasar motores de aviones,
repuestos de automdviles y componentes electronicos,
se encuentran entre los contaminantes orgdnicos mas
comunes del agua subteninea. Cuando los compuestos
dorados se biodegradan, es importante que la
degradacidn sea complete porque algunos productos de
la descomposici6n pueden ser m£s tdxicos que los
compuestos originates.
Los efectos de dilucidn y dispersi6n parecen reducir
la conccntraci6n del contaminantc pero no lo
destruyen. Se puede filtrar agua relativamente limpia
de la superflcie del suelo y mezclarse con agua
subterrdnea contaminada, diluy6ndola. Puede fluir
agua subterrdnea limpia de un lugar subterraneo a zo-
nas contaminadas; la dispersidn de contaminantes que
van alej£ndose del trayecto principal de la estela
contaminada tambien lleva a una disminuci6n de la
concentration del contaminante en una zona
determinada.
La adsorci6n se produce cuando los contaminantes se
adhieren a particulas subterraneas, es decir, son
sorbidos. Los hidrocarburos tienden a repeler el agua,
igual que la mayoria de las sustancias oleosas.
Aprovechan cualquier oportunidad para escaparse del
agua subterranea adhiriendose a materia organica y
minerales arcillosos que tambi6n repelen el agua. Eso
es beneflcioso porque puede impedir que los
contaminantes fluyan a un lugar donde presenten un
riesgo para la salud. La sorcidn, igual que la dilucidn y
la dispersion, parece reducir la concentracidn y la masa
de contaminantes en el agua subterranea, pero no los
destruye.
^En que casos convendrfa usar la
aitenuacion natural?
En ciertas situaciones, la atenuacion natural es una
opcidn eficaz y economica para realizar una limpieza y
la forma mds apropiada de corregir algunos problemas
de contaminaci6n. A veces se dice erroneamente que la
atenuacidn natural es el m£todo de la "inacci6n." Sin
embargo, la atenuacidn natural es realmente un metodo
activo centrado en la confirmacidn y la vigilancia de
procesos de correccidn natural, en vez de depender
totalmente de t6cnicas "dirigidas." Los hidrocarburos
mdviles y t6xicos, por ejemplo, son buenos candidates
para la atenuacidn natural. No sdlo son dificiles de
atrapar debido a su movilidad, sino que tambien se
encuentran entre los contaminantes que ma's fdcilmente
se destruyen con la biodegradaci<5n. La atenuacion
natural es un mftodo no invasive; a diferencia de
-2-
A-40
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muchas tecnicas complejas de limpieza mecanica, la
superficie del suelo puede seguir usandose mientras se
produce la atenuacidn natural en el subsuelo. La
atenuacidn natural puede ser menos costosa que otras
opciones dirigidas para el tratamiento, especialmente
las que se usan para el agua subterranea, y no requiere
una fuente de energia ni equipo especial.
£Dara resultado esta tecnica en cualquier
lugar?
Para calcular el resultado que dara la atenuacion natu-
ral y cuanto tardara se necesita un estudio
pormenorizado del lugar contaminado. Los pobladores
locales y las personas que realicen la limpieza deben
saber si la atenuacion natural o cualquier otra medida
correctiva propuesta reducira la concentraci6n de
contaminantes en el suelo y en el agua a niveles
legalmente aceptables en un plazo prudencial.
La atenuacion natural podria ser una opcidn aceptable
para lugares donde se haya reducido la concentration
de contaminantes como resultado de la aplicacion de
algunas medidas correctivas. Sin embargo, la
atenuacion natural no es una option apropiada para
cualquier lugar. Los procesos naturales generalmente
son lentos. Se necesita una vigilancia a largo plazo
para comprobar que la concentraci6n de contaminantes
disminuya continuamente y lo suficiente para que no
se convierta en una amenaza para la salud. De no ser
asf, se deberia considerar la posibilidad de aplicar
medidas correctivas mas energicas.
&Que son las tecnicas de tratamiento
innovadoras?
Las tecnicas de tratamiento son procesos que
se aplican a desechos peligrosos o materiales
contaminados para alterar su estado en forma
permanente por medios qufmicos, bioldgicos
ofi'sicos.
Las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras son
tecnicas que han sido ensayadas,
seleccionadas o utilizadas para el tratamiento
de desechos peligrosos o materiales
contaminados, aunque todavfa no se dispone
de datos bien documentados sobre su costo y
resultados en diversas condiciones de
aplicaci6n.
Como la eficacia de la atenuaci6n natural como me'todo
de limpieza depende de diversas condiciones, es
necesano caracterizar bien el sitio a fin de determinar
si se esta produciendo o se producird atenuacidn natu-
ral. Los suelos con gran cantidad de materia organica,
como las zonas pantanosas o antiguos pantanos, con
frecuencia son aptos para la atenuacidn natural. Ciertas
formaciones geo!6gicas, como acuiferos de lecho
rocoso fracturado o zonas calizas, son menos
apropiadas para la atenuacidn natural porque en estos
entornos a menudo hay suelos muy diversos que
ocasionan un flujo imprevisible del agua subterranea y
dificultan la prevision del movimiento de los
contaminantes.
&Ddnde se esta usando esta tecnica?
La atenuacidn natural se esta usando para limpiar la
contamination causada por fugas de petrdleo de
depdsitos subterraneos en todo el pais.
En el marco del programa del Superfund se ha
seleccionado la atenuacidn natural como uno de los
metodos de limpieza de 73 lugares con agua
subterranea contaminada, pero es la unica opcidn para
el tratamiento en solo seis de ellos. Algunos de estos
sitios son vertederos municipales e industriales,
refinenas y centres de reciclaje. En el predio de Allied
Signal Brake Systems, en St. Joseph (Michigan), que
esta comprendido en el Superfund, los
microorganismos estan extrayendo eficazmente TCE y
otros solventes dorados del agua subterranea. Los
cientificos estudiaron el movimiento subterraneo del
agua contaminada por TCE desde su lugar de origen en
el sitio comprendido en el Superfund hasta el punto de
entrada al lago Michigan, a unos 800 metres de
distancia. En el predio se encontraron concentraciones
de TCE superiores a 200.000 microgramos por litro
(Hg/1), pero cuando la estela llegd a la orilla del lago
Michigan, contenia mil veces menos TCE (solamente
200 fig/1). En el lago, a unos 90 metres de la orilla, las
concentraciones eran inferiores a las permitidas por el
EPA. Segun los cfilculos del EPA, la estela tardd
alrededor de 20 anos en llegar desde la fuente de
contaminacidn hasta el lago Michigan, dando suficiente
tiempo a los microorganismos naturales que estan en el
agua subterranea para destruir el TCE sin intervencidn
externa. De hecho, los microorganismos estaban
destruyendo alrededor de 270 kg de TCE por afio sin
costo alguno para los contribuyentes. El EPA
determine que la naturaleza habia corregido de forma
adecuada la estela de TCE en St. Joseph.
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Para mas informacion
Las publicaciones que se indican a continuation pueden obtenerse gratis del NCEPI. Para encargarlas,
envfe su pedido por fax al 513-489-8695. Si alguno de estos documentos se ha agotado, puede dirigirse a
otras fuentes. Algunos de los documentos de la lista pueden recibirse gratis por computadora desde el siti
del EPA en la World Wide Web con informacion sobre operaciones de limpieza (CLU-IN), http://clu-in.com, <
de la cartelera electr6nica, 301-589-8366. El numero para pedir asistencia en relaci6n con CLU-IN es
301-589-8368.
Si prefiere, escriba al NCEPI a la siguiente direccidn:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• Gufa del cludadano: Medldas blocorrectivas, abril de 1996, EPA 542-F-96-023.
* Symposium on Intrinsic Bioremediation of Ground Water, agosto de 1994, EPA 540-R-94-515.
• Bioremediation Research: Producing Low-Cost Tools to Reclaim Environments, septiembre de 1995, EPA
540-R-95-5233.
• "Natural Bioremediation of TCE,* Ground Water Currants (boletfn), septiembre de 1993, EPA 542-N-93-00
• "Innovative Measures Distinguish Natural Bioattenuaiion from Dilution/Sorption," Ground Water Currents
(boletfn), dlciembre de 1992, EPA 542-N-92-006.
• How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for UST Sites (capitulo sobre atenuacidn natural), mayo •
1995, EPA 510-B-95-007.
• Bioremediation Resource Guide, septiembre de 1993, EPA 542-B-93-004. Bibliograffa de publicaciones \
otras fuentes de informacidn sobre tecnteas blocorrectivas.
• Engineering Bulletin: In Situ Blodegradation Treatment, abril de 1994, EPA 540-S-94-502.
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Resources, enero de 1995, EPA 542-B-95-001. Bibliograffa de
publicaciones de! EPA sobre tecnlcas de tratamicnto innovadoras.
• WASTECH® Monograph on Bioremediation, ISBN #1-883767-01-6. Puede obtenerse de la Academia
Estadounidense de Ingenieros Ambientales, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, Maryland 21401;
telefono: 410-266-3311. Cuesta US$49,95.
AVISO: Estt ficha Merita es sotomante una fuente de orientation e InfomacMn. No es su pmposlto croarderochos que puodan hacerse valor por
viaJudicM on Estados Unkfos, nl se puede recurrir a esta fteha tecntca con ese fin. El EPA tambien SB reserva el derocho do camblar estas pautas
on ctiMlquhr momenta sin avisaralpubllco.
A-42
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(51023)
EPA 542-F-96-014
September 1996
vvEPA A Citizen's Guide to
Phytoremediation
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What is phytotemediation?
Phytoremediation is the use of plants and trees to
clean up contaminated soil and water. Growing and,
in some cases, harvesting plants on a contaminated
site as a remediation method is an aesthetically
pleasing, solar-energy driven, passive technique that
' can be used along with, or in some cases, in place of
mechanical cleanup methods.
Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals,
pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil,
polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and landfill leachates.
How does Phytoremediation work?
Phytoremediation (the \smphyto- means plant) is a
general term for several ways in which plants are
used to clean up, or remediate, sites by removing
pollutants from soil and water. Plants can break
down, or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize
metal contaminants by acting as filters or traps.
Some of the methods that are being tested are de-
scribed in this fact sheet.
Metals Remediation
At sites contaminated with metals, plants are used to
either stabilize or remove the metals from the soil
and ground water through two mechanisms:
phytoextraction and rhizofiltration.
Phytoextraction, also called phytoaccumulation, re-
fers to the uptake of metal contaminants by plant
roots into plant stems and leaves (Figure 1). Certain
plants absorb unusually large amounts of metals in
comparison to other plants. One or a combination of
these plants is selected and planted at a particular site
based on the type of metals present and other site
conditions. After the plants have been allowed to
grow for some time, they are harvested and either in-
cinerated or composted to recycle the metals. This
procedure can be repeated as many times as neces-
sary to bring contaminant levels in the soil down to
allowable limits. If plants are incinerated, their ash
must be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill, but
the volume of ash will only be about 10% of the vol-
ume that would be created if the contaminated soil it-
self were dug up for treatment.
Metals such as nickel, zinc, and copper are the best
candidates for removal by phytoextraction because
they happen to be the favorites of the approximately
400 known plants that absorb unusually large
amounts of metals. Plants that absorb lead and chro-
mium are being studied and tested.
Rhizofiltration (rhizo- means root) has shown
promise for dealing with metals contamination in wa-
ter. Rhizofiltration is similar to phytoextraction, but
the plants to be used for cleanup are raised in green-
houses with their roots in water rather than in soil.
When the plants have developed a large root system,
contaminated water is collected from a waste site and
A Quick Look at Phytoremediation
> Is an aesthetically-pleasing, passive, solar-energy driven cleanup technique.
> Is most useful at sites with shallow, low levels of contamination.
> Is useful for treating a wide variety of environmental contaminants.
Printed on Recycled Paper
A-43
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Figure 1. Uptake of Metals (Nickel) by Phytoextraction
Ni
Ni
Nickel is removed from soil by moving up Into plant roots, stems, and leaves. The plant is then harvested
and disposed of and the site replanted until the nickel in the soil is lowered to acceptable levels.
brought to the plants where it is substituted for their
water source. The roots take up the water and the
contaminants along with it. As the roots become
saturated with contaminants, they are harvested and
disposed of. In addition to being useful for removing
metals from water, rhizofiltration may prove useful
for industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, acid
mine drainage, and radioactive contamination. For
example, sunflowers were used successfully to re-
move radioactive contaminants from pond water in a
lest at Chernobyl, Ukraine.
Treating Organic Contaminants
Organic contaminants (those that contain carbon and
hydrogen atoms) are common environmental pollut-
ants. There are several ways plants can be used for
the phytoremediation of these contaminants: phyto-
degradation, enhanced rhizosphere biodegradation,
organic pumps, and phytovolatilization.
What Is An Innovative Treatment
Technology?
Treatment technologies are processes applied to
the treatment of hazardous waste or contaminated
materials to permanently alter their condition
through chemicai, biological, or physical means.
Innovative treatment technologies are those that
have been tested, selected or used for treatment of
hazardous waste or contaminated materials but
lack welt-documented cost and performance data
under a variety of operating conditions.
Phytodegradation is a process in which plants are
able to degrade (break down) organic pollutants. In
some cases, the pollutants degraded into simpler
molecules are used to help the plant grow faster (Fig-
ure 2). Plants contain enzymes, a broad category of
chemical substances that cause rapid chemical reac-
tions to occur. Some enzymes break down and con-
vert ammunition wastes, others degrade chlorinated
solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE), and others
degrade herbicides.
Enhanced rhizosphere biodegradation takes place
in the soil surrounding the plant roots (the rhizo-
sphere) and is a much slower process than
phytodegradation. Microorganisms (yeast, fungi, or
bacteria) consume and digest organic substances for
nutrition and energy. Certain microorganisms can di-
gest organic substances such as fuels or solvents that
are hazardous to humans and break them down into
harmless products in a process called biodegrada-
tion. Natural substances released by the plant roots—
sugars, alcohols, and acids—contain organic carbon
that provides food for soil microorganisms and the
additional nutrients enhance their activity. Biodegra-
dation is also aided by the way plants loosen the soil
and transport water to the area. The fact sheet en-
titled A Citizen's Guide to Bioremediation describes
the biodegradation process in detail (see page 4).
Trees can act as organic pumps when their roots
reach down toward the water table and establish a
dense root mass that takes up large quantities of wa-
ter. Poplar trees, for example, pull out of the ground
30 gallons of water per day, and cottonwoods can ab-
sorb up to 350 gallons per day. The pulling action
-2-
A-44
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caused by the roots decreases the tendency of surface
pollutants to move downward towards ground water
and into drinking water. Poplars planted along stream
beds in agricultural areas reduce the amount of ex-
cess fertilizer and herbicides that get into the streams
and ground water. In another similar application,
trees planted on top of landfills as organic substitutes
for the traditional clay or plastic caps, suck up rain-
water that could otherwise seep through the landfill
and come out the bottom as contaminated "leachate."
Phytovolatilization occurs as growing trees and
other plants take up water and the organic contami-
nants in it. Some of these contaminants can pass
through the plants to the leaves and evaporate, or
volatilize, into the atmosphere. Poplar trees, for ex-
ample, volatilize 90% of the TCE they suck up.
Does phytoremediation work at every
site?
Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals,
pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil,
polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and landfill leachates.
Phytoremediation is used in combination with other
cleanup approaches as a "finishing" step. Although
phytoremediation is significantly slower than me-
chanical methods, and is limited to the depth that the
roots can reach, it can clean out the last remains of
contaminants trapped in the soil that mechanical
treatment techniques sometimes leave behind.
Generally, the use of phytoremediation is limited to
sites with lower contaminant concentrations and
contamination in shallow soils, streams, and ground
water. However, researchers are finding that the use
of trees (rather than smaller plants) allows them to
treat deeper contamination because tree roots pen-
etrate more deeply into the ground. Contaminated
ground water very deep underground may be treated
by pumping the water out of the ground and using it
to irrigate plantations of trees.
Further research is needed to study the effects on the
food chain that could occur if insects and small ro-
dents eat the plants that are collecting metals and are
then eaten by larger mammals. Also, scientists still
need to establish whether contaminants can collect in
the leaves and wood of trees used for phytoremedia-
tion and be released when the leaves fall in the au-
tumn or when firewood or mulch from the trees is
used.
Where has it been used?
Phytoremediation has been successfully tested in
many locations. In Iowa, poplar trees planted along a
stream bank between a corn field and the stream
acted as natural pumps to keep toxic herbicides, pes-
ticides, and fertilizers out of the streams and ground
water. When the trees were three years old, research-
ers tested die levels of the nitrate contamination in
the ground water at the edge of the cornfield and
found it to be 150 milligrams per liter (mg/L). The
ground water among the poplar trees along the
stream bank, however, had nitrate concentration of
only 3 mg/L—well under the EPA nitrate limit of 45
mg/L in drinking water. The table on page 4 lists
some phytoremediation projects.
Figure 2. Destruction of Organic Contaminants by Phytodegradation
X,
a*5§^ new plant fiber
iminant
Enzymes in plant roots break down (degrade) organic contaminants. The fragments are incorporated into
new plant material.
-3-
A-45
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Table 1. Examples of Sites Testing Phytoremediation*
Location
Ogdon, UT
Application
Phytoextraction
Portsmouth, VA Rhizofiltration
Phytodegradation
Milan, TN
Phytodegradation
Contaminants
Petroleum hydro-
carbons
Petroleum
Aberdeen, MD Organic Pumps Trichloroethylene
Phytovolatilization Trichloroethane
Rhizofiltration
Medium
Soil
Ground water
Soil
Explosives wastes Sediment
Plant
Alfalfa, Poplar
Juniper, Fescue
Grasses
Clover
Duckweed
Parrot feather
Ground Water Poplar trees
* Not tX wtsta typts andslta conditions am comparable. Each site must be Individually Investigated and tested.
EnglMtring and scientific judgment must be used to determine if a technology Is appropriate for a site.
For More Information
The publications listed below can be ordered free of charge by faxing your request to NCEPI at 513-489-
8695. If NCEPI is out of stock of a document, you may be directed to other sources. If you choose, you may
write to NCEPI at:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• "Tree Buffers Protect Shallow Ground Water at Contaminated Sites," Ground Water Currents
(newsletter), December 1993, EPA 542-N-93-011.
• Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of Metal Contaminated Soils, (Available Fall 1996), EPA
542-R-96-008.
• A Citizen's Guide to Bioremediation, April 1996, EPA 542-F-96-007.
• Soil Stabilization Action Team, April 1996, EPA 542-F-96-01 Od.
• "Mother Nature's Pump and Treat,* by Kalle Matso in Civil Engineering, October 1995, pages 46-49.
• The Green Clean," by Kathryn Brown Sargeant in BioScience, October 1995, pages 579-582.
-TT&fecfs/TWftefnfs/x/WsrtsJyas^nara/su/^^
by any party In KtlgaOon with ifta United States. The Agency also reserves the right to change this guidance at any time without public notice.
-4-
A-46
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Organismo para la
Protecci6n del Medio Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
Desechos S6lidos y Respuesta
en S'rtuaciones de Emergencia
(5102G)
EPA 542-F-96-025
Septiembre de 1996
v>EPA Gufa del ciudaciano:
Medidas fitocorrectivas
Oficina de Innovaciones Tecnoldgicas
Ficha tecno)6gica
&Que son las medidas fitocorrectivas?
Las medidas fitocorrectivas consisten en el uso de plantas y
aitoles para limpiar agua y suelo contaminados. Culdvar
plantas en un lugar contaminado, y en algunos casos
cosecharlas, como metodo correctivo es una t&nica pasiva
este"ticamente agiadable que aprovecha la energfa solar y se
puede usar junto con rn&odos de limpieza mecanicos o en
algunos casos en vez de mgtodos de este tipo.
Las medidas fitocorrectivas pueden usarse para limpiar
metales, plaguicidas, solventes, explosives, petro'leo crudo,
hidrocarburos poliaromatocos y lixiviados de vertederos.
tComo funcionan?
Rtocorrecci6n (el prefijo^to- significap&znftz) es un tennino
general que se refiere a varies usos de plantas para limpiar o
corregir sitios extrayendo contaminantes del suelo y el agua.
Las plantas actuan como filtros o trampas y pueden
fescanapanaodegradar contaminantes organicoso
estabilizar contaminantes rnetaTkxs. Enestafichatecnol6gica
se describen algunos de tos m&odos que se estan probando.
Medidas correctivas para metales
En lugares contaminados con metales, se usan plantas para
estabilizar o retirar los metales del suelo y del agua
subterranea por medio de dos mecanismos: fitoextraccion y
rizofiltracion.
La fitoextraccion, conocida tambign como
fitoacumulacidn, es la captation de metales contaminantes
por las rafces de las plantas y su acumulaci6n en tallos y
hojas (figura 1). Algunas plantas absorben cantidades
extraordinarias de metales en comparacio'n con otras. Se
selecciona una de estas plantas o varias de este tipo y se
plantan en un sitio segun los metales presentes y las
caracterfsticas del lugar. Despues de un tiempb, cuando las
plantas nan crecido, se coitan y se incineran o se deja que
se transformen en abono vegetal para reciclar los metales.
Este procedimiento se puede repetir la cantidad de veces
que sea necesario para reducir la concentracidn de
contaminantes en el suelo a limites aceptables. Si se
incineran las plantas, las cenizas deben colocarse en un
vertedero para desechos peligrosos, pero la cantidad de
ceniza serd s61o alrededor del 10% del volumen de los
desechos que habria que eliminar si se excavara el suelo
contaminado para tratarlo.
Los mejores candidates para la fitoextraccidn son el nfquel,
el cine y el cobre porque son los preferidos de las 400
plantas, aproximadamente, que se sabe que absorben
cantidades extraordinarias de metales. Se estan estudiando
y probando plantas que absorben plomo y cromo.
La rizofiltracion (rizo- significa rafz) es una tdcnica
prometedora para abordar el problema de la
contaminacidn del agua con metales. LarizofiltrackSnes
similar a la fitoex(racci6n, pero las plantas que se usan para la
limpieza se cultivan en invemaderos con las rafces en agua, en
vezdetierra. Cuando las plantas tienenunsistemade rafces
biendesanx>llado,seiecogeaguacontaminadadeun
vertedero, se transporta hasta el lugar donde estan las plantas
Pertil de las medidas fitocorrectivas
Son una tecnica de limpieza pasiva, esteticamente agradable, que aprovecha la energfa solar.
Son mas utiles en lugares donde la contamination es poco profunda y no es muy grande.
Son utiles para tratar una gran variedad de contaminantes del medio ambiente.
Impreso en papel reciclado
A-47
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Figura 1. Captation de metales (nfquel) por fitoextraccion
Ni
Ni
El nfquel de^sudosube por las rafces do las plantas hasta los tallosy las hojas. Despuessecortan las plantas yse
ellnllnan, y ae vuetve a plantar el lugar hasta que la concentrackSn de nfquel en el suelo baja a nlvetes aeeptables.
ysecotocan las plantas en esta agua. Lasrafcesabsoibenel
agua junto con los contaminantes. Amedidaquelasrafces
se saluran de contaminantes, se cortan y se eliminan.
Ademds de extraer metales del agua, la rizofiltracion puede
ser titil para descargas industriaks, escorrentfa de tienas
agrfcolas, drenaje deminas de dados y contaminantes
radiactivos. Fbrejempb,lassemillasdegirasoldieron
resuhado para retirar contaminantes radiactivos del agua de
Una lagunaen una pmeba realiTarta en Chernobyl (Ucrania).
Los contaminantes org&iicos (es decir, los que contienen
&omos de carbono e hidnSgeno) son comunes en el medio
ambicntfi. Hay variasformasenquesepuedenusar
plantas para la fitocorreccidn de estos contaminantes:
ftodegradacidn, biodegradacion mejorada de la rizpsfera,
bombeo org&uco yfitovolatilizacMn.
Lafitodegradatidn es un proceso mediante el cual las
plantas degradan (descomponen) contaminantes
orgdnicos. En algunoscasos, los contaminantes
&Qu£ son las tecnicas de tratamlento
Innovadoras?
Las tfcnicas de tratamiento son procesos que se aplican
a desechos peligrosos o materiales contaminados para
alterar su estado en forma permanente por medics
qufmicos, bloldgicos o ffsicos. Las tecnicas de
tratamiento innovadoras son tecnicas que ban sido
cnsayadas, scleccionadas o utilizadas para el tratamiento
de desechos peligrosos o materiales contaminados,
aunque todavfa no se dispone de datos bien
documentados sobre su costo y resultados en diversas
condiciones de aplicacidn.
degradados en moleculas m^s simples se usan para acelerar
el crecimiento de las plantas (figura 2). Las plantas tienen
enzimas, categorfa amplia de sustancias qufinicas que
causan reacciones qufrnicas r^pidas. Algunas enzimas se
descomponen y convierten desechos de municiones, otras
degradan solventes dorados tales como tricloroetileno
(TCE) y otras degradan herbicidas.
Lalnodegradaci&i intensirkada de la rizosfera se
produce en la tierra que rodea las rafces de las plantas (la
rizosfera). Es un proceso mucho mas lento que la
fitodegradacion. Los microorganismos (levaduras, bongos
o bacterias) consumen y digieren sustancias orga^iicas, de
lascuakssealimentanyobtienenenergfa. Algunos
microorganismos pueden digerir sustancias organicas tales
como combustibles o solventes, que son peligrosas para los
seres humanos, y descomponerlas en productos inocuos
mediante un proceso llamado biodegradacion. Las
sustancias naturales liberadas por las rafces de las plantas
(azticar, alcohol y a"cidos) contienen carbono orgdnico, del
cual se alimentan los microorganismos del suelo, y los
nutrientes adicionales intensifican su actividad. Ademas,
las plantas aflojan la tierra y transportan agua al lugar,
facilitandoasflabiodegradacidn. Enlafichatecnoldgica
titulada Guia del ciudadano: Medidas biocorrectivas se
describe el proceso de biodegradacidn en forma
pormenorizada (vease la p£gina 4).
Los a*rboles pueden realizar una accion de bombeo
org£nko cuando sus rafces bajan hacia la capa freatica,
formando una masa densa de rafces que absorbe una gran
cantidad de agua. Los alamos, por ejemplo, absorben 113
litros de agua por dfa, y hay una variedad de alamo
(Populus deltoides) que absorbe hasta 1325 litros por dfa.
-2-
A-48
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La acci(5n de bombeo de las rafces disminuye la tendencia
de los contaminantes superficiales a descender hacia el agua
subterranea y el agua potable. En zonas agrfcolas, los
alamos plantados a lo largo de cursos de agua reducen el
excedente de fertilizantes y herbicidas que va aparar a los
cursos de agua y al agua subterranea. Asimismo, los
drboles plantados en vertederos como sustitutos organicos
de la tradicional capa de arcilla o de plastico absorben agua
de lluvia que, de lo contrario, se filtrarfa por el vertedero y
llegarfa al fondo en forma de "lixiviado" contaminado.
La fitovolatilizacion se produce a medida que los drboles y
otras plantas en crecimiento absorben agua junto con
contaminantes organicos. Algunos de los contaminantes
pueden llegar hasta las hojas y evaporarse o volalilizarse en
la atm6sfera. Los alamos, por ejemplo, volatilizan el 90%
del TCE que absorben.
c,Dara resultado esta tecnica en
cualquier lugar?
Las medidas fitocorrectivas pueden usarse para limpiar
metales, plaguicidas, solventes, explosives, petroleo crudo,
hidrocarburos poliaromaticos y lixiviados de vertederos. La
fitocorreccidn se combina con otros metodos de limpieza en
la etapa de "acabado." Aunque las medidas fitocorrectivas
son mucho mas lentas que los mdtodos mecanicos y llegan
solamente a la profundidad hasta la cual llegan las rafces,
pueden eliminar los tiltimos restos de contaminantes
atrapados en el suelo que a veces quedan con las tecnicas
mecanicas de tratamiento.
Generalmente, las medidas fitDcorrectivas se usan en
lugares con baja concentracitin de contaminantes y en
suelos, cursos de agua y agua subterranea poco profundos.
Sin embargo, los investigadores ban observado que con
arboles (en vez de plantas mas pequenas) se puede tratar la
contaminacidn a mayor profundidad porque las rafces de
los arboles penetran a mayor profundidad en el suelo. El
agua subterranea contaminada a gran profundidad se puede
extraer por bombeo y usar para regar arboledas.
Se necesitan mas investigaciones para estudiar los efectos
en la cadena alimentaria que se producirian si algunos
insectos y roedores pequenos comieran las plantas con
metales acumulados y fuesen a su vez comidos por
mamfferos de mayor tamano. Ademas, los cientfficos
todavia no saben si se pueden acumular contaminantes en
las hojas y la madera de aiboles usados con fines de
fitocorrecci6n y ser liberados despu& cuando se caen las
hojas en el otono o cuando se usa lena o corteza
desmenuzada de los aiboles.
tDonde se ha usado esta tecnica?
Las medidas fitocorrectivas nan dado buenos resultados en
varies lugares. En Iowa se plantaron alamos entre un curso
de aguay un maizal, que realizaron una accidn de bombeo
natural para impedir que llegaran herbicidas toxicos,
plaguicidas y fertilizantes al curso de agua y al agua
subterranea. Cuando los aiboles cumplieron tres anos, se
hizo un analisis del agua subterranea al horde del maizal
para determinar el grado de contaminaci6n por nitratos y se
observd que contenfa 150 miligramos por litro (mg/1), pero
el agua subterranea entre los alamos a lo largo del curso de
agua contenfa solamente 3 mg de nitratos por litro, mucho
menos que el Ifmite establecido por el EPA de 45 mg/1 para
el agua potable. En el cuadro de la pagina 4 se enumeran
algunos proyectos de fitocorreccidn.
Figura 2. Destruction de contaminantes organicos por f itodegradacion
Las enzimas de las plantas descomponen (degradan) los contaminantes organicos. Los
fragmentos se incorporan en el tejido nuevo de las plantas.
-3-
A-49
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Cuadro 1
Ejemplos de sitios donde se estan probando t£cnicas fitocorrectivas*
Lugar
Ogden (Utah)
Portsmouth (Virginia)
Milan (Tennessee)
Aberdeen (Maryland)
Tratamiento
Fttoextracci6n
Rizofiltracidn
Fitodegradaci6n
Fitodegradaci6n
Bombeo organico
Fitovolatilizacidn
Rizofiltracidn
Contaminantes
Hidrocarfauros
(petrdleo)
Petr6leo
Desechos de explosives
Tricloroetileno
Tricloroetano
Medio
Suelo
Agua
subterranea
Suelo
Sedimentos
Agua
Planta
Alfalfa, alamos
Enebro, festuca
Pastes Tr6bol
Lenteja de agua
Pluma de
papagayo
Alamos
subterranea
porsaptndo.Sadebenemplaarcrlterioscientificosytocnicosparadeterminarsiunatecnicaesapropiadaparaunsitio.
Para mas informacion:
Las publicaciones que se indican a continuaci6n pueden obtenerse gratis del NCEPI. Para encargarlas,
envfe su pedido porfax al 513-489-8695. Si alguno de estos documentos se ha agotado, puede dirigirse
a otras fuentes. Si prefiere, escriba al NCEPI a la siguiente direction:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• Tree Buffers Protect Shallow Ground Water at Contaminated Sites," Ground Water Currents (boletfn),
dfciembre de 1993, EPA 542-N-93-011.
• Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of Metal Contaminated Soils (se publicara el cuarto
trimestrede 1996), EPA 542-R-96-008.
• Gufa del cludadano: Medidas biocorrectivas, abril de 1996, EPA 542-F-96-007.
• Soil Stabilization Action Team, abril de 1996, EPA 542-F-96-01 Od.
• "Mother Nature's Pump and Treat," de Kalle Matso, en Civil Engineering, octubre de 1995, paginas 46-49.
• The Green Clean," de Kathryn Brown Sargeant, en BioScience, octubre de 1995, paginas 579-582.
AVlS&EsttfichttocnlctessolamenteunafuentadeoriantacIoneinfomnacIdn. Noessupropdsrtocraarderechosquepuedanhacersevalarporvla
judltiilen Estidos Unidos, nlsapuedarecunira esta ficha tecnica con esa fin. El EPA tambien sereserva elderechode cambiarestaspautasen cualquier
momentoslntvisartlpublico.
-4-
A-50
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA54Z-F-96-QOQ
April 1996
vxEPA
A Citizen's Guide to
Soil Vapor Extraction
and Air Sparging
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What is soil vapor extraction?
Soil vapor extraction, known as SVE, is the most
frequently selected innovative treatment at Super-
fund sites. It is a relatively simple process that
physically separates contaminants from soil. As the
name suggests, SVE extracts contaminants from the
soil in vapor form. Therefore, SVE systems are de-
signed to remove contaminants that have a tendency
to volatilize or evaporate easily. SVE removes vola-
tile organic compounds (VOCs) and some semi-
volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from soil
beneath the ground surface in the unsaturated
zone—that part of the subsurface located above the
water table. By applying a vacuum through a system
of underground wells, contaminants are pulled to the
surface as vapor or gas. Often, in addition to
vacuum extraction wells, air injection wells are in-
stalled to increase the air flow and improve the re-
moval rate of the contaminant. An added benefit of
introducing air into the soil is that it can stimulate
bioremediation of some contaminants.
SVE is sometimes called in situ volatilization,
enhanced volatilization, in situ soil venting,
forced soil venting, in situ air stripping, or soil
vacuum extraction.
What is air sparging?
Used alone, soil vapor extraction cannot remove
contaminants in the saturated zone of the subsur-
face, the water-soaked soil that lies below the water
table. At sites where contamination is in the saturat-
ed zone, a process called air sparging may be used
along with the SVE system. Air sparging means
pumping air into the saturated zone to help flush
(bubble) the contaminants up into the unsaturated
zone where the SVE extraction wells can remove
them (Figure 1).
For air sparging to be successful, the soil in the
saturated zone must be loose enough to allow the
injected air to readily escape up into the unsaturated
zone. Air sparging, therefore, will work fastest at
sites with coarse-grained soil, like sand and gravel.
A Quick Look at Soil Vapor Extraction
Pulls contaminants from soil in vapor form.
Provides an oxygen source which may stimulate bioremediation of some contaminants.
Most frequently used innovative treatment technology.
A Quick Look at Air Sparging
• Extends the effectiveness of soil vapor extraction to include contaminants that exist in ground water.
> Can accelerate cleanup at pump-and-treat sites.
> Provides an oxygen source which may stimulate bioremediation of some contaminants.
Printed on Recycled Paper
A-51
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Figure 1
A Combined Soil Vapor Extraction/Air Sparging System
Air Sparging
Vent 1 Vacuum Pump
J y VOC Gases ^
y .
° °° o° °
o° 00° oo
jft"ffW,S,,':;M-r • '•r-ifrn'r- -n>X' ?»'• ireggHsWSr"^"
Treatment
System
iil'^^
^
. ^ vapor extraction Well
f^
>
4f^f A V Unsaturated
y / 7 J w Zone
•^ ( \ < Water T
j%°^§}°oo Table
%0/00 0 0 Saturated
•'— Q o^ ' O o Zone
As with S VE, an added benefit of air sparging is that
it provides an oxygen source that helps stimulate the
biorcmediation of some contaminants. Bioremedia-
tion is an innovative treatment technology that uses
microorganisms, such as bacteria, that live in the soil
or groundwater to break down contaminants into
harmless substances. (Bioremediation is explained in
detail in another Citizen's Guide. See the "For More
Information" box on page 4.) Air sparging also can
be a quick and effective treatment for VOCs in
groundwater.
How does an SVE system work?
The first step to constructing an SVE system is to in-
stall vapor extraction wells and injection wells (or
air vents) in the contaminated area. Air injection
wells use air compressors to force air into the
ground. Air vents serve the same function as air in-
jection wells, but are passive—instead of pumping
air they just provide a passage for air to be drawn
into the ground. When incoming air passes through
the soil on its way to the extraction wells, contam-
inants evaporate out of the spaces between the
soil particles and are pulled by the air to the wells
and removed.
Vapor extraction wells can be placed either verti-
cally or horizontally. Typically, they are placed
vertically and are designed to penetrate the lower
portion of the unsaturated zone.
Vapors extracted by the SVE process are typically
treated using carbon adsorption, incineration, cata-
lytic oxidation, or condensation. Other methods,
such as biological treatment and ultraviolet oxida-
tion, also have been used with SVE systems. The
type of treatment chosen depends on which contami-
nants are present and their concentrations.
Carbon adsorption is the most commonly used treat-
ment for contaminated vapors and is adaptable to a
wide range of volatile organic compounds.
When properly designed and operated, SVE is a
safe, low maintenance process. Explosion-proof
equipment is available to handle the potentially ex-
plosive mixtures of extracted gas that may be en-
countered on some landfill or gasoline spill sites.
SVE with thermal enhancement. SVE performance
can be enhanced or improved by injecting heated air
or steam into the contaminated soil through the in-
jection wells. The heated air or steam helps to
"loosen" some less volatile compounds from the
soil. Researchers have done large-scale demonstra-
tions of SVE with steam injection at several sites. In
A-52
- 2 -
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addition to heated air or steam, another enhancement of
S VE is the use of radio-frequency (RF) heating to bet-
ter vaporize or volatilize compounds in clay and silt-
type soils. Demonstrations of RF heating are
underway.
Dual phase extraction. Dual phase extraction is a
treatment system similar to SVE, but the extraction
wells are sunk more deeply into the ground—below
the water table into the saturated zone. Strong vacu-
um is applied through the extraction wells to simul-
taneously remove groundwater and vapors from the
subsurface. Once above ground, the extracted vapors
and groundwater are separated and treated. Dual
phase extraction is more effective than SVE at sites
with dense, clayey soil. When dual-phase extraction
is combined with bioremediation, air sparging or
bioventing, it can shorten cleanup times.
Why consider SVE or air sparging?
SVE is very effective at removing VOCs from the
unsaturated zone. With the addition of an air
sparging system, contaminants can be removed from
the saturated zone as well. Neither technique
requires excavation of the contaminated soil.
(Excavation is undesirable because it is expensive,
creates dust, and allows volatile contaminants to
escape untreated into the atmosphere.) The extracted
vapors usually require treatment, but costs for
treating extracted vapors and liquids are low
compared to the costs of technologies requiring
excavation. The technologies are relatively simple to
install, can be used effectively in combination with
other treatment technologies, and are effective under
a variety of site conditions.
Will SVE or air sparging work at every
site?
SVE and air sparging may be good choices at sites
contaminated with solvents and other volatile organ-
ic compounds (such as trichloroethane, trichloroeth-
ylene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene)
and fuels. Because properties of the soil have such
an important effect on the movement of soil vapors,
the performance and design of SVE and air sparging
systems depend greatly on the properties of the soil.
SVE is best used at sites with loose unsaturated soil,
such as sand, gravel, and coarse silt or fractured bed-
rock. However, it has been applied to sites with
denser soils, although treatment may take longer.
Also, the higher the moisture content of the soil, the
slower SVE works.
Where are SVE and air sparging being
used?
SVE has been used at many Superfund and other
hazardous waste sites. The Verona Well Field in
Michigan is a Superfund site at which SVE was used
to treat a one-half acre area to a depth of 20 feet con-
taminated with trichloroethene, tetrachloroethylene,
and "BTEX," a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethyl-
benzene, and xylene. The SVE system removed and
treated a total of 45,000 pounds of contaminants
from the treatment area. EPA set target cleanup
levels for 19 different contaminants at the site and
the SVE system successfully met the goals for all the
contaminants. Table 1 on page 4 lists other Super-
fund sites at which SVE, air sparging, and dual-
phase extraction are planned or have been used.
What Is An Innovative Treatment
Technology?
Treatment technologies are processes ap-
plied to hazardous waste or contaminated
materials to permanently alter their condition
through chemical, biological, or physical
means. Treatment technologies are able to
alter, by destroying or changing, contami-
nated materials so they are less hazardous
or are no longer hazardous. This may be
done by reducing the amount of contami-
nated material, by recovering or removing a
component that gives the material its haz-
ardous properties or by immobilizing the
waste. Innovative treatment technologies
are technologies that have been tested, se-
lected or used for treatment of hazardous
waste or contaminated materials but still
lack well-documented cost and performance
data under a variety of operating conditions.
Some innovative treatment technologies,
such as SVE and thermal desorption, are so
widely used that the term "innovative" may
seem inappropriate. However, innovative
variations on these technologies are still be-
ing developed and EPA still is not able to
predict with certainty the time and cost re-
quired to clean up a site using them. For
these reasons, EPA continues to track these
technologies and collect data about them.
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A-53
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Table 1
Examples of Super-fund Sites Using Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE), Air Sparging (AS),
or Dual Phase Extraction (DPE)*
Name of Site Technology Status**
Fafrchild Semiconductor (San Jose), CA SVE Completed
Garden State Cleaners, NJ SVE Completed
Defense General Supply Center, VA SVE Completed
Hollingsworth Soldertess, FL SVE Completed
Rocky Mountain Arsenal, CO SVE Completed
Lindsay Manufacturing, NE SVE Operational
Applied Environmental Services, NY SVE/AS Operational
Wayne Reclamation and Recycling, IN SVE/AS Operational
Sand Creek Industrial, CO SVE/DPE Predesign
Unemaster Switch Corporation, CT SVE/DPE In design
Rochester Property, SC AS Operational
Fairchild Air Force Base, WA AS Operational
Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene & xylene
(BTEX)
VOCs
VOCs
VOCs
VOCs
VOCs
BTEX, VOCs, semi-volatile organic
compounds (SVOCs), polyaromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs)
VOCs, BTEX
VOCs, PAHs, BTEX
VOCs
VOCs
VOCs, BTEX
For a listing of Superfund sites at which innovative treatment technologies have been used or selected for use,
contact NCEPI at the address in the box below for a copy of the document entitled Innovative Treatment
Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Additional information about the sites listed
in the Annual Status Report is available in database format. The database can be downloaded free of charge from
EPA's Cleanup Information bulletin board (CLU-IN). Call CLU-IN at 301-589-8366 (modem). CLU-IN's help line is
301-589-8368. The database also is available for purchase on diskettes. Contact NCEPI for details.
"NottH wtsla types and site conditions an comparable. Each site must be Individually investigated and tested.
Engfoearfng and scientific Judgment must be used to determine If a technology is appropriate for a site.
"As of August 1995
For More Information
The publications listed below can be ordered free of charge by calling NCEPI at 5.13-489-8190 or faxing your request to
513-489-8695. If NCEPI is out of stock of a document, you may be directed to other sources. Write to NCEPI at:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Resources, January 1995, EPA 542-B-95-001. A bibliography of EPA publications about
innovative treatment technologies.
• Soli Vapor Extraction Treatment Technology Resource Guide, September 1994, EPA 542-B-94-007. A bibliography
of publications and other sources of information about SVE, air sparging and other Innovative treatment
technologies.
• In Situ Remediation Technology Status Report: Thermal Enhancements, April 1995, EPA 542-K-94-009.
• Technology Assessment of Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging, September 1992, EPA 600-R-92-173.
• Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles (7th Ed.), EPA 540-R-94-526.
• A Citizen's Guide to Bioremediation, EPA 542-F-96-007.
• WASTECH* Monograph on Vacuum Vapor Extraction, ISBN #1-883767-08-3. Available for $49.95 from the American
Academy of Environmental Engineers, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, MD 21401. Telephone 410-266-3311.
NOTICE: This tact sheet Is Intended solely as general guidance and Information. It Is not Intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any
pttty In Ktlg»Hon with tha United Statas. The Agency also reserves the right to change this guidance at any time without public notice.
-4-
A-54
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Organismo para la
Protecci6n del Medio Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
Desechos S6lidos y
Respuesta en Situaciones
de Emergencia (5102G)
EPAB42-F-96-02A
Abrif de 1396
SEPA
Gufa del ciudadano:
La extraccion de vapores
del suelo
y la aspersion de aire
Oficina de Innovaciones Tecnologicas
Ficha tecno!6gica
<,Que es la extraccion de vapores
del suelo?
La extraccion de vapores del suelo es el tratamiento
innovador que se selecciona con mds frecuencia para
sitios comprendidos en el Superfund. Es un proceso
relativamente sencillo que separa ffsicamente los
contaminantes del suelo. Como su nombre lo indica,
consiste en la extraction de contaminantes del suelo
en forma de vapor. For lo tanto, los sistemas de
extracci6n de vapores del suelo sirven para retirar
contaminantes que tienden a volatilizarse o a
evaporarse con facilidad. Con esta tecnica se extraen
compuestos organicos voldtiles y algunos
compuestos organicos semivoldtiles de la zona no
saturada del subsuelo, que esta arriba de la capa
freatica. For medio de un sistema de pozos
subterraneos se crea un vacio y los contaminantes
ascienden a la superficie en forma de vapor o gas. A
menudo, ademas de los pozos de extraccion se
instalan pozos de inyeccion de aire para aumentar la
corriente de aire y mejorar la tasa de remocidn del
contaminante. Otra ventaja de la introducci6n de
aire en el suelo es que puede estimular la
biocorreccion de algunos contaminantes.
La extraccidn de vapores del suelo se conoce tambi6n
como volatilization in situ, volatilizaci6n mejorada,
aireaci6n del suelo in situ, aireacion forzada del suelo,
remocion in situ por chorro de aire o extracci6n al vacio.
es la aspersion de aire?
For si sola, la extraccion de vapores del suelo no puede
retirar contaminantes de la zona saturada del subsuelo, o
sea la tierra empapada en agua que esta debajo de la capa
fre&ica. En los lugares donde la contaminacion esta en la
zona saturada, se puede usar una tecnica llamada
aspersion de aire junto con el sistema de extracci6n de
vapores del suelo. La aspersion de aire consiste en
introducir aire por bombeo en la zona saturada para que
los contaminantes asciendan en burbujas hasta la zona no
saturada, donde pueden extraerse por medio de los pozos
del sistema de extracci6n de vapores del suelo (figura I).
Para que la aspersi6n de aire d6 resultado, la tierra de la
zona saturada debe estar suficientemente floja como para
que el aire inyectado pueda escapar facilmente y ascender
hasta la zona no saturada. Por lo tanto, la aspersidn de
aire actuara con mayor celeridad en lugares con suelo de
grano grueso, como arena y grava.
Perfil de la extraccion de vapores del suelo
Se extraen contaminantes del suelo en forma de vapor.
Proporciona una fuente de oxfgeno que puede estimular la biocorreccion de algunos contaminantes.
Es la tecnica de tratamiento innovadora que mas se usa.
Perfil de la aspersion de aire
Extiende la acci6n de la extracci6n de vapores del suelo a contaminantes presentes en el agua subterranea.
Puede acelerar la limpieza en sitios de bombeo y tratamiento.
Proporciona una fuente de oxfgeno que puede estimular la biocorreccidn de algunos contaminantes.
Impreso en papel reciclado
A-55
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Figura 1
Sfstema combinado de extracci6n de vapores del suelo y aspersidn de aire
Pozo para
aspersion
deaii
Respirade i
o Oo
L-
o° °
o° 00° oo
—
a
Bomba de vacfo
1 Compuestos organicos /
volatiles en forma gaseosa ^ g Sistema de
3
>?
>
^••^^
^^•••^H
pf 4 ^ Zona no
x / ( J Capafrsatica w saturada
1*°) t~i O /^i saturad
Igual que en el caso de la extraccidn de vapores del
suelo, otra ventaja de la aspersidn de aire es que
proporciona una fuente de oxfgeno que estimula la
biocorreccidn de algunos contaminantes. Las medidas
biocorrcetivas son tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras
que utilizan microorganismos que viven en el suelo o en
el agua subterranea (por ejemplo, bacterias) para
descomponer contaminantes en sustancias inocuas. (Las
medidas biocorrcetivas se explican con pormenores en
otra Gufa del ciudadano. Ve"ase el recuadro "Para mas
informacidn" en la pagina 4.) La aspersi6n de aire
tambidn pucdc ser un tratamiento rapido y eficaz para los
compuestos organicos volatiles del agua subterranea.
&C6mo funciona el sistema de extraction
de vapores del suelo?
El primer paso para construir un sistema de extraccidn de
vapores del suelo consiste en instalar pozos de extraccidn
de vapor y pozos de inyecci6n (o respiraderos) en la zona
contaminada. Los pozos de inyecci6n de aire usan
compresores de aire para forzar la entrada de aire en el
suelo. Los respiraderos desempenan la misma funcidn
que los pozos de inyeccidn, pero son pasivos: en vez de
bombcar aire, simplemente constituyen un pasaje para
que se introduzca aire en el suelo. Cuando el aire que
cntra pasa por el suelo camino a los pozos de extracci6n,
los contaminantes se evaporan de los espacios entre las
panfculas del suelo, son arrastrados por el aire hasta los
pozos y allf se cxtraen.
Los pozos de extraccidn de vapores pueden ser verticales
u horizontalcs. Gcncralmente son verticales y penetran
hasta las capas inferiores de la zona no saturada.
Los vapores extrafdos con este proceso por lo general
son someddos a un tratamiento de adsorcidn con carbdn,
incineracidn, oxidacidn catalitica o condensaci6n.
Tambie'n se han usado otros metodos, como tratamiento
bio!6gico y oxidacidn ultravioleta. El tipo de tratamiento
que se seleccione dependeri de los contaminantes
presentes y su concentraci6n.
La adsorcidn con carbdn es el tratamiento que mas se usa
para los vapores contaminados y se puede adaptar a una
amplia gama de compuestos organicos volatiles.
Si se proyecta y se utiliza bien, el sistema de extraccidn
de vapores del suelo es un proceso seguro que requiere
pocas tareas de mantenimiento. Hay equipo a prueba
de explosiones para manejar mezclas de gases extrafdos
de algunos vertederos o lugares donde se ha derramado
gasolina, puesto que estas mezclas podrian ser
explosivas.
Extraccion de vapores del suelo mejorada
termicamente. Se puede mejorar la extraccidn de
vapores del suelo con la inyeccidn de aire caliente o va-
por en el suelo contaminado por medio de los pozos de
inyeccidn. El aire caliente o el vapor ayuda a "aflojar"
algunos compuestos menos volatiles del suelo. Se han
realizado demostraciones en gran escala de extraccidn
de vapores del suelo con inyeccidn de vapor en varies
lugares. Ademas del aire caliente o el vapor, otra
mejora de la extraccidn de vapores del suelo es el uso
de radiofrecuencias para calentar el suelo y vaporizar o
volatilizar mejor los compuestos en suelos arcillosos y
A-56
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limosos. Se estan realizando demostraciones del uso
de radiofrecuencias. *
Extraction de doblefase. La extraccidn de doble fase es
un sistema de tratamiento similar a la extraccidn de
vapores del suelo, pero los pozos de extracci6n son mas
profundos y llegan a la zona saturada, debajo de la capa
freatica. Se aplica un fuerte vacio por medio de los
pozos de extraction para extraer simultaneamente agua
subterranea y vapores del subsuelo. Cuando los vapores
y el agua subterranea llegan a la superficie, se separan y
se someten a un tratamiento. En suelos densos y
arcillosos, la extracci6n de doble fase es mas eficaz que
el me'todo corriente de extracci6n de vapores. Cuando la
extraccidn de doble fase se combina con medidas
biocorrectivas, aspersion de aire o bioaireaci6n, la
limpieza lleva menos tiempo.
oEn que casos convendria usar la
extraccion de vapores del suelo o la
aspersion de aire?
La extraccidn de vapores del suelo es muy eficaz para
retirar compuestos organicos volatiles de la zona no
saturada. Con la adicidn de un sistema de aspersion de
aire, se pueden retirar contaminantes tambie'n de la zona
saturada. Para ninguna de las dos tecnicas se necesita
excavar el suelo contaminado. (Es mejor evitar la
excavation porque es costosa, levanta polvo y permite
que salgan a la atmdsfera contaminantes volatiles sin
tratar.) Los vapores extraidos generalmente necesitan un
tratamiento, pero el costo del tratamiento de los vapores
y Ifquidos extraidos es bajo en comparacidn con el costo
de las tecnicas que requieren excavacidn. El equipo es
relativamente facil de instalar, se puede usar eficazmente
en combination con otras tecnicas de tratamiento y es
eficaz para sitios con diferentes condiciones.
oDaran resultado estas tecnicas en
cualquier lugar?
La extraccidn de vapores del suelo y la aspersidn de aire
pueden ser buenas opciones para lugares contaminados con
solventes, otros compuestos organicos volatiles (como
tncloroetano, tricloroetileno, benceno, tolueno, etilbenceno
y xileno) y combustibles. Como las propiedades del suelo
tienen un efecto muy importante en el movimiento de los
vapores del suelo, la eficacia y el diseno de sistemas de
extraccion de vapores del suelo y aspersion de aire
dependen en gran medida de las propiedades del suelo. La
extraccidn de vapores del suelo da mejor resultado en suelos
flojos no saturados, como arena, gravay limo grueso o
lecho de roca fracturado. Sin embargo, se ha usado en
suelos mas densos, aunque el tratamiento podrfa llevar mas
tiempo. Ademas, cuanta mas humedad contenga el suelo,
mas lenta sera la extraccidn.
£D6nde se estan usando las tecnicas de
extraccion de vapores del suelo y
aspersion de aire?
La tgcnica de extraccidn de vapores del suelo se ha usado
en varies lugares con desechos peligrosos, en muchos de
ellos con recursos del Superfund. Verona Well Field
(Michigan) es uno de los sitios donde se us6 la tecnica de
extraccidn de vapores del suelo con recursos del Super-
fund para tratar una zona de 2.000 m2 hasta una
profundidad de seis metros contaminada con tricloroetano,
tetracloroetileno y una mezcla de benceno, tolueno,
etilbenceno y xileno. Con este sistema se extrajeron y se
trataron 20 toneladas metricas de contaminantes del
lugar. El EPA establecid niveles de limpieza para 19
contaminantes del lugar y con la tScnica extraccidn de
vapores del suelo se alcanzaron las metas para todos los
contaminantes. El cuadro 1 de la pagina 4 contiene mas
ejemplos de sitios donde se planea usar o se ha usado la
extraccidn de vapores del suelo, la aspersidn de aire y la
extraccidn de doble fase con recursos del Superfund.
son las tecnicas de tratamiento
innovadoras?
Las tecnicas de tratamiento son procesos que se
aplican a desechos peligrosos o materiales
contaminados para alterar su estado en forma
permanente por medios quimicos, bioldgicos o
ffsicos. Con tecnicas de tratamiento se pueden
alterar materiales contaminados, destruy£ndolos
o modificandolos, a fin de que sean menos
peligrosos o dejen de ser peligrosos. Con ese fin
se puede reducir la cantidad de material
contaminado, recuperar o retirar un componente
que confiera al material sus propiedades
peligrosas o inmovilizar los desechos. Las
tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras son tecnicas
que han sido ensayadas, seleccionadas o
utilizadas para el tratamiento de desechos
peligrosos o materiales contaminados, aunque
todavfa no se dispone de datos bien
documentados sobre su costo y resultados en
diversas condiciones de aplicacidn.
Algunas tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras,
como la extraccidn de vapores del suelo y la
desorcidn termica, estan tan difundidas que
calificarlas de "innovadoras" podrfa parecer
inadecuado. Sin embargo, siguen apareciendo
variantes innovadoras de estas tecnicas y el EPA
no puede aun prever con certeza el tiempo que
se tardara en descontaminar un sitio con estas
tecnicas ni el costo. Por estas razones, el EPA
continua observando su evolucidn y recopilando
datos sobre ellas.
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A-57
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Cuadro 1
Ejemplos de lugares donde se usan las tecnicas de extraccion de vapor del suelo,
aspersion de aire y extraccion de doble fase con recursos del Superfuntf
Nombre de! sltto
Fairchild Semiconductor (San Jose)
(California)
Garden State Cleaners (Nueva Jersey)
Defense General Supply Center (Virginia)
Holiingsworth Solderless (Florida)
Rocky Mountain Arsenal (Colorado)
Lindsay Manufacturing (Nebraska)
Applied Environmental Services
(Nueva York)
Wayne Reclamation and Recycling
(Indiana)
Sand Creek Industrial (Colorado)
Linemaster Switch Corp. (Connecticut)
Rochester Property (Carolina del Sur)
Fairchild Air Force Base
(Washington)
Tecnica Situacion" Contaminantes
EVS Concluida Compuestos org£nicos volatiles, benceno,
tolueno, etilbenceno y xileno
EVS Concluida Compuestos organicos volatiles
EVS Concluida Compuestos organicos volaliles
EVS Concluida Compuestos organicos voldtiles
EVS Concluida Compuestos organicos voldtiles
EVS En ejecucion Compuestos organicos voldtiles
EVS/AA En ejecuci6n Benceno, tolueno, etilbenceno y xileno, compuestos
organicos volatiles, compuestos organicos
semivolatiles, hidrocarburos poliaromaticos
EVS/AA En ejecucWn Compuestos organicos volatiles, benceno,
tolueno, etilbenceno y xileno
EVS/EDF Anteproyecto Compuestos organicos volatiles, hidrocarburos
poliaromalicos, benceno, tolueno, etilbenceno y xileno
EVS/EDF En proyecto Compuestos org^nicos volatiles
AA En ejecuci6n Compuestos organicos volatiles
AA En ejecucidn Compuestos org£nteos volatiles, benceno, tolueno,
etilbenceno y xileno
•EVS s extraccion de vapores del suelo AA = aspersidn de aire EOF - extraccitin de doble fase
SI dasea una lista da los sitios para los cuales se nan usado o seleccionado t6cnicasde tratamiento innovadoras con
recursos del Superfund, dirijase al NCEPI. cuya direcci6n figura en el recuadro a continuaci6n, y solfciteun ejemplar del
documento titulado Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Hay
una base dedatos con mas informaci6n sobre los sitios indicados en el Annual Status Report. La base de datos se
DUBde reciblr gratis por computadora; esta en la cartelera electtontea con informaci6n sobre operaciones de limpieza del
EPA (CLU-IN). Uarne a CLU-IN, modem: 301-589-8366. El numero de telefono de CLU-IN para ayuda tecmca es 301-
589-8368. La base de datos tambien se puede comprar en disquetes. Consutte al NCEPI para mas pormenores.
No todos los ffcos dt dasachosyno todas las condlclones de los sitios son comparablas. Es necesario Investlgarcada sltlo y someterio a pruebas por
Sfptrtdo. S« deben emptearcritenos dentlficosy tecnteospara determiners! una tecnlca es aproplada para un sltlo.
•HtsttagostodtlSSS.
Para mas informacion:
Las pubHcaciones qua se indican a continuacidn pueden obtenerse gratis del NCEPI. Para encargarlas, envfe su
pedldo por fax al 513-489-8695. Si al NCEPI no le quedan m&s ejemplares de alguno de estos documentos, puede
dirigirse a otras fuentes. Escriba al NCEPI a la siguiente direccidn:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Convcth/e Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibttography of EPA Information Resources, enero de 1995, EPA 542-B-95-001. Bibliograffa de pubHcaciones
del EPA sobre tecnicas da tratamiento innovadoras.
• Sol Vapor Extraction Treatment Technology Resource Guide, septiembre de 1994, EPA 542-B-94-007. Bibliograffa
. de publlcaclones y otras fuentes de informacion sobre la extraccidn de vapores del suelo, la aspersidn de
nlro y otras t6cnlcas de tratamiento Innovadoras.
• In Situ Remediation Technology Status Report: Thermal Enhancements, abril de 1995, EPA 542-K-94-009.
• Technology Assessment of Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging, septiembre de 1992, EPA 600-R-92-173.
• Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles (7th Ed.), EPA 540-R-94-526.
• A Citizen's Guide to Bloremediation, EPA 542-F-96-007.
• WASTEC^MomgraphonVaorumVaporExtractw Rje*obterieiBedelaAcaderriiaEstactoiinidense
ctetrigecferosAmbienta)es,130Hclcty Cuesta US$49.95.
AVISO:Esafchattcnkaessolamentaunafuentadeorientacldnelnfonnad6n. Noessuprop6stocrBar
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102Q)
EPA 542-F-96-002
April 1996
&EPA
A Citizen's Guide to
Soil Washing
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What is soil washing?
Soil washing is a technology that uses liquids (usu-
ally water, sometimes combined with chemical addi-
tives) and a mechanical process to scrub soils. This
scrubbing removes hazardous contaminants and con-
centrates them into a smaller volume. Hazardous
contaminants tend to bind, chemically or physically,
to silt and clay. Silt and clay, in turn, bind to sand
and gravel particles. The soil washing process sepa-
rates the contaminated fine soil (silt and clay) from
the coarse soil (sand and gravel). When completed,
the smaller volume of soil, which contains the major-
ity of the fine silt and clay particles, can be further
treated by other methods (such as incineration or
bioremediation) or disposed of according to state and
federal regulations. The clean, larger volume of soil
is not toxic and can be used as backfill.
How does soil washing work?
A simplified drawing of the soil washing process is
illustrated in Figure 1 on page 2. The equipment is
transportable so that the process can be conducted at
the site. The first step of the process is to dig up the
contaminated soil and move it to a staging area
where it is prepared for treatment. The soil is then
sifted to remove debris and large objects, such as
rocks. The remaining material enters a soil scrub-
bing unit, in which the soil is mixed with a wash-
ing solution and agitated. The washing solution
may be simply water or may contain additives,
like detergent, which remove the contaminants
from the soil. This process is very similar to
washing laundry. The washwater is drained out of
the soil scrubbing unit and the soil is rinsed with
clean water. The larger scale soil washing equip-
ment presently in use can process over 100 cubic
yards of soil per day.
The heavier sand and gravel particles in the pro-
cessed soil settle out and are tested for contami-
nants. If clean, this material can be used on the
site or taken elsewhere for backfill. If traces of
contaminants are still present, the material may be
run through the soil washer again or collected for
alternate treatment or off-site disposal. Off-site
disposal may be regulated by the Resource Con-
servation Recovery Act (RCRA) or the Toxic
Substance Control Act (TSCA).
A Quick Look at Soil Washing
Separates fine-grained particles (silt and clay) from coarse-grained particles (sand and gravel).
Significantly reduces the volume of contaminated soil.
Is a relatively low-cost alternative for separating waste and minimizing volume required for subsequent
treatment.
Is a transportable technology that can be brought to the site.
Printed on Recycled Paper
A-59
-------
The contaminated silt and clay in the washwater
settle out and are then separated from the
washwater. The washwater, which now also
contains contaminants, is treated by wastewater
treatment processes so it can be recycled for
further use. As mentioned earlier, the washwater
may contain additives, some of which may inter-
fere with the wastewater treatment process. If this
is the case, the additives must be removed or
Not All Soil Is Created Equal
Soft is comprised of fine-grained (silt and clay) and
coarse-grained (sand and gravel) particles, organic
material (decayed plant and animal matter), water,
and air. Contaminants tend to readily bind,
chernicaily or physically, to silt, clay, and organic
material. Silt, clay, and organic material, in turn, bind
physically to sand and gravel. When the soil contains
a large amount of clay and organic material, the
contaminants attach more easily to the soil and,
therefore, are more difficult to remove than when a
small amount of clay and organic material is present.
neutralized by "pretreatment" methods before the
washwater goes to wastewater treatment.
Once separated from the washwater, the silt and
clay are tested for contaminants. If all the con-
taminants were transferred to the washwater and
the silt and clay are clean, they can be used at the
site or taken elsewhere for use as backfill. If still
contaminated, the material may be run through
the soil washing process again, or collected for
alternate treatment or off-site disposal in a permit-
ted RCRA or TSCA landfill.
Why consider soil washing?
Soil washing can be used as a technology by
itself, but is often used in combination with other
treatment technologies. Perhaps the principal use
of soil washing is as a volume reduction tech-
nique in which the contaminants are concentrated
in a relatively small mass of material. The larger
the percentage of coarse sand and gravel in the
material to be processed (which can be cleaned
and perhaps returned to the site), the more cost-
effective the soil washing application will be.
Figure 1
The Soil Washing Process
Recycled Water
i«S&8$&&&.
Contaminated Soil
Oversized Debris
(to other
treatment or
disposal)
s to off-site
wastewater
treatment
.
Clean sand and
gravel
(return to site)
Contaminated
material (to other
disposal)
Clean silt and clay
(return to site)
-2-
A-60
-------
Ideally, the soil washing process would lead to a
volume reduction of about 90% (which means
only 10% of the original volume would require
further treatment). Wastes with a high percentage
of fine silt and clay will require a larger quantity
of material to go on to subsequent, more expensive
treatment. These soils may not be good candidates
for soil washing.
Soil washing is used to treat a wide range of
contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils,
and pesticides. There are several advantages to
using this technology. Soil washing:
• Provides a closed system that remains unaf-
fected by external conditions. This system
permits control of the conditions (such as the
pH level and temperature) under which the soil
particles are treated.
• Allows hazardous wastes to be excavated and
treated on-site.
• Has the potential to remove a wide variety of
chemical contaminants from soils.
• Is cost-effective because it can be employed as
a pre-processing step, significantly reducing the
quantity of material that would require further
treatment by another technology. It also creates
a more uniform material for subsequent treat-
ment technologies.
Will soil washing work at every site?
Soil washing works best when the soil does not
contain a large amount of silt or clay. In some
cases, soil washing is best applied in combination
with other treatment technologies, rather than as a
technology by itself.
Removal of contaminants can often be improved
during the soil washing process by adding chemi-
cal additives to the washwater. However, the
presence of these additives may cause some
difficulty in the treatment of the used wastewater
and the disposal of residuals from the washing
process. Costs of handling and managing the
additives have to be weighed against the amount
of improvements in the performance of the soil
washing process.
Where has soil washing been used?
At the King of Prussia site in New Jersey, soil
washing was used to remove metal contamination
such as chromium, copper, mercury, and lead
from 19,000 tons of soil and sludge at a former
industrial waste reprocessing facility. The soil
washing process was able to clean the materials to
meet clean-up goals for eleven metals. For ex-
ample, chromium levels went from 8,000 milli-
grams chromium per kilogram of soil (mg/kg) to
480 mg/kg. Table 1 on page 4 lists some of the
Superfund sites where soil washing has been
selected.
What Is An Innovative Treatment Technology?
Treatment technologies are processes applied to hazardous waste or contaminated materials to
permanently alter their condition through chemical, biological, or physical means. Treatment technologies
are able to alter, by destroying or changing, contaminated materials so that they are less hazardous or
are no longer hazardous. This may be done by reducing the amount of contaminated material, by
recovering or removing a component that gives the material its hazardous properties or by immobilizing
the waste. Innovative treatment technologies are those that have been tested, selected, or used for
treatment of hazardous waste or contaminated materials but still lack well-documented cost and
performance data under a variety of operating conditions.
• 3-
A-61
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Table 1
Examples of Superfund Sites Where Soil Washing Has Been Selected *
Name of Site
Myers Property, NJ
Vinoland Chemical, NJ
GE Wiring Devices, PR
Cabot Carbon/Koppers, FL
Whitehouse Waste Oil Pits
Cape Fear Wood Preserving
Moss American, Wl
Arkwood, AR
Status** Medium Contaminants
In design Soil, sediment Metals
In design Soil Metals
In design Soil, sludge Metals
In design Soil Semi-volatile organic compounds
(SVOCs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), metals
Predesign Soil, sludge Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
PCBs, PAHs, metals
Design complete Soil PAHs, metals
Predesign Soil PAHs
In design Soil, sludge SVOCs, dioxins, PAHs
For a listing of Superfund sites at which innovative treatment technologies have been used or selected for use,
contact NCEPI at the address in the box below for a copy of the document entitled Innovative Treatment
Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Additional information about the sites listed
in the Annual Status Report is available in database format. The database can be downloaded free of charge from
EPA's Cleanup Information bulletin board (CLU-IN). Call CLU-IN at 301-589-8366 (modem). CLU-IN's help line is
301-589-8368. The database also is available for purchase on diskettes. Contact NCEPI for details.
Not tH wtsta types indstta conditions an comparable. Each she must be Individually Investigated and tested.
Engineering and scientific Judgment must be used to determine Ha technology Is appropriate fora site.
•As of August 1995
For More Information
Publicattons with "EPA" document numbers can be ordered free of charge by either calling 513-489-8190, faxing your
request to 513-489-8695, or writing to NCEPI at the address below. If NCEPI is out of stock of a document, you may
be directed to other sources.
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Publications with "PB" document numbers are available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at
1-800-553-6847. There is a charge for these documents. Mail orders can be sent to:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Resources, EPA 542-B-95-001. A bibliography of EPA publications about
Innovative treatment technologies.
Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide, EPA 542-B-94-008. A bibliography of publications and
other sources of Information about soil washing and other innovative treatment technologies.
Engineering Bulletin: Soil Washing Treatment, PB91-228056/XAB.
Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies, EPA 542-R-95-001.
WASTECH* Monograph on Soil Washing/Soil Flushing, ISBN #1-883767-03-2. Available for $49.95 from the American
Academy of Environmental Engineers, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, MD 21401. Telephone 410-266-3311.
NOTICE: "Ms ttct ihtttls Intended solely as general guidance and Information. It Is not Intended, nor can It be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any
p»rtytolHig»llon itftfi the United States. The Agency also reserves the right to change this guidance at any time without public notice.
-4-
A-62
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Organismo para la
Protecci6n del Medic- Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
Desechos S6lidps y
Respuesta en Situaciones
de Emergencia (5102G)
EPA 542-F-96-018
Abrilde1996
v>EPA
Gufa del ciudadano:
El lavado del suelo
Oficina de Innovaciones
Ficha tecnoldgica
i,Que es el lavado del suelo?
El lavado del suelo es una tecnica que consiste en
el uso de liquidos (generalmente agua, combinada
a veces con aditivos qufmicos) y un procedimiento
mecanico para depurar el suelo. Con este
procedimiento se retiran contaminantes peligrosos
y se los concentra, reduciendo su volumen. Los
contaminantes peligrosos tienden a unirse en forma
quimica o ffsica al limo y la arcilla, materiales que,
a su vez, se unen a la arena y a partfculas de grava.
En el procedimiento de lavado del suelo se separa
la tierra fina contaminada (limo y arcilla) de la
tierra gruesa (arena y grava). Una vez concluido el
procedimiento, la tierra de volumen mas reducido,
que contiene la mayoria de las partfculas finas de
limo y arcilla, puede ser sometida a un tratamiento
ulterior con otros metodos (como incineracion o
medidas biocorrectivas) o se puede eliminar de
conformidad con las normas federales y estatales.
La tierra m£s limpia, de mayor volumen, no es
toxica y se puede usar como relleno.
es el lavado del suelo?
El lavado del suelo es una tecnica que consiste en
el uso de liquidos (generalmente agua, combinada
a veces con aditivos qufmicos) y un procedimiento
mecanico para depurar el suelo. Con este
procedimiento se retiran contaminantes peligrosos
y se los concentra, reduciendo su volumen. Los
contaminantes peligrosos tienden a unirse en forma
quimica o ffsica al limo y la arcilla, materiales que,
a su vez, se unen a la arena y a partfculas de grava.
En el procedimiento de lavado del suelo se separa
la tierra fina contaminada (limo y arcilla) de la
tierra gruesa (arena y grava). Una vez concluido el
procedimiento, la tierra de volumen mas reducido,
que contiene la mayoria de las partfculas finas de
limo y arcilla, puede ser sometida a un tratamiento
ulterior con otros metodos (como incineracion o
medidas biocorrectivas) o se puede eliminar de
conformidad con las normas federales y estatales.
La tierra mas limpia, de mayor volumen, no es
toxica y se puede usar como relleno.
Durante el procedimiento, las partfculas de grava y
de arena mas pesadas se asientan y son sometidas a
pruebas para detectar contaminantes. Si estan
limpias, este material se puede usar en el sitio o
llevarse a otro lugar para usarlo como relleno. Si
todavfa quedan vestigios de contaminantes, se
puede someter el material a otro ciclo de lavado,
recogerlo para aplicarle un tratamiento diferente o
Pertil del lavado del suelo
Se separan las partfculas finas (limo y arcilla) de las partfculas gruesas (arena y grava).
Reduce considerablemente la cantidad de tierra contaminada.
' Es una altemativa con un costo relativamente bajo para separar los desechos y reducir al mfnimo la cantidad
de desechos que requieren un tratamiento ulterior.
< Se usa equipo portatil que se puede llevar hasta el lugar de las operaciones.
Impreso en papel reciclado
A-63
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eliminarlo en otro lugar. Este ultimo metodo
podrfa estar reglamentado por la Ley de
Conservaci6n y Recuperacidn de Recursos o la
Ley de Control de Sustancias T6xicas.
El limo y la arcilla contaminados que estan en el
agua del lavado se asientan y se separan del agua
del lavado. Como el agua del lavado ahora
contiene contaminantes, es sometida a un
No todos los suelos fueron creados iguales
La liorra del sueto se compone de partfculas finas (limo
y arcilla) y partfculas gruesas (arena y grava), material
organteo (plantas en estado de descomposteidn y ma-
teria anfmal), agua y aire. Los contaminantes tienden a
unlrse ttcitmente, en forma qufmfca o ffsfea, al iimo, la
arcilla y el material organico. El limo, la arcilla y el ma-
terial organico, a su vez, se unen f fsicamente a la
arena y la grava. Cuando el sueb contiene una gran
cantidad de arcilla y material organico, los
contaminantes se unen mas facilrnente a la tierra y, por
(o tanto, son mas diffciles de separar que cuando hay
poca arcilla y material organico.
tratamiento a fin de que se pueda reciclar para
otros usos. Como ya se dijo, el agua de lavado
podria contener aditivos, algunos de los cuales
podrian interferir en el tratamiento. En ese caso,
hay que retirar 16s aditivos o neutralizarlos con un
tratamiento preliminar.
Despues de separar el limo y la arcilla del agua del
lavado, se los somete a una prueba para determinar
si contienen contaminantes. Si todos los
contaminantes pasaron al agua del lavado y el limo
y la arcilla estan limpios, el limo y la arcilla se
pueden usar en el sitio o se pueden llevar a otro
lugar para usarlos como relleno. Si el material
todavia esta contaminado, se puede someter a otro
ciclo de lavado, recogerlo para aplicarle un
tratamiento diferente o eliminarlo en un vertedero
autorizado por la Ley de Conservaci6n y
Recuperation de Recursos o la Ley de Control de
Sustancias T6xicas.
&En que casos convendrfa usar la
tecnica de lavado del suelo?
El lavado del suelo se puede usar por si solo, pero
a menudo se usa combinado con otras tecnicas de
Figura 1. El proceso de lavado del suelo
Agua reclclada
sf Tratamiento
— »• del agua en
quepodrfan / otroaWo
Interferir?
D*sechoa muy
grandes
(tratamlmtoo
Umo y arcilla
de vuetta
al attlo)
Umo y
llmploa (d
-2-
A-64
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tratamiento. El uso principal del lavado del suelo
tal vez sea como tecnica para reducir el volumen,
concentrando los contaminantes en una masa
relativamente pequena de material. Cuanto mayor .
sea el porcentaje de arena gruesa y grava en el ma-
terial que deba tratarse (que se puede limpiar y
quiza llevar de vuelta al sitio), mas eficaz sera el
lavado del suelo en funcion del costo.
Idealmente, el proceso de lavado del suelo
reduciria el volumen en un 90% (lo cual significa
que solo el 10% del volumen original necesitaria
tratamiento ulterior). Si los desechos tienen un alto
porcentaje de limo fino y arcilla, una parte mayor
del material debera ser sometida a otro tratamiento
subsiguiente mas costoso. Estos suelos tal vez no
sean buenos candidates para un lavado.
El lavado del suelo se usa para tratar una amplia
gama de contaminantes, como metales, gasolina,
fuel-oil y plaguicidas. El uso de esta tecnica
presenta varias ventajas:
• Crea un sistema cerrado que no es afectado por
condiciones externas. Este sistema permite
controlar las condiciones (como el pH y la
temperatura) en las cuales se tratan las particulas
del suelo.
• Permite excavar los desechos peligrosos y tratarlos
in situ.
• Ofrece la posibilidad de retirar una gran variedad
de contaminantes del suelo.
• Es eficaz en funcion del costo porque puede usarse
como tratamiento preliminar, reduciendo
considerablemente la cantidad de material que
necesitaria tratamiento ulterior con otro metodo.
Ademas, produce un material mas uniforme al
cual se aplicaran otras tecnicas de tratamiento.
iDara resultado el lavado del suelo en
cualquier lugar?
Con el lavado del suelo se obtiene un resultado
optimo cuando el suelo no contiene mucho limo
o arcilla. En algunos casos, lo mejor es
combinar el lavado del suelo con otras tecnicas
de tratamiento, en vez de usarlo por sf solo.
A menudo se pueden retirar mejor los
contaminantes durante el proceso de lavado del
suelo anadiendo aditivos quimicos al agua del
lavado. Sin embargo, la presencia de estos
aditivos podria dificultar el tratamiento del agua
del lavado usada y la eliminaci6n de residues
del lavado. Hay que tener en cuenta el costo de
la manipulation y el uso de aditivos en funcion
de la mejora que se logrard en la eficacia del
proceso de lavado del suelo.
tDonde se ha usado la tecnica de
lavado del suelo?
En un lugar de Nueva Jersey que se llama King
of Prussia se uso la tecnica de lavado del suelo
para retirar metales contaminantes tales como
cromo, cobre, mercuric y plomo de 19.000
toneladas de tierra y fango residual de una
antigua instalacion de transformacion de
desechos industriales. Con este procedimiento
se lavaron los materiales para que cumplieran
las metas de limpieza correspondientes a once
metales. Por ejemplo, el nivel de cromo bajo de
8.000 mg por kilogramo de tierra (mg/kg) a 480
mg/kg. El cuadro 1 de la pagina 4 contiene una
lista de algunos sitios donde se utilize la tecnica
de lavado del suelo con recursos del Superfund.
c,Que son las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras?
Las t6cnicas de tratamiento son procesos que se aplican a desechos peligrosos o materiales contaminados para
alterar su estado en forma permanente por medios qufmicos, bioI6gicos o ffsicos. Con tecnicas de tratamiento se
pueden alterar materiales contaminados, destruyendolos o modificandolos, a fin de que sean menos peligrosos o
dejen de ser peligrosos. Con ese fin se puede reducir la cantidad de material contaminado, recuperar o retirar un
componente que confiera al material sus propiedades peligrosas o inmovilizar los desechos. Las tecnicas de
tratamiento innovadoras son tecnicas que han sido ensayadas, seleccionadas o utilizadas para el tratamiento de
desechos peligrosos o materiales contaminados, aunque todavfa no se dispone de datos bien documentados sobre su
costo y resultados en diversas condiciones de aplicaci6n.
-3-
A-65
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Cuadro 1
EJempIos de sttios para los cuates se ha seteccionado la tecnica de lavado del suelo con recursos delSuperfund*
Nombre del sitio
Myers Property (Nueva Jersey)
Vineland Chemical (Nueva Jersey)
GE Wiring Devices (Puerto Rico)
Cabot Carbon/Koppers (Florida)
Whitehouse Waste Oil Pits
Cape Fear Wood Preserving
Moss American, (Wisconsin)
Arkwood, (Arkansas)
Situacion**
En proyecto
En proyecto
En proyecto
En proyecto
Anteproyecto
Proyecto conciuido
Anteproyecto
En proyecto
Medio
Tierra, sedimento
Tierra
Tierra, fango
Tierra
Tierra, fango
Contaminantes
Metales
Metales
Metales
Compuestos organicos semivolatiles,
hidrocarburos poliaromaticos, metales
Compuestos organicos volatiles,
bifenilos policlorados, hidrocarburos
poliaromaticos, metales
Tierra Hidrocarburos poliaromaticos, metales
Tierra Hidrocarburos poliaromaticos
Tierra, fango Compuestos organicos semivolatiles,
dioxina, hidrocarburos poliaromaticos
Si desea una lista de los sitios para los cuales se han usado o seleccionado tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras
con recursos del Superfund, dirijase al NCEPI, cuya direcci6n figura en el recuadro a corttinuaci6n, y solicite un ejemplar del
documento titulado Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Hay una
baso de datos con mas informackSn sobre los sitios indicados en el Annual Status Report. La base de datos se puede recibir
gratis por computadora; est& en la cartelera electrdnica con informacidn sobre operaciones de limpieza del EPA (CLU-IN).
LJame a CLU-IN, mddem: 301-589-8366. El numero de tetefono de CLU-IN para ayuda tecnica es 301-589-8368. La base
de datos tambiSn se puede comprar en disquetes. Consutte al NCEPI para mas pormenores.
• No todes los tipos de dasachos y no todas las conoVctonss de tos sitios son comparables. Es necesario Investlgar cada sitio y sometarlo a pnjebas por
stptndo, Sa Oobon emplear criterios danHficos y tecnlcos para determlnarsl una tecnica es apropiada para un sitio.
" H»tl»»goslode19$5.
Para mas informacion:
Las publfcadones con las siglas "EPA" en el ntimero de documento se proporcionan gratis. Para encargarlas, envfe su
peddo por fax al 513-489-8695 o escriba al NCEPI, cuya direccion figura mas abajo. Si al NCEPI no le quedan mas
ejemplares de alguno de estos documentos, puede dirigirse a otras fuentes.
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Las publfcadones con las siglas "PB" en el ndmero de documento pueden solicitarse al National Technical Information
Service (NTIS), tetefono: 1-800-553-6847. Se cobra un cargo por estos documentos. Los pedidos pueden enviarse por
corrooa:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
* Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Resources, EPA 542-B-95-001. Blbliograffa de publicaciones del EPA sobre tecnicas
de tratamiento Innovadoras.
• Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide, EPA 542-B-94-008. Blbliograffa de publicaciones y otras
fuentes de InformacI6n sobre el lavado del suelo y otras tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras.
» Engineering Bulletin: Soil Washing Treatment, PB91-228056/XAB.
• Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies, EPA 542-R-95-001.
• WASTECH* Monograph on Soil Washing/Soil Rushing, ISBN #1-883767-03-2. Puede obtenerse de la Academia
Estadounldense de Ingenieros Ambientales, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, Maryland 21401; telSfono: 410-266-3311.
Cuasta US$49,95.
AVISO: Est* tfcha Ucnka as solamenta una fuente da oriantaddn e Information. Noessu proposito crear derechos qua puedan hacerse valer por via Judicial en
Esttdos Unktos. nl sa pvoda racurrira esta fkha tecnica conese Un. El EPA tamblen se reserva el derecho de cambiar as/as pautas en cualquler momenta sin
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA542-F-96-DD5
Aprif 1996
&EPA
A Citizen's Guide to
Solvent Extraction
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What Is solvent extraction?
Solvent extraction is a treatment technology that uses a
solvent (a fluid that can dissolve another substance) to
separate or remove hazardous organic contaminants
from sludges, sediments, or soil. (Sludge is a mud-like
material produced from industrial or sewage waste, and
sediment is fine-grained rock and mineral fragments
which have settled to the bottom of a water body such
as a river or lake.) Solvent extraction does not destroy
contaminants. It concentrates them so they can be more
easily recycled or destroyed by another technology.
When the soil enters an extractor (a tank where the con-
taminated soil is mixed with the solvent), the soil is
separated into three components, or "fractions." The
three fractions are: solvent with dissolved contami-
nants, solids, and water. Different contaminants con-
centrate into different fractions. For example, polychlo-
rinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrate in the contami-
nated solvent, while metals are left behind in the solids
and water. Each fraction can be individually treated or
disposed of more cost effectively. A simplified drawing
of the solvent extraction process is illustrated in Figure
1 on page 2.
The solvent extraction process involves five steps:
• Preparation (sorting the contaminated material)
• Extraction
• Separation of concentrated contaminants from solvent
• Removal of residual solvent
• Contaminant recovery, recycling, or further treatment.
How does it work?
Treatment of contaminated soil is discussed in this
guide, but the method would be basically the same for
treatment of sludges or sediments.
The entire process is conducted on-site and begins by
excavating the contaminated soil and moving it to a
staging area where it is prepared for treatment. The soil
is then sifted to remove debris and rocks. The soil may
be processed in either a batch, a semi-batch, or a con-
tinuous mode. In the semi-batch mode, the material is
cycled through the extraction unit in increments. If the
soil is processed continuously, it may need to be made
more fluid so it can move easily through the process by
pumping. This is accomplished by adding water or, in
the case of oily sludges, adding solvents to the material.
A Quick Look at Solvent Extraction
Separates contaminants so they may be treated individually.
Is a transportable technology that can be brought to the site.
Reduces the volume of contaminated material.
Processes up to 125 tons of waste per day.
Is designed to operate without air emissions.
Printed on Recycled Paper
A-67
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The soil is placed in the extractor. Extractors can vary
in size. Some process 25 tons per day, while others
may treat over 125 tons daily and require setup areas of
1,500 to 10,000 square feet or more. (For comparison,
a tennis court covers about 4,000 square feet.) The sol-
vent is added to the extractor, and the soil and solvent
arc mixed together. Consequently, the organic con-
taminants dissolve into the solvent.
A number of factors control the speed with which con-
taminants are dissolved from the soil. Some of these
controlling factors include temperature, moisture con-
tent, and the level of contamination. Each is critical to
the design of the treatment. Treatability studies per-
formed in a laboratory are required to determine how
much solvent is needed and how long the material must
remain in the extractor in order to assure maximum ef-
fectiveness. Since some solids may contain contami-
nants that require more than one cycle in the extractor,
this step of the process may need to be repeated.
The extraction process produces three fractions which
require separation:
* The contaminated solvent mixture.
• The treated soil which, depending on the concentra-
tions of contaminants present, may require a repeat
cycle or further treatment by some other technique.
• The water, which must be analyzed to determine if
further treatment is necessary before discharge to ei-
ther a publicly-owned treatment plant or other ap-
proved discharge area.
The separation process occurs next. The contaminants
are separated from the solvent either by changing the
pressure and temperature, by using a second solvent to
pull the first solvent out of the solvent/contaminant
mixture, or by other physical separation processes. At
the completion of this step, concentrated contaminants
result. Concentrated contaminants are removed during
the separation process, and the solvent is sent to a hold-
ing tank for reuse. The contaminants are then analyzed
to determine their suitability for recycle/reuse, or need
for further treatment before disposal.
Solvent extraction units are designed to operate with-
out giving off contaminated vapors or air emissions.
However, at some sites, air emissions could occur dur-
ing excavation or preparation of contaminated soil. If
air emissions exceed levels allowed by law, waste
preparation and handling procedures at the site must be
modified.
Figure 1
The Solvent Extraction Process
I—)
AfffiKSifa^
Contaminated Soil
Extractor
Treat
Again If
Necessary
Recycled Solvent
Solvent with
Organic ,
Contaminants
Concentrated
Contaminants
Separator
(Further Treatment
or Disposal)
Oversized Debris
Treated Solids
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Why consider solvent extraction?
Solvent extraction can be both an effective and cost ef-
ficient process for separating hazardous contaminants
from non-hazardous materials and concentrating the
hazardous materials for further treatment. Because the
contaminants are separated, the treatment selected can
be targeted to the contaminant. As a result of solvent
extraction, some contaminants may be recycled or re-
used in manufacturing, thus minimizing disposal re-
quirements. The process has been effective in removing
organic contaminants from paint wastes, synthetic rub-
ber process wastes, coal tar wastes, drilling muds, wood
treating wastes, pesticide/insecticide wastes, and oily
wastes.
What contaminants can it treat?
Solvent extraction has been shown to be effective in
treating sediments, sludges, and soils containing prima-
rily organic contaminants, such as polychlorinated bi-
phenyls (PCBs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
halpgenated solvents (solvents containing halogens,
which are bromine, chlorine, or iodine), and petroleum
wastes. These contaminants typically come from metal
degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline, and
wood preserving manufacturing processes. Table 1 lists
the different solvents that are used. This technology is
generally not used for removing inorganics (i.e., acids,
bases, salts, and heavy metals) as these materials do not
readily dissolve in most solvents. Other treatment
methods exist to treat these contaminants.
Will it work at every site?
Solvent extraction can be effective at separating hazard-
ous organic contaminants from some contaminated
soils, sludges, and sediments. It does not reduce the tox-
icity of the contaminants and, therefore, the final prod-
uct of the process (the concentrated residuals) still re-
quire treatment or disposal. Some of the limitations of
this technology include:
Table 1
Solvents Used in the Solvent Extraction Process
Liquid Carbon Dioxide
Propane
Butane
Triethylamine
Acetone
Methanol
Hexane
Dimethyl Ether
• If the waste contains detergents or strong acids or
bases, solvent extraction may not be effective. Their
presence can reduce the amount of contamination
removed and slow the speed with which they are
removed.
• The presence of lead and other inorganics may inter-
fere with the removal of organic materials.
• Implementation can require complex engineering
considerations. For example, some systems include
compressed butane and propane, which require strict
management to prevent them from vaporizing and
igniting.
• Extensive pretreatment of the waste may be required
to remove or break up large clumps.
Where is solvent extraction being used?
Table 2 on page 4 lists some Superfund sites at which
solvent extraction has been selected as a treatment
method. In addition to using this technology at Super-
fund sites, solvent extraction is commonly used by
manufacturers in their day-to-day operations. Since sol-
vents are expensive raw materials that can be reused,
manufacturers, such as the dry cleaning and perfume
industries, regularly recycle the solvents used in their
manufacturing processes.
What Is An Innovative Treatment
Technology?
Treatment technologies are processes applied to
hazardous waste or contaminated materials to
permanently alter their condition through chemical,
biological, or physical means. Treatment
technologies are able to destroy or change
contaminated materials so they are less hazardous
or not hazardous at all. This may be done by
reducing the amount of contaminated material, by
recovering or removing a component that gives the
material its hazardous properties, or by immobilizing
the waste.
Innovative treatment technologies are those that
have been tested, selected, or used for treatment of
hazardous waste or contaminated materials but lack
well-documented cost and performance data under a
variety of operating conditions.
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Table 2
Examples of Superfund Sites Using Solvent Extraction *
Name of Site
Carolina Transformer, NC
United Creosoling. TX
Arrowhead Refinery Co., MN
Status**
In design
In design
Operational
Type of Facility Contaminants
Idaho Nat'l Engineering Lab (Pit 9), ID In design
Transformer repair
Wood preserving
Waste oil refining
Nuclear research
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Volatile organic contaminants (VOCs),
PCBs, PAHs, metals, solvents
VOCs, PCBs
For a listing of Superfund sites at which innovative treatment technologies have been used or selected for use, contact
NCEPI at the address in the box below for a copy of the document entitled Innovative Treatment Technologies:
Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Additional information about the sites listed in the Annual
Status Report is available in database format. The database can be downloaded free of charge from EPA's Cleanup
Information bulletin board (CLU-IN). Call CLU-IN at 301-589-8366 (modem). CLU-IN's help line is 301-589-8368. The
database also is available for purchase on diskettes. Contact NCEPI for details.
* Wot »H waste types and site conditions are comparable. Each site must be Individually Investigated and tested.
Engineering and scientific Judgment must be used to determine Ha technology Is appropriate fora site,
"As of August 1335
For More Information
Publications with "EPA" document numbers can be ordered free of charge by faxing your request to 513-489-8695
or writing to NCEPI at the address below. If NCEPI is out of stock of a document, you may be directed to other
sources.
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Publications with "PB" document numbers are available by contacting the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS) at 1-800-553-6847. There will be a charge for these documents. Mail orders can be sent to:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Resources, EPA 542-B-95-001. A bibliography of EPA publications about innovative
treatment technologies.
Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide, EPA 542-B-94-008. A bibliography of publications
and other sources of information about soil flushing, soil washing, solvent extraction, and other
Innovative treatment technologies.
Engineering Bulletin, Solvent Extraction, EPA 540-S-94-503, PB94-190477.
EPA Engineering Issue: Technology Alternatives for the Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Soil and Sediment,
EPA 540-S-93-506, PB94-144250/XAB.
WASTECH* Monograph on Solvent/Chemical Extraction, ISBN #1-883767-05-9. Available for $49.95 from the
American Academy of Environmental Engineers, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, MD 21401. Telephone 410-266-
3311.
NOTICE: This fact sheet Is Intended solely as general guidance and Information. It is not intended, nor can It be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any
party In litigation with the United Slates. The Agency also reserves the right to change this guidance at any time without public notice.
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Organismo para la
Proteccion del Medio Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
Desechos Sblidos y
Respuesta en Situaciones
de Emergencia (5102G)
Abrilde 199S
vxEPA
Gufa del ciudadano
La extraccion con
solventes
Oficina de Innovaciones Tecnologicas
Ficha tecno!6gica
£Que es la extraccion con solventes?
La extracci6n con solventes es una tdcnica de tratamiento
que consiste en usar un solvente (un liquido capaz de
disolver otra sustancia) para separar o retirar
contaminantes organicos peligrosos de fangos residuales,
sedimentos o tierra. (El fango residual es un material
parecido al barro que se forma a partir de desechos indus-
triales o cloacales; los sedimentos son fragmentos de
rocas y minerales de grano fmo que se ban depositado en
el fondo de una masa de agua, como un no o un lago.) La
extracci6n con solventes no destruye los contaminantes,
sino que los concentra para que sea mas facil reciclarlos o
destruirlos con otra tecnica.
Cuando la tierra entra en el extractor (tanque donde la
tierra contaminada se mezcla con el solvente), se separa
en ties componentes o "fracciones": solvente con
contaminantes disueltos, sdlidos y agua. Los distintos
contaminantes se concentran en fracciones diferentes. For
ejemplo, los bifenilos policlorados se concentran en el
solvente contaminado, mientras que los metales quedan
en los solidos y en el agua. Cada fracci6n,
individualmente, puede ser tratada o eliminada en una
forma ma's eficaz en funcion del costo. La figura 1 de la
p£gina 2 presenta un esquema del proceso de extraccion
con solventes.
El proceso de extraccidn con solventes abarca cinco pasos:
• Preparation (clasificacion del material contaminado)
• Extraccion
• Separacidn de contaminantes concentrados del solvente
• Remoci6n del solvente residual
• Recuperation de los contaminantes, reciclaje o
tratamiento ulterior.
&C6mo funciona?
En esta guia se explica el tratamiento de tierra
contaminada, pero para tratar fangos residuales o
sedimentos se usa biisicamente el mismo metodo.
Todo el proceso se realiza in situ. Comienza con la
excavaci6n del suelo contaminado y su traslado a un
lugar de tr£nsito donde se prepara la tierra para el
tratamiento, pasSndola por una criba para separar
desechos de gran tamano y piedras. La tierra puede
tratarse por tandas, por semitandas o en forma continua.
En la modalidad de semitandas, el material pasa por el
extractor en incrementos. Si se trata la tierra en forma
continua, tal vez sea necesario hacerla mas fluida para
que pueda pasar facilmente por el proceso mediante
bombeo. Para eso se le agrega agua o, en el caso de
fangos oleosos, solventes.
Pertil de la extraccion con solventes
Se separan los contaminantes para que puedan ser tratados individualmente.
Se usa equipo portatil que se puede llevar al sitio de la limpieza.
Reduce la cantidad de material contaminado.
Se pueden tratar hasta 125 toneladas de desechos por di'a.
No produce emisiones en la atmosfera.
Impreso en papel reciclado
A-71
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Se coloca la ticrra en el extractor. Los extractors son de
distlnto tamafio. Algunos tratan 25 toneladas por dfa,
mientras quc otros ticnen capacidad para m£s de 125
toneladas diarias y ocupan de 140 a 1.000 metres
cuadrados o mSs. (Encomparaci(5n, unacanchadetenis
ocupa alrcdcdor de 370 metres cuadrados.) Se anade
solvente al extractor y se mezcla la tierra con el solvente.
Los contaminantes orgdnicos se disuelven en el solvente.
La velocidad con que se disuelven los contaminantes del
suclo depende de varies factores, como la temperatura, el
contcnido de humedad y el grado de contaminaci6n, en-
trc otros. Cada uno de estos factores es decisive para la
concepcifin del tratamiento. Es necesario realizar
cstudios de tratabilidad en un laboratories para determinar
la cantidad de solvente que se necesita y el tiempo que el
material debe permanecer en el extractor a fin de
garantizar la maxima eficacia posible. Como algunos
solidos podrfan contener contaminantes que deben pasar
mas de una vez por el extractor, es posible que haya que
repetir este paso del proceso.
El proceso de extraction produce tres fracciones que
requieren separaci6n:
* La mezcla de solvente contaminado.
• La tierra tratada, que, segun la concentration de
contaminantes presentes, podrfa requerir una repetici6n
del ciclo o tratamiento ulterior con otra tecnica.
• El agua, que debe analizarse para determinar si necesita
tratamiento ulterior antes de verterla en una planta de
tratamiento publicao en otra zonadedescarga aprobada.
Despues viene el procedimiento de separation. Se
separan los contaminantes del solvente cambiando la
presiOn y la temperatura, usando otro solvente para sacar
el primero de la mezcla de solvente y contaminantes o con
otro procedimiento de separation fisica. Cuando
concluye este paso, lo que queda es contaminantes
concentrados, que se retiran durante el procedimiento de
separation, y el solvente pasa a un tanque para su
reutilizaciOn. Despues se analizan los contaminantes para
determinar si son aptos para reciclaje o reudlizacidn o si
necesitan otro tratamiento antes de su elimination.
Los extractores de solventes no emiten vapores
contaminados, es decir, no producen emisiones en la
atmdsfera. Sin embargo, en algunos lugares podrfa haber
emisiones durante la excavaciOn o preparation de suelos
contaminados. Si las emisiones exceden los limites
permitidos por ley, hay que modificar los procedimientos
utilizados en ese sitio para la preparaciOn y el manejo de
desechos.
Figure 1
El proceso de extraccidn con solventes
Solvente reclclado
Contaminantes
concentrados
Extractor
Repetlcl6n
del
tratamiento
sles
necesario
Solvente con
contaminantes -~ I
organicos
Separador
(Tratamiento ulterior
o ellmlnacldn)
Desechos de gran tamafio
S6IIdos tratados
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A-72
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tEn que casos convendrfa usar la tecnica
de extraccion con solventes?
La extraccidn con solventes es un proceso que puede
resultar eficaz y eficiente en funcion del costo para
separar contaminantes peligrosos de materiales no
peligrosos y concentrar los materiales peligrosos para un
tratamiento ulterior. Como se separan los contaminantes,
se puede seleccionar el metodo de tratamiento mas
apropiado para cada uno. Tras la extraccion con
solventes, algunos contaminantes pueden reciclarse o
reutilizarse en la industria manufacturera, reduciendo al
mfnimo la necesidad de eliminarlos. Este proceso ha
resultado eficaz para retirar contaminantes organicos de
desechos de pintura, desechos del proceso de fabricaci6n
de goma sintetica, desechos de alquitran de hulla, batro
extraido en perforaciones, desechos del tratamiento de la
madera, plaguicidas e insecticidas desechados y desechos
oleosos.
&Que contaminantes se pueden tratar con
esta tecnica?
Se ha comprobado que la extraccion con solventes es
eficaz para tratar sedimentos, fangos residuales y tierra
que contienen principalmente contaminantes organicos,
como bifenilos policlorados, compuestos organicos
volatiles, solventes halogenados (solventes que contienen
haldgenos, o sea bromo, cloro o yodo) y desechos del
petrdleo. Generalmente, estos contaminantes provienen
del desengrasado de metales, la limpieza de tableros de
circuitos impresos, gasolina y procesos de fabricacion de
conservantes de la madera. El cuadro 1 presenta una lista
de los solventes que se usan. Esta tecnica por lo general
no se usa para extraer contaminantes inorganicos (es
decir, acidos, bases, sales y metales pesados), ya que estos
materiales no se disuelven facilmente en la mayorfa de los
solventes. Para estos contaminantes existen otros
metodos de tratamiento.
i,Dara resultado esta tecnica en
cualquier lugar?
La extraccion con solventes puede dar resultado para
separar contaminantes organicos peligrosos de algunos
tipos.de fangos residuales, sedimentos y tierra. No reduce
Cuadro 1
Solventes utilizados en el proceso de extraccidn
con solventes
la toxicidad de los contaminantes; por consiguiente, el
producto final del proceso (los residues concentrados)
debe ser sometido a un tratamiento ulterior o eliminado.
Algunas de las limitaciones de esta tecnica son las
siguientes:
• La presencia de plomo y de otros contaminantes
inorganicos podria interferir en la extraccion de
materiales orgdnicos.
• La aplicacion de la tecnica podria implicar complejas
consideraciones tecnicas. Por ejemplo, algunos
sistemas usan butano y propano comprimidos, que
exigen un manejo estricto para evitar que se vaporicen y
se prendan fuego.
• Podria ser necesario un tratamiento preliminar extenso
de los desechos para sacar o desmenuzar los terrenes
grandes.
&D6nde se esta usando la extraccion
con solventes?
El cuadro 2 de la pagina 4 contiene una lista de algunos
lugares para los cuales se ha seleccionado la extraccion
con solventes como metodo de tratamiento con recursos
del Superfund. Ademas de los sitios comprendidos en el
Superfund, la extraccion con solventes se usa
comunmente en las operaciones cotidianas de la industria
manufacturera. Como los solventes son materia prima
costosa que se puede reutilizar, los fabricantes, como en
la industria de los perfumes y de la limpieza en seco,
reciclan regularmente los solventes que usan en sus
procesos de fabricaci6n.
• Didxido de carbono Ifquido
• Butano
• Acetona
• Hexano
• Propano
• Trietilamina
• Metanol
• £ter dimetflico
&Que son las tecnicas de tratamiento
innovadoras?
Las tecnicas de tratamiento son procesos que se
aplican a desechos peligrosos o materiales
contaminados para alterar su estado en forma
permanente por medios qufmicos, biologicos o
f fsicos. Con tecnicas de tratamiento se pueden
destruir o modificar materiales contaminados, a fin
de que sean menos peligrosos o dejen de ser
peligrosos. Con ese fin se puede reducir la
cantidad de material contaminado, recuperar o
retirar un componente que confiera al material sus
propiedades peligrosas o inmovilizar los desechos.
Las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras son
tecnicas que han sido ensayadas, seleccionadas o
utilizadas para el tratamiento de desechos
peligrosos o materiales contaminados, aunque
todavfa no se dispone de datos bien
documentados sobre su costo y resultados en
diversas condiciones de aplicacion.
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Cuadro 2
Ejemplos de sitios donde se usa el Superfund para aplicar la tecnica de extraccion con solventes*
Nombre del sitlo
Carolina Transformer
(Carolina del Norte)
United Creosoting (Texas)
Arrowhead Refinery
Co. (Minnesota)
Idaho National Engineering
Lab (Pit 9) (Idaho)
Situacion" Tipo de instalacion
En proyecto Reparacidn de
transfonnadores
En proyecto Conservacidn de madera
En ejeoucion Refinerfa de petr6leo desechado
En proyecto Investigaciones nucleares
Contaminantes
Bifenilos policlorados
Hidrocarburos poliaromalicos
Compuestos organicos volatiles,
bifenilos policlorados, hidrocarburos
poliaromaticos, metales, solventes
Compuestos organicos volatiles,
bifenilos policlorados
SI desea una lista de los sitios para los cuales se ban usado o seleccionado tdcnicas de tratamlento Innovadoras con
recursos del Superfund, dirfjase al NCEPI, cuya direccion figura en el recuadro a continuacidn, y solicite un ejemplar del
documento titulado Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Hay una
bass da datos con mas informaci6n sobre los sitios indicados en el Annual Status Report. La base de dates se puede recibir
gratis por computadora; esti en la cartelera electr6nica con informacidn sobre operaciones de limpieza del EPA (CLU-IN).
Uame a CLU-IN, m6dern: 301-589-8366. El numero de telelono de CLU-IN para ayuda tdcnica es 301-589-8368. La base de
datos tambiSn se puede comprar en disquetes. Consulte al NCEPI para mas pormenores.
' No todos fc» llpos d« tfesechos y no todas las condldones da los sitios son comparables. Es necesario Invastlgar cada sltio y someterio a pruebas por
septrtdo. Sa dtbtn emplearcritBrios dentiffcos y tecnkos para delermlnarsl una tecnica es apiopiadapara un sitlo.
"Htslttgosto tit 1995.
Para mas informacion:
Las publicaciones con las siglas "EPA" en el numero de documento se proporcionan gratis. Envfe su pedido por fax
al 513-489-8695 o escriba al NCEPI, cuya direccidn figura mas abajo. Si al NCEPI no le quedan mas ejemplares de
alguno de estos documentos, puede dirigirse a otras fuentes.
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Las publicaciones con las siglas "PB" en el numero de documento pueden solicitarse al National Technical
Information Service (NTIS), tel^fono: 1-800-553-6847. Se cobra un cargo por estos documentos. Los pedidos
pueden enviarse por correo a:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Resources, EPA 542-B-95-001. Bibliograffa de publicaciones del EPA sobre
ticnlcas de tratamlento innovadoras.
• Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide, EPA 542-B-94-008. Bibliograffa de publicaciones y
otras fuentes de Informaci6n sobre el lavado del suelo, el enjuague del suelo In situ, la extraccldn con
• solventes y otras t<5cnlcas de tratamiento innovadoras.
• Engineering Bulletin, Solvent Extraction, EPA 540-S-94-503, PB94-190477.
• EPA Engineering Issue: Technology Alternatives for the Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Soil and Sediment,
EPA 540-S-93-506, PB94-144250/XAB.
• WASTECH® Monograph on Solvent/Chemical Extraction, ISBN #1-883767-05-9. Puede obtenerse de la Academia
Estadounidense de Ingenieros Ambientales, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, Maryland 21401; telefono:
410-266-3311. Cuesta US$49,95.
AVISO: Est* Sett* ttenlca es sdamente una fuente de orientacldn a Information. No es su propdslto crear derachos que puadan hacerse valarpor via Judicial en
Esitdos Unktos, risepueda recurrir a tsta flcha tecnica con ess fin. El EPA tamUan s» reserva el derecho de carnbiar estas pautas en cualquler momenta sin
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102Q)
EPA 542-F-96-005
April 1996
A Citizen's Guide to
Thermal Desorption
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What is thermal desorption?
Thermal desorption is an innovative treatment
technology that treats soils contaminated with
hazardous wastes by heating soils to tempera-
tures of 200-1,000°F so that contaminants with
low boiling points will vaporize (turn into gas)
and, consequently, separate from the soil. (The
other soil contaminants, if any, are treated by
other methods.) The vaporized contaminants
are collected and treated, typically by an air
emissions treatment system.
Thermal desorption is a different treatment
process than incineration. Thermal desorption
uses heat to physically separate the contami-
nants from the soil. The contaminants then
require further treatment. Incineration uses heat
to actually destroy the contaminants.
How does thermal desorption work?
Typical thermal desorption systems (Figure 1
on page 2) consist of three components: the pre-
treatment and material handling system, the
desorption unit, and the post-treatment system
for both the gas (vaporized contaminants) and the
solid (remaining soil).
Pretreatment and Material Handling System
Pretreatment of contaminated material involves
sifting it to remove large clods and foreign de-
bris. If the contaminated material is very wet or
has a high level of contaminant, it may need to
be blended with sand or dried to make it a more
uniform mass for treatment in the desorption unit.
Desorption Unit
The function of the desorption unit is to heat the
contaminated soil to a sufficient temperature for
a sufficient period to dry it and vaporize the
contaminants from the soil. A common design
for the desorber unit is a rotary desorber, which
consists of a rotating cylindrical metal drum. In
a direct-fired rotary desorber, the material en-
ters the rotating cylinder and is heated by direct
contact with a flame or the hot gases coming off
aflame. In an indirect-fired rotary desorber, the
contaminated soil does not come into contact
A Quick Look at Thermal Desorption
Heats soil at relatively low temperatures to vaporize contaminants and remove them.
Is most effective at treating volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds and other
organic contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) and pesticides.
Is useful for separating organic contaminants from refining wastes, coal tar wastes, wood-treatment
wastes and paint waste.
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Figure 1
The Thermal Desorption Process
Organic Liquid for
Further Treatment
or Disposal
rater for Reuse
Yes
Further Treatment
or Disposal
Soil Redeposited or Reused
with a flame or combustion gases. Instead, the
outside of the metal cylinder is heated and the
hot metal indirectly heats the soil tumbling in-
side. As the waste is heated, the contaminants
vaporize, and then become part of the gas
stream of air and contaminated vapors flowing
through the desorber towards the post-treatment
system. An inert, or non-reactive gas, such as
nitrogen, may be added to the gas stream to
prevent the vaporized contaminants from catch-
ing fire in the desorption unit and to aid in va-
porizing and removing the contaminants.
Post-treatment System
"Offgas" from the desorber is typically pro-
cessed to remove particulates that remained in
the gas stream after the desorption step. Vapor-
ized contaminants in the offgas may be burned
in an afterburner, collected on activated carbon,
or recovered in condensation equipment. De-
pending on the contaminants and their concen-
trations, any or all of these methods may be
used. All disposals must meet federal, state, and
local standards.
Treated soil from the desorber is tested to mea-
sure how well the process removed the target
contaminants. The performance of thermal des-
orption is typically measured by comparing the
contaminant levels in treated soils with those of
untreated soils. If the treated soil is non-
hazardous, it is redeposited on-site or taken else-
where to be used as backfill. If, however, the
soil requires further treatment (for example, the
soil contained contaminants that did not respond
to this process), it may be treated with another
technology or transported off-site for disposal.
Why consider thermal desorption?
Thermal desorption is effective at separating
organics from refining wastes, coal tar wastes,
waste from wood treatment, and paint wastes. It
can separate solvents, pesticides, PCBs, dioxins
and fuel oils from contaminated soil. The
A-76
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equipment available is capable of treating up to
10 tons of contaminated soil per hour. Finally,
the lower temperatures require less fuel than
other treatment methods.
Will it work at every site?
Thermal desorption is not applicable to most
metals, although mercury can be removed by the
process. Other metals will either remain in the
treated soil, in which case the soil must be
retreated, or vaporize, in which case they may
complicate the offgas treatment. The presence
of metals and their fate must be determined
before the soil is processed.
Thermal desorption is not equally efficient at
treating all types of soil. If the soil is wet, water
will vaporize along with the contaminants.
Because of the additional substance (water)
being vaporized, more fuel is required to
vaporize all of the contaminants in the wet soil.
Soils with high silt and clay content are also
more difficult to treat with thermal desorption.
When heated, silt and clay emit dust, which can
disrupt the air emission equipment used to treat
the vaporized contaminants. In addition, tightly
packed soil often does not permit the heat to
make contact with all of the contaminants.
Therefore, it is difficult for them to vaporize.
Finally, thermal desorption would not be a good
choice for treating contaminants such as heavy
metals, since they do not separate easily from
the soil, and strong acids, since they can corrode
the treatment equipment.
Where is thermal desorption being
used?
Thermal desorption has been selected as a treat-
ment method at numerous Superfund sites. For
example, thermal desorption was used at the TH
Agriculture & Nutrition Company site in Alba-
ny, Georgia. Thermal desorption was used at the
site to treat 4,300 tons of oil contaminated with
pesticides (dieldren, toxaphene, DDT, lindane).
The system ran from July to October 1993.
Thermal desorption met the cleanup goals, re-
moving over 98% of the pesticides in the treated
soil. Table 1 on page 4 lists some additional Su-
perfund sites where thermal desorption has been
used or selected for use.
What Is An Innovative Treatment Technology?
Treatment technologies are processes applied to hazardous waste or contaminated
materials to permanently alter their condition through chemical, biological, or physical
means. Treatment technologies are able to alter, by destroying or changing, contami-
nated materials so they are less hazardous or are no longer hazardous. This may be
done by reducing the amount of contaminated material, by recovering or removing a
component that gives the material its hazardous properties or by immobilizing the
waste. Innovative treatment technologies are those that have been tested, selected or
used for treatment of hazardous waste or contaminated materials but lack well-docu-
mented cost and performance data under a variety of operating conditions.
Although thermal desorption is widely used, innovative variations are continually being
developed. It is still difficult to predict with certainty the time and cost to clean a site
using thermal desorption. For these reasons, it retains its "innovative" label as EPA
continues to track its performance.
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Table 1
Examples of Superfund Sites Using Thermal Desorption (all projects completed)*
Name of Site
Re-solve, MA
Melaltec/Aerosystems, NJ
Reich Farms, NJ
American Thermostat, NJ
U.S.A. Letterkenney SE Area, PA
Wamchem, SC
Jacksonville NAS, FL
Type of Facility
Chemical reclamation
Metal manufacturing
Chemical drum storage/disposal
Thermostat manufacturing
Munitions manufacturing/storage
Dye manufacturing
Fire training site
Outboard Marine/Waukegan Harbor, IL Marine products manufacturing
Pristine, OH Industrial waste treatment facility
Sand Creek Industrial, CO Pesticide manufacturing
Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
VOCs
VOCs, semi-volatile organic compounds
(SVOCs)
VOCs
VOCs
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene & xylene
(BTEX), VOCs, SVOCs
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
PCBs
BTEX, pesticides, herbicides, VOCs
Pesticides, herbicides
, Fora listing of Superfund sites at which innovative treatment technologies have been used or selected for use,
contact NCEPI at the address in the box below for a copy of the document entitled Innovative Treatment
Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Additional information about the sites listed in
the Annual Status Report is available in database format. The database can be downloaded free of charge from
EPA'S Cleanup Information bulletin board (CLU-IN). Call CLU-IN at 301-589-8366 (modem). CLU-IN's help line is
301-589-8368. The database also is available for purchase on diskettes. Contact NCEPI for details.
Not «JT w*st» typos *nd slta conditions are comparable. Bach sita must be Individually investigated and tested.
Enytoattingtndsclantific judgment must ba used to determine if a technology is appropriate fora site.
For More Information
The publications listed below can be ordered free of charge by calling NCEPI at 513-489-8190 or faxing your
request to 513-489-8695. If NCEPI is out of stock of a document, you may be directed to other sources. You may
write to NCEPI at:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A
Bibliography of EPA Resources, EPA 542-B-95-001. A bibliography of EPA publications about innovative
treatment technologies.
• • Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide, September 1994, EPA 542-B-94-008. A listing of
publications and other sources of information about thermal desorptlon and other treatment
technologies.
• Engineering Bulletin, Themnal Desorption, February 1994, EPA540-S-94-501.
• Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies, March 1995, EPA 542-R-95-001.
• WASTECH9 Monograph on Thermal Desorption, ISBN #1-883767-06-7. Available for $49.95 from the American
Academy of Environmental Engineers, 130 Holiday Court, Annapolis, MD 21401. Telephone 410-266-3311.
NOTICE: This ftct steel Is Intended solely as genera/ guidance and Information. It is not Intended, nor can It be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any
ptityln Ktlgition with the United Stales. The Agency also reserves the right to change this guidance at any time without public notice.
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Organismo para la
Proteccion del Medio Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
Desechos S6lidos y
Respuesta en Situaciones
de Emergencia (5102G)
EPA B42-F-9B-D21
Abril de 1996
vxEPA
Gufa del ciudadanp:
La desorcion termica
Oficina de Innovaciones Tecnoldgicas
Ficha tecno!6gica
c,Que es la desorcion termica?
La desorcion termica es una tecnica innovadoia para
tratar la tierra contaminada con desechos peligrosos
calentandola a una temperatura de 90°C a 540°C a fin
de que los contaminantes con un punto de ebullici6n
bajo se vaporicen (se conviertan en gases) y, por con-
siguiente, se sepaien de la tierra. (Si quedan otros
contaminantes, se tratan con otros metodos.) Los
contaminantes vaporizados se recogen y se tratan,
generalmente con un sistemade tratamiento de
emisiones.
La desorcion termica es diferente de la incineracion.
La desorcion termica usa el calor para separar fisica-
mente los contaminantes de la tierra, que despues se
someten a un tratamiento ulterior. La incineracion
usa el calor para destruir los contaminantes.
c,C6mo funciona la desorcion termica?
Los sistemas de desorcion termica tfpicos (figura 1,
pagina 2) tienen ties componentes: el sistema de
tratamiento preliminar y movimiento de materiales,
el dispositive de desorcion y el sistema posterior al
tratamiento para gases (contaminantes vaporizados) y
solidos (la tierra que queda).
Sistema de tratamiento preliminar y movimiento
de materiales
El tratamiento preliminar de materiales contaminados
consiste en pasarlos por una criba para enttesacar ter-
rones grandes y materia extrana. Si el material con-
taminado estd muy humedo o tiene una
concentration elevada de contaminantes, tal vez sea
necesario mezclarlo con arena o secarlo para que se
convierta en una masa mas uniforme que pueda tra-
tarse con el equipo de desorcion.
Equipo de desorcion
La funcion del equipo de desorcion es calentar la
tierra contaminada y mantenerla a una temperatu-
ra suficiente durante el periodo necesario para se-
carla y vaporizar los contaminantes que contenga.
Un tipo comun es el dispositive de desorcion gi-
ratorio, que consiste en un tambor cilindrico gira-
torio de metal. En el dispositivo de resorcion
giratorio de calentamiento directo, el material
Perlil de la desorcion
Se calienta la tierra a una temperatura relativamente baja para vaporizar los contaminantes y extraerios.
Es sumamente eficaz para el tratamiento de compuestos organicos volaliles y semivolatiles, otros
contaminantes organicos, como bifenilos policlorados, hidrocarburos poliaromaticos y plaguicidas.
Sirve para separar contaminantes organicos de desechos de refinerfas, desechos de alquitran de hulla,
desechos del tratamiento de la madera y desechos de pinturas.
Impreso en papel reciclado
A-79
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Figura 1
El proceso de desorcion termica
Vapor
liUIIIIUI UB
emisiones en la
atmdsfera/
Condensador
I
Emisiones
tratadas
Separador
Tferra contaminada
Lfquido orgdnico para
tratamjento ulterior
o eliminacion
Agua reutilizable
Tratamiento ulterior o
eliminacidn
La tierra se redeposita o reutiliza
entra en el cilindro giratorio y se calienta al entrar en
contacto con una llama o con los gases calientes
emitidosporuna llama "En undispositivode desor-
cion giratorio de ccdentamiento indirecto, la tierra
contaminada no entra en contacto con una llama o
con gases de la combustion, sino que se calienta el
exterior del cilindro de metal, y el metal calienta in-
directamente la tierra que da vueltas adentro. Ame-
dida que los desechos se calientan, los
contaminantes se vaporizan y se integran a la corri-
ente gaseosa de aire y vapores contaminados que
sale del dispositive de desorci6n y se dirige al siste-
ma posterior altratamiento. Sepuedeagtegarungas
inerte (es decir, un gas no reactive), como nitrogeno,
a la corriente de gas para evitar que los contaminant-
es vaporizados se prendan fuego en el dispositive de
desorci6n y facilitar la vaporization y remocion de
los contaminantes.
Los efluentes gaseosos del dispositive de desorci6n
generalmente son sometidos a un tratamiento para
retirar las partfculas que queden en la corriente de
gasdespu6sdelprocedimientodedesorci6n. Los
contaminantes vaporizados de los efluentes gaseosos
se pueden quemar en un quemador auxiliar, recoger
con carbon activado o recuperar en un condensador.
Segun los contaminantes y su concentracion, se
puede usar cualquiera de estos metodos o todos ellos.
Los metodos de eliminacidn deben cenirse a las nor-
mas federales, estatales y locales.
La tierra tratada en el dispositive de desorcion es
sometida a una prueba para determinar la medida en
que se ban retirado los contaminantes que se procura-
baextraer con esta tecnica. Laeficatiadeladesor-
ci6n termica generalmente se determina comparando
la concentracion de contaminantes en la tierra tratada
con la concentracion de contaminantes en tierra sin
tratar. Si la tierra tratada no es peligrosa, se vuelve a
colocar en su lugar de origen o se lleva a otro sitio
para usarla como relleno. Sin embargo, si la tierra
necesita tratamiento ulterior (por ejemplo, si contiene
contaminantes que no responden a este proceso), se
puede tratar con otra tecnica o transportar a otro lugar
para su elimination.
&En que casos convendrfa usar la tecnica
de desorcion termica?
La desorcion termica es eficaz para separar materia
organica de desechos de refinerfas, desechos de
alquitran de hulla, desechos del tratamiento de la
A-80
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maderay desechos depinturas. Puede separar sol-
Ventes, plaguicidas, bifenilos policlorados, dioxinas y
fuel-oil de tierra contaminada. El equipo puede tratar
hasta 10 toneladas de tierra contaminada por hora,
Por ultimo, como trabaja a temperaturas mas bajas,
consume menos combustible que el equipo utilizado
para ottos tratamientos.
&Dara resultado esta tecnica en
cualquier lugar?
La desorcion termica no se puede aplicar a la mayoria
de los metales, aunque con esta tecnica se puede ex-
traer mercuric. Los demas metales permanecen en la
tierra tratada, en cuyo caso hay que volver a tratarla, o
se vaporizan, y entonces pueden complicar el trata-
miento de los efluentes gaseosos. Es necesario deter-
minar la presencia de metales y su destino antes de
tratar la tierra.
La desorci6n termica no es igualmente eficiente en el
tratamiento de todos los tipos de suelos. Si la tierra
esta" humeda, el agua se evaporara junto con los con-
taminantes. Debido a la sustancia adicional (agua)
que se evapora, se necesita mas combustible para va-
porizar todos los contaminantes de la tierra humeda.
Los suelos con alto contenido de limo y arcilla tam-
bien son m& dificiles de tratar con la desorcion
termica. Cuando el limo y la arcilla secalientan,
emiten polvo, que puede perturbar el equipo para
emisiones que se usa para tratar los contaminantes
vaporizados. Ademas, sielsueloesmuycompacto,
el color a menudo no llega a entrar en contacto con
todos los contaminantes, de modo que es dificil que
sevaporicen. Por ultimo, la desorci6n termica no
seria una buena option para tratar contaminantes
tales como metales pesados, que no se separan facil-
mente de la tierra, y acidos fuertes, que pueden corro-
er el equipo utilizado para el tratamiento.
&D6nde se esta usando la desorcion
termica?
Se ha seleccionado la desorcion termica para el trata-
miento de varies sitios con recursos del Superfwnd.
Por ejemplo, se us6 en el predio de TH Agriculture &
Nutrition Company, en Albany (Georgia), para tratar
4.300 toneladas de aceite contaminado con plaguici-
das (dieldrina, toxafeno, DDT, lindano). El sistema
funciono desde julio hasta octubre de 1993. Con la
desorcion termica se alcanzaron las metas de descon-
taminacion: se extrajo mSs del 98% de los plaguici-
das de la tierra tratada. En el cuadro 1 de la pagina4
hay una lista de otros sitios para los cuales se ha usa-
do o seleccionado la desorcion termica con recursos
del Superfund.
iQue son las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras?
Las tecnicas de tratamiento son procesos que se aplican a desechos peligrosos o materiales
contaminados para alterar su estado en forma permanente por medios quimicos, biologicos o
ffsicos. Con tecnicas de tratamiento se pueden alterar materiales contaminados,
destruyendolos o modificaYidolos, a fin de que sean menos peligrosos o dejen de ser
peligrosos. Con ese fin se puede reducir la cantidad de material contaminado, recuperar o
retirar un componente que confiera al material sus propiedades peligrosas o inmovilizar los
desechos. Las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras son tecnicas que nan sido ensayadas,
seleccionadas o utilizadas para el tratamiento de desechos peligrosos o materiales
contaminados, aunque todavfa no se dispone de datos bien documentados sobre su costo y
resultados en diversas condiciones de aplicacion.
Aunque la desorcion termica est£ muy difundida, continuamente aparecen variantes
innovadoras. Todavfa es diffcil prever con certeza el tiempo que se tardard en descontaminar
un sitio con la tecnica de desorci6n termica y cu£nto costara. Por estas razones, conserva el
calificativo de "innovadora" mientras el EPA lleva un registro de su desempeno.
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Cuadro 1
Ejemplos de s'rtios donde se uso la desorcidn termica con recursos del Superfund
(todas las operaciones han concluido)*
Nombre del sltlo
Re-solve (Massachusetts)
MetaKec/Aerosystems (Nueva Jersey)
Reich Farms (Nueva Jersey)
American Thermostat (Nueva Jersey)
U.S.A. Letterkenney SE Area
(Pensilvania)
Wamchem (Carolina del Sur)
Jacksonville NAS (Florida)
Outboard Marine/Waukegan Harbor
(Illinois)
Pristine (Ohio)
Sand Creek Industrial (Colorado)
Tipo de Instalacidn
Recuperacidn de productos
qufmicos
Fabricacidn de metales
Almacenamiento y eliminacidn de
barriles de productos qufmicos
Fabricacidn de termostatos
Fabricaci6n y almacenamiento
de municiones
Fabricacidn de tinturas
Sitio para entrenamiento
de bomberos
Fabrica de productos para
la navegacidn
Estaci6n de tratamiento de
desechos industriales
Fabricacidn de plaguicidas
Contamlnantes
Compuestos organicos volatiles,
bifenilos policlorados
Compuestos organicos volatiles
Compuestos organicos volatiles,
compuestos organicos semivolatiles
Compuestos organicos volatiles
Compuestos organicos volatiles
Benceno, tolueno, etilbenceno y xileno,
compuestos organicos volatiles,
compuestos orgdnicos semivolaliles
Hidrocarburos poliaromaticos
Bifenilos policlorados
Benceno, tolueno, etilbenceno y xileno,
plaguicidas, herbicidas, compuestos
organicos volatiles
Plaguicidas, herbicidas
S! desea una lista de los sitios para los cuales se han usado o seleccionado tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras con
recursos del Superfund, dirfjase al NCEPI, cuya direccidn figura en el recuadro a continuacidn, y solicite un ejemplar del
documento trtulado Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Hay una
base da datos con mas informaci6n sobre los sitios indicados en el Annual Status Report. La base de datos se puede
rectbir gratis por computadora; esta en la cartelera electrdnica con informacidn sobre operaciones de limpieza del EPA
(CLU-IN). Llamo a CLU-IN, mddem: 301-589-8366. El numero de teldfono de CLU-IN para ayuda tecnica es 301-589-
8368. La base de datos tambidn se puede comprar en disquetes. Consulte al NCEPI para mas pormenores.
No todos los tjpos d« dosfchosyno todas las condtclones do los sltlos son comparables. Es necesario Invastlgarcada sltlo y someterto a pruebas por
S9 dobon tmptear criterios cientlflcos y tdcnlcos para determlnar si una t6cnlca es aproplada para un sltlo.
Para ma's informacidn:
Las puoiicaciones que se indican a continuacidn pueden obtenerse gratis del NCEPI. Para encargarlas, envfe su pedido por
fax al 513-489-8695. Si al NCEPI no le quedan mas ejemplares de alguno de estos documentos, puede dirigirse a otras
fuentes. Escriba al NCEPI a la siguiente direccidn:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• Satectad Alternative and Innovative Treatment Technologies for Corrective Action and Site Remediation: A Bibliography of
EPA Information Resources, EPA 542-B-95-001. Blbllograffa da publlcaclones del EPA sobre tdcnlcas de
tratamiento Innovadoras.
* Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology Resource Guide, septiembre de 1994, EPA 542-B-94-008. Bibllograffa de
publlcaclones y otras fuerrtes de Informacidn sobre la desorcidn termlca y otras tdcnlcas de tratamiento
Innovadoras.
• Engineering Bulletin, Thermal Desorption, febrero de 1994, EPA 540-S-94-501.
* Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies, marzo de 1995, EPA 542-R-95-001.
* WASTECH® Monograph on Thermal Desorption, ISBN #1-883767-06-7. Pueofe obtenerse* la AcademiaEstackxirtdensede
IngeniorosAmbtentales, 130HoiidayCourt,Annapolis,Maryland21401 ;te!6fono:410-266-3311. CuestaUS$49,95.
AVISO: EotSctmUcriaiossolamertt una fuemadeorlentacidnelnfonnadtSn. t^ IK supropds^cfBaro^rechos qua pwdanhacerse\^^r por via judicial en Estados
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA542-F-96-016
September 1996
oEPA A Citizen's Guide to
Treatment Walls
Technology Innovation Office
Technology Fact Sheet
What are treatment walls?
Treatment walls are structures installed under-
ground to treat contaminated ground water found
at hazardous waste sites. Treatment walls, also
called passive treatment walls or permeable bar-
riers, are put in place by constructing a giant
. trench across the flow path of contaminated
ground water and filling it with one of a variety of
materials (reactive fillings) carefully selected for
the ability to clean up specific types of contami-
nants. As the contaminated ground water passes
through the treatment wall, the contaminants are
either trapped by the treatment wall or trans-
formed into harmless substances that flow out of
the wall (Figure 1).
How do they work?
The reactive filling of a treatment wall is often
mixed with sand or some other porous material to
make it less dense than the soil around it. This en-
courages ground water to flow through the wall
because it provides the "path of least resistance."
At some sites, an underground funnel system is
added to direct the contaminated ground water to
the wall.
The specific filling chosen for a wall is based on
the types of contaminants found at the site.
Pifferent fillings do their job through different
chemical processes: sorption, precipitation, and
degradation.
Sorption barriers contain fillings that remove
contaminants from ground water by physically
"grabbing" contaminants out of the ground water
and holding them on the barrier surface (Figure
2a). Examples of these adsorbents are zeolites—
tiny cage-like particles that trap molecules of
contaminants inside them—and activated carbon
which has a very rough surface that contaminant
molecules stick to as they pass.
Precipitation barriers contain fillings that react
with contaminants in ground water as they seep
through the wall (Figure 2b). The reaction causes
the contaminants dissolved in the ground water to
change so they are no longer dissolved and "pre-
cipitate" out. These "insoluble" products are left
trapped in the barrier and clean ground water
flows out the other side. For example, lead is a
common contaminant at industrial sites where
careless recycling of automobile batteries has
taken place. The lead-saturated battery acid that
seeped into the ground water at these sites is dif-
ficult to trap and treat. A precipitation barrier
filled with limestone placed across the path of the
acidic, lead-contaminated ground water neutral-
izes the acid. This causes the lead to change to a
A Quick Look at Treatment Walls
• Are passive systems that require no mechanical equipment or energy source.
> Allow the site to be put to productive use while being cleaned up.
> Can be modified to treat different types of contaminants.
• Completely break down some organic contaminants.
Printed on Recycled Paper
A-83
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What Is An Innovative Treatment
Technology?
Treatment technologies are processes
applied to the treatment of hazardous waste
or contaminated materials to permanently
alter their condition through chemical,
biological, or physical means.
Innovative treatment technologies are those
that have been tested, selected or used for
treatment of hazardous waste or
contaminated materials but lack well-
documented cost and performance data
under a variety of operating conditions.
solid form that is trapped in the barrier. Highly
toxic chromium (VI), a by-product of metal-plat-
ing operations, is treated by precipitation barriers
in a similar way. It is changed to immobile chro-
mium (III) which is trapped in the barrier.
Degradation barriers cause reactions that break
down or "degrade" the contaminants in the ground
water into harmless products (Figure 2c). For ex-
ample, fillings of iron granules degrade certain
volatile organic compounds. Walls also may be
filled with a mixture of nutrients and oxygen
sources which stimulate the activity of the micro-
organisms found in the ground water. Healthy
microorganisms are important because they are
responsible for the biodegrodation of contami-
nants. Biodegradation is the process that naturally
occurring microorganisms (yeast, fungi, or bacte-
ria) use to break down, or degrade, hazardous
substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances.
Microorganisms, just like humans, eat and digest
organic substances for nutrition and energy. (In
chemical terms, "organic" compounds are those
that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.) Certain
microorganisms can digest organic substances
such as fuels or solvents that are hazardous to hu-
mans. The fact sheet entitled A Citizen's Guide to
Bioremediation describes the process in detail
(see page 4).
Much research and testing has been done on the
use of iron for the treatment of chlorinated con-
taminants. The reaction that occurs when con-
taminants come in contact with iron granules puts
to beneficial use the common chemical reaction
called oxidation that causes iron to rust. As the
iron is oxidized, the toxic component of the con-
taminant (usually a chlorine atom) is removed
from the compound. The iron granules are dis-
solved by the process, but the metal disappears so
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of a Treatment Wall
contaminated
ground water
.
direction of ground-water flow
31 >
clean ground water
-2-
A-84
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Figure 2. Sorption, Precipitation, and Degradation Treatment Walls
2a. SORPTION
Contaminants are pulled,
unchanged, from ground water
and held by the wall surface.
2b. PRECIPITATION
Contaminants are changed into
solid forms that remain in the
wall.
2c. DEGRADATION
Contaminants are broken down
into harmless products that flow
through the wall.
slowly that remediation barriers, engineers pre-
dict, will remain effective for many years, even
decades. These iron granules are a by-product of
manufacturing processes so their use as a barrier
wall material has the added benefit of recycling
this material.
Iron can be used to degrade many common chlo-
rinated organic compounds such as trichloroeth-
ylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE),
dichloroethene (DCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(TCA). Mixing palladium, another metal, with
the iron granules enables the wall to treat con-
taminants that iron alone cannot treat.
Why use treatment walls?
The major advantage of treatment walls over tra-
ditional treatment methods such as pump-and-
treat is that they are passive systems that treat the
contaminants in place. There is no need to dig up
contaminated soil or pump out contaminated wa-
ter, there are no parts to break, no need for elec-
tricity, and, since there is no equipment on the
•surface, the property can be put to productive use
while it is being cleaned up. Engineers estimate
at least a 50% cost savings using treatment walls
instead of pumping out contaminated ground
water.
Will they work at every site?
The ideal site for a treatment wall is one having
porous sandy soil, contamination no deeper than
about 50 feet below ground, and a good, solid
flow of ground water.
There are an estimated 5,000 Department of De-
fense, Department of Energy, and Superfund sites
contaminated with chlorinated solvents. Probably
10 to 20 percent of these have the right conditions
to use treatment walls. Treatment walls also are
useful at sites contaminated with metals and
radioactive contaminants.
The successful application of a treatment wall re-
quires careful study of the underground
environment and an understanding of the con-
taminant and ground-water flow.
In lab studies, some clogging of wall materials
has been observed. So far, clogging has not oc-
curred in the field, but walls have only been in
place for a few years.
Where have they been used?
At a former semiconductor manufacturing site in
Sunnyvale, California, 220 tons of iron shavings
were used to fill a reactive treatment wall that has
been breaking down TCE since December 1994.
The above-ground equipment that was part of a
previously, installed pump-and-treat system was
removed and the site has been leased to another
company that uses it as a parking lot. Some
Superfund sites that have chosen treatment
walls as a cleanup method are listed in Table 1
on page 4.
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A-85
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Table 1. Some Superfund Sites that Plan to Use Treatment Walls*
Name of Site
Type of Wall/Filling
Brown's Battery Breaking Site, PA Precipitation/Limestone
TonolG Corporation, PA Precipitation/Limestone
Somersworth Sanitary Landfill, NH Degradation/Iron
Contaminants Site Use
Lead Battery recycling & disposal
Lead Battery recycling & disposal
Organics Municipal & industrial landfill
For a listing of Superfund sites at which innovative treatment technologies have been used or selected for use, contact
NCEPI at the address in the box below for a copy of the document entitled Innovative Treatment Technologies:
Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-95-008. Additional information about the sites listed in the Annual Status
Report is available in database format. The database can be downloaded free of charge from EPA's Cleanup
Information (CLU-IN) World Wide Web site (http://clu-in.com) or electronic bulletin board (301-589-8366). The CLU-IN
help line number is 301-589-8368. The database also is available for purchase on diskettes. Contact NCEPI for details.
• Not •» wasla types and site conditions are comparable. Each site must be Individually Investigated and tested.
Engineering and sdMtifie judgment must be used to determine If a technology is appropriate for a site.
For More Information
The publications listed below can be ordered free of charge by faxing your request to NCEPI at 513-489-8695.
If NCEPI is out of stock of a document, you may be directed to other sources. You may write to NCEPI at:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati. OH 45242
• A Citizen's Guide to Bioremediation, April 1996, EPA 542-F-96-007.
• "Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of VOCs," Ground Water Currents (newsletter), July 1995, EPA 542-
N-95-004.
• "Funnel and Gate System Directs Plume," Ground Water Currents (newsletter), June 1993, EPA 542-N-93-
006.
• "In Situ Degradation of Halogenated Organics by Permeable Reaction Wall," Ground Water Currents
(newsletter), March 1993, EPA 542-N-93-003.
• Permeable Barriers Action Team, April 1996, EPA 542-F-96-01 Oc.
• In Situ Remediation Technology Status Report: Treatment Walls, April 1995, EPA 542-K-4-004.
• "Zero-Valent Metals Provide Possible Solution to Groundwater Problems" by Elizabeth K. Wilson in
Chemical and Engineering News, July 23,1995, pages 19-22.
• "When Toxics Meet Metal" by Virginia Fairweather in Civil Engineering, May 1996, pages 44-48.
NOTICE: This fact sheet Is Intended solely as general guidance and information. It is not intended, norcan it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable
by any party In litigation with the United States. The Agency also reserves tha right to change this guidance at any time without public notice.
-4-
A-86
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Organismo para la
Protecc\6n del Medio Ambiente
(Estados Unidos)
Desechos Solidos y Respuesta
en Situaciones de Emergene/a
(5102G)
EPA 542-F-96-027
Septiembre de 1996
&EPA Gufa del ciudadano:
Muros de tratamiento
Oficina de Innovaciones Tecnoldgicas
Ficha tecnolfigica
oQue son los muros de tratamiento?
Los muros de tratamiento son estructuras subterraneas
para tratar agua subterranea contaminada en vertederos
de desechos peligrosos. Para construir muros de
tratamiento, llamados tambien muros de tratamiento
pasivo o barreras permeables, se hace una zanja gigante
a traves de un curso de agua subterranea contaminada y
se rellena con uno de diversos tipos de materiales
(rellenos reactivos) seleccionado minuciosamente por su
capacidad para eliminar determinados tipos de
contaminantes. Cuando el agua subterranea contaminada
pasa por el muro de tratamiento, los contaminantes
quedan atrapados en el muro o salen transformados en
sustancias inocuas (figura 1).
tComo funcionan?
El relleno reactivo del muro de tratamiento con frecuencia
se mezcla con arena u otro material poroso para que sea
menos denso que el suelo que lo rodea. De esta forma se
encauza el agua para que fluya por el muro al ofrecerle
"el trayecto de menor resistencia". En algunos lugares
se agrega un sistema de embudos subterraneos para
dirigir el agua contaminada hacia el muro.
El relleno que se selecciona para un muro depende de los
tipos de contaminantes que haya en el lugar. Cada tipo
de relleno actua por medio de procesos quimicos
diferentes: sorcidn, precipitacidn y degradation.
Las barreras de sordon contienen rellenos que
retirancontaminantes del agua subterranea capturandolos
fisicamente y reteniendolos en la superficie de la barrera
(figura 2a). Algunos ejemplos de estos adsorbentes son las
ceolitas, particulas diminutas con forma de jaula que atrapan
moleculas de contaminantes en su interior, y el carbdn
activado, que dene una superficie muy aspera a la cual se
adhieren los contaminantes al pasar.
Las barreras de precipitation contienen rellenos que
reaccionan con contaminantes del agua subterranea que
pasan por el muro (figura 2b). La reaccion produce un
cambio en los contaminantes disueltos en el agua
subterranea: salen del estado de disolucion y se precipitan.
Estos productos "insolubles" quedan atrapados en la barrera,
y el agua subterranea sale limpia del otro lado. Por ejemplo,
el plomo es un contaminante comun en sitios induslriales
donde se ban reciclado baterias de automoviles sin las
debidas precauciones. El acido de las baterias saturado de
plomo que se filtra por el suelo y Uega hasta el agua
subterranea de estos sitios esdificildeatrapary tratar. Una
barrera de precipitacidn rellena con piedra caliza erigida a
traves del curso de agua subterranea acidica contaminada
con plomo neutraliza el dcido; en consecuencia, el plomo
pasa a estado solidoyquedaatrapado en la barrera. El
cromo sumamente t6xico (VI), subproducto de las
operaciones de revestimiento metalico, se trata con barreras
de precipitacion en forma similar y se convierte en cromo
inm6vil (HI), que queda atrapado en la barrera.
Pertil de los muros de tratamiento
Son sistemas pasivos que no requieren equipo mecanico ni una fuente de energfa.
Permiten usar el sitio mientras se estd limpiando.
Se pueden modificar para tratar distintos tipos de contaminantes.
Descomponen por completo algunos contaminantes org£nicos.
Impreso en papel reci clado
A-87
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iQue son las tecnicas de tratamiento
innovadoras?
Las t&nicas de tratamiento son procesos que se
aplican a desechos peligrosos o materiales
contaminados para alterar su estado en forma
permanente por medios qufinicos, bioldgicos o ffsicos.
Las tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras son tecnicas
que han sido ensayadas, seleccionadas o utilizadas
para d tratamiento de desechos peligrosos o
materiales contaminados, aunque todavfa no se
dispone de datos bien documentados sobre su costo y
resultados en diversas condiciones de aplicacion.
Las barreras de degradation causan reacciones que
dcscomponen o "degradan" los contaminantes del agua
subtcrraVica, convirtie'ndolos en productos inocuos
(flgura 2c). Por ejemplo, el relleno de granules de hierro
degrada ciertos compuestos orgdnicos voMtiles. Los
muros tambie'n pueden rellenarse con una mezcla de
nutrientes y fuentes de oxfgeno que estimulan la
actividad de los microorganismos del agua subterranea.
Los microorganismos sanos son importantes porque se
cncargan de la biodegradacion de los contaminantes. La
biodegradaci<5n es el proceso que realizan los
microorganismos naturales (levaduras, hongos o
bacterias) para descomponer o degradar sustancias
peligrosas en sustancias menos toxicas o inocuas. Los
microorganismos, igual que los seres humanos, comen y
digieren sustancias organicas para nutrirse y obtener
energia. (En terminos quimicos, compuestos
"orgdnicos" son los que contienen atomos de carbono e
hidrdgeno.) Ciertos microorganismos pueden digerir
sustancias orgdnicas tales como combustibles o
solventes, que son peligrosos para los seres humanos.
En la ficha tecno!6gica titulada Gufa del ciudadano:
Medidas biocorrectivas se describe el proceso de
biodegradacion en forma pormenorizada (vease la
pdgina4).
Se han realizado amplias investigaciones y pruebas con
respecto al uso de hierro para el tratamiento de
contaminantes dorados. Cuando los contaminantes
entran en contacto con los grdnulos de hierro se
produce la reaccitin quimica comun de oxidacidn, por
la cual el hierro se oxida, que en este caso se
aprovecha con un fin beneficioso. Con la oxidacidn
del hierro, se retira del compuesto el componente
t6xico del contaminante (generalmente un dtomo de
cloro). Los gr&iulos de hierro se disuelven en este
proceso, pero el metal desaparece tan lentamente que,
segiin los c&culos de los ingenieros, las barreras
correctivas siguen actuando durante varies anos e
incluso decadas. Estos granules del hierro son un
derivado de procesos de fabricaci6n, de modo que su
Figura 1. Diagrama de un muro de tratamiento
superficie del suelo
agua subterranea
contaminada
SJs fevt-g-.sj-fr'fqtvt&iff
^^.^*ft.!*V«?;J«
-------
Figura 2. Muros de tratamiento por sorcion, precipitacion y degradacion
2a. SORCI6N
Se retiran los contaminantes del agua
subterrdnea, sin que sufran ningiin
camblo, y quedan retenidos en la
superficie del muro.
2b. PRECIPITACION
Los contaminantes pasan a estado
s6lldo y permanecen en el muro.
2c. DEGRADACI6N
Los contaminantes se descomponen
en productos Inocuos que fluyen por
el muro.
uso como material para barreras dene la ventaja
adicional de que permite reciclar este material.
El hierro se puede usar para degradar varies compuestos
organicos dorados comunes, como tricloroetileno
(TCE), tetracloroetileno (PCE), dicloroetano (DCE) y
l,l,l-tricloroetano(TCA). Si se mezclapaladio (otro
metal) con los granules de hierro, el muro se puede usar
para tratar contaminantes que no se pueden tratar con
hierro solamente.
i,Por que conviene usar muros de
tratamiento?
La ventaja principal de los muros de tratamiento en
comparacitin con metodos tradicionales tales como el
bombeo y tratamiento es que son sistemas pasivos que
tratan los contaminantes in situ. No es necesario excavar
tierra contaminada o bombear agua contaminada, no
tienen piezas que puedan averiarse, no se necesita
electricidad y, como no hay que instalar ningiin aparato
en la superficie, se puede usar el lugar mientras se limpia.
Los ingenieros calculan que, usando muros de
tratamiento en vez de bombear agua contaminada, se
•puede ahorrar por lo menos el 50% del costo.
&Dara resultado esta tecnica en
cualquier lugar?
El sitio ideal para un muro de tratamiento es un lugar
con suelo arenoso poroso, contaminado hasta una
profundidad de 15 metres como m£ximo y una
corriente de agua subterrariea abundante y constante.
Se calcula que hay alrededor de 5.000 sitios del
Ministerio de Defensa, el Ministerio de Energia y el
Superfund contaminados con solventes dorados, de los
cuales entre el 10% y el 20% probablemente tengan
caracterfsticas apropiadas para el uso de muros de
tratamiento. Los muros de tratamiento tambie'n son
utiles en los lugares contaminados con metales y
contaminantes radiactivos.
Para que el muro de tratamiento de resultado, es necesario
realizar un estudio pormenorizado del medio subterrdneo
y comprender el contaminante y el flujo del agua.
En estudios de laboratorio se han observado casos de
atascamiento. Hasta ahora no se ha observado este
problema sobre el terreno, pero los muros fueron
construidos hace pocos anos.
&D6nde se ha usado esta tecnica?
En un lugar de Sunnyvale (California) donde se
fabricaban semiconductores se usaron 220 toneladas de
viruta de hierro para rellenar un muro de tratamiento
reactive que ha estado descomponiendo TCE desde
diciembre de 1994. El equipo instalado en la
superficie, que formaba pane de un sistema de bombeo
y tratamiento instalado anteriormente, fue trasladado, y
el lugar ha sido arrendado a una companfa que lo usa
como estacionamiento. En el cuadro 1 de la pagina 4
figuran algunos sitios para los cuales se han
seleccionado los muros de tratamiento como metodo de
limpieza con recursos del Superfund.
-3-
A-89
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Cuadro 1. Algunos sitios donde se planea usar muros de tratamiento con recursos del Superfund*
Nombre del sitio
Brown's Battery Breaking
Site (Pennsylvania)
Tonolli Corporation
(Pennsylvania)
Tipo de muro/
Relleno
Precipitacion/
Piedra caliza
Precipitaci6n/
Piedra caliza
Somersworth Sanitary Degradacion/
Landfill (Nueva Hampshire) Hierro
Contaminantes Uso del sitio
Plomo Reciclaje y eliminacion de baterfas
Plomo Reciclaje y eliminaci6n de baterfas
Organicos Vertedero municipal e industrial
Si dcsea una lisla de los sitios para los cuales se ban usado o seleccionado tecnicas de tratamiento innovadoras con recursos del
Supcrfund, dirijase a] NCEPI, cuya direction figura en el recuadro a continuation, y solicite un ejemplar del documento titulado
Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (7th Ed.), EPA 542-R-9S-M8. Hay una base de datos con ma's
informaci<5n sobre los sitios indicados en el Annual Status Report. La base de datos se puede recibir gratis por computadora; esta
en la World Wide Web, en el sitio del EPA con informacidn sobre operaciones de limpieza (http://clu-in.com) o en la cartelera
electnSnica (301-589-8366). El ntimero de teleTono de CLU-IN para ayuda tecnica es 301-589-8368. La base de datos tambifin se
puede comprar en disquetes. Consulte al NCEPI para mas pormenores.
* No todos los Upon de desechos y no todas las condldones de los sitios son comparables. Es necesario Invastlgar cat/a sltlo y someterio a
ptvebts porseparado. Se deben emplear criterios cientincos y Wen/cos para determinar si una tecnica es aproplada para un s/tlo.
Para mas informacion:
Las publicaciones que se indican a continuacion pueden obtenerse gratis del NCEPI. Para encargarlas, envfe su pedido
por fax al 513-489-8695. Si alguno de estos documentos se ha agotado, puede dirigirse a otras fuentes. Escriba al
NCEPI a la siguiente direcci<5n:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
• Gufa del dudadano: Medidas biocorrectivas, abril de 1996, EPA 542-F-96-007.
• "Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of VOCs," Ground Water Currents (boletin), julio de 1995,
EPA542-N-95-004.
• "Funnel and Gate System Directs Plume," Ground Water Currents (boletfn), junio de 1993, EPA 542-N-93-006.
• "In Situ Degradation of Halogenated Organics by Permeable Reaction Wall", Ground Water Currents (boletfn),
. marzode 1993, EPA 542-N-93-003.
• Permeable Barriers Action Team, abril de 1996, EPA 542-F-96-010c.
• In Situ Remediation Technology Status Report: Treatment Walls, abril de 1995, EPA 542-K-4-004.
• "Zero-Valent Metals Provide Possible Solution to Groundwater Problems," de Elizabeth K. Wilson, en Chemical
and Engineering News, 23 de julio de 1995, paginas 19-22.
• "When Toxics Meet Metal," de Virginia Fairweather, en Civil Engineering, mayo de 1996, pdginas 44-48.
AVISO; Esta ficha ticnka es solamente una fuante de orientacMn e Information. No es suproposlto crear derechos que puedan hacerse valerpor
via judicial en Estados Uridos, nlse puade recurrira esta flcha tecnica con ese fin. El EPA tambien se reserva el derecho de camblar estas pautas
•n coMkjuler momento sin avisaralpObllco.
-4-
A-90
-------
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Ph.D., Director
CLU-IN
SlfSTEN
CLEAN-UP
World Wide Wefc Site
and Electronic Bulletin Board
Internet Access
WWW site:
FTP site:
Telnet to BBS:
Modem Access
BBS modem number:
Modem speed:
Communications parameters:
Terminal emulation:
Voice Help Line
Telephone number:
http://clu-in.com
ftp://clu-in.com
telnet://clu-in.epa.gov (or 134.67.99.13)
301-589-8366
Up to 28,800 baud
8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity
VT-IOOorANSI
(301)589-8368
The Hazardous Waste Clean-up Information (CLU-IN) World Wide Web Site and Electronic
Bulletin Board System (BBS) provide information about innovative treatment technologies to
the hazardous waste remediation community. Both the web site and BBS offer a variety of
information for federal and state personnel, consulting engineers, technology developers and
vendors, remediation contractors, researchers, community groups, and individual citizens.
CLU-IN World Wide Web Site
http://elu-ln.com
• Read about the operation, development, and
commercialization of innovative site character-
ization and remediation technologies and pro-
grams such as interagency consortia and public-
private partnerships designed to facilitate their use.
• Download recent documents and databases
designed to aid those responsible for hazardous
waste site remediation.
• Link to Internet sources of information on
environmental restoration and technology
development.
• Link to the CLU-IN BBS with the click of a button.
CLU-IN Electronic Bulletin
Board System (BBS)
(3OI) 589-8366
• Download the same files and databases offered
on the WWW site.
• Communicate with hazardous waste professionals
online through the message exchange system.
• Visit Special Interest Group areas moderated by
EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks
(UST), Association of State and Territorial Solid
Waste Management Officials (ASTSWMO), and
others.
A-91
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Types of Information on
CLU-IH
Some of the information available on the CLU-IN
system is summarized below.
Encyclopedia of Innovative Technologies.
Descriptions, applications, limitations, cost and
performance data, and schematic diagrams for
numerous remediation and characterization
technologies. Includes links to additional
information on CLU-IN and other sites (WWW site
only).
Technology Innovation News Survey—Biweekly
Update. A summary of news items related to
research, commercialization, and applications of
hazardous waste remediation and site
characterization technologies.
Tech Trends. A newsletter providing descriptions
and performance data for innovative cleanup
technologies that have been applied in the field.
Ground Water Currents. A newsletter of
information on the development and
demonstration of innovative ground-water
remediation techniques. Includes reports on
technologies, new regulations that impact
ground-water remediation, discussions of issues
such as DNAPLs, and information on conferences
and publications.
• Bhremediatlon in the Field. An information
update on applying bioremediation to site
cleanup. Descriptions of treatability studies
underway; bioremediation projects at CERCLA,
RCRA, UST, and TSCA sites; and technical support
and publications offered by EPA.
• Underground Tank Technology Update. A
newsletter funded by EPA and published by the
University of Wisconsin-Madison providing
information about the cleanup of ground water
and soil contaminated by leaking underground
storage tanks.
• Innovative Treatment Technologies (ITT) Annual
Status Report. A report on applications of
innovative treatment technologies for remedial
and removal actions. The companion ITT
Database provides additional detailed site-specific
information.
» Full text documents on technologies such as
bioremediation, soil vapor extraction, surfactant
and cosolvent flushing, fracturing, treatment
walls, thermal enhancement technologies,
electrokinetics, and other ground-water and
physical/chemical treatment technologies.
Databases Available for Downloading
« Vendor Information System for Innovative
Treatment Technologies (VISITT)
« Innovative Treatment Technologies (ITT) Annual
Status Report Database
« Vendor Field Analytical and Characterization
Technologies System (Vendor FACTS)
« Bioremediation in the Field Search System (BFSS)
Other Regularly Updated Information
• Announcements of opportunities for contracting
with the federal government on projects
involving hazardous waste remediation.
• Full text of recent Federal Register notices related
to hazardous waste and ground-water issues.
• Calendar of conferences, workshops, and
technology demonstrations.
• Announcements of new EPA publications.
Getting Help
A voice help line is available from 9:00am to 5:00pm Eastern Time to help you connect to and use the
CLU-IN WWW site and BBS. The help line phone number is (301) 589-8368.
The CLU-IN WWW is available to anyone with Internet access. The CLU-IN BBS is available free of charge 365
days a year, 24 hours a day, to anyone with a modem and communications software. Choose your own
password and complete a short online registration during your first visit to gain immediate access. Detailed
assistance for BBS commands is available through online help. To get help with any BBS prompt, type H. You
will get a list of choices for responses to that prompt.
A-92
-------
TOOU KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix
NOTE: Specific site and contaminant characteristics
may limit the applicability and effectiveness of
any of the technologies and treatments
listed below. This matrix is optimistic in
nature and should always be used in
conjunction with the referenced text sections,
which contain additional information
that can be useful in identifying potentially
applicable technologies.
SOIL, SEDIMENT, AND SLUDGE
3.1 In Silu Biological Treatment :..«..:.":.;': :•:.: ".
_4.1 Biodegradation
4.2 Bioventihg
4.3 White Rot Fungus
3.2 In Situ Physical/Chemical Treatment
4.4 _ Pneumatic Fracturing (enhancement)
""4.5 Soil'"""-
4.6 Soil Vapor Extraction (In Silu)
'4.7 "'"Soiidificatioii/Stab'iiization
3.3 In Situ Thermal Treatment
4.8 Thermally Enhance
._. .„ _ -- yjkjp^.^
3.4 Ex Situ Biological Treatment (aasuming excavation) ' j.
4.10 _ Composting
4\j ^Controlled Solid Phase Bio. Treatment
4.12 Landfarming
£l 3~~Sfufry"PhaiielBib'. Treatment
3.5 Ex S'rtu Physical/Chemical Treatment (gamming excavation)
_ 4.J4_ChemicaUeductipn/Oxidation
4.15 behalogenatiprj (BCD) " ""
4.16 DehaloRenalion (Clycolaie)
"4J7~~SoiT Washing _ __~
""4.18 "Soil Vapor Extraction (fx Situ) Full
4.20 Solvent Exiractfon (chemicaj extraction")
3.6, ,ix Silu Thermal Treatment,(assumingexcavation) -
4.21 High Temperature Thermal Desorption
4.22 Hot Gas Decontamination
4.23 Incineration
' 4.24 Low Temperature Thermal Desorption
4.2S Open Bum/Open Detonation
4.26 Pyrolysis
4.27 Vitrification
3.7, Other Treatment
4.28 Excavation, Retrieval, and Off-Site Disposal
"4.29 Natural Attenuation
Rating Codes (See Table 3-1)
• Belter
© Average
A Worse
I Inadequate Information
NA Not Applicable
Source: Remediation Technologies Screening
Matrix and Reference Guide (PB95-104782)
A-93
-------
TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix
(Continued)
hfOTE: Specific site and contaminant characteristics
may limit the applicability and effectiveness of
any of the technologies and treatments
listed below. This matrix is optimistic in
nature and should always be used in
conjunction with the referenced text sections,
which contain additional information
that can be useful in identifying potentially
applicable technologies.
dROUMnVAHR, SURFACE WATER, AND LEACHATE
3J In Site Btotegkal Treatment
430 Co-metaboKc Treatment
431 Nitrate Enhancement
4.32 " Oxygen Enhancement with Air Sparging
433 Oxygen Enhancement wilh HjOa
3.9 In Situ Physical/Chemical Treatment
4 35_ Directional Wells (enhancement)
4.36 Dual Phase Extraction
437 Free Product Recovery
* ''''
438 Hot Water or Steam Flushing/Stripping
439 HydVofracturing (enhancement)
__4.40 FagrveTreilment Walls
4.4J" SluVry"Walfi'(^uTnmentonly)
4.42 Vacuum Vapor Extraction
3.10 Ex Situ Btetejjlcal Treatment (aiiumlng pumplm) •
I solid iNolilBIHIA
4.43 § toreadors
3.11 Ex 5toHriticaW>efnfc^ Treatment (aiaurnh); pumping)
4.44 AiT Stripping
_4.46_lon Exchange
~ 4~47 liquid Phase Carbon Adsorption
"4.48~Precip'itaii6rS ~~
4^49 UV Oxidation
3.12 Ofter Treatment
JJ J AIR FMISSIONS/OFF-GAS TRIAFMKNI
Biofillration
4.52_i Hijh Erwrgy Corona
4 J3~ Membrane Separation
434 ~ bxWatiori "~~
455 Vapor Phase Carbon Adsorption
Pilot
IPJIot
FU|!
Full
A
1
Ngne_
"None
None
_None_
Solid
NA
A
A
NA
NA_
"NA
Neither
I
Neither
Neither
Rating Codes (See Table 3-1)
• Belter
0 Average
A Worse
I Inadequate Information
NA Not Applicable
Source: Remediation Technologies Screening
Matrix and Reference Guide (PB95-104782)
A-94
-------
Selecting Innovative
Cleanup Technologies:
EPA Resources
EPA offers many
informational
resources to aid
in identifying
and screening
innovative
technologies
for waste site
remediation.
Daniel M. Powell,
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
Technology Innovation Office
The scope of the contaminated site
cleanup problem in the United
States indicates the need for more
effective, less costly remediation
technologies. However, the menu of routine-
ly selected treatment options is minimal.
Existing technologies do not provide all
of the answers to this dilemma. Although
proven remedies are indeed effective in
certain settings, they are limited by a num-
ber of factors. For example, incinerators
can be very costly and difficult to site. In
addition, many of the technologies used to
date do not address some of the more com-
plex problems faced at contaminated sites
(such as mixed radioactive and hazardous
wastes, or dense nonaqueous phase liquids
[DNAPLs] in groundwater).
Although innovative solutions are
being selected for a growing number of
cleanup actions, several barriers hinder
their routine use. The availability of ade-
quate performance and cost data on such
technologies is one of the greatest obsta-
cles. These data are lacking mainly
because only 14 of the 263 Superfund
source control projects for which innova-
tive remedies were selected have reached
completion, the stage where performance
and cost information become available.
This lack of information on the full-
scale field use of innovative technologies is
problematic for several reasons. First, it
decreases the willingness of regulators and
the public to accept new remedies for site
cleanup. And, it discourages site managers
from selecting innovative technologies for
use at their sites, since data are not avail-
able to compare these technologies to more
proven remedies.
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) encourages the use of inno-
vative technologies, and by improving the
availability of information to decision-
makers at hazardous waste sites, the
Agency hopes that they will be considered
more often. Indeed, EPA offers a number
of resources to site managers as they move
though the decision-making process that
leads to remedy selection.
This article describes the steps involved
in researching the technology alternatives
and the information available from EPA at
each of these steps. It is not intended to be
an authoritative guide to the remedy selec-
tion process. Rather, it can serve as a
roadmap to help site managers navigate
through the growing amount of information
available on innovative treatment technolo-
gies. This roadmap should help managers
categorize data available to identify and
narrow the alternatives applicable to partic-
ular sites. Each publication description
includes an EPA identification number, and
the sidebar on p. 35 contains ordering
instructions.
Steps in the remedy
selection process
The following discussion of publica-
tions and databases is organized as a model
reflecting the phases through which the
hazardous waste site decision-maker pro-
gresses. In the initial remedy scoping
phase, a site manager must identify and
conduct a preliminary review of cleanup
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS • MAY 1994 • 33
A-95
-------
SITE REMEDIATION
alternatives and locate the data available
on each of them. This step involves both a
screening of potential technologies and a
search of the existing literature describing
those technologies. In the feasibility study
stage, the site manager must then review
the information gathered and analyze its
applicability to the particular site. Finally,
the site manager must determine the site-
specific applicability of the technologies
identified in the first two phases, and, ulti-
mately, develop a decision document (e.g.,
a Superfund Record of Decision [ROD])
justifying the selection of the most appro-
priate alternative for that site.
WiSo'd and ground-voter remediation
occurs simultaneously in this
Integrated vapor extraction/steam
vacuum snipping system. Photo
courtesy AWD Technologies.
In addition to these steps, some activities
are interwoven throughout the selection
process. The site manager should network
among other professionals as well as identify
and weigh the policy considerations
involved in selecting remedies at hazardous
waste sites. And, although treatability
studies can occur in the latter stages of the
technology selection process to help deter-
mine the applicability of a particular
treatment process to a site-specific prob-
lem. EPA encourages site managers to con-
duct them as early in the process as possible.
The stages outlined above provide a
convenient framework for describing
information resources available from EPA
to analyze innovative cleanup options.
These resources are developed primarily
by two offices within EPA — the Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
(OSWER) and the Office of Research and
Development (ORD). Within these orga-
nizations, the Technology Innovation
Office, the Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response, the Office of Solid
Waste, the Office of Underground Storage
Tanks, and EPA Laboratories provide
numerous resources to assist site decision-
makers with remedy selection. The rest of
this article highlights the resources related
to innovative technologies, focusing pri-
marily on technologies available for
source control and the treatment of con-
taminated soils.
Technology screening
The first step in the remedy selection
process involves a general screening of the
technologies available for dealing with the
particular problem at the site. As a tool to
scope innovative options, EPA, in conjunction
with the U.S. Air Force, has developed the
Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix
and Reference Guide (EPA/542/B-93/005).
The first part of this document is a
general screening matrix that compares
technologies for soils, sediments and
sludge, groundwater, and air emis-
sion/off-gas treatment according to a
variety of parameters. These parameters
include: the development status of the
technology; contaminant groups treat-
ed; whether the technology is capital or
operation-and-maintenance (O&M)
intensive; whether it is used as part of
a treatment train; residuals produced;
whether it addresses toxicity, mobility,
or volume; and long-term effectiveness
and permanence. In addition, the matrix
rates each technology (better, adequate,
worse, inadequate information avail-
able, or not applicable) according to
overall cost, time to complete cleanup,
system reliability and maintenance
requirements, awareness of the remedia-
tion consulting community, regulatory
and permitting acceptability, and com-
munity acceptability.
The second portion of this document.
34 • MAY 199* • CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS
A-96
-------
the reference guide, provides
additional information to
increase the usability of the
matrix. It describes the basis of
the ratings, gives more detailed
information on the strengths and
weaknesses of each technology,
and includes citations to pub-
lished information on each tech-
nology type.
In general, the Screening
Matrix and Reference Guide is
intended as a general reference
to be used in the initial screen-
ing. It should not be used as the
sole basis for remedy selection.
A review of more detailed ref-
erences along with an analysis
of .individual site conditions
should follow this initial
screening process.
To provide a fuller under-
standing of the menu of innova-
tive technologies, EPA has
developed several general tech-
nology survey reports giving
extensive information on inno-
vative technologies. One such
resource is Innovative Treatment
Technologies: Overview and
Guide of Information Sources
(EPA/540/9-91/002; PB92-
179001). This is a compilation
of information on treatment
technologies available for use in
the Superfund program.
The Overview includes' sec-
tions on incineration, thermal
desorption, soil washing, solvent
extraction, dechlorination, bioremedia-
tion, vacuum extraction, in situ vitrifi-
cation, and groundwater treatment.
Each section contains: brief descrip-
tions of the processes employed by the
technology; summaries of its status,
applications, strengths, and weakness-
es; and, where available, facts on waste
site characteristics that may affect per-
formance. The document also lists ref-
erence materials and provides contacts
within EPA, state agencies, and the
contractor community who have expe-
rience with issues related to these tech-
nologies. Although the Overview is rel-
evant at this initial screening stage, it
ffftrances ate
ehorge. Oolumerite with fPA^.^j
"«milif|cifti»<}bt8ij»'6tfromjfis'l'l8i:««»al Ceufgrfor 3
f-V¥h«S supplies
Superfwntf
"~ ^ 1
number i$p
ce,
ervice 3
-. ^^r -^ ^-
^ftatiowj- Center fpr* Invirountlstol
«dl&OHB8t!OtJjllCEPl|* '-•-'* "
Superfund Document Center:
"
should remain useful throughout the
remedy selection process.
For site managers facing problems
related to underground storage tanks
(USTs) for petroleum products,
Technologies and Options for UST
Corrective Actions: Overview of
Current Use (EPA/542/R-92/010;
PB93-145589) summarizes treatment
technologies used in state UST correc-
tive-action programs. It also includes
descriptions and operating parameters
for a number of innovative technolo-
gies pertinent to UST-related contami-
nants. Finally, it gives examples of
some of the state requirements that may
affect the use of the technologies.
The Technology Innovation Office
has also developed an electronic
resource useful in screening innovative
technologies and identifying technolo-
gy vendors. The Vendor Information
System for Innovative Treatment
Technologies (VISITT) contains current
information on the availability, perfor-
mance, and cost of innovative treat-
ments to remediate contaminated haz-
ardous waste sites. The searchable
database allows the user to find infor-
mation on commercially available
treatment processes based on a number
of criteria, including contaminants,
waste type, and waste source. It
includes technologies at all levels of
development — bench-, pilot-, and
full-scale. This system enables ven-
dors to notify the user communities of
the availability of their technologies,
and it enables site managers to deter-
mine what technologies may be avail-
able to treat the problems encountered
at their sites.
VISITT Version 2.0 is now avail-
able. It profiles 231 technologies
offered by 141 companies, 65% of
which are available commercially at
full-scale. Of the 231 technologies, 28
treat groundwater in situ, 164 treat soil,
77 treat sludge, 66 treat natural sedi-
ments, 32 treat solids, and 10 are off-
gas treatments; 149 of the technologies
treat volatile organics, 146 treat semi-
volatile organics, 46 treat metals, and
28 treat other inorganics.
The VISITT system is distributed
free of charge through EPA's National
Center for Environmental Information
(NCEPI) [see sidebar]. Information
on the contents of the system along
with details for ordering it can be
found in the VISITT Bulletin
(EPA/542/N-93/004).
EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory has developed a series of
Engineering Bulletins summarizing the
latest information on specific treatment
and remediation processes. These
bulletins provide site managers with an
understanding of the data and site-
characteristics necessary to evaluate
(at the technology sc.oping level)
the potential applicability of a
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS • MAY 1994 • 35
A-97
-------
SITE REMEDIATION
technology to their particular problem.
As the program gathers new infor-
mation on the technologies, addenda
will be added to ensure that the docu-
ments remain up-to-date. The bulletins
related to innovative treatment tech-
nologies published to date are listed in
Table I. In addition, EPA plans to pub-
lish two new bulletins, including one
on in situ biodcgradation.
Literature review
After the initial screening of avail-
able technologies, the next step in the
selection process is a review of avail-
able literature on the potentially appli-
cable options. Various resources are
readily accessible, both searchable
electronic media as well as the more
generally used print media.
Electronic media. The foremost
bibliographic database on hazardous
waste site treatment technologies
offered by EPA is the Alternative
Treatment Technology Information
Center (ATTIC). It contains informa-
tion on biological, chemical, and physi-
cal treatment processes, solidification
and stabilization, and thermal treatment
technologies. The ATTIC system pro-
vides users with on-line access to sev-
eral databases as well as an electronic
bulletin board, a hot line (which allows
searches for those without computer
capabilities), and a repository of docu-
ments related to alternative and innova-
tive treatment technologies.
The primary component of ATTIC is
the ATTIC database, a searchable, bib-
liographic database providing abstracts
on over 2,000 references. The on-line
system also provides access to a treata-
btlily database, a message center, and a
comprehensive calendar of technology-
related events.
There is no charge for the use of
ATTIC and it is available 24 hours a
day. seven days a week. The on-line
number for the ATTIC system is
703/908-2138. and the system opera-
tor/hotline number is 703/908-2137.
The settings for on-line access
to ATTIC arc 8 data bits, no parity,
and 1 stop bit.
A publication developed to facilitate
access to the large body of information
related to innovative treatment tech-
nologies is Accessing Federal Data
Bases For Contaminated Site Clean-
Lip Technologies, Third Edition
(EPA/542/B-93/008 or PB94-144540).
It contains a series of 23 profiles
describing databases, expert systems,
and electronic bulletin boards main-
tained by federal agencies. The listed
systems contain information on innova-
tive technologies or on completed
demonstration projects. The publica-
tion explains the type of information
each system contains, and notes the
accessibility of the systems (restricted
vs. open), hardware and software speci-
fications, and agency contacts.
In addition to federally sponsored
systems, various commercial databases
and software can assist cleanup profes-
sionals in locating bibliographic infor-
mation. To improve awareness of the
available literature in the field of haz-
ardous waste cleanup technologies,
EPA has prepared a Literature Survey
of Innovative Technologies for
Hazardous Waste Site Remediation:
1987-1991 (EPA/542/B-92/004).
Compiled based on a search of com-
mercial databases (including CA
Search, Compendex Plus, Energy
Science and Technology Database, the
National Technical Information
Service (NTIS) Database, and
Pollution Abstracts), this document is
an extensive listing of technical litera-
ture related'to innovative technologies,
organized by technology type.
[CEP's annual Software Directory
is another source of information on
available software. — Editor]
Print resources. EPA also provides
printed materials useful in identifying
technology references. Selected
Alternative and Innovative Treatment
Technologies for Corrective Action and
Site Remediation (EPA/542/B-93/010)
is a bibliography of EPA reports
describing treatment technologies for
hazardous waste sites. Published semi-
annually, this brochure provides titles,
document numbers, and ordering infor-
mation for technology documents. The
bibliography also includes details on
EPA information systems relevant to
site cleanup technologies.
A broader look at the reports and
publications available from the federal
government as a whole is provided by
Table 1. EPA Engineering Bulletins on
specific remediation technologies.
!- Chemical Dehnlogenation Alkali
IfS
fef Slurrv Bjodepradation
!• Soa washing Treatment
-Ja S/tu~Ste"am Extraction
JS.T to Situ Soil,Vapor Enaction
|{jnjhe!itjal Dssorption Treatment
S**£; •f'W*-*,^i*tf^ ^v ** % ww *
*» Chemical Oxidation Treatment
EPA/5WZ-9MKI
liflotalffTg BiologicaTGbntactors "
ft Tachgolog^ Proselsction data Requirements^
||^Selectiono|ControlXephno|qgt8sfof ^ ~
gSr lj|£;ediattpj ofLfladTBgBe_ry RecVcling Sites
f ^ISoiidification/Stabllffiation of _.
|l.".» Organics and Inorganics
I ^ _ « 7f "—, v - «
36
MAY 199* • CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS
A-98
-------
Federal Publications on Alternative
and Innovative Treatment Technol-
ogies for Corrective Action and
Site Remediation, Third Edition
(EPA/542/B-93/007 or PB94-144557).
This 42-page bibliography references
reports describing federal research,
evaluation, and demonstration of inno-
vative treatment processes for haz-
ardous waste sites. Over 400 reports are
referenced and categorized by subject
area, with listings for general survey
reports as well as technology-specific
topic groupings. The bibliography also
provides document numbers and
ordering information.
Another aid in the literature screen-
ing stage is the Compendium of
Superfund Program Publications
(EPA/540/8-91/014). Much more gen-
eral and comprehensive than the bibli-
ographies, this publication is the most
complete source of information provid-
ed by EPA on Superfund documents,
including fact sheets, directives, publi-
cations, and computer materials. The
compendium also includes detailed
information on how to order Superfund
publications, most of which are avail-
able through the NTIS for a fee,
Due to the high level of interest in
bioremediation, the Technology
Innovation Office has developed the
Bioremediation Resource Guide
(EPA/542/B-93/004) to aid decision-
makers in reviewing the applicability of
bioremediation. This document provides
access information on electronic
resources and hot lines, cites relevant
federal regulations, and abstracts perti-
nent print resources such as bibliogra-
phies, guidance documents, workshop
proceedings, overview documents,
study and test results, and test designs
and' protocols. Particularly handy is a
detailed "bioremediation resource
matrix," which compares the documents
by technology type, affected media, and
contaminants. The guide also provides
detailed information on how users may
obtain the listed publications.
Finally, EPA conducts annual sym-
posia to provide information useful in
the literature screening phase of the
remedy selection process. The Forum
f»B$M*W8
> fPMW^tlfm&r
;
on Innovative Hazardous Waste
Treatment Technologies: Domestic and
International is a national conference
where hazardous waste professionals
can exchange solutions to hazardous
waste problems. The last forum, held in
San Francisco, November 17-19,1992,
was attended by over 1,000 representa-
tives from the U.S. and 25 foreign
countries. Attendees heard 42 technical
presentations describing domestic and
international technologies for the treat-
ment of waste, sludges, and contami-
nated soils at hazardous waste sites,
focusing on physical/chemical, biologi-
cal, thermal, and stabilization tech-
niques. Abstracts and papers from this,
as well as the first three forums, are
available from EPA. Publication num-
bers for the abstracts are shown in
Table 2. The next forum is being held
this month {May 3-5 in Chicago), and
abstracts from that conference will be
available shortly.
Narrowing the options
The next step is the information
review and analysis phase. By this
point, the site manager has identified
information on available alternatives,
and can now begin to review the tech-
nical publications for more specific
information on the options deemed rel-
evant to the particular contamination
problem at the site.
EPA has developed a number of
resources that contain detailed informa-
tion on the application of innovative
treatment technologies. They can serve
as a basis to determine whether alterna-
tives identified in the previous stages
warrant further consideration.
Two publications provide brief syn-
opses of innovative technologies that
are in federal demonstration programs.
First, the EPA Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program publishes an annual com-
pendium of abstracts describing the
innovative technologies or processes it
has accepted into the SITE program.
This publication, entitled The
Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation Program: Technology
Profiles, Sixth Edition (EPA/540/R-
93/526), contains profiles of 156
demonstration, emerging, and moni-
toring and measurement technologies
currently being evaluated. Each pro-
file provides an abstracted description
of the technology, a discussion of its
applicability to various wastes and
media, an update on its development
or demonstration status, demonstra-
tion results (if available), and contacts
(for both the developer and at EPA).
EPA also publishes a compendium
of federal demonstration and evalua-
tion projects entitled Synopses of
Federal Demonstrations of Innovative
Site Remediation Technologies, Third
Edition (EPA/542/B-93/009 or PB94-
144565). Similar in format to the SITE
Technology Profiles, this publication is
a compilation of 112 abstracts describ-
ing demonstrations of innovative tech-
nologies conducted by federal agen-
cies. Of the 112 projects, 32 are
classified as bioremediation, 9 as
chemical treatment, 17 as thermal treat-
ment, 14 as vapor extraction, 16 as soil
washing, and 24 as "other physical
treatment." In addition, an appendix
contains information on 14 demonstra-
tion projects involving incineration and
solidification/stabilization. The
abstracts profile both completed pro-
jects and planned demonstrations that
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS • MAY 199+ • 37
A-99
-------
SITE REMEDIATION
arc neaHng implementation. Each pro-
file includes the name and telephone
number of a contact for the project.
The SITE Technology Profiles and
the Federal Synopses provide brief
abstracts on each technology. The
full results of each specific project
completed under the SITE
Demonstration Program are incorpo-
rated in two documents, the
Technology Evaluation Report and
the Applications Analysis Report.
The Technology Evaluation Report
is a comprehensive summary of the
results of the demonstration. It gives a
detailed review of the performance of
the technology, as well as the advan-
tages, risks, and costs for a given appli-
cation. This report focuses on the
needs of the site manager who is
responsible for evaluating the applica-
bility of the technology in relation to a
specific site or waste situation.
The Applications Analysis Report
(which will become the Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report within
the next year) is intended for use by
decision-makers responsible for the
selection and implementation of a rem-
edy. It aids site managers in deciding
whether the documented technology is
viable for further consideration to
clean up a specific site. In addition to
providing an evaluation of the perfor-
mance of the technology at the demon-
stration site, this report incorporates
data from other projects to give an
indication of the broader applicability
of the tested technology. Since waste
characteristic differences from site to
site may affect a technology's success,
it is necessary to examine data avail-
able from other field applications. In
addition, EPA evaluates the applicabili-
ty of each technology to sites and
wastes other than those tested and stud-
ies the technology's likely costs in those
situations, and the results from these
analyses are included as well. Table 3
shows the Applications Analysis
Reports now available.
An effort that should be particularly
helpful in a detailed review of tech-
nologies is the WASTECH project.
WASTECH is a multiorganizational
f:greggj§!j| S^psraoort j
Et*A/SWA5-8S/OM *
f ^ ~ *aa>Z$*f ^#
por Extraction/Steam
Ssaheatt Resource Development 6
initiative (including AIChE's
Environmental Div.) being coordinat-
ed by the American Academy of
Environmental Engineers (AAEE)
through a cooperative agreement with
EPA's Technology Innovation Office.
WASTECH is developing a series of
eight engineering monographs on
innovative cleanup technologies. The
monographs are written by experts in
each technology field and are exten-
sively peer-reviewed by government,
academic, and professional organiza-
tions involved in site cleanup and tech-
nology development. Each monograph
includes a comprehensive description
of the technology or process, a descrip-
tion of suitable applications, an evalua-
tion of the technology based on "a syn-
thesis of available information and
informed judgments," a description of
the limitations of the process, and a
38* MAY 1994 • CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS
A-100
-------
prognosis of other processes or
elements of processes that require
further research before considering
full-scale application.
The first two monographs, on ther-
mal desorption and soil washing/soil
flushing, were completed in late 1993
and are available from AAEE (130
Holiday Court, Suite 100, Annapolis,
MD, 21401, 410/266-3311). The
remaining six (on stabilization/solidifi-
cation, vacuum/vapor extraction, ther-
mal destruction, chemical treatment,
solvent/chemical extraction, and biore-
mediation) are in progress. The com-
pleted set should be available by late
summer or early fall.
Networking
As indicated earlier, the process of
networking is not a one-time activity.
Instead, networking should take place
throughout the selection process.
Networking involves communicating
with other hazardous waste profes-
sionals to learn of their experiences
and to tap their expertise. Cleanup
decisions have already been made at
many sites, and the experiences of
those site managers can provide valu-
able lessons relevant to future remedy
selection decisions. To facilitate net-
working, EPA offers several mecha-
nisms.
The first mechanism consists of
technology newsletters, which pro-
vide regular forums to publicize
ongoing technology applications.
EPA publishes three such newslet-
ters on a quarterly basis.
The Tech Trends newsletter is
self-described as "an applied journal
for Superfund removals and remedial
actions and RCRA [Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act]
corrective actions." Among the issues
addressed by Tech Trends are new
technologies, innovative uses of
existing technologies, overcoming
bureaucratic obstacles to the use of
innovative technologies, and the
applicability of innovative technologies
used in the Superfund program to the
RCRA corrective action and closure
programs. The most recent issue is
February 1994 (EPA/542/N-94/001).
Bioremediation in the Field is described
as "an information update on applying
bioremediation to site cleanup." It fea-
tures articles on a number of topics,
including results of projects at sites sup-
ported through EPA's Bioremediation
Field Initiative, developments from lab-
oratory and field tests, information on
upcoming conferences and seminars,
and a listing of relevant bioremediation
publications available from EPA or
NTIS. It also includes an up-to-date
tracking table of sites where bioremedi-
ation projects have been completed, are
in operation or design, or are being con-
sidered for use. The table contains site
names, points of contact, contaminants
and media treated at each project, pro-
ject status, clean-up levels, and the spe-
cific treatment option chosen for each.
This table can provide site managers
with a starting point for further informa-
tion on the applicability of bioremedia-
tion to additional sites. The table in the
last issue of Bioremediation in the Field
(March 1994, EPA/540/N-94/500) list-
ed 148 bioremediation sites.
Another newsletter with a specific
focus is Ground Water Currents, which
focuses on issues affecting the develop-
ment and use of innovative groundwater
treatment technologies. Along with arti-
cles on field applications of such tech-
nologies, Ground Water Currents also
provides information on groundwater
research and regulatory issues affecting
the development and application of
technologies. The February 1994 issue
(EPA/542/N-94/002) is the most recent.
An electronic bulletin board sys-
tem, the Cleanup Information (CLU-
IN) bulletin board, allows more time-
ly, day-to-day communications
among the clean-up community.
CLU-IN's features allow users to
exchange messages (either with indi-
vidual users or to large audiences),
exchange computer files and databas-
es, read bulletins on-line, or access
several databases on-line. CLU-IN
also includes a number of special
interest group areas (or sub-bulletin
boards) on groundwater cleanup,
treatability studies, and training.
CLU-IN is available 24 hours a day,
seven days a week, and there is no charge
to use it. The on-line number for CLU-IN
is 301/589-8366, and the telecommunica-
tions parameters must be set at 8 data bits,
no parity, and 1 stop bit. CLU-IN also
offers a help line staffed by the system
operator at 301/589-8368, as well as
several source documents, including an
introductory flyer (Exchanging
Information on CLU-IN, EPA/542/F-
93/001), a users' guide (Cleanup
Information Bulletin Board System User's
Guide, EPA/542/B-93/002), and a one-
hour, self-guided lesson for beginners
(A Guided Tour of CLU-IN, EPA/542/
B-93/003).
Several publications described earlier
may also be useful for networking. Both
the Semi-Annual Status Report and the
SITE program's Tech Profiles provide
contact names for the technology projects
that they list These contacts can provide
valuable information on particular tech-
nologies. Also, Accessing Federal Data
Bases lists other electronic systems avail-
able from other federal agencies that have
communication capabilities.
Site-specific application
Technical assistance. After the
options have been researched, a deter-
mination must be made as to the site-
specific applicability of a particular
technology. Several additional
resources are available to provide sup-
port at this point in the selection pro-
cess. Technical Support Services for
Superfund Site Remediation and RCRA
Corrective Action (EPA/540/8-91/091)
is a directory of services within EPA to
assist EPA project managers in solving
specific technical problems. Also
included are listings of salient publica-
tions and information on relevant auto-
mated information systems. Although
many of the help lines are for EPA per-
sonnel only, a number of the resources
listed are accessible to outside parties.
Another aid in identifying potential
sources of assistance is Innovative
Hazardous Waste Treatment Tech-
nologies: A Developer's Guide to
Support Services (EPA/540/2-
91/012). The primary purpose of this
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS • MAY 1994 • 39
A-101
-------
SITE REMEDIATION
publication is to provide technology
developers with a listing of resources
available to them as they seek to
advance their technologies from the
proof-of-concept stage to commercial-
ization. The booklet includes informa-
tion on regulatory requirements appli-
cable to the development of new
technologies, sources of grant funding
and technical assistance, and the iden-
tification of incubator, testing and
evaluation, and university-affiliated
research facilities that provide a host
of development and evaluation ser-
vices. Some of these services may also
be useful to site managers interested in
specific technologies.
Treatability studies guidance.
The resources discussed thus far can
aid a site manager in determining the
applicability of a particular technolo-
gy to Kite-specific contamination.
However, of fundamental importance
to remedy selection is the treatability
testing process. Treatability studies
provide a much clearer indication of
whether a technology or treatment
process is truly applicable to a specific
contamination problem at a site.
To assist site managers in conduct-
ing treatability studies, EPA has
developed a number of guidance doc-
uments that address both general and
technology-specific issues. Tables 4
and 5 outline the available documents
and fact sheets on treatability testing.
The goal: remedy selection
The resources described so far are
intended to lead the hazardous waste
professional up to the point of select-
ing a remedy at an individual site.
EPA also provides support at the
actual selection point.
Although the benefits of inno-
vative technologies arc often cited,
Kite managers have little written
guidance to support their decisions
in selecting innovative technolo-
gies. In fact, some of the regulato-
ry and administrative requirements
may impede the use of innovative
technologies. Furthermore, the fear
of failure for unsuccessful applica-
tions of new processes has
Table 5. Treatability studies — technology-specific guidance.
also served to create an atmo-
sphere that discouraged the selec-
tion of such technologies.
In the summer of 1991, OSWER
recognized these shortcomings and
issued Furthering the Use of
Innovative Treatment Technologies
in OSWER Programs, also known as
Directive 9380.0-17 (available in
fact-sheet format, OSWER Directive
9380.0-17FS) to emphasize the
commitment of EPA senior man-
40 • MAY 1334 • CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS
A-102
-------
agement to the selection of
innovative technologies. This
Directive targeted both EPA site
managers seeking support for their
decisions to select innovative tech-
nologies and responsible parties need-
ing a tool to negotiate the use of
these technologies with reluctant
EPA project managers. The
Directive formally emphasizes
OSWER's commitment to the use of
innovative technologies, and indi-
cates that efforts to further their
application are viewed by senior
management as a benefit that
should be considered in remedy
selection decision-making.
The Directive contains a number
of initiatives in areas such as: fund-
ing for innovative projects; contract-
ing issues; budgetary prioritization;
treatability testing; use of innovative
technologies in emergency response
actions; testing at federal facilities;
enforcement issues; use of innova-
tive technologies in other OSWER
programs (UST and RCRA correc-
tive actions); and greater cooperation
with private parties through the
mechanisms available under the
Federal Technology Transfer Act.
Reluctance on the part of man-
agement and regulators represents
only one hurdle that site managers
must clear in selecting innovative
technologies at their sites. The pub-
lic's lack of understanding and fear
of being treated as "guinea pigs"
represent another barrier.
To assist site managers in
addressing the needs of surrounding
communities to understand innova-
tive technologies, EPA has prepared
a series of Citizen 's Guides to
Understanding Innovative Treatment
Technologies. They are written in
predominantly nontechnical lan-
guage and are available in both
English and Spanish. Eight of the
Citizen's Guides contain information
on specific treatment technologies,
one provides an overview of innova-
tive treatment technologies, and
another highlights success stories
about locations where innovative
treatment technologies have been
applied. Table 6 is a listing of the
available Citizen's Guides. Eg
To receive a free copy of this
article, send in the Reader
Inquiry Card in this issue with
the No. 117 circled.
Table 6. Citizen's Guides to understanding
innovative treatment technologies.
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A-103
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
This page intentionally left blank.
A-104
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Documents Available from the
US EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Superfund Technology Demonstration Division
General Publications
SITE Program: Annual Report to Congress 1994 (EPA/540/R-95/522)
SITE Profiles, Ninth Edition (EPA/540/R-97/502)
Survey of Materials Handling Technologies Used at Hazardous Waste
Sites (EPA/540/2-91/010)
Interim Status Report U.S. and German bilateral Agreement on Remediation of Hazardous
Waste Sites (EPA/540/R-94/500)
Demonstration Project Results
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.-Pneumatic
Fracturing Extraction and Hot Gas Injection,
Phase 1
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/509)
PB93-216596
• Technology Demo. Summary(EPA/540/SR-93/509)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/509)3
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/509)3
PB94-117439
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (formerly
Chemfix)-Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
« Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-89/011 a)3 PB91-127696
• Technology Evauation Vol. 11
(EPA/540/5-89/01 lb)3 PB90-274127
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/011 )3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/011 )3
American Combustion, Inc.-Oxygen Enhanced
Incineration
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/008)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/008)
• Technology Demo. Summary(EPA/540/S5-89/008)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/008)'
AWD Technologies, Inc.- Integrated Vapor
Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping
• Applications Analysis(EPA/540/A5-91/002)
PB92-218379
« Demonstration Bulletin(EPA/540/M5-91/002)3
Babcock & Wilcox Co-Cyclone Furnace Vitrification
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1 (EPA/540/R-92/017A)3
PB92-222215
• TechnologyEvaluationVol.il (EPA/540/R-92/017B)3
PB92-222223
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/017)
PB93-122315
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/017)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/011)
Bergman USA-Soil and Sediment Washing System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/075)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/075)
Biogenesis Enterprises, Inc.-Soil and Sediment Washing
Processes
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/510)
• Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/510)
• SITE Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/51 <))•'
Bio-Rem, Inc. - Augmented In-Situ Subsurface Biorem
Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/527)
BioTrol - Biological Aqueous Treatment System
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91 /OOI )3
PB92-110048
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/001)
PB91-227983
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/001)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/001)
'Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
1 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
'Out of stock
A-105
-------
Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
• Soil Washing System
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-91/003a)3 PB92-115310
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 Part A
(EPA/540/5-91/003b)' PB92-115328
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 Part B
(EPA/540/5-91/003c)3 PB92-115336
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/003)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/003)
. Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/003)
Brice Environmental Services Corporation-Bescorp
Soil Washing System Battery Enterprises Site
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/503)
. Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-93/503)
Brown and Root Environmental-Subsurface
Volatilization and Ventilation System
. Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/529)
. Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/529a)
. Innovative Tech. Eval. Report(EPA/540/R-94/529)
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation-Low
Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/504)
. Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/504)
CeTech Resources, Inc., formerly Chemfix
Technologies, Inc. - Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-89/011a) PB9I-127696
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11
(EPA/540/5-89/011 b) PB90-274127
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011)
« Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/011)?
PB91-921373
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/0II)3
CF Systems Corporation-Liquified Gas Solvent
Extraction
. Technology Evaluation Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-90/002)
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11
(EPA/540/5-90/002a)J PB90-186503
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/002)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/002)
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.-X-TRAX
Thermal Desorption System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/502)
Clean Berkshires, Inc. (Now Maxymillian Technologies)
- Thermal Desorption System
. Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/507)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/507a)3
Dehydro-Tech Corporation-Carver-Greenfield Process
. Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/002)?
PB92-217462
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/002)
. Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/002)
Dupont/Oberlin-Membrane Microfiltration System
. Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-90/007)3
PB92-153410
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/007)
. Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/007)
. Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/007)
Dynaphore, Inc.- Forager Sponge Technology
. Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/522)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/522a)
. Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/522)
ECOVA Corporation - Bioslurry Reactor [Pilot-Scale
Demonstration of Slurry-Phase Biological Reactor for
Creosote-Contam inated Wastewater]
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-91/009)3 PB93-205532
. Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/009)
. Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91 /009)
. Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91 /009)
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.
- GasPhase Chemical Reduction
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/522)
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/540/R-93/522a)3 PB95-100251
• Technology Evaluation Appendices
(EPA/540/R-93/522b)3 PB95-100251
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/522)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/522)
- Thermal Desorption Unit
. Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR94/504)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-94/504
Environmental Technologies, Inc.-Metal-Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR95/510)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CER1) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
1 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by thai number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
'Out of stock
A-106
-------
Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
EPOC Water, Inc. - Microfiltration Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR93/513)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/513)
Filter Flow Technology, Inc. - Colloid Polishing
Filter Method
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR95/501)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/501 a)
PB95-122792
« Innovative Tech. Eva]. Kept. (EPA/540/R-94/501)
PB95-122792
Geo-Con, Inc.-In-Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
• Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/004a)
• Technology Evaluation Appendices
(EPA/540/R-93/522b)3 PB95-100251
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11
(EPA/540/5-89)004b)3 PB89-194179
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 111
(EPA/540/5-89/004c)3 PB90-269069
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1V
(EPA/540/5-89/004d)3 PB90-269077
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/004)
• Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/004)
• Technology Demo. Summary, Update Report
(EPA/540/S5-89/004a)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/004)3
Geosafe Corporation - In-Situ Vitrification
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR94/520)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/520a)3
PB95-177101
•» Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/520)
CIS/Solutions, Inc. - CIS/KEY Environmental Data
Management System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR94/505)
• Capsule (EPA/540/SR-94/505)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/505)
PB95-138319
Gruppa Italimpresse (developed by Shirco Infrared
Systems, Inc.) - Infrared Incineration
• Technology Evaluation -Peake Oil
(EPA/540/5-88/002a)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Peake Oil Vol. 11
(EPA/540/5-88/002b) PB89-1I6024
• Technology Evaluation - Rose Township
(EPA/540/5-89/007a) PB89-125991
• Technology Evaluation- Rose Township Vol. 11
(EPA/540/5-89)007b) PB89-167910
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/010)
PB89-233423
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/S5-89/007)?
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-88/002)3
Hazcon, Inc. (now Funderburk and Assoc.) -
Solidification Process
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-89/001a)
PB89-1588103
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/5-89)001b)
PB89-1588283
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/001)
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/001)?
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/001)3
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. - Flame
Reactor
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-91/005) PB92-205855
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91 /005)
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/S5-91 /005)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91 /005)
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. - HRUBOUT
Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524)
Huges Environmental Systems, Inc. - Steam Enhanced
Recovery Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR94/510)
• Capsule (EPA/540R-94/51 Oa)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/510)
IT Research Institute (Brown and Root Environmental,
Inc.) - Radio Frequency Heating
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR94/527)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/527a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/527)
Magnum Water Technology - CAV-OX Ultraviolet
Oxidation Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/520)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/520)
PB94-189438
• Technology Evaluation Rep. (EPA/540/R-93/520)'
PB95-166161
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/520)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CER1) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
•'Out of stock
A-107
-------
Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
New York State Multi-Vendor Bioremediation:
- ENSR Consulting & Engineering/Larson Engineers
- Ex-Situ Biovault
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/524)
- R.E. Wright Environmental Inc. - In-Situ
Bioremediation System
- Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/525)
-SBP Technologies, Inc. And Env. Laboratories, Inc.
Vacuum-Vaporized Well (UVB) System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-96/506)
North American Technologies Group, Inc. - SFC
Oleoflltration System
- Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/525)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/525a)'
PB95-167227
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Rept. (EPA/540/R-94/525)
Ogden Environmental Services, Inc. (now General
Atomics) - Ogden Circulating Bed Combustor
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/001)
• Technology Evaluation Rep. (EPA/540/MR-92/001)
Pcroxidation Systems, Inc. (now Vulcan) - Perox-
Pure™ Chemical Oxidation
« Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/501)
- Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/501)
• Technology Evaluation Rep. (EPA/540/R-93/501 f
PB93-213528
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/501)
Resources Conservation Company - The Basic
Extractive Sludge Treatment (B.E.S.T.) - Solvent
Extraction
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/079)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/079)
• Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1
(EPA/540/R-92/079a) PB93-227122
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11, Part I
(EPA/540/R-92/079b)3 PB93-227130
• • Technology Evaluation Vol. 11. Part 2
(EPA/540/R-92/079c)3 PB93-227148
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11, Part 3
(EPA/540/R-92)079d)J PB93-227155
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/079)
Retech, Inc. - Plasma Centrifugal Furnace (Plasma Arc
Vitrification)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91 /007)
• Technology Evaluation-Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-9l/007a)?
PB92-216035
• TechnologyEvaluationVol.il (EPA/540/5-91/007b)3
PB92-216043
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/007)
PB92-218791
• Technology Demo Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/007)
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
- and IT Corporation - Debris Washing System
« Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-9 l/006a)
. Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/5-91/006b)3
PB91-231464
. Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/S5-91/006)
- and University of Cincinnati-Hydraulic Fracturing of
Contaminated Soil
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/505)
• Technology Evaluation and Applications Analysis
Combined (EPA/540/R-93/505)
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/SR-93/505)
-and USDA-Forest Products Technology - Fungal
Treatment Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/514)
-Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Sand Creek
Superfund Site
• Treatability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/512)
-Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Escambia
Superfund Site
• Treatability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/511)
-Volume Reduction Unit
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/508)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/508)
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/508)'
PB94-136264
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/SR-93/508)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
-and IEG Technologies-Unterdruck-Verdampfer-
Brunner Technology (UVB) Vacuum Vaporizing Well
. Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/500)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/500a)
'Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
1 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
'Out of stock
A-108
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Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3) System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/019)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/019)
SBP Technologies, Inc.-Membrant Filtration and
Bioremediation
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/014)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/014)
SilicateTechnology Corporation-
Solidification/Stabilization of Organic/Inorganic
Contaminants
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/010)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/010?
PB93-172948
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/010)3
PB95-255709
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/SR-92/010)
Simplot, J.R. - Ex Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation
Technology: TNT
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/529)
• Capsule (EPA/540/MR-95/529a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/529)
Simplot, J.R. - Ex-Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation
System (The SABRE Process)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/508)
• Capsule (EPA/540R-94/508a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-94/508)
Soiltech ATP Systems, Inc.
-Aostra-SoilTech Anaerobic Thermal Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/008)
-SoilTech Anaerobic Thermal Processor
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/078)
Soliditech, Inc. - Solidification and Stabilization
• Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1
(EPA/540/5-89/005a)3 PB90-191750
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11
(EPA/540/5-89/005b)3 PB90-191768
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/005)
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/S5-89/005)3
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005)3
Sonotech, Inc. - Cello Pulse Combustion Burner
System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/502)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/502a)
TerraKleen Response Group, Inc. - Solvent Extraction
Treatment System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/521)3
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/521 a)
Terra Vac, Inc. - in Situ Vacuum Extraction
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/003)3
• Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1 (EPA/540/5-89/003a)3
PB89-192025
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11 (EPA/540/5-89/003b)3
PB89-I92033
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/003)
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/S5-89/003)
Texaco, Inc. - Entrained-Bed Gasification Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/514)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/514a)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-94/514)
Thorneco, Inc. - Enzyme - Activated Cellulose
Technology
• Treataability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/01S)3
Toronto Harbour Commission - Soil Recycling
Treatment Train
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/Q15)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/517)
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/517)3
PB93-216067
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/SR-93/517)
Toxic Treatments USA, Inc. (Now NOVATERRA, Inc.)
- In-Situ Steam/Hot Air Stripping
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/003)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/008)
Ultrox, a Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. - UV
Ozone Treatment for Liquids
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/OI2)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/012)
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/012)3
PB90-198177
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/S5-89/012)
U.S. EPA - McColl Superfund Site - Demonstration of a
Trial Excavation
• Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-92/015)?
PB92-226448
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/015)
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/SR-92/015)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
'Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
A-109
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Demonstration Project Results (Continued)
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (formerly
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.) -PO*WW*ER™
Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/506)
• Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/506)
• Technology Evaluation -Vol. 1
(EPA/540/R-93/506a)3 PB94-160637
• Technology Evaluation Vol. 11
(EPA/540/R-93506b)3 PB94-160660
• Technology Demo Summary(EPA/540/SR-93/506)
Zenon Environmental, Inc. - Zenon Cross-
FlowPervaporation Technology
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/511)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/51 la)
Zenon Environmental Systems - Zenogem
Wastewater Treatment Process
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/503)
• Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/503a)
'Otder documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CER1) 81513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
1 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
A-110
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Emerging Technologies Program Reports
General Publications
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: - Innovation Making a Difference
Emerging Tech. Brochure (EPA/540/F-94/505)
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: - Technology with an Impact
Emerging Tech. Brochure (EPA/540/F-93/500)
SITE Emerging Technology Program (Brochure) (EPA/540/F-95/502)
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. - Two Zone
PCE Bioremediation System
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/510)
Aluminum Company of America - Bioscrubber for
Removing Hazardous Organic Emission from Soil,
Water, and Air Decontamination Process
• EmergingTech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/521)'
PB93-227025
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/521)
• Journal Article AWMA Vol. 44. No. 3, March 1994
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited - Chemical
Treatment and Ultrafiltration
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/002)
Babcock & Wilcox Co. - Cyclone Furnace (Soil
Vitrification)
• EmergingTech. Report (EPA/540/R- 93/507)
PB93-163038
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/010)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/507)
Batelle Memorial Institute - In Situ Elecroacoustic
Soil Decontamination
• Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/004)?
PB90-204728
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004)3
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. - Removal and Recovery
of Metal Ions from Groundwater (AlgaSORB)
• Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/005a)
• Emerging Tech. - Appendices
(EPA/540/5-90/005b)3 PB90-252602
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/005)
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/003)
Biotrol, Inc. - Mehanotrophic Bioreactor System
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/506)
• EmergingTech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)
• Journal Article AWMA Vol. 45, No. 1, Jan. 1995
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
- Acid Extraction Treatment System for Treatment of
Metal Contiminated Soils
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/5J3)3
PB94-188109
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/513)
- Reclamation of Lead from Superfund Waste Material
Using Secondary Lead Smelters
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/510)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-95/504)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-95/504)3
PB9-199022
Colorado School of Mines - Constructed Wetlands-
Based Treatment
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/523)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/523^
PB93-233914
University of Dayton Research Institute - Development
of a Photothermal Detoxification Unit
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/505)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-95/526)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-95/526/
PB95-255733
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. - Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/011)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S-93/504)
• Journal Article AWMA V43, No. 43, May 1993
Electrokinetics, Inc., - Electrokinetic Soil Processing
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/504)
' Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
A-111
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Emerging Technologies Program Reports
Energy and Environmental Engineering - Laser-
Induced Photochemical Oxidative Destruction
. Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/004)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-92/080)*
PB93-131431
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation -
Hybrid Fluldized Bed System
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/508)
FERRO Corporation - Waste Vitrification Through
Electric Melting
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/503)
Florida International University (or Electron Beam
Research Facility)
- Electron Beam Treatment for Removal of Benzene
and Toluene from Aqueous Streams and Sludge
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/502)
- Electron Beam Treatment for the
Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene from
Aqueous Stream
- Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/009)
•Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions Using
High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/509)
Institute of Gas technology
-Chemical and Biological Treatment (CBT)
. Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/504)
-Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/501)
IT Corporation - Photolysis/Biodegradation of PCB
and PCDD/PCDF Contaminated Soils
« Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/502)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/531)
» Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/531)3
PB95-159992
IT Corporation - Process for the Treatment of
Volatile Organic Carbon & Heavy-Metal
Contaminated Soil
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/509)
J.R. Simplot - Anaerobic Destruction of Nitroaromatics
(the SABRE Process)
• Journal Article App.Env.Micro, Vol. 58, pp. 1683-89
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. - Photocatalytic Water
Treatment
• Journal Article (EPA/600/A-93/282)3
PB94-130184
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. - Volatile
Organic Compound Removal from Air Streams by
Membrane Separation
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/503)
M.L. Energia- Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Process
for Safe Conversion of Hazardous Chlorocarbon Waste
Streams
. Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/508)
New Jersey Institute of Technology - GHEA Associates
Process for Soil Washing and Wastewater Treatment
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/509)
PURUS, Inc. - Photolytic Oxidation Process
[Destruction of Organic Contaminants in Air Using
Advanced Ultraviolet Flashlamps]
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/501)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/516)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/516)
PB93-205383
Roy F. Weston, Inc. - Ambersorb 563 Adsorbent
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/500)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-95/516)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-95/516)3
PB95-264164
University of Washington - Metals Treatment at
Superfund Sites by Adsorptive Filtration
• Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/008)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/515)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/515)3
PB94-170230
Wastewater Technology Centre - |AJ Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System (for Removal of VOC's from
Contaminated Water)
. Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/503)
• Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/512)
• Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/512)3
PB95-170230
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
'Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
3 Out of stock
A-112
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Measuring and Monitoring Program Reports
PCP/PCB Immunoassay Test Kits
PCP Immunoassay Technologies: Ensys Inc. - PENTA
Rise: Ohmicron Corp., - Penta RaPid; Millipore Inc. -
Envirogard
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/514)
. Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/514)
HNU-Hanby PCP Immunoassay Test Kit
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/515)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/515)
EnviroGard PCB Test Kit - Millipore Inc.
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/517)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/517)
Char-N-Soil PCB Test Kit
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/518)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/518)
Analytical Methods
Field Analytical Screening Program (FASP): PCB
Method
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/521)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/521)
Field Analytical Screening Program (FASP): PCP
Method
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/528)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/528)
ConePenetrometer
The Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST)
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/519)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/519)
Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System
• Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/520)
• Innovative Tech. Eval. Report (EPA/540/R-95/520)
'Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562 or Fax 513-569-8695.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock and
must be ordered by that number at cost from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650
•'Out of stock
A-113
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TOOt KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
This page intentionally left blank.
A-114
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ynited States
^Environmental -
" Protection Agenpy
EPA 542-N-97-007
February 1997
Solid Waste And Emergency Response (5102G)
X-/EPA vendor FACTS 2.0 Bulletin
^ „,.
Si " ~
i *te i^
Vendor FA
nouatiue Ssie CHarauterizaiiori
logies and UeiiUors -
rSiu ^"^ ^&skv^ -
*±_-^rr«^w. v % w
i** A. *- ^
„ /««iht?S*f* *.
^easgj.^^.
Vendor Field Analytical and Characterization
" . Technologies System /
Developecl by EPA'sTechnology Innovation Office and
National Exposure Research Laboratory -xLa^> Vegas
A-115
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For Technology USERS
How can I select the most appropriate technology for
site characterization?
Use EPA's Vendor Held Analytical and Characterization
Technologies System Database (Vendor FACTS).
Developed by EPA's Technology Innovation Office and National Exposure Research
Laboratory - Las Vegas and offered to users at no charge, Vendor FACTS contains
information provided by vendors on the applicability, performance, and current use of
their products. The user friendly system allows users to screen technologies by such
parameters as contaminants, media, intended use or development status. Version 2.0
includes approximately 1 28 technologies provided by 92 vendors.
Version 2.0 contains analytical, geophysical, chemical
extraction, and sampling technologies
The database contains information on certain categories of technologies that EPA
believes may provide the greatest opportunities for streamlining the site assessment
process. Some of the technologies are listed below:
Air Measurement
Analytical Detectors
Gas Chromatography
Chemical Reaction-Based Indicators
Immunoassay
Soil Gas Analyzer
S»toc* atturn trorath* IW or EnMr
Anatrtical Delocton
AnaM>ealTtaa>
Jioiensors
Cheaical Raaetion-Baud Indfeatort
Cora PanettonetM Chewcal Seniors
?ovmhola Seniors - Saturated Zone
)o*mholo Seniors - VadoieZone
Madia
Contaminant Data
SoaOn
-------
for Tech
OQ site me ana
Vendor FACTS connects you with potential customers
EPA believes that Vendor FACTS reaches a substantial number of professionals involved in
site characterization and analysis in the field. Users of the system, such as state and federal
regulators, site managers, consulting firms,
and remediation professionals, have access
to and are able to share information about
your products and their capabilities.
way slmuM 900 rnvmow
your teelMQlogms mmmft
vena®r mm?
• Participation in Vendor FACTS
is FREE
•MM
EPA Technology Innovation Office Conference Exhibit
• EPA promotes and demonstrates
the system at various conferences in the U.S. and abroad.
• More than 1 00 of your competitors are using Vendor FACTS to promote
their technologies. (A complete list of Vendor FACTS 2.0 vendors is provided in
this bulletin.)
What teclHialoiiss am la fiGTS?
Vendor FACTS is a service offered by EPA to promote the use of certain categories of
innovative technologies for field analysis and site characterization. It includes portable or
transportable technologies for on-site screening, characterizing, monitoring and analysis of
hazardous substances. Stand alone software used in the field to facilitate or expedite site
characterization process also is included in the database. Technologies used for monitoring
industrial process waste streams are not eligible.
How ean you la
Participation in Vendor FACTS is voluntary, at no charge to the technology vendors.
Vendors that wish to participate in Version 3.0 of the database must provide to EPA
information about their site characterization technologies by completing the Vendor
Information Form (VIF). The VIF, designed to allow vendors to highlight the performance of
their technologies, can be obtained by returning the attached Order Form. The VIF 3.0 will
be available by April i 997. Version 3.0 is scheduled for release in December 1 997.
Disclaimer: This document has been approved for publication as an EPA report. Mention of trade names,
commercial products or organizations should not be construed as approval or endorsement by EPA,
A-117
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WHAT'S NEW FOR VERSION 2.0?
- 34 Hew Vendors... 92 in all
• 44 New Technologies...
128 in all
• Technology Pictures
ana Schematics
Downloadable from:
anp://Hww.tiemLcom/vlacts
Mtp://clu-ln.com
VENDOR FAOTS 2.0 TECHNOLOGY TYPES
BIOPHYSICAL
Downhole Sensors (6)
Ground Penetrating Radar (3)
Transient EM Instruments (3)
High Frequency EM Sounding (2)
Other Geophysical (5)
SAMPLING
Air/Gas Sampling (3)'
Water Sampling
Technologies (3)
Other Sampling (3)
Other Analytical (13)
Soil Gas Analyzer
Systems (6)
Other Spectroscopy
Techniques (4)
EXTRACTION
Extraction Technologies (3)
., Other Extraction (3)
Air Measurement (7)
Analytical
Detectors (18)
X-Ray
Analyzers (7)
Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors
and Analyzers (5)
Gas
Chromatography
(9)
Immunoasays (6)
Infrared Monitors (7)
ANALYTICAL
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Vendor FACTS 2.0 requires the following hardware and software capabilities:
• 386 class (or higher) personal computer
• 4 megabytes of random access memory (RAM)
• Windows™ 3.1 (or higher)
• 5 megabytes of free hard disk space
A-118
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3S£* , wS^*-^ *#£'*«"«
RATION
-ORDER FORM
Please register using this form even if you have downloaded the software from
an on-line service other than CLU-IN. Once registered, you will be notified about
system updates.
Name
Date Ordered _
Telephone No.
Company/Agency
Street
Fax No.
City
Country
State
_Zip Code
E-mail Address
Please check all that apply:
I—| Register me as a Vendor FACTS user and send me information about system updates.
I was able to download Vendor FACTS 2.0 electronically.
Q Send me the Vendor FACTS 2.0 diskettes (3.5").
I am an innovative site characterization technology vendor and would like to be
LJ included in Vendor FACTS 3.0. Please place me on the mailing list to receive the
Vendor Information Form (VIF) 3.0.
MAIL TO: U.S. EPA/NCEPI
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419
FAX TO: U.S. EPA/NCEPI
513-489-8695
513-489-8190 (verification)
For more Information on:
• Downloading the Vendor FACTS software
• Installing or operating Vendor FACTS
• Submitting information for Vendor FACTS 3.0
Gall the Vendor FACTS help line: 800-245-4505 or 703-287-8927
A-119
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DOWNLOADING VENDOR FACTS 2.0
CLU-iH ; M*anfcu> Wntt
: Clean-up
-••'information
Tr» Kuardoue Waste Cleanup InfonnaSon Wab SHe provides information about innovative treatment technologies to the
r*r"**?"f «i*to remeda&n community. K describes programs, organizations, publications and other tools for federal and
•tale personnel. eonsyKng engineers, technology developers and vendors, remediation contractor, researchers, community
group*, «nd ^dividual citizens. The cite was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency but is intended as a
lorum tof ftl wasta remedaSon stakeholders.
Internet Access -
EPA's Clean-up
Information Web Site •
Mtp://clu-ln.com
or the Vendor FACTS
Home Page -
mip,//www.neal.com/
tficts
Supply and Demand for Remediation Technologies
[Supply of Technologies] [Demand for Technologies] [PuHlciliont]
t> The Supply of bwovative Technologies from Developers and Vendor*
Vendor ReW Analytical and Characterization TechnologlH System (Vendor FACTS) is a Windows-based system,
released In December 1995, that provides vendors' information on field portable technologies for measuring and monitoring
contaminated soH and grounoVater at sites. Some of Ihe representative technologies listed in &e system include: air
measurement, analytical detectors, gas chiomalograpny, chemical reaction-based inolcators, immunoassay, soil gas
analyzers. The system Is updated annually. The databases is available for downloading from the Publications page below.
Vendor Information System for Innovative Treatment Technologle* (V1S1TT) is a PC-based system containing information on j
325 innovative remediation technologies offered by 204 vendors. The database is available for downloading from the website.
A FREE Database of Innovative Field
Analytical and Characterization
Technologies for microsoft Windows
Cost and performance data on more than 120 hazardous
waste characterization technologies
A serrictpmidadby the U.S. EPA's Technology Innovation Office and
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Las Vegas
Vendor FACTS 2.0 Software
To Download the Vendor
FACTS 2.0 for Windows
I database software, MI
click here
VENDORS AND TEGHNOLOCY LIST
Air Measurement
ESCO Electronics & Associates, Inc.
Instec Measurement Systems, Inc.
Supelco, Inc.
Tekran, Inc.
Testo, Inc.
Xontech, Inc.
Air/Gas Sampling Technologies
ALPHA M.O.S.
SKCInc.
Analytical Detectors
Arizona Instrument Corporation
Automata, Inc.
Cncinnati Electronics Corporation
Dexsil Corporation
Heath Consultants, Inc.
Holguin, Parian, and Associates, Inc.
Palintest, Ltd.
Photographic Analysis Company, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring Instruments
Physical Sciences Incorporated
RAE Systems, Inc.
The Foxboro Company
Thermo Environmental Instruments, Inc.
Turner Designs
Biosensors
AZUR Environmental
Group 206 Technologies, Inc.
A-120
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Borehole Technologies
SimulProbe Technologies, Inc.
Chemical Reaction-Based Indicators
Dexsil Corporation
Gallard-Schlesinger Industries, Inc.
Envirol, Inc.
Hanby Environmental Laboratory Procedures, Inc.
(H.E.LR)
Invitro International
Mercury Science, Inc.
Neogen Corporation
ORS Environmental Systems
Sensidyne, Inc.
Cone Penetrometer Chemical Sensors
Geoprobe Systems
Downhole Sensors
BioRenewal Technologies Inc.
Keck Instruments, Inc.
Solinst Canada, Ltd.
Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc.
Yellow Springs Instrument Co., Inc. (YSI)
Electrochemical-based Detectors
Palintest, Ltd.
Extraction Technologies (Analytical Traps)
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc.
Supleco, Inc.
Xontech, Inc.
Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors and Analyzers
FCI Environmental, Inc.
Noverflo, Inc.
O.K. Optik Keramik Technologies GmbH
ORS Environmental Systems
Savannah River Technology Center
Gas Chromatography
EST Inc.
MTI Analytical Instruments
Photovac Monitoring Instruments
Sensidyne, Inc.
Sentex Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Tracer Research Corporation
Ground Penetrating Radar
GEO-CENTERS, INC.
Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.
Microgeophysics Corporation (MGQ
High Frequency Electromagnetic Sounding
Geonics Ltd.
Microgeophysics Corporation (MGQ
Immunoassays
BioNebraska, Inc
Strategic Diagmostics Incorporated
New Horizons Diagnostics Corporation
Infrared Monitors
Carala Air Associates (formerly ETC)
Cincinnati Electronics Corporation
General Analysis Corporation
SCI-TEC Instruments USA, Inc.
The Foxboro Company
Wilks Enterprises, Inc.
Ion Mobility Spectroscopy
Molecular Analytics, LLC (Formerly ETC)
PCP, Inc.
Mass Spectrometry
Bruker Anal. Sys., Inc. and BFA, GMBH
Eco Logic
Viking Instruments Corporation
Moisture Analysis
Zeltex, Inc.
Other Spectroscopy Techniques
Aurora Instruments Ltd.
Hanby Environmental Laboratory Procedures, Inc.
(H.E.L.R)
TherMold Partners, L.R
Universal Systems, Inc.
Seismic Reflection/Refraction
Resolution Resources, Inc.
Software
CoreGroup Services, Inc.
Soil Gas Analyzer Systems
ASIST Inc.
Columbus Instruments
Holguin, Fahan, & Associates, Inc.
Quadrel Services, Inc.
Tracer Research Corporation
TVG Environmental, Inc.
Soil Sampling
Warrington Ecological Systems Analysis (WECSA)
Solid Phase Extraction
Supelco, Inc.
Subsurface Electromagnetic
Geophex, Ltd.
WMI International, Inc.
Subsurface Magnetrometry
GEO-CENTERS, INC.
Scintrex Ltd.
Thermal Desorption
Supelco, Inc.
Transient Electromagnetic (EM)
Geophysical Instruments
Geonics Ltd.
Schonstedt Instrument Company
Westec
Water Sampling Technologies
Keck Instruments, Inc.
MarganM.LS (1994) Ltd.
Spectrex
X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers
Advanced Analytical Products & Services
Asoma Instruments, Inc.
Metorex Inc.
Niton Corporation
Rigaku USA, Inc.
Scitec Corporation
Spectrace Instruments
TN Spectrace
A-121
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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A-122
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An Electronic Yellow Pages
" —™- * *• «££, * "• "V f h ^^
Of innouatiue Treatment
Technologies and Vendors
~-^ *»^^
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
EPA-542-N-96-006
September 1996
Solid Waste And Emergency Response (5102G)
UISTTT 5.0 Bulletin
Vendor Information System for
Innovative Treatment Technologies
Technology Innovation Office
A-123
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REMEDIAHON PROFESSIONALS
Are you often faced with the time-consuming task of identifying
and selecting remediation technologies and vendors?
.VISITTS.O - Vendor Information System for Innovative
Treatment Technologies - can help.
Offered by the U.S. EPA's
Technology Innovative Office
(TIO), V1SITT Version 5.0
is a user-friendly database
providing data on 346
Innovative treatment
technologies (75% of
which are commercially
available) provided by
210 vendors.
VISITT contains detailed information provided by vendors that
enables you to screen and assess remediation technologies
quickly. The General Vendor Information screen below shows
the information options provided for each technology.
IBCBHIWHHBmU.!*.
GHBWCM TBUTMBJI - OTHB
ABC(TM)
S28ABCDnve
McLean, VA221 OX USA;
Emily Burke
E-Mail: burke@abcenvtr,com
Web : >M)Vw.abcenvine,com
Updated'
, 8/l5/?6
Trade Name:
Vendor Address:
Contact
(p):(703)522-l722
(f) :(703)522-I721
registered Trademark; Yes
Technology Patented ; Yes
No PafentPending '/: Ho
871) Exclusive License : Y«s
Full-Scale
EPASITE Emerging Technology Programs Yes
EPA SITE Demonstration: Program No
Small Business
SICCode(s}
Scale
Ot)!W
WasteApplications
Representative Projects
Estimated Price Range
Technical References
Bench-Scale Information
Pilot-Scale Information
Full-Scale Information
Process Flow Diagrams
Description
Highlights
Limitations
Other Comments
,
VISITT provides informati
'«:;! "••< -•" ™ ™ I 1—'i-
^ttcl
the ful
CUSTOMIZED SEARCH CAPABILITIES
Biorerneaiatib
Waste/Technology/Vendor Site Reports Features Registration Quit
SearehbyVfeste/Tedinotegy/Vendor
Enhanced,
«:l!.:™i:%£
Vitrifica
Site Name
Cleanup Type
State/Province
Country
Equipment Scale
Waste Source
Media
Contaminant Data
Regulation/Statute/Organization
Contaminant Group
Contaminant Data
Media
Waste Source
Technology Type
Scale
Vendor Name
Trade Name
State/Province
Country
Business Size
Select Option with Cursor, [Fl] for Help, [Esc] Backtrack
A-124
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INHOVAHVE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY UENDORS
Are you looking for cost-effective ways to market your
innovative treatment technologies to those directly involved
in selecting hazardous waste remedies?
, VISITT will share your technology capabilities with an
^.estimated* / 2,000 users from 76 countries.
WHY SHOULD YOU PROMOTE YOUR
TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH VISITTP
r / y
;''''< * Participation in the database is FREE
-- t • Gain more than 12,000 potential customers in the
remediation community
• join the ranks of more than 200 of your competitors
who use VISITT to promote their technologies;
complete list of VISITT 5.0 vendors is provided in
this bulletin
• Current VISITT vendors reported receiving, on average,
approximately 1wo inquiries per month from VISITT users; a
quarter of those vendors reported receiving job solicitations
WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO PROMOTE THEIR
TECHNOLOGIES IN VISITTP
Technologies are eligible if they are designed to remediate
groundwater or nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) in situ, soil,
sludge, solid-matrix waste, natural sediments, and off-gas.
Technologies not eligible for VISITT include incineration,
above-ground wastewater or groundwater treatments,
solidification/stabilization, or treatment technologies designed
for treating industrial waste.
HOW TO SUBMIT TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION TO
VISITTP
To submit information for listing in VISITT, vendors must
complete a Vendor Information Form (VIF). EPA, which
updates VISITT
annually, will be
distributing the VIF 6.0
in March 1997. EPA
plans to release VISITT
6.0 in the summer of
1997. See the order
form for instructions on
how to order the VIF.
ABC ENUIROHMEHTAL, INC.
AIR SPARGING
Vapor Extraction Well
Vapor Extraction Well
Air sparger Well
rrr
I
=
Ground £
V
&°°°f°°?°£°°
Contaminated So,
Kf^Sv^^^dafi^r^^ji^Nsft, *" fak-, f^£*n«
Press any key to continue
A-125
-------
.0 TECHNOLOGY TYPES
HSnUTEGHNOlOGIES
Btoventfng (16)
Thermal}/ Enhanced
Recovery (15)
Air Sparging 0 2)
Soil Vapor or Dual
Phase Extraction (IT)
Derive ry/Extractlon
Systems (6)
Electrical
Separation (4)
Other (13)
Bioremediation -
In Situ (53)
\
EX SITU TECHNOLOGIES
Bioremediation -
Ex Situ (62)
Thermal
Desorption (43)
Other (15)
Vitrification (16)
Acid or Solvent
Extraction (15)
Soil Washing (18)
Off-Gas Treatment (16)
Chemical Treatment (25)
OBTAINING VISnT 5.0
ON-L/NE- EPA has made the VISITT 5.0 database, user manual and Vendor Information
Form (V1F) available for download (free) on the World Wide Web. Instructions for
downloading are provided on the reverse of this panel. VISITT 5.0 software can be
downloaded from the following:
FUTURE (December 1996):
• www.epa.gov
EPA Home Page
• America Online (AOL)
CURRENT:
• www.prcemi.com/visitt
VISITT Home Page
• www.clu-in.com
EPA's Clean-Up Information
(CLU-IN) Web Site
• The Alternative Treatment Technolgies
Information Center (ATTIC) 703-908-2138
For instructions on downloading from these resources, contact the VISITT HELP LINE at
800-245-4505 or 703-287-8927.
DISKETTES: Use the form provided in this bulletin to order the VISITT 5.0 diskettes and
user manual.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
VISITT 5.0 requires the following hardware and software capabilities:
• 386 class (or higher) personal computer
• 640K of random access memory (RAM)
• DOS 3.3 (or higher)
• 10 megabytes of free hard disk space
Disclaimer: This document has been approved for publication as an EPA report. Mention of trade names,
commercial products or organizations should not be construed as approval or endorsement by EPA.
A-126
-------
VISIT! 5.0 Registration & 3.5" Diskette Order form
Please use this form to register if you have
. downloaded the software and have
not registered-as tfiflSITT user « ,
through the CjLU-tN or yiSJTT
web s/tes. When registered, you
wi// be noticed about system updates.
AWtT6: U.S.EPA/NCEPI ,; , ,
^ p;O.Box424l9
Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419
FAXTOL U.S. EPA/NCEPI , .
^. ~ 513-489-8695 ' $•
•*- : 513-489-8190 (Verification)
Please type or print legibly. Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery of diskettes and user manual.
Name
Date Ordered _
Telephone No.
Fax No.
Company/Agency
Street
City
State
_Zip Code
Country
E-mail Address
Please check all that apply:
[ | Register me as a VISITT user and send me information about system updates. I was
able to download VISITT 5.0 electronically.
Send me the VISITT 5.0 diskettes (3.5").
| | Send me a VISITT 5.0 user manual.
| | I am an innovative treatment technology vendor and would like to be included in
VISITT Version 6.0. Please place me on the mailing list to receive the Vendor
Information Form (VIF) 6.0.
£ j( '»
1 -f,- «y J"? ~-v
Ofl:
"DovwiloadlngtfteWSITPso^Mrore \ *~ * * !T |
insMliingo^operatingyiSifT" ', y '^ " "/ 'J 7
Submitting information for VtSITT 6.0 ;/
; Gal! the tfisnr help line:
800-245-4505 Off 703-Z87-8927
A-127
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DOWNLOADING THE VISIT! 5.0 SOFTWARE
CUHH (WWW.Ofc-ta.COO)
CLU-IN is accessible through the World Wide Web at www.clu-in.com. The VISITT database,
user manual, and Vendor Information Form (VIF) can be downloaded from the CLU-IN web site.
The user manual is in WordPerfect 6.1 format. CLU-IN also can be accessed through a direct
modem access number (301 -589-8366).
To download the VISITT software from the CLU-IN home page,
perform the following steps:
STEP I: Connect with the web site at www.clu-in.com.
STEP 2: Click on the Supply and Demand for Technologies icon;
STEP 3: Click on the Vendor Information System for Innovative
Technologies (VISITT).
STEP 4a: Click on the VISITT Information Web Site and then click on the
Download button for the VISITT 5.0 Software.
or STEP4b: Click on the Download VISITT 5.0 hypertext.
HOMO Page (www.BrceHl.con/iriritl)
In addition to CLU-IN, the VISITT home page enables users of the World
Wide Web to download the VISITT database, user manual, and Vendor
Information Form (VIF).
STEP I: Connect with the Home Page at www.ttemi.com/Visitt.
STEP 2: Click on the Download button that corresponds with the software you wish
to download (VISITT 5.0 database, User Manual, or Vendor
Information Form).
For more information or a copy of the downloading instructions, call the VISITT HELP
LINE at 800-245-4505 or 703-287-8927.
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.
Advanced Environmental Services,
Inc.
Advanced Recovery Systems, Inc.
AEA Technology
Alternative Remedial Technologies,
Inc.
Alvarez Brothers, Inc.
AP Technologies, Inc.
AppSed Remedial Technologies
Arctech, Inc.
Ariel Industries, Inc.
Art International, Inc.
B&S Research, Inc.
B&W Nuclear Environmental
Services, Inc.
Battelte Memorial Institute
Battelle, Pacific Northwest
Division
Bearehaven Reclamation, Inc.
Beco Engineering Co.
Benchem
Bergmann USA
Billings & Associates, Inc.
1 Bio Solutions, Inc.
Bio-Electrics, Inc.
Bio-Genesis Technologies
Biogee International, Inc.
Bioremediation Service, Inc.
Bioremediation Technology
Services, Inc.
Bogart Environmental
Services, Inc.
Bohn Biofter Corp.
Carlo Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Carson Environmental
Caswan Environmental Services
Ltd.
Center For Hazardous Materials
Research
Chemcyde Environment, Inc.
Chempete, Inc.
Clayton Environmental Consultants
Clean-Up Technology, Inc.
Clyde Engineering Service
A-128
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UIS1TT 5.0 VENDORS (continued)
Commodore Applied
Technologies, Inc.
Conteck Environmental
Services, Inc.
Corpex Technologies, Inc.
Covenant Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Dames & Moore
Davy International -
Environmental Div.
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
Delphi Research, Inc.
Directed Technologies
Drilling, Inc.
Divesco, Inc.
Drilex Systems, Inc.
Duratherm, Inc.
Dynaphore, Inc.
Earth Decontaminators, Inc. (EDI)
Earthfax Engineering, Inc.
Eco-Tec, Inc./Ecology Technology
Ecology Technologies
International, Inc.
Ecosite, Inc.
Ecotechniek B.V.
EET Corporation
EET, Inc.
EG & G Environmental, Inc.
Eimco Process Equipment Co.
Electro-Petroleum, Inc.
Electro-Pyrolxsis, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Eli Eco Logic International, Inc.
EN&C Engineering Associates
En-Dyn
Energy Reclamation, Inc.
ENSR Consulting and Engineering
Enviro-Klean Soils, Inc.
Envirogen, Inc.
Envirometal Technologies, Inc.
Environeering
Environmental Fuel Systems, Inc.
Environmental Remediation
Consultants, Inc
Environmental Technologies
International
EODT Services, Inc.
ESE Environmental, Inc.
ETEC
Etus, Inc.
First Environment, Inc.
Fluor Daniel GTI
G.E.M., Inc.
General Atomics
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc.
Geokinetics International Inc.
Geosafe Corporation
Grace Biorernediation
Technologies
H2O Science, Inc.
Hazen Research, Inc.
High Voltage Environmental
Applications
Horizontal Technologies, Inc.
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.
Hrubetz Environmental
Services, Inc.
Hydriplex, Inc.
IEG Technologies Corp.
IIT Research Institute
In-Situ Fixation, Inc.
Integrated Chemistries, Inc.
Integrated Environmental
Solutions, Inc.
Integrity Engineering, Inc.
Intera, Inc.
IT Corporation
J.R. Simplot Company
KAI Technologies, Inc.
Kalkaska Construction
Service, Inc.
Kap & Sepa, Ltd.
Keller Environmental Inc.
Kemron Environmental
Services, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
KTR Environmental Services, Inc.
Law Engineering^ And
Environmental Svc
Limnofix Inc/Golder Associates
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
MBI International
McLaren/Hart Environmental
Engineering
Membrane Technology &
Research, Inc.
Mercury Recovery Services, Inc.
Metcatf& Eddy, Inc.
Michigan Biotechnology Institute
Micro-Bac International, Inc.
Microbial Environmental
Services (MES)
Microbial International
Microfluidics Corp.
Midwest Microbial, L.C.
Midwest Soil Remediation, Inc.
Molten Metal Technology, Inc.
Mycotech Corporation
Nucon International, Inc.
OHM Remediation Services
Corporation
On-Site Technologies, Inc.
Parsons Engineering-Science, Inc.
Perino Technical Services, Inc.
Pet-Con Soil Remediation, Inc.
Philip Environmental
Services Corp.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Plasma Energy Applied
Technology (Peat)
Portec, Inc.
Praxair, Inc.
Praxis Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Process Technologies, Inc.
Purgo, Inc.
Quaternary Investigations, Inc.
R.E. Wright Environmental,
Inc. (RBA/EI)
Radian International LLC
RECRA Environmental, Inc.
Recycling Science International, Inc.
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
Remtech, Inc.
Resources Conservation Company
Retech, Div. OfM4
Environmental
RMT, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Rust International, Inc.
S.G. Frantz Co., Inc.
S.S. Papadopulos & Associates,
Inc.
Sanford Cohen And Associates,
Inc.
SBP Technologies, Inc.
SDTX Technologies, Inc.
Seiler Pollution Control
Systems, Inc.
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc.
Sevenson Environmental
Services, Inc.
Sfve Services
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Soil Remediation of
Philadelphia, Inc.
Soil Solutions, Inc.
Soil Technology, Inc.
Soiltech ATP Systems, Inc.
Solucorp Industries Ltd.
Someus & Partners Unlimited
Southwest Soil Remediation, Inc.
SPI/Astec
SRE, Inc.
Stir-Merter, Inc/Subsid/
Glasstech.lnc.)
Surtek, Inc.
Sybron Chemicals, Inc.
Technology Scientific, Ltd.
Terra Concepts, Inc.
Terra Vac/BattellePNL
Terra Vac, Inc.
Terra Verda Inc.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
Texarome, Inc.
Texilla Environmental
The Doe Run Company
The Nature Tank Div. Of Cmh
Envrmti Grp.
Thermatrix, Inc.
Thermo Nutech
Thermochem, Inc
Thermotech Systems
Corporation
TPS Technologies, Inc.
TVIES, Inc.
University of Dayton
Research Institute
Vance IDS, Inc.
Vega Power Resources, Inc.
Vert
Viking Industries
VIT Incorporated
Vital Concepts, Inc.
Vortec Corporation
Wasatch Environmental, Inc.
Waste Destruction Technologies,
Inc.
Waste Stream Technology, Inc.
Water And Slurry Purification
Process
Western Research Institute
Westinghouse Remediation
Services, Inc.
Yellowstone Environmental
Science, Inc.
Zapit Technology, Inc
A-129
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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A-130
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APPENDIX
-------
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNF1ELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Appendix B
LIST OF ACRONYMS and GLOSSARY OF KEY
ARAR Applicable or Relevant and
Appropriate Requirement
ASTM American Society for Testing and
Materials
BOAT Best Demonstrated Achievable
Technology
BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and
Xylene
CAA Clean Air Act
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act
CERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability
Information System
CWA Clean Water Act
DDT Dioxin
DNAPL Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
DQO Data Quality Objective
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ESA Environmental Site Assessment
HRS Hazard Ranking System
HSWA Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
ITT Innovative Treatment Technology
LDR Land Disposal Restrictions
LNAPL Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
LUST Leaking Underground Storage Tank
NAPL Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
NCP National Contingency Plan
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System
NPL National Priorities List
NRC National Response Center
O&M Operations and Maintenance
ORD Office of Research and Development
OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response
PAH Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon
PA/SI Preliminary Assessment and Site
Inspection
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PCP Pentachlorophenol
PRP Potentially Responsible Party
QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act
RD/RA Remedial Design and Remedial Action
RI/FS Remedial Investigation and Feasibility
Study
ROD Record of Decision
RQ Reportable Quantity
SARA Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act
SITE Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation Program
SVE Soil Vapor Extraction
SVOC Semi-Volatile Organic Compound
TCE Trichloroethylene
TIO Technology Innovation Office
TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TSDF Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facility
UST Underground Storage Tank
VCP Voluntary Cleanup Program
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
B-1
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
The following is a list of specialized terms used during the cleanup of Brownfields sites.
Absorption
Absorption is the passage of one substance into or
through another.
Adsorption
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas,
liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. The term also
refers to a method of treating wastes in which
activated carbon removes organic matter from
wastewater.
AirSparging
In air sparging, air is injected into the ground below a
contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and
carry trapped and dissolved contaminants to the
surface where they are captured by a soil vapor
extraction system. Air sparging maybe a good choice
of treatment technology at sites contaminated with
solvents and other volatile organic compounds
(VOC). Seealso Soil Vapor Extraction and Volatile
Organic Compound.
AirStripping
Air stripping is a treatment system that removes or
"strips" VOCs from contaminated groundwater or
surface water as air is forced through the water,
causing the compounds to evaporate. See also Volatile
Organic Compound.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
The ASTM sets standards for many services,
including methods of sampling and testing of
hazardous waste and media contaminated with
hazardous waste.
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirement (ARAR)
As defined under the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA), ARARs are cleanup standards, standards
of control, and other substantive environmental
protectionrequirements, criteria, or limits
promulgated under Federal or state law that
specifically address problems or situations present at
a CERCLA site. ARARs are major considerations in
setting cleanup goals, selecting a remedy, and
determining how to implement that remedy at a
CERCLA site. ARARs must be attained at all
CERCLA sites unless a waiver is attained. ARARs
are not national cleanup standards for the Superfund
program. Seealso Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and Superfund.
Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground rock formation
composed of such materials as sand, soil, or gravel
that can store groundwater and supply it to wells and
springs.
Aromatics
Aromatics are organic compounds that contain
6-carbon ring structures, such as creosote, toluene,
and phenol, that often are found at dry cleaning and
electronic assembly sites.
Baseline Risk Assessment
A baseline risk assessment is an assessment
conducted before cleanup activities begin at a site to
identify and evaluate the threat to human health and
the environment. After remediation has been
completed, the information obtained during a
baseline risk assessment can be used to determine
whether the cleanup levels were reached.
Bedrock
Bedrock is the rock that underlies the soil; it can be
permeable or non-permeable. See also Confining Layer
and Creosote.
Best Demonstrated Achievable Technology (BDAT)
A BDAT is a technology that has demonstrated the
ability to reduce a particular contaminant to a lower
concentration than other currently available
technologies. BDATs can change with time as
technologies evolve.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to treatment processes that use
microorganisms (usually naturally occurring) such as
bacteria, yeast, or fungi to break down hazardous
substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances.
Bioremediation can be used to clean up contaminated
soil and water. In situ bioremediation treats the
contaminated soil or groundwater in the location in
which it is found. For ex situ bioremediation
processes, contaminated soil must be excavated or
groundwater pumped before they can be treated.
B-2
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Biosensor
A biosensor is a portable device that uses living
organisms, such as enzymes, tissues, microbes, and
antibodies, to produce reactions to analytes.
Bioventing
Bioventing is an in situ remediation technology that
combines soil vapor extraction methods with
bioremediation. It uses vapor extraction wells that
induce air flow in the subsurface through air injection
or through the use of a vacuum. Bioventing can be
effective in remediating releases of petroleum
products, such as gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, and
diesel fuel. See also Bioremediation and Soil Vapor
Extraction.
Borehole
A borehole is a hole cut into the ground by means of a
drilling rig.
Borehole Geophysics
Borehole geophysics are nuclear or electric
technologies used to identify the physical
characteristics of geologic formations that are
intersected by a borehole.
Brownfields
Brownfields sites are abandoned, idled, or under-
used industrial and commercial facilities where
expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or
perceived environmental contamination.
BTEX
BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene-volatile aromatic
compounds typically found in petroleum products,
such as gasoline and diesel fuel.
Cadmium
Cadmium is a heavy metal that accumulates in the
environment. See also Heavy Metal.
Carbon Adsorption
Carbon adsorption is a treatment system that removes
contaminants from groundwater or surface water as
the water is forced through tanks containing
activated carbon.
Chemical Dehalogenation
Chemical dehalogenation is a chemical process that
removes halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical
contaminant, rendering the contaminant less
hazardous. The chemical dehalogenation process
can be applied to common halogenated contaminants
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dioxins
(DDT), which may be present in soil and oils.
Dehalogenation can be effective in removing halogens
from hazardous organic compounds, such as dioxins,
PCBs, and certain chlorinated pesticides. The
treatment time is short, energy requirements are
moderate, and operation and maintenance costs are
relatively low. This technology can be brought to the
site, eliminating the need to transport hazardous
wastes. See also Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Dioxin.
Chlorinator
A chlorinator is a device that adds chlorine, in gas or
liquid form, to water or sewage to killbacteria.
Clean Air Act (CAA)
The CAA is a Federal law passed in 1970 that
requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) to establish regulations to control the release of
contaminants to the air to protect human health and
environment.
Cleanup
Cleanup is the term used for actions taken to deal
with a release or threat of release of a hazardous
substance that could affect humans and or the
environment. The term sometimes is used
interchangeably with the terms remedial action,
removal action, response action, or corrective action.
Clean Water Act (CWA)
CWA is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic
structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to
U.S. waters. This law gave EPA the authority to set
effluent standards on an industry-by-industry basis
and to set water quality standards for all
contaminants in surface waters.
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Colorimetric
Colorimetricrefers to chemicalreaction-based
indicators that are used to produce compound
reactions to individual compounds, or classes of
compounds. The reactions, such as visible color
changes or other easily noted indications, are used to
detect and quantify contaminants.
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
CERCLA is a Federal law passed in 1980 that created
a special tax that funds a trust fund, commonly
known as Superfund, to be used to investigate and
clean up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites. CERCLA required for the first time that
EPA step beyond its traditional regulatory role and
provide response authority to clean up hazardous
waste sites. EPA has primary responsibility for
managing cleanup and enforcement activities
authorized under CERCLA. Under the program, EPA
can pay for cleanup when parties responsible for the
contamination cannot be located or are unwilling or
unable to perform the work, or take legal action to
force parties responsible for contamination to clean
up the site or reimburse the Federal government for
the cost of the cleanup. See also Superfund.
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Information System
(CERCLIS)
CERCUS is a database that serves as the official
inventory of Superfund hazardous waste sites.
CERCLIS also contains information about all aspects
of hazardous waste sites, from initial discovery to
deletion from the National Priorities List (NPL). The
database also maintains information about planned
and actual site activities and financial information
entered by EPA regional offices. CERCLIS records the
targets and accomplishments of the Superfund
program and is used to report that information to the
EPA Administrator, Congress, and the public. See also
National Priorities List and Superfund.
Confining Layer
A "confining layer" is a geological formation
characterized by low permeability that inhibits the
flow of water. See also Bedrock and Permeability.
Contaminant
A contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological,
or radiological substance or matter present in any
media at concentrations that may result in adverse
effects on air, water, or soil.
Corrective Measure Study (CMS)
If the potentialneed for corrective measures is verified
during a RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI), the owner
or operator of a facility is then responsible for
performing a CMS. A CMS is conducted to identify,
evaluate, and recommend specific corrective
measures based on a detailed engineering evaluation.
Using data collected during the RFI, the CMS
demonstrates thatproposed measures willbe effective
in controlling the source of contamination, as well as
problems posed by the migration of substances from
the original source into the environment. The
measures also must be assessed in terms of technical
feasibility, ability to meet public health protection
requirements and protect the environment, possible
adverse environmental effects, and institutional
constraints. See also RCRA Facility Investigation.
Corrosive Wastes
Corrosive wastes include those that are acidic and
capable of corroding metal such as tanks, containers,
drums, and barrels.
Creosote
Creosote is an oily liquid obtained by the distillation
of wood that is used as a wood preservative and
disinfectant and often is found at wood preserving
sites. See also Aromatics and Light Nonacjueous Phase
Liquid.
Data Quality Objective (DQO)
DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements
specified to ensure that data of known and
appropriate quality are obtained. The DQO process is
a series of planning steps, typically conducted during
site assessment and investigation, that is designed to
ensure that the type, quantity, and quality of
environmental data used in decision making are
appropriate. The DQO process involves a logical,
step-by-step procedure for determining which of the
complex issues affecting a site are the most relevant to
planning a site investigation before any data are
collected.
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Dechlorination
Dechlorination, the process used pritnarily to treat
and destroy halogenated aromatic contaminants, is
the chemical reaction that removes halogens (usually
chlorine) from the primary structure of the
contaminating organic chemical. Dechlorination can
treat contaminated liquids, soils, sludges, and
sediments, as well as halogenated organics and
PCBs, pesticides, and some herbicides.
Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)
A DNAPL is one of a group of organic substances
that are relatively insoluble in water and more dense
than water. DNAPLs tend to sink vertically through
sand and gravel aquifers to the underlying layer.
Dioxin(DDT)
A dioxin is any of a family of compounds known
chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. They are chemicals
released during combustion. Concern about them
arises from their potential toxicity and the risk posed
by contamination in commercial products. Boilers
and industrial furnaces are among the sources of
dioxins.
Disposal
Disposal is the final placement or destruction of toxic,
radioactive or other wastes; surplus or banned
pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and
drums containing hazardous materials from removal
actions or accidental release. Disposal may be
accomplished through the use of approved secure
landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep
well injection, ocean dumping, or incineration.
Dual-Phase Extraction
Dual-phase extraction is a technology that extracts
contaminants simultaneously from soils in saturated
and unsaturated zones by applying soil vapor
extraction techniques to contaminants trapped in
saturated zone soils. See also Soil Vapor Extraction.
Electromagnetic (EM) Geophysics
EM geophysics refers to technologies used to detect
spatial (lateral and vertical) differences in subsurface
electromagnetic characteristics. The data collected
provide information about subsurface environments.
Electromagnetic (EM) Induction
EM induction is a geophysical technology used to
induce a magnetic field beneath the earth's surface,
which in turn causes a secondary magnetic field to
form around nearby objects that have conductive
properties, such as ferrous and nonferrous metals.
The secondary magnetic field is then used to detect
and measure buried debris.
Emergency Removal
An emergency removal is an action initiated in
response to a release of a hazardous substance that
requires on-site activity within hours of a
determination that action is appropriate.
Emerging Technology
An emerging technology is an innovative technology
that currently is under going bench-scale testing.
During bench-scale testing, a small version of the
technology is built and tested in a laboratory. If the
technology is successful during bench-scale testing, it
is demonstrated on a small scale at field sites. If the
technology is successful at the field demonstrations, it
often will be used full scale at contaminated waste
sites. As the technology is used and evaluated at
different sites, it is improved continually. See also
Established Technology and Innovative Technology.
Enforcement Action
An enforcement action is an action undertaken by
EPA under its authority granted under various
Federal environmental statutes, such as CERCLA,
RCRA, CAA, CWA, the Toxic Substances Control Act
(TSCA), and others. For example, under CERCLA,
EPA may obtain voluntary settlement or compel
potentially responsible parties (PRP) to implement
removal or remedial actions when releases of
hazardous substances have occurred. See also
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act, Potentially Responsible Party, and
Removal Action.
Engineered Control
An engineered control, such as barriers placed
between contamination and the rest of a site, is a
method of managing environmental and health risks.
Engineered controls can be used to limit exposure
pathways.
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Environmental Audit
See Phase I Environmental Audit.
Environmental Site Assessment (ESA)
An ESA is the process by which it is determined
whether contamination is present on a site.
EstablishedTechnology
An established technology is a technology for which
cost and performance information is readily
available. Only after a technology has been used at
many different sites and the results fully documented
is that technology considered established. The most
frequently used established technologies are
incineration, solidification and stabilization, and
pump-and-treat technologies for groundwater. See
also Emerging Technology and Innovative Technology.
Exposure Pathway
An exposure pathway is the route of contaminants
from the source of contamination to potential contact
with a medium (air, soil, surface water, or
groundwater) thatrepresentsapotentialthreatto
human health or the environment. Determining
whether exposure pathways exist is an essential step
in conducting a baseline risk assessment. See also
Baseline RiskAssessment.
Ex Situ
The term ex situ or "moved from its original place,"
means excavated or removed.
Filtration
Filtration is a treatment process that removes solid
matter from water by passing the water through a
porous medium, such as sand or a manufactured
filter.
Flame lonization Detector (FID)
A FID is an instrument often used in conjunction with
gas chromatography to measure the change of signal
as analy tes are ionized by a hydrogen-air flame. It
also is used to detect phenols, phthalates,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), VOCs,
and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable Gas
Cltromatography.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope
A fourier transform infrared spectroscope is an
analytical air monitoring tool that uses a laser system
chemically to identify contaminants.
Fumigant
A fumigant is a pesticide that is vaporized to kill
pests. They often are used in buildings and
greenhouses. See also Dioxin.
Furan
Furan is a colorless, volatile liquid compound used in
the synthesis of organic compounds, especially
nylon.
Gas Chromatography
Gas chromatography is a technology used for
investigating and assessing soil, water, and soil gas
contamination at a site. It is used for the analysis of
VOCs and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC).
The technique identifies and quantifies organic
compounds on the basis of molecular weight,
characteristic fragmentation patterns, and retention
time. Recent advances in gas chromatography that
are considered innovative are portable, weather-proof
units that have self-contained power supplies.
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)
GPR is a technology that emits pulses of
electromagnetic energy into the ground to measure its
reflection and refraction by subsurface layers and
other features, such as buried debris.
Groundwater
Groundwater is the water found beneath the earth's
surface that fills pores between such materials as
sand, soil, or gravel and that often supplies wells and
springs. See also Aquifer.
Halogenated Organic Compound
A halogenated organic compound is a compound
containing molecules of chlorine, bromine iodine, and
or fluorine. Halogenated organic compounds were
used in high-voltage electrical transformers because
they conducted heat well while being fire resistant
and good electrical insulators. Many herbicides,
pesticides, and degreasing agents are made from
halogenated organic compounds.
Hazard Ranking System (HRS)
The HRS is the primary screening tool used by EPA to'
assess the risks posed to human health or the
environment by abandoned or uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites. Under the HRS, sites are
assigned scores on the basis of the toxicity of
hazardous substances that are present and the
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potential that those substances will spread through
the air, surface, water, or groundwater, taking into
account such factors as the proximity of the substance
to nearby populations. Scores are used in
determining which sites should be placed on the
NPL. See also National Priorities List.
Hazardous Substance
As defined under CERCLA, a hazardous substance is
any material that poses a threat to public health or the
environment. The term also refers to hazardous
wastes as defined under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA). Typical hazardous
substances are materials that are toxic, corrosive,
ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. If a
certain quantity of a hazardous substance, as
established by EPA, is spilled into the water or
otherwise emitted into the environment, the release
must be reported. Under the legislation cited above,
the term excludes petroleum, crude oil, natural gas,
natural gas liquids, or synthetic gas usable for fuel.
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
HSWA are 1984 amendments to RCRA which
required phasing out land disposal of hazardous
waste and added minimum technology requirements.
See also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Heavy Metal
The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic metals
including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury,
silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are present at
industrial sites at which operations have included
battery recycling and metal plating.
Herbicide
A herbicide is a chemical pesticide designed to
control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.
High-Frequency Electromagnetic (EM) Sounding
High-frequency EM sounding, the technology used
for nonintrusive geophysical exploration, projects
high-frequency electromagnetic radiation into
subsurface layers to detect the reflection and
refraction of the radiation by various layers of soil.
Unlike ground-penetrating radar, which uses pulses,
the technology uses continuous waves of radiation.
See also Ground-Penetrating Radar.
Hydrazine
Hydrazine is a highly toxic liquid used in rocket
propellant, agricultural chemicals, drugs, spandex
fibers, antioxidants, plating metals on glass and
plastic, explosives, and in boiler feedwater. The
chemical compound causes a severe explosion
hazard when exposed to heat.
Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing
only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in
petroleum, natural gas, and coal.
Hydrogen Sulfide (HS)
HS is a gas emitted during decomposition of organic
compounds. It also is a byproduct of oil refining and
burning.
Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, including
its origin, occurrence, movement, and quality.
Hydrology
Hydrology is the science that deals with the
properties, movement, and effects of water found on
the earth's surface, in the soil and rocks beneath the
surface, and in the atmosphere.
Ignitability
Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain
conditions. Examples include liquids, such as
solvents that readily catch fire, and friction-sensitive
substances.
Immunoassay
Immunoassay is an innovative technology used to
measure compound-specific reactions (generally
colorimetric) to individual compounds or classes of
compounds. The reactions are used to detect and
quantify contaminants. The technology is available
infield-portable test kits.
Incineration
Incineration is a treatment technology that involves
the burning of certain types of solid, liquid, or
gaseous materials under controlled conditions to
destroy hazardous waste.
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Information Repository
An information repository is a location in a public
building that is convenient for local residents, such as
a public school, city hall, or library, that contains
information about a Superfund site, including
technical reports and reference documents.
Infrared Monitor
An infrared monitor is a device used to monitor the
heat signature of an object, as well as to sample air. It
maybe used to detect buried objects in soil.
Inorganic Compound
An inorganic compound is a compound that
generally does not contain carbon atoms (although
carbonate and bicarbonate compounds are notable
exceptions), tends to be more soluble in water, and
tends to react on an ionic rather than on a molecular
basis. Examples of inorganic compounds include
various acids, potassium hydroxide, and metals.
Innovative Technology
An innovative technology is a process that has been
tested and used as a treatment for hazardous waste or
other contaminated materials, but lacks a long history
of full-scale use and information about its cost and
how well it works sufficient to support prediction of
its performance under a variety of operating
conditions. An innovative technology is one that is
undergoing pilot-scale treatability studies that
usually are conducted in the field or the laboratory
and require installation of the technology, and
provide performance, cost, and design objectives for
the technology. Innovative technologies are being
used under many Federal and state cleanup
programs to treat hazardous wastes that have been
improperly released. For example, innovative
technologies are being selected to manage
contamination (primarily petroleum) at some leaking
underground storage sites. See also Emerging
TecJtnology and Established Technology.
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange, acommonmethod of softening water,
depends on the ability of certain materials to remove
and exchange ions from water. These ion exchange
materials, generally composed of unsoluble organic
polymers, are placed in a filtering device. Water
softening exchange materials remove calcium and
magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium ions.
Insecticide
An insecticide is a pesticide compound specifically
used to kill or control the growth of insects. See also
Dioxin.
In Situ
The term in situ, "in its original place," or "on-site",
means unexcavated and unmoved. In situ soil
flushing and natural attenuation are examples of in
situ treatment methods by which contaminated sites
are treated without digging up or removing the
contaminants.
In Situ Oxidation
In situ oxidation is an innovative treatment
technology that oxidizes contaminants that are
dissolved in groundwater and converts them into
insoluble compounds.
In Situ Soil Flushing
In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment
technology that floods contaminated soils beneath the
ground surface with a solution that moves the
contaminants to an area from which they can be
removed. The technology requires the drilling of
injection and extraction wells on site and reduces the
need for excavation, handling, or transportation of
hazardous substances. Contaminants considered for
treatment by in situ soil flushing include heavy
metals (such as lead, copper, and zinc), halogenated
organic compounds, aromatics, and PCBs. See also
Aromatics, Halogenated Organic Compound, Heavy
Metal, and Polychlorinated Biphenyl.
In Situ Vitrification
In situ vitrification is a soil treatment technology that
stabilizes metal and other inorganic contaminants in
place at temperatures of approximately 3000°F. Soils
and sludges are fused to form a stable glass and
crystalline structure with very low leaching
characteristics.
Institutional Controls
An institutional control is a legal or institutional
measure which subjects a property owner to limit
activities at or access to a particular property. They
are used to ensure protection of human health and
the environment, and to expedite property reuse.
Fences, posting or warning signs, and zoning and
deed restrictions are examples of institutional
controls.
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Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
IRIS is an electronic database that contains EPA's
latest descriptive and quantitative regulatory
information about chemical constituents. Files on
chemicals maintained in IRIS contain information
related to both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic
health effects.
Joint and Several Liability
Under CERCLA, joint and several liability is a
concept based on the theory that it may not be
possible to apportion responsibility for the harm
caused by hazardous waste equitably among
potentially responsible parties (PRP) from that
dependant. Joint liability means that more than one
defendant is liable to the plaintiff. Several liability
means that the plaintiff may choose to sue only one of
the defendants and recover the entire amount. One
PRP therefore can be held liable for the entire cost of
cleanup, regardless of the share of waste that PRP
contributed. Joint and several liability is used only
when harm is indivisible. If defendants can
apportion harm, there is no several liability. See also
Potentially Responsible Party and Strict Liability.
Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR)
LDRs is a RCRA program that restricts the land
disposal of RCRA hazardous wastes and requires
treatment to promulgated treatment standards. The
LDRs may be an important Applicable or Relevant
and Appropriate Requirement (ARAR) for Superfund
actions. See also Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirement and Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act.
Landfarming
Landfarming is the spreading and incorporation of
wastes into the soil to initiate biological treatment.
Landfill
A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site for
nonhazardous solid wastes at which the waste is
spread in layers compacted to the smallest practical
volume.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer
Laser-induced fluorescence/cone penetrometer is a
field screening method that couples a fiber optic-
based chemical sensor system to a cone penetrometer
mounted on a truck. The technology can be used for
investigating and assessing soil and water
contamination.
Leachate
A leachate is a contaminated liquid that results when
water collects contaminants as it trickles through
wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers.
Leaching may occur in farming areas and landfills
and may be a means of the entry of hazardous
substances into soil, surface water, or groundwater.
Lead
Lead is a heavy metal that is hazardous to health if
breathed or swallowed. Its use in gasoline, paints,
and plumbing compounds has been sharply
restricted or eliminated by Federal laws and
regulations. See also Heavy Metal.
Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
LUST is the acronym for "leaking underground
storage tank." See also Underground Storage Tank.
Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL)
An LNAPL is one of a group of organic substances
that are relatively insoluble in water and are less
dense than water. LNAPLs, such as oil, tend to
spread across the surface of the water table and form
a layer on top of the water table.
Magnetrometry
Magnetrometry is a geophysical technology used to
detect disruptions that metal objects cause in the
earth's localized magnetic field.
Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is an analytical process by which
molecules are broken into fragments to determine the
concentrations and mass/charge ratio of the
fragments. Innovative mass spectroscopy units,
developed through modification of large laboratory
instruments, are sometimes portable, weatherproof
units with self-contained power supplies.
Medium
A medium is a specific environment-air, water, or
soil-which is the subject of regulatory concern and
activities.
Mercury
Mercury is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the
environment and is highly toxic if breathed or
swallowed. Mercury is a highly toxic substance found
in thermometers, measuring devices, pharmaceutical
and agricultural chemicals, chemical manufacturing,
and electrical equipment. See also Heavy Metal.
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Mercury Vapor Analyzer
A mercury vapor analyzer is an instrument that
provides real-time measurements of concentrations of
mercury in the air.
Methane
Methane is a colorless, nonpoisonous, flammable gas
created by anaerobic decomposition of organic
compounds.
Migration Pathway
A migration pathway is a potential path or route of
contaminants from the source of contamination to
contact with human populations or the environment.
Migration pathways include air, surface water,
groundwater, and land surface. The existence and
identification of all potential migration pathways
must be considered during assessment and
characterization of a waste site.
Mixed Waste
Mixed waste is low-level radioactive waste
contaminated with hazardous waste that is regulated
under RCRA. Mixed waste can be disposed only in
compliance with the requirements under RCRA that
govern disposal of hazardous waste and with the
RCRA land disposal restrictions, which require that
waste be treated before it is disposed of in appropriate
landfills.
MonitoringWell
A monitoring well is a well drilled at a specific
location on or off a hazardous waste site at which
groundwater can be sampled at selected depths and
studied to determine the direction of groundwater
flow and the types and quantities of contaminants
present in the groundwater.
National Contingency Plan (NCP)
The NCP, formally the National Oil and Hazardous
Substances Contingency Plan, is the major regulatory
framework that guides the Superfund response effort.
The NCP is a comprehensive body of regulations that
outlines a step-by-step process for implementing
Superfund responses and defines the roles and
responsibilities of EPA, other Federal agencies, states,
private parties, and the communities in response to
situations in which hazardous substances are
released into the environment. See also Superfund.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)
NPDES is the primary permitting program under the
Clean Water Act, which regulates all discharges to
surface water. It prohibits discharge of pollutants
into waters of the United States unless EPA, a state, or
a tribal government issues a special permit to do so.
National Priorities List (NPL)
The NPL is EPA's list of the most serious
uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites
identified for possible long-term remedial response
under Superfund. Inclusion of a site on the list is
based primarily on the score the site receives under
the HRS. Money from Superfund can be used for
cleanup only at sites that are on the NPL. EPA is
required to update the NPL at least once a year. See
also Hazard Ranking System and Superfund.
National Response Center (NRC)
The NRC, staffed by the U.S. Coast Guard, is a
communications center that receives reports of
discharges or releases of hazardous substances into
the environment. The U.S. Coast Guard in turn,
relays information about such releases to the
appropriate Federal agency.
Natural Attenuation
Natural attenuation is an approach to cleanup that
uses natural processes to contain the spread of
contamination from chemical spills and reduce the
concentrations and amounts of pollutants in
contaminated soil and groundwater. Natural
subsurface processes, such as dilution, volatilization,
biodegradation, adsorption, and chemical reactions
with subsurface materials, are allowed to reduce
concentrations of contaminants to acceptable levels.
An in situ treatment method that leaves the
contaminants in place while those processes occur,
natural attenuation is being used to clean up
petroleum contamination from leaking underground
storage tanks (LUST) across the country.
Nitric Oxide
Nitric oxide is a gas formed by combustion under
high temperature and high pressure in an internal
combustion engine.
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Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL)
NAPLs are organic substances that are relatively
insoluble in water and are less dense than water. See
also Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid and Light
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.
Non-Point Source
The term non-point source is used to identify sources
of pollution that are diffuse and do not have a point
of origin or that are not introduced into a receiving
stream from a specific outlet. Common non-point
sources are rain water, runoff from agricultural lands,
industrial sites, parking lots, and timber operations,
as well as escaping gases from pipes and fittings.
Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
O&M refers to the activities conducted at a site,
following remedial actions, to ensure that the cleanup
methods are working properly. O&M activities are
conducted to maintain the effectiveness of the remedy
and to ensure that no new threat to human health or
the environment arises. The state or PRP assumes
responsibility for O&M, which may include such
activities as groundwater and air monitoring,
inspection and maintenance of the treatment
equipment remaining on site, and maintenance of any
security measures or institutional controls.
Organic Chemical or Compound
An organic chemical or compound is a substance
produced by animals or plants that contains mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Ozone
Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally which
provides a protective layer shielding the earth from
the harmful health effects on human health and the
environment from ultraviolet radiation. Ozone is a
chemical oxidant and a major component of smog in
the troposphere, the earth's atmospheric layer
extending 7 to 10 miles from the earth's surface.
Ozone can have a serious effect on the human
respiratory system and is one of the most prevalent
and widespread of all the criteria pollutants for
which the Clean Ak Act required EPA to set
standards.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
PCP, a chemical compound containing carbon,
chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen, is a contaminant
used in feed stock material and chemical
manufacturing.
Permeability
Permeability is a characteristic that represents a
qualitative description of the relative ease with which
rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid (liquid or gas).
Pesticide
A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances
intended to prevent or mitigate infestation by, or
destroy or repel, any pest. Pesticides can accumulate
in the food chain and or contaminate the environment
if misused. See also Dioxin.
Phase I Environmental Audit
A Phase I environmental audit is an initial
environmental investigation that is limited to a
historical records search to determine ownership of a
site and to identify the kinds of chemical processes
that were carried out at the site. A Phase I audit
includes a site visit, but does not include any
sampling. If such an audit identifies no significant
concerns, Phase II and HI audits are not necessary.
Phase II Environmental Audit
A Phase n environmental audit is an investigation
that includes tests performed at the site to confirm the
location and identity of environmental hazards. The
audit includes preparation of a report that includes
recommendations for cleanup alternatives.
Phase III Environmental Audit
A Phase III environmental audit is the third-step in
the audit that includes the removal of contaminated
materials from a site and their legal disposal.
Phenols
A phenol is one of a group of organic compounds that
are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning, and
textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. Low
concentrations of phenols cause taste and odor
problems in water; higher concentrations may be
harmful to human health or the environment.
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Photoionization Detector (FID)
A PID is a nondestructive detector, often used in
conjunction with gas chromatography, that measures
the change of signal as analytes are ionized by an
ultraviolet lamp. The PID also is used to detect VOCs
and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable Gas
Cliromatography.
Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation is an innovative treatment
technology that uses plants and trees to clean up
contaminated soil and water. Plants can break down,
or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize metal
contaminants by acting as filters or traps.
Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals,
pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil,
polyaromatic carbons, and landfill leachates. Its use
generally is limited to sites at which concentrations of
contaminants are relatively low and contamination is
found in shallow soils, streams, and groundwater.
Plasma High-Temperature Metals Recovery
Plasma high-temperature metals recovery is a thermal
treatment process thatpurges contaminants from
solids and soils such as metal fumes and organic
vapors. The vapors can be burned as fuel, and the
metal fumes can be recovered and recycled. This
innovative treatment technology is used to treat
contaminated soil and groundwater.
Plume
A plume is a visible or measurable emission or
discharge of a contaminant from a given point of
origin into any medium. The term also is used to refer
to measurable and potentially harmful radiation
leaking from a damaged reactor.
Point Source
A point source is a stationary location or fixed facility
from which pollutants are discharged or emitted or
any single, identifiable discharge point of pollution,
such as a pipe, ditch, or smokestack.
Poly chlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
PCBs are a group of toxic, persistent chemicals,
produced by chlorination of biphenyl, that once were
used in high voltage electrical transformers because
they conducted heat well while being fire resistant
and good electrical insulators. These contaminants
typically are generated from metal degreasing,
printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline, and wood
preserving processes. Further sale or use of PCBs was
banned in 1979.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
A PAH is a chemical compound that contains more
than one fused benzene ring. They are commonly
found in petroleum fuels, coal products, and tar.
Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)
A PRP is an individual or company (such as owners,
operators, transporters, or generators of hazardous
waste) that is potentially responsible for, or
contributing to, the contamination problems at a
Superfund site. Whenever possible, EPA requires
PRPs, through administrative and legal actions, to
clean up hazardous waste sites they have
contaminated. See also Superfund.
Preliminary Assessment and Site Investigation (PA/SI)
A preliminary assessment (PA) is the process of
collecting and reviewing available information about
a known or suspected hazardous waste site or
release. The PA usually includes a visit to the site.
Presumptive Remedies
Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for
common categories of CERCLA sites that have been
identified through historical patterns of remedy
selection and EPA's scientific and engineering
evaluation of performance data on technology
implementation.
Pump and Treat
Pump and treat is a general term used to describe
remediation methods that involve the pumping of
groundwater to the surface for treatment. It is one of
the most common methods of treating polluted
aquifers and groundwater.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (Q A/QC)
QA/QC is a system of procedures, checks, audits, and
corrective actions applied to ensure that all EPA
research design and performance, environmental
monitoring and sampling, and other technical and
reporting activities are of the highest achievable
quality.
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Radioactive Waste
Radioactive waste is any waste that emits energy as
rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles. Sources
of such wastes include nuclear reactors, research
institutions, and hospitals.
Radionuclide
A radionuclide is a radioactive element characterized
according to its atomic mass and atomic number,
which can be artificial or naturally occurring.
Radionuclides have a long life as soil or water
pollutants. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or
degraded; therefore, applicable technologies involve
separation, concentration and volume reduction,
immobilization, or vitrification. See also Solidification
and Stabilization.
Radon
Radon is a colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive,
inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of
radium atoms. See also Radioactive Waste and
Radionuclide.
RCRA Facility Assessment (RFA)
A RFA is performed at a facility to determine the
existence of any continuous or non-continuous
releases of wastes. During the RFA, EPA or state
regulators gather information on solid waste
management units and other areas of concern at
RCRA facilities, evaluate this information to
determine whether there are releases that warrant
further investigation and action, and determine the
need to proceed to a RCRA Facility Investigation
(RFI). See also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI)
The purpose of a RFI is to gather sufficient data at a
facility to fully characterize the nature, extent, and
rate of migration of contaminant releases identified in
the RCRA Facility Assessment (RFA). The data
generated during the RFI is used to determine the
potential need for corrective measures and to aid in
the selection and implementation of these measures.
See also Corrective Measure Study and Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act.
Reactive Wastes
Reactive wastes are unstable under normal
conditions. They can create explosions and or toxic
fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with water.
Record of Decision (ROD)
A record of decision (ROD) is a legal, technical, and
public document that explains which cleanup
alternative will be used at a site. The ROD is based
on information and technical analysis generated
during the remedial investigation and feasibility
study (RI/FS) and consideration of public comments
and community concerns. See also Preliminary
Assessment and Site Investigation and Remedial
Investigation and Feasibility Study.
Release
A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,
emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, leaching,
dumping, or disposing into the environment of a
hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous
substance, as defined under RCRA. See also Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act.
Remedial Design and Remedial Action (RD/RA)
The RD/RA is the step in the cleanup process that
follows the remedial investigation and feasibility
study (RI/FS) and selection of a remedy. A remedial
design (RD) is the preparation of engineering plans
and specifications to properly and effectively
implement the remedy. The remedial action (RA) is
the actual construction or implementation of the
remedy. See also Remedial Investigation and Feasibility
Study.
Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study (RI/FS)
The RI/FS is the step in the cleanup process that is
conducted to gather sufficient information to support
the selection of a site remedy that will reduce or
eliminate the risks associated with contamination at
the site. The remedial investigation (RI) involves site
characterization — collection of data and information
necessary to characterize the nature and extent of
contamination at the site. The RI also determines
whether the contamination presents a significant risk
to human health or the environment. The feasibility
study (FS) focuses on the development of specific
response alternatives for addressing contamination at
a site.
Removal Action
A removal action usually is a short-term effort
designed to stabilize or clean up a hazardous waste
site that poses an immediate threat to human health
or the environment. Removal actions include
removing tanks or drums of hazardous substances
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that were found on the surface and installing
drainage controls or security measures, such as a
fence at the site. Removal actions also may be
conducted to respond to accidental releases of
hazardous substances. CERCLA places time and
money constraints on the duration of removal actions.
See also ConipreJtetisive Environmental Response,
Contpetisation, and Liability Act.
Reportable Quantity (RQ)
The RQ is the quantity of hazardous substances that,
when released into the environment, can cause
substantial endangerment to public health or the
environment. Under CERCLA, the Federal
government mustbe notified when quantities
equaling or exceeding RQs specified in regulations
are released.
Resin
Resins are solids or semi-solids of plant origin used
principally in lacquers, varnishes, inks, adhesives,
synthetic plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA is a Federal law enacted in 1976 that
established a regulatory system to track hazardous
substances from their generation to their disposal.
The law requires the use of safe and secure
procedures in treating, transporting, storing, and
disposing of hazardous substances. RCRA is
designed to prevent the creation of new, uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites.
Response Action
A response action is a short-term removal action or a
long-term remedial response, authorized under
CERCLA that is taken at a site to address releases of
hazardous substances.
Risk Communication
Risk communication, the exchange of information
about health or environmental risks among risk
assessors, risk managers, the local community, news
media and interest groups, is the process of informing
members of the local community about environmental
risks associated with a site and the steps that are
being taken to manage those risks.
Sanborn Map
A Sanborn map is a record kept for insurance
purposes that shows, for a specific property, the
locations of such items as underground storage tanks
(UST), buildings, and areas where chemicals have
been used for certain industrial processes. A Phase I
environmental audit includes a review of Sanborn
maps. See also Phase I Environmental Audit.
Saturated Zone
The saturated zone is the area beneath the surface of
the land in which all openings are filled with water at
greater than atmospheric pressure.
Seismic Reflection and Refraction
Seismic reflection and refraction is a technology used
to examine the geophysical features of soil and
bedrock, such as debris, buried channels, and other
features.
Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)
SVOCs, composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen
atoms, have boiling points greater than 200°C.
Common SVOCs include PCPs and phenol. See also
Phenol and Poll/chlorinated Biphenyl.
Sludge
Sludge is a semisolid residue from air or water
treatmentprocesses. Residues from treatment of
metal wastes and the mixture of waste and soil at the
bottom of a waste lagoon are examples of sludge,
which can be a hazardous waste.
Slurry-Phase Bioremediation
Slurry-phase bioremediation, a treatment technology
that can be used alone or in conjunction with other
biological, chemical, and physical treatments, is a
process through which organic contaminants are
converted to innocuous compounds. Slurry-phase
bioremediation can be effective in treating various
SVOCs and nonvolatile organic compounds, as well as
fuels, creosote, pentachlorophenols (PCP), and PCBs.
Soil Boring
Soil boring is a process by which a soil sample is
extracted from the ground for chemical, biological,
and analytical testing to determine the level of
contamination present.
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Soil Gas
Soil gas consists of gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between particles of the
earth and soil. Such gases can move through or leave
the soil or rock, depending on changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction (S VE)
SVE, the most frequently selected innovative
treatment at Superfund sites, is a process that
physically separates contaminants from soil in a
vapor form by exerting a vacuum through the soil
formation. Soil vapor extraction removes VOCs and
some SVOCs from soil beneath the ground surface.
Soil Washing
Soil washing is an innovative treatment technology
that uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined
with chemical additives) and a mechanical process to
scrub soils, removes hazardous contaminants, and
concentrates the contaminants into a smaller volume.
The technology is used to treat a wide range of
contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils, and
pesticides. Soil washing is a relatively low-cost
alternative for separating waste and minimizing
volume as necessary to facilitate subsequent
treatment. It is often used in combination with other
treatment technologies. The technology can be
brought to the site, thereby eliminating the need to
transport hazardous wastes.
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and stabilization are the processes of
removing wastewater from a waste or changing it
chemically to make the waste less permeable and
susceptible to transport by water. Solidification and
stabilization technologies can immobilize many
heavy metals, certain radionuclides, and selected
organic compounds, while decreasing the surface
area and permeability of many types of sludge,
contaminated soils, and solid wastes.
Solvent
A solvent is a substance, usually liquid, that is
capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other
substances.
Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is an innovative treatment
technology that uses a solvent to separate or remove
hazardous organic contaminants from oily-type
wastes, soils, sludges, and sediments. The
technology does not destroy contaminants, but
concentrates them so they can be recycled or
destroyed more easily by another technology. Solvent
extraction has been shown to be effective in treating
sediments, sludges, and soils that contain primarily
organic contaminants, such as PCBs, VOCs,
halogenated organic compounds, and petroleum
wastes. Such contaminants typically are generated
from metal degreasing, printed circuitboard cleaning,
gasoline, and wood preserving processes. Solvent
extraction is a transportable technology that can be
brought to the site. See also Halogenated Organic
Compound, Potychlorinated Biphenyl, and Volatile
Organic Compound.
Strict Liability
Strict liability is a concept under CERCLA that
empowers the Federal government to hold PRPs liable
without proving that the PRPs were at fault and
without regard to a PRP's motive. PRPs can be found
liable even if the problems caused by the release of a
hazardous substance were unforeseeable, the PRPs
acted in good faith, and state-of-the-art hazardous
waste management practices were used at the time
the materials were disposed of. See also Potentially
Responsible Party.
Surfactant Flushing
Surfactant flushing is an innovative treatment
technology used to treat contaminated gr oundwater.
Surfactant flushing of NAPLs increases the solubility
and mobility of the contaminants in water so that the
NAPLs canbebiodegraded more easily in an aquifer
or recovered for treatment aboveground. See also
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.
Surface Water
Surface water is all water naturally open to the
atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams,
and seas.
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Superfund
Superfund is the trust fund that provides for the
deanup of hazardous substances released into the
environment, regardless of fault. The Superfund
was established under CERCLA and subsequent
amendments to CERCLA. The term Superfund also
is used to refer to cleanup programs designed and
conducted under CERCLA and its subsequent
amendments. See also Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act
(SARA)
SARA is the 1986 act amending CERCLA that
increased the size of the Superfund trust fund and
established a preference for the development and use
ofpermanentremedies,andprovidednew
enforcement and settlement tools. See also
ContpreliensiveEnvironmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act.
Sup erfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program
The SITE program is an effort established by EPA in
1986 to advance the development, evaluation, and
commercialization of innovative treatment
technologies for assessing and cleaning up
hazardous waste sites. The program provides an
opportunity for technology developers to
demonstrate their technologies' ability to
successfully process and remediate hazardous
waste. The SITE program has four components—the
Emerging Technology Program, the Demonstration
Program, theMonitoringandMeasurement
Technologies Program, and the Technology Transfer
Program.
Thermal Desorption
Thermal desorption is an innovative treatment
technology that heats soils contaminated with
hazardous wastes to temperatures from 200 to
1,000°F so that contaminants that have low boiling
points will vaporize and separate from the soil. The
vaporized contaminants then are collected for
further treatment or destruction, typically by an air
emissions treatment system. The technology is most
effective at treating VOCs, SVOCs and other organic
contaminants, such as PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides.
It is effective in separating organics from refining
wastes, coal tar wastes, waste from wood treatment,
and paint wastes. It also can separate solvents,
pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and fuel oils from
contaminated soil. See also Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon,
Polychlorinated Biphenyl, Semivolatile Organic
Compound, and Volatile Organic Compound.
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH)
TPH refers to a measure of concentration or mass of
petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a
given amount of air, soil, or water.
Toxicity
Toxicity is a quantification of the degree of danger
posed by a substance to animal or plant life.
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
The TCLP is a testing procedure used to identify the
toxicity of wastes and is the most commonly used test
for degree of mobilization offered by a solidification
and stabilization process. Under this procedure, a
waste is subjected to a process designed to model the
leaching effects that would occur if the waste was
disposed of in a RCRA Subtitle D municipal landfill.
See also Solidification and Stabilization.
Toxic Substance
A toxic substance is a chemical or mixture that may
present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the
environment.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
TSCA was enacted in 1976 to test, regulate, and
screen all chemicals produced or imported into the
U.S. TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches
the consumer marketplace be tested for possible toxic
effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any existing
chemical that poses health and environmental
hazards is tracked and reported under TSCA.
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) Facilities
TSDs are facilities at which hazardous substances are
treated, stored, or disposed. TSD facilities are
regulated by EPA and states under RCRA. See also
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Treatment Wall (also Passive Treatment Wall)
A treatment wall is a structure installed underground
to treat contaminated groundwater found at
hazardous waste sites. Treatment walls, also called
passive treatment walls, are put in place by
constructing a giant trench across the flow path of
contaminated groundwater and filling the trench
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with one of a variety of materials carefully selected for
the ability to clean up specific types of contaminants.
As the contaminated groundwater passes through the
treatment wall, the contaminants are trapped by the
treatment wall or transformed into harmless
substances that flow out of the wall. The major
advantage of using treatment walls is that they are
passive systems that treat the contaminants in place
so the property can be put to productive use while it
is being cleaned up. Treatment walls are useful at
some sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents,
metals, or radioactive contaminants.
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
TCE is a stable, low-boiling colorless liquid that is
used as a solvent, metal degreasing agent, and in
other industrial applications.
Underground Storage Tank (UST)
A UST is a tank located entirely or partially
underground that is designed to hold gasoline or
other petroleum products or chemical solutions.
Unsaturated Zone
The unsaturated zone is the area between the land
surface and the uppermost aquifer (or saturated
zone). The soils in an unsaturated zone may contain
air and water.
Vadose Zone
The vadose zone is the area between the surface of the
land and the equifer water table in which the
moisture content is less than the saturation point and
the pressure is less than atmospheric. The openings
(pore spaces) also typically contain air or other gases.
Vapor
Vapor is the gaseous phase of any substance that is
liquid or solid at atmospheric temperatures and
pressures. Steam is an example of a vapor.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
A VOC is one of a group of carbon-containing
compounds that evaporate readily at room
temperature. Examples of volatile organic
compounds include trichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylene (BTEX). These contaminants typically are
generated from metal degreasing, printed circuit
board cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving
processes.
Volatilization
Volatilization is the process of transfer of a chemical
from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase.
Solubility, molecular weight, and vapor pressure of
the liquid and the nature of the gas-liquid affect the
rate of volatilization.
Voltammetric Stripping
Voltammetric stripping is a field-portable technology
that uses electrochemistry to detect and quantify
metals in environmental samples. Specific metals can
be targeted for detection and quantification by the
technology, which generally is applied to water
samples.
Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP)
A VCP is a formal means established by many states
to facilitate assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment
of Brownfields sites. VCPs typically address the
identification and cleanup of potentially
contaminated sites that are not on the NPL. Under
VCPs, owners or developers of a site are encouraged
to approach the state voluntarily to work out a
process by which the site can be readied for
development. Many state VCPs provide technical
assistance, liability assurances, and funding support
for such efforts. See also National Priorities List.
Wastewater
Wastewater is spent or used water from an individual
home, a community, a farm, or an industry that
contains dissolved or suspended matter.
Water Table
A water table is the boundary between the saturated
and unsaturated zones beneath the surface of the
earth, the level of groundwater, and generally is the
level to which water will rise in a well. See also
Aquifer and Groundwater.
X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
An x-ray fluorescence analyzer is a self-contained,
field-portable instrument, consisting of an energy
dispersive x-ray source, a detector, and a data
processing system that detects and quantifies
individual metals or groups of metals.
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APPENDIX C
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Appendix C
LIST OF BROWNFIELDS
AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS
The lists included in this appendix identify contacts at the state and EPA regional levels, as well as EPA
technical support staff in the Technology Innovation Office and the Office of Research and Development.
The individuals are available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts at Brownfields sites.
State Brownfields Contacts C-2
EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinators C-6
EPA Technical Support C-7
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STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS
ALABAMA
Daniel Cooper
Site Mitigation Branch
AL Department of Environmental
Management
P.O. Box 301463
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
Phone: (334) 271-7711
Fax: (334) 271-7950
ALASKA
Anne Marie Gillespie
AK Department of Environmental
Conservation
410 Willoughby Avenue
Juneau,AK 99801
Phone: (907) 465-5287
Fax: (907) 465-5262
ARIZONA
TimSteele
AZ Department of Environmental
Quality
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85012
Phone: (602) 207-4224
Fax: (602) 207-4236
ARKANSAS
Jean Koeninger
Hazardous Waste Division
AR Department of Pollution Control
and Ecology
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Phone: (501) 682-0854
Fax: (501) 682-0565
CALIFORNIA
Barbara Coler
Site Mitigation Program
Department of Toxic Substances
Control
CA Environmental Protection Agency
700 Heinz Avenue, #200
Berkeley, CA 94710-2737
Phone: (510) 540-3827
Fax: (510) 540-3819
COLORADO
Daniel Scepters
Hazardous Waste Materials and
Waste Management Division
CO Department of Public Health and
Environment
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
Phone: (303) 692-3398
Fax: (303) 759-5355
CONNECTICUT
Elsie Patton
Remediation Division
Bureau of Waste Management
CT Department of Environmental
Protection
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106
Phone: (203) 424-3762
Fax: (203) 424-4057
DELAWARE
Karl Kalbacher
Air and Waste Management Division
DE Department of Natural Resources
and Environmental Control
715 Grantham Lane
New Castle, DE 19720-4801
Phone: (302) 323-4540
Fax: (302) 323-4561
FLORIDA
Joseph McGarrity
Division of Waste Management
Bureau of Waste Cleanup
FL Department of Environmental
Protection
2600 Blair Stone Road
Mailstation #4500
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Phone: (904) 488-3935
Fax: (904) 922-4368
GEORGIA
Jennifer Kaduck
Hazardous Waste Management
Branch
Environmental Protection Division
GA Department of Natural Resources
205 Butler Street, SE
Suite 1154, East Tower
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone: (404) 656-7802
Fax: (404) 651-9425
HAWAII
Steven Armann
Hazardous Evaluation and
Emergency Response Office
Environmental Management Division
HI Department of Health
919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 206
Honolulu, HI 96814
Phone: (808) 586-4250
Fax: (808) 586-7537
IDAHO
Dean Nygard
Community Services Branch
Division of Environmental Quality
ID Department of Health and Welfare
1410 N. Hilton Street
Boise, ID 83706
Phone: (208) 373-0502
Fax: (208) 373-0576
ILLINOIS
Larry Eastap
Bureau of Land
IL Environmental Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Rd.
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
Phone: (217) 782-9802
Fax: (217) 782-3258
INDIANA
Carla Gill
Project Management Branch
Office of Environmental Response
IN Department of Environmental
Management
P.O. Box 6015
100 North Senate Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
Phone: (317) 308-3123
Fax: (317) 308-3123
IOWA
Allan Stokes
Environmental Protection Division
IA Department of Natural Resources
900 E. Grand Avenue
Henry A. Wallace Building
Des Moines, IA 50319-0034
Phone: (515) 281-6284
Fax: (515) 281-8895
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STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
KANSAS
Larry Knoche
Division of Environment
Bureau of Environmental
Remediation
KS Department of Health and
Environment
Forbes Field, Building 283
Topeka, KS 66620
Phone: (913) 296-1662
Fax: (913) 296-1686
KENTUCKY
Jeffrey Pratt
Division of Waste Management
KY Department of Environmental
Protection
Frankfort Office Park
14 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
Phone: (502) 564-6716
Fax: (502) 564-2705
LOUISIANA
JohnHalk
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Solid and Hazardous Waste
P.O. Box 82178
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178
Phone: (304) 765-0487
Fax: (304) 765-0484
MAINE
Nicholas Hodgkins
ME Department of Environmental
Protection
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
Phone: (207) 287-2651
Fax: (207) 287-7826
MARYLAND
Bob DeMarco
Environmental Response and
Restoration Program
Waste Management Administration
MD Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
Phone: (410) 631-3437
Fax: (410) 631-3472
MASSACHUSETTS
Sarah Weinstein
Policy and Program Development
Division
Bureau of Waste Site Cleanup
MA Department of Environmental
Protection
1 Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
Phone: (617) 292-5820
Fax: (617) 556-1049
MICHIGAN
Claudia Kerbawy
Act 307 Section
Environmental Response Division
MI Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
Phone: (517) 335-3397
Fax: (517) 373-9657
MINNESOTA
Deb DeLuca
Ground Water and Solid Waste
Division
MN Office of Environmental
Assistance
520 Lafayette Rd. North, 2nd Fl.
Saint Paul, MN 55155-4100
Phone: (612) 296-0892
Fax: (612) 296-9707
MISSISSIPPI
Jerry Banks
Hazardous Waste Division
Office of Pollution Control
MS Department of Environmental
Quality
2380 Highway 80 West
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289
Phone: (601) 961-5171 x5221
Fax: (601) 961-5741
MISSOURI
Jim Belcher
Voluntary Cleanup Section
Division of Environmental Quality
Hazardous Waste Management
Program
MO Department of Natural Resources
205 Jefferson Street
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
Phone: (573) 751-3176
Fax: (573) 526-8922
MONTANA
Carol Fox
State CERCLA Program
Environmental Remediation Division
MT Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
Phone: (406) 444-1420
Fax: (406) 444-1901
NEBRASKA
JeffKelley
Air and Waste Management Division
NE Department of Environmental
Quality
1200 North Street, Suite 400
Lincoln, NE 68508
Phone: (402) 471-3388
Fax: (402) 471-2909
NEVADA
Robert Kelso
Remediation Branch
NV Department of Environmental
Protection
333 West Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89706-866
Phone: (702) 687-4670 x3020
Fax: (702) 687-6396
C-3
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NORTH CAROLINA
PENNSYLVANIA
Gary Lynn
Hazardous Waste Sites
Waste Management Division
NH Department of Environmental
Services
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6509
Phone: (603) 271-6778
Fax: (603) 271-6778
MikeWimsatt
Hazardous Waste Sites
Waste Management Division
NH Department of Environmental
Services
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6509
Phone: (603) 271-2456
Fax: (603) 271-6778
NEWTERSEY
Ron Corcory
Site Remediation Program
Division of Responsible Party Site
Remediation
NJ Department of Environmental
Protection
401 E. State Street, CN 028
Trenton, NJ 08625
Phone: (609) 633-1480
Fax: (609) 633-1454
NEW MEXICO
Susan Morris
Superfund Oversight Section/
GWOB/NMED
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe, ME 87502
Phone: (505) 827-2890
Fax: (505) 827-2965
NEW YORK
Christine Costopoulos
Division of Environmental
Remediation
NY Department of Environmental
Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 260B
Albany, NY 12233-7010
Phone: (518) 457-5861
Fax: (518) 485-8404
Grover Nicholson
Superfund Section
Division of Solid Waste Management
NC Department of Environmental,
Health and Natural Resources
P.O. Box 29603
Raleigh, NC 27611-9603
Phone: (919)733-2801 x291
Fax: (919) 733-4811
NORTH DAKOTA
Neil Knatterud
Division of Waste Management
ND Department of Health
1200 Missouri Avenue, #302
P.O. Box 5520
Bismark, ND 58502-5520
Phone: (701) 328-5166
Fax: (701) 328-5200
OHIO
Jenifer Kwasniewski
Voluntary Action Program
Division of Emergency and Remedial
Response
OH Environmental Protection Agency
1800 Watermark Drive
Columbus, OH 43215-1099
Phone: (614) 644-2924
Fax: (614) 728-1791
OKLAHOMA
Catherine Sharp
Waste Management Division
OK Department of Environmental
Quality
1000 NE 10th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
Phone: (405) 271-5338
Fax: (405) 328-5200
OREGON
Mike Rosen
Voluntary Cleanup Section
Waste Management and Cleanup
Division
OR Department of Environmental
Quality
2020 SW 4lh Avenue, #400
Portland, OR 97204-1390
Phone: (503) 229-6712
Fax: (503) 229-6899
Tom Fidler
Land Recycling and Cleanup Program
Rachel Carson State Office Building
P.O. Box 8471
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8471
Phone: (717) 783-7816
Fax: (717) 787-0884
RHODE ISLAND
Terrence Gray
Division of Site Remediation
RI Department of Environmental
Management
291 Promenade Street
Providence, RI 02905
Phone: (401) 277-3872 x7100
Fax: (401) 277-2017
SOUTH CAROLINA ,-
Gail Rawls Jeter
Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management
SC Department of Health and
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: (803) 896-4069
Fax: (803)896-4292
Julie E. Fridell
Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management
SC Department of Health and
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: (803) 896-4082
Fax: (803) 896-4292
SOUTH DAKOTA
Lee Baron
Division of Environmental Services
SD Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
523 East Capitol, Foss Building
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
Phone: (605) 773-3296
Fax: (605) 773-6035
C4
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
TENNESSEE
Andrew Shivas
Voluntary Cleanup Program
Division of Superfund
TN Department of Environment and
Conservation
401 Church Street
LandC Annex, 15th Fl.
Nashville, TN 37243-1538
Phone: (615) 532-0912
Fax: (615) 532-0938
TEXAS
Chuck Epperson
Voluntary Cleanup Program
Pollution Cleanup Division
TX Natural Resource Conservation
Commission
P.O. Box 13087-MC221
Austin, TX 78711
Phone: (512) 239-2498
Fax: (512) 239-2449
UTAH
Tom Daniels
Division of Solid and Hazardous
Waste
Department of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
P.O. Box 144880
Salt Lake City, TJT 84114-4880
Phone: (801) 536-4090
Fax: (801) 536-4242
VERMONT
George Desch
Sites Management Section
Hazardous Materials Management
VT Department of Environmental
Conservation
103 S. Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05676
Phone: (802) 241-3491
Fax: (802) 244-1102
VIRGINIA
Erica Dameron
Office of Superfund and Federal
Facilities
VA Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 10009
629 E. Main Street, 10th Floor
Richmond, VA 23219
Phone: (804) 762-4201
Fax: (804) 762-4262
WASHINGTON
Carol Kraege
Headquarters Section - Policy and
Technical Support
Waste Management Programs - Toxics
Cleanup
WA Department of Ecology
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
Phone: (360) 407-7175
Fax: (360)407-7154
WEST VIRGINIA
Pamela Hayes
Site Investigation and Response
Section
Division of Environmental Protection
Office of Waste Management
WV Bureau of Environment
1356 Hansford Street
Charleston, WV 25301
Phone: (304) 558-2745
Fax: (304) 558-0256
WISCONSIN
Darsi Foss
Division of Air and Waste
Management
Bureau for Remediation and
Redevelopment
WI Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
Phone: (608) 267-7562
Fax: (608) 267-2768
Mark Giesfeldt
Divisio'n of Air and Waste
Management
Bureau for Remediation and
Redevelopment
WI Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
Phone: (608) 267-6713
Fax: (608) 267-2768
WYOMING
David Finley
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
WY Department of Environmental
Quality
122 West, 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: (307) 777-7752
Fax: (307) 777-5973
C-5
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA REGIONAL BROWNFIELDS COORDINATORS
REGION 1
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rltode Island, Vermont
John Podgurski
VS. EPA
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
One Congress Street
Boston, MA 02203
Phone: (617) 573-9681
Fax: (617) 573-9662
REGION 2
Ncio Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands
Larry D'Andrea
U.S.EPA
290 Broadway
18th Floor
New York, NY 10007
Phone: (212) 637-4314
Fax: (212) 637-4360
REGION 3
Delaware, Washington, D.C., Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia
TomStolle
US. EPA
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Phone: (215) 566-3121
Fax: (215) 566-3001
REGION 4
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee
Barbara Dick
US. EPA
Atlanta Federal Center
100 Alabama Street, SW
Atlanta, GA 30303
Phone: (404) 562-8923
Fax: (404) 562-8896
REGION 5
REGION9
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Wisconsin
Mary Beth Tuohy
U.S. EPA
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604-3507
Phone: (312) 886-7596
Fax: (312) 886-2737
REGION 6
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, Texas
StanHitt
US. EPA
First Interstate Bank Tower at
Fountain Place
1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Phone: (214) 665-6736
Fax: (214) 665-6660
REGION 7
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Susan Klein
US. EPA
720 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101-2728
Phone: "(913) 551-7786
Fax: (913) 551-7063
REGION 8
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South
Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
David Ostrander
U.S. EPA
999 18lh Street, Suite 500 (EPR)
Denver, CO 80202-2405
Phone: (303) 312-6931
Fax: (303) 312-6071
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
America Samoa, Guam
Jim Hanson
U.S. EPA
75 Hawthorne Street, H-l
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415) 744-2237
Fax: (415) 744-2180
REGION 10
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
Lori Cohen
US. EPA
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
Phone: (206) 553-6523
Fax: (206) 553-0124
EPA HEADQUARTERS
Katherine Dawes
Outreach and Special Projects Staff
Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response
US. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC5101)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (202) 260-8394
Fax: (202) 260-6606
C-6
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA TECHNICAL SUPPORT
GENERAL INFORMATION:
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION OFFICE
SPECIFIC TECHNICAL SUPPORT:
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES
John Kingscott
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703)603-7189
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: kingscott.john@epamail.epa.gov
ELECTRONIC INFORMATION
Gary Turner
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-9902
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: turner.gary@epamail.epa.gov
GROUNDWATER INFORMATION
Richard Steimle
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-7195
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: steimle.richard@epamail.epa.gov
REGULATORY INFORMATION
Jim Cummings
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
401M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-7197
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: cummings.james@epamail.epa.gov
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
AND MONITORING
Daniel Powell
U.S. EPA
Technology Innovation Office
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-7196
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: powell.dan@epamail.epa.gov
CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES
Ed Earth
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory (NRMRL)
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Phone: (513) 569-7669
Fax: (513) 569-7676
E-mail: barth.ed@epamail.epa.gov
Joan Colson
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory (NRMRL)
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Phone: (513) 569-7501
Fax: (513) 569-7676
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
TECHNOLOGIES
Eric Koglin
National Exposure Research
Laboratory (NERL)
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NE 89193-3478
Phone: (702) 798-2432
Fax: (702) 798-2261
E-mail: lwglm.eric@epamail.epa.gov
C-7
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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C-8
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APPENDIX D
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TOOL KtT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVeSTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Appendix D
HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS
Publications beginning with EPA number 540,542,600,625, or 630 may be available through the Center
for Environmental Research Information (CERI). The documents are available free-of-charge, but
supplies may be limited. Documents that are not in stock at CERI may be available through the National
Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI) or may be purchased from the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS). Before you purchase documents, you may wish to contact a
technical librarian to determine whether the document you need is available at no charge. Be sure to
include the EPA document number with all orders.
Publications beginning with EPA number 510,540, 542,600, or 630 may be available through NCEPI.
Single copies are available free-of-charge while supplies last. Documents that are out of stock must be
ordered from NTIS. Be sure to include the EPA document number with all orders.
Publications beginning with PB numbers or directives (for parties outside EPA) issued by EPA's Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) can be purchased from NTIS. Be sure to include the
EPA document number with all orders.
Publications of the WASTECH partnership can be ordered by using the order forms provided at the end
of this appendix.
EPA staff or members of the public who have difficulty finding a document can call the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)/Underground Storage Tank (UST), Superfund, and Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline at 1-800-424-9346 for all nongovernment
locations outside the Washington, DC Metropolitan local calling area, or 703-412-9810 for all locations in
the Washington, DC metropolitan local calling area. The hotline operates daily Monday through Friday,
9:00 a.m. through 6:00 p.m., eastern standard time. Hotline staff can help callers locate documents and
assist them in placing orders. Government employees may order many of the documents that have EPA
publication numbers free of charge from NCEPI.
The addresses and telephone and facsimile numbers for the services are listed below:
CERI Center for Environmental Research
Information
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Telephone: (513) 569-7562
Fax: (513) 569-7566
NCEPI National Center for Environmental
Publications and Information
U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Telephone: (513) 489-8190
Fax: (513) 489-8695
NTIS National Technical Information
Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: (703) 487-4650
Fax: (703) 321-8547
Internet E-mail: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
D-1
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TOOL KIT OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
This page intentionally left blank.
D-2
-------
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INFORMATION
ORDER FORM
Publications beginning with EPA number 540, 542, 600, 625 or 630 may be available through the
Center for Environmental Research Information (CER1). The documents are available free of
charge, but supplies may be limited.
Mail to: Center for Environmental Research Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45628
(513)569-7562
Fax to: (513)569-7566
Document No.
Document Title
Quantity
Customer Information
Name
Company
Street Address
City
State
Zip Code
Daytime Telephone Number
-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
Center for Environmental Research Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45628
FOLD HERE
-------
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INFORMATION
ORDER FORM
Publications beginning with EPA number 540, 542, 600, 625 or 630 may be available through the
Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI). The documents are available free of
charge, but supplies may be limited.
Mail to: Center for Environmental Research Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45628
(513)569-7562
Fax to: (513)569-7566
Document No.
Document Title
Quantity
Customer Information
Name
Company
Street Address
City
State
Zip Code
Daytime Telephone Number
-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
Center for Environmental Research Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45628
FOLD HERE
-------
NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
PUBLICATIONS AND INFORMATION
ORDER FORM
Publications beginning with EPA number 510, 540, 542, 600, 625 or 630 may be available through
the National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI). Single copies are
available free of charge while supplies last.
Mail to: National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
(513) 489-8190
Fax to: (513)489-8695
Document No.
Document Title
Quantity
Customer Information
Name
Company
Street Address
City
State
Zip Code
Daytime Phone Number
-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45252
FOLD HERE
-------
NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
PUBLICATIONS AND INFORMATION
ORDER FORM
Publications beginning with EPA number 510, 540, 542, 600, 625 or 630 may be available through
the National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPl). Single copies are
available free of charge while supplies last.
Mail to: National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
(513) 489-8190
Fax to: (513)489-8695
Document No.
Document Title
Quantity
Customer Information
Name
Company
Street Address
City
State
Zip Code
Daytime Phone Number
-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box42419
Cincinnati, OH 45252
FOLD HERE
-------
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
III
ff
0
SHIP TO ADDRESS
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REFUND POLICY
Although NTIS cannot accept returns for credit or refund, we will
gladly replace any item you requested if we made an error in
filling your order, if the item was defective, or if you received it in
damaged condition. Just call our Customer Service Department
at (703) 487-4660.
Value of Order
Handling Fee
$10.00 or less
$10.01-$50.00
$50.01 -$100.00
Over $100.00...
..$2.00
..$4.00
..$6.00
..$8.00
Add $2.00 to handling fee for orders sent outside
the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
PRODUCT SELECTION
E
0
E
u
4TIS PRODUCT NUMBER
ORDERING BY TITLE ALONE
(VUL DELAY YOUR ORDER)
LOQ
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REQUIREMENTS
MTERNAL CUSTOMER
ROUTING (OPTIONAL)
UP TO 8 CHARACTERS
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FORMAT
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OTHER
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(SEE BELOW)
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TOTAL
PLEASE NOTE
Unless microfiche or other is specified, paper copy will be sent
Please call the Sales Desk at (703) 487-4650 for information on multiple copy discounts available for certain documents
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HANDLING FEE
PER ORDER
(SEE CHART ABOVE)
GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL PRICE
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Effective 4/17/95, an out-of-print surcharge may apply to certain titles acquired by NTIS more than three years prior to the
current calendar year; please call to verify price.
International Airmail Fees
Canada and Mexico add $4 per paper copy report; $1 per microfiche copy. Other countries add $8 per paper copy report;
$1.25 per microfiche copy. (Paper copy reports and microfiche copies are shipped surface mail unless airmail is specified.)
yatt fot tfosvt. vttUit!
Prices are subject to change.
All previous versions of this form are obsolete.
8/96
-------
-------
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
TE.CMKOUOGV ADMINISTRATION
ORDER FOB
SHIP TO ADDRESS
s
h
CUSTOMER MASTER NUMBER (IF KNOWN)
DATE
ATTENTION/NAME
ORGANIZATION
DIVISION / ROOM NUMBER
STREET ADDRESS
CITY
PROVINCE /TERRITORY
STATE
ZIP CODE
INTERNATIONAL POSTAL CODE
COUNTRY
PHONE NUMBER
CONTACT NAME
FAX NUMBER
INTERNET E-MAIL ADDRESS
METHOD OF PAYMENT
I
K
0
t
QVISA Q MasterCard Q American Express
CREDIT CARD NUMBER
EXPIRATION DATE
CARDHOLDER'S NAME
jjj Q NTIS Deposit Account Number:
Q Check / Money Order enclosed for $
(PAYABLE IN U.S. DOLLARS)
SIGNATURE (REQUIRED TO VALIDATE ALL ORDERS)
ORDER BY PHONE (ELIMINATE MAIL TIME)
8:30 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, M - F.
Sales Desk: (703) 487-4650
TDD (hearing impaired only): (703) 487-4639
ORDER BY FAX
24 hours/7 days a week: (703) 321-8547
To verify receipt of fax: call (703) 487-4679
7:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, M - F.
ORDER BY MAIL
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
RUSH SERVICE (DO NOT MAIL RUSH ORDERS)
1-800-553-NTIS. RUSH service available for additional fee.
ONLINE ORDERING
Order through the Internet 24 hours a day: orders@nfe.fedworid.gov
If concerned about Internet security, you may register your credit
card at NTIS. Simply call (703) 487-4682.
FEDWORLD*
Please call for connect information: (703) 487-4223.
BILL ME
(U.S., Canada, and Mexico only.)
DO NOT USE THIS FORM.
NTIS will gladly bill your order, for an additional fee of $7.50.
A request to be billed must be on a purchase order or company
letterhead. An authorizing signature, contact name,
and telephone number should be included with this request
Requests may be mailed or faxed.
REFUND POLICY
Although NTIS cannot accept returns for credit or refund, we will
gladly replace any item you requested if we made an error in
filling your order, if the item was defective, or if you received it in
damaged condition. Just call our Customer Service Department
at(703)487-4660.
Value of Order
Handling Fee
$10.00 or less $2.00
$10.01 -$50.00 $4.00
$50.01 -$100.00 $6.00
Over $100.00 $8.00
Add $2.00 to handling fee for orders sent outside
the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
PRODUCT SELECTION
NTIS PRODUCT NUMBER
ORDERING BY TITLE ALONE
MLL DELAY YOUR ORDER)
LOQ
LOQ
LOQ
LOQ
LOQ
* CIRCLE
REQUIREMENTS
MTERNAL CUSTOMER
ROUTING (OPTIONAL)
UP TO 8 CHARACTERS
3480 1600 6250
CARTRIDGE BPI BPI
UNIT
PRICE
$
$
$
$
$
QUANTITY
PAPER
COPY
MICRO-
FICHE
LABELING
STANDARD NONLABELED
MAGNETIC
TAPE*
'
DISKETTE
FORMAT
EBCDIC ASCII
CD-ROM
OTHER
INTERNATIONAL
AIRMAIL FEE
(SEE BELOW)
$
$
$
$
$
TOTAL
PLEASE NOTE
Unless microfiche or other is specified, paper copy will be sent
Please call the Sales Desk at (703) 487-4650 for information on multiple copy discounts available for certain documents
and price verification.
HANDLING FEE
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WASTECH® SERIES OF INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION
TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING MONOGRAPHS
ORDER FORM
Mail to: American Academy of Environmental Engineers
130 Holiday Court, Suite 100
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410) 266-3390
Fax to: (410)266-7653
Please send me the following books in the WASTECH® Monograph Series. (Each volume
is $59.95, plus shipping & handling*), Entire Series Available for $395.00.
Q Vol 1 - Bioremediation ysBN#i-883767-oi-6)
Q Vol 2 -Chemical Treatment (ISBN#1-883767-02-4)
Q Vol 3 -Soil Washing/Soil Rushing (ISBN#1-883767-03-2)
Q Vol 4 -Stabilization/Solidification (iSBN#i-883767-04-0)
Q Vol 5 -Solvent/Chemical Extraction (ISBN#1-883767-05-9)
Q Vol 6 -Thermal Desorption (iSBN#i-883767-06-7)
ID Vol 7 -Thermal Destruction (ISBN#1-883767-07-5)
Q Vol 8 - Vacuum Vapor Extraction (ISBN #1-883767-08-3)
Name
Company/Institution.
Address
City/State/Zip.
Phone (
*Add $4.75 for the first book, plus $2.00 ($3.00 Canada) each
additional book [$18.75 ($25.75 Canada) for the entire series]
Outside the US and Canada $35.00 + 10% of order amount
# of books.
.x $59.95
or Entire Series @ $395.00 =
Shipping & Handling* +
Total Enclosed =
Method of Payment (Please Check One):
Check VISA MasterCard
Credit Card*.
ExpDate
Signature
-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
American Academy of Environmental Engineers
130 Holiday Court, Suite 100
Annapolis, MD 21401
FOLD HERE
-------
WASTECH® SERIES OF INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION
TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING MONOGRAPHS
ORDER FORM
Mail to: American Academy of Environmental Engineers
130 Holiday Court, Suite 100
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410)266-3390
Fax to: (410)266-7653
Please send me the following books in the WASTECH® Monograph Series. (Each volume
is $59.95, plus shipping & handling*), Entire Series Available for $395.00.
Q Vol 1 -Bioremediation (ISBN #i-883767-oi-«)
Q Vol 2 -Chemical Treatment (ISBN#1-883767-02-4)
Q Vol 3 -Soil Washing/Soil Flushing (ISBN#1-883767-03-2)
Q Vol4-Stabilization/Solidification (ISBN#1-883767-04-0)
Q Vol 5 -Solvent/Chemical Extraction (ISBN#1-883767-05-9)
Q Vol 6 -Thermal Desorption (ISBN#1-883767-06-7)
Q Vol 7 -Thermal Destruction (iSBN#i-883767-O7-5)
Q Vol 8 -Vacuum Vapor Extraction (ISBN#1-883767-08-3)
Name
Company/Institution.
Address
City/State/Zip.
Phone (
*Add $4.75 for the first book, plus $2.00 ($3.00 Canada) each
additional book [$18.75 ($25.75 Canada) for the entire series]
Outside the US and Canada $35.00 + 10% of order amount
#of books.
.x $59.95
or Entire Series @ $395.00 =
Shipping & Handling1*1 •+•
Total Enclosed =
Method of Payment (Please Check One):
Check VISA MasterCard
Credit Card#.
ExpDate
Signature
-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
Place
Stamp
Here
American Academy of Environmental Engineers
130 Holiday Court, Suite 100
Annapolis, MD 21401
FOLD HERE
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