United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA 542-B-97-002
Road to Understanding Innovative
Technology Options for Brownfields
Investigation and Cleanup
Internet Address (URL) • http://www.epa.gov
Recycled/Recyclable -Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Recycled Paper (20% Postconsumer)
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Road Map to Understanding Innovative
Technology Options for Brownfields
Investigation and Cleanup
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington, DC 20460
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ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
NOTICE
This documenthas been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) under Contract 68-W5-0055 to PRC Environmental Management, Inc. The document
was subjected to the Agency's administrative and expert review and was approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ROAD MAP TO WDEBSrAMMMG JMNOVATiVE TECHNOLOGY OPTiONS FOR BROWNFIELOS INVESTIGATION! AND CLEANUP
The Technology Innovation Office (TTO) would like to acknowledge and thank the individuals who
reviewed and provided comments on draft documents. The reviewers included representatives of
business, community and grassroots organizations, EPA Headquarters and regional offices, local
government and city planning offices, and professional associations representing local and state
III
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ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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IV
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BDAD MAP JO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CL
EANUP
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
Hi
BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
3
ROAD MAP
SITE ASSESSMENT
, g
SITE INVESTIGATION
* IO
CLEANUP OPTIONS
CLEANUP DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION oc
25
OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
• £.\3
APPENDICES
GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS FOUND AT TYPICAL BROWNFIELDS SITES A-1
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES SCREENING MATRIX ^
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS c.1
LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS D_1
HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS E 1
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BOAP MAP TO UmBtSTWm INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTiGATiON AND CLEANUP
"S' Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has defined Brownfields sites as "abandoned, idled,
or under-used industrial and commercial facilities
where expansion or redevelopment is complicated
by real or perceived environmental contamination."
EPA established its Brownfields Economic
Redevelopment Initiative to empower
states, communities, and other
stakeholders involved in economic
revitalization to work together to
accomplish the redevelopment of such
sites. Many states and local jurisdictions
also help business and communities
adapt environmental cleanup programs
to the special needs of Brownfields sites.
Preparing Brownfields sites for
productive reuse requires the integration
of many elements—financial issues,
community involvement, liability
considerations, environmental assessment
and cleanup, regulatory requirements,
and more—as well as coordination
among many groups of stakeholders. The
assessment and cleanup of a site must be
carried out in a way that integrates all
those factors into the overall
redevelopment process. In addition, the
cleanup strategy will vary from site to
site. At some sites, cleanup will be
completed before the property is
transferred to new owners. At other sites,
cleanup may take place simultaneously
with construction and redevelopment activities.
Regardless of when and how cleanup is
accomplished, the challenge to any Brownfields
program is to clean up sites quickly and redevelop
the land in ways that benefit communities and local
economies.
Numerous technology options are available to assist
those involved in Brownfields cleanup. EPA's
Technology Innovation Office (TIO) encourages the
use of innovative and cost-effective technologies to
characterize and dean up contaminated sites.
Innovative technologies for evaluating the nature
and extent of contamination and for addressing the
cleanup of Brownfields sites hold promise for
reducing the cost of cleanup and accelerating the
cleanup schedule—potentially producing significant
benefits to Brownfields stakeholders by reducing
barriers to redevelopment that add to costs, or time
schedules, or create uncertainties. When such
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
factors as lower cost, increased environmental
protection, and improved effectiveness are
considered, innovative technologies frequently are
more cost-effective and provide better and more
efficient cleanup than established treatment
technologies. Often, they also are more acceptable to
communities.
Innovative does not mean unproven. EPA defines an
innovative technology as one that has been used in
the field but that is not yet considered routinely for
use. In addition, cost and performance data on the
technologies maybe insufficient to encourage
managers of cleanup projects to select those
technologies over established methods. Nevertheless,
innovative technologies are being used in many
cleanup programs to assess contamination and to
treat a variety of hazardous substances and
petroleum products that have been released into the
environment. For example, approximately 43 percent
of Superfund sites that have contaminated soil are
using "innovative" technologies (Innovative
Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report,
Eighth Edition).
An Emerging Technology is an innovative
technology that currently is undergoing bench-scale
testing, in which a small version of the technology is
testedin a laboratory.
An Innovative Technology is a technology that has
been field-tested and applied to a hazardous waste
problem at a site, but lacks a long history of full-scale
use. Information about its cost and how well it works
may be insufficient to support prediction of its
performance under a wide variety of operating
conditions.
An Established Technology is a technology for which
cost and performance information is readily available.
Only after a technology has been used at many
different sites and the results fully documented is that
technology considered established.
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mm MAP TO moERsmpim imowjm TECHMOLOSY OPTIONS FOR BBOWNRELDS INVESTIGATE
AND
BROWNFIELDS
INVESTIGATION
? AND CLEANUP
The Road Map to Understanding Innovative Technology
Options for Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup
focuses on the site characterization and cleanup
phase of Brownfields redevelopment. It introduces
Brownfields stakeholders to the range of technology
options and resources available to them. This Road
Map also provides a framework of the logical steps
involved in the characterization and cleanup of a
Brownfields site in order to link technology options
and resources to each of those steps. The Road Map
is intended to assist Brownfields stakeholders
involved in the selection of
technologies in assessing,
and, if necessary,
addressing contamination
at their site.
The Road Map is not an
official guidance
document. Instead, it
draws upon EPA's
experiences with Superfund
sites, corrective action sites
under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA), and UST sites.
Specific conditions—such as
the kinds and amount of
contamination, the
proposed reuses of the
property, the financial
resources available, and the
level of support from
neighboring communities—
vary from site to site.
Nevertheless, the Road Map
provides a generally
applicable outline of the
steps involved in the
cleanup of a site slated for
redevelopment.
The Road Map is intended
for the various individuals involved in or affected by
the redevelopment of Brownfields sites. It
specifically focuses on those who will make decisions
about Brownfields sites but may not be familiar with
many of the elements involved in cleaning them up.
The document seeks to create an "educated
consumer" by introducing the decision makers to the
full range of available technology options. In
addition, since most Brownfields sites will not be
subject to the provisions of such Federally mandated
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
programs as Superfund, the Road Map introduces
Brownfields stakeholders to the steps involved in
implementing a cleanup. To better understand those
steps, stakeholders should consult as early as
possible with the appropriate regulators at the state
and, if necessary, at the Federal level. Stakeholders
can obtain additional information and assistance by
contacting regulatory agencies, as well as by working
with reputable technical and legal experts. A
qualified site cleanup professional from a reputable
consulting and engineering firm also may be
employed.
It is important to understand that the cleanup process
may not occur in the sequence outlined in the
following chapters. At many sites, several activities
maybe undertaken concurrently with other phases.
It is important to consider during each phase the
activities and requirements described for subsequent
phases, as well as to determine whether activities can
be combined or implemented concurrently.
How to Use the Road Map
The four sections of the Road Map summarize the
general phases of the cleanup of potentially
contaminated sites: site assessment, site investigation,
assessment of cleanup options, and design and
implementation of the remedy. Each section
describes the objective to be accomplished, outlines
the key questions to be answered, summarizes the
activities undertaken during that phase, lists several
information resources available to assist in
performing those activities, and points to specific
actions to be taken at the completion of the phase. In
addition, the section features a brief overview of
technologies that can be used during that phase.
Please note that the key questions and activities to
be conducted are intended to guide the reader in
identifying issues that should be addressed; the
Road Map seeks to answer the technology selection
questions and is not intended to provide a response
to each procedural question identified. To serve as
guideposts to the cleanup process, the questions take
the point of view of the various groups involved in
that process. They ask what stakeholders as a group
working together—the "we" of each question—must
do as cleanup progresses. The section "Other
Important Considerations" discusses additional
factors that affect the cleanup of Brownfields sites.
Several appendices also are included to help
Brownfields stakeholders understand technical terms
and issues related to cleanup. Appendix A, Guide to
Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfields Sites,
identifies activities that may have caused
contamination at sites being considered for
redevelopment. Appendix B, Remediation Technologies
Screening Matrix, compares various cleanup
technologies against a number of site conditions and
considerations. Appendix C, List of Acronyms and
Glossary of Key Terms, defines specialized terms and
acronyms used in discussing and describing
Brownfields cleanup efforts. Appendix D, List of
Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts, provides
information about state and EPA regional and
technical points of contact. Appendix E, How to Order
Documents, provides information about ordering the
documents listed in the Road Map.
This Road Map is a companion guide to A Tool Kit of
Information Resources for Brownfields Investigation and
Cleanup, also developed by TIO. The Road Map
identifies references in the Tool Kit and links them to
specific steps in the site assessment, characterization,
and cleanup process. The Tool Kit, in turn, describes
the resources; provides information about how to
obtain resources; introduces .Brownfields
stakeholders to new approaches and tools for
implementing cleanup; and provides a "starter"
supply of important information resources. These
resources used in tandem should help Brownfields
stakeholders understand better the range of
technology options available to them.
How to Submit Comments
To help ensure that any future versions of the
document meet the needs of its intended audience,
EPA invites comments from the members of the
Brownfields community. Please submit comments to:
Brownfields Cleanup Road Map
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Technology Innovation Office
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
E-mail: powell.dan@epamail.epa.gov
Fax: (703) 603-9135
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
How to Obtain Additional Copies
Additional copies of this document can be obtained
from:
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 487-4650
When ordering, refer to document number
PB97-144810 for the Road Map and document
number PB97-144828 for the Tool Kit.
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«MD MAP TQ (/NDgRSTANDfNG INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
SITE
Xj,S *>•
Coi!ect and Asssss Information About
' the Brownfi'elds Site
T, ,, ^OBJECTIVE;
The purpose of this step is to determine \
the likelihood of contamination at a ^
particular site by collecting and reviewing
applicable information about a site. This
"environmental audit" is an initial investigation that
usually is limited to a search of historical records
The data to be collected also include information
about past and current environmental conditions and
historical uses of the site.
During the site assessment phase, it is important to
consider the activities and requirements described in
the subsequent chapters and determine how they can
be combined with or initiated during the site
assessment. The collection of data during this initial
step of the cleanup process is extremely important for
use in identifying and evaluating the applicability of
site assessment and cleanup technologies, as well as
in determining whether the property can be cleaned
to the level necessary for its intended reuse. It also is
essential to assess and address the needs and
concerns of the community (for example, the
development of social and economic profiles and the
identification of acceptable environmental risk).
To ensure that sufficient data are collected, the
potential applicability of innovative technologies to
the site also should be considered. Since much of the
work at this stage involves a search of paper and
electronic records, applicable technology options may
be somewhat limited.
What Do We Need to Know?
Factors that should be considered during
this phase include:
1. What is known about the site? What records
exist that indicate potential contamination and
past use of the property? Have other
environmental actions occurred (such as notices
of violation)? Has an environmental audit been
conducted? What level of site assessment is
needed to identify the types and extent or the
absence of contamination?
Is the site located in an area targeted for
redevelopment? Is the site being considered for
cleanup under a Federal or state Superfund
cleanup initiative?
Are there Federal, state, local, or tribal
regulatory requirements for site assessment? Is
there a voluntary cleanup program (VCP)?
What agency (Federal, state, local, or tribal)
2.
3.
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ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTAND.NG .NNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS .NVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
would be responsible for managing oversight of
cleanup?
4. What are the special needs and concerns of the
community? How can we encourage
community involvement? How will the
community make its views known?
5. What environmental conditions will the
community accept? What environmental
conditions are unacceptable or will hinder
redevelopment and the planned reuse?
6 If the site shows evidence of contamination, who
and what will be affected? Who will pay for the
cleanup?
How Do We Find the Answers?*
Activities to be conducted during the
initial survey of a site include:
* s
ANSWERS
Determine whether
contamination is likely; this
process is similar to a Phase I site
assessment or environmental audit,
during which a records search is
performed and the site is visited, but
no sampling of soil or groundwater
occurs:
- Identify past owners and the uses they
made of the property
- Perform a physical or visual examination of the
site, including examination of existing structures
for stnictural integrity and asbestos-containing
material
- Test for the presence of various contaminants; for
example, lead paint, polychlorinated Uphenyls
(PCS), and radon
Review the applicability of government oversight
programs:
- Identify and consult with the appropriate state,
local, and tribal regulatory agencies to include
them in the decision-making process as early as
possible
- Determine the approach (such as the Superfund
program, property transfer laws, or VCPs) that is
required or available to facilitate the cleanup of
sites
- Identify whether environmental incentives, such
as benefits from state VCPs, can be
obtained
- Determine whether contamination has
been identified previously
Don't forget to review
Other Important ^
Considerations . Contact the EPA regional Brownfields
(see page coordinator to identify and determine the
29) JjJF availability of EPA support programs
- Review and analyze government and other
historical records to identify past use or disposal
of hazardous or other waste materials at the site
- Review Federal and state lists that identify sites
that may have environmental contamination;
such lists include 1) EPA's Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Invetitory System (CERCLIS) of
potentially contaminated sites, 2) the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) of permits issued for discharges into
surface water, and 3) state records of "emergency
removal" actions (for example, the removal of
leaking drums or the excavation of explosive
loaste)
- Interuieiv property owners, occupants, and others
associated with the site, such as previous
employees, neighbors, and local planners
Determine how to incorporate and
encourage community participation:
- Identify regulatory requirements
- Assess community interest in the project
- Review any community plans for
redevelopment
Identify future plans for reuse and redevelopment
Identify factors that may impede redevelopment
and reuse
Begin identifying potential sources for funding
site investigation and cleanup activities at the site,
if necessary
Examine unacceptable environmental conditions
in terms of initial costs for site improvement and
long-term costs for operation and maintenance —
include potential cleanup options and constraints
'. P^ no* ton?* *
question identified.
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ROAD MAP TO (/MOBKTMimMG INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNREL0S INVESTOR AND CLEANUP
that may affect redevelopment, such as project
schedules, cost, and potential for achieving the
desired reuse.
Where Do We Find Help To Our
Technology Questions?
Examples of technology resources that are
available to assist in assessing a site are
listed below. Although many of the resources are
more applicable in later stages of the cleanup process,
it may be useful to begin thinking now about options
and tools for investigation and cleanup. Appendix E,
How to Order Documents includes order forms for the
resources. Additional information about the
resources can be found in the companion document,
A Tool Kit of Information Resources for Brownfields
Investigation and Cleanup.
A. Technology Survey Resources
3 Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN) Bulletin Board
System (CLU-IN can be accessed by modem at (301)
589-8366 or by the Internet at http://clu-in.com)
3 National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL)
- Las Vegas, Site Characterization CD-ROM
(EPA 600-C-96-001)
B. Site-Specific Resources
3 Contaminants and Remedial Options at Pesticide
Sites (EPA 600-R-94-202, PB95-103869)
3 Contaminants and Remedial Options at Selected
Metal-Contaminated Sites (EPA 540-R-95-512
PB95-271961)
3 Contaminants and Remedial Options at Solvent-
Contaminated Sites (EPA 600-R-94-203 PB95-
177200)
3 Contaminants and Remedial Options at Wood
Preserving Sites (EPA 600-R-92-182, PB92-
232222)
3 Expedited Site Assessment Tools for
Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for
Regulators (EPA 510-B-97-001)
C. Technology-Specific Resources
3 Consortium for Site Characterization
Technology—Innovative Technology
Verification Reports:
- Cone Penetrometer/Laser Induced
Fluorescence (LIF)
• Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST)
(EPA 600-R-97-020)
• Site Characterization and Analysis
Penetrometer System (SCAPS)
(EPA 600-R-97-019)
- Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (FPXRF)
- Portable Gas Chromatograph/Mass
Spectrometers (GC/MS)
3 Vendor Field Analytical and Characterization
Technologies System (Vendor FACTS), Version
2.0 (Vendor FACTS can be downloaded from the
Internet at http://www.ttemi.com/visitt or from the
CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com) (Vendor
Facts Bulletin EPA 542-N-97-007)
What Technologies Are Available?
The table presented on the next page ^
summarizes several technologies that may be .,
used during the site assessment phase. Because
a site assessment focuses on determining the likelihood
of contamination, technologies that detect
contamination that may be in the air as vapor or
particulate matter are listed. If other data indicate that
contamination in soil or groundwater may exist, you
may want to consider using analytical sampling
techniques (as discussed in the next chapter). The
information in the table was developed from data in
EPA's Vendor FACTS database.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Specific information about the technologies, their
effectiveness, and a summary of the contaminants
monitored by the technologies can be found in the
Vendor FACTS database. See Appendix C, List of
Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, for descriptions
of the technologies.
Where Do We Go From Here?
After completing an initial assessment
and survey of the environmental conditions
at the site, you may take one of the following courses
of action:
Contaminants
Monitored
Ammonia
Carbon Monoxide
Chlorine
Cyanide Compounds
Explosives, such as
Hydrazine
Hydrogen Suffide
Mercury
Methana
Nitrous Oxides
Pesticides
Radiation
Various Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC)
Applicable Technologies
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Cotorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Mercury Vapor Analyzers
Gas Monitors
Gas Monitors
Gas Monitors
Radiation Meters
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Hand-held Photofonization
Detectors (PID) or Flame lonization
Detectors (FID)
Result of Site
Assessment
Course of Action
No apparent
contamination is
found and there is no
reason to suspect
other media are
contaminated.
Concerns of
stakeholders have
been addressed
adequately.
Consult with
appropriate regulatory
officials before
proceeding with
redevelopment
activities.
Contamination is
found that poses a
significant risk to
human health or the
environment.
Contact the appropriate
Federal, state, local, or
tribal government
agencies responsible for
hazardous waste. Based
on feedback of
government agency,
determine whether
redevelopment is an
option.
Contamination
possibly exists.
Proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION
phase.
Contamination
definitely exists,
BUT no site
investigation has
been conducted.
Proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION
phase.
Contamination
definitely exists,
AND a site
investigation has
been performed.
Proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION
phase if additional
investigation is needed;
otherwise, proceed to
the CLEANUP
OPTIONS phase.
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ROAD MAP TO UHDEB8TAMDIMG INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFiELDS MVESDQATIOMJND CLEANUP
SITE INVESTIGATION
Identify the Source, Nature, and
Extent of Contamination
This phase focuses on identifying,
locating, and characterizing the nature and
extent of contamination at a site. It is essential that
an appropriately detailed study of the site be
performed to identify the cause, nature, and extent of
contamination and the possible threats to the
environment or to any people living or working
nearby. For Brownfields sites, the results of such a
study can be used in determining goals for cleanup,
quantifying risks, determining acceptable and
unacceptable risk, and developing cleanup plans that
do not cause unnecessary delays in the
redevelopment and reuse of property.
A site investigation is based on the results of the site
assessment, which is discussed in the preceding
section of the Road Map. The site investigation
phase may include the analysis of samples of soil and
soil gas, groundwater, surface water, and sediment.
The migration pathways of contaminants also are
examined during this phase, and a baseline risk
assessment may be needed to calculate risk to human
health and the environment.
What Do We Need to Know?
If there is evidence of potential or actual
contamination, factors that should be >=a=_^
considered during the site investigation phase include:
1. Are there Federal, state, local, and tribal
regulatory requirements for a site investigation?
What agency would be responsible for managing
oversight of this phase? What happens if the
appropriate agency has not developed standards
or guidelines that are suitable for the proposed
redevelopment?
What technologies are available to facilitate site
investigation?
Can the need for cleanup be assessed fully and
accurately from the information gathered during
the site assessment or from a previous site
investigation?
What environmental conditions does the
community consider unacceptable? What issues
has the community raised that may affect the
site investigation?
2.
3.
4.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
5. What are the potential exposure pathways?
Who or what could be affected by the
contamination or the efforts to clean up the
contamination?
6. What happens if significant contamination is
found? What happens if contamination poses a
"significant threat" to local residents?
7. What happens if the contamination is originating
from an adjacent or other off-site source? What
happens if background sampling indicates that
contamination is originating from a naturally
occurring source?
8. Are the infrastructure systems (roads, buildings,
sewers, and other facilities) contaminated?
Could they be affected by efforts to clean up
contamination?
ANSWERS
How Do We Find the Answers?*
Typical activities that may be conducted
during the site investigation phase include: — '•• - —
• Identify the environmental conditions at the site
(for example, by performing a Phase II
environmental site assessment that includes tests
to confirm the locations of and identities of
environmental hazards):
- Conduct sampling and analysis to determine the
nature, extent, source, and significance of the
contamination that may be present at the site
- Conduct sampling and
analysis to fully assess the
physical and geophysical
conditions and characteristics of
the site
- Interpret the results of the analysis to
characterize site conditions
- Determine whether and how (if applicable)
the infrastructure systems (including
existing structures) are affected by
contamination
Assess the risk the site may pose to human health
and the environment. Consider the following
exposure pathways:
Don't forget to
Other Important
- For soil and dust, direct contact, ingestion, or
inhalation
- For water, ingestion and inhalation
- For air, inhalation or ingestion
Determine the proper mix of technologies (such as
field measurement technologies that characterize
the physical and chemical aspects of the site and
fixed laboratory sampling methods) that can
facilitate site investigations and meet the required
level of data quality (see the definition of data
quality objectives [DQO] in Appendix C, List of
Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms)
Examine unacceptable environmental conditions
in terms of initial costs for site improvement and
long-term costs for annual operation and
maintenance — include potential cleanup options
and constraints that may affect redevelopment
requirements, such as project schedules, costs, and
potential for achieving the desired reuse
Begin consideration of sources of funding for site
investigation and cleanup activities
Consider the use of site-specific risk assessment to
determine cleanup levels or guidelines when
standards or guidelines have not been developed
• Continue to work with appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are being properly addressed:
- Identify and consult with the appropriate state,
local, and tribal agencies to include
decision-making process
Cmtact ^ EpA regioml Brownfields
coordinator to identify and determine the
vailamty °^EPA $upp°rt programs
Educate members of the community about
the site investigation process and actively
involve them in decision making; consider risk
communication techniques to facilitate those
activities.
* Pta« HOtethatO* Road Map seeks to answer the technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each procedural
question identified. _^ ___ ;-
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFiELDS INVESTIGATION AND
CLEANUP
Where Do We Find Help To Our
Technology Questions?
Examples of technology resources that
provide information to assist in identifying
the environmental condition of the site are
listed below. Appendix E, How to Order Documents
includes order forms for the resources. Additional
information about the resources can be found in this
Road Map's companion document, A Tool Kit of
Information Resources for Brownfields Investigation and
Cleanup.
A. Technology Survey Resources
3 National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL)
- Las Vegas, Site Characterization CD-ROM
(EPA 600-C-96-001)
3 Site Characterization and Monitoring: A
Bibliography of EPA Information Resources
(EPA 542-B-96-001)
3 Status Report on Field Analytical Technologies
Utilization: Fact Sheet (EPA 542-R-97-003)
B. Site-Specific Resources
3 Expedited Site Assessment Tools for
Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for
Regulators (EPA 510-B-97-001)
C. Technology-Specific Resources
3 Abstract Proceedings: Superfund Technical
Support Project General Meeting, Athens, GA,
12/3/90 -12/6/90 (PB93-205862)
3 Characterization of Chromium-Contaminated
Soils Using Field-Portable X-ray Fluorescence
(PB94-210457)
3 Characterization Protocol for Radioactive
Contaminated Soils (PB92-963354)
3 Consortium for Site Characterization
Technology—Innovative Technology
Verification Reports:
- Cone Penetrometer/Laser Induced
Fluorescence (LIF)
• Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST)
(EPA 600-R-97-020)
• Site Characterization and Analysis
Penetrometer System (SCAPS)
(EPA 600-R-97-019)
- Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (FPXRF)
- Portable Gas Chromatograph/Mass
Spectrometers (GC/MS)
3 Development of a Battery-Operated Portable
Synchronous Luminescence Spectrofluorometer
(PB94-170032)
3 DNAPL Site Evaluation (PB93-150217)
3 Navy/EPA Technical Screening Matrix
(under development; available in September 1997)
3 Sampling of Contaminated Sites (PB92-110436)
3 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program - Measuring and Monitoring
Program Reports (See Appendix A, Brownfields
Site Cleanup "Starter Kit" in the companion
document, A Tool Kit of Information Resources for
Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup for a complete
list of the reports and the publication numbers)
3 Vendor Field Analytical and Characterization
Technologies System (Vendor FACTS), Version
2.0 (Vendor FACTS can be downloaded from the
Internet at http://www.ttemi.com/visitt or from the
CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com); (Vendor
Facts Bulletin EPA 542-N-97-007)
What Technologies Are Available?
The table presented on the next page
summarizes several technologies that may
be used during the site investigation phase.
The information in the table was developed from
information in EPA's Vendor FACTS database.
Specific information about the technologies, their
effectiveness, and their applicability in relation to
detection limits, as well as a summary of the
contaminants monitored, can be obtained from the
database. EPA's Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) Program: Technology Profiles also
provides summaries of more than 150 monitoring
15
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
lontaminants
Monitored
Examples of Field Analytical Technologies
Soils, Sediments, and Sludges
Geophysical
Characteristics o( Soil
and Bedrock
Buried Objects and
Subsurfact Anomafes
isnzeoe, Toluene,
Elhyfeenzene, and
XytenafBTEX)
Explosives
•tercuiy
PenlacWorophenol
POP)
Pesticides
PorycMorloated
Biphonyis (PCS)
'otynudear Aromatic
lydrocarbons
PAH)
Total Petoteim
Hydrocarbons (TPH)
VOCs, Semi-Volatile
Organic Compounds
;SVOC),Dk»dn,Furans
In Situ Geophysics, Borehole Technologies;
Downhote Sensors; Seismic Reflection/
Refraction
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR); Infrared
Monitors; High-Frequency Electromagnetic (EM)
Sounding; Subsurface EM; Subsurface
Magneirometry; Transient EM Geophysical
Instruments
Cotorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Laser-induced Fluorescence/Cone
Penelrometen Portable Gas Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry
CotorimelricTest Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Immunoassay Test Kits; Laser-induced
Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer
Immunoassay Test Kits; Portable Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
tmmunoassay Test Kits
Cotorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry
Immunoassay Test Kits; Portable Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Soil Gas
Analyzers: Chemical Reaction-based Indicators;
Biosensors
Cotorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Laser-induced Fluorescence/Cone
Penetrometer; Infrared Monitors
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry
Groundwater, Surface Water, and Leachate
Buried Objects
Metals
PAHs
Pesticides
PCSs
BTEX
VOCs, SVOCs
GPR; Transient EM Geophysical Instruments;
Subsurface EM; High-Frequency EM Sounding;
Subsurface Magnetrometry
X-ray Analyzers; Biosensors
Immunoassay Test Kits
Immunoassay Test Kits; Portable Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Chemical
Reaction-based Indicators
Cotorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry
Cotorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry
Sol! Gas
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs,
PaslkWas, Dtoxin,
Furans
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry; Soil Gas Analyzer
and measurement technologies. See Appendix C, List
of Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, for a
description of the technologies.
whprp Do We Go From Here?
After you have completed your investiga-
tion of the environmental conditions at the
site, you may take one of the following courses
of action:
ESSS"" CourseofAction
No contamination is Consult with
found. m> appropriate regulatory
officials before
proceeding with
redevelopment
activities.
Contamination is Consult with
found BUT does not •)• appropriate regulatory
pose a significant officials before
risk to stakeholders' proceeding with
human health or the redevelopment
environment. activities.
Cleanup of the Proceed to the
contamination •* CLEANUP OPTIONS
found probably will phase.
require a small
expenditure of funds
and time.
Cleanup of the Determine whether
contamination ^ redevelopment
found probably will continues to be
require a significant practicable; if so,
expenditure of proceed to the
funds and time. CLEANUP OPTIONS
However, phase.
contamination
does not pose a
significant threat
to local residents.
Contamination is Contact the
found that poses a m+ appropriate Federal,
significant threat state, local, or tribal
to local residents. government agencies
responsible for
hazardous waste.
16
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flOAO HAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFELDS MVESnCATlON AND CLEANUP
CLEANUP OPTIONS
Evaluate Applicable Cleanup
Alternatives for the Site
The review and analysis of cleanup
alternatives rely on the data collected
during the site assessment and investigation phases,
which are discussed in the preceding sections of the
Road Map. The purpose of screening various
technologies is to evaluate those technologies for their
capability to meet specific cleanup and redevelopment
objectives. For Brownfields sites, it also is important
to consider budget requirements and to maintain a
work schedule so that the project remains profitable.
The role of institutional controls, such as zoning and
deed restrictions, posting of safety signs, and efforts
to increase community awareness of the
environmental conditions and cleanup activities at
the site, also is an important consideration during
this phase.
What Do We Need to Know?
Factors that should be considered during
the evaluation of cleanup options include:
How do we determine the appropriate and
feasible level of cleanup? Are there Federal,
state, local, and tribal requirements for cleanup?
Are there prescribed standards for cleanup? Are
there provisions for using presumptive
remedies?
What factors are associated with the
implementation of cleanup options? Will the
cleanup facilitate or hinder the planned
redevelopment? How long will cleanup take?
What will cleanup cost? What are the short-
term and long-term effects of the cleanup
technologies under consideration?
Are the cleanup options compatible with
regional or local planning and development
goals and requirements? Can redevelopment
activities (such as construction or renovation of
buildings) be conducted concurrently with
cleanup?
How can the community participate in the review
and selection of cleanup options? Are the options
acceptable in light of community concerns about
protection during cleanup and reuse of the site?
1.
2.
3.
4.
17
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
5. Is there a need for institutional controls after
cleanup? Are proposed institutional controls
appropriate in light of community concerns and
access to and use of the property?
How Do We Find the Answers?*
The process of reviewing and analyzing
cleanup options and technology
alternatives usually follows these steps:
• Establish goals for cleanup
• Educate members of the community about the
site cleanup selection process and actively
involve them in decision making
• Review general information about technologies to
become familiar with cleanup
technologies that may be
applicable to a particular site:
- Conduct searches of existing
literature that further describes
the technology alternatives
- Analyze detailed technical information
about the applicability of technology
alternatives
Don't forget to review
Other Important
Considerations
(see page
29)
- Determine the effects of various technology
alternatives on redevelopment objectives
Continue to work with appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are addressed properly:
- Consult with the appropriate state, local, and
tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the
decision-making process as early as possible
- Contact the EPA regional Brownfields
coordinator to identify and determine the
availability of EPA support programs
Integrate cleanup alternatives with reuse
alternatives to identify potential constraints on
reuse and time schedules and to assess cost and
risk factors
• Select an acceptable remedy that
not only addresses the risk of
contamination, but also best meets
the objectives for redevelopment and
reuse of the property and is compatible
with the needs of the community
Narrow the list of potential alternatives to
those technologies that are most appropriate
for addressing the contamination identified at
the site and that are compatible with the specific
conditions of the site and the proposed reuse of
the property:
- Network with other Brownfields stakeholders
and environmental professionals to learn about
their experiences and to tap their expertise
- Determine whether sufficient data are available
to support identification and evaluation of
cleanup alternatives
- Evaluate the options against a number of factors,
including toxicity levels, exposure pathways,
associated risk, future land use, and economic
considerations
- Analyze the applicability of a particular
technology to the contamination identified
at a site
Communicate information about the
proposed cleanup option to Brownfields
stakeholders, including the affected
community.
Where Do We Find Help To Our
Technology Questions?
Examples of resources that will assist in
reviewing and analyzing cleanup options
are listed below. Appendix E, How to Order Documents
includes order forms for the resources. Additional
information about the resources can be found in this
Road Map's companion document, A Tool Kit of
Information Resources for Erownfields Investigation and
Cleanup.
A. General Technology Program Information
O Clean-Up Information (CLU-DST) Bulletin Board
System (CLU-IN can be accessed by modem at (301)
589-8366 or by the Internet at http://clu-in.com)
O Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World
Wide Web (EPA 542-F-96-011)
• Please note ttutt the Road Map "seeks to Answer tte technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each procedural
question identified. _ _ ^ _ _ _ _ „ ;.
18
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ROAD MAP TO UNDBKTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIEL0S INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
3 Conducting Treatability Studies Under RCRA
(OSWER Directive 9380.3-09FS, PB92-963501)
O Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program: Emerging Technology Program
(EPA 540-F-95-502)
3 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program: Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-95-009)
3 Technology Transfer Highlights
(EPA 625-N-96-001)
B. Technology Survey Resources
General
3 Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies
(EPA 542-R-95-001, PB95-201711)
3 Accessing Federal Data Bases for Contaminated
Site Clean-Up Technologies, Fourth Edition
(EPA 542-B-95-005, PB96-141601)
3 Alternative Treatment Technology Information
Center (ATTIC) (The ATTIC database can be
accessed by modem at (703) 908-2138)
3 Bibliography for Innovative Site Clean-Up
Technologies (EPA 542-B-96-003)
3 Completed North American Innovative
Technology Demonstration Projects
(EPA 542-B-96-002, PB96-153127)
3 Federal Publications on Alternative and
Innovative Treatment Technologies for
Corrective Action and Site Remediation, Fifth
Edition (EPA 542-B-95-004, PB96-145099)
3 Guide to Documenting Cost and Performance
for Remediation Projects (EPA 542-B-95-002,
PB95-182960)
3 Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual
Status Report, Eighth Edition
(EPA 542-R-96-010)
3 Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual
Status Report Database (ITT Database) (ITT can
be downloaded from the CLU-IN Web site at http://
clu-in.com or from ATTIC or America Online)
3 Remediation Case Studies: Fact Sheet and Order
Form (EPA 542-F-95-003)
3 Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix
and Reference Guide, Second Edition
(PB95-104782; Fact Sheet EPA 542-F-95-002)
3 Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment
Technologies for Corrective Action and Site
Remediation: A Bibliography of EPA
Information Resources (EPA 542-B-95-001)
3 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program: Technology Profiles, Ninth Edition
(EPA 540-R-97-502)
3 Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of
Innovative Site Remediation Technologies,
Third Edition (EPA 542-B-93-009, PB94-144565)
3 Technology Preselection Data Requirements:
Engineering Bulletin (EPA 540-S-92-009,
PB93-105591)
3 Vendor Information System for Innovative
Treatment Technologies (VISITT), Version 5.0
(VISITT can be downloaded from the Internet at
http://www.ttemi.com/visitt or from the CLU-IN
Web site at http://clu-in.com) (VISITT Bulletin
EPA 542-N-96-006)
Sites/Waste Types
METALS
3 In Situ Treatment of Metal Contaminated Soils
(EPA 542-R-96-001)
3 Literature Review Summary of Metals
Extraction Processes Used to Remove Lead From
Soils: Project Summary (EPA 600-SR-94-006)
3 Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of
Metal Contaminated Soils (EPA 542-R-97-004)
3 Selection of Control Technologies for
Remediation of Lead Battery Recycling Sites:
Engineering Bulletin (EPA 540-S-91-014,
PB93-121333)
19
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)
O Technology Alternatives for the Remediation
of PCB-Contaminated Soil and Sediment
(EPA540-S-93-506)
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
O How to Effectively Recover Free Product at
Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites: A
Guide for State Regulators (EPA 510-F-96-001;
Fact Sheet EPA 510-F-96-005)
O How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup
Technologies for Underground Storage Tank
Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan
Reviewers (EPA 510-B-94-003, S/N 055-000-
00499-4; Pamphlet EPA 510-F-95-003)
3 Introducing TANK Racer (EPA 510-F-96-001)
3 Overview of UST Remediation Options
(EPA510-F-93-029)
WOOD PRESERVING/TREATMENT
3 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program: Technology Profiles, Seventh
Edition (EPA 540-R-94-526, PB95-183919)
C. Technology-Specific Resources
Community Outreach
3 Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative
Treatment Technologies. (T}ie second document
number listed after each title below is the document
number for the guide in Spanish)
- Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-96-007,
EPA 542-F-96-023)
- Chemical Dehalogenation
(EPA 542-F-96W4, EPA 542-F-96420)
- In Situ Soil Flushing
(EPA 542-F-96-006, EPA 542-F-96-022)
- Innovative Treatment Technologies for
Contaminated Soils, Sludges, Sediments, and
Debris (EPA 542-F-96-001, EPA 542-F-96-017)
- Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-96-014,
EPA 542-F-96-025)
- Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging
(EPA 542-F-96-008, EPA 542-F-96-024)
- Soil Washing (EPA 542-F-96-002,
EPA 542-F-96-018)
- Solvent Extraction (EPA 542-F-96-003,
EPA 542-F-96-019)
- Thermal Desorption (EPA 542-F-96-005,
EPA 542-F-96-021)
- Treatment Walls (EPA 542-F-96-016,
EPA 542-F-96-027)
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program .
See Appendix A, Brmvnfields Site Cleanup "Starter Kit"
in the companion document, A Tool Kit of Information
Resources for Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup for a
complete list of the reports and the publication numbers.
3 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program - Demonstration Program Reports
3 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Program - Measuring and Monitoring Program
Reports
Bioremediation
3 Bioremediation Field Evaluation: Champion
International Superfund Site, Libby, Montana
(EPA 540-R-96-500)
O Bioremediation Field Evaluation: EielsonAir
Force Base, Alaska (EPA 540-R-95-533)
3 Bioremediation Field Initiative Site Profiles:
- Libby Ground Water Superfund Site, Montana
(EPA 540-F-95-506A)
- Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska
(EPA 540-F-95-506B)
- Escambia Wood Preserving Site, Florida
(EPA 540-F-95-506G)
20
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ROAD MAP JO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND Cl
CLEANUP
- Hill Air Force Base Superfund Site, Utah
(EPA 540-F-95-506C)
- Public Service Company of Colorado, Colorado
(EPA 540-F-95-506D)
- Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation, Minnesota
(EPA 540-F-95-506H)
3 Bioremediation in the Field Search System
(EPA 540-F-95-507; Fact Sheet EPA 540-F-94-506)
3 Bioremediation Resource Guide
(EPA 542-B-93-004, PB94-112307)
3 EPA Engineering Bulletins:
- Composting (EPA 540-S-96-502)
- In Situ Biodegradation Treatment
(EPA 540-S-94-502, PB94-190469)
- Rotating Biological Contactors (EPA 540-S-92-007)
- Slurry Biodegradation
(EPA 540-2-90-016, PB91-228049)
3 In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground
Water (EPA 540-S-92-003, PB92-224336)
3 In Situ Bioremediation of Ground Water and
Geological Material: A Review of Technologies
(EPA 600-SR-93-124, PB93-215564)
3 Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
(EPA 542-R-95-002, PB95-182911)
Groundwater Treatment
3 Emerging Abiotic In Situ Remediation
Technologies for Ground Water and Soil:
Summary Report (EPA 542-S-95-001,
PB95-239299)
3 Evaluation of Technologies for In Situ Cleanup of
DNAPL Contaminated Sites
(EPA 600-R-94-120, PB94-195039)
3 Ground-Water Remediation Technologies
Analysis Center (GWRTAC) (GWRTAC can be
accessed by the Internet at http://www.gwrtac.org)
3 Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource
Guide (EPA 542-B-94-009, PB95-138657)
3 In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground
Water (EPA 540-S-92-003, PB92-224336)
3 In Situ Bioremediation of Ground Water and
Geological Material: A Review of Technologies
(EPA 600-SR-93-124, PB93-215564)
3 Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids
(EPA 540-S-95-500, PB95-267738)
3 Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater
Treatment (EPA 542-R-95-003, PB95-182929)
3 Status Reports on In Situ Treatment Technology
Demonstration and Applications:
- Altering Chemical Conditions
(EPA 542-K-94-008)
- Cosolvents (EPA 542-K-94-006)
- Electrokinetics (EPA 542-K-94-007)
- Hydraulic and Pneumatic Fracturing
(EPA 542-K-94-005)
- Surfactant Enhancements (EPA 542-K-94-003)
- Thermal Enhancements (EPA 542-K-94-009)
- Treatment Walls (EPA 542-K-94-004)
Physical and Chemical Treatment
3 EPA Engineering Bulletins:
- Chemical Dehalogenation Treatment: APEG
Treatment (EPA 540-2-90-015, PB91-228031)
- Chemical Oxidation Treatment (EPA 540-2-91-025,
PB92-180066)
- In Situ Soil Flushing (EPA 540-2-91-021,
PB95-180025)
- In Situ Vitrification Treatment
(EPA 540-S-94-504, PB95-125499)
- Solidification/Stabilization ofOrganics and
Inorganics (EPA 540-S-92-015)
- Supercritical Water Oxidation
(EPA 540-S-92-006, PB92-224088)
3 Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology
Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-008,
PB95-138665)
21
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
3 Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption,
Soil Washing, and In Situ Vitrification
(EPA542-R-95-005, PB95-182945)
3 Soil Washing Treatment: Engineering Bulletin
(EPA 540-2-90-017, PB91-228056)
3 Solvent Extraction Treatment: Engineering
Bulletin (EPA 540-S-94-503, PB94-190477)
Soil Vapor Extraction and Enhancements
3 EPA Engineering Bulletins:
- In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction Treatment
(EPA 540-2-91-006, PB91-228072)
- In Situ Steam Extraction Treatment
(EPA 540-2-91-005, PB91-2228064)
3 Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
(EPA 542-R-95-004, PB95-182937)
3 Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Enhancement
Technology Resource Guide: Air Sparging,
Bioventing, Fracturing, and Thermal
Enhancements (EPA 542-B-95-003)
3 Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Treatment
Technology Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-007)
Treatment
one type of contaminant. As such, the table is
designed to facilitate comparisons between different
technologies and different types of contaminants.
The information in the table is based on data in EPA's
VISITT database as well as the Remediation
Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide
(see Appendix B for a copy of the complete matrix).
The technologies listed in the table were rated
"better" in treating the selected contaminant groups.
See Appendix C, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key
Terms, for descriptions of the technologies.
3 EPA Engineering Bulletins:
- Mobile/Transportable Incineration Treatment
(EPA 540-2-90-014, PB91-228023)
- Pyrolysis Treatment (EPA 540-S-92-010)
- Thermal Desorption Treatment
(EPA 540-S-94-501, PB94-160603)
3 Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption,
Soil Washing, and In Situ Vitrification (EPA 542-
R-95-005, PB95-182945)
What Technologies Are Available?
The table to the right identifies several
innovative technologies used to treat soil
and groundwater. The technologies
identified treat contaminants in very different ways.
In addition, a site often is contaminated by more than
Contaminants
Monitored
Examples of Technologies
Soils, Sediments, and Sludges
DCs
JVOCs
Fuels
norganic
Compounds
Explosives
Ex Situ Bioremediation; in Situ Bioremediation
(Biodegradation); In Situ Soil Flushing; Soil Vapor
Extraction
Incineration; In Situ Bioremediation (Biodegradatioji);
Soil Washing; Solvent Extraction; Thermal Desorption
Ex Situ Bioremediation; Incineration; In Situ
Bioremediation (Biodegradation); Soil Washing; Soil
Vapor Extraction
Ex Situ Soil Flushing; Soil Washing; Solidification/
'Stabilization
Ex Situ Bioremediation; Incineration; In Situ
Bioremediation (Biodegradation); Soil Washing;
Solvent Extraction
Groundwater, Surface Water, and Leachate
VOCs
SVOCs
Fuels
Inorganic
Compounds
Explosives
Air Sparging; Dual-Phase Extraction; In Situ Air
Sparging; In Situ Bioremediation Oxygen
Enhancement with Air Sparging; In Situ
Bioremediation Oxygen Enhancement with H202;
Passive Treatment Wall; Pump and Treat Air
Stripping; Pump and Treat Biological Reactor; Pump
and Treat Carbon Adsorption
In Situ Bioremediation Oxygen Enhancement with Air
Sparging; In Situ Bioremediation Oxygen
Enhancement with H202; Passive Treatment Wall;
Pump and Treat Biological Reactor; Pump and Treat
Carbon Adsorption
Air Sparging; Dual-Phase Extraction; In Situ Air
Sparging; In Situ Bioremediation Oxygen
Enhancement with Air Sparging; In Situ
Bioremediation Oxygen Enhancement with H202;
Pump and Treat Biological Reactor
Passive Treatment Wall; Pump and Treat Filtration;
Pump and Treat Ion Exchange
Passive Treatment Wall; Pump and Treat Carbon
Adsorption
22
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ROAD MAP JO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFiELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Where Do We Go From Here?
After you have reviewed options for
cleanup, you may take any of the following
courses of action:
Result of the Review of
Cleanup Options
Course of Action
The proposed
cleanup option
appears feasible.
Proceed to the CLEANUP
DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
phase.
No cleanup option
appears feasible in
light of the
proposed
redevelopment
and land reuse
needs (such as
project milestones
and cost and
intended reuse).
Determine whether
revising redevelopment
plans remains a
practicable option; if so,
proceed to the CLEANUP
DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
phase. If contamination
exists at considerable
levels, consider other
waste programs.
23
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ROAD MAP JO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CLEANUP DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
Develop and Carry Out Detailed
Cleanup Pians for the Site
This phase focuses on the design and
implementation of a cleanup plan to prepare
the property for redevelopment and reuse. The
design of the cleanup plan and implementation of the
technology options selected in the previous phase
involves close coordination with all other
redevelopment efforts in the immediate vicinity of
the site.
What Do We Need to Know?
I ' KEY '—
QUESTIONS
Factors that should be considered
during the design and implementation of
cleanup activities include:
1. Are there Federal, state, local, and tribal
requirements for conducting cleanup activities?
2. How will cleanup be monitored so that work
can be stopped when cleanup goals are
reached?
3. How best can the community participate in
the design and implementation of the
cleanup plan?
4. What can be done to protect the community
and other property during cleanup?
5. What are the tradeoffs between cost and meeting
redevelopment project deadlines? Can
redevelopment activities (such as renovation of
existing buildings and construction of roads and
sewage systems) be performed concurrently
with cleanup activities?
6. Will institutional controls facilitate or hinder
redevelopment?
How Do We Find the Answers?*
Typical activities that may be conducted
during this phase include:
• Review all applicable Federal, state, local, and
tribal regulatory guidelines and regulations to
* "Please note that the Road Map seeks to answer the technology
selection questions and is,not intended to provide a response to
each procedural question identified,.
25
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
ensure compliance, including guidelines for
state VCPs
• Continue to work with the appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are being properly addressed
- Consult with the appropriate state, local, and
tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the
decision-making process as early as possible
- Contact the EPA regional Brownfields
coordinator to identify and determine the
availability of EPA support programs
* Identify all environmental requirements that
must be met and the levels of environmental
incentives that apply
• Develop one or more conceptual plans for
cleanup and subsequent monitoring that
incorporate technology options
and consider the effect of any
cleanup activities on the proposed
reuse of the property and the
schedule for project design or
construction:
Where Do We Find Help To Our
Technology Questions?
Examples of technology resources that
provide information about applicable
regulatory guidelines and regulations and
community outreach materials are listed below. In
addition, technologies identified during the site
investigation phase may be appropriate to monitor
cleanup performance and close-out. Appendix E,
How to Order Documents includes order forms for the
resources. Additional information about the
resources can be found in the Road Map's
companion document, A Tool Kit of Information
Resources for Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup.
A. General Technology Program Information
3 Initiatives to Promote
Innovative Technology in Waste
Management Programs (OSWER
Directive 9380.0-25, EPA 540-F-96-
012)
- Develop or reviezo the schedule for
completion of the project
- Obtain a final figure for the funds available
for project development
- Coordinate the renovation and construction of
infrastructure with cleanup activities
- Coordinate activities with developers, financiers,
construction firms, and members of the local
community
Establish contingency plans to address the
discovery of additional contamination during
cleanup
Develop procedures for community participation,
for example, by working with community
advisory boards or local redevelopment
authorities
Implement and monitor the cleanup plan and
performance of the remedy selected
Work with county or local officials to facilitate the
placement and implementation of institutional
controls, including ongoing monitoring and
enforcement of these controls.
Don't forget to review
Other Important
Considerations
(see page 3 State Policies Concerning the Use of
29) Injectants for In Situ Ground Water
Remediation (EPA 542-R-96-001, PB96-
164538)
B. Technology Survey Resources
3 Vendor Information System for Innovative
Treatment Technologies (VISITT), Version 5.0
(VISITT can be downloaded from the Internet
at http://www.ttemi.com/visitt or from the
CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com)
C. Technology-Specific Resources
3 Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative
Treatment Technologies. (The second document
number listed after each title below is the document
number for the guide in Spanish)
- Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-96-007,
EPA 542-F-96-023)
- Chemical Dehalogenation
(EPA 542-F-96-004, EPA 542-F-96-020)
- In Situ Soil Flushing
(EPA 542-F-96-006, EPA 542-F-96-022)
26
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ROAD WAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIOMS FOR BROWMFIELDS INVESTIGATION AMD CLEANUP
- Innovative Treatment Technologies for
Contaminated Soils, Sludges, Sediments, and
Debris (EPA 542-F-96-001, EPA 542-F-96-017)
- Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-96-014,
EPA 542-F-96-025)
- Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging
(EPA 542-F-96-008, EPA 542-F-96-024)
- Soil Washing (EPA 542-F-96-002,
EPA 542-F-96-018).
- Solvent Extraction (EPA 542-F-96-003,
EPA 542-F-96-019)
- Thermal Desorption (EPA 542-F-96-005,
EPA 542-F-96-021)
- Treatment Walls (EPA 542-F-96-016,
EPA 542-F-96-027)
Technology Resource Guides:
- Bioremediation Resource Guide
(EPA 542-B-93-004, PB94-112307)
- Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource
Guide (EPA 542-B-94-009, PB95-138657)
- Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology
Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-008,
PB95-138665)
- Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Enhancement
Technology Resource Guide: Air Sparging,
Bioventing, Fracturing, and Thermal
Enhancements (EPA 542-B-95-003)
- Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Treatment
Technology Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-007)
WASTECH Series of Innovative Site
Remediation Technology Engineering
Monographs:
- Bioremediation
- Chemical Treatment
- Soil Washing/Soil Flushing
- Solidification/Stabilization
- Solvent/Chemical Extraction
- Thermal Desorption
- Thermal Destruction
- Vacuum Vapor Extraction
Where Do We Go From Here?
After you have completed cleanup, you
may take one of the following courses
of action:
Result of Cleanup
Course of Action
Contamination has
been removed,
contained,
or controlled.
Consult with the
appropriate regulatory
officials before proceeding
with redevelopment
activities.
Additional
contamination has
been discovered.
Continue cleanup
activities. However, you
may have to return to the
SITE INVESTIGATION
phase to determine the
extent and nature of
the contamination.
Long-term
monitoring of
cleanup and
performance of the
technology is
required.
Return to the SITE
INVESTIGATION phase
to collect after-performance
samples for monitoring
cleanup.
27
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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28
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFiELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
OTHER IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATIONS
T State and Federal Regulations
T Innovative Technologies
versus Other Characterization
and Cleanup Options
Understanding Regulatory Guidelines and
Regulations
Understanding the applicable regulatory guidelines
and regulations is crucial to selecting the appropriate
technologies for cleaning up a Brownfields site. It is
important to note that many Brownfields sites will be
managed under state regulatory authorities.
Therefore, the state regulatory authority will specify
many of the requirements for, and steps in, site
assessment, site investigation, the selection of
cleanup options, and the design and implementation
of cleanup. State regulatory agencies should be
consulted to determine what, if any, site specific-
requirements may exist. State regulators also can
help to identify other regulatory guidelines and
regulations (such as applicable Federal statutes) that
also may affect the site. For these reasons, it is
important to remain in constant
contact with state regulatory
agencies, as well as any other
appropriate regulatory agencies,
throughout the cleanup process.
T Community Input
and Networking
T Professional
Support and
Consulting,
Although compliance with official policy
directives under other Federal regulatory
and cleanup programs, such as Superfund,
may not be required, some of the information
and lessons learned under such programs may
be useful in the investigation and cleanup of
Brownfields sites. EPA also can be a valuable
resource for Brownfields stakeholders by providing
regulatory and policy support to facilitate the
selection of technologies. Other guidance and
standards are promulgated by government and
nongovernment organizations, such as the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) the Small
Business Administration (SBA), and the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The box
on the next page provides descriptions of the various
EPA hotlines for statutory and regulatory programs.
29
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
HOTLINES AND OTHER SERVICES
Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI).
CERI is the focal point for the exchange of scientific and technical environmental information
produced by EPA. CERI publishes brochures, capsule and summary reports, handbooks, newsletters,
project reports, and manuals. The center operates daily, Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
eastern standard time (EST). The center can be reached by telephone at 513-569-7391.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act/Underground Storage Tanks (RCRA/UST), Superfund, and -
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline.
This hotline provides information about the RCRA/UST, Superfund, and EPCRA programs. The
hotline handles information about EPA's RCRA regulations and programs implemented under RCRA,
the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), EPCRA, and
the Superfund Amendments Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III. The hotline also provides referrals
for obtaining related documents concerning the RCRA, UST, Superfund/CERCLA, and Pollution
Prevention/Waste Minimization programs. Translation is available for Spanish-speaking callers. The
hotline operates daily Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. EST. The hotline can be reached
by telephone at 800-424-9346 for all nongovernment locations outside the Washington, DC
metropolitan local calling area, or 703-412-9810 for all locations in the Washington, DC metropolitan
local calling area.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Docket and Information Center (RIC).
The RIC provides public access to all regulatory materials supporting EPA's actions under RCRA and
disseminates publications from EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. The
information center operates daily, Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. The
information center can be reached by telephone at 703-603-9230.
Superfund Docket and Information Center.
The Superfund Docket and Information Center provides access to Superfund regulatory documents,
Superfund Federal Register Notices, and Records of Decision (ROD). The center operates daily,
Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. The center can be reached by telephone at
703-603-8917 or by facsimile at 703-603-9133.
TechDirect.
TechDkect is a free electronic mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest to
site cleanup professionals. Approximately once a month, EPA's Technology Innovation Office (TIO)
sends subscribers an e-mail message announcing the availability of publications and the scheduling of
events. The message also directs subscribers to sources from which they can obtain more information.
Contact Mr. Jeff Heimerman at 703-603-7191 or by e-mail at heimerman.jeff@epamail.epa.gov for more
information.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Service.
The information service provides information about regulations under TSCA to the chemical industry,
labor and trade organizations, environmental groups, and the general public. Technical as well as
general information is available. The information service operates daily, Monday through Friday, 8:30
a.m. to 5:00 p.m. EST. The information service can be reached by telephone at 202-554-1404.
30
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ROAD MAP ro UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATON AND CLEANUP
Comparing innovative Technologies to Other
Characterization and Cleanup Options
The Road Map focuses on innovative characterization
and treatment options. Although the Road Map
emphasizes the use of innovative technologies to
address contamination, the use of other technologies
also should be considered. For example, containment
or more standard technology options also may be
appropriate to address contamination at Brownfields
sites. Examples of containment technologies include
dynamic compaction, landfill reuse, and stabilization
or solidification of contaminated material.
Established technologies, such as incineration and
pump-and-treat processes for groundwater
contamination, also are alternatives to innovative
technologies for use in addressing contamination.
When deciding between innovative and established
technologies or between treatment and containment
technologies, Brownfields stakeholders should
compare the effectiveness and efficiency of each
technology against the specific needs of the
individual site and stakeholders. During this
analysis, one should remember that technologies, or
at least our understanding of them, change
constantly.
Seeking External Support (Community Relations
and Professional Support)
A wealth of information and expertise related to site
cleanup is readily available. It is important that
members of the Brownfields community have access
to that information and are able to draw upon lessons
learned to benefit from the experience of others.
Most decision makers at Brownfields sites will
require technical and legal assistance to fully
understand the complexities of investigating and
cleaning up a contaminated site. In fact, some states
may require the participation of certified or licensed
professionals to help guide the site investigation and
cleanup process. State regulatory agencies should be
consulted to determine the requirements, if any, for
the participation of certified or licensed cleanup.
professionals. It is recommended that site cleanup
professionals and legal and other experts be recruited
as members of the Brownfields team.
The Brownfields community can benefit from EPA's
assistance in directing its members to. appropriate
resources and providing opportunities to network
and participate in the sharing of information. A
number of electronic bulletin boards and databases,
newsletters, and reports provide opportunities for
Brownfields stakeholders to network with other
stakeholders to identify information about site
cleanup and technology options.
31
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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32
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APPENDICI
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APPENDIX A
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ff040 MAP TO UHDEBSTMimMa INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELOS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Appendix A
TO AT
The following table identifies several activities that may have caused contamination at Brownfields sites
Ihe table summarizes contaminants that are related to such activities and identifies sources for the
contaminants; however, it is not an exhaustive list of contaminants that can be found at a Brownfields site
Identifying contaminants that may be present should be determined on a site-by-site basis Such a
determination should be conducted thoroughly and carefully. Information for this table was compiled
from several sources, including various EPA Guides to Pollution Prevention for selected industries A list of
the specific citations used is provided on page A-2.
- Past Activities Typically Conducted "
at Brownfields Sites
Tyjijcal Contaminants and Jypical Sources
Agriculture
Automotive refinishing and repair-
Battery recycling and disposal
Chloro-alkali manufacturing
" *^1i * *„. „ i, *^ ss x *x fj
Coal gasification
Cosmetics manufacturing *, „ '•
Dry cleaning activities
Electroplating operations
^
Glass manufacturing
Herbicide manufacturing and use
Hospitals
Incinerators „
Landfills—municipal and industrial
Leather manufacturing
I *f - —~ ^£
Machine shops/metal fabrication
Marine maintenance industry
Munitions manufacturing
Paint/ink manufacturing
, . , ' \ '
"*" *" 5 ~? *6t
Pesticide manufacturing
'Petroleum refining and reuse /" ~*-
* "»&„*»
Pharmaceutical manufacturing
Photographic manufacturing and^uses
Plastics manufacturing
Volatile organic compounds (VOC); arsenic, copper, carbon
tetrachloride, ethylene dibromide, and methylene chloride; pesticides;
insecticides; herbicides; grain fumigants
' - _Some metals and metal dust-Various organic compounds; solvents;
paint and paint sludges; scrap metal; waste oils - - ' -
Lead; cadmium; acids
Chldrine compounds; mercury . " ' "
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
» ^3*7 metals/dusts; solvents; acids - x
VOCs such as chloroform and tetrachloroethane; various solvents;
spot removers; fluorocarbon 113
Various metals such as cadmium, chromium, cyanide, copper and *
nickel -•'<,"'' ~~
Arsenic; lead
- Dioxin; metals;-herbicides „ '
Formaldehyde; radionuclides; photographic chemicals; solvents;
mercury; ethylene oxide; chemotherapy chemicals
: Dioxin/vanous municipal and industrial waste
Metals; VOCs; polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB); ammonia; methane;
household products and cleaners; pesticides; various wastes
JToluene; benzene' _ ""• >
Metals; VOCs; dioxin; beryllium; degreasing agents; solvents; waste oils
-Solvents; paints; cyanide; acids; VOC emissions; heavy metal sludges-
^degreasers, /f -> ' ^ * - . ' *
Lead; explosives; copper; antimony
Metalsjsuch as chromium, cadmixSn, lead, and zinc); VOCs;""
chloroform; ethyl benzene; solvents; paints; inks v_
VOCs; arsenic; copper; pesticides; insecticides; herbicides; fungicides;
xylene; chlorinated organic compounds; solvents
(BTEX); fuels; oil and grease
Lead; various organic chemicals; organic solvents
*« Sayer,brol^de; raethylene chloride; solvents; photographic products
Polymers; phthalates; cadmium; solvents; resins; chemical additives; VOCs
A-1
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Past Activities Typically Conducted
at Brownflelds Sites (continued)
Typical Contaminants and Typical Sources
Printing industry
Railroad yards
Silver; solvents; acids; waste oils; inks and dyes; photographic chemicals
's; VOCs; BTEX; solvents; fuels; oil and grease;
Research and educational institutions
Scrap metal operations
Smelter operations
Semiconductor manufacturing
Wood pulp and paper manufacturing^
Wood preserving
lead; PCBs
Inorganic acids; organic solvents; metals and metal dust; photographic
waste; waste oil; paint; heavy metals; pesticides
Various metals (such as lead and 'nickel); PCBs; dioxin; transformers
Metals (such as lead, copper, and arsenic)
Metals; VOCs; carbon tetrachloride; degreasing agents; solvents
Chlorinated organic compounds; dioxin; furans; chloroform; resin acids
Creosote; pentachlorophenol (PCP); arsenic; chromium; copper;
PCB; PAHs; beryllium; dioxin; wood preservatives
LIST OF CITATIONS USED TO IDENTIFY COMMON CONTAMINANTS
O Contaminants and Remedial Options at
Selected Metal-Contaminated Sites
(EPA540-R-95-512, PB95-271961)
O Dry Cleaning and Laundry Plants, Fact
Sheet (EPA 530-SW-90-027b)
O Guidelines for Waste Reduction and
Recycling: Metal Finishing, Electroplating,
Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing,
Hazardous Waste Reduction Program,
Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality (No document number)
O Guides to Pollution Prevention:
- Research and Educational Institutions
(EPA 625-7-90-010)
- Selected Hospital Waste Streams
(EPA 625-7-90-009)
- TJie Automotive Refinishing Industry
(EPA 625-7-91-016)
- TJie Automotive Repair Industry
(EPA 625-7-91-013)
- Tlie Commercial Printing Industry
(EPA 625-7-90-008)
- The Fiberglass-Reinforced and Composite
Plastics Industry (EPA 625-7-91-014)
- TJie Marine Maintenance and Repair
Industry (EPA 625-7-91-015)
- The Mechanical Equipment Repair Industry
(EPA 625-R-92-008)
- The Pesticide Formulating Industry
(EPA 625-7-90-004)
- The Pharmaceutical Industry
(EPA 625-7-91-017)
Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual
Status Report (EPA 542-R-95-008)
Low-Level Mixed Waste: A RCRA
Perspective for NRC Licenses
(EPA 530-SW-90-057)
Pollution Prevention Technologies for the
Bleached Kraft Segment of the U.S. Pulp and
Paper Industry (EPA 600-R-93-110)
Solving the Hazardous Waste Problem:
EPA's RCRA Program (EPA 530-SW-86-037)
Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case
Studies of Minimization of Mercury-Bearing
Wastes at a Mercury Cell Chloralkali Plant:
Project Summary (EPA 600-S2-88-011)
Waste Minimization Opportunity
Assessment: Philadelphia Naval Shipyard:
Project Summary (EPA 600-S2-90-046)
Waste Reduction for the Aerospace Industry:
Fact Sheet, California Department of Health
Services Technology Clearinghouse (no
document number)
A-2
-------
XIQN3ddV
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ROAD
MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNF.ELDS .NVEST.GAT/ON AND CLEANUP
Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix
NOTE: Specific site and contaminant characteristics
may limit the applicability and effectiveness of
any of the technologies and treatments
listed below. This matrix is optimistic in
nature and should always be used in
conjunction with the referenced text sections,
which contain additional information
that can be useful in identifying potentially
applicable technologies.
f — ,_T> ^..»..,JMM »ii^miiii't , ,
4-*_pneumatic Fracturing (enhancement!
0. _B Cn!l Cli.cl.:__
—.—.—.: —• ••••{>
4.6 Soil Vapor Extraction (In Situ)
4.7 Solidificalion/StabllSalion
.3.3 In Situ Thermal Treatment ~
[ 4.8 Thermally Enhanced SVE
A n »»•*•?•__i*"
_4.10 _ Composting
•" • ** ^-vlllpU3MIIK
f J/_Cgnirpi'e'l SouiirPnase Bio. Treatment
.^_
4.13 SfufrVphaseTib'.Tfeatmen
3.5 ExSituPhwical/ChemicalTreatrnMl
..
Jj4_Chemica[jeducljon/Oxidation
...... _. __
______ 4.16__Dehalogenatipn(Glycoiate
A if c— ;i m«7__i"!~" --
_ _
0": Extraction (Ex Silii)
-.i:™Tci-OIi-.i: • _
;;™_ *™«« vapwi uirdLtiun ICX 3I1UJ
jf-19 ^iidificatim^afiiiiiatibn "
3.7 Other Tfgalmant
-^*»»»*-» iii^quiiciii '.*• i \-• , i., !'..,•:• • ,• '~ .,,, i;-.:,;.-;.- •••
*'--_§''cavalion/ Retrieval, and Off-Site Disposal I NA
4.29 Natural Atlenuaiion ~ -
Rating Codes (See Table 3-1)
Belter
© Average
A Worse
I Inadequate Information
NA Not Applicable
94P-51BI 10/11/94
Source: Remediation Technologies Screening
Matrix and Reference Guide (PB95-104782)
B-1
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ROAD
MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPT.ONS FOR BROWNFIELDS .NVEST.GAT.ON AND CLEANUP
Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix
(Continued)
NOTE: Specific site and contaminant characteristics
may limit the applicability and effectiveness of
any of the technologies and treatments
liitcd below. This matrix is optimistic in
nature and should always be used in
conjunction with the referenced text sections,
which contain additional information
lhal can be useful in identifying potentially
applicable technologies.
t.ROUXMVATER, SURFACE WATER, AND LFA( HATF
Contaminants
Treated
ff.
'
Pilot
Full
Full
A
None
None
No
No
JL
O&M
Neither
Neither
.!> InSlluPhysk
Full
Full
Full
Fuli
.Pilot"
Pilot
Pilot
A
Vappr_
'
,»,_t.,.,«-.
liquid
Yes
Yes
No
No
O&M
Neither
Neither
O&M
Neither
CAP
Neither
CAP
3.1t
~_4.45_nitration
'~4.46 ton Exchange
_
~4!49~iiv6n!t!»tion
Solid
No_
Yes
A
A
A
NA
t.l { AIR FMISSIONS/OFF-GASIREAIMENM
.
High Energy Corona
433 MembraneSejanitKin
4.54 " Oxidation ..7. .—,
435 ' Vapor Phase Carbon Adsorption
Full
Pijot
Pilot
Fu»
A
None
None
None
Npne_
"Solid
NA
I
NA
NA
Neither
Neither
_O&M_
Neither
"NA
Neither
I
Neither
Rating Codes (See Table 3-1)
• Better
© Average
A Worse
I Inadequate Information
NA Not Applicable
wvn
Source: Remediation Technologies Screening
Matrix and Reference Guide (PB95-104782)
B-2
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APPENDIX C
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ROAD HAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION A«D
CLEANUP
Appendix C
OF KEY
ARAR
ASTM
BDAT
BTEX
CAA
CERCLA
CERCLIS
CWA
DDT
DNAPL
DQO
EPA
ESA
HRS
HSWA
IRIS
ITT
LDR
LNAPL
LUST
NAPL
NCP
NPDES
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirement
American Society for Testing and
Materials
Best Demonstrated Achievable
Technology
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and
Xylene
Clean Air Act
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability
Information System
Clean Water Act
Dioxin
Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
Data Quality Objective
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Site Assessment
Hazard Ranking System
Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments
Integrated Risk Information System
Innovative Treatment Technology
Land Disposal Restrictions
Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
Leaking Underground Storage Tank
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
National Contingency Plan
National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System
NPL National Priorities List
NRC
O&M
ORD
OSWER
PAH
PA/SI
PCB
PCP
PRP
QA/QC
RCRA
RD/RA
RI/FS
ROD
RQ
SARA
SITE
SVE
SVOC
TCE
TIO
TPH
TSCA
TSDF
UST
VCP
VOC
National Response Center
Operations and Maintenance
Office of Research and Development
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Preliminary Assessment and Site
Inspection
Polychlorinated Biphenyl
Pentachlorophenol
Potentially Responsible Party
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Remedial Design and Remedial Action
Remedial Investigation and Feasibility
Study
Record of Decision
Reportable quantity
Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act
Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation Program
Soil Vapor Extraction
Semi-Volatile Organic Compound
Trichloroethylene
Technology Innovation Office
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
Toxic Substances Control Act
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility
Underground Storage Tank
Voluntary Cleanup Program
Volatile Organic Compound
C-1
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
The following is a list of specialized terms used during the cleanup of Brownfields sites.
Absorption
Absorption is the passage of one substance into or
through another.
Adsorption
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas,
liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. The term also
refers to a method of treating wastes in which
activated carbon removes organic matter from
wastewater.
Air Sparging
In air sparging, air is injected into the ground below a
contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and
carry trapped and dissolved contaminants to the
surface where they are captured by a soil vapor
extraction system. Air sparging may be a good
choice of treatment technology at sites contaminated
With solvents and other volatile organic compounds
(VOC). See also Soil Vapor Extraction and Volatile
Organic Compound.
Air Stripping
Air stripping is a treatment system that removes or
"strips" VOCs from contaminated groundwater or
surface water as air is forced through the water,
causing the compounds to evaporate. See also Volatile
Organic Compound.
American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM)
The ASTM sets standards for many services,
including methods of sampling and testing of
hazardous waste and media contaminated with
hazardous waste.
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirement (ARAR)
As defined under the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA), ARARs are cleanup standards, standards
of control, and other substantive environmental
protection requirements, criteria, or limits
promulgated under Federal or state law that
specifically address problems or situations present at
a CERCLA site. ARARs are major considerations in
setting cleanup goals, selecting a remedy, and
determining how to implement that remedy at a
CERCLA site. ARARs must be attained at all
CERCLA sites unless a waiver is attained. ARARs
are not national cleanup standards for the Superfund
program. See also Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and
Superfund.
Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground rock formation
composed of such materials as sand, soil, or gravel
that can store groundwater and supply it to wells and
springs.
Aromatics
Aromatics are organic compounds that contain
6-carbon ring structures, such as creosote, toluene,
and phenol, that often are found at dry cleaning and
electronic assembly sites.
Baseline Risk Assessment
A baseline risk assessment is an assessment
conducted before cleanup activities begin at a site to
identify and evaluate the threat to human health and
the environment. After remediation has been
completed, the information obtained during a
baseline risk assessment can be used to determine
whether the cleanup levels were reached.
Bedrock
Bedrock is the rock that underlies the soil; it can be
permeable or non-permeable. See also Confining Layer
and Creosote.
Best Demonstrated Achievable Technology (BDAT)
A BDAT is a technology that has demonstrated the
ability to reduce a particular contaminant to a lower
concentration than other currently available
technologies. BDATs can change with time as
technologies evolve.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to treatment processes that use
microorganisms (usually naturally occurring) such as
bacteria, yeast, or fungi to break down hazardous
substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances.
Bioremediation can be used to clean up contaminated
soil and water. In situ bioremediation treats the
contaminated soil or groundwater in the location in
which it is found. For ex situ bioremediation
processes, contaminated soil must be excavated or
groundwater pumped before they can be treated.
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Biosensor
A biosensor is a portable device that uses living
organisms, such as enzymes, tissues, microbes, and
antibodies, to produce reactions to analytes.
Bioventing
Bioventing is an in situ remediation technology that
combines soil vapor extraction methods with
bioremediation. It uses vapor extraction wells that
induce air flow in the subsurface through air injection
or through the use of a vacuum. Bioventing can be
effective in remediating releases of petroleum
products, such as gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, and
diesel fuel. See also Bioremediation and Soil Vapor
Extraction.
Borehole
A borehole is a hole cut into the ground by means of
a drilling rig.
Borehole Geophysics
Borehole geophysics are nuclear or electric
technologies used to identify the physical
characteristics of geologic formations that are
intersected by a borehole.
Brownfields
Brownfields sites are abandoned, idled, or under-
used industrial and commercial facilities where
expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or
perceived environmental contamination.
BTEX
BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene-volatile aromatic
compounds typically found in petroleum products,
such as gasoline and diesel fuel.
Cadmium
Cadmium is a heavy metal that accumulates in the
environment. See also Heavy Metal.
Carbon Adsorption
Carbon adsorption is a treatment system that
removes contaminants from groundwater or surface
water as the water is forced through tanks containing
activated carbon.
Chemical Dehalogenation
Chemical dehalogenation is a chemical process that
removes halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical
contaminant, rendering the contaminant less
hazardous. The chemical dehalogenation process can
be applied to common halogenated contaminants
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dioxins
pDT), which may be present in soil and oils.
Dehalogenation can be effective in removing
halogens from hazardous organic compounds, such
as dioxins, PCBs, and certain chlorinated pesticides.
The treatment time is short, energy requirements are
moderate, and operation and maintenance costs are
relatively low. This technology can be brought to the
site, eliminating the need to transport hazardous
wastes. See also Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Dioxin.
Chlorinator
A chlorinator is a device that adds chlorine, in gas or
liquid form, to water or sewage to kill bacteria.
Clean Air Act (CAA)
The CAA is a Federal law passed in 1970 that
requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) to establish regulations to control the release of
contaminants to the air to protect human health and
environment.
Cleanup
Cleanup is the term used for actions taken to deal
with a release or threat of release of a hazardous
substance that could affect humans and or the
environment. The term sometimes is used
interchangeably with the terms remedial action,
removal action, response action, or corrective action.
Clean Water Act (CWA)
CWA is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic
structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to
U.S. waters. This law gave EPA the authority to set
effluent standards on an industry-by-industry basis
and to set water quality standards for all
contaminants in surface waters.
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Colorimetric
Colorimetric refers to chemical reaction-based
indicators that are used to produce compound
reactions to individual compounds, or classes of
compounds. The reactions, such as visible color
changes or other easily noted indications, are used to
detect and quantify contaminants.
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
CERCLA is a Federal law passed in 1980 that created
a special tax that funds a trust fund, commonly
known as Superfund, to be used to investigate and
dean up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites. CERCLA required for the first time that
EPA step beyond its traditional regulatory role and
provide response authority to clean up hazardous
waste sites. EPA has primary responsibility for
managing cleanup and enforcement activities
authorized under CERCLA. Under the program,
EPA can pay for cleanup when parties responsible
for the contamination cannot be located or are
unwilling or unable to perform the work, or take
legal action to force parties responsible for
contamination to clean up the site or reimburse the
Federal government for the cost of the cleanup. See
also Superfund.
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Information System
(CERCLIS)
CERCLIS is a database that serves as the official
inventory of Superfund hazardous waste sites.
CERCLIS also contains information about all aspects
of hazardous waste sites, from initial discovery to
deletion from the National Priorities List (NPL). The
database also maintains information about planned
and actual site activities and financial information
entered by EPA regional offices. CERCLIS records
the targets and accomplishments of the Superfund
program and is used to report that information to the
EPA Administrator, Congress, and the public. See
also National Priorities List and Superfund.
Confining Layer
A "confining layer" is a geological formation
characterized by low permeability that inhibits the
flow of water. See also Bedrock and Permeability.
Contaminant
A contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological,
or radiological substance or matter present in any
media at concentrations that may result in adverse
effects on air, water, or soil.
Corrective Measure Study (CMS)
If the potential need for corrective measures is
verified during a RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI),
the owner or operator of a facility is then responsible
for performing a CMS. A CMS is conducted to
identify, evaluate, and recommend specific corrective
measures based on a detailed engineering evaluation.
Using data collected during the RFI, the CMS
demonstrates that proposed measures will be
effective in controlling the source of contamination,
as well as problems posed by the migration of
substances from the original source into the
environment. The measures also must be assessed in
terms of technical feasibility, ability to meet public
health protection requirements and protect the
environment, possible adverse environmental effects,
and institutional constraints. See also RCRA Facility
Investigation.
Corrosivity
Corrosive wastes include those that are acidic and
capable of corroding metal such as tanks, containers,
drums, and barrels.
Creosote
Creosote is an oily liquid obtained by the distillation
of wood that is used as a wood preservative and
disinfectant and often is found at wood preserving
sites. See also Aromatics and Light Nonaqueous Phase
Liquid.
Data Quality Objective (DQO)
DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements
specified to ensure that data of known and
appropriate quality are obtained. The DQO process
is a series of planning steps, typically conducted
during site assessment and investigation, that is
designed to ensure that the type, quantity, and
quality of environmental data used in decision
making are appropriate. The DQO process involves
a logical, step-by-step procedure for determining
which of the complex issues affecting a site are the
most relevant to planning a site investigation before
any data are collected.
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Dechlorination
Dechlorination, the process used primarily to treat
and destroy halogenated aromatic contaminants, is
the chemical reaction that removes halogens (usually
chlorine) from the primary structure of the
contaminating organic chemical. Dechlorination can
treat contaminated liquids, soils, sludges, and
sediments, as well as halogenated organics and PCBs,
pesticides, and some herbicides.
Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)
A DNAPL is one of a group of organic substances
that are relatively insoluble in water and more dense
than water. DNAPLs tend to sink vertically through
sand and gravel aquifers to the underlying layer.
Dioxin (DDT)
A dioxin is any of a family of compounds known
chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. They are chemicals
released during combustion. Concern about them
arises from their potential toxicity and the risk posed
by contamination in commercial products. Boilers
and industrial furnaces are among the sources of
dioxins.
Disposal
Disposal is the final placement or destruction of toxic,
radioactive or other wastes; surplus or banned
pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and
drums containing hazardous materials from removal
actions or accidental release. Disposal may be
accomplished through the use of approved secure
landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep
well injection, ocean dumping, or incineration.
Dual-Phase Extraction
Dual-phase extraction is a technology that extracts
contaminants simultaneously from soils in saturated
and unsaturated zones by applying soil vapor
extraction techniques to contaminants trapped in
saturated zone soils. See also Soil Vapor Extraction.
Electromagnetic (EM) Geophysics
EM geophysics refers to technologies used to detect
spatial (lateral and vertical) differences in subsurface
electromagnetic characteristics. The data collected
provide information about subsurface environments.
Electromagnetic (EM) Induction
EM induction is a geophysical technology used to
induce a magnetic field beneath the earth's surface,
which in turn causes a secondary magnetic field to
form around nearby objects that have conductive
properties, such as ferrous and nonferrous metals.
The secondary magnetic field is then used to detect
and measure buried debris.
Emergency Removal
An emergency removal is an action initiated in
response to a release of a hazardous substance that
requires on-site activity within hours of a
determination that action is appropriate.
Emerging Technology
An emerging technology is an innovative technology
that currently is undergoing bench-scale testing.
During bench-scale testing, a small version of the
technology is built and tested in a laboratory. If the
technology is successful during bench-scale testing, it
is demonstrated on a small scale at field sites. If the
technology is successful at the field demonstrations,
it often will be used full scale at contaminated waste
sites. As the technology is used and evaluated at
different sites, it is improved continually. See also
Established Technology and Innovative Technology.
Enforcement Action
An enforcement action is an action undertaken by
EPA under its authority granted under various
Federal environmental statutes, such as CERCLA,
RCRA, CAA, CWA, the Toxic Substances Control Act
(TSCA), and others. For example, under CERCLA,
EPA may obtain voluntary settlement or compel
potentially responsible parties (PRP) to implement
removal or remedial actions when releases of
hazardous substances have occurred. See also
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act, Potentially Responsible Party, and
Removal Action.
Engineered Control
An engineered control, such as barriers placed
between contamination and the rest of a site, is a
method of managing environmental and health risks.
Engineered controls can be used to limit exposure
pathways.
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Environmental Audit
See Phase I Environmental Audit.
Environmental Site Assessment (ESA)
An ESA is the process by which it is determined
whether contamination is present on a site.
Established Technology
An established technology is a technology for which
cost and performance information is readily
available. Only after a technology has been used at
many different sites and the results fully documented
is that technology considered established. The most
frequently used established technologies are
incineration, solidification and stabilization, and
pump-and-treat technologies for groundwater. See
also Emerging Technology and Innovative Technology.
Exposure Pathway
An exposure pathway is the route of contaminants
from the source of contamination to potential contact
with a medium (air, soil, surface water, or
groundwater) that represents a potential threat to
human health or the environment. Determining
whether exposure pathways exist is an essential step
in conducting a baseline risk assessment. See also
Baseline Risk Assessment.
Ex Situ
The term ex situ or "moved from its original place,"
means excavated or removed.
Filtration
Filtration is a treatment process that removes solid
matter from water by passing the water through a
porous medium, such as sand or a manufactured
filter.
Flame lonization Detector (FID)
A FID is an instrument often used in conjunction
with gas chromatography to measure the change of
signal as analy tes are ionized by a hydrogen-air
flame. It also is used to detect phenols, phthalates,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), VOCs,
and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable Gas
Chromatography.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
A fourier transform infrared spectroscope is an
analytical air monitoring tool that uses a laser system
chemically to identify contaminants.
Fumigant
A fumigant is a pesticide that is vaporized to kill
pests. They often are used in buildings and
greenhouses. See also Dioxin.
Furan
Furan is a colorless, volatile liquid compound used in
the synthesis of organic compounds, especially nylon.
Gas Chromatography
Gas chromatography is a technology used for
investigating and assessing soil, water, and soil gas
contamination at a site. It is used for the analysis of
VOCs and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC).
The technique identifies and quantifies organic
compounds on the basis of molecular weight,
characteristic fragmentation patterns, and retention
time. Recent advances in gas chromatography that
are considered innovative are portable, weather-
proof units that have self-contained power supplies.
Ground-Penetrating Radar
GPR is a technology that emits pulses of
electromagnetic energy into the ground to measure
its reflection and refraction by subsurface layers and
other features, such as buried debris.
Groundwater
Groundwater is the water found beneath the earth's
surface that fills pores between such materials as
sand, soil, or gravel and that often supplies wells and
springs. See also Aquifer.
Halogenated Organic Compound
A halogenated organic compound is a compound
containing molecules of chlorine, bromine iodine,
and or fluorine. Halogenated organic compounds
were used in high-voltage electrical transformers
because they conducted heat well while being fire
resistant and good electrical insulators. Many
herbicides, pesticides, and degreasing agents are
made from halogenated organic compounds.
Hazard Ranking System (HRS)
The HRS is the primary screening tool used by EPA
to assess the risks posed to human health or the
environment by abandoned or uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites. Under the HRS, sites are
assigned scores on the basis of the toxicity of
hazardous substances that are present and the
potential that those substances will spread through
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the air, surface, water, or groundwater, taking into
account such factors as the proximity of the substance
to nearby populations. Scores are used in
determining which sites should be placed on the
NPL. See also National Priorities List.
Hazardous Substance
As defined under CERCLA, a hazardous substance is
any material that poses a threat to public health or
the environment. The term also refers to hazardous
wastes as defined under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA). Typical hazardous
substances are materials that are toxic, corrosive,
ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. If a
certain quantity of a hazardous substance, as
established by EPA, is spilled into the water or
otherwise emitted into the environment, the release
must be reported. Under the legislation cited above,
the term excludes petroleum, crude oil, natural gas,
natural gas liquids, or synthetic gas usable for fuel.
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
HSWA are 1984 amendments to RCRA which
required phasing out land disposal of hazardous
waste and added minimum technology requirements.
See also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Heavy Metal
The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic
metals including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead,
mercury, silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are
present at industrial sites at which operations have
included battery recycling and metal plating.
Herbicide
A herbicide is a chemical pesticide designed to
control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.
High-Frequency Electromagnetic (EM) Sounding
High-frequency EM sounding, the technology used
for nonintrusive geophysical exploration, projects
high-frequency electromagnetic radiation into
subsurface layers to detect the reflection and
refraction of the radiation by various layers of soil.
Unlike ground-penetrating radar, which uses pulses,
the technology uses continuous waves of radiation.
See also Ground-Penetrating Radar.
Hydrazine
Hydrazine is a highly toxic liquid used in rocket
propellant, agricultural chemicals, drugs, spandex
fibers, antioxidants, plating metals on glass and
plastic, explosives, and in boiler feedwater. The
chemical compound causes a severe explosion
hazard when exposed to heat.
Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing
only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in
petroleum, natural gas, and coal.
Hydrogen Sulfide (HS)
HS is a gas emitted during decomposition of organic
compounds. It also is a byproduct of oil refining and
burning.
Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, including
its origin, occurrence, movement, and quality.
Hydrology
Hydrology is the science that deals with the
properties, movement, and effects of water found on
the earth's surface, in the soil and rocks beneath the
surface, and in the atmosphere.
Ignitability
Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain
conditions. Examples include liquids, such as
solvents mat readily catch fire, and friction-sensitive
substances.
Immunoassay
Immunoassay is an innovative technology used to
measure compound-specific reactions (generally
colorimetric) to individual compounds or classes of
compounds. The reactions are used to detect and
quantify contaminants. The technology is available
in field-portable test kits.
Incineration
Incineration is a treatment technology that involves
the burning of certain types of solid, liquid, or
gaseous materials under controlled conditions to
destroy hazardous waste.
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Information Repository
An information repository is a location in a public
building that is convenient for local residents, such as
a public school, city hall, or library, that contains
information about a Superfund site, including
technical reports and reference documents.
Infrared Monitor
An infrared monitor is a device used to monitor the
heat signature of an object, as well as to sample air. It
may be used to detect buried objects in soil.
Inorganic Compound
An inorganic compound is a compound that
generally does not contain carbon atoms (although
carbonate and bicarbonate compounds are notable
exceptions), tends to be more soluble in water, and
tends to react on an ionic rather than on a molecular
basis. Examples of inorganic compounds include
various acids, potassium hydroxide, and metals.
Innovative Technology
An innovative technology is a process that has been
tested and used as a treatment for hazardous waste
or other contaminated materials, but lacks a long
history of full-scale use and information about its cost
and how well it works sufficient to support
prediction of its performance under a variety of
operating conditions. An innovative technology is
one that is undergoing pilot-scale treatability studies
that usually are conducted in the field or the
laboratory and require installation of the technology,
and provide performance, cost, and design objectives
for the technology. Innovative technologies are being
used under many Federal and state cleanup
programs to treat hazardous wastes that have been
improperly released. For example, innovative
technologies are being selected to manage
contamination (primarily petroleum) at some leaking
underground storage sites. See also Emerging
Technology and Established Technology.
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange, a common method of softening water,
depends on the ability of certain materials to remove
and exchange ions from water. These ion exchange
materials, generally composed of unsoluble organic
polymers, are placed in a filtering device. Water
softening exchange materials remove calcium and
magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium ions.
Insecticide
An insecticide is a pesticide compound specifically
used to kill or control the growth of insects. See also
Dioxin.
In Situ
The term in situ, "in its original place," or "on-site",
means unexcavated and unmoved. In situ soil
flushing and natural attenuation are examples of in
situ treatment methods by which contaminated sites
are treated without digging up or removing the
contaminants.
In Situ Oxidation
In situ oxidation is an innovative treatment
technology that oxidizes contaminants that are
dissolved in groundwater and converts them into
insoluble compounds.
In Situ Soil Flushing
In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment
technology that floods contaminated soils beneath
the ground surface with a solution that moves the
contaminants to an area from which they can be
removed. The technology requires the drilling of
injection and extraction wells on site and reduces the
need for excavation, handling, or transportation of
hazardous substances. Contaminants considered for
treatment by in situ soil flushing include heavy
metals (such as lead, copper, and zinc), halogenated
organic compounds, aromatics, and PCBs. See also
Aromatics, Halogenated Organic Compound, Heavy
Metal, and Poly chlorinated Biphenyl.
In Situ Vitrification
In situ vitrification is a soil treatment technology that
stabilizes metal and other inorganic contaminants in
place at temperatures of approximately 3000°F. Soils
and sludges are fused to form a stable glass and
crystalline structure with very low leaching
characteristics.
Institutional Controls
An institutional control is a legal or institutional
measure which subjects a property owner to limit
activities at or access to a particular property. They
are used to ensure protection of human health and
the environment, and to expedite property reuse.
Fences, posting or warning signs, and zoning and
deed restrictions are examples of institutional
controls.
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Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
IRIS is an electronic database that contains EPA's
latest descriptive and quantitative regulatory
information about chemical constituents. Files on
chemicals maintained in IRIS contain information
related to both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic
health effects.
Joint and Several Liability
Under CERCLA, joint and several liability is a
concept based on the theory that it may not be
possible to apportion responsibility for the harm
caused by hazardous waste equitably among
potentially responsible parties (PRP) from that
dependant. Joint liability means that more than one
defendant is liable to the plaintiff. Several liability
means that the plaintiff may choose to sue only one
of the defendants and recover the entire amount.
One PRP therefore can be held liable for the entire
cost of cleanup, regardless of the share of waste that
PRP contributed. Joint and several liability is used
only when harm is indivisible. If defendants can
apportion harm, there is no several liability. See also
Potentially Responsible Party and Strict Liability.
Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR)
LDRs is a RCRA program that restricts the land
disposal of RCRA hazardous wastes and requires
treatment to promulgated treatment standards. The
LDRs may be an important Applicable or Relevant
and Appropriate Requirement (ARAR) for
Superfund actions. See also Applicable or Relevant and
Appropriate Requirement and Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act.
Landfarming
Landfarming is the spreading and incorporation of
wastes into the soil to initiate biological treatment.
Landfill
A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site for
nonhazardous solid wastes at which the waste is
spread in layers compacted to the smallest practical
volume.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer
Laser-induced fluorescence/cone penetrometer is a
field screening method that couples a fiber optic-
based chemical sensor system to a cone penetrometer
mounted on a truck. The technology can be used for
investigating and assessing soil and water
contamination.
Leachate
A leachate is a contaminated liquid that results when
water collects contaminants as it trickles through
wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers.
Leaching may occur in farming areas and landfills
and may be a means of the entry of hazardous
substances into soil, surface water, or groundwater.
Lead
Lead is a heavy metal that is hazardous to health if
breathed or swallowed. Its use in gasoline, paints,
and plumbing compounds has been sharply
restricted or eliminated by Federal laws and
regulations. See also Heavy Metal.
Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
LUST is the acronym for "leaking underground
storage tank." See also Underground Storage Tank.
Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL)
An LNAPL is one of a group of organic substances
that are relatively insoluble in water and are less
dense than water. LNAPLs, such as oil, tend to
spread across the surface of the water table and form
a layer on top of the water table.
Magnetrometry
Magnetrometry is a geophysical technology used to
detect disruptions that metal objects cause in the
earth's localized magnetic field.
Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is an analytical process by which
molecules are broken into fragments to determine the
concentrations and mass/charge ratio of the
fragments. Innovative mass spectroscopy units,
developed through modification of large laboratory
instruments, are sometimes portable, weatherproof
units with self-contained power supplies.
Medium
A medium is a specific environment—air, water, or
soil-which is the subject of regulatory concern and
activities.
Mercury
Mercury is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the
environment and is highly toxic if breathed or
swallowed. Mercury is a highly toxic substance found
in thermometers, measuring devices, pharmaceutical
and agricultural chemicals, chemical manufacturing,
and electrical equipment. See also Heavy Metal.
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Mercury Vapor Analyzer
A mercury vapor analyzer is an instrument that
provides real-time measurements of concentrations
of mercury in the air.
Methane
Methane is a colorless, nonpoisonous, flammable gas
created by anaerobic decomposition of organic
compounds.
Migration Pathway
A migration pathway is a potential path or route of
contaminants from the source of contamination to
contact with human populations or the environment.
Migration pathways include air, surface water,
groundwater, and land surface. The existence and
identification of all potential migration pathways
must be considered during assessment and
characterization of a waste site.
Mixed Waste
Mixed waste is low-level radioactive waste
contaminated with hazardous waste that is regulated
under RCRA. Mixed waste can be disposed only in
compliance with the requirements under RCRA that
govern disposal of hazardous waste and with the
RCRA land disposal restrictions, which require that
waste be treated before it is disposed of in
appropriate landfills.
Monitoring Well
A monitoring well is a well drilled at a specific
location on or off a hazardous waste site at which
groundwater can be sampled at selected depths and
studied to determine the direction of groundwater
flow and the types and quantities of contaminants
present in the groundwater.
National Contingency Plan (NCP)
The NCP, formally the National Oil and Hazardous
Substances Contingency Plan, is the major regulatory
framework that guides the Superfund response
effort. The NCP is a comprehensive body of
regulations that outlines a step-by-step process for
implementing Superfund responses and defines the
roles and responsibilities of EPA, other Federal
agencies, states, private parties, and the communities
in response to situations in which hazardous
substances are released into the environment. See also
Superfund.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)
NPDES is the primary permitting program under the
Clean Water Act, which regulates all discharges to
surface water. It prohibits discharge of pollutants
into waters of the United States unless EPA, a state, or
a tribal government issues a special permit to do so.
National Priorities List (NPL)
The NPL is EPA's list of the most serious
uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites
identified for possible long-term remedial response
under Superfund. Inclusion of a site on the list is
based primarily on the score the site receives under
the HRS. Money from Superfund can be used for
cleanup only at sites that are on the NPL. EPA is
required to update the NPL at least once a year. See
also Hazard Ranking System and Superfund.
National Response Center (NRC)
The NRC, staffed by the U.S. Coast Guard, is a
communications center that receives reports of
discharges or releases of hazardous substances into
the environment. The U.S. Coast Guard in turn,
relays information about such releases to the
appropriate Federal agency.
Natural Attenuation
Natural attenuation is an approach to cleanup that
uses natural processes to contain the spread of
contamination from chemical spills and reduce the
concentrations and amounts of pollutants in
contaminated soil and groundwater. Natural
subsurface processes, such as dilution, volatilization,
biodegradation, adsorption, and chemical reactions
with subsurface materials, are allowed to reduce
concentrations of contaminants to acceptable levels.
An in situ treatment method that leaves the
contaminants in place while those processes occur,
natural attenuation is being used to clean up
petroleum contamination from leaking underground
storage tanks (LUST) across the country.
Nitric Oxide
Nitric oxide is a gas formed by combustion under
high temperature and high pressure in an internal
combustion engine.
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Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL)
NAPLs are organic substances that are relatively
insoluble in water and are less dense than water. See
also Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid and Light
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.
Non-Point Source
The term non-point source is used to identify sources
of pollution that are diffuse and do not have a point
of origin or that are not introduced into a receiving
stream from a specific outlet. Common non-point
sources are rain water, runoff from agricultural
lands, industrial sites, parking lots, and timber
operations, as well as escaping gases from pipes and
fittings.
Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
O&M refers to the activities conducted at a site,
following remedial actions, to ensure that the cleanup
methods are working properly. O&M activities are
conducted to maintain the effectiveness of the
remedy and to ensure that no new threat to human
health or the environment arises. The state or PRP
assumes responsibility for O&M, which may include
such activities as groundwater and air monitoring,
inspection and maintenance of the treatment
equipment remaining on site, and maintenance of
any security measures or institutional controls.
Organic Chemical or Compound
An organic chemical or compound is a substance
produced by animals or plants that contains mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Ozone
Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally which
provides a protective layer shielding the earth from
the harmful health effects on human health and the
environment from ultraviolet radiation. Ozone is a
chemical oxidant and a major component of smog in
the troposphere, the earth's atmospheric layer
extending 7 to 10 miles from the earth's surface.
Ozone can have a serious effect on the human
respiratory system and is one of the most prevalent
and widespread of all the criteria pollutants for
which the Clean Air Act required EPA to set
standards.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
PCP, a chemical compound containing carbon,
chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen, is a contaminant
used in feed stock material and chemical
manufacturing.
Permeability
Permeability is a characteristic that represents a
qualitative description of the relative ease with which
rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid (liquid or gas).
Pesticide
A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances
intended to prevent or mitigate infestation by, or
destroy or repel, any pest. Pesticides can accumulate
in the food chain and or contaminate the
environment if misused. See also Dioxin.
Phase I Environmental Audit
A Phase I environmental audit is an initial
environmental investigation that is limited to a
historical records search to determine ownership of a
site and to identify the kinds of chemical processes
that were carried out at the site. A Phase I audit
includes a site visit, but does not include any
sampling. If such an audit identifies no significant
concerns, Phase II and III audits are not necessary.
Phase II Environmental Audit
A Phase II environmental audit is an investigation
that includes tests performed at the site to confirm
the location and identity of environmental hazards.
The audit includes preparation of a report that
includes recommendations for cleanup alternatives.
Phase III Environmental Audit
A Phase III environmental audit is the third-step in
the audit that includes the removal of contaminated
materials from a site and their legal disposal.
Phenols
A phenol is one of a group of organic compounds
that are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning,
and textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. Low
concentrations of phenols cause taste and odor
problems in water; higher concentrations may be
harmful to human health or the environment.
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Photoionization Detector (FID)
A PID Is a nondestructive detector, often used in
conjunction with gas chromatography, that measures
the change of signal as analytes are ionized by an
ultraviolet lamp. The PID also is used to detect
VOCs and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable
Gas Chromatography.
Phytoremediation
Phy toremediation is an innovative treatment
technology that uses plants and trees to clean up
contaminated soil and water. Plants can break down,
or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize metal
contaminants by acting as filters or traps.
Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals,
pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil,
polyaromatic carbons, and landfill leachates. Its use
generally is limited to sites at which concentrations of
contaminants are relatively low and contamination is
found in shallow soils, streams, and groundwater.
Plasma High-Temperature Metals Recovery
Plasma high-temperature metals recovery is a
thermal treatment process that purges contaminants
from solids and soils such as metal fumes and
organic vapors. The vapors can be burned as fuel,
and the metal fumes can be recovered and recycled.
This innovative treatment technology is used to treat
contaminated soil and groundwater.
Plume
A plume is a visible or measurable emission or
discharge of a contaminant from a given point of
origin into any medium. The term also is used to
refer to measurable and potentially harmful radiation
leaking from a damaged reactor.
Point Source
A point source is a stationary location or fixed facility
from which pollutants are discharged or emitted or
any single, identifiable discharge point of pollution,
such as a pipe, ditch, or smokestack.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
PCBs are a group of toxic, persistent chemicals,
produced by chlorination of biphenyl, that once were
used in high voltage electrical transformers because
they conducted heat well while being fire resistant
and good electrical insulators. These contaminants
typically are generated from metal degreasing,
printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline, and wood
preserving processes. Further sale or use of PCBs
was banned in 1979.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
A PAH is a chemical compound that contains more
than one fused benzene ring. They are commonly
found in petroleum fuels, coal products, and tar.
Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)
A PRP is an individual or company (such as owners,
operators, transporters, or generators of hazardous
waste) that is potentially responsible for, or
contributing to, the contamination problems at a
Superfund site. Whenever possible, EPA requires
PRPs, through administrative and legal actions, to
clean up hazardous waste sites they have
contaminated. See also Superfund.
Preliminary Assessment and Site Investigation (PA/SI)
A preliminary assessment (PA) is the process of
collecting and reviewing available information about
a known or suspected hazardous waste site or
release. The PA usually includes a visit to the site.
Presumptive Remedies
Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for
common categories of CERCLA sites that have been
identified through historical patterns of remedy
selection and EPA's scientific and engineering
evaluation of performance data on technology
implementation.
Pump and Treat
Pump and treat is a general term used to describe
remediation methods that involve the pumping of
groundwater to the surface for treatment. It is one of
the most common methods of treating polluted
aquifers and groundwater.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)
QA/QC is a system of procedures, checks, audits,
and corrective actions applied to ensure that all EPA
research design and performance, environmental
monitoring and sampling, and other technical and
reporting activities are of the highest achievable
quality.
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Radioactive Waste
Radioactive waste is any waste that emits energy as
rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles.
Sources of such wastes include nuclear reactors,
research institutions, and hospitals.
Radionuclide
A radionuclide is a radioactive element characterized
according to its atomic mass and atomic number,
which can be artificial or naturally occurring.
Radionuclides have a long life as soil or water
pollutants. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or
degraded; therefore, applicable technologies involve
separation, concentration and volume reduction,
immobilization, or vitrification. See also Solidification
and Stabilization.
Radon
Radon is a colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive,
inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of
radium atoms. See also Radioactive Waste and
Radionuclide.
RCRA Facility Assessment (RFA)
A RFA is performed at a facility to determine the
existence of any continuous or non-continuous
releases of wastes. During the RFA, EPA or state
regulators gather information on solid waste
management units and other areas of concern at
RCRA facilities, evaluate this information to
determine whether there are releases that warrant
further investigation and action, and determine the
need to proceed to a RCRA Facility Investigation. See
also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI)
The purpose of a RFI is to gather sufficient data at a
facility to fully characterize the nature, extent, and
rate of migration of contaminant releases identified
in the RCRA Facility Assessment. The data
generated during the RFI is used to determine the
potential need for corrective measures and to aid in
the selection and implementation of these measures.
See also Corrective Measure Study and Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act.
Reactivity
Reactive wastes are unstable under normal
conditions. They can create explosions and or toxic
fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with water.
Record of Decision (ROD)
A record of decision (ROD) is a legal, technical, and
public document that explains which cleanup
alternative will be used at a site. The ROD is based
on information and technical analysis generated
during the remedial investigation and feasibility
study (RI/FS) and consideration of public comments
and community concerns. See also Preliminary
Assessment and Site Investigation and Remedial
Investigation and Feasibility Study.
Release
A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,
emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, leaching,
dumping, or disposing into the environment of a
hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous
substance, as defined under RCRA. See also Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act.
Remedial Design and Remedial Action (RD/RA)
The RD/RA is the step in the cleanup process that
follows the remedial investigation and feasibility
study (RI/FS) and selection of a remedy. A remedial
design (RD) is the preparation of engineering plans
and specifications to properly and effectively
implement the remedy. The remedial action (RA) is
the actual construction or implementation of the
remedy. See also Remedial Investigation and Feasibility
Study.
Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study (RI/FS)
The RI/FS is the step in the cleanup process that is
conducted to gather sufficient information to support
the selection of a site remedy that will reduce or
eliminate the risks associated with contamination at
the site. The remedial investigation (RI) involves site
characterization - collection of data and information
necessary to characterize the nature and extent of
contamination at the site. The RI also determines
whether the contamination presents a significant risk
to human health or the environment. The feasibility
study (FS) focuses on the development of specific
response alternatives for addressing contamination at
a site.
Removal Action
A removal action usually is a short-term effort
designed to stabilize or clean up a hazardous waste
site that poses an immediate threat to human health
or the environment. Removal actions include
removing tanks or drums of hazardous substances
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that were found on the surface and installing
drainage controls or security measures, such as a
fence at the site. Removal actions also may be
conducted to respond to accidental releases of
hazardous substances. CERCLA places time and
money constraints on the duration of removal actions.
See also Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act.
Reportable Quantify (RQ)
The RQ is the quantity of hazardous substances that,
when released into the environment, can cause
substantial endangerment to public health or the
environment. Under CERCLA, the Federal
government must be notified when quantities
equaling or exceeding RQs specified in regulations
are released.
Resin
Resins are solids or semi-solids of plant origin used
principally in lacquers, varnishes, inks, adhesives,
synthetic plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA is a Federal law enacted in 1976 that
established a regulatory system to track hazardous
substances from their generation to their disposal.
The law requires the use of safe and secure
procedures in treating, transporting, storing, and
disposing of hazardous substances. RCRA is
designed to prevent the creation of new, uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites.
Response Action
A response action is a short-term removal action or a
long-term remedial response, authorized under
CERCLA that is taken at a site to address releases of
hazardous substances.
Risk Communication
Risk communication, the exchange of information
about health or environmental risks among risk
assessors, risk managers, the local community, news
media and interest groups, is the process of
informing members of the local community about
environmental risks associated with a site and the
steps that are being taken to manage those risks.
Sanborn Map
A Sanborn map is a record kept for insurance
purposes that shows, for a specific property, the
locations of such items as underground storage tanks
(UST), buildings, and areas where chemicals have
been used for certain industrial processes. A Phase I
environmental audit includes a review of Sanborn
maps. See also Phase I Environmental Audit.
Saturated Zone
The saturated zone is the area beneath the surface of
the land in which all openings are filled with water at
greater than atmospheric pressure.
Seismic Reflection and Refraction
Seismic reflection and refraction is a technology used
to examine the geophysical features of soil and
bedrock, such as debris, buried channels, and other
features.
Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)
SVOCs, composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen
atoms, have boiling points greater than 200°C.
Common SVOCs include PCPs and phenol. See also
Phenol and Polychlorinated Eiphenyl.
Sludge
Sludge is a semisolid residue from air or water
treatment processes. Residues from treatment of
metal wastes and the mixture of waste and soil at the
bottom of a waste lagoon are examples of sludge,
which can be a hazardous waste.
Slurry-Phase Bioremediation
Slurry-phase bioremediation, a treatment technology
that can be used alone or in conjunction with other
biological, chemical, and physical treatments, is a
process through which organic contaminants are
converted to innocuous compounds. Slurry-phase
bioremediation can be effective in treating various
SVOCs and nonvolatile organic compounds, as well as
fuels, creosote, pentachlorophenols (PCP), and PCBs.
Soil Boring
Soil boring is a process by which a soil sample is
extracted from the ground for chemical, biological,
and analytical testing to determine the level of
contamination present.
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Soil Gas
Soil gas consists of gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between particles of the
earth and soil. Such gases can move through or leave
the soil or rock, depending on changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
SVE, the most frequently selected innovative
treatment at Superfund sites, is a process that
physically separates contaminants from soil in a
vapor form by exerting a vacuum through the soil
formation. Soil vapor extraction removes VOCs and
some SVOCs from soil beneath the ground surface.
Soil Washing
Soil washing is an innovative treatment technology
that uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined
with chemical additives) and a mechanical process to
scrub soils, removes hazardous contaminants, and
concentrates the contaminants into a smaller volume.
The technology is used to treat a wide range of
contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils, and
pesticides. Soil washing is a relatively low-cost
alternative for separating waste and minimizing
volume as necessary to facilitate subsequent
treatment. It is often used in combination with other
treatment technologies. The technology can be
brought to the site, thereby eliminating the need to
transport hazardous wastes.
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and stabilization are the processes of
removing wastewater from a waste or changing it
chemically to make the waste less permeable and
susceptible to transport by water. Solidification and
stabilization technologies can immobilize many
heavy metals, certain radionuclides, and selected
organic compounds, while decreasing the surface
area and permeability of many types of sludge,
contaminated soils, and solid wastes.
Solvent
A solvent is a substance, usually liquid, that is
capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other
substances.
Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is an innovative treatment
technology that uses a solvent to separate or remove
hazardous organic contaminants from oily-type
wastes, soils, sludges, and sediments. The
technology does not destroy contaminants, but
concentrates them so they can be recycled or
destroyed more easily by another technology.
Solvent extraction has been shown to be effective in
treating sediments, sludges, and soils that contain
primarily organic contaminants, such as PCBs, VOCs,
halogenated organic compounds, and petroleum
wastes. Such contaminants typically are generated
from metal degreasing, printed circuit board
cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving processes.
Solvent extraction is a transportable technology that
can be brought to the site. See also Halogenated
Organic Compound, Polychlorinated Biphenyl, and
Volatile Organic Compound.
Strict Liability
Strict liability is a concept under CERCLA that
empowers the Federal government to hold PRPs
liable without proving that the PRPs were at fault
and without regard to a PRP's motive. PRPs can be
found liable even if the problems caused by the
release of a hazardous substance were unforeseeable,
the PRPs acted in good faith, and state-of-the-art
hazardous waste management practices were used at
the time the materials were disposed of. See also
Potentially Responsible Party.
Surfactant Flushing
Surfactant flushing is an innovative treatment
technology used to treat contaminated groundwater.
Surfactant flushing of NAPLs increases the solubility
and mobility of the contaminants in water so that the
NAPLs can be biodegraded more easily in an aquifer
or recovered for treatment aboveground. See also
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.
Surface Water
Surface water is all water naturally open to the
atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams,
and seas.
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Superfund
Superfund is the trust fund that provides for the
cleanup of hazardous substances released into the
environment regardless of fault. The Superfund was
established under CERCLA and subsequent
amendments to CERCLA. The term Superfund also
is used to refer to cleanup programs designed and
conducted under CERCLA and its subsequent
amendments. See also Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act
(SARA)
SARA is the 1986 act amending CERCLA that
increased the size of the Superfund trust fund and
established a preference for the development and use
of permanent remedies, and provided new
enforcement and settlement tools. See also
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program
The SITE program is an effort established by EPA in
1986 to advance the development, evaluation, and
commercialization of innovative treatment
technologies for assessing and cleaning up hazardous
waste sites. The program provides an opportunity
for technology developers to demonstrate their
technologies' ability to successfully process and
remediate hazardous waste. The SITE program has
four components—the Emerging Technology
Program, the Demonstration Program, the
Monitoring and Measurement Technologies
Program, and the Technology Transfer Program.
Thermal Desorption
Thermal desorption is an innovative treatment
technology that heats soils contaminated with
hazardous wastes to temperatures from 200 to
1,000'F so that contaminants that have low boiling
points will vaporize and separate from the soil. The
vaporized contaminants then are collected for further
treatment or destruction, typically by an air
emissions treatment system. The technology is most
effective at treating VOCs, SVOCs and other organic
contaminants, such as PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides. It
is effective in separating organics from refining
wastes, coal tar wastes, waste from wood treatment,
and paint wastes. It also can separate solvents,
pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and fuel oils from
contaminated soil. See also Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon,
Polychlorinated Biphenyl, Semivolatile Organic
Compound, and Volatile Organic Compound.
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH)
TPH refers to a measure of concentration or mass of
petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a
given amount of air, soil, or water.
Toxicity
Toxicity is a quantification of the degree of danger
posed by a substance to animal or plant life.
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
The TCLP is a testing procedure used to identify the
toxicity of wastes and is the most commonly used test
for degree of mobilization offered by a solidification
and stabilization process. Under this procedure, a
waste is subjected to a process designed to model the
leaching effects that would occur if the waste was
disposed of in a RCRA Subtitle D municipal landfill.
See also Solidification and Stabilization.
Toxic Substance
A toxic substance is a chemical or mixture that may
present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the
environment.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
TSCA was enacted in 1976 to test, regulate, and
screen all chemicals produced or imported into the
U.S. TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches
the consumer marketplace be tested for possible toxic
effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any
existing chemical that poses health and
environmental hazards is tracked and reported under
TSCA.
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility (TSD)
TSDs are sites at which hazardous substances are
treated, stored, or disposed. TSD facilities are
regulated by EPA and states under RCRA. See also
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Treatment Wall (also Passive Treatment Wall)
A treatment wall is a structure installed underground
to treat contaminated groundwater found at
hazardous waste sites. Treatment walls, also called
passive treatment walls, are put in place by
constructing a giant trench across the flow path of
contaminated groundwater and filling the trench
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with one of a variety of materials carefully selected
for the ability to clean up specific types of
contaminants. As the contaminated groundwater
passes through the treatment wall, the contaminants
are trapped by the treatment wall or transformed into
harmless substances that flow out of the wall. The
major advantage of using treatment walls is that they
are passive systems that treat the contaminants in
place so the property can be put to productive use
while it is being cleaned up. Treatment walls are
useful at some sites contaminated with chlorinated
solvents, metals, or radioactive contaminants.
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
TCE is a stable, low-boiling colorless liquid that is
used as a solvent, metal degreasing agent, and in
other industrial applications.
Underground Storage Tank (UST)
A UST is a tank located entirely or partially
underground that is designed to hold gasoline or
other petroleum products or chemical solutions.
Unsaturated Zone
The unsaturated zone is the area between the land
surface and the uppermost aquifer (or saturated
zone). The soils in an unsaturated zone may contain
air and water.
Vadose Zone
The vadose zone is the area, between the surface of
the land and the equifer water table in which the
moisture content is less than the saturation point and
the pressure is less than atmospheric. The openings
(pore spaces) also typically contain air or other gases.
Vapor
Vapor is the gaseous phase of any substance that is
liquid or solid at atmospheric temperatures and
pressures. Steam is an example of a vapor.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
A VOC is one of a group of carbon-containing
compounds that evaporate readily at room
temperature. Examples of volatile organic
compounds include trichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylene (BTEX). These contaminants typically are
generated from metal degreasing, printed circuit
board cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving
processes.
Volatilization
Volatilization is the process of transfer of a chemical
from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase.
Solubility, molecular weight, and vapor pressure of
the liquid and the nature of the gas-liquid affect the
rate of volatilization.
Voltammetric Stripping
Voltammetric stripping is a field-portable technology
that uses electrochemistry to detect and quantify
metals in environmental samples. Specific metals can
be targeted for detection and quantification by the
technology, which generally is applied to water
samples.
Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP)
A VCP is a formal means established by many states
to facilitate assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment
of Brownfields sites. VCPs typically address the
identification and cleanup of potentially
contaminated sites that are not on the NPL. Under
VCPs, owners or developers of a site are encouraged
to approach the state voluntarily to work out a
process by which the site can be readied for
development. Many state VCPs provide technical
assistance, liability assurances, and funding support
for such efforts. See also National Priorities List.
Wastewater
Wastewater is spent or used water from an
individual home, a community, a farm, or an
industry that contains dissolved or suspended
matter.
Water Table
A water table is the boundary between the saturated
and unsaturated zones beneath the surface of the
earth, the level of groundwater, and generally is the
level to which water will rise in a well. See also
Aquifer and Groundwater.
X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
An x-ray fluorescence analyzer is a self-contained,
field-portable instrument, consisting of an energy
dispersive x-ray source, a detector, and a data
processing system that detects and quantifies
individual metals or groups of metals.
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Appendix D
LIST OF BROWNFIELDS
AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS
The lists included in this appendix identify contacts at the state and EPA regional levels, as well as EPA
technical support staff in the Technology Innovation Office and the Office of Research and Development
The individuals are available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts at Brownfields sites
State Brownfields Contacts
EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinators i>6
EPA Technical Support
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STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS
ALABAMA
Daniel Cooper
Site Mitigation Branch
AL Department of Environmental
Management
P.O. Box 301463
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
Phone: (334) 271-7711
Fax: (334) 271-7950
ALASKA
Anne Marie Gillespie
AK Department of Environmental
Conservation
410 Willoughby Avenue
Juneau,AK 99801
Phone: (907) 465-5287
Fax: (907) 465-5262
ARIZONA .
TimSteele
AZ Department of Environmental
Quality
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85012
Phone: (602) 207-4224
Fax: (602) 207-4236
ARKANSAS .
Jean Koeninger
Hazardous Waste Division
AR Department of Pollution Control
and Ecology
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Phone: (501) 682-0854
Fax: (501) 682-0565
CALIFORNIA __
Barbara Coler
Site Mitigation Program
Department of Toxic Substances
Control
CA Environmental Protection Agency
700 Heinz Avenue, #200
Berkeley, CA 94710-2737
Phone: (510) 540-3827
Fax: (510) 540-3819
COLORADO
GEORGIA
Daniel Scepters
Hazardous Waste Materials and
Waste Management Division
CO Department of Public Health and
Environment
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
Phone: (303) 692-3398
Fax: (303) 759-5355
CONNECTICUT
Elsie Patton
Remediation Division
Bureau of Waste Management
CT Department of Environmental
Protection
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106
Phone: (203) 424-3762
Fax: (203) 424-4057
DELAWARE
Karl Kalbacher
Air and Waste Management Division
DE Department of Natural Resources
and Environmental Control
715 Grantham Lane
New Castle, DE 19720-4801
Phone: (302) 323-4540
Fax: (302) 323-4561
FLORIDA ___
Joseph McGarrity
Division of Waste Management
Bureau of Waste Cleanup
FL Department of Environmental
Protection
2600 Blair Stone Road
Mailstation #4500
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Phone: (904) 488-3935
Fax: (904) 922-4368
Jennifer Kaduck
Hazardous Waste Management
Branch
Environmental Protection Division
GA Department of Natural Resources
205 Butler Street, SE
Suite 1154, East Tower
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone: (404) 656-7802
Fax: (404) 651-9425
HAWAII .
Steven Armann
Hazardous Evaluation and
Emergency Response Office
Environmental Management Division
HI Department of Health
919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 206
Honolulu, HI 96814
Phone: (808) 586-4250
Fax: (808) 586-7537
IDAHO
Dean Nygard
Community Services Branch
Division of Environmental Quality
ID Department of Health and Welfare
1410 N. Hilton Street
Boise, ID 83706
Phone: (208) 373-0502
Fax: (208) 373-0576
ILLINOIS -
Larry Eastap •
Bureau of Land
IL Environmental Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Rd.
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
Phone: (217) 782-9802
Fax: (217) 782-3258
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELOS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
INDIANA
MAINE
Carla Gill
Project Management Branch
Office of Environmental Response
IN Department of Environmental
Management
P.O. Box 6015
100 North Senate Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
Phone: (317) 308-3123
Fax: (317) 308-3123
IOWA
Allan Stokes
Environmental Protection Division
IA Department of Natural Resources
900 E. Grand Avenue
Henry A. Wallace Building
Des Moines, IA 50319-0034
Phone: (515) 281-6284
Fax: (515) 281-8895
KANSAS
Larry Knoche
Division of Environment
Bureau of Environmental
Remediation
KS Department of Health and
Environment
Forbes Field, Building 283
Topeka, KS 66620
Phone: (913) 296-1662
Fax: (913) 296-1686
KENTUCKY
Jeffrey Pratt
Division of Waste Management
KY Department of Environmental
Protection
Frankfort Office Park
14 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
Phone: (502) 564-6716
Fax: (502) 564-2705
LOUISIANA
John Halk
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Solid and Hazardous Waste
P.O. Box 82178
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178
Phone: (304) 765-0487
Fax: (304) 765-0484
MISSISSIPPI
Nicholas Hodgkins
ME Department of Environmental
Protection
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
Phone: (207) 287-2651
Fax: (207) 287-7826
MARYLAND
Bob DeMarco
Environmental Response and
Restoration Program
Waste Management Administration
MD Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
Phone: (410) 631-3437
Fax: (410) 631-3472
MASSACHUSETTS
Sarah Weinstein
Policy and Program Development
Division
Bureau of Waste Site Cleanup
MA Department of Environmental
Protection
1 Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
Phone: (617) 292-5820
Fax: (617) 556-1049
MICHIGAN
Claudia Kerbawy
Act 307 Section
Environmental Response Division
MI Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
Phone: (517) 335-3397
Fax: (517) 373-9657
MINNESOTA
Deb DeLuca
Ground Water and Solid Waste
Division
MN Office of Environmental
Assistance
520 Lafayette Rd. North, 2nd Fl.
Saint Paul, MN 55155-4100
Phone: (612) 296-0892
Fax: (612) 296-9707
Jerry Banks
Hazardous Waste Division
Office of Pollution Control
MS Department of Environmental
Quality
2380 Highway 80 West
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289
Phone: (601) 961-5171 x5221
Fax: (601) 961-5741
MISSOURI __
Jim Belcher
Voluntary Cleanup Section
Division of Environmental Quality
Hazardous Waste Management
Program
MO Department of Natural Resources
205 Jefferson Street
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
Phone: (573) 751-3176
Fax: (573) 526-8922
MONTANA
Carol Fox
State CERCLA Program
Environmental Remediation Division
MT Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
Phone: (406) 444-1420
Fax: (406) 444-1901
NEBRASKA
JeffKelley
Air and Waste Management Division
ME Department of Environmental
Quality
1200 North Street, Suite 400
Lincoln, NE 68508
Phone: (402) 471-3388
Fax: (402) 471-2909
NEVADA
Robert Kelso
Remediation Branch
NV Department of Environmental
Protection
333 West Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89706-866
Phone: (702) 687-4670 x3020
Fax: (702) 687-6396
D-3
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ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Gary Lynn
Hazardous Waste Sites
Waste Management Division
NH Department of Environmental
Services
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6509
Phone: (603) 271-6778
Fax: (603) 271-6778
Mike Wimsatt
Hazardous Waste Sites
Waste Management Division
NH Department of Environmental
Services
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6509
Phone: (603) 271-2456
Fax: (603) 271-6778
NEWTERSEY
Ron Corcory
Site Remediation Program
Division of Responsible Party Site
Remediation
NJ Department of Environmental
Protection
401 E. State Street, CN 028
Trenton, NJ 08625
Phone: (609) 633-1480
Fax: (609) 633-1454
NEW MEXICO
Susan Morris
Superfund Oversight Section/
GWOB/NMED
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe,NE 87502
Phone: (505) 827-2890
Fax: (505) 827-2965
NEW YORK
Christine Costopoulos
Division of Environmental
Remediation
NY Department of Environmental
Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 260B
Albany, NY 12233-7010
Phone: (518) 457-5861
Fax: (518) 485-8404
NORTH CAROLINA
PENNSYLVANIA
Grover Nicholson
Superfund Section
Division of Solid Waste Management
NC Department of Environmental,
Health and Natural Resources
P.O. Box 29603
Raleigh, NC 27611-9603
Phone: (919)733-2801 x291
Fax: (919) 733-4811
NORTH DAKOTA
Neil Knatterud
Division of Waste Management
ND Department of Health
1200 Missouri Avenue, #302
P.O. Box 5520
Bismark, ND 58502-5520
Phone: (701) 328-5166
Fax: (701) 328-5200
OHIO
Jenifer Kwasniewski
Voluntary Action Program
Division of Emergency and Remedial
Response
OH Environmental Protection Agency
1800 Watermark Drive
Columbus, OH 43215-1099
Phone: (614) 644-2924
Fax: (614) 728-1791
OKLAHOMA
Catherine Sharp
Waste Management Division
OK Department of Environmental
Quality
1000 NE 10lh Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
Phone: (405) 271-5338
Fax: (405) 328-5200
OREGON .
Mike Rosen
Voluntary Cleanup Section
Waste Management and Cleanup
Division
OR Department of Environmental
Quality
2020 SW 4th Avenue, #400
Portland, OR 97204-1390
Phone: (503) 229-6712
Fax: (503) 229-6899
Tom Fidler
Land Recycling and Cleanup Program
Rachel Carson State Office Building
P.O. Box 8471
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8471
Phone: (717) 783-7816
Fax: (717) 787-0884
RHODE ISLAND
Terrence Gray
Division of Site Remediation
RI Department of Environmental
Management
291 Promenade Street
Providence, RI 02905
Phone: (401) 277-3872 x7100
Fax: (401) 277-2017
SOUTH CAROLINA .
Gail Rawls Jeter
Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management
SC Department of Health and
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: (803) 896-4069
Fax: (803) 896-4292
Julie E. Fridell
Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management
SC Department of Health and
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: (803) 896-4082
Fax: (803) 896-4292
SOUTH DAKOTA
Lee Baron
Division of Environmental Services
SD Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
523 East Capitol, Foss Building
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
Phone: (605) 773-3296
Fax: (605) 773-6035
D-4
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR bROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
TENNESSEE
Andrew Shivas
Voluntary Cleanup Program
Division of Superfund
TN Department of Environment and
Conservation
401 Church Street
LandC Annex, 15th Fl.
Nashville, TN 37243-1538
Phone: (615) 532-0912
Fax: (615) 532-0938
TEXAS
Chuck Epperson
Voluntary Cleanup Program
Pollution Cleanup Division
TX Natural Resource Conservation
Commission
P.O. Box 13087 - MC221
Austin, TX 78711
Phone: (512) 239-2498
Fax: (512) 239-2449
UTAH
Tom Daniels
Division of Solid and Hazardous
Waste
Department of Environmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
P.O. Box 144880
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4880
Phone: (801) 536-4090
Fax: (801) 536-4242
VERMONT
George Desch
Sites Management Section
Hazardous Materials Management
VT Department of Environmental
Conservation
103 S. Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05676
Phone: (802) 241-3491
Fax: (802) 244-1102
VIRGINIA
Erica Dameron
Office of Superfund and Federal
Facilities
VA Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 10009
629 E. Main Street, 10th Floor
Richmond, VA 23219
Phone: (804) 762-4201
Fax: (804) 762-4262
WASHINGTON
Carol Kraege
Headquarters Section - Policy and
Technical Support
Waste Management Programs - Toxics
Cleanup
WA Department of Ecology
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
Phone: (360) 407-7175
Fax: (360) 407-7154
WEST VIRGINIA
Pamela Hayes
Site Investigation and Response
Section
Division of Environmental Protection
Office of Waste Management
WV Bureau of Environment
1356 Hansford Street
Charleston, WV 25301
Phone: (304) 558-2745
Fax: (304) 558-0256
WISCONSIN
Darsi Foss
Division of Air and Waste
Management
Bureau for Remediation and
Redevelopment
WI Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
Phone: (608) 267-7562
Fax: (608) 267-2768
Mark Giesfeldt
Division of Air and Waste
Management
Bureau for Remediation and
Redevelopment
WI Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
Phone: (608) 267-6713
Fax: (608) 267-2768
WYOMING
David Finley
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
WY Department of Environmental
Quality
122 West, 25lh Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: (307) 777-7752
Fax: (307) 777-5973
D-5
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA REGIONAL BROWNFIELDS COORDINATORS
REGION 1
REGION 5
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rltode Island, Vermont
John Podgurski
U.S.EPA
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
One Congress Street
Boston, MA 02203
Phone: (617) 573-9681
Fax: (617) 573-9662
REGION 2
New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands
Larry D'Andrea
U.S.EPA
290 Broadway
18* Floor
New York, NY 10007
Phone: (212) 637-4314
Fax: (212) 637-4360
REGIONS
Dclamre, Washington, D.C., Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia
Tom Stolle
US, EPA
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Phone: (215) 566-3121
Fax: (215) 566-3001
REGION 4
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee
Barbara Dick
U.S. EPA
Atlanta Federal Center
100 Alabama Street, SW
Atlanta, GA 30303
Phone: (404) 562-8923
Fax: (404) 562-8896
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Wisconsin
Mary Beth Tuohy
U.S. EPA
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604-3507
Phone: (312) 886-7596
Fax: (312) 886-2737
REGION 6
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, Texas
Stan Hitt
U.S. EPA
First Interstate Bank Tower at
Fountain Place
1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Phone: (214) 665-6736
Fax: (214) 665-6660
REGION 7
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Susan Klein
U.S. EPA
720 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101-2728
Phone: (913) 551-7786
Fax: (913) 551-7063
REGION 8
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South
Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
David Ostrander
U.S. EPA
999 18th Street, Suite 500 (EPR)
Denver, CO 80202-2405
Phone: (303) 312-6931
Fax: (303) 312-6071
REGION 9
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
America Samoa, Guam
Jim Hanson
U.S. EPA
75 Hawthorne Street, H-l
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415) 744-2237
Fax: (415) 744-2180
REGION 10
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
Lori Cohen
U.S. EPA
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
Phone: (206) 553-6523
Fax: (206) 553-0124
EPA HEADQUARTERS
Katherine Dawes
Outreach and Special Projects Staff
Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC5101)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (202) 260-8394
Fax: (202) 260-6606
D-6
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MAP TO UNDERSTAMDIHG INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR SROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA TECHNICAL SUPPORT
GENERAL INFORMATION:
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION OFFICE
CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES
John Kingscott
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-7189
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: kingscott.john@epamail.epa.gov
ELECTRONIC INFORMATTDM
Gary Turner
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-9902
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: tiirner.gary@epamail.epa.gov
GROUNDWATER INFORMATION
Richard Steimle
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-7195
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: steimle.richard@epamail.epa.gov
REGULATORY INFORMATION
Jim Cummings
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-7197
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: cummings.james@epamail.epa.gov
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
AND MONITORING
Daniel Powell
U.S. EPA
Technology Innovation Office
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703) 603-7196
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: powell.dan@epamail.epa.gov
SPECIFIC TECHNICAL SUPPORT:
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES
Ed Earth
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory (NRMRL)
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Phone: (513) 569-7669
Fax: (513) 569-7676
E-mail: barth.ed@epamail.epa.gov
Joan Colson
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory (NRMRL)
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Phone: (513) 569-7501
Fax: (513) 569-7676
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
TECHNOLOGIES
Eric Koglin
National Exposure Research
Laboratory (NERL)
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NE 89193-3478
Phone: (702) 798-2432
Fax: (702) 798-2261
E-mail: koglin.eric@epamail.epa.gov
D-7
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ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
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D-8
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APPENDIX E
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING JNNOVATiVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BBOWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Appendix E
Publications beginning with EPA number 540,542, 600,625, or 630 may be available through the Center
for Environmental Research Information (CERI). The documents are available free-of-charge but
supplies may be limited. Documents that are not in stock at CERI may be available through the National
Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI) or may be purchased from the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS). Before you purchase documents, you may wish to contact a
technical librarian to determine whether the document you need is available at no charge Be sure to
include the EPA document number with all orders.
Publications beginning with EPA number 510,540, 542,600, or 630 may be available through NCEPI
Single copies are available free-of-charge while supplies last. Documents that are out of stock must be
ordered from NTIS. Be sure to include the EPA document number with all orders.
Publications beginning with PB numbers or directives (for parties outside EPA) issued by EPA's Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) can be purchased from NTIS. Be sure to include the
EPA document number with all orders.
Publications of the WASTECH partnership may be ordered by contacting the American Academy of
Environmental Engineers at 410-266-3390.
EPA staff or members of the public who have difficulty finding a document can caU the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)/Underground Storage Tank (UST), Superfund, and Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline at 1-800-424-9346 for all nongovernment
locations outside the Washington, DC Metropolitan local calling area, or 703-412-9810 for all locations in
the Washington, DC metropolitan local calling area. The hotline operates daily Monday through Friday
9:00 a.m. through 6:00 p.m., eastern standard time. Hotline staff can help callers locate documents and
assist them in placing orders. Government employees may order many of the documents that have EPA
publication numbers free of charge from NCEPI.
The addresses and telephone and facsimile numbers for the services are listed below:
CERI Center for Environmental Research
Information
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Telephone: (513) 569-7562
Fax: (513) 569-7566
NCEPI National Center for Environmental
Publications and Information
U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Telephone: (513) 489-8190
Fax: (513) 489-8695
NTIS
National Technical Information
Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: (703) 487-4650
Fax: (703) 321-8547
Internet E-mail: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
E-1
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
This page intentionally left blank.
E-2
•U.S. Government Printing Office: 1997 - 519-410/90022
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CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INFORMATIOI
ORDER FORM
Publications beginning with EPA number 540, 542, 600, 625 or 630 may be available through the
Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI). The documents are available free of
charge, but supplies may be limited.
Mail to: Center for Environmental Research Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45628
(513)569-7562
Fax to: (513)569-7566
Document No.
Document Title
Quantity
Customer Information
Name
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Street Address
City
State
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-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
Place
Stamp
Here
Center for Environmental Research Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45628
FOLD HERE
-------
FOR
AND
IER
Publications beginning with EPA number 510, 540, 542, 600, 625 or 630 may be available through
the National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI). Single copies are
available free of charge while supplies last.
Mail to:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
(513) 489-8190
Fax to: (513)489-8695
Document No.
Document Title
Quantity
Customer Information
State
Zip Code
Telephone Number
-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
Place
Stamp
Here
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45252
FOLD HERE
-------
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION
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