United States
  Environmental Protection
  Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA 542-B-97-002
 Road       to Understanding Innovative
 Technology Options for Brownfields
 Investigation and Cleanup
            Internet Address (URL) • http://www.epa.gov


Recycled/Recyclable -Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Recycled Paper (20% Postconsumer)

-------

-------
Road Map to Understanding Innovative
 Technology Options for Brownfields
       Investigation and Cleanup
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
     Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
           Technology Innovation Office
             Washington, DC 20460

-------
 ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                NOTICE



This documenthas been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) under Contract 68-W5-0055 to PRC Environmental Management, Inc. The document
was subjected to the Agency's administrative and expert review and was approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

-------
  ROAD MAP TO WDEBSrAMMMG JMNOVATiVE TECHNOLOGY OPTiONS FOR BROWNFIELOS INVESTIGATION! AND CLEANUP
The Technology Innovation Office (TTO) would like to acknowledge and thank the individuals who
reviewed and provided comments on draft documents. The reviewers included representatives of
business, community and grassroots organizations, EPA Headquarters and regional offices, local
government and city planning offices, and professional associations representing local and state
                                                                                       III

-------
       ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                    This page intentionally left blank.
IV

-------
   BDAD MAP JO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CL
EANUP
                            CONTENTS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
                    	Hi



 BACKGROUND	




 INTRODUCTION	
                                           	3



 ROAD MAP	




 SITE ASSESSMENT	
                             	,	 g




 SITE INVESTIGATION	
                                    	*	  IO



 CLEANUP OPTIONS	




 CLEANUP DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION                                           oc
                                 	25



OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS	
                                        	•	£.\3






APPENDICES





   GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS FOUND AT TYPICAL BROWNFIELDS SITES	A-1




   REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES SCREENING MATRIX	  ^




   LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS	    c.1




   LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS	 D_1




   HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS	                    E 1

-------
        ROAD HAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                    This page intentionally left blank.
vi

-------
BOAP MAP TO UmBtSTWm INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTiGATiON AND CLEANUP
                                               "S' Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
                                         has defined Brownfields sites as "abandoned, idled,
                                         or under-used industrial and commercial facilities
                                         where expansion or redevelopment is complicated
                                         by real or perceived environmental contamination."
                                         EPA established its Brownfields Economic
                                                   Redevelopment Initiative to empower
                                                   states, communities, and other
                                                   stakeholders involved in economic
                                                   revitalization to work together to
                                                   accomplish the redevelopment of such
                                                   sites. Many states and local jurisdictions
                                                   also help business and communities
                                                   adapt environmental cleanup programs
                                                   to the special needs of Brownfields sites.
                                                  Preparing Brownfields sites for
                                                  productive reuse requires the integration
                                                  of many elements—financial issues,
                                                  community involvement, liability
                                                  considerations, environmental assessment
                                                  and cleanup, regulatory requirements,
                                                  and more—as well as coordination
                                                  among many groups of stakeholders. The
                                                  assessment and cleanup of a site must be
                                                  carried out in a way that integrates all
                                                  those factors into the overall
                                                  redevelopment process. In addition, the
                                                  cleanup strategy will vary from site to
                                                  site. At some sites, cleanup will be
                                                  completed before the property is
                                                  transferred to new owners. At other sites,
                                                  cleanup may take place simultaneously
                                        with construction and redevelopment activities.
                                        Regardless of when and how cleanup is
                                        accomplished, the challenge to any Brownfields
                                        program is to clean up sites quickly and redevelop
                                        the land in ways that benefit communities and local
                                        economies.

                                        Numerous technology options are available to assist
                                        those involved in Brownfields cleanup. EPA's
                                        Technology Innovation Office (TIO) encourages the
                                        use of innovative and cost-effective technologies to
                                        characterize and dean up contaminated sites.
                                        Innovative technologies for evaluating the nature
                                        and extent of contamination and for addressing the
                                        cleanup of Brownfields sites hold promise for
                                        reducing the cost of cleanup and accelerating the
                                       cleanup schedule—potentially producing significant
                                       benefits to Brownfields stakeholders by reducing
                                       barriers to redevelopment that add to costs, or time
                                       schedules, or create uncertainties. When such

-------
          ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
factors as lower cost, increased environmental
protection, and improved effectiveness are
considered, innovative technologies frequently are
more cost-effective and provide better and more
efficient cleanup than established treatment
technologies. Often, they also are more acceptable to
communities.

Innovative does not mean unproven.  EPA defines an
innovative technology as one that has been used in
the field but that is not yet considered routinely for
use. In addition, cost and performance data on the
technologies maybe insufficient to encourage
managers of cleanup projects to select those
technologies over established methods. Nevertheless,
innovative technologies are being used in many
cleanup programs to assess contamination and to
treat a variety of hazardous substances and
petroleum products that have been released into the
environment. For example, approximately 43 percent
of Superfund sites that have contaminated soil are
using "innovative" technologies (Innovative
Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report,
Eighth Edition).
      An Emerging Technology is an innovative
      technology that currently is undergoing bench-scale
      testing, in which a small version of the technology is
      testedin a laboratory.

      An Innovative Technology is a technology that has
      been field-tested and applied to a hazardous waste
      problem at a site, but lacks a long history of full-scale
      use. Information about its cost and how well it works
      may be insufficient to support prediction of its
      performance under a wide variety of operating
      conditions.
      An Established Technology is a technology for which
      cost and performance information is readily available.
      Only after a technology has been used at many
      different sites and the results fully documented is that
      technology considered established.

-------
       mm MAP TO moERsmpim imowjm TECHMOLOSY OPTIONS FOR BBOWNRELDS INVESTIGATE
                                                                              AND
 BROWNFIELDS
 INVESTIGATION
? AND CLEANUP
  The Road Map to Understanding Innovative Technology
  Options for Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup
  focuses on the site characterization and cleanup
  phase of Brownfields redevelopment. It introduces
  Brownfields stakeholders to the range of technology
  options and resources available to them. This Road
  Map also provides a framework of the logical steps
  involved in the characterization and cleanup of a
  Brownfields site in order to link technology options
  and resources to each of those steps.  The Road Map
  is intended to assist Brownfields stakeholders
                         involved in the selection of
                         technologies in assessing,
                         and, if necessary,
                         addressing contamination
                         at their site.

                         The Road Map is not an
                         official guidance
                         document. Instead, it
                         draws upon EPA's
                        experiences with Superfund
                        sites, corrective action sites
                        under the Resource
                        Conservation and Recovery
                        Act (RCRA), and UST sites.
                        Specific conditions—such as
                        the kinds and amount of
                        contamination, the
                        proposed reuses of the
                        property, the financial
                        resources available, and the
                        level of support from
                        neighboring communities—
                        vary from site to site.
                        Nevertheless, the Road Map
                        provides a generally
                        applicable outline of the
                        steps involved in the
                        cleanup of a site slated for
                        redevelopment.

                        The Road Map is intended
for the various individuals involved in or affected by
the redevelopment of Brownfields sites. It
specifically focuses on those who will make decisions
about Brownfields sites but may not be familiar with
many of the elements involved in cleaning them up.
The document seeks to create an "educated
consumer" by introducing the decision makers to the
full range of available technology options. In
addition, since most Brownfields sites will not be
subject to the provisions of such Federally mandated

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
programs as Superfund, the Road Map introduces
Brownfields stakeholders to the steps involved in
implementing a cleanup. To better understand those
steps, stakeholders should consult as early as
possible with the appropriate regulators at the state
and, if necessary, at the Federal level.  Stakeholders
can obtain additional information and assistance by
contacting regulatory agencies, as well as by working
with reputable technical and legal experts. A
qualified site cleanup professional from a reputable
consulting and engineering firm also may be
employed.

It is important to understand that the cleanup process
may not occur in the sequence outlined in the
following chapters.  At many sites, several activities
maybe undertaken concurrently with other phases.
It is important to consider during each phase the
activities and requirements described for subsequent
phases, as well as to determine whether activities can
be combined or implemented concurrently.

 How to Use the Road Map

 The four sections of the Road Map summarize the
 general phases of the cleanup of potentially
 contaminated sites: site assessment, site investigation,
 assessment of cleanup options, and design and
 implementation of the remedy. Each section
 describes the objective to be accomplished, outlines
 the key questions to be answered, summarizes the
 activities undertaken during that phase, lists several
 information resources available to assist in
 performing those activities, and points to specific
 actions to be taken at the completion of the phase. In
 addition, the section features a brief overview of
 technologies that can be used during that phase.
 Please note that the key questions and activities to
 be conducted are intended to guide the reader in
 identifying issues that should be addressed; the
 Road Map seeks to answer the technology selection
 questions and is not intended to provide a response
 to each procedural question identified. To serve as
 guideposts to the cleanup process, the questions take
 the point of view of the various groups involved in
 that process. They ask what stakeholders as a group
 working together—the "we" of each question—must
 do as cleanup progresses. The section "Other
 Important Considerations" discusses additional
 factors that affect the cleanup of Brownfields sites.
Several appendices also are included to help
Brownfields stakeholders understand technical terms
and issues related to cleanup. Appendix A, Guide to
Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfields Sites,
identifies activities that may have caused
contamination at sites being considered for
redevelopment. Appendix B, Remediation Technologies
Screening Matrix, compares various cleanup
technologies against a number of site conditions and
considerations. Appendix C, List of Acronyms and
Glossary of Key Terms, defines specialized terms and
acronyms used in discussing and describing
Brownfields cleanup efforts. Appendix D, List of
Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts, provides
information about state and EPA regional and
technical points of contact. Appendix E, How  to Order
Documents, provides information about ordering the
documents listed in the Road Map.

This Road Map is a companion guide to A Tool Kit of
Information Resources for Brownfields Investigation and
Cleanup, also developed by TIO. The Road Map
identifies references in the Tool Kit and links them to
specific steps in the site assessment, characterization,
and cleanup process. The Tool Kit, in turn, describes
the  resources; provides information about how to
 obtain resources; introduces .Brownfields
 stakeholders to new approaches and tools for
 implementing cleanup; and provides a "starter"
 supply of important information resources.  These
 resources used in tandem should help Brownfields
 stakeholders understand better the range of
 technology options available to them.

 How to Submit Comments

 To  help ensure that any future versions of the
 document meet the needs of its intended audience,
 EPA invites comments from the members of the
 Brownfields community. Please submit comments to:

         Brownfields Cleanup Road Map
         U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
         Technology Innovation Office
         401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
         Washington, DC 20460
         E-mail:  powell.dan@epamail.epa.gov
         Fax:    (703) 603-9135

-------
          ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
                                                        FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
 How to Obtain Additional Copies

 Additional copies of this document can be obtained
 from:

        National Technical Information Service
        U.S. Department of Commerce
        5285 Port Royal Road
        Springfield, VA 22161
        (703) 487-4650

When ordering, refer to document number
PB97-144810 for the Road Map and document
number PB97-144828 for the Tool Kit.

-------
ROAO MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIEIDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                               This page intentionally left blank.

-------

-------

-------
«MD MAP TQ (/NDgRSTANDfNG INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
                                        OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
 SITE
                            Xj,S *>•
                                Coi!ect and Asssss Information About
	'     the Brownfi'elds Site
                                T,           ,,                       ^OBJECTIVE;
                                The purpose of this step is to determine   \
                                the likelihood of contamination at a         ^
                                particular site by collecting and reviewing
                                applicable information about a site. This
                                "environmental audit" is an initial investigation that
                               usually is limited to a search of historical records
                               The data to be collected also include information
                               about past and current environmental conditions and
                               historical uses of the site.

                               During the site assessment phase, it is important to
                               consider the activities and requirements described in
                               the subsequent chapters and determine how they can
                               be combined with or initiated during the site
                               assessment. The collection of data during this initial
                               step of the cleanup process is extremely important for
                               use in identifying and evaluating the applicability of
                               site assessment and cleanup technologies, as well as
                               in determining whether the property can be cleaned
                               to the level necessary for its intended reuse. It also is
                               essential to assess and address the needs and
                               concerns of the community (for example, the
                               development of social and economic profiles and the
                              identification of acceptable environmental risk).

                              To ensure that sufficient data are collected, the
                              potential applicability of innovative technologies to
                              the site also should be considered. Since much of the
                              work at this stage involves a search of paper and
                              electronic records, applicable technology options may
                              be somewhat limited.
                              What Do We Need to Know?

                              Factors that should be considered during
                              this phase include:

                              1.  What is known about the site? What records
                                 exist that indicate potential contamination and
                                 past use of the property? Have other
                                 environmental actions occurred (such as notices
                                 of violation)? Has an environmental audit been
                                 conducted? What level of site assessment is
                                 needed to identify the types and extent or the
                                 absence of contamination?

                                 Is the site located in an area targeted for
                                 redevelopment? Is the site being considered for
                                 cleanup under a Federal or state Superfund
                                 cleanup initiative?

                                 Are there Federal, state, local, or tribal
                                 regulatory requirements for site assessment? Is
                                 there a voluntary cleanup program (VCP)?
                                 What agency (Federal, state, local, or tribal)
                                      2.
                                      3.

-------
         ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTAND.NG .NNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS .NVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
    would be responsible for managing oversight of
    cleanup?
4.  What are the special needs and concerns of the
    community? How can we encourage
    community involvement? How will the
    community make its views known?
5.  What environmental conditions will the
    community accept?  What environmental
    conditions are unacceptable or will hinder
    redevelopment and the planned reuse?

6  If the site shows evidence of contamination, who
    and what will be affected? Who will pay for the
    cleanup?
How Do We Find the Answers?*
Activities to be conducted during the
initial survey of a site include:
* 	 s
ANSWERS

    Determine whether
    contamination is likely; this
    process is similar to a Phase I site
    assessment or environmental audit,
    during which a records search is
    performed and the site is visited, but
    no sampling of soil or groundwater
    occurs:
        - Identify past owners and the uses they
         made of the property
   - Perform a physical or visual examination of the
    site, including examination of existing structures
    for stnictural integrity and asbestos-containing
    material
   - Test for the presence of various contaminants; for
    example, lead paint, polychlorinated Uphenyls
    (PCS), and radon
Review the applicability of government oversight
programs:
   - Identify and consult with the appropriate state,
     local, and tribal regulatory agencies to include
     them in the decision-making process as early as
     possible
    - Determine the approach (such as the Superfund
     program, property transfer laws, or VCPs) that is
     required or available to facilitate the cleanup of
     sites
    - Identify whether environmental incentives, such
               as benefits from state VCPs, can be
               obtained
             - Determine whether contamination has
            been identified previously
Don't forget to review
  Other Important  ^
  Considerations     . Contact the EPA regional Brownfields
    (see page      coordinator to identify and determine the
       29)   JjJF availability of EPA support programs
        - Review and analyze government and other
         historical records to identify past use or disposal
         of hazardous or other waste materials at the site

        - Review Federal and state lists that identify sites
         that may have environmental contamination;
         such lists include 1) EPA's Comprehensive
         Environmental Response, Compensation, and
         Liability Invetitory System (CERCLIS) of
         potentially contaminated sites, 2) the National
         Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
         (NPDES) of permits issued for discharges into
         surface water, and 3) state records of "emergency
          removal" actions (for example, the removal of
          leaking drums or the excavation of explosive
          loaste)
         - Interuieiv property owners, occupants, and others
          associated with the site, such as previous
          employees, neighbors, and local planners
       Determine how to incorporate and
   encourage community participation:

     - Identify regulatory requirements

     - Assess community interest in the project

     - Review any community plans for
      redevelopment

  Identify future plans for reuse and redevelopment

  Identify factors that may impede redevelopment
  and reuse
  Begin identifying potential sources for funding
  site investigation and cleanup activities at the site,
  if necessary

  Examine unacceptable environmental conditions
  in terms of initial costs for site improvement and
  long-term costs for operation and maintenance —
  include potential cleanup options and constraints
    '. P^ no* ton?*                                             *
     question identified.
   10

-------
            ROAD MAP TO (/MOBKTMimMG INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNREL0S INVESTOR AND CLEANUP
     that may affect redevelopment, such as project
     schedules, cost, and potential for achieving the
     desired reuse.
  Where Do We Find Help To Our
  Technology Questions?

  Examples of technology resources that are
  available to assist in assessing a site are
  listed below. Although many of the resources are
  more applicable in later stages of the cleanup process,
  it may be useful to begin thinking now about options
  and tools for investigation and cleanup. Appendix E,
  How to Order Documents includes order forms for the
  resources. Additional information about the
  resources can be found in the companion document,
 A Tool Kit of Information Resources for Brownfields
 Investigation and Cleanup.

 A. Technology Survey Resources

  3  Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN) Bulletin Board
     System (CLU-IN can be accessed by modem at (301)
     589-8366 or by the Internet at http://clu-in.com)

 3  National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL)
     - Las Vegas, Site Characterization CD-ROM
      (EPA 600-C-96-001)

 B. Site-Specific Resources

 3  Contaminants and Remedial Options at Pesticide
     Sites (EPA 600-R-94-202, PB95-103869)

 3  Contaminants and Remedial Options at Selected
     Metal-Contaminated Sites (EPA 540-R-95-512
     PB95-271961)

 3  Contaminants and Remedial Options at Solvent-
    Contaminated Sites (EPA 600-R-94-203 PB95-
    177200)

3  Contaminants and Remedial Options at Wood
    Preserving Sites (EPA 600-R-92-182, PB92-
    232222)

3  Expedited Site Assessment Tools for
    Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for
    Regulators (EPA 510-B-97-001)
  C. Technology-Specific Resources

  3  Consortium for Site Characterization
      Technology—Innovative Technology
      Verification Reports:

      - Cone Penetrometer/Laser Induced
        Fluorescence (LIF)

        • Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST)
          (EPA 600-R-97-020)

        • Site Characterization and Analysis
          Penetrometer System (SCAPS)
          (EPA 600-R-97-019)

      -  Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (FPXRF)

      -  Portable Gas Chromatograph/Mass
        Spectrometers (GC/MS)

 3  Vendor Field Analytical and Characterization
     Technologies System (Vendor FACTS), Version
     2.0 (Vendor FACTS can be downloaded from the
     Internet at http://www.ttemi.com/visitt or from the
     CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com) (Vendor
     Facts Bulletin EPA 542-N-97-007)
 What Technologies Are Available?

 The table presented on the next page       ^
 summarizes several technologies that may be  .,
 used during the site assessment phase. Because
 a site assessment focuses on determining the likelihood
 of contamination, technologies that detect
 contamination that may be in the air as vapor or
 particulate matter are listed.  If other data indicate that
 contamination in soil or groundwater may exist, you
 may want to consider using analytical sampling
 techniques (as discussed in the next chapter). The
information in the table was developed from data in
EPA's Vendor FACTS database.
                                                                                               11

-------
          ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Specific information about the technologies, their
effectiveness, and a summary of the contaminants
monitored by the technologies can be found in the
Vendor FACTS database. See Appendix C, List of
Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, for descriptions
of the technologies.
Where Do We Go From Here?

After completing an initial assessment
and survey of the environmental conditions
at the site, you may take one of the following courses
of action:
Contaminants
Monitored
Ammonia
Carbon Monoxide
Chlorine
Cyanide Compounds
Explosives, such as
Hydrazine
Hydrogen Suffide
Mercury
Methana
Nitrous Oxides
Pesticides
Radiation
Various Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC)
Applicable Technologies
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Cotorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Mercury Vapor Analyzers
Gas Monitors
Gas Monitors
Gas Monitors
Radiation Meters
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Hand-held Photofonization
Detectors (PID) or Flame lonization
Detectors (FID)
                                                          Result of Site
                                                          Assessment
                             Course of Action
                                                          No apparent
                                                          contamination is
                                                          found and there is no
                                                          reason to suspect
                                                          other media are
                                                          contaminated.
                                                          Concerns of
                                                          stakeholders have
                                                          been addressed
                                                          adequately.
                             Consult with
                             appropriate regulatory
                             officials before
                             proceeding with
                             redevelopment
                             activities.
                                                          Contamination is
                                                          found that poses a
                                                          significant risk to
                                                          human health or the
                                                          environment.
                              Contact the appropriate
                              Federal, state, local, or
                              tribal government
                              agencies responsible for
                              hazardous waste. Based
                              on feedback of
                              government agency,
                              determine whether
                              redevelopment is an
                              option.
                                                           Contamination
                                                           possibly exists.
                              Proceed to the SITE
                              INVESTIGATION
                              phase.
                                                           Contamination
                                                           definitely exists,
                                                           BUT no site
                                                           investigation has
                                                           been conducted.
                              Proceed to the SITE
                              INVESTIGATION
                              phase.
                                                           Contamination
                                                           definitely exists,
                                                           AND a site
                                                           investigation has
                                                           been performed.
                               Proceed to the SITE
                               INVESTIGATION
                               phase if additional
                               investigation is needed;
                               otherwise, proceed to
                               the CLEANUP
                               OPTIONS phase.
   12

-------
   ROAD MAP TO UHDEB8TAMDIMG INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFiELDS MVESDQATIOMJND CLEANUP
SITE  INVESTIGATION
  Identify the Source, Nature, and
  Extent of Contamination

  This phase focuses on identifying,
  locating, and characterizing the nature and
  extent of contamination at a site. It is essential that
  an appropriately detailed study of the site be
 performed to identify the cause, nature, and extent of
 contamination and the possible threats to the
 environment or to any people living or working
 nearby. For Brownfields sites, the results of such a
 study can be used in determining goals for cleanup,
 quantifying risks, determining acceptable and
 unacceptable risk, and developing cleanup plans that
 do not cause unnecessary delays in the
 redevelopment and reuse of property.

 A site investigation is based on the results of the site
 assessment, which is discussed in the preceding
 section of the Road Map. The site investigation
 phase may include the analysis of samples of soil and
 soil gas, groundwater, surface water, and sediment.
 The migration pathways of contaminants also are
 examined during this phase, and a baseline risk
 assessment may be needed to calculate risk to human
 health and the environment.


 What Do We Need to Know?

If there is evidence of potential or actual
contamination, factors that should be       >=a=_^
considered during the site investigation phase include:

1.  Are there Federal, state, local, and tribal
    regulatory requirements for a site investigation?
    What agency would be responsible for managing
    oversight of this phase? What happens if the
    appropriate agency has not developed standards
    or guidelines that are suitable for the proposed
   redevelopment?

   What technologies are available to facilitate site
   investigation?

   Can the need for cleanup be assessed fully and
   accurately from the information gathered during
   the site assessment or from a previous site
   investigation?

   What environmental conditions does the
   community consider  unacceptable? What issues
   has the community raised that may affect the
   site investigation?
                                         2.
                                         3.
                                        4.
                                                                                    13

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
                                                   OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
5.  What are the potential exposure pathways?
    Who or what could be affected by the
    contamination or the efforts to clean up the
    contamination?

6.  What happens if significant contamination is
    found? What happens if contamination poses a
    "significant threat" to local residents?

7.  What happens if the contamination is originating
    from an adjacent or other off-site source?  What
    happens if background sampling indicates that
    contamination is originating from a naturally
    occurring source?

8.  Are the infrastructure systems (roads, buildings,
    sewers, and other facilities) contaminated?
    Could they be affected by efforts to clean up
    contamination?
                                           ANSWERS
How Do We Find the Answers?*

Typical activities that may be conducted
during the site investigation phase include: — '•• - —

•  Identify the environmental conditions at the site
   (for example, by performing a Phase II
   environmental site assessment that includes tests
   to confirm the locations of and identities of
   environmental hazards):
       - Conduct sampling and analysis to determine the
        nature, extent, source, and significance of the
        contamination that may be present at the site

       - Conduct sampling and
        analysis to fully assess the
        physical and geophysical
        conditions and characteristics of
        the site
   - Interpret the results of the analysis to
    characterize site conditions

   - Determine whether and how (if applicable)
    the infrastructure systems (including
    existing structures) are affected by
    contamination

Assess the risk the site may pose to human health
and the environment. Consider the following
exposure pathways:
                                        Don't forget to
                                         Other Important
                                                      - For soil and dust, direct contact, ingestion, or
                                                       inhalation

                                                      - For water, ingestion and inhalation

                                                      - For air, inhalation or ingestion

                                                   Determine the proper mix of technologies (such as
                                                   field measurement technologies that characterize
                                                   the physical and chemical aspects of the site and
                                                   fixed laboratory sampling methods) that can
                                                   facilitate site investigations and meet the required
                                                   level of data quality (see the definition of data
                                                   quality objectives [DQO] in Appendix C, List of
                                                   Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms)

                                                   Examine unacceptable environmental conditions
                                                   in terms of initial costs for site improvement and
                                                   long-term costs for annual operation and
                                                   maintenance — include potential cleanup options
                                                   and constraints that may affect redevelopment
                                                   requirements, such as project schedules, costs, and
                                                   potential for achieving the desired reuse

                                                   Begin consideration of sources of funding for site
                                                   investigation and cleanup activities

                                                   Consider the use of site-specific risk assessment to
                                                   determine cleanup levels or guidelines when
                                                   standards or guidelines have not been developed

                                                  • Continue to work with appropriate regulatory
                                                    agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
                                                    are being properly addressed:

                                                       - Identify and consult with the appropriate state,
                                                                 local, and tribal agencies to include
                                                                     decision-making process
                                                                     Cmtact ^ EpA regioml Brownfields
                                                                 coordinator to identify and determine the

                                                                 vailamty °^EPA $upp°rt programs
                                                                Educate members of the community about
                                                            the site investigation process and actively
                                                           involve them in decision making; consider risk
                                                         communication techniques to facilitate those
                                                         activities.
    * Pta« HOtethatO* Road Map seeks to answer the technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each procedural
     question identified.         _^     	___	;-		
  14

-------
           ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFiELDS INVESTIGATION AND
                                                                                     CLEANUP
  Where Do We Find Help To Our
  Technology Questions?

  Examples of technology resources that
  provide information to assist in identifying
  the environmental condition of the site are
  listed below. Appendix E, How to Order Documents
  includes order forms for the resources. Additional
  information about the resources can be found in this
  Road Map's companion document, A Tool Kit of
  Information Resources for Brownfields Investigation and
  Cleanup.

 A. Technology Survey Resources

  3  National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL)
     - Las Vegas, Site Characterization CD-ROM
      (EPA 600-C-96-001)

 3  Site Characterization and Monitoring: A
     Bibliography of EPA Information Resources
     (EPA 542-B-96-001)

 3  Status Report on Field Analytical Technologies
     Utilization:  Fact Sheet (EPA 542-R-97-003)

 B. Site-Specific Resources

 3  Expedited Site Assessment Tools for
     Underground Storage Tank Sites:  A Guide for
     Regulators (EPA 510-B-97-001)

C.  Technology-Specific Resources

3  Abstract Proceedings: Superfund Technical
    Support Project General Meeting, Athens, GA,
    12/3/90 -12/6/90 (PB93-205862)

3  Characterization of Chromium-Contaminated
    Soils Using Field-Portable X-ray Fluorescence
    (PB94-210457)

3  Characterization Protocol for Radioactive
    Contaminated Soils (PB92-963354)

3  Consortium for Site Characterization
    Technology—Innovative Technology
    Verification Reports:

    - Cone Penetrometer/Laser Induced
      Fluorescence (LIF)
        • Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST)
          (EPA 600-R-97-020)

        • Site Characterization and Analysis
          Penetrometer System (SCAPS)
          (EPA 600-R-97-019)

      - Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (FPXRF)

      - Portable Gas Chromatograph/Mass
        Spectrometers (GC/MS)

  3   Development of a Battery-Operated Portable
      Synchronous Luminescence Spectrofluorometer
      (PB94-170032)

  3   DNAPL Site Evaluation (PB93-150217)

  3   Navy/EPA Technical Screening Matrix
      (under development; available in September 1997)

  3   Sampling of Contaminated Sites (PB92-110436)

  3   Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
      Program - Measuring and Monitoring
      Program Reports (See Appendix A, Brownfields
      Site Cleanup "Starter Kit" in the companion
     document, A Tool Kit of Information Resources for
     Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup for a complete
     list of the reports and the publication  numbers)

 3  Vendor Field Analytical and Characterization
     Technologies System (Vendor FACTS), Version
     2.0 (Vendor FACTS can be downloaded from the
     Internet at http://www.ttemi.com/visitt or from the
     CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com); (Vendor
     Facts Bulletin EPA 542-N-97-007)
 What Technologies Are Available?

 The table presented on the next page
 summarizes several technologies that may
 be used during the site investigation phase.
 The information in the table was developed from
 information in EPA's Vendor FACTS database.
 Specific information about the technologies, their
 effectiveness, and their applicability in relation to
 detection limits, as well as a summary of the
 contaminants monitored, can be obtained from the
 database. EPA's Superfund Innovative Technology
 Evaluation (SITE) Program: Technology Profiles also
provides summaries of more than 150 monitoring
                                                                                               15

-------
        ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

lontaminants
Monitored
Examples of Field Analytical Technologies
Soils, Sediments, and Sludges
Geophysical
Characteristics o( Soil
and Bedrock
Buried Objects and
Subsurfact Anomafes
isnzeoe, Toluene,
Elhyfeenzene, and
XytenafBTEX)
Explosives
•tercuiy
PenlacWorophenol
POP)
Pesticides
PorycMorloated
Biphonyis (PCS)
'otynudear Aromatic
lydrocarbons
PAH)
Total Petoteim
Hydrocarbons (TPH)
VOCs, Semi-Volatile
Organic Compounds
;SVOC),Dk»dn,Furans
In Situ Geophysics, Borehole Technologies;
Downhote Sensors; Seismic Reflection/
Refraction
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR); Infrared
Monitors; High-Frequency Electromagnetic (EM)
Sounding; Subsurface EM; Subsurface
Magneirometry; Transient EM Geophysical
Instruments
Cotorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Laser-induced Fluorescence/Cone
Penelrometen Portable Gas Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry
CotorimelricTest Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Immunoassay Test Kits; Laser-induced
Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer
Immunoassay Test Kits; Portable Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
tmmunoassay Test Kits
Cotorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry
Immunoassay Test Kits; Portable Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Soil Gas
Analyzers: Chemical Reaction-based Indicators;
Biosensors
Cotorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Laser-induced Fluorescence/Cone
Penetrometer; Infrared Monitors
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry
Groundwater, Surface Water, and Leachate
Buried Objects
Metals
PAHs
Pesticides
PCSs
BTEX
VOCs, SVOCs
GPR; Transient EM Geophysical Instruments;
Subsurface EM; High-Frequency EM Sounding;
Subsurface Magnetrometry
X-ray Analyzers; Biosensors
Immunoassay Test Kits
Immunoassay Test Kits; Portable Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Chemical
Reaction-based Indicators
Cotorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry
Cotorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry
Sol! Gas
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs,
PaslkWas, Dtoxin,
Furans
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry; Soil Gas Analyzer
and measurement technologies. See Appendix C, List
of Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, for a
description of the technologies.

whprp Do We Go From Here?

After you have completed your investiga-
tion of the environmental conditions at the
site, you may take one of the following courses
of action:
ESSS"" CourseofAction
No contamination is Consult with
found. m> appropriate regulatory
officials before
proceeding with
redevelopment
activities.
Contamination is Consult with
found BUT does not •)• appropriate regulatory
pose a significant officials before
risk to stakeholders' proceeding with
human health or the redevelopment
environment. activities.
Cleanup of the Proceed to the
contamination •* CLEANUP OPTIONS
found probably will phase.
require a small
expenditure of funds
and time.
Cleanup of the Determine whether
contamination ^ redevelopment
found probably will continues to be
require a significant practicable; if so,
expenditure of proceed to the
funds and time. CLEANUP OPTIONS
However, phase.
contamination
does not pose a
significant threat
to local residents.
Contamination is Contact the
found that poses a m+ appropriate Federal,
significant threat state, local, or tribal
to local residents. government agencies
responsible for
hazardous waste.


16

-------
flOAO HAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFELDS MVESnCATlON AND CLEANUP
CLEANUP  OPTIONS
                                        Evaluate Applicable Cleanup
                                        Alternatives for the Site

                                        The review and analysis of cleanup
                                        alternatives rely on the data collected
                                        during the site assessment and investigation phases,
                                        which are discussed in the preceding sections of the
                                        Road Map. The purpose of screening various
                                        technologies is to evaluate those technologies for their
                                        capability to meet specific cleanup and redevelopment
                                        objectives. For Brownfields sites, it also is important
                                        to consider budget requirements and to maintain a
                                        work schedule so that the project remains profitable.

                                        The role of institutional controls, such as zoning and
                                        deed restrictions, posting of safety signs, and efforts
                                        to increase community awareness of the
                                        environmental conditions and cleanup activities at
                                        the site, also is an important consideration during
                                        this phase.
                                       What Do We Need to Know?

                                       Factors that should be considered during
                                       the evaluation of cleanup options include:

                                           How do we determine the appropriate and
                                           feasible level of cleanup? Are there Federal,
                                           state, local, and tribal requirements for cleanup?
                                           Are there prescribed standards for cleanup? Are
                                           there provisions for using presumptive
                                           remedies?

                                           What factors are associated with the
                                           implementation of cleanup options? Will the
                                           cleanup facilitate or hinder the planned
                                           redevelopment? How long will cleanup take?
                                           What will cleanup cost? What are the short-
                                           term and long-term effects of the cleanup
                                           technologies under consideration?

                                          Are the cleanup options compatible with
                                          regional or local planning and development
                                          goals and requirements? Can redevelopment
                                          activities (such as construction or renovation of
                                          buildings) be conducted concurrently with
                                          cleanup?

                                          How can the community participate in the review
                                          and selection of cleanup options? Are the options
                                          acceptable in light of community concerns about
                                          protection during cleanup and reuse of the site?
                                       1.
                                       2.
                                      3.
                                      4.
                                                                                 17

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
5.  Is there a need for institutional controls after
    cleanup? Are proposed institutional controls
    appropriate in light of community concerns and
    access to and use of the property?
How Do We Find the Answers?*

The process of reviewing and analyzing
cleanup options and technology
alternatives usually follows these steps:
•  Establish goals for cleanup
•  Educate members of the community about the
   site cleanup selection process and actively
   involve them in decision making
•  Review general information about technologies to
   become familiar with cleanup
   technologies that may be
   applicable to a particular site:
       - Conduct searches of existing
        literature that further describes
        the technology alternatives

       - Analyze detailed technical information
        about the applicability of technology
        alternatives
Don't forget to review
  Other Important
  Considerations
     (see page
       29)
   - Determine the effects of various technology
     alternatives on redevelopment objectives

Continue to work with appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are addressed properly:

   - Consult with the appropriate state, local, and
     tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the
     decision-making process as early as possible

   - Contact the EPA regional Brownfields
     coordinator to identify and determine the
     availability of EPA support programs

Integrate cleanup alternatives with reuse
alternatives to identify potential constraints on
reuse and time schedules and to assess cost and
risk factors
              •  Select an acceptable remedy that
              not only addresses the risk of
              contamination, but also best meets
            the objectives for redevelopment and
           reuse of the property and is compatible
         with the needs of the community
    Narrow the list of potential alternatives to
    those technologies that are most appropriate
    for addressing the contamination identified at
    the site and that are compatible with the specific
    conditions of the site and the proposed reuse of
    the property:
       - Network with other Brownfields stakeholders
         and environmental professionals to learn about
         their experiences and to tap their expertise

       - Determine whether sufficient data are available
         to support identification and evaluation of
         cleanup alternatives

       - Evaluate the options against a number of factors,
         including toxicity levels, exposure pathways,
         associated risk, future land use, and economic
         considerations

       - Analyze the applicability of a particular
         technology to the contamination identified
         at a site
         Communicate information about the
     proposed cleanup option to Brownfields
    stakeholders, including the affected
  community.
            Where Do We Find Help To Our
            Technology Questions?

           Examples of resources that will assist in
           reviewing and analyzing cleanup options
           are listed below. Appendix E, How to Order Documents
           includes order forms for the resources. Additional
           information about the resources can be found in this
           Road Map's companion document, A Tool Kit of
           Information Resources for Erownfields Investigation and
           Cleanup.

           A. General Technology Program Information

           O   Clean-Up Information (CLU-DST) Bulletin Board
                System (CLU-IN can be accessed by modem at (301)
                589-8366 or by the Internet at http://clu-in.com)

           O   Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World
                Wide Web (EPA 542-F-96-011)
   • Please note ttutt the Road Map "seeks to Answer tte technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each procedural
    question identified.    _ _ ^	_ _	_	_			„	;.                                	
 18

-------
          ROAD MAP TO UNDBKTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIEL0S INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
  3  Conducting Treatability Studies Under RCRA
     (OSWER Directive 9380.3-09FS, PB92-963501)

  O  Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
     Program:  Emerging Technology Program
     (EPA 540-F-95-502)

  3  Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
     Program:  Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-95-009)

  3  Technology Transfer Highlights
     (EPA 625-N-96-001)

 B. Technology Survey Resources

 General

 3  Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies
     (EPA 542-R-95-001, PB95-201711)

 3  Accessing Federal Data Bases for Contaminated
     Site Clean-Up Technologies, Fourth Edition
     (EPA 542-B-95-005, PB96-141601)

 3  Alternative Treatment Technology Information
     Center (ATTIC) (The ATTIC database can be
     accessed by modem at (703) 908-2138)

 3  Bibliography for Innovative Site Clean-Up
     Technologies (EPA 542-B-96-003)

 3  Completed North American Innovative
     Technology Demonstration Projects
     (EPA 542-B-96-002, PB96-153127)

 3  Federal Publications on Alternative and
     Innovative Treatment Technologies for
     Corrective Action and Site Remediation, Fifth
     Edition (EPA 542-B-95-004, PB96-145099)

 3  Guide to Documenting Cost and Performance
    for Remediation Projects (EPA 542-B-95-002,
    PB95-182960)

3  Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual
    Status Report, Eighth Edition
    (EPA 542-R-96-010)

3  Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual
    Status Report Database (ITT Database) (ITT can
    be downloaded from the CLU-IN Web site at http://
    clu-in.com or from ATTIC or America Online)
 3  Remediation Case Studies: Fact Sheet and Order
     Form (EPA 542-F-95-003)

 3  Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix
     and Reference Guide, Second Edition
     (PB95-104782; Fact Sheet EPA 542-F-95-002)

 3  Selected Alternative and Innovative Treatment
     Technologies for Corrective Action and Site
     Remediation: A Bibliography of EPA
     Information Resources (EPA 542-B-95-001)

 3  Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
     Program: Technology Profiles, Ninth Edition
     (EPA 540-R-97-502)

 3  Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of
     Innovative Site Remediation Technologies,
     Third Edition (EPA 542-B-93-009, PB94-144565)

 3  Technology Preselection Data Requirements:
     Engineering Bulletin (EPA 540-S-92-009,
     PB93-105591)

 3  Vendor Information System for Innovative
     Treatment Technologies (VISITT), Version 5.0
     (VISITT can be downloaded from the Internet at
     http://www.ttemi.com/visitt or from the CLU-IN
     Web site at http://clu-in.com) (VISITT Bulletin
     EPA 542-N-96-006)


 Sites/Waste Types

 METALS

 3  In Situ Treatment of Metal Contaminated Soils
    (EPA 542-R-96-001)

 3  Literature Review Summary of Metals
    Extraction Processes Used to Remove Lead From
    Soils: Project Summary (EPA 600-SR-94-006)

3  Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of
    Metal Contaminated Soils (EPA 542-R-97-004)

3  Selection of Control Technologies for
    Remediation of Lead Battery Recycling Sites:
    Engineering Bulletin (EPA 540-S-91-014,
    PB93-121333)
                                                                                              19

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)

O  Technology Alternatives for the Remediation
    of PCB-Contaminated Soil and Sediment
    (EPA540-S-93-506)
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS

O  How to Effectively Recover Free Product at
    Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites: A
    Guide for State Regulators (EPA 510-F-96-001;
    Fact Sheet EPA 510-F-96-005)

O  How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup
    Technologies for Underground Storage Tank
    Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan
    Reviewers (EPA 510-B-94-003, S/N 055-000-
    00499-4; Pamphlet EPA 510-F-95-003)

3  Introducing TANK Racer (EPA 510-F-96-001)

3  Overview of UST Remediation Options
    (EPA510-F-93-029)
WOOD PRESERVING/TREATMENT

 3  Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
     (SITE) Program: Technology Profiles, Seventh
     Edition (EPA 540-R-94-526, PB95-183919)

 C. Technology-Specific Resources

 Community Outreach

 3  Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative
     Treatment Technologies. (T}ie second document
     number listed after each title below is the document
     number for the guide in Spanish)
       - Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-96-007,
        EPA 542-F-96-023)
       - Chemical Dehalogenation
        (EPA 542-F-96W4, EPA 542-F-96420)

       - In Situ Soil Flushing
        (EPA 542-F-96-006, EPA 542-F-96-022)
       - Innovative Treatment Technologies for
        Contaminated Soils, Sludges, Sediments, and
        Debris (EPA 542-F-96-001, EPA 542-F-96-017)
     - Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-96-014,
       EPA 542-F-96-025)

     - Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging
       (EPA 542-F-96-008, EPA 542-F-96-024)

     - Soil Washing (EPA 542-F-96-002,
       EPA 542-F-96-018)

     - Solvent Extraction (EPA 542-F-96-003,
       EPA 542-F-96-019)

     - Thermal Desorption (EPA 542-F-96-005,
       EPA 542-F-96-021)

     - Treatment Walls (EPA 542-F-96-016,
       EPA 542-F-96-027)

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program	.	

See Appendix A, Brmvnfields Site Cleanup "Starter Kit"
in the companion document, A Tool Kit of Information
Resources for Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup for a
complete list of the reports and the publication numbers.

3  Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
    Program - Demonstration Program Reports

3  Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
    Program - Measuring and Monitoring Program
    Reports


Bioremediation

3  Bioremediation Field Evaluation: Champion
    International Superfund Site, Libby, Montana
     (EPA 540-R-96-500)

O   Bioremediation Field Evaluation: EielsonAir
     Force Base, Alaska (EPA 540-R-95-533)

3   Bioremediation Field Initiative Site Profiles:

      - Libby Ground Water Superfund Site, Montana
        (EPA 540-F-95-506A)

      - Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska
        (EPA 540-F-95-506B)

      - Escambia Wood Preserving Site, Florida
        (EPA 540-F-95-506G)
 20

-------
           ROAD MAP JO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND Cl
                                   CLEANUP
        - Hill Air Force Base Superfund Site, Utah
         (EPA 540-F-95-506C)

        - Public Service Company of Colorado, Colorado
         (EPA 540-F-95-506D)

        - Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation, Minnesota
         (EPA 540-F-95-506H)

  3   Bioremediation in the Field Search System
      (EPA 540-F-95-507; Fact Sheet EPA 540-F-94-506)

  3   Bioremediation Resource Guide
      (EPA 542-B-93-004, PB94-112307)

  3   EPA Engineering Bulletins:

       - Composting (EPA 540-S-96-502)

       - In Situ Biodegradation Treatment
        (EPA 540-S-94-502, PB94-190469)

       - Rotating Biological Contactors (EPA 540-S-92-007)

       - Slurry Biodegradation
        (EPA 540-2-90-016, PB91-228049)

 3  In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground
     Water (EPA 540-S-92-003, PB92-224336)

 3  In Situ Bioremediation of Ground Water and
     Geological Material: A Review of Technologies
     (EPA 600-SR-93-124, PB93-215564)

 3  Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
     (EPA 542-R-95-002, PB95-182911)


 Groundwater Treatment

 3  Emerging Abiotic In Situ Remediation
     Technologies for Ground Water and Soil:
     Summary Report (EPA 542-S-95-001,
     PB95-239299)

 3   Evaluation of Technologies for In Situ Cleanup of
     DNAPL Contaminated Sites
     (EPA 600-R-94-120, PB94-195039)

3  Ground-Water Remediation Technologies
    Analysis Center (GWRTAC) (GWRTAC can be
    accessed by the Internet at http://www.gwrtac.org)

3  Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource
    Guide (EPA 542-B-94-009, PB95-138657)
  3  In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground
      Water (EPA 540-S-92-003, PB92-224336)

  3  In Situ Bioremediation of Ground Water and
      Geological Material: A Review of Technologies
      (EPA 600-SR-93-124, PB93-215564)

  3  Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids
      (EPA 540-S-95-500, PB95-267738)

  3  Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater
      Treatment (EPA 542-R-95-003, PB95-182929)

  3   Status Reports on In Situ Treatment Technology
      Demonstration and Applications:

       - Altering Chemical Conditions
        (EPA 542-K-94-008)

       - Cosolvents (EPA 542-K-94-006)

       - Electrokinetics (EPA 542-K-94-007)
       - Hydraulic and Pneumatic Fracturing
        (EPA 542-K-94-005)

       - Surfactant Enhancements (EPA 542-K-94-003)

       - Thermal Enhancements (EPA 542-K-94-009)

       - Treatment Walls (EPA 542-K-94-004)

 Physical and Chemical Treatment

 3   EPA Engineering Bulletins:

       - Chemical Dehalogenation Treatment: APEG
        Treatment (EPA 540-2-90-015, PB91-228031)

       - Chemical Oxidation Treatment (EPA 540-2-91-025,
        PB92-180066)

       - In Situ Soil Flushing (EPA 540-2-91-021,
        PB95-180025)

      - In Situ Vitrification Treatment
        (EPA 540-S-94-504, PB95-125499)

      - Solidification/Stabilization ofOrganics and
        Inorganics (EPA 540-S-92-015)

      - Supercritical Water Oxidation
        (EPA 540-S-92-006, PB92-224088)

3  Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology
    Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-008,
    PB95-138665)
                                                                                                21

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
3  Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption,
    Soil Washing, and In Situ Vitrification
    (EPA542-R-95-005, PB95-182945)

3  Soil Washing Treatment: Engineering Bulletin
    (EPA 540-2-90-017, PB91-228056)

3  Solvent Extraction Treatment: Engineering
    Bulletin (EPA 540-S-94-503, PB94-190477)

Soil Vapor Extraction and Enhancements

3  EPA Engineering Bulletins:

       - In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction Treatment
        (EPA 540-2-91-006, PB91-228072)

       - In Situ Steam Extraction Treatment
        (EPA 540-2-91-005, PB91-2228064)

3   Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
     (EPA 542-R-95-004, PB95-182937)

3   Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Enhancement
     Technology Resource Guide: Air Sparging,
     Bioventing, Fracturing, and Thermal
     Enhancements (EPA 542-B-95-003)

 3  Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Treatment
     Technology Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-007)


          Treatment
                                                       one type of contaminant. As such, the table is
                                                       designed to facilitate comparisons between different
                                                       technologies and different types of contaminants.

                                                       The information in the table is based on data in EPA's
                                                       VISITT database as well as the Remediation
                                                       Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide
                                                       (see Appendix B for a copy of the complete matrix).
                                                       The technologies listed in the table were rated
                                                       "better" in treating the selected contaminant groups.
                                                       See Appendix C, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key
                                                       Terms, for descriptions of the technologies.
3  EPA Engineering Bulletins:

      - Mobile/Transportable Incineration Treatment
        (EPA 540-2-90-014, PB91-228023)

      - Pyrolysis Treatment (EPA 540-S-92-010)

      - Thermal Desorption Treatment
        (EPA 540-S-94-501, PB94-160603)

3  Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption,
    Soil Washing, and In Situ Vitrification (EPA 542-
    R-95-005, PB95-182945)
What Technologies Are Available?

The table to the right identifies several
innovative technologies used to treat soil
and groundwater. The technologies
identified treat contaminants in very different ways.
In addition, a site often is contaminated by more than
                                                         Contaminants
                                                         Monitored
              Examples of Technologies
                                                                       Soils, Sediments, and Sludges
                                                         DCs



                                                         JVOCs


                                                         Fuels
                                                         norganic
                                                         Compounds

                                                         Explosives
             Ex Situ Bioremediation; in Situ Bioremediation
             (Biodegradation); In Situ Soil Flushing; Soil Vapor
             Extraction

             Incineration; In Situ Bioremediation (Biodegradatioji);
             Soil Washing; Solvent Extraction; Thermal Desorption

             Ex Situ Bioremediation; Incineration; In Situ
             Bioremediation (Biodegradation); Soil Washing; Soil
             Vapor Extraction

             Ex Situ Soil Flushing; Soil Washing; Solidification/
             'Stabilization

             Ex Situ Bioremediation; Incineration; In Situ
             Bioremediation (Biodegradation); Soil Washing;
             Solvent Extraction
                                                                   Groundwater, Surface Water, and Leachate
VOCs
SVOCs
                                                         Fuels
 Inorganic
 Compounds

 Explosives
                                                                        Air Sparging; Dual-Phase Extraction; In Situ Air
                                                                        Sparging; In Situ Bioremediation Oxygen
                                                                        Enhancement with Air Sparging; In Situ
                                                                        Bioremediation Oxygen Enhancement with H202;
                                                                        Passive Treatment Wall; Pump and Treat Air
                                                                        Stripping; Pump and Treat Biological Reactor; Pump
                                                                        and Treat Carbon Adsorption

                                                                        In Situ Bioremediation Oxygen Enhancement with Air
                                                                        Sparging; In Situ Bioremediation Oxygen
                                                                        Enhancement with H202; Passive Treatment Wall;
                                                                        Pump and Treat Biological Reactor; Pump and Treat
                                                                        Carbon Adsorption

                                                                        Air Sparging; Dual-Phase Extraction; In Situ Air
                                                                        Sparging; In Situ Bioremediation Oxygen
                                                                        Enhancement with Air Sparging; In Situ
                                                                        Bioremediation Oxygen Enhancement with H202;
                                                                        Pump and Treat Biological Reactor

                                                                        Passive Treatment Wall; Pump and Treat Filtration;
                                                                        Pump and Treat Ion Exchange

                                                                        Passive Treatment Wall; Pump and Treat Carbon
                                                                        Adsorption
 22

-------
          ROAD MAP JO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFiELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Where Do We Go From Here?

After you have reviewed options for
cleanup, you may take any of the following
courses of action:
  Result of the Review of
  Cleanup Options
 Course of Action
  The proposed
  cleanup option
  appears feasible.
Proceed to the CLEANUP
DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
phase.
  No cleanup option
  appears feasible in
  light of the
  proposed
  redevelopment
  and land reuse
  needs (such as
  project milestones
  and cost and
  intended reuse).
Determine whether
revising redevelopment
plans remains a
practicable option; if so,
proceed to the CLEANUP
DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
phase. If contamination
exists at considerable
levels, consider other
waste programs.
                                                                                                        23

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                     This page intentionally left blank.
24

-------
ROAD MAP JO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CLEANUP DESIGN AND
         IMPLEMENTATION
                                       Develop and Carry Out Detailed
                                       Cleanup Pians for the Site

                                       This phase focuses on the design and
                                       implementation of a cleanup plan to prepare
                                       the property for redevelopment and reuse. The
                                       design of the cleanup plan and implementation of the
                                       technology options selected in the previous phase
                                       involves close coordination with all other
                                       redevelopment efforts in the immediate vicinity of
                                       the site.
                                      What Do We Need to Know?
                                                                          I '  KEY '—
                                                                           QUESTIONS
                                      Factors that should be considered
                                      during the design and implementation of
                                      cleanup activities include:

                                      1.  Are there Federal, state, local, and tribal
                                          requirements for conducting cleanup activities?

                                      2.  How will cleanup be monitored so that work
                                          can be stopped when cleanup goals are
                                          reached?

                                      3.  How best can the community participate in
                                          the design and implementation of the
                                          cleanup plan?

                                      4.  What can be done to protect the community
                                          and other property during cleanup?

                                      5.  What are the tradeoffs between cost and meeting
                                          redevelopment project deadlines? Can
                                          redevelopment activities (such as renovation of
                                          existing buildings and construction of roads and
                                          sewage systems) be performed concurrently
                                          with cleanup activities?

                                      6.  Will institutional controls facilitate or hinder
                                          redevelopment?
                                      How Do We Find the Answers?*

                                      Typical activities that may be conducted
                                      during this phase include:

                                      • Review all applicable Federal, state, local, and
                                        tribal regulatory guidelines and regulations to
                                        * "Please note that the Road Map seeks to answer the technology
                                        selection questions and is,not intended to provide a response to
                                        each procedural question identified,.
                                                                                25

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
   ensure compliance, including guidelines for
   state VCPs

•  Continue to work with the appropriate regulatory
   agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
   are being properly addressed

      - Consult with the appropriate state, local, and
       tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the
       decision-making process as early as possible

      - Contact the EPA regional Brownfields
       coordinator to identify and determine the
       availability of EPA support programs

*  Identify all environmental requirements that
   must be met and the levels of environmental
   incentives that apply

•  Develop one or more conceptual plans for
   cleanup and subsequent monitoring that
   incorporate technology options
   and consider the effect of any
   cleanup activities on the proposed
   reuse of the property and the
   schedule for project design or
   construction:
Where Do We Find Help To Our
Technology Questions?

Examples of technology resources that
provide information about applicable
regulatory guidelines and regulations and
community outreach materials are listed below. In
addition, technologies identified during the site
investigation phase may be appropriate to monitor
cleanup performance and close-out. Appendix E,
How to Order Documents includes order forms for the
resources. Additional information about the
resources can be found in the Road Map's
companion document, A Tool Kit of Information
Resources for Brownfields Investigation and Cleanup.

A. General Technology Program Information

                3  Initiatives to Promote
                Innovative Technology in Waste
               Management Programs (OSWER
             Directive 9380.0-25, EPA 540-F-96-
            012)
      - Develop or reviezo the schedule for
       completion of the project
      - Obtain a final figure for the funds available
       for project development

      - Coordinate the renovation and construction of
       infrastructure with cleanup activities

      - Coordinate activities with developers, financiers,
       construction firms, and members of the local
       community

   Establish contingency plans  to address the
   discovery of additional contamination during
   cleanup

   Develop procedures for community participation,
   for example, by working with community
   advisory boards or local redevelopment
   authorities

   Implement and monitor the  cleanup plan and
   performance of the remedy selected

   Work with county or local officials to facilitate the
   placement and implementation of institutional
   controls, including ongoing monitoring and
   enforcement of these controls.
Don't forget to review
  Other Important
   Considerations
     (see page       3   State Policies Concerning the Use of
        29)       Injectants for In Situ Ground Water
                Remediation (EPA 542-R-96-001, PB96-
               164538)
  B. Technology Survey Resources

3  Vendor Information System for Innovative
    Treatment Technologies (VISITT), Version 5.0
    (VISITT can be downloaded from the Internet
    at http://www.ttemi.com/visitt or from the
    CLU-IN Web site at http://clu-in.com)

C.  Technology-Specific Resources

3  Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative
    Treatment Technologies. (The second document
    number listed after each title below is the document
    number for the guide in Spanish)

      - Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-96-007,
       EPA 542-F-96-023)

      - Chemical Dehalogenation
       (EPA 542-F-96-004, EPA 542-F-96-020)

      - In Situ Soil Flushing
       (EPA 542-F-96-006, EPA 542-F-96-022)
26

-------
      ROAD WAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIOMS FOR BROWMFIELDS INVESTIGATION AMD CLEANUP
   - Innovative Treatment Technologies for
    Contaminated Soils, Sludges, Sediments, and
    Debris (EPA 542-F-96-001, EPA 542-F-96-017)

   - Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-96-014,
    EPA 542-F-96-025)

   - Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging
    (EPA 542-F-96-008, EPA 542-F-96-024)

   - Soil Washing (EPA 542-F-96-002,
    EPA 542-F-96-018).

   - Solvent Extraction (EPA 542-F-96-003,
    EPA 542-F-96-019)

   - Thermal Desorption (EPA 542-F-96-005,
    EPA 542-F-96-021)

   - Treatment Walls (EPA 542-F-96-016,
    EPA 542-F-96-027)

Technology Resource Guides:

   - Bioremediation Resource Guide
    (EPA 542-B-93-004, PB94-112307)

   - Ground-Water Treatment Technology Resource
    Guide (EPA 542-B-94-009, PB95-138657)

   - Physical/Chemical Treatment Technology
    Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-008,
    PB95-138665)

   - Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)  Enhancement
    Technology Resource Guide: Air Sparging,
    Bioventing, Fracturing, and Thermal
    Enhancements (EPA 542-B-95-003)

  - Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) Treatment
    Technology Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-007)

WASTECH Series of Innovative Site
Remediation Technology Engineering
Monographs:

  - Bioremediation

  - Chemical Treatment

  - Soil Washing/Soil Flushing

  - Solidification/Stabilization

  - Solvent/Chemical Extraction

  - Thermal Desorption

  - Thermal Destruction

  - Vacuum Vapor Extraction
Where Do We Go From Here?

After you have completed cleanup, you
may take one of the following courses
of action:
  Result of Cleanup
Course of Action
  Contamination has
  been removed,
  contained,
  or controlled.
Consult with the
appropriate regulatory
officials before proceeding
with redevelopment
activities.
  Additional
  contamination has
  been discovered.
Continue cleanup
activities. However, you
may have to return to the
SITE INVESTIGATION
phase to determine the
extent and nature of
the contamination.
  Long-term
  monitoring of
  cleanup and
  performance of the
  technology is
  required.
Return to the SITE
INVESTIGATION phase
to collect after-performance
samples for monitoring
cleanup.
                                                                                                 27

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                     This page intentionally left blank.
28

-------
ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFiELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
OTHER IMPORTANT
   CONSIDERATIONS
            T State and Federal Regulations

              T Innovative Technologies
                 versus Other Characterization
                  and Cleanup Options
 Understanding Regulatory Guidelines and
 Regulations

 Understanding the applicable regulatory guidelines
 and regulations is crucial to selecting the appropriate
 technologies for cleaning up a Brownfields site. It is
 important to note that many Brownfields sites will be
 managed under state regulatory authorities.
 Therefore, the state regulatory authority will specify
 many of the requirements for, and steps in, site
 assessment, site investigation, the selection of
 cleanup options, and the design and implementation
 of cleanup. State regulatory agencies should be
 consulted to determine what, if any, site specific-
 requirements may exist.  State regulators also can
 help to identify other regulatory guidelines and
 regulations (such as applicable Federal statutes) that
 also may affect the site. For these reasons, it is
	  important to remain in constant
                  contact with state regulatory
                 agencies, as well as any other
               appropriate regulatory agencies,
              throughout the cleanup process.
                   T Community Input
                     and Networking

                     T Professional
                        Support and
                         Consulting,
           Although compliance with official policy
         directives under other Federal regulatory
        and cleanup programs, such as Superfund,
      may not be required, some of the information
     and lessons learned under such programs may
   be useful in the investigation and cleanup of
  Brownfields sites. EPA also can be a valuable
resource for Brownfields stakeholders by providing
regulatory and policy support to facilitate the
selection of technologies. Other guidance and
standards are promulgated by government and
nongovernment organizations, such as the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) the Small
Business Administration (SBA), and the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The box
on the next page provides descriptions of the various
EPA hotlines for statutory and regulatory programs.
                                                                                29

-------
        ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                  HOTLINES AND OTHER SERVICES


   Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI).
   CERI is the focal point for the exchange of scientific and technical environmental information
   produced by EPA. CERI publishes brochures, capsule and summary reports, handbooks, newsletters,
   project reports, and manuals. The center operates daily, Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
   eastern standard time (EST). The center can be reached by telephone at 513-569-7391.
   Resource Conservation and Recovery Act/Underground Storage Tanks (RCRA/UST), Superfund, and -
   Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline.
   This hotline provides information about the RCRA/UST, Superfund, and EPCRA programs. The
   hotline handles information about EPA's RCRA regulations and programs implemented under RCRA,
   the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), EPCRA, and
   the Superfund Amendments Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III. The hotline also provides referrals
   for obtaining related documents concerning the RCRA, UST, Superfund/CERCLA, and Pollution
   Prevention/Waste Minimization programs. Translation is available for Spanish-speaking callers. The
   hotline operates daily Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. EST. The hotline can be reached
   by telephone at 800-424-9346 for all nongovernment locations outside the Washington, DC
   metropolitan local calling area, or 703-412-9810 for all locations in the Washington, DC metropolitan
   local calling area.

   Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Docket and Information Center (RIC).
   The RIC provides public access to all regulatory materials supporting EPA's actions under RCRA and
   disseminates publications from EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. The
   information center operates daily, Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. The
   information center can be reached by telephone at 703-603-9230.

   Superfund Docket and Information Center.
   The Superfund Docket and Information Center provides access to Superfund regulatory documents,
   Superfund Federal Register Notices, and Records of Decision (ROD). The center operates daily,
   Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. The center can be reached by telephone at
   703-603-8917 or by facsimile at 703-603-9133.
   TechDirect.
   TechDkect is a free electronic mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest to
   site cleanup professionals. Approximately once a month, EPA's Technology Innovation Office (TIO)
   sends subscribers an e-mail message announcing the availability of publications and the scheduling of
   events. The message also directs subscribers to sources from which they can obtain more information.
   Contact Mr. Jeff Heimerman at 703-603-7191 or by e-mail at heimerman.jeff@epamail.epa.gov for more
   information.
   Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Service.
   The information service provides information about regulations under TSCA to the chemical industry,
   labor and trade organizations, environmental groups, and the general public. Technical as well as
   general information is available. The information service operates daily, Monday through Friday, 8:30
   a.m. to 5:00 p.m. EST. The information service can be reached by telephone at 202-554-1404.
30

-------
          ROAD MAP ro UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATON AND CLEANUP
 Comparing innovative Technologies to Other
 Characterization and Cleanup Options

 The Road Map focuses on innovative characterization
 and treatment options. Although the Road Map
 emphasizes the use of innovative technologies to
 address contamination, the use of other technologies
 also should be considered. For example, containment
 or more standard technology options also may be
 appropriate to address contamination at Brownfields
 sites.  Examples of containment technologies include
 dynamic compaction, landfill reuse, and stabilization
 or solidification of contaminated material.
 Established technologies, such as incineration and
 pump-and-treat processes for groundwater
 contamination, also are alternatives to innovative
 technologies for use in addressing contamination.

 When deciding between innovative and established
 technologies or between treatment and containment
 technologies, Brownfields stakeholders should
 compare the effectiveness and efficiency of each
 technology against the specific needs of the
 individual site and stakeholders. During this
 analysis, one should remember that technologies, or
 at least our understanding of them, change
constantly.
 Seeking External Support (Community Relations
 and Professional Support)

 A wealth of information and expertise related to site
 cleanup is readily available. It is important that
 members of the Brownfields community have access
 to that information and are able to draw upon lessons
 learned to benefit from the experience of others.

 Most decision makers at Brownfields sites will
 require technical and legal assistance to fully
 understand the complexities of investigating and
 cleaning up a contaminated site. In fact, some states
 may require the participation of certified or licensed
 professionals to help guide the site investigation and
 cleanup process. State regulatory agencies should be
 consulted to determine the requirements, if any, for
 the participation of certified or licensed cleanup.
 professionals. It is recommended that site cleanup
 professionals and legal and other experts be recruited
 as members of the Brownfields team.

 The Brownfields community can benefit from EPA's
 assistance in directing its members to. appropriate
 resources and providing opportunities to network
 and participate in the sharing of information. A
number of electronic bulletin boards and databases,
newsletters, and reports provide opportunities for
Brownfields stakeholders to network with other
stakeholders to identify information about site
cleanup and technology options.
                                                                                               31

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                     This page intentionally left blank.
32

-------
APPENDICI

-------

-------
APPENDIX A

-------

-------
          ff040 MAP TO UHDEBSTMimMa INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELOS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                                Appendix A
                                  TO                                        AT


  The following table identifies several activities that may have caused contamination at Brownfields sites
  Ihe table summarizes contaminants that are related to such activities and identifies sources for the
  contaminants; however, it is not an exhaustive list of contaminants that can be found at a Brownfields site
  Identifying contaminants that may be present should be determined on a site-by-site basis  Such a
  determination should be conducted thoroughly and carefully. Information for this table was compiled
  from several sources, including various EPA Guides to Pollution Prevention for selected industries  A list of
  the specific citations used is provided on page A-2.
 - Past Activities Typically Conducted  "
  at Brownfields Sites
                                        Tyjijcal Contaminants and Jypical Sources
  Agriculture


  Automotive refinishing and repair-

  Battery recycling and disposal
  Chloro-alkali manufacturing
     "      	  *^1i *   *„. „  i,  *^  ss x  *x fj
  Coal gasification
  Cosmetics manufacturing     *,  „ '•
  Dry cleaning activities

  Electroplating operations
    ^
  Glass manufacturing
  Herbicide manufacturing and use
  Hospitals

 Incinerators „
 Landfills—municipal and industrial

 Leather manufacturing
     I          *f           -  —~  ^£
 Machine shops/metal fabrication
 Marine maintenance industry

 Munitions manufacturing
 Paint/ink manufacturing
         ,  .  ,     ' \ '
         "*"  *"         5        ~?  *6t
 Pesticide manufacturing

'Petroleum refining and reuse  /"     ~*-
              *           "»&„*»
 Pharmaceutical manufacturing
 Photographic manufacturing and^uses
 Plastics manufacturing
   Volatile organic compounds (VOC); arsenic, copper, carbon
   tetrachloride, ethylene dibromide, and methylene chloride; pesticides;
   insecticides; herbicides; grain fumigants
' - _Some metals and metal dust-Various organic compounds; solvents;
   paint and paint sludges; scrap metal; waste oils  -     -         '  -
   Lead; cadmium; acids
   Chldrine compounds; mercury      .       "        '           "
   Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
 »  ^3*7 metals/dusts; solvents; acids                   -      x
   VOCs such as chloroform and tetrachloroethane; various solvents;
   spot removers; fluorocarbon 113
   Various metals such as cadmium, chromium, cyanide, copper and  *
   nickel       -•'<,"''                       ~~
   Arsenic; lead
-  Dioxin; metals;-herbicides        „ '
   Formaldehyde; radionuclides; photographic chemicals; solvents;
   mercury; ethylene oxide; chemotherapy chemicals
:   Dioxin/vanous municipal and industrial waste
   Metals; VOCs; polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB); ammonia; methane;
   household products and cleaners; pesticides; various wastes
 JToluene; benzene'   _        ""•      >
  Metals; VOCs; dioxin; beryllium; degreasing agents; solvents; waste oils
 -Solvents; paints; cyanide; acids; VOC emissions; heavy metal sludges-
 ^degreasers,   /f   ->  '          ^         *          -         .  ' *
  Lead; explosives; copper; antimony
  Metalsjsuch as chromium, cadmixSn, lead, and zinc); VOCs;""
  chloroform; ethyl benzene; solvents; paints; inks   v_
  VOCs; arsenic; copper; pesticides; insecticides; herbicides; fungicides;
 xylene; chlorinated organic compounds; solvents
  (BTEX); fuels; oil and grease
  Lead; various organic chemicals; organic solvents
*« Sayer,brol^de; raethylene chloride; solvents; photographic products
  Polymers; phthalates; cadmium; solvents; resins; chemical additives; VOCs
                                                                                                     A-1

-------
        ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
 Past Activities Typically Conducted
 at Brownflelds Sites (continued)
                                  Typical Contaminants and Typical Sources
 Printing industry
 Railroad yards
                                  Silver; solvents; acids; waste oils; inks and dyes; photographic chemicals
                                           's; VOCs; BTEX; solvents; fuels; oil and grease;
 Research and educational institutions

 Scrap metal operations
 Smelter operations
 Semiconductor manufacturing
 Wood pulp and paper manufacturing^
 Wood preserving
                                  lead; PCBs
                                  Inorganic acids; organic solvents; metals and metal dust; photographic
                                  waste; waste oil; paint; heavy metals; pesticides
                                  Various metals (such as lead and 'nickel); PCBs; dioxin; transformers
                                  Metals (such as lead, copper, and arsenic)
                                  Metals; VOCs; carbon tetrachloride; degreasing agents; solvents
                                  Chlorinated organic compounds; dioxin; furans; chloroform; resin acids
                                  Creosote; pentachlorophenol (PCP); arsenic; chromium; copper;
                                  PCB; PAHs; beryllium; dioxin; wood preservatives
                      LIST OF CITATIONS USED TO IDENTIFY COMMON CONTAMINANTS
O  Contaminants and Remedial Options at
    Selected Metal-Contaminated Sites
    (EPA540-R-95-512, PB95-271961)

O  Dry Cleaning and Laundry Plants, Fact
    Sheet (EPA 530-SW-90-027b)

O  Guidelines for Waste Reduction and
    Recycling: Metal Finishing, Electroplating,
    Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing,
    Hazardous Waste Reduction Program,
    Oregon Department of Environmental
    Quality (No document number)

O  Guides to Pollution Prevention:

      - Research and Educational Institutions
        (EPA 625-7-90-010)

      - Selected Hospital Waste Streams
        (EPA 625-7-90-009)
      - TJie Automotive Refinishing Industry
        (EPA 625-7-91-016)
      - TJie Automotive Repair Industry
        (EPA 625-7-91-013)
      - Tlie Commercial Printing Industry
        (EPA 625-7-90-008)
      - The Fiberglass-Reinforced and Composite
        Plastics Industry (EPA 625-7-91-014)

      - TJie Marine Maintenance and Repair
        Industry  (EPA 625-7-91-015)
                                                         - The Mechanical Equipment Repair Industry
                                                          (EPA 625-R-92-008)

                                                         - The Pesticide Formulating Industry
                                                          (EPA 625-7-90-004)

                                                         - The Pharmaceutical Industry
                                                          (EPA 625-7-91-017)

                                                       Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual
                                                       Status Report (EPA 542-R-95-008)

                                                       Low-Level Mixed Waste: A RCRA
                                                       Perspective for NRC Licenses
                                                       (EPA 530-SW-90-057)

                                                       Pollution Prevention Technologies for the
                                                       Bleached Kraft Segment of the U.S. Pulp and
                                                       Paper Industry (EPA 600-R-93-110)

                                                       Solving the Hazardous Waste Problem:
                                                       EPA's RCRA Program (EPA 530-SW-86-037)

                                                       Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case
                                                       Studies of Minimization of Mercury-Bearing
                                                       Wastes at a Mercury Cell Chloralkali Plant:
                                                       Project Summary (EPA 600-S2-88-011)

                                                       Waste Minimization Opportunity
                                                        Assessment: Philadelphia Naval Shipyard:
                                                        Project Summary (EPA 600-S2-90-046)

                                                        Waste Reduction for the Aerospace Industry:
                                                        Fact Sheet, California Department of Health
                                                        Services Technology Clearinghouse (no
                                                        document number)
A-2

-------
XIQN3ddV

-------

-------
              ROAD
                 MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNF.ELDS .NVEST.GAT/ON AND CLEANUP
             Remediation  Technologies  Screening Matrix
        NOTE: Specific site and contaminant characteristics
        may limit the applicability and effectiveness of
        any of the technologies and treatments
        listed below. This matrix is optimistic in
        nature and should always be used in
        conjunction with the referenced text sections,
        which contain additional information
        that can be useful in identifying potentially
        applicable technologies.
         	f — ,_T> ^..»..,JMM »ii^miiii't , ,

       4-*_pneumatic Fracturing (enhancement!
       0. _B   Cn!l Cli.cl.:__	
   —.—.—.: —• ••••{>
       4.6	Soil Vapor Extraction (In Situ)
       4.7   Solidificalion/StabllSalion
  .3.3  In Situ Thermal Treatment   ~
  [	4.8   Thermally Enhanced SVE
       A n   »»•*•?•__i*"
  	_4.10 _ Composting
       •" • **  ^-vlllpU3MIIK

      f J/_Cgnirpi'e'l SouiirPnase Bio. Treatment
       .^_
      4.13  SfufrVphaseTib'.Tfeatmen
  3.5  ExSituPhwical/ChemicalTreatrnMl
                                ..
      Jj4_Chemica[jeducljon/Oxidation
  ...... _.                 __
  ______ 4.16__Dehalogenatipn(Glycoiate
      A if  c— ;i m«7__i"!~" --
                     _	_
                 0": Extraction (Ex Silii)
                 -.i:™Tci-OIi-.i: • _
	;;™_  *™«« vapwi uirdLtiun ICX 3I1UJ
	jf-19 ^iidificatim^afiiiiiatibn     "	
 3.7  Other Tfgalmant
     -^*»»»*-» iii^quiiciii '.*• i \-•   , i., !'..,•:• •  ,•  '~ .,,, i;-.:,;.-;.- •••
     *'--_§''cavalion/ Retrieval, and Off-Site Disposal   I NA
     4.29  Natural Atlenuaiion	~	-
       Rating Codes (See Table 3-1)
         Belter
      ©  Average
      A  Worse
                                     I   Inadequate Information
                                    NA  Not Applicable
94P-51BI  10/11/94
                                                                              Source: Remediation Technologies Screening
                                                                              Matrix and Reference Guide (PB95-104782)
                                                                                                                B-1

-------
       ROAD
MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPT.ONS FOR BROWNFIELDS .NVEST.GAT.ON AND CLEANUP
          Remediation Technologies  Screening Matrix
                                           (Continued)
   NOTE: Specific site and contaminant characteristics
   may limit the applicability and effectiveness of
   any of the technologies and treatments
   liitcd below. This matrix is optimistic in
   nature and should always be used in
   conjunction with the referenced text sections,
   which contain additional information
   lhal can be useful in identifying potentially
   applicable technologies.
t.ROUXMVATER, SURFACE WATER, AND LFA( HATF
                                                             Contaminants
                                                               Treated
                                                                                         ff.
                                      '
                                       Pilot
                                        Full
                                        Full
                                A
                                                 None
                                                 None
                                                       No
                                                       No
                                                                                           JL
                                                                                                  O&M
                                                                                                  Neither
                                                                                      Neither
.!>  InSlluPhysk
                                        Full
                                        Full
                                        Full
                                        Fuli
                                       .Pilot"
                                        Pilot
                                        Pilot
                                 A
                                     Vappr_
                                        '
   ,»,_t.,.,«-.
    liquid
          Yes
          Yes
                                            No
                                            No
                                                                                       O&M
                                                                                      Neither
                                                                                      Neither
                                                                                       O&M
                                                                                      Neither
                                                                                       CAP
                                                                                      Neither
                                                                                                    CAP
3.1t
~_4.45_nitration
'~4.46  ton Exchange
        _
   ~4!49~iiv6n!t!»tion
                                                  Solid
                                                        No_
                                                        Yes
                                                                A
                                                        A
                              A
                                                                                       NA
 t.l { AIR FMISSIONS/OFF-GASIREAIMENM
                 .	
         High Energy Corona	
    433  MembraneSejanitKin	
    4.54 " Oxidation  ..7.    .—,	
    435 ' Vapor Phase Carbon Adsorption
                             Full
                             Pijot
                             Pilot
                             Fu»
A
                                                   None
                                                   None
     None
     Npne_
    "Solid
           NA
                                                                     I
                                                                                       NA
                                                                                       NA
                                                                                                   Neither
                                                                                                   Neither
                                                                                      _O&M_
                                                                                       Neither
                                                                           "NA
                                                                                       Neither
                                                                                                      I
                                                      Neither
       Rating Codes (See Table 3-1)
     • Better
     © Average
     A Worse
                        I   Inadequate Information
                       NA  Not Applicable
wvn
                                                             Source: Remediation Technologies Screening
                                                             Matrix and Reference Guide (PB95-104782)
  B-2

-------
APPENDIX C

-------

-------
           ROAD HAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION A«D
                                                                                  CLEANUP
                                            Appendix C
                                                                OF KEY
  ARAR


  ASTM


  BDAT


  BTEX


  CAA

  CERCLA



  CERCLIS



  CWA

  DDT

  DNAPL

  DQO

  EPA

 ESA

 HRS

 HSWA


 IRIS

 ITT

 LDR

 LNAPL

 LUST

 NAPL

 NCP

 NPDES
  Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
  Requirement

  American Society for Testing and
  Materials

  Best Demonstrated Achievable
  Technology

  Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and
  Xylene

  Clean Air Act

  Comprehensive Environmental
  Response, Compensation, and Liability
  Act

  Comprehensive Environmental
  Response, Compensation, and Liability
  Information System

  Clean Water Act

  Dioxin

  Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid

  Data Quality Objective

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

 Environmental Site Assessment

 Hazard Ranking System

 Hazardous and Solid Waste
 Amendments

 Integrated Risk Information System

 Innovative Treatment Technology

 Land Disposal Restrictions

 Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid

 Leaking Underground Storage Tank

 Nonaqueous Phase Liquid

National Contingency Plan

National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System
NPL      National Priorities List
  NRC

  O&M

  ORD

  OSWER


  PAH

  PA/SI


  PCB

  PCP

  PRP

  QA/QC

  RCRA

  RD/RA

  RI/FS


  ROD

 RQ

 SARA


 SITE


 SVE

 SVOC

 TCE

 TIO

 TPH

 TSCA

 TSDF

 UST

VCP

VOC
  National Response Center

  Operations and Maintenance

  Office of Research and Development

  Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
  Response

  Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon

  Preliminary Assessment and Site
  Inspection

  Polychlorinated Biphenyl

  Pentachlorophenol

  Potentially Responsible Party

  Quality Assurance and Quality Control

  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

  Remedial Design and Remedial Action

  Remedial Investigation and Feasibility
  Study

  Record of Decision

  Reportable quantity

 Superfund Amendments and
 Reauthorization Act

 Superfund Innovative Technology
 Evaluation Program

 Soil Vapor Extraction

 Semi-Volatile Organic Compound

 Trichloroethylene

 Technology Innovation Office

 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon

 Toxic Substances Control Act

 Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility

 Underground Storage Tank

Voluntary Cleanup Program

Volatile Organic Compound
                                                                                           C-1

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
The following is a list of specialized terms used during the cleanup of Brownfields sites.
Absorption
Absorption is the passage of one substance into or
through another.

Adsorption
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas,
liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. The term also
refers to a method of treating wastes in which
activated carbon removes organic matter from
wastewater.

Air Sparging
In air sparging, air is injected into the ground below a
contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and
carry trapped and dissolved contaminants to the
surface where they are captured by a soil vapor
extraction system.  Air sparging may be a good
choice of treatment technology at sites contaminated
With solvents and other volatile organic compounds
 (VOC). See also Soil Vapor Extraction and Volatile
 Organic Compound.

 Air Stripping
 Air stripping is a treatment system that removes or
 "strips" VOCs from contaminated groundwater or
 surface water as air is forced through the water,
 causing the compounds to evaporate. See also Volatile
 Organic Compound.

 American Society for Testing and Materials
 (ASTM)
 The ASTM sets standards for many services,
 including methods of sampling and testing of
 hazardous waste and media contaminated with
 hazardous waste.

 Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
 Requirement (ARAR)
 As defined under the Comprehensive Environmental
 Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
 (CERCLA), ARARs are cleanup standards, standards
 of control, and other substantive environmental
 protection requirements, criteria, or limits
  promulgated under Federal or state law that
  specifically address problems or situations present at
  a CERCLA site. ARARs are major considerations in
  setting cleanup goals, selecting a remedy, and
  determining how to implement that remedy at a
  CERCLA site. ARARs must be attained at all
  CERCLA sites unless a waiver is attained. ARARs
are not national cleanup standards for the Superfund
program. See also Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and
Superfund.

Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground rock formation
composed of such materials as sand, soil, or gravel
that can store groundwater and supply it to wells and
springs.

Aromatics
Aromatics are organic compounds that contain
6-carbon ring structures, such as creosote, toluene,
and phenol, that often are found at dry cleaning and
electronic assembly sites.

Baseline Risk Assessment
A baseline risk assessment is an assessment
conducted before cleanup activities begin at a site to
identify and evaluate the threat to human health and
the environment. After remediation has been
completed, the information obtained during a
baseline risk assessment can be used to determine
 whether the cleanup levels were reached.

 Bedrock
 Bedrock is the rock that underlies the  soil; it can be
 permeable or non-permeable. See also Confining Layer
 and Creosote.

 Best Demonstrated Achievable Technology (BDAT)
 A BDAT is  a technology that has demonstrated the
 ability to reduce a particular contaminant to a lower
 concentration than other currently available
 technologies. BDATs can change with time as
 technologies evolve.

 Bioremediation
 Bioremediation refers to treatment processes that use
 microorganisms (usually naturally occurring) such as
 bacteria, yeast, or fungi to break down hazardous
  substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances.
  Bioremediation can be used to clean up contaminated
  soil and water. In situ bioremediation treats the
  contaminated soil or groundwater in the location in
  which it is found. For ex situ bioremediation
  processes,  contaminated soil must be excavated or
  groundwater pumped before they can be treated.
  C-2

-------
            ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BBOWNFELDS INVEST1BA77OM AND
  Biosensor
  A biosensor is a portable device that uses living
  organisms, such as enzymes, tissues, microbes, and
  antibodies, to produce reactions to analytes.

  Bioventing
  Bioventing is an in situ remediation technology that
  combines soil vapor extraction methods with
  bioremediation. It uses vapor extraction wells that
  induce air flow in the subsurface through air injection
  or through the use of a vacuum. Bioventing can be
  effective in remediating releases of petroleum
  products, such as gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, and
  diesel fuel. See also Bioremediation and Soil Vapor
  Extraction.

  Borehole
  A borehole is a hole cut into the ground by means of
  a drilling rig.

  Borehole Geophysics
  Borehole geophysics are nuclear or electric
  technologies used to identify the physical
  characteristics of geologic formations that are
 intersected by a borehole.

 Brownfields
 Brownfields sites are abandoned, idled, or under-
 used industrial and commercial facilities where
 expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or
 perceived environmental contamination.

 BTEX
 BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene,
 ethylbenzene, and xylene-volatile aromatic
 compounds typically found in petroleum products,
 such as gasoline and diesel fuel.

 Cadmium
 Cadmium is a heavy metal that accumulates in the
 environment. See also Heavy Metal.

 Carbon Adsorption
 Carbon adsorption is a treatment system  that
removes contaminants from groundwater or surface
water as the water is forced through tanks containing
activated carbon.
  Chemical Dehalogenation
  Chemical dehalogenation is a chemical process that
  removes halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical
  contaminant, rendering the contaminant less
  hazardous. The chemical dehalogenation process can
  be applied to common halogenated contaminants
  such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dioxins
  pDT), which may be present in soil and oils.
  Dehalogenation can be effective in removing
  halogens from hazardous organic compounds, such
  as dioxins, PCBs, and certain chlorinated pesticides.
  The treatment time is short, energy requirements are
  moderate, and operation and maintenance costs are
  relatively low. This technology can be brought to the
  site, eliminating the need to transport hazardous
  wastes. See also Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Dioxin.

  Chlorinator
 A chlorinator is a device that adds chlorine, in gas or
 liquid form, to water or sewage to kill bacteria.

 Clean Air Act (CAA)
 The CAA is a Federal law passed in 1970 that
 requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 (EPA) to establish regulations to control the release of
 contaminants to the air to protect human health and
 environment.

 Cleanup
 Cleanup is the term used for actions taken to deal
 with a release or threat of release of a hazardous
 substance that could affect humans and or the
 environment.  The term sometimes is used
 interchangeably with the terms remedial action,
 removal action, response action, or corrective action.

 Clean Water Act (CWA)
 CWA is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water
 Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic
 structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to
 U.S.  waters. This law gave EPA the authority to set
 effluent standards on an industry-by-industry basis
and to set water quality standards for all
contaminants in surface waters.
                                                                                               C-3

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Colorimetric
Colorimetric refers to chemical reaction-based
indicators that are used to produce compound
reactions to individual compounds, or classes of
compounds. The reactions, such as visible color
changes or other easily noted indications, are used to
detect and quantify contaminants.

Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
CERCLA is a Federal law passed in 1980 that created
a special tax that funds a trust fund, commonly
known as Superfund, to be used to investigate and
dean up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites. CERCLA  required for the first time that
EPA step beyond its traditional regulatory role and
provide response authority to clean up hazardous
waste sites. EPA has primary responsibility for
managing cleanup and enforcement activities
authorized under CERCLA. Under the program,
 EPA can pay for cleanup when parties responsible
for the contamination cannot be located or are
unwilling or unable to perform the work, or take
 legal action to force parties responsible for
 contamination to clean up the site or reimburse the
 Federal government for the cost of the cleanup. See
 also Superfund.

 Comprehensive Environmental Response,
 Compensation, and Liability Information System
 (CERCLIS)
 CERCLIS is a database that serves as the official
 inventory of Superfund hazardous waste sites.
 CERCLIS also contains information about all aspects
 of hazardous waste sites, from initial discovery to
 deletion from the National Priorities List (NPL). The
 database also maintains information about planned
 and actual site activities and financial information
 entered by EPA regional offices. CERCLIS records
 the targets and accomplishments of the Superfund
 program and is used to report that information to the
 EPA Administrator, Congress, and the public. See
 also National Priorities List and Superfund.

  Confining Layer
  A "confining layer" is a geological formation
  characterized by low permeability that inhibits the
  flow of water.  See also Bedrock and Permeability.
Contaminant
A contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological,
or radiological substance or matter present in any
media at concentrations that may result in adverse
effects on air, water, or soil.

Corrective Measure Study (CMS)
If the potential need for corrective measures is
verified during a RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI),
the owner or operator of a facility is then responsible
for performing a CMS.  A CMS is conducted to
identify, evaluate, and recommend specific corrective
measures based on a detailed engineering evaluation.
Using data collected during the RFI, the CMS
demonstrates that proposed measures will be
effective in controlling the source of contamination,
as well as problems posed by the migration of
substances from the original source into the
environment.  The measures also must be assessed in
terms of technical feasibility, ability to meet public
health protection requirements and protect the
environment, possible adverse environmental effects,
 and institutional constraints. See also RCRA Facility
 Investigation.

 Corrosivity
 Corrosive wastes include those that are acidic and
 capable of corroding metal such as tanks, containers,
 drums, and barrels.

 Creosote
 Creosote is an oily liquid obtained by the distillation
 of wood that is used as a wood preservative and
 disinfectant and often is found at wood preserving
  sites. See also Aromatics and Light Nonaqueous Phase
  Liquid.

  Data Quality Objective (DQO)
  DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements
  specified to ensure that data of known and
  appropriate quality are obtained. The DQO process
  is a series of planning steps, typically conducted
  during site assessment and investigation, that is
  designed to ensure that the type, quantity, and
  quality of environmental data used in decision
  making are appropriate. The DQO process involves
  a logical, step-by-step procedure for determining
  which of the complex issues affecting a site are the
  most relevant to planning a site investigation before
  any data are collected.
  C-4

-------
            ROADIMP T0 WDEBSTAJflMIG INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
  Dechlorination
  Dechlorination, the process used primarily to treat
  and destroy halogenated aromatic contaminants, is
  the chemical reaction that removes halogens (usually
  chlorine) from the primary structure of the
  contaminating organic chemical. Dechlorination can
  treat contaminated liquids, soils, sludges, and
  sediments, as well as halogenated organics and PCBs,
  pesticides, and some herbicides.

  Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)
  A DNAPL is one of a group of organic substances
  that are relatively insoluble in water and more dense
  than water.  DNAPLs tend to sink vertically through
  sand and gravel aquifers to the underlying layer.

  Dioxin (DDT)
  A dioxin is any of a family of compounds known
  chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. They are chemicals
  released during combustion. Concern about them
  arises from their potential toxicity and the risk posed
 by contamination in commercial products.  Boilers
 and industrial furnaces are among the sources of
 dioxins.

 Disposal
 Disposal is the final placement or destruction of toxic,
 radioactive or other wastes; surplus or banned
 pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and
 drums containing hazardous materials from removal
 actions or accidental release. Disposal may be
 accomplished through the use of approved secure
 landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep
 well injection, ocean dumping, or incineration.

 Dual-Phase Extraction
 Dual-phase extraction is a technology that extracts
 contaminants simultaneously from soils in saturated
 and unsaturated zones by applying soil vapor
 extraction techniques to contaminants trapped in
 saturated zone soils. See also Soil Vapor Extraction.

 Electromagnetic (EM) Geophysics
 EM geophysics refers to technologies used to detect
 spatial (lateral and vertical) differences in subsurface
 electromagnetic characteristics. The data collected
provide information about subsurface environments.
  Electromagnetic (EM) Induction
  EM induction is a geophysical technology used to
  induce a magnetic field beneath the earth's surface,
  which in turn causes a secondary magnetic field to
  form around nearby objects that have conductive
  properties, such as ferrous and nonferrous metals.
  The secondary magnetic field is then used to detect
  and measure buried debris.

  Emergency Removal
  An emergency removal is an action initiated in
  response to a release of a hazardous substance that
  requires on-site activity within hours of a
  determination that action is appropriate.

  Emerging Technology
  An emerging technology is an innovative technology
  that currently is undergoing bench-scale testing.
  During bench-scale testing, a small version of the
  technology is built and tested in a laboratory. If the
  technology is successful during bench-scale testing, it
  is demonstrated on a small scale at field sites. If the
  technology is successful at the field demonstrations,
 it often will be used full scale at contaminated waste
 sites. As the technology is used and evaluated at
 different sites, it is improved continually. See also
 Established Technology and Innovative Technology.

 Enforcement Action
 An enforcement action is an action undertaken by
 EPA under its authority granted under various
 Federal environmental statutes, such as CERCLA,
 RCRA, CAA, CWA, the Toxic Substances Control Act
 (TSCA), and others. For example, under CERCLA,
 EPA may obtain voluntary settlement or compel
 potentially responsible parties (PRP) to implement
 removal or remedial actions when releases of
 hazardous substances have occurred. See also
 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
 and Liability Act, Potentially Responsible Party, and
 Removal Action.

 Engineered Control
 An engineered control, such as barriers placed
between contamination and the rest of a site, is a
method of managing environmental and health risks.
Engineered controls can be used to limit exposure
pathways.
                                                                                                C-5

-------
         ROAD &1APTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROVVNRELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Environmental Audit
See Phase I Environmental Audit.

Environmental Site Assessment (ESA)
An ESA is the process by which it is determined
whether contamination is present on a site.

Established Technology
An established technology is a technology for which
cost and performance information is readily
available. Only after a technology has been used at
many different sites and the results fully documented
is that technology considered established. The most
frequently used established technologies are
incineration, solidification and stabilization, and
pump-and-treat technologies for groundwater. See
also Emerging Technology and Innovative Technology.

Exposure Pathway
An exposure pathway is the route of contaminants
from the source of contamination to potential contact
with a medium (air, soil, surface water, or
groundwater) that represents a potential threat to
human health or the environment. Determining
whether exposure pathways exist is an essential step
 in conducting a baseline risk assessment. See also
 Baseline Risk Assessment.

 Ex Situ
 The term ex situ or "moved from its original place,"
 means excavated or removed.

 Filtration
 Filtration is a treatment process that removes solid
 matter from water by passing the water through a
 porous medium, such as sand or a manufactured
 filter.

 Flame lonization Detector (FID)
 A FID is an instrument often used in conjunction
 with gas chromatography to  measure the change of
 signal as analy tes are ionized by a hydrogen-air
 flame. It also is used to detect phenols, phthalates,
 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), VOCs,
 and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable Gas
 Chromatography.

 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
 A fourier transform infrared spectroscope is an
  analytical air monitoring tool that uses a laser system
  chemically to identify contaminants.
Fumigant
A fumigant is a pesticide that is vaporized to kill
pests. They often are used in buildings and
greenhouses. See also Dioxin.
Furan
Furan is a colorless, volatile liquid compound used in
the synthesis of organic compounds, especially nylon.

Gas Chromatography
Gas chromatography is a technology used for
investigating and assessing soil, water, and soil gas
contamination at a site. It is used for the analysis of
VOCs and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC).
The technique identifies and quantifies organic
compounds on the basis of molecular weight,
characteristic fragmentation patterns, and retention
time. Recent advances in gas chromatography that
are considered innovative are portable, weather-
proof units that have self-contained power supplies.

 Ground-Penetrating Radar
 GPR is a technology that emits pulses of
 electromagnetic energy into the ground to measure
 its reflection and refraction by subsurface layers and
 other features, such as buried debris.

 Groundwater
 Groundwater is the water found beneath the earth's
 surface that fills pores between such materials as
 sand, soil, or gravel and that often supplies wells and
 springs. See also Aquifer.

 Halogenated Organic Compound
 A halogenated organic compound is a compound
 containing molecules of chlorine, bromine iodine,
 and or fluorine.  Halogenated organic compounds
 were used in high-voltage electrical transformers
 because they conducted heat well while being fire
 resistant and good electrical insulators. Many
 herbicides, pesticides, and degreasing agents are
 made from halogenated organic compounds.

 Hazard Ranking System (HRS)
 The HRS is the primary screening tool used by EPA
 to assess the risks posed to human health or the
 environment by abandoned or uncontrolled
 hazardous waste sites. Under the HRS, sites are
  assigned scores on the basis of the toxicity of
 hazardous substances that are present and the
  potential that those substances will spread through
  C-6

-------
           MAD HAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFiELDS INVESTIGATION AND Cl
                                     .EANUP
  the air, surface, water, or groundwater, taking into
  account such factors as the proximity of the substance
  to nearby populations. Scores are used in
  determining which sites should be placed on the
  NPL. See also National Priorities List.

  Hazardous Substance
  As defined under CERCLA, a hazardous substance is
  any material that poses a threat to public health or
  the environment. The term also refers to hazardous
  wastes as defined under the Resource Conservation
  and Recovery Act (RCRA). Typical hazardous
  substances are materials that are toxic, corrosive,
  ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. If a
  certain quantity of a hazardous substance, as
  established by EPA, is spilled into the water or
  otherwise emitted into the environment, the release
 must be reported. Under the legislation cited above,
 the term excludes petroleum, crude oil, natural gas,
 natural gas liquids, or synthetic gas usable for fuel.

 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
 HSWA are  1984 amendments to RCRA which
 required phasing out land disposal of hazardous
 waste and added minimum technology requirements.
 See also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

 Heavy Metal
 The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic
 metals including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead,
 mercury, silver, and zinc.  Heavy metals often are
 present at industrial sites at which operations have
 included battery recycling and metal plating.

 Herbicide
 A herbicide is a chemical pesticide designed to
 control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.

 High-Frequency Electromagnetic (EM) Sounding
 High-frequency EM sounding, the technology used
 for nonintrusive geophysical exploration, projects
high-frequency electromagnetic radiation into
subsurface layers to detect the reflection and
refraction of the radiation by various layers of soil.
Unlike ground-penetrating radar, which uses pulses,
the technology uses continuous waves of radiation.
See also Ground-Penetrating Radar.
  Hydrazine
  Hydrazine is a highly toxic liquid used in rocket
  propellant, agricultural chemicals, drugs, spandex
  fibers, antioxidants, plating metals on glass and
  plastic, explosives, and in boiler feedwater. The
  chemical compound causes a severe explosion
  hazard when exposed to heat.

  Hydrocarbon
  A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing
  only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in
  petroleum, natural gas, and coal.

  Hydrogen Sulfide (HS)
  HS is a gas emitted during decomposition of organic
  compounds. It also is a byproduct of oil refining and
  burning.

  Hydrogeology
  Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, including
 its origin, occurrence, movement, and quality.

 Hydrology
 Hydrology is the science that deals with the
 properties, movement, and effects of water found on
 the earth's surface, in the soil and rocks beneath the
 surface, and in the atmosphere.

 Ignitability
 Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain
 conditions. Examples include liquids, such as
 solvents mat readily catch fire, and friction-sensitive
 substances.

 Immunoassay
 Immunoassay is an innovative technology used to
 measure compound-specific reactions (generally
 colorimetric) to individual compounds or classes of
 compounds. The  reactions are used to detect and
 quantify contaminants. The technology is available
 in field-portable test kits.

 Incineration
Incineration is a treatment technology that involves
the burning of certain types of solid, liquid, or
gaseous materials under controlled conditions to
destroy hazardous waste.
                                                                                                C-7

-------
         ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR SROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Information Repository
An information repository is a location in a public
building that is convenient for local residents, such as
a public school, city hall, or library, that contains
information about a Superfund site, including
technical reports and reference documents.

Infrared Monitor
An infrared monitor is a device used to monitor the
heat signature of an object, as well as to sample air. It
may be used to detect buried objects in soil.

Inorganic Compound
An inorganic compound is a compound that
generally does not contain carbon atoms (although
carbonate and bicarbonate compounds are notable
exceptions), tends to be more soluble in  water, and
tends to react on an ionic rather than on a molecular
basis. Examples of inorganic compounds include
various acids, potassium hydroxide, and metals.

Innovative Technology
An innovative technology is a process that has been
 tested and used as a treatment for hazardous waste
 or other contaminated materials, but lacks a long
history of full-scale use and information about its cost
 and how well it works sufficient to support
 prediction of its performance under a variety of
 operating conditions. An innovative technology is
 one that is undergoing pilot-scale treatability studies
 that usually are conducted in the field or the
 laboratory and require installation of the technology,
 and provide performance, cost, and design objectives
 for the technology. Innovative technologies are being
 used under many Federal and state cleanup
 programs to treat hazardous wastes that have been
 improperly released. For example, innovative
 technologies are being selected to manage
 contamination (primarily petroleum) at some leaking
 underground storage sites. See also Emerging
  Technology and Established Technology.

  Ion Exchange
  Ion exchange, a common method of softening water,
  depends on the ability of certain materials to remove
  and exchange ions from water.  These ion exchange
  materials, generally composed of unsoluble organic
  polymers, are placed in a filtering device. Water
  softening exchange materials remove calcium and
  magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium ions.
Insecticide
An insecticide is a pesticide compound specifically
used to kill or control the growth of insects.  See also
Dioxin.

In Situ
The term in situ, "in its original place," or "on-site",
means unexcavated and unmoved. In situ soil
flushing and natural attenuation are examples of in
situ treatment methods by which contaminated sites
are treated without digging up or removing the
contaminants.

In Situ Oxidation
In situ oxidation is an innovative treatment
technology that oxidizes contaminants that are
dissolved in groundwater and converts them into
insoluble compounds.

In Situ Soil Flushing
In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment
 technology that floods contaminated soils beneath
 the ground surface with a solution that moves the
 contaminants to an area from which they can be
 removed. The technology requires the drilling of
 injection and extraction wells on site and reduces the
 need for excavation, handling, or transportation of
 hazardous substances. Contaminants considered for
 treatment by in situ soil flushing include heavy
 metals (such as lead, copper, and zinc), halogenated
 organic compounds, aromatics, and PCBs. See also
 Aromatics, Halogenated Organic Compound, Heavy
 Metal, and Poly chlorinated Biphenyl.

 In Situ Vitrification
 In situ vitrification is a soil treatment technology that
 stabilizes metal and other inorganic contaminants in
 place at temperatures of approximately 3000°F. Soils
 and sludges are fused to form a stable glass and
 crystalline structure with very low leaching
 characteristics.

 Institutional Controls
 An institutional control is a legal or institutional
 measure which subjects a property owner to limit
  activities at or access to a particular property.  They
  are used to  ensure protection of human health and
  the environment, and to expedite property reuse.
  Fences, posting or warning signs, and zoning and
  deed restrictions are examples of institutional
  controls.
  C-8

-------
            KOAD MAP TO UWERS7MHMG iMMCTATIVE TECHNOLOGY QPTIQM8 FOR BROWMFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
  Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
  IRIS is an electronic database that contains EPA's
  latest descriptive and quantitative regulatory
  information about chemical constituents. Files on
  chemicals maintained in IRIS contain information
  related to both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic
  health effects.

  Joint and Several Liability
  Under CERCLA, joint and several liability is a
  concept based on the theory that it may not be
  possible to apportion responsibility for the harm
  caused by hazardous waste equitably among
  potentially responsible parties (PRP) from that
  dependant. Joint liability means that more than one
  defendant is liable to the plaintiff. Several liability
  means that the plaintiff may choose to sue only one
  of the defendants and recover the entire amount.
  One PRP therefore can be held liable for the entire
  cost of cleanup, regardless of the share of waste that
  PRP contributed. Joint and several liability is used
  only when harm is indivisible. If defendants can
  apportion harm, there is no several liability.  See also
  Potentially Responsible Party and Strict Liability.

  Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR)
  LDRs is a RCRA program that restricts the land
  disposal of RCRA hazardous wastes and requires
  treatment to promulgated treatment standards. The
 LDRs may be an important Applicable or Relevant
 and Appropriate Requirement (ARAR) for
 Superfund actions.  See also Applicable or Relevant and
 Appropriate Requirement and Resource Conservation and
 Recovery Act.

 Landfarming
 Landfarming is the spreading and incorporation of
 wastes into the soil to initiate biological treatment.

 Landfill
 A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site for
 nonhazardous solid wastes at which the waste is
 spread in layers compacted to the smallest practical
 volume.

 Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer
 Laser-induced fluorescence/cone penetrometer is a
 field screening method that couples a fiber optic-
based chemical sensor system to a cone penetrometer
mounted on a truck. The technology can be used for
investigating and assessing soil and water
contamination.
  Leachate
  A leachate is a contaminated liquid that results when
  water collects contaminants as it trickles through
  wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers.
  Leaching may occur in farming areas and landfills
  and may be a means of the entry of hazardous
  substances into soil, surface water, or groundwater.

  Lead
  Lead is a heavy metal that is hazardous to health if
  breathed or swallowed. Its use in gasoline, paints,
  and plumbing compounds has been sharply
  restricted or eliminated by Federal laws and
  regulations.  See also Heavy Metal.

  Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
  LUST is the acronym for "leaking underground
  storage tank." See also  Underground Storage Tank.

  Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL)
  An LNAPL is one of a group of organic substances
  that are relatively insoluble in water and are less
  dense than water. LNAPLs, such as oil, tend to
  spread across the surface of the water table and form
  a layer on top of the water table.

  Magnetrometry
 Magnetrometry is a geophysical technology used to
 detect disruptions that metal objects cause in the
 earth's localized magnetic field.

 Mass Spectrometry
 Mass spectrometry is an analytical process by which
 molecules are broken into fragments to determine the
 concentrations and mass/charge ratio of the
 fragments. Innovative mass spectroscopy units,
 developed through modification of large laboratory
 instruments, are sometimes portable, weatherproof
 units with self-contained power supplies.

 Medium
 A medium is a specific environment—air, water, or
 soil-which is the subject of regulatory concern and
 activities.

 Mercury
 Mercury is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the
 environment and is highly toxic if breathed or
 swallowed. Mercury is a highly toxic substance found
in thermometers, measuring devices, pharmaceutical
and agricultural chemicals, chemical manufacturing,
and electrical equipment. See also Heavy Metal.
                                                                                                C-9

-------
         ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Mercury Vapor Analyzer
A mercury vapor analyzer is an instrument that
provides real-time measurements of concentrations
of mercury in the air.

Methane
Methane is a colorless, nonpoisonous, flammable gas
created by anaerobic decomposition of organic
compounds.

Migration Pathway
A migration pathway is a potential path or route of
contaminants from the source of contamination to
contact with human populations or the environment.
Migration pathways include air, surface water,
groundwater, and land surface.  The  existence and
identification of all potential migration pathways
must be considered during assessment and
characterization of a waste site.

Mixed Waste
Mixed waste is low-level radioactive waste
contaminated with hazardous waste that is regulated
under RCRA. Mixed waste can be disposed only in
compliance with the requirements under RCRA that
 govern disposal of hazardous waste  and with the
 RCRA land disposal restrictions, which require that
 waste be  treated before it is disposed of in
 appropriate landfills.

 Monitoring Well
 A monitoring well is a well drilled at a specific
 location on or off a hazardous waste site at which
 groundwater can be sampled at selected depths and
 studied to determine the direction of groundwater
 flow and the types and quantities of contaminants
 present in the groundwater.

 National Contingency Plan (NCP)
 The NCP, formally the National Oil and Hazardous
 Substances Contingency Plan, is the major regulatory
  framework that guides the Superfund response
  effort. The NCP is a comprehensive body of
  regulations that outlines a step-by-step process for
  implementing Superfund responses and defines the
  roles and responsibilities of EPA, other Federal
  agencies, states, private parties, and the communities
  in response to situations in which hazardous
  substances are released into the environment. See also
  Superfund.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)
NPDES is the primary permitting program under the
Clean Water Act, which regulates all discharges to
surface water. It prohibits discharge of pollutants
into waters of the United States unless EPA, a state, or
a tribal government issues a special permit to do so.

National Priorities List (NPL)
The NPL is EPA's list of the most serious
uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites
identified for possible long-term remedial response
under Superfund. Inclusion of a site on the list is
based primarily on the score the site receives under
the HRS. Money from Superfund can be used for
cleanup only at sites that are on the NPL. EPA is
required to update the NPL at least once a year. See
also Hazard Ranking System and Superfund.

National Response Center (NRC)
The NRC, staffed by the U.S. Coast Guard, is a
communications center that receives reports of
discharges or releases of hazardous substances into
the environment. The U.S. Coast Guard in turn,
 relays information about such releases to the
 appropriate Federal agency.

 Natural Attenuation
 Natural attenuation is an approach to cleanup that
 uses natural processes  to contain the spread of
 contamination from chemical spills and reduce the
 concentrations and amounts of pollutants in
 contaminated soil and groundwater. Natural
 subsurface  processes, such as dilution, volatilization,
 biodegradation, adsorption, and chemical reactions
 with subsurface materials, are allowed to reduce
 concentrations of contaminants to acceptable levels.
 An in situ treatment method that leaves the
 contaminants in place while those processes occur,
 natural attenuation is being used to clean up
 petroleum  contamination from leaking underground
  storage tanks (LUST) across the country.

  Nitric Oxide
  Nitric oxide is a gas formed by combustion under
  high temperature and high pressure in an internal
  combustion engine.
  C-10

-------
            BOAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWHPIELOS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
  Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL)
  NAPLs are organic substances that are relatively
  insoluble in water and are less dense than water. See
  also Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid and Light
  Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.

  Non-Point Source
  The term non-point source is used to identify sources
  of pollution that are diffuse and do not have a point
  of origin or that are not introduced into a receiving
  stream from a specific outlet.  Common non-point
  sources are rain water, runoff from agricultural
  lands, industrial sites, parking lots, and timber
  operations, as well as escaping gases from pipes and
  fittings.

  Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
  O&M refers to the activities conducted at a site,
  following remedial actions, to ensure that the cleanup
  methods are working properly. O&M activities are
  conducted to maintain the effectiveness of the
  remedy and to ensure that no new threat to human
 health or the environment arises.  The state or PRP
 assumes responsibility for O&M, which may include
 such activities as groundwater and air monitoring,
 inspection and maintenance of the treatment
 equipment remaining on site, and maintenance of
 any security measures or institutional controls.

 Organic Chemical or Compound
 An organic chemical or compound is a substance
 produced by animals or plants that contains mainly
 carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

 Ozone
 Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally which
 provides a protective layer shielding the earth from
 the harmful health effects on human health and the
 environment from ultraviolet radiation. Ozone is a
 chemical oxidant and a major component of smog in
 the troposphere, the earth's atmospheric layer
 extending 7 to 10 miles from the earth's surface.
 Ozone can have a serious effect on the human
respiratory system and is one of the most prevalent
and widespread  of all the criteria pollutants for
which the Clean Air Act required EPA to set
standards.
  Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
  PCP, a chemical compound containing carbon,
  chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen, is a contaminant
  used in feed stock material and chemical
  manufacturing.

  Permeability
  Permeability is a characteristic that represents a
  qualitative description of the relative ease with which
  rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid (liquid or gas).

  Pesticide
  A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances
  intended to prevent or mitigate infestation by, or
  destroy or repel, any pest. Pesticides can accumulate
  in the food chain and or contaminate the
  environment if misused. See also Dioxin.

  Phase I Environmental Audit
  A Phase I environmental audit is an initial
  environmental investigation that is limited to a
 historical records search to determine ownership of a
 site and to identify the kinds of chemical processes
 that were carried out at the site.  A Phase I audit
 includes a site visit, but does not include any
 sampling. If such an audit identifies no significant
 concerns, Phase II and III audits are not necessary.

 Phase II Environmental Audit
 A Phase II environmental audit is an investigation
 that includes tests performed at the site to confirm
 the location and identity of environmental hazards.
 The audit includes preparation of a report that
 includes recommendations for cleanup alternatives.

 Phase III Environmental Audit
 A Phase III environmental audit is the third-step in
 the audit that includes the removal of contaminated
 materials  from a site and their legal disposal.

 Phenols
 A phenol is one of a group of organic compounds
 that are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning,
 and textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. Low
 concentrations of phenols cause taste and odor
 problems in water; higher concentrations may be
harmful to human health or the environment.
                                                                                                C-11

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Photoionization Detector (FID)
A PID Is a nondestructive detector, often used in
conjunction with gas chromatography, that measures
the change of signal as analytes are ionized by an
ultraviolet lamp. The PID also is used to detect
VOCs and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable
Gas Chromatography.

Phytoremediation
Phy toremediation is an innovative treatment
technology that uses plants and trees to clean up
contaminated soil and water. Plants can break down,
or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize metal
contaminants by acting as filters or traps.
Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals,
pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil,
polyaromatic carbons, and landfill leachates. Its use
generally is limited to sites at which concentrations of
contaminants are relatively low and contamination is
found in shallow soils, streams, and groundwater.

Plasma High-Temperature Metals Recovery
Plasma high-temperature metals recovery is a
thermal treatment process that purges contaminants
from solids and soils such as metal fumes and
organic vapors. The vapors can be burned as fuel,
and the metal fumes can be recovered and recycled.
This innovative treatment technology is used to treat
contaminated soil and groundwater.

 Plume
 A plume is a visible or measurable emission or
 discharge of a contaminant from a given point of
 origin into any medium. The term also is used to
 refer to measurable and potentially harmful radiation
 leaking from a damaged reactor.

 Point Source
 A point source is a stationary location or fixed facility
 from which pollutants are discharged or emitted or
 any single, identifiable discharge point of pollution,
 such as a pipe, ditch, or smokestack.

 Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
 PCBs are a group of toxic, persistent chemicals,
 produced by chlorination of biphenyl, that once were
 used in high voltage electrical transformers because
  they conducted heat well while being fire resistant
 and good electrical insulators. These contaminants
typically are generated from metal degreasing,
printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline, and wood
preserving processes. Further sale or use of PCBs
was banned in 1979.

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
A PAH is a chemical compound that contains more
than one fused benzene ring.  They are commonly
found in petroleum fuels, coal products, and tar.

Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)
A PRP is an individual or company (such as owners,
operators, transporters, or generators of hazardous
waste) that is potentially responsible for, or
contributing to, the contamination problems at a
Superfund site. Whenever possible, EPA requires
PRPs, through administrative and legal actions, to
clean up hazardous waste sites they have
contaminated. See also Superfund.

Preliminary Assessment and Site Investigation (PA/SI)
A preliminary assessment (PA) is the process of
collecting and reviewing available information about
a known or suspected hazardous waste site or
release. The PA usually includes a visit to the site.

 Presumptive Remedies
 Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for
 common categories of CERCLA sites that have been
 identified through historical patterns of remedy
 selection and EPA's scientific and engineering
 evaluation of performance data on technology
 implementation.

 Pump and Treat
 Pump and treat is a general term used to describe
 remediation methods that involve the pumping of
 groundwater to the surface for treatment. It is one of
 the most common methods of treating polluted
 aquifers and groundwater.

 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)
 QA/QC is a system of procedures, checks, audits,
 and corrective actions applied to ensure that all EPA
 research design and performance, environmental
 monitoring and sampling, and other technical and
 reporting activities are of the highest achievable
 quality.
  C-12

-------
           RQMUAPTOUmERSJWm INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFffiLDS.INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
  Radioactive Waste
  Radioactive waste is any waste that emits energy as
  rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles.
  Sources of such wastes include nuclear reactors,
  research institutions, and hospitals.

  Radionuclide
  A radionuclide is a radioactive element characterized
  according to its atomic mass and atomic number,
  which can be artificial or naturally occurring.
  Radionuclides have a long life as soil or water
  pollutants. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or
  degraded; therefore, applicable technologies involve
  separation, concentration and volume reduction,
  immobilization, or vitrification. See also Solidification
  and Stabilization.

  Radon
  Radon is a colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive,
  inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of
  radium atoms. See also Radioactive Waste and
 Radionuclide.

 RCRA Facility Assessment (RFA)
 A RFA is performed at a facility to determine the
 existence of any continuous or non-continuous
 releases of wastes.  During the RFA, EPA or state
 regulators gather information on solid waste
 management units and other areas of concern at
 RCRA facilities, evaluate this information to
 determine whether there are releases that warrant
 further investigation and action, and determine the
 need to proceed to a RCRA Facility Investigation. See
 also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

 RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI)
 The purpose of a RFI is to gather sufficient data at a
 facility to fully characterize the nature, extent, and
 rate of migration of contaminant releases identified
 in the RCRA Facility Assessment.  The data
 generated during the RFI is used to determine the
 potential need for corrective measures and to aid in
 the selection and implementation of these measures.
 See also Corrective Measure Study and Resource
 Conservation and Recovery Act.

Reactivity
Reactive wastes are unstable under normal
conditions. They can create explosions and or toxic
fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with water.
  Record of Decision (ROD)
  A record of decision (ROD) is a legal, technical, and
  public document that explains which cleanup
  alternative will be used at a site. The ROD is based
  on information and technical analysis generated
  during the remedial investigation and feasibility
  study (RI/FS) and consideration of public comments
  and community concerns. See also Preliminary
  Assessment and Site Investigation and Remedial
  Investigation and Feasibility Study.

  Release
  A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,
  emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, leaching,
  dumping, or disposing into the environment of a
  hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous
  substance, as defined under RCRA. See also Resource
  Conservation and Recovery Act.

  Remedial Design and Remedial Action (RD/RA)
  The RD/RA is the step in the cleanup process that
  follows the remedial investigation and feasibility
  study (RI/FS) and selection of a remedy. A remedial
 design (RD) is the preparation of engineering plans
 and specifications to properly and effectively
 implement the remedy.  The remedial action (RA) is
 the actual construction or implementation of the
 remedy.  See also Remedial Investigation and Feasibility
 Study.

 Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study (RI/FS)
 The RI/FS is the step in the cleanup process that is
 conducted to gather sufficient information to support
 the selection of a site remedy that will reduce or
 eliminate the risks associated with contamination at
 the site. The remedial investigation (RI) involves site
 characterization - collection of data and information
 necessary to characterize the nature and extent of
 contamination at the site. The  RI also determines
 whether the contamination presents a significant risk
 to human health or the environment. The feasibility
 study (FS) focuses on the development of specific
 response alternatives for addressing contamination at
 a site.

 Removal Action
 A removal action usually is a short-term effort
 designed to stabilize or clean up a hazardous waste
 site that poses an immediate threat to human health
or the environment. Removal actions include
removing tanks or drums of hazardous substances
                                                                                                C-13

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
that were found on the surface and installing
drainage controls or security measures, such as a
fence at the site. Removal actions also may be
conducted to respond to accidental releases of
hazardous substances. CERCLA places time and
money constraints on the duration of removal actions.
See also Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act.

Reportable Quantify (RQ)
The RQ is the quantity of hazardous substances that,
when released into the environment, can cause
substantial endangerment to public health or the
environment. Under CERCLA, the Federal
government must be notified when quantities
equaling or exceeding RQs specified in regulations
are released.

Resin
Resins are solids or semi-solids of plant origin used
principally in lacquers, varnishes, inks, adhesives,
synthetic plastics, and pharmaceuticals.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA is a Federal law enacted in 1976 that
established a regulatory system to track hazardous
substances from their generation to their disposal.
The law requires the use of safe and secure
procedures in treating, transporting, storing, and
disposing of hazardous substances. RCRA is
designed to prevent the creation of new, uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites.

Response Action
A response action is a short-term removal action or a
long-term remedial response, authorized under
CERCLA that is taken at a site to address releases of
hazardous substances.

Risk Communication
Risk communication, the exchange of information
 about health or environmental risks among risk
 assessors, risk managers, the local community, news
 media and interest groups, is the process of
 informing members of the local community about
 environmental risks associated with a site and the
 steps that are being taken to manage those risks.
Sanborn Map
A Sanborn map is a record kept for insurance
purposes that shows, for a specific property, the
locations of such items as underground storage tanks
(UST), buildings, and areas where chemicals have
been used for certain industrial processes. A Phase I
environmental audit includes a review of Sanborn
maps. See also Phase I Environmental Audit.

Saturated Zone
The saturated zone is the area beneath the surface of
the land in which all openings are filled with water at
greater than atmospheric pressure.

Seismic Reflection and Refraction
Seismic reflection and refraction is a technology used
to examine the geophysical features of soil and
bedrock, such as debris, buried channels, and other
features.

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)
SVOCs, composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen
atoms, have boiling points greater than 200°C.
Common SVOCs include PCPs and phenol. See also
Phenol and Polychlorinated Eiphenyl.

Sludge
Sludge is a semisolid residue from air or water
treatment processes. Residues from treatment of
metal wastes and the mixture of waste and soil at the
bottom of a waste lagoon are examples of sludge,
which can be a hazardous waste.

 Slurry-Phase Bioremediation
 Slurry-phase bioremediation, a treatment technology
 that can be used alone or in conjunction with other
biological, chemical, and physical treatments, is a
 process through which organic contaminants are
 converted to innocuous compounds. Slurry-phase
 bioremediation can be effective in treating various
 SVOCs and nonvolatile organic compounds, as well as
 fuels, creosote, pentachlorophenols (PCP), and PCBs.

 Soil Boring
 Soil boring is a process by which a soil sample is
 extracted from the ground for chemical, biological,
 and  analytical testing to determine the level of
 contamination present.
  C-14

-------
           ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATJVE TECHNOLOGY OPT10M8 FOR BRQWNFILDS INVESTlGCTiOM AND CLEANUP
 Soil Gas
 Soil gas consists of gaseous elements and compounds
 that occur in the small spaces between particles of the
 earth and soil. Such gases can move through or leave
 the soil or rock, depending on changes in pressure.

 Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
 SVE, the most frequently selected innovative
 treatment at Superfund sites, is a process that
 physically separates contaminants from soil in a
 vapor form by exerting a vacuum through the soil
 formation.  Soil vapor extraction removes VOCs and
 some SVOCs from soil beneath the ground surface.

 Soil Washing
 Soil washing is an innovative treatment technology
 that uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined
 with chemical additives) and a mechanical process to
 scrub soils, removes hazardous contaminants, and
 concentrates the contaminants into a smaller volume.
 The technology is used to treat a wide range of
 contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils, and
 pesticides. Soil washing is a relatively low-cost
 alternative for separating waste and minimizing
 volume as necessary to facilitate subsequent
 treatment. It is often used in combination with other
 treatment technologies. The technology can be
 brought to the site, thereby eliminating the need to
 transport hazardous wastes.

 Solidification and Stabilization
 Solidification and stabilization are the processes of
 removing wastewater from a waste or changing it
 chemically to make the waste less permeable and
 susceptible to transport by water. Solidification and
 stabilization technologies can immobilize many
 heavy metals, certain radionuclides, and selected
 organic compounds, while decreasing the surface
 area and permeability of many types of sludge,
 contaminated soils, and solid wastes.

 Solvent
A solvent is a substance, usually liquid, that is
capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other
substances.
 Solvent Extraction
 Solvent extraction is an innovative treatment
 technology that uses a solvent to separate or remove
 hazardous organic contaminants from oily-type
 wastes, soils, sludges, and sediments. The
 technology does not destroy contaminants, but
 concentrates them so they can be recycled or
 destroyed more easily by another technology.
 Solvent extraction has been shown to be effective in
 treating sediments, sludges, and soils that contain
 primarily organic contaminants, such as PCBs, VOCs,
 halogenated organic compounds, and petroleum
 wastes. Such contaminants typically are generated
 from metal degreasing, printed circuit board
 cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving processes.
 Solvent extraction is a transportable technology that
 can be brought to the site. See also Halogenated
 Organic Compound, Polychlorinated Biphenyl, and
 Volatile Organic Compound.

 Strict Liability
 Strict liability is a concept under CERCLA that
 empowers the Federal government to hold PRPs
 liable without proving that the PRPs were at fault
 and without regard to a PRP's motive. PRPs can be
 found liable even if the problems caused by the
 release of a hazardous substance were unforeseeable,
 the PRPs acted in good faith, and state-of-the-art
 hazardous waste management practices were used at
 the time the materials were disposed of. See also
 Potentially Responsible Party.

 Surfactant Flushing
 Surfactant flushing is an innovative treatment
 technology used to treat contaminated groundwater.
 Surfactant flushing of NAPLs increases the solubility
 and mobility of the contaminants in water so that the
NAPLs can be biodegraded more easily in an aquifer
or recovered for treatment aboveground. See also
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.

Surface Water
Surface water is all water naturally open to the
atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams,
and seas.
                                                                                               C-15

-------
         ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Superfund
Superfund is the trust fund that provides for the
cleanup of hazardous substances released into the
environment regardless of fault. The Superfund was
established under CERCLA and subsequent
amendments to CERCLA. The term Superfund also
is used to refer to cleanup programs designed and
conducted under CERCLA and its subsequent
amendments. See also Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.

Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act
(SARA)
SARA is the 1986 act amending CERCLA that
increased the size of the Superfund trust fund and
established a preference for the development and use
of permanent remedies, and provided new
enforcement and settlement tools.  See also
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act.

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program
The SITE program is an effort established by EPA in
1986 to advance the development, evaluation, and
commercialization of innovative treatment
technologies for assessing and cleaning up hazardous
waste sites. The program provides an opportunity
for technology developers to demonstrate their
technologies' ability to successfully process and
remediate hazardous waste. The SITE program has
four components—the Emerging Technology
Program, the Demonstration Program, the
Monitoring and Measurement Technologies
Program, and the Technology Transfer Program.

Thermal Desorption
Thermal desorption is an innovative treatment
 technology that heats soils contaminated with
 hazardous wastes to temperatures from 200 to
 1,000'F so that contaminants that have low boiling
 points will vaporize and separate from the soil. The
 vaporized contaminants then are collected for  further
 treatment or destruction, typically by an air
 emissions treatment system. The technology is most
 effective at treating VOCs, SVOCs and other organic
 contaminants, such as PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides. It
 is  effective in separating organics from refining
 wastes, coal tar wastes, waste from wood treatment,
 and paint wastes. It also can separate solvents,
 pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and fuel oils from
contaminated soil. See also Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon,
Polychlorinated Biphenyl, Semivolatile Organic
Compound, and Volatile Organic Compound.

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH)
TPH refers to a measure of concentration or mass of
petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a
given amount of air, soil, or water.

Toxicity
Toxicity is a quantification of the degree of danger
posed by a substance to animal or plant life.

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
The TCLP is a testing procedure used to identify the
toxicity of wastes and is the most commonly used test
for degree of mobilization offered by a solidification
and stabilization process. Under this procedure, a
waste is subjected to a process designed to model the
leaching effects that would occur if the waste was
disposed of in a RCRA Subtitle D municipal landfill.
See also Solidification and Stabilization.

Toxic Substance
A toxic substance is a chemical or mixture that may
present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the
environment.

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
TSCA was enacted in 1976 to test, regulate, and
screen all chemicals produced or imported into the
U.S. TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches
the consumer marketplace be tested for possible toxic
effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any
 existing chemical that poses health and
 environmental hazards is tracked and reported under
 TSCA.

 Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility (TSD)
 TSDs are sites at which hazardous substances are
 treated, stored, or disposed. TSD facilities are
 regulated by EPA and states under RCRA.  See also
 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

 Treatment Wall (also Passive Treatment Wall)
 A treatment wall is a structure installed underground
 to treat contaminated groundwater found at
 hazardous waste sites. Treatment walls, also called
 passive treatment walls, are put in place by
 constructing a giant trench across the flow path of
 contaminated groundwater and filling the trench
 C-16

-------
           ROAD JMPTO'WDEBSrAMDtNG INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BftOWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
  with one of a variety of materials carefully selected
  for the ability to clean up specific types of
  contaminants. As the contaminated groundwater
  passes through the treatment wall, the contaminants
  are trapped by the treatment wall or transformed into
  harmless substances that flow out of the wall. The
  major advantage of using treatment walls is that they
  are passive systems that treat the contaminants in
  place so the property can be put to productive use
  while it is being cleaned up. Treatment walls are
  useful at some sites contaminated with chlorinated
  solvents, metals, or radioactive contaminants.

  Trichloroethylene (TCE)
  TCE is a stable, low-boiling colorless liquid that is
  used as a solvent, metal degreasing agent, and in
  other industrial applications.

  Underground Storage Tank (UST)
  A UST is a tank located entirely or partially
  underground that is designed to hold gasoline or
  other petroleum products or chemical solutions.

  Unsaturated Zone
  The unsaturated zone is the area between the land
 surface and the uppermost aquifer (or saturated
 zone).  The soils in  an unsaturated zone may contain
 air and water.

 Vadose Zone
 The vadose zone is  the area, between the surface of
 the land and the equifer water table in which the
 moisture content is less than the saturation point and
 the pressure is less than atmospheric. The openings
 (pore spaces) also typically contain air or other gases.

 Vapor
 Vapor is the gaseous phase of any substance that is
 liquid or solid at atmospheric temperatures and
 pressures. Steam is an example of a vapor.

 Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
 A VOC is one of a group of carbon-containing
 compounds that evaporate readily at room
 temperature. Examples of volatile organic
 compounds include trichloroethane,
 trichloroethylene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
 and xylene (BTEX).  These contaminants typically are
 generated from metal degreasing, printed circuit
board cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving
processes.
  Volatilization
  Volatilization is the process of transfer of a chemical
  from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase.
  Solubility, molecular weight, and vapor pressure of
  the liquid and the nature of the gas-liquid affect the
  rate of volatilization.

  Voltammetric Stripping
  Voltammetric stripping is a field-portable technology
  that uses electrochemistry to detect and quantify
  metals in environmental samples. Specific metals can
  be targeted for detection and quantification by the
  technology, which generally is applied to water
  samples.

  Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP)
  A VCP is a formal means established by many states
  to facilitate assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment
  of Brownfields sites.  VCPs typically address the
 identification and cleanup of potentially
 contaminated sites that are not on the NPL. Under
 VCPs, owners or developers of a site are encouraged
 to approach the state voluntarily to work out a
 process by which the site can be readied for
 development.  Many state VCPs provide technical
 assistance, liability assurances, and funding support
 for such efforts. See also National Priorities List.

 Wastewater
 Wastewater is spent or used water from an
 individual home, a community, a farm, or an
 industry that contains dissolved or suspended
 matter.

 Water Table
 A water table is the boundary between the saturated
 and unsaturated zones beneath  the surface of the
 earth, the level of groundwater, and generally is the
 level to which water will rise in a well. See also
 Aquifer and Groundwater.

 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
 An x-ray fluorescence analyzer is a self-contained,
 field-portable instrument, consisting of an energy
 dispersive x-ray source, a detector, and a data
processing system that detects and quantifies
individual metals or groups of metals.
                                                                                               C-17

-------
        ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                     This page intentionally left blank.
C-18

-------
APPENDIX D

-------

-------
        ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

                                      Appendix D

                            LIST OF BROWNFIELDS
                  AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS
The lists included in this appendix identify contacts at the state and EPA regional levels, as well as EPA
technical support staff in the Technology Innovation Office and the Office of Research and Development
The individuals are available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts at Brownfields sites
                 State Brownfields Contacts
                 EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinators	      i>6
                 EPA Technical Support
                                                                                D-1

-------
          ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS

ALABAMA		

Daniel Cooper
Site Mitigation Branch
AL Department of Environmental
  Management
P.O. Box 301463
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
Phone: (334) 271-7711
Fax:   (334) 271-7950

ALASKA		

Anne Marie Gillespie
AK Department of Environmental
  Conservation
410 Willoughby Avenue
Juneau,AK 99801
Phone:  (907) 465-5287
Fax:    (907) 465-5262

ARIZONA	.	

TimSteele
AZ Department of Environmental
   Quality
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85012
 Phone: (602) 207-4224
Fax:    (602) 207-4236

 ARKANSAS	.	

 Jean Koeninger
 Hazardous Waste Division
 AR Department of Pollution Control
   and Ecology
 8001 National Drive
 P.O. Box 8913
 Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
 Phone: (501) 682-0854
 Fax:    (501) 682-0565

 CALIFORNIA	__

 Barbara Coler
 Site Mitigation Program
 Department of Toxic Substances
   Control
 CA Environmental Protection Agency
 700 Heinz Avenue, #200
 Berkeley, CA 94710-2737
 Phone: (510) 540-3827
 Fax:    (510) 540-3819
COLORADO
                                    GEORGIA
Daniel Scepters
Hazardous Waste Materials and
  Waste Management Division
CO Department of Public Health and
  Environment
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
Phone: (303) 692-3398
Fax:   (303) 759-5355

CONNECTICUT	

Elsie Patton
Remediation Division
Bureau of Waste Management
CT Department of Environmental
  Protection
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106
Phone: (203) 424-3762
Fax:    (203) 424-4057

DELAWARE	

Karl Kalbacher
Air and Waste Management Division
DE Department of Natural Resources
   and Environmental Control
715 Grantham Lane
New Castle, DE 19720-4801
 Phone: (302) 323-4540
 Fax:   (302) 323-4561

 FLORIDA	___

 Joseph McGarrity
 Division of Waste Management
 Bureau of Waste Cleanup
 FL Department of Environmental
   Protection
 2600 Blair Stone Road
 Mailstation #4500
 Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
 Phone:  (904) 488-3935
 Fax:    (904) 922-4368
Jennifer Kaduck
Hazardous Waste Management
  Branch
Environmental Protection Division
GA Department of Natural Resources
205 Butler Street, SE
Suite 1154, East Tower
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone: (404) 656-7802
Fax:   (404) 651-9425

HAWAII	.	

Steven Armann
Hazardous Evaluation and
  Emergency Response Office
Environmental Management Division
HI Department of Health
919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 206
Honolulu, HI 96814
Phone: (808) 586-4250
Fax:    (808) 586-7537

IDAHO	

Dean Nygard
 Community Services Branch
 Division of Environmental Quality
 ID Department of Health and Welfare
 1410 N. Hilton Street
 Boise, ID 83706
 Phone: (208) 373-0502
 Fax:   (208) 373-0576

 ILLINOIS   	-

 Larry Eastap •
 Bureau of Land
 IL Environmental Protection Agency
 2200 Churchill Rd.
 P.O. Box 19276
 Springfield, IL 62794-9276
 Phone: (217) 782-9802
 Fax:   (217) 782-3258
  D-2

-------
            ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELOS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
  STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
  INDIANA
                                      MAINE
  Carla Gill
  Project Management Branch
  Office of Environmental Response
  IN Department of Environmental
    Management
  P.O. Box 6015
  100 North Senate Avenue
  Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
  Phone: (317) 308-3123
  Fax:   (317) 308-3123

  IOWA	

  Allan Stokes
  Environmental Protection Division
  IA Department of Natural Resources
  900 E. Grand Avenue
  Henry A. Wallace Building
  Des Moines, IA 50319-0034
  Phone:  (515) 281-6284
  Fax:    (515) 281-8895

  KANSAS	

  Larry Knoche
  Division of Environment
  Bureau of Environmental
   Remediation
 KS Department of Health and
   Environment
 Forbes Field, Building 283
 Topeka, KS 66620
 Phone: (913) 296-1662
 Fax:    (913) 296-1686

 KENTUCKY	

 Jeffrey Pratt
 Division of Waste Management
 KY Department of Environmental
  Protection
 Frankfort Office Park
 14 Reilly Road
 Frankfort, KY 40601
 Phone: (502) 564-6716
 Fax:   (502) 564-2705

 LOUISIANA	

John Halk
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Solid and Hazardous Waste
P.O. Box 82178
Baton Rouge,  LA 70884-2178
Phone: (304) 765-0487
Fax:   (304) 765-0484
                                                                           MISSISSIPPI
  Nicholas Hodgkins
  ME Department of Environmental
    Protection
  State House Station 17
  Augusta, ME 04333
  Phone: (207) 287-2651
  Fax:    (207) 287-7826

  MARYLAND 	

  Bob DeMarco
  Environmental Response and
    Restoration Program
  Waste Management Administration
  MD Department of the Environment
  2500 Broening Highway
  Baltimore, MD 21224
  Phone: (410) 631-3437
  Fax:    (410) 631-3472

  MASSACHUSETTS	

  Sarah Weinstein
  Policy and Program Development
   Division
  Bureau of Waste Site Cleanup
  MA Department of Environmental
   Protection
  1 Winter Street
  Boston, MA 02108
 Phone: (617) 292-5820
 Fax:    (617) 556-1049

 MICHIGAN	

 Claudia Kerbawy
 Act 307 Section
 Environmental Response Division
 MI Department of Environmental
  Quality
 P.O. Box 30028
 Lansing, MI 48909
 Phone:  (517) 335-3397
 Fax:    (517) 373-9657

 MINNESOTA       	

 Deb DeLuca
 Ground Water and Solid Waste
  Division
 MN Office of Environmental
  Assistance
520 Lafayette Rd. North, 2nd Fl.
Saint Paul, MN 55155-4100
Phone: (612) 296-0892
Fax:   (612) 296-9707
  Jerry Banks
  Hazardous Waste Division
  Office of Pollution Control
  MS Department of Environmental
    Quality
  2380 Highway 80 West
  P.O. Box 10385
  Jackson, MS 39289
  Phone: (601) 961-5171 x5221
  Fax:   (601) 961-5741

  MISSOURI	__

  Jim Belcher
  Voluntary Cleanup Section
  Division of Environmental Quality
  Hazardous Waste Management
   Program
  MO Department of Natural Resources
  205 Jefferson Street
  P.O. Box 176
  Jefferson City, MO 65102
  Phone: (573) 751-3176
  Fax:   (573) 526-8922

  MONTANA	

  Carol Fox
  State CERCLA Program
  Environmental Remediation Division
  MT Department of Environmental
   Quality
 P.O. Box 200901
 Helena, MT 59620-0901
 Phone: (406) 444-1420
 Fax:   (406) 444-1901

 NEBRASKA	

 JeffKelley
 Air and Waste Management Division
 ME Department of Environmental
  Quality
 1200 North Street, Suite 400
 Lincoln, NE 68508
 Phone: (402) 471-3388
 Fax:   (402) 471-2909

 NEVADA	

 Robert Kelso
 Remediation Branch
 NV Department of Environmental
  Protection
333 West Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89706-866
Phone: (702) 687-4670 x3020
Fax:    (702) 687-6396
                                                                                                      D-3

-------
          ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Gary Lynn
Hazardous Waste Sites
Waste Management Division
NH Department of Environmental
  Services
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6509
Phone: (603) 271-6778
Fax:   (603) 271-6778

Mike Wimsatt
Hazardous Waste Sites
Waste Management Division
NH Department of Environmental
  Services
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6509
Phone:  (603) 271-2456
Fax:    (603) 271-6778

NEWTERSEY	

Ron  Corcory
Site Remediation Program
Division of Responsible Party Site
   Remediation
 NJ Department of Environmental
   Protection
 401 E. State Street, CN 028
 Trenton, NJ 08625
 Phone: (609) 633-1480
 Fax:    (609) 633-1454

 NEW MEXICO	

 Susan Morris
 Superfund Oversight Section/
   GWOB/NMED
 P.O. Box 26110
 Santa Fe,NE 87502
 Phone: (505) 827-2890
 Fax:   (505) 827-2965

  NEW YORK	

  Christine Costopoulos
  Division of Environmental
    Remediation
  NY  Department of Environmental
    Conservation
  50 Wolf Road, Room 260B
  Albany, NY 12233-7010
  Phone: (518) 457-5861
  Fax:   (518) 485-8404
                                    NORTH CAROLINA
                                                                        PENNSYLVANIA
Grover Nicholson
Superfund Section
Division of Solid Waste Management
NC Department of Environmental,
  Health and Natural Resources
P.O. Box 29603
Raleigh, NC 27611-9603
Phone: (919)733-2801 x291
Fax:   (919) 733-4811

NORTH DAKOTA	

Neil Knatterud
Division of Waste Management
ND Department of Health
1200 Missouri Avenue, #302
P.O. Box 5520
Bismark, ND 58502-5520
Phone: (701) 328-5166
Fax:   (701) 328-5200

OHIO	

Jenifer Kwasniewski
Voluntary Action Program
Division of Emergency and Remedial
   Response
 OH Environmental Protection Agency
 1800 Watermark Drive
 Columbus, OH 43215-1099
 Phone: (614) 644-2924
 Fax:    (614) 728-1791

 OKLAHOMA   	

 Catherine Sharp
 Waste Management Division
 OK Department of Environmental
    Quality
 1000 NE 10lh Street
 Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
 Phone:  (405) 271-5338
 Fax:    (405) 328-5200

 OREGON  	.	

 Mike Rosen
 Voluntary Cleanup Section
 Waste Management and Cleanup
    Division
 OR  Department of Environmental
    Quality
 2020 SW 4th Avenue, #400
 Portland, OR 97204-1390
  Phone: (503) 229-6712
  Fax:   (503) 229-6899
Tom Fidler
Land Recycling and Cleanup Program
Rachel Carson State Office Building
P.O. Box 8471
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8471
Phone: (717) 783-7816
Fax:   (717) 787-0884

RHODE ISLAND      	

Terrence Gray
Division of Site Remediation
RI Department of Environmental
  Management
291 Promenade Street
Providence, RI 02905
Phone:  (401) 277-3872 x7100
Fax:    (401) 277-2017

 SOUTH CAROLINA	.

 Gail Rawls Jeter
 Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste
   Management
 SC Department of Health and
   Environmental Control
 2600 Bull Street
 Columbia, SC 29201
 Phone: (803) 896-4069
 Fax:   (803) 896-4292

 Julie E. Fridell
 Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste
    Management
 SC Department of Health and
    Environmental Control
 2600 Bull Street
 Columbia, SC 29201
 Phone: (803) 896-4082
 Fax:   (803) 896-4292

 SOUTH DAKOTA  	

 Lee Baron
 Division of Environmental Services
 SD Department of Environment and
    Natural Resources
 523 East Capitol, Foss Building
 Pierre, SD 57501-3181
 Phone: (605) 773-3296
  Fax:    (605) 773-6035
   D-4

-------
             ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR bROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
   STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)

   TENNESSEE	

   Andrew Shivas
   Voluntary Cleanup Program
   Division of Superfund
   TN Department of Environment and
    Conservation
   401 Church Street
   LandC Annex, 15th Fl.
   Nashville, TN 37243-1538
   Phone: (615) 532-0912
   Fax:   (615) 532-0938

  TEXAS	

  Chuck Epperson
  Voluntary Cleanup Program
  Pollution Cleanup Division
  TX Natural Resource Conservation
    Commission
  P.O. Box 13087 - MC221
  Austin, TX 78711
  Phone: (512) 239-2498
  Fax:    (512) 239-2449

  UTAH	

  Tom Daniels
  Division of Solid and Hazardous
   Waste
  Department of Environmental Quality
  288 North 1460 West
  P.O. Box 144880
  Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4880
  Phone: (801) 536-4090
  Fax:    (801) 536-4242

 VERMONT	

 George Desch
 Sites Management Section
 Hazardous Materials Management
 VT Department of Environmental
   Conservation
 103 S. Main Street
 Waterbury, VT 05676
 Phone:  (802) 241-3491
 Fax:    (802) 244-1102

 VIRGINIA	

 Erica Dameron
 Office of Superfund and Federal
   Facilities
 VA Department of Environmental
   Quality
P.O. Box 10009
629 E. Main Street, 10th Floor
Richmond, VA 23219
Phone: (804) 762-4201
Fax:    (804) 762-4262
   WASHINGTON
  Carol Kraege
  Headquarters Section - Policy and
    Technical Support
  Waste Management Programs - Toxics
    Cleanup
  WA Department of Ecology
  P.O. Box 47600
  Olympia, WA 98504-7600
  Phone: (360) 407-7175
  Fax:   (360) 407-7154

  WEST VIRGINIA  	

  Pamela Hayes
  Site Investigation and Response
    Section
  Division of Environmental Protection
  Office of Waste Management
  WV Bureau of Environment
  1356 Hansford Street
  Charleston, WV 25301
  Phone: (304) 558-2745
  Fax:   (304) 558-0256

  WISCONSIN	

  Darsi Foss
  Division of Air and Waste
   Management
  Bureau for Remediation and
   Redevelopment
 WI Department of Natural Resources
 P.O.  Box 7921
 Madison, WI 53707
 Phone: (608) 267-7562
 Fax:    (608) 267-2768

 Mark Giesfeldt
 Division of Air and Waste
   Management
 Bureau for Remediation and
   Redevelopment
 WI Department of Natural Resources
 P.O. Box 7921
 Madison, WI 53707
 Phone:  (608) 267-6713
 Fax:    (608) 267-2768

 WYOMING	

 David Finley
 Solid  and Hazardous Waste Division
 WY Department of Environmental
  Quality
 122 West, 25lh Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: (307) 777-7752
Fax:    (307) 777-5973
                                                                                                       D-5

-------
          ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA REGIONAL BROWNFIELDS COORDINATORS
REGION 1
                                     REGION 5
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rltode Island, Vermont

John Podgurski
U.S.EPA
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
One Congress Street
Boston, MA 02203
Phone: (617) 573-9681
Fax:   (617) 573-9662
 REGION 2	
 New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,
 Virgin Islands

 Larry D'Andrea
 U.S.EPA
 290 Broadway
 18* Floor
 New York, NY 10007
 Phone: (212) 637-4314
 Fax:    (212) 637-4360
 REGIONS	
 Dclamre, Washington, D.C., Maryland,
 Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia

 Tom Stolle
 US, EPA
 841 Chestnut Building
 Philadelphia, PA  19107
 Phone: (215) 566-3121
 Fax:   (215) 566-3001
  REGION 4	
  Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
  Mississippi, North Carolina, South
  Carolina, Tennessee

  Barbara Dick
  U.S. EPA
  Atlanta Federal Center
  100 Alabama Street, SW
  Atlanta, GA 30303
  Phone: (404) 562-8923
  Fax:   (404) 562-8896
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Wisconsin

Mary Beth Tuohy
U.S. EPA
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL  60604-3507
Phone: (312) 886-7596
Fax:   (312) 886-2737
REGION 6    	
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, Texas

Stan Hitt
U.S. EPA
First Interstate Bank Tower at
Fountain Place
1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Phone: (214) 665-6736
Fax:    (214) 665-6660
 REGION 7    	
 Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska

 Susan Klein
 U.S. EPA
 720 Minnesota Avenue
 Kansas City, KS 66101-2728
 Phone: (913) 551-7786
 Fax:   (913) 551-7063
 REGION 8       	
 Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South
 Dakota, Utah, Wyoming

 David Ostrander
 U.S. EPA
 999 18th Street, Suite 500 (EPR)
 Denver, CO 80202-2405
 Phone: (303) 312-6931
 Fax:    (303) 312-6071
REGION 9     	
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
America Samoa, Guam

Jim Hanson
U.S. EPA
75 Hawthorne Street, H-l
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone:  (415) 744-2237
Fax:    (415) 744-2180
REGION 10	
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington

Lori Cohen
U.S. EPA
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
Phone: (206) 553-6523
Fax:    (206) 553-0124
 EPA HEADQUARTERS	

 Katherine Dawes
 Outreach and Special Projects Staff
 Office of Solid Waste
   and Emergency Response
 U.S. EPA
 401 M Street, SW (MC5101)
 Washington, DC 20460
 Phone: (202) 260-8394
 Fax:   (202) 260-6606
  D-6

-------
                 MAP TO UNDERSTAMDIHG INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR SROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
   EPA TECHNICAL SUPPORT



   GENERAL INFORMATION:
   TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION OFFICE

   CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES	

  John Kingscott
  Technology Innovation Office
  U.S. EPA
  401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
  Washington, DC 20460
  Phone:  (703) 603-7189
  Fax:    (703) 603-9135
  E-mail:  kingscott.john@epamail.epa.gov

  ELECTRONIC INFORMATTDM	

  Gary Turner
  Technology Innovation Office
  U.S. EPA
  401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
  Washington, DC 20460
  Phone:   (703) 603-9902
  Fax:     (703) 603-9135
  E-mail:   tiirner.gary@epamail.epa.gov

  GROUNDWATER INFORMATION

  Richard Steimle
  Technology Innovation Office
  U.S. EPA
  401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
  Washington, DC 20460
  Phone:  (703) 603-7195
 Fax:     (703) 603-9135
 E-mail: steimle.richard@epamail.epa.gov

 REGULATORY INFORMATION	

 Jim Cummings
 Technology Innovation Office
 U.S. EPA
 401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
 Washington, DC 20460
 Phone:  (703) 603-7197
 Fax:    (703) 603-9135
 E-mail: cummings.james@epamail.epa.gov

 SITE CHARACTERIZATION
 AND MONITORING     	

 Daniel Powell
 U.S. EPA
 Technology Innovation Office
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone:  (703) 603-7196
Fax:    (703) 603-9135
E-mail: powell.dan@epamail.epa.gov
  SPECIFIC TECHNICAL SUPPORT:
  OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

  CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES	

  Ed Earth
  National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory  (NRMRL)
  Office of Research and Development
  U.S. EPA
  26 Martin Luther King Drive
  Cincinnati, OH 45268
  Phone: (513) 569-7669
  Fax:    (513) 569-7676
 E-mail: barth.ed@epamail.epa.gov

 Joan Colson
 National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory (NRMRL)
 Office of Research and Development
 U.S. EPA
 26 Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 Phone:  (513) 569-7501
 Fax:    (513) 569-7676

 SITE CHARACTERIZATION
 TECHNOLOGIES	

 Eric Koglin
 National Exposure Research
  Laboratory (NERL)
 Office of Research and Development
 U.S. EPA
 P.O. Box 93478
 Las Vegas, NE 89193-3478
Phone: (702) 798-2432
Fax:   (702) 798-2261
E-mail: koglin.eric@epamail.epa.gov
                                                                                                    D-7

-------
       ROAD MAPTO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                        This page intentionally left blank.
D-8

-------
APPENDIX E

-------

-------
           ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING JNNOVATiVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BBOWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP

                                             Appendix E
 Publications beginning with EPA number 540,542, 600,625, or 630 may be available through the Center
 for Environmental Research Information (CERI).  The documents are available free-of-charge but
 supplies may be limited. Documents that are not in stock at CERI may be available through the National
 Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI) or may be purchased from the National
 Technical Information Service (NTIS). Before you purchase documents, you may wish to contact a
 technical librarian to determine whether the document you need is available at no charge  Be sure to
 include the EPA document number with all orders.

 Publications beginning with EPA number 510,540, 542,600, or 630 may be available through NCEPI
 Single copies are available free-of-charge while supplies last. Documents that are out of stock must be
 ordered from NTIS.  Be sure to include the EPA document number with all orders.

 Publications beginning with PB numbers or directives (for parties outside EPA) issued by EPA's Office of
 Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) can be purchased from NTIS.  Be sure to include the
 EPA document number with all orders.

 Publications of the WASTECH partnership may be ordered by contacting the American Academy of
 Environmental Engineers at  410-266-3390.

 EPA staff or members of the  public who have difficulty finding a document can caU the Resource
 Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)/Underground Storage Tank (UST), Superfund, and Emergency
 Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline at 1-800-424-9346 for all nongovernment
 locations outside the Washington, DC Metropolitan local calling area, or 703-412-9810 for all locations in
 the Washington, DC metropolitan local calling area. The hotline operates daily Monday through Friday
 9:00 a.m. through 6:00 p.m., eastern standard time. Hotline staff can help callers locate documents and
 assist them in placing orders. Government employees may order many of the documents that have EPA
 publication numbers free of charge from NCEPI.

 The addresses and telephone and facsimile numbers for the services are listed below:
CERI    Center for Environmental Research
         Information
         U.S. EPA
         26 West Martin Luther King Drive
         Cincinnati, OH 45268
         Telephone:   (513) 569-7562
         Fax:         (513) 569-7566

NCEPI   National Center for Environmental
         Publications and Information
         U.S. EPA
         P.O. Box 42419
         Cincinnati, OH 45242
         Telephone:   (513) 489-8190
         Fax:         (513) 489-8695
NTIS
National Technical Information
Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone:   (703) 487-4650
Fax:         (703) 321-8547
Internet E-mail: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
                                                                                               E-1

-------
         ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
                                       This page intentionally left blank.
E-2
                                                                              •U.S. Government Printing Office: 1997 - 519-410/90022

-------
      CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INFORMATIOI
                               ORDER FORM
 Publications beginning with EPA number 540, 542, 600, 625 or 630 may be available through the
 Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI). The documents are available free of
 charge, but supplies may be limited.

 Mail to:     Center for Environmental Research Information
            U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
            26 West Martin Luther King Drive
            Cincinnati, OH 45628
            (513)569-7562

 Fax to:      (513)569-7566
  Document No.
Document Title
                                                              Quantity
Customer Information
    Name
    Company
    Street Address
    City
                               State
                                                     Zip Code
    Daytime Telephone Number

-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
Place
Stamp
 Here
                      Center for Environmental Research Information
                      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      26 West Martin Luther King Drive
                      Cincinnati, OH 45628
 FOLD HERE

-------
                                          FOR
                                         AND
                                       IER
 Publications beginning with EPA number 510, 540, 542, 600, 625 or 630 may be available through
 the National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI). Single copies are
 available free of charge while supplies last.
 Mail to:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
(513) 489-8190
 Fax to:      (513)489-8695
  Document No.
                    Document Title
                                                                    Quantity
Customer Information
                                  State
                                                           Zip Code
          Telephone Number

-------
FOLD HERE


Return Address:
Place
Stamp
 Here
                       National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
                       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                       P.O. Box 42419
                       Cincinnati, OH 45252
 FOLD HERE

-------
       U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

       TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION
u
I
§
H

f
U

I
a
 B
 0
 H


 I
 ID
ui
&
f
         SHIP TO ADDRESS
CUSTOMER MASTER NUMBER (IF KNOWN)
DATE
ATTENTION/NAME
        ORGANIZATION
                                                               DIVISION/ROOM NUMBER
        STREET ADDRESS
CITY
PROVINCE /TERRITORY
STATE
ZIP CODE
INTERNATIONAL POSTAL CODE
COUNTRY
PHONE NUMBER
CONTACT NAME
FAX NUMBER
INTERNET E-MAIL ADDRESS
        METHOD  OF PAYMENT
        a VISA
                                          MasterCard
                                                                           Q American Express
      CREDIT CARD NUMBER
      CARDHOLDER'S NAME
                                                             EXPIRATION DATE
 ORDER BY PHONE (ELIMINATE MAIL TIME)
 8:30 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, M - F.
 Sales Desk: (703) 487-4650
 TDD (hearing impaired only): (703) 4874639
 ORDER BY FAX
 24 hours/7 days a week: (703) 321-8547
 To verify receipt of fax: call (703) 487-4679
 7:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, M - F.
 ORDER BY MAIL
 National Technical Information Service
 5285 Port Royal Road
 Springfield, VA 22161
 RUSH SERVICE (DO NOT MAIL RUSH ORDERS)
 1-800-553-NTIS. RUSH service available for additional fee.
 ONLINE ORDERING
 Order through the Internet 24 hours a day: orders@ntis.fedworkl.gov
 If concerned about Internet security, you may register your credit
 card at NTIS. Simply call (703) 4874682.
 FEDWORLD*
 Please call for connect information: (703) 4874223.
 BILL ME
 (U.S., Canada, and Mexico only.)
 DO NOT USE THIS FORM.
 NTIS will gladly bill your order, for an additional fee of $7.50.
 A request to be billed must be on a purchase order or company
 letterhead. An authorizing signature, contact name,
 and telephone number should be included with this request.
 Requests may be mailed or faxed.
 REFUND POLICY
Although NTIS cannot accept returns for credit or refund, we will
 gladly replace any item you requested if we made an error in
filling your order, if the item was defective, or if you received it in
damaged condition. Just call our Customer Service Department
at (703) 4874660.
        I NTIS Deposit Account Number:
          Check / Money Order enclosed for $
                                                                              (PAYABLE IN U.S. DOLLARS)
       SIGNATURE (REQUIRED TO VALIDATE ALL ORDERS)
                                                                                                         Value of Order
                                                                                                                                        Handling Fee
                                                                                                       $10.00 or less	
                                                                                                       $10.01 -$50.00 ...
                                                                                                       $50.01-$100.00.
                                                                                                       Over $100.00	
                                        ..$2.00
                                        ..$4.00
                                        ..$6.00
                                        ..$8.00
                                                                                                          Add $2.00 to handling fee for orders sent outside
                                                                                                              the United States, Canada, and Mexico,
      PRODUCT SELECTION
(ORDERING BYTITLE ALONE
WILL DELAY YOUR ORDER)
LOQ
LOQ
LOQ
LOQ

* CIRCLE
REQUIREMENTS
LOQ
ROUTING (OPTIONAL)
UP TO 8 CHARACTERS





3480 1600 6250
CARTRIDGE BPI BPI
UNIT
PRICE
$
$
$
$
$
QUANTITY
PAPER
COPY





MICRO-
FICHE





LABELING
STANDARD NONLABELED

MAGNETIC
TAPE*





DISKETTE





FORMAT
EBCDIC ASCII
PLEASE NOTE
Unless microfiche or other is specified, paper copy will be sent.
Please call the Sales Desk at (703) 4874650 for information on multiple copy discounts available for certain documents
and pnce verification.
Dut-Of-Print Surcharge
CD-ROM





OTHER





INTERNATIONAL
AIRMAIL FEE
(SEE BELOW)
$
$
$
$
$
TOTAL
HANDLING FEE
PER ORDER
(SEE CHART ABOVE)
GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL PRICE
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
      current calendar year; please call to verify price.
      International Airmail Fees
      Canada and Mexico add $4 per paper copy report; $1 per microfiche copy. Other countries add $8 per paper copy report
      51.25 per microfiche copy. (Paper copy reports and microfiche copies are shipped surface mail unless airmail is specified
                                                                                                                             poet fan.
                                                                                                                     Prices are subject to change.

                                                                                                              All previous versions of this form are obsolete.
                                                                                                                                                 8/96

-------

-------