United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA542-B-99-009
EPA Roacl MaPto Understanding Innovative
Technology Options for Brownfields
Investigation and Cleanup, Second Edition
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Road Map to Understanding Innovative
Technology Options for Brownfields
Investigation and Cleanup, Second Edition
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington, DC 20460
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
NOTICE
This document has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under
Contract 68-W-99-003 to Tetra Tech EM Inc. The document was subjected to the Agency's administrative
and expert review and was approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or
commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Technology Innovation Office would like to acknowledge and thank the individuals who reviewed and
provided comments on draft documents. The reviewers included representatives of business, community and
grassroots organizations, financial and legal institutions, EPA Headquarters and regional offices, local
government and city planning offices, and public interest groups.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
BACKGROUND 1
INTRODUCTION 3
ROAD MAP 5
BEFORE YOU BEGIN 7
SITE ASSESSMENT 13
SITE INVESTIGATION 19
CLEANUP OPTIONS 29
CLEANUP DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ... ... 42
APPENDICES
GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS FOUND AT TYPICAL BROWNFIELDS SITES A-1
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS B-1
LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS C-1
HOWTO ORDER DOCUMENTS D-1
TOOL KIT CD-ROM... ... Inside BackCover
IV
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BACKGROUND
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has defined brownfields sites as "abandoned, idled,
or under-used industrial and commercial facilities
where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by
real or perceived environmental contamination."
EPA established its Brownfields Economic
Redevelopment Initiative to empower
states, communities, and other
stakeholders involved in economic
revitalization to work together to
accomplish the redevelopment of such
sites. Many states and local jurisdictions
also help business and communities
adapt environmental cleanup programs to
the special needs of brownfields sites.
Preparing brownfields sites for productive
reuse requires the integration of many
elements—financial issues, community
involvement, liability considerations,
environmental assessment and cleanup,
regulatory requirements, and more—as
well as coordination among many groups
of stakeholders. The assessment and
cleanup of a site must be carried out in a
way that integrates all those factors into
the overall redevelopment process. In
addition, the cleanup strategy will vary
from site to site. At some sites, cleanup
will be completed before the property is
transferred to new owners. At other sites,
cleanup may take place simultaneously
with construction and redevelopment
activities. Regardless of when and how cleanup is
accomplished, the challenge to any Brownfields
program is to clean up sites in accordance with
redevelopment goals. Such goals may include cost-
effectiveness, timeliness, and avoidance of adverse
effects on structures on the site and on neighboring
communities, as well as redevelopment of the land in
a way that benefits communities and local economies.
Numerous technology options are available to
assist those involved in brownfields cleanup. EPA's
Technology Innovation Office (TIO) encourages the
use of innovative, cost-effective technologies to
characterize and clean up contaminated sites.
Innovative technologies for evaluating the nature
and extent of contamination and for addressing the
cleanup of brownfields sites hold promise for
reducing the cost of cleanup and accelerating the
cleanup schedule—potentially producing significant
benefits to brownfields stakeholders by reducing
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
barriers to redevelopment that add to costs or time
schedules, or create uncertainties. When such factors
as lower cost, increased environmental protection,
and improved effectiveness are considered,
innovative technologies frequently are more cost-
effective and provide better and more efficient
cleanup than established treatment technologies.
Often, they also are more acceptable to communities.
Innovative does not mean unproven. EPA defines an
innovative technology as one that has been used in
the field but that is not yet considered routinely for
use. In addition, cost and performance data on the
technologies may be insufficient to encourage
managers of cleanup projects to select those
technologies over established methods. Nevertheless,
innovative technologies are being used in many
cleanup programs to assess contamination and to
treat a variety of hazardous substances and
petroleum products that have been released into the
environment.
Many initiatives undertaken to promote the use of
innovative technologies have been successful. For
example, soil vapor extraction and thermal
desorption, formerly defined as innovative
technologies, are now categorized as established
technologies according to EPA's Treatment
Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report
(ninth edition). Because of the large number of
applications and increased availability of information
about cost and performance, those technologies have
graduated from innovative to established status.
An Emerging Technology is an innovative technology that
currently is undergoing bench-scale testing, in which a
small version of the technology is tested in a laboratory.
An Innovative Technology is a technology that has been
field-tested and applied to a hazardous waste problem at a
site, but lacks a long history of full-scale use. Information
about its cost and how well it works may be insufficient to
support prediction of its performance under a wide variety
of operating conditions.
An Established Technology is a technology forwhich cost
and performance information is readily available. Only
after a technology has been used at many different sites
and the results fully documented is that technology
considered established.
Comprehensive information about the range of these
technologies and their use, as well as technical
expertise pertinent to them, is available from EPA's
Brownf ields Technology Support Center (TSC),
coordinated through TIO and supported by EPA's
Office of Research and Development (ORD). Newly
established in 1999 as a pilot program, the TSC
assists brownfields decision makers by presenting
strategies for streamlining site assessment and
cleanup, identifying information about technology
options, evaluating plans and documents, describing
complex technologies to communities, and providing
demonstration support (see page 10 for more
information about the TSC).
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INTRODUCTION
The Road Map to Understanding Innovative Technology
Options for Broumfields Investigation and Cleanup, Second
Edition, is designed to assist in the identification and
selection of innovative characterization and cleanup
technologies for brownfields redevelopment. The Road
Map provides a generally applicable outline of the
steps involved in the cleanup of a site slated for
redevelopment and introduces brownfields
stakeholders to the range of innovative technology
options and resources available to them. The Road
Map is intended for the various individuals involved in
or affected by the redevelopment of brownfields sites,
whether public projects, private developments, or
public-private partnerships. The second edition, which
incorporates minor revisions in the structure and
content of the first edition, has been expanded
significantly to include new and updated
resources and is accompanied by the Tool Kit of
Information Resources for Broumfields Investigation and
Cleanup, now available in CD-ROM format, or on
line at .
This Road Map is primarily targeted at those
stakeholders who will make decisions about
brownfields sites, but who may not be familiar
with many of the elements involved in cleaning
up those sites. Its purpose is to promote
innovative site characterization and cleanup
technologies that can speed up the progress of
brownfields projects and reduce the expense
they entail.
It is important to understand that the cleanup
process may not occur in the sequence outlined
in the following chapters. At many sites, several
activities may be undertaken concurrently with
other phases. In addition, some steps reoccur
throughout the process. For example, many
technologies that are useful for investigating
and characterizing sites during the preliminary phases
of a brownfields project also are appropriate for use in
later stages for cleaning up and monitoring sites. It is
very important to understand the logical progression of
the process, though, to ensure that the groundwork is
laid for future phases, as well as to determine whether
activities can be combined or implemented concurrently.
The Road Map is not an official guidance document.
Instead, it draws upon EPA's experiences with
Superfund sites, corrective action sites under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
and Underground Storage Tank (UST) sites. Specific
conditions—such as the kinds and amount of
contamination, the proposed reuses of the property,
the financial resources available, and the level of
support from neighboring communities—vary from
site to site.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
How to Use the Road Map
The first section, Before You Begin, discusses
important factors that set the stage for the
assessment and cleanup of brownfields sites and
lists applicable resources. Regulatory guidelines
that will guide the process are introduced, and
innovative technologies are discussed within the
overall framework of the selection of
characterization and cleanup technologies.
The remaining four sections of the Road Map
summarize the general phases of the cleanup of
potentially contaminated sites: site assessment, site
investigation, assessment of cleanup options, and
design and implementation of the remedy. Each
section describes the objective to be accomplished,
outlines the key questions to be answered, summarizes
the activities undertaken during that phase, discusses
key questions for technology selection and lists several
information resources available to assist in selecting
technologies, and points to specific actions to be taken
at the completion of the phase. The resources are
grouped by type of resource — technology resources,
site-specific resources, or technology-specific resources
— and are listed in alphabetical order under each
category. Technology resources provide general
information about technologies and their application,
site-specific resources provide information about the
application of innovative technologies to specific
contaminants and site types, and technology-specific
resources present detailed information about specific
technologies and the application of those processes to
specific contaminants and media. In addition, the
section features a brief overview of technologies that
can be used during that phase.
The Road Map is intended to identify and answer
questions related to the selection of technologies, not
those questions related to other brownfields issues.
Please remember that the key questions and activities
to be conducted are intended to guide the reader in
identifying issues that should be addressed. To serve
as guideposts to the cleanup process, the questions
take the point of view of the various groups involved
in that process. They ask what stakeholders as a
group working together—the "we" of each
question—must do as assessment and cleanup
progresses.
Several appendices also are included to help
stakeholders understand technical issues and terms
related to cleanup. Appendix A, Guide to Contaminants
Found at Typical Brownfields Sites, identifies activities
that may have caused contamination at sites being
considered for redevelopment. Appendix B, List of
Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, defines specialized
terms and acronyms used in discussing and describing
brownfields cleanup efforts. Appendix C, List of
Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts, provides
information about state and EPA regional and technical
points of contact. Appendix D, How to Order Documents,
provides information about ordering the documents
listed in the Road Map.
Tool Kit of Information Resources for Brownfields
Investigation and Cleanup CD-ROM
The Road Map is accompanied by the Tool Kit of
Information Resources for Brownfields Investigation and
Cleanup CD-ROM. The organization of the CD-ROM
matches that of the Road Map — by sections titled
"Before You Begin," "Site Assessment," "Site
Investigation," "Cleanup Options," and "Cleanup
Design and Implementation." Each of the resources
identified in the Road Map can either be viewed or
downloaded directly from the CD-ROM, or accessed
or ordered on line using links provided on the CD-
ROM. The resources can be searched alphabetically
by title and by section.
How to Submit Comments
To help ensure that any future versions of the Road
Map document meet the needs of its intended audience,
EPA invites comments from the members of the
brownfields community. Please submit comments to:
Carlos Pachon
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Technology Innovation Office
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
E-mail: pachon.carlos@epa.gov
Phone: (703) 603-9904
How to Obtain Additional Copies
Additional copies of this document can be obtained
from:
National Service Center for
Environmental Publications
U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
WWW:
When ordering, refer to document number
EPA542-B-99-009.
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STAKEHOLDER STATION
Community and public interest groups
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BEFORE YOU BEGIN
What is the Planned End Use? A Word About
Redevelopment
It is important to consider potential redevelopment
plans from the outset of any brownfields project.
The redevelopment plan (or lack thereof) will
govern most brownfields projects, from the
identification of site investigation and cleanup
standards and the ability to obtain financing to the
ultimate affordability or profitability of the project.
Defining and understanding the overall long-term
goals of the brownfields project and the decisions to
be made throughout the project in support of those
goals is a crucial element in identifying appropriate
technologies for site investigation and cleanup.
Technology tools, when carefully
selected, will assist those
responsible for the brownfields
project in collecting the data
necessary to support such
decisions and accomplish the
established goals. During the
many phases of a brownfields
project, it is important to keep in
mind that technology options are
an effective means of achieving
the desired result at a site, rather
than an end in themselves.
Brownfields projects may be initiated for a number
of reasons. A landowner may want to sell a
property to a developer who wants to purchase and
develop it. A municipality may want to clean up a
parcel or area that has become an eyesore, create
space for business development, or create a park in
a disadvantaged area. A local comprehensive plan
may call for infill development of a certain type in
a brownfields area. The brownfields process will be
tailored to the specific end use, if that use is known.
For example, if the redevelopment plan calls for the
construction of a light industrial facility, it may be
appropriate to apply industrial investigation and
cleanup standards that are less stringent than those
applicable to property that is to be redeveloped for
residential use. The standards required will affect
every aspect of the project, from its overall cost
(which is generally greater as the standards become
more conservative) to the applicability of
innovative characterization and cleanup
technologies. Keep in mind, however, that new
information about contamination or cleanup may
require that reuse plans be altered; develop flexible
plans so that revised cleanup needs can be
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
incorporated into them.
If the end use is not known at the beginning of the
project, the individuals involved should make every
attempt at least to identify the general type of desired
development, whether industrial, commercial, or
residential or a mixed-use development of some sort.
Absent that information, the most conservative
assumptions will be made at every stage of the
brownfields project, a circumstance that could
increase significantly the time and expense of the
project and may even make it inf easible.
Understanding Regulations and Regulatory
Guidelines and Standard Industry Practices
Understanding the applicable environmental laws
and regulations is crucial to selecting the appropriate
technologies for cleaning up a site. It is important to
note that many brownfields sites will be managed
under state regulatory authorities. Therefore, the state
regulatory authority will identify and oversee many of
the requirements for, and steps in, site assessment, site
investigation, the selection of cleanup options, the
design and implementation of cleanup, and the
management of wastes generated during the cleanup.
State regulatory agencies should be consulted to
determine what, if any, site-specific requirements or
permits are applicable. State regulators also can help
to identify other requirements (such as applicable
federal statutes) that also may affect the site. For these
reasons, it is important to research federal and state
laws, regulations, and applicable policies or
guidelines at the outset and to remain in constant
contact with appropriate state and federal regulatory
agencies throughout the cleanup process.
It is important to realize that, apart from cleanup,
redevelopment may be governed by other
government, nongovernment, and private
institutions and practices. Many of the standards
are designed to help the brownfields redevelopment
project obtain financing from public programs and
private banks and institutions. Guidance and
standards are issued by government and
nongovernment organizations, such as the
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),
the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC),
and state and local economic development
authorities, and even private lenders.
Although compliance with regulations and official
policy directives under other federal regulatory and
cleanup programs, such as Superfund, may not be
required, some of the information gathered and
lessons learned under such programs may be useful
in the investigation and cleanup of brownfields
sites. For example, in the past, a number of
sampling events and field mobilizations have been
required at many RCRA and Superfund sites to
gather sufficient information to characterize the
site adequately. Additional sampling has been
found necessary for a number of reasons — for
example, to ensure that sampling was performed
for all potential contaminants, to adequately
analyze all pathways of exposure, to obtain
representative samples of wastes and
environmental media, and to obtain analytical
results of the appropriate accuracy to enable
regulatory authorities to make decisions about the
cleanup with confidence. Multiple sampling events
have increased costs and extended the decision-
making period for selecting options for site
cleanups. When possible, sampling plans should be
flexible and dynamic and should allow for
adjustments in the field in light of actual field
conditions observed and the analytical results.
Such a dynamic approach usually requires a well-
rounded technical team that comprises a broad
range of technical expertise and the use of field
analytical technologies, including an on-site mobile
laboratory, to provide quick turnaround analyses.
EPA also can be a valuable resource for brownfields
stakeholders by providing regulatory and policy
support to facilitate the selection of technologies (see
Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support
Contacts for information about EPA regional and
technical points of contact).
Seeking External Support (Community Relations
and Professional Support)
A wealth of information and expertise related to site
cleanup is readily available. It is important that
members of the brownfields community have access
to that information and are able to draw upon lessons
learned to benefit from the experience of others.
Most decision makers at brownfields sites will require
technical and legal assistance to fully understand the
complexities of investigating and cleaning up a
contaminated site. In fact, some states may require
the participation of certified or licensed professionals
to help guide the site investigation and cleanup
process. State regulatory agencies should be
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consulted to determine the requirements, if any, for
the participation of certified or licensed cleanup
professionals. It is recommended that site cleanup
professionals and legal and other experts be
recruited as members of the brownfields team.
The brownfields community can benefit from EPA's
assistance in directing its members to appropriate
resources and providing opportunities to network
and participate in the sharing of information. A
number of Internet sites, databases, newsletters, and
reports provide opportunities for brownfields
stakeholders to network with other stakeholders to
identify information about site cleanup and
technology options. As noted in the preceding
section, EPA's Brownfields Technology Support
Center is a valuable new resource for brownfields
decision makers (see page 10 for more information).
Comparing Innovative Technologies to Other
Characterization and Cleanup Options
The Road Map focuses on innovative
characterization and treatment options. Although
the Road Map emphasizes the use of innovative
technologies to address contamination, the use of
other technologies or non-treatment options also
should be considered. For example, established or
even non-treatment options such as containment,
or more standard technology options also may be
appropriate to address contamination at
brownfields sites. Examples of containment include
excavation with off-site disposal in a landfill, or
containing contaminated soil on site using a cap
and a vertical engineering barrier such as a slurry
wall. In either case, containment does not involve
actively treating the waste to recover or degrade
contaminants. Established technologies, such as
solidification/stabilization, soil vapor extraction,
thermal desorption, incineration, and pump-and-treat
processes for groundwater contamination, also are
alternatives to innovative technologies for use in
addressing contamination.
When deciding between innovative and established
technologies or between treatment and containment
technologies, brownfields stakeholders should
compare the effectiveness and efficiency of each
technology against the specific needs of the
individual site and stakeholders. It also is important
that brownfields decision makers consider both the
current effects of the selected technology approach
and its future effects on potential development of the
site, as well as the capability of the approach, to
ensure long-term protectiveness.
Information Centers, Training, and Other
Resources
Described on the next three pages are some of the
resources available to brownfields projects from
government and nongovernment institutions,
including the various EPA hotlines for statutory
and regulatory programs that may affect
brownfields projects. The resources provide more
general information about the brownfields process
than the technology resources identified in the
chapters that follow. Training courses and
programs provided by EPA, as well as other
organizations, also are identified. Information
about state and local resources can be obtained
from the contact for each state listed in Appendix C,
List of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES
An Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50-State Study, 1998 Update
The document, prepared by the Environmental Law Institute (ELI) in association with EPA, provides an analytical
overview of state Superfund programs, and includes information about statutes, program staffing and organization,
sites, cleanup activities, cleanup policies and standards, requirements for public participation, funding and
expenditures, and enforcement tools. It highlights the most noteworthy developments in state capabilities that have
emerged since the 1995 update. The report also discusses the voluntary remediation and brownfields programs
established by the states and presents detailed program information arranged in tables that facilitate comparisons
among the states. A copy of the report can be downloaded from ELI's Web site at ; select "1998 Research Reports" to download the report.
Brownfields: A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property
This book, published by the American Bar Association (ABA), is aimed at an audience of real estate and
environmental attorneys, property owners and developers, environmental regulators and consultants, and state and
local government leaders. The book provides an overview with background information about the issues and
explanations of the federal and state laws governing brownfields. Legal, business, financial, and political issues
associated with redeveloping contaminated property also are addressed. The book presents the scientific concepts
used to clean up contaminated property, describing risk assessment and remediation strategies. Comprehensive
information about state voluntary cleanup programs, with more than 400 pages of information on existing
programs, also is provided. The book, published in 1997, can be purchased through ABA's Web site at
or at bookstores across the country. The ISBN number for the book is 1-57073-439-9.
Brownfields Technology Support Center
Coordinated through TIO, and with the support of EPA's ORD laboratories, the Brownfields TSC ensures that
brownfields decision makers are aware of the full range of technologies available, can make "smart" technology
decisions for their sites, and can determine whether innovative options are available and feasible for their sites. The
center provides a readily accessible resource for unbiased assessments and supporting information about options
relevant to specific sites. The center also will provide a technology-oriented process for reviewing cleanup plans
forthose sites. Requests for assistance can be submitted on the Internet at .
EPA Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative Internet Site
This Internet site, coordinated by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) Outreach and
Special Projects Staff (OSPS), provides extensive information about EPA's Brownfields Economic Redevelopment
Initiative and resources related to the initiative. Descriptions of EPA's brownfields pilots and points of contact in
each of the EPA regional offices are provided, as well as publications, regulations, and other documents.
Brownfields stakeholders involved in the selection and use of technologies for environmental cleanup may have
particular interest in learning more about EPA's Brownfields Cleanup Revolving Loan Fund (BCRLF) Pilots, a
program that includes, among other elements, funding of assessment demonstration pilot programs for the
assessment of brownfields properties and testing of cleanup and redevelopment models. Specific details about the
program, including criteria for eligibility and a list of BCRLF pilots that have been awarded, are available on the Web
site. For additional information, visit the Web site at .
10
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INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES
Hazardous Substance Research Centers
The Hazardous Substance Research Centers (HSRC) is a national organization, funded in part by EPA, the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE), and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), that carries out a program of basic and
applied research, technology transfer, and training. HSRC provides free technical assistance to communities with
environmental contamination issues through two outreach efforts, the Technical Outreach for Communities (TOSC)
Program and the Technical Assistance to Brownfields (TAB) Communities Program. TOSC uses the researchers
and professionals at more than 30 universities to help community groups understand the technical issues at
hazardous waste sites. Through the TOSC program, toll-free information hotlines are available and workshops and
other educational programs are offered. TAB helps communities to clean up and redevelop properties that have
been damaged or undervalued by environmental contamination. Through five regional training centers, HSRC's
TAB provides training for community members involved with brownfields efforts on the following subjects:
leadership, risk assessment, brownfields processes, site assessment, and cleanup alternatives. More information
is available on HSRC and their Brownfields initiatives on their Web site at . Detailed
information about the TOSC and TAB programs is available at .
Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise
Coordinated throughthe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Centerof Expertise
(HTRW-CX) provides technical assistance and information aboutthe use of innovative technologies forcleanup of
contaminated properties. Detailed information about a variety of available innovative technology resources, points of
contact atthe HTRW-CX, and upcoming training courses and workshops is provided on the Center's Web site. More than
50 case studies of successful applications of innovative technologies also are described. Visit the HTRW-CXWeb site at
for more information.
Interstate Technology and Regulatory Cooperation
The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Cooperation (ITRC), created through the Western Governors Association,
promotes the use of innovative hazardous waste and remediation technologies. Made up of more than 25 states, 3
federal partners, stakeholders, and 2 state associations, the ITRC: (1) provides a forum through which states can
exchange technical information; (2) creates a network of state contacts for the promotion of innovative
technologies; (3) identifies interstate barriers to the deployment of technologies; (4) benchmarks state perspectives
about innovative technologies; and (5) develops consensus among state regulators, in collaboration with industry
and public stakeholders, on technical regulatory aspects of the use of innovative technologies. Brownfields
decision makers who wish to obtain applicable guidance documents for the use of innovative technologies will find
several guidance documents developed by the ITRC on ITRC's Web site. For additional resources and points of
contact, visit the ITRC's Web site at .
RCRA, Superfund, and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hotline
This hotline provides up-to-date information aboutthe RCRA, Superfund, and EPCRA programs. The hotline
handles information about EPA's RCRA regulations and programs implemented under RCRA, including the UST
program, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), EPCRA, the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III, and the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). The hotline also
provides referrals for obtaining related documents concerning the RCRA, UST, Superfund/CERCLA, and Pollution
Prevention/Waste Minimization programs. The hotline operates daily Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 6:00
p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST). The hotline can be reached by telephone at 800-424-9346 for all
nongovernment locations outside the Washington, DC metropolitan local calling area, or 703-412-9810 for all
locations in the Washington, DC metropolitan local calling area.
11
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES
RCRA Information Center (RIC)
The RIC indexes and provides public access to all regulatory materials supporting EPA's actions under RCRA and
disseminates publications from EPA's Office of Solid Waste. The information center operates daily, Monday through
Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. The information centercan be reached by telephone at 703-603-9230, by facsimile
at 703-603-9234, orby e-mail at .
Superfund Docket and Information Center
The Superfund Docket and Information Center provides access to Superfund regulatory documents, Superfund
Federal Register Notices, Records of Decision (ROD), and public comments sent to EPA. The center operates daily,
Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. The center can be reached by telephone at 703-603-9232 or
by facsimile at 703-603-9240.
TechDirect
TechDirect, hosted by EPA's TIO, is a free electronic mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest
to site assessment and remediation professionals. At the beginning of each month, TIO sends subscribers an e-mail
message announcing the availability of publications and the scheduling of events. The message also directs
subscribers to sources from which they can obtain more information. Contact Mr. Jeff Heimerman at 703-603-7191 or
by e-mail at for more information, or view on-line at .
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Service
The information service provides information about regulations under TSCA to the chemical industry, labor and
trade organizations, environmental groups, and the general public. Technical as well as general information is
available. The information service operates daily, Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. EST. The
information service can be reached by telephone at 202-554-1404, by facsimile at 202-554-5603, or by e-mail at
.
Training Information
Training courses and programs that can be useful to brownfields stakeholders, particularly those involved in
technology selection, are identified below:
• EPA's Training-Exchange (TRAINEX), an Internet site that provides a range of training information for representatives of federal, state,
local, and tribal agencies, is intended primarily for individuals involved in hazardous waste management and remediation. The site
provides information about more than 65 classes, as well as schedules for their delivery. Visit the TRAINEX Web site at < http://www.
trainex.org> foradditional information.
• EPA's Field-Based Technologies Training Program and the Innovative Treatment Technologies Course are particularly appropriate for
individuals involved in selecting technologies for site investigation and cleanup. The Field-Based Technologies Training Program
consists of two advanced-level training courses—the Field-Based Site Characterization Technologies Course, which introduces a
wide array of characterization technologies and the Strategies for Field-Based Analytical and Sampling Technologies Course, which
provides an overview of the planning and process issues associated with the use of field analytical and sampling technologies. Both
courses are designed for environmental professionals and regulators. The Innovative Treatment Technologies Course provides
information about technical, financial, and practical factors to be considered when determining the appropriateness of innovative
treatment technologies. That course is intended only for personnel of federal, state, and local agencies and tribes. For information
about the courses and schedules for their delivery, visit the TRAINEXWeb site at ; select "CERCLA
Education Center (CEC)."
• Information about upcoming courses, provided by a variety of federal and non-federal organizations, is provided onTIO'sCLU-IN
Web site at ', select "Upcoming Courses and Conferences" under "What's Hot? What's New?
• ASTM also offers many technical and professional training opportunities which may be of interestto brownfields decision makers.
For more information, visittheir Web site at .
12
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SITE ASSESSMENT
Collect and Assess Information About
the Brownfields Site
The purpose of this step is to evaluate the
potential for contamination at a particular
site by collecting and reviewing existing information.
This environmental assessment is an initial
investigation usually limited to a search of historical
records. The data collected also includes information
about past and current environmental conditions and
historical uses of the site. The environmental
assessment is the most crucial step in the brownfields
process, because any further environmental
investigation and cleanup will hinge on whether
potential environmental concerns are identified
during that phase.
During the site assessment phase, it is important to
consider the activities and requirements described in
the subsequent chapters and determine how they will
be affected by the initial site assessment. Because the
information obtained in this phase will determine
whether any future work must be done at the site, the
site assessment must be thorough and tailored to meet
specific data objectives. As discussed in the section
Before You Begin, decisions made about the end use
of a site and the long-term goals of the brownfields
project will determine the types and quantity of data
that must be collected, as well as the level of quality
the data must attain. The data quality objectives
(DQO), in turn, will serve as the basis upon which the
best decisions will be made about the most
appropriate technologies and techniques to be used in
collecting and analyzing the data at a particular site
(see Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key
Terms, for a definition of DQO).
The data collected during this initial step of the
cleanup process is extremely important for use in
identifying and evaluating the applicability of site
assessment and cleanup technologies, as well as in
determining whether the property can be cleaned up
to the level necessary for its intended reuse. If it is
carefully planned, some of the follow-on work, such
as limited sampling, may also be accomplished
during this phase. The site assessment also can
provide a preliminary indication of what types of
cleanup technologies might be available. It also is
essential to assess and address the needs and
concerns of the community (for example, the
development of social and economic profiles and the
identification of acceptable environmental risk).
13
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
The potential applicability of innovative site
characterization technologies to the site also should
be considered. For example, technologies that detect
possible contamination in the air may be applicable at
this stage as well as some analytical sampling
technologies useful for assessing contamination in
soil or groundwater. However, since much of the
work at this stage involves a search of paper and
electronic records, the use of technologies may be
somewhat limited.
KEY
QUESTIONS
What Do We Need to Know?
Factors that should be considered during
this phase include:
1. Has a redevelopment plan been prepared or a
proposed end use identified? Is the site located in
an area targeted for redevelopment? Is the site
located in an industrial area? Will it remain
industrial or be rezoned for commercial use? Or is
a residential development planned? Will
community members who use the property be
exposed directly to the soil or sediment?
2. What data are needed to support the long-term
goals of the project, address concerns related to it,
and ensure its acceptability? What level of quality
or uncertainty is necessary to meet those goals?
3. What is known about the site? What records
exist that indicate potential contamination and
past use of the property? Have other
environmental actions occurred (such as notices
of violation)? Has an environmental audit been
conducted? What information is needed to
identify the types and extent or the absence of
contamination?
4. If the site is located in an area targeted for
redevelopment, is the site being considered for
cleanup under a federal or state Superfund
cleanup initiative?
5. Will the site be entered into a Voluntary Cleanup
Program (VCP)? If not, what agency (federal,
state, local, or tribal) would be responsible for
managing oversight of cleanup? Are there other
federal, state, local, or tribal regulatory
requirements for site assessment?
6. What are the special needs and concerns of the
community? How can community involvement
be encouraged? How will community views be
solicited?
7. What environmental conditions will the
community find acceptable? What
environmental standards should be considered to
ensure that community stakeholders are satisfied
with the outcome of the cleanup, in light of the
identified and proposed reuse?
8. If the site shows evidence of contamination, who
and what will be affected? Who will pay for the
cleanup?
The following figure depicts the linkages among the
decisions to be made, the data to be collected, and the
selection of technologies to expedite the collection of data.
Lin
i->
king the Decision, Data, and Technologies
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?
Determine:
What you are trying to accomplish at the site -
redevelopment, cleanup, etc.
J
WHAT DECISIONS ARE NEEDED TO SUPPORT
SITE GOALS?
Determine:
Are contaminant levels above or below acceptable
limits to a specified degree of certainty?
5
WHA T INFORMA TION DO 1 NEED TO MAKE
THE DECISION?
Identify:
Data or information necessary to make the decision(s)
oranswerthequestion(s)
Consider:
Level of data quality required (detection limits and
accuracy)
4-
HOW SHOULD 1 COLLECT THE DATA?
Evaluates. Select:
Various sampling and analysis designs to achieve
required data and data quality
Consider:
Technologies available to provide more data quickly and
cost-effectively at a level of quality required by decisions
I
WHAT DOES THE DATA TELL ME?
Evaluate/Interpret Data:
Candecision(s)bemade?
Can question(s) be answered?
NO YES
1
TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION
Based on the decision made or question answered.
14
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How Do We Find the Answers?*
Activities to be conducted during the initial
survey of a site include:
• Establish the technical team and take advantage of
the team's expertise to determine the adequacy of
existing site information and identify potential
data gaps
• Ensure that the brownfields decision makers (such
as regulators; citizens; property owners; and
technical staff, such as chemists and toxicologists)
are involved in the decision-making process
• Identify future plans for reuse and
redevelopment and goals of the site
• Identify data that must be collected to support
the goals of the site
• Determine whether contamination is likely
through the conduct of an ASTM Phase I
environmental site assessment or its equivalent. A
records search is performed and the site is visited,
but no sampling of soil or groundwater occurs.
The effort includes the following activities:
- Identify past owners and the uses they made of
the property by conducting a title search and
reviewing tax documents, sewer maps, aerial
photographs, and fire, policy, and health
department documentation related to theproperty
- Review and analyze city government and other
historical records to identify past use or disposal
of hazardous or other waste materials at the site
- Review federal and state lists that identify sites
that may have environmental contamination;
such lists include, but are not limited to:
1) EPA's Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability
Information System (CERCLIS) of potentially
contaminated sites, 2) the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) of
permits issued for discharges into surface water,
and 3) state records of "emergency removal"
actions (for example, the removal of leaking
drums or the excavation of explosive waste)
- Interview property owners, occupants, and others
associated with the site, such as previous
employees, residents, and local planners
- Perform a physical or visual examination of
the site, including examination of existing
structures for structural integrity and
asbestos-containing material
* Please note that the Road Map seeks to answer technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each procedural
question identified.
- Test for the presence of various contaminants; for
example, lead-based paint, asbestos, and radon in
structures
• Review the applicability of government oversight
programs:
- Determine whether there is a state VCP and consult
with the appropriate federal, state, local, and tribal
regulatory agencies to include them in the decision-
making process as early as possible
- Determine the approach (such as redevelopment
programs, the Superfund program, property
transfer laws, or a state Brownfields program)
that is required or available to facilitate the
cleanup of sites
- Identify whether economic incentives, such as
benefits from state Brownfields programs, en-
federal brownfields tax credits, can be obtained
- Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator
to identify and determine the availability of EPA
support programs and federal financial incentives
(see Appendix C, List of Brownfields and
Technical Support Contacts)
• Determine how to incorporate and encourage
community participation:
- Identify regulatory requirements for public
involvement
- Assess community interest in theproject
- Identify community-based organizations
- Review any community plans for redevelopment
• Identify factors that may impede redevelopment
and reuse
• Begin identifying potential sources for funding site
investigation and cleanup activities at the site, if
necessary
• Examine unacceptable environmental conditions
in terms of initial costs for site improvement and
long-term costs for operation and maintenance —
include potential cleanup options and constraints
that may affect redevelopment, such as project
schedules, cost, and potential for achieving the
desired reuse
• Conduct work at the site and collect data as
necessary to define site conditions or to resolve
uncertainties related to the site
15
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Where Do We Find Help To Our
Technology Questions?
Examples of technology resources that are
available to assist in assessing a site are listed
below. Although many of the resources are more
applicable in later stages, it may be useful to begin
thinking now about options and tools for investigation
and cleanup. Information about the availability of
electronic resources — whether the item is found on
the Road Map's accompanying Tool Kit CD-ROM, or
on various Web sites — also is provided. Appendix D,
How to Order Documents, provides complete ordering
information for documents that are not available on the
CD-ROM or on the Internet.
A. Technology Resources
The documents listed below are resources that provide
general information about the availability of technology
resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, and
user guidelines. Personal Computer (PC)-based and on-
line searchable databases also are included.
Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined
Site Investigations (EPA 542-R-99-009)
View on line at
The guide, developed by ASTM, discusses the
redevelopment of a brownfields property for all
stakeholders. It identifies impediments to such
redevelopment and suggests solutions that can
facilitate completion of a successful project. It
describes the flexible process of sustainable
brownfields redevelopment that actively engages
property owners, developers, government agencies,
and the community in conducting corrective action,
economic evaluation, and other efforts that promote
the long-term productive reuse of a brownfields
property. The guide, available at $35 per copy, can be
downloaded from the ASTM Web site, or ordered by
telephone at 610-832-9585 or by facsimile at
610-832-9555.
ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site
Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site
Assessment Process (E1527-97)
Order on lineat
The purpose of the practice, developed by ASTM, is to
define commercial and customary practices in the U.S.
for conducting Phase I environmental site assessments
of commercial real estate with respect to the range of
contaminants within the scope of CERCLA, as well as
petroleum products. Research and reporting
requirements also are identified. The practice,
available at $40 per copy, can be downloaded from the
ASTM Web site or ordered by telephone at 610-832-
9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555.
Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World
Wide Web
View on line at
The Internet site provides information about
innovative treatment technologies and site
characterization technologies to the hazardous waste
remediation community. CLU-IN describes programs,
organizations, publications, and other tools for EPA
and other federal and state personnel, consulting
engineers, technology developers and vendors,
remediation contractors, researchers, community
groups, and individual citizens. Information about
issues related to site characterization also is
provided: technology verification and evaluation;
technology selection tools; guidance and application
support; case studies; regulatory development; and
publications.
EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative
Technologies (REACH IT) On-line Searchable
Database
View on lineat
The EPA REmediation And CHaracterization
Innovative Technologies (EPA REACH IT) on-line
searchable database provides users comprehensive,
up-to-date information about more than 150
characterization technologies and 1,300 remediation
technologies. During the preliminary phase of a
brownfields project, EPA REACH IT will assist
brownfields stakeholders to learn about and become
familiar with the range of available technology
options that can be employed during the investigation
and the cleanup phases that follow, as well as data
about various types of sites. Information about
analytical screening technologies that may be useful
for initial sampling of a site also is provided. EPA
REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet.
16
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Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting
Brownfields Site Assessments (EPA 540-R-98-038)
View or download portable document format (pdf)file on
the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document informs brownfields site managers
about concepts and issues related to quality assurance
and provides step-by-step instructions for identifying
the type and quality of environmental data needed to
present a clear picture of the environmental conditions
at a given site.
B. Site-Specific Resources
Listed below are survey reports and on-line tools on the
application of innovative technologies to specific
contaminants and site types.
EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks
View or download pdffiles on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
Developed by EPA's Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance (OECA), the EPA Sector
Notebooks provide extensive profiles of selected major
industries; each profile includes information about
the processes conducted in the industry, chemical
releases and transfers of chemicals, opportunities for
pollution prevention, pertinent federal statutes and
regulations, and compliance initiatives associated
with the sector. Profiles are available on line and in
hard copy for the following industry sectors:
- Aerospace (EPA 3W-R-98-001)
- Air transportation (EPA 3W-R-97-001)
- Dry cleaning (EPA 3W-R-05-001)
- Electronics and computer (EPA 3W-R-95-002)
- Fossil fuel electronic power generation
(EPA3W-R-97-007)
- Ground transportation (EPA 3W-R-97-002)
- Inorganic chemical (EPA 3W-R-95-004)
- Iron and steel (EPA 310-R-95-005)
- Lumber and woodproducts (EPA 3W-R-95-006)
- Metal casting (EPA 3W-R-97-004)
- Metal fabrication (EPA 310-R-9 5-007)
- Metal mining (EPA 310-R-95-008)
- Motor vehicle assembly (EPA 3W-R-95-009)
- Nonferrous metals (EPA 3W-R-95-OW)
- Non-fuel, non-metal mining (EPA 3W-R-95-011)
- Organic chemical (EPA 3W-R-95-012)
- Petroleum refining (EPA 3W-R-95-013)
- Pharmaceutical (EPA 3W-R-97-005)
- Plastic resins and man-made fibers
(EPA3W-R-97-006)
- Printing (EPA 310-R-95-OU)
- Pulp and paper (EPA 3W-R-95-015)
- Rubber and plastic (EPA 3W-R-95-016)
- Shipbuilding and repair (EPA 3W-R-97-008)
- Stone, clay, glass, and concrete (EPA 310-R-95-017)
- Textiles (EPA 3W-R-97-009)
- Transportation equipment cleaning
(EPA3W-R-95-018)
- Water transportation (EPA 310-R-97-003)
- Wood furniture and fixtures (EPA 3W-R-95-003)
EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets
View on line at
Developed by EPA Region 3, the fact sheets are
designed to assist in the initial planning and
evaluation of sites that are under consideration for
remediation, redevelopment, or reuse. The fact sheets
provide general descriptions of site conditions and
contaminants commonly found at selected industrial
sites. Each fact sheet provides information about the
processes conducted in the industry; raw materials
characteristic of the industry; environmental media
that could be affected; sampling strategies; and
suggested parameters for analysis. Fact sheets on the
following subjects are available on line:
- Abandoned chemical facilities
- Abandoned laboratories
- Abandoned oil facilities
- Asbestos pile
- Auto body facilities
- Battery reclamation facilities
- Bethlehem-asbestos/tailing mine
- Drum recycling facility
- Dye facilities
- Electroplating
- Glass manufacturing facilities
- Gas stations
- Infectious wastes
- Manufactured gas plants/coal tar sites
- Municipal landfill
- Ordnance
- Paint industry
- Pesticide facilities
- Petroleum recycling facility
- Plastics
- Print shops
- Quarry sites
- Radiation
- Rail yard facilities
- Salvage yards
- Scrap metal
- Steel manufacturing - electric arc/coke
- Tanning facility
- Tire fires
- Wood treating facility
17
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
What Technologies Are Available?
The table presented below identifies
examples of technologies that may be used
during the site assessment phase to screen for
potential contaminants. Because a site assessment
focuses on determining the likelihood of
contamination, technologies that detect
contamination that may be in the air as vapor or
particulate matter are listed. If other data indicate
that contamination in soil or groundwater may exist,
the use of analytical sampling techniques should be
considered (as discussed in the next chapter). The
information in the table was developed from data in
the EPA REACH IT on-line searchable database.
Where Do We Go From Here?
After completing an initial assessment
and survey of the environmental
conditions at the site, one of the
following courses of action may be taken:
NEXT
STEPS
Result of Site
Assessment
Course of Action
No apparent
contamination is
found and there is no
reason to suspect
other media are
contaminated.
Concerns of
Discuss results with
appropriate regulatory
officials before
proceeding with
redevelopment
activities.
Specific information about the technologies, their
sffectiveness, and a summary of the contaminants
monitored by the technologies can be found in EPA
REACH IT. See Appendix B, List of Acronyms and
Glossary of Key Terms, for descriptions of the
technologies.
Contaminants Monitored
Ammonia
Carbon Monoxide
Chlorine
Cyanide Compounds
Explosives, such as
Hydrazine
Hydrogen Sulfide
Mercury
Metals/Lead-Based Paints
Methane
Nitrous Oxides
Pesticides
Radiation
Various Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC)
Applicable Technologies
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric Detector Tubes;
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric DetectorTubes;
Gas Monitors
Colorimetric DetectorTubes;
Gas Monitors
Mercury Vapor Analyzers;
Immunoassay Test Kits
X-ray Fluorescence Analyzers
Gas Monitors
Gas Monitors
Gas Monitors
Radiation Meters
Colorimetric DetectorTubes;
Hand-held Photoionization
Detectors (PID) orFlame lonization
Detectors (FID);
Immunoassay Test Kits
staKenoiaers nave
been addressed
adequately.
Contamination is
found that poses a ^^.
significant risk to
human health or the
environment.
Contamination
possibly exists.
Contamination
definitely exists, J^.
BUT no site
investigation has
been conducted.
Contamination
definitely exists, ^^.
AND a site
investigation has
been performed.
Contact the appropriate
federal, state, local, or
tribal government
agencies responsible for
hazardous waste. Eased
on feedback of
government agency,
determine what cleanup
levels are required for
redevelopment, and
proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION
phase.
Proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION
phase.
Proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION
phase.
Proceed to the SITE
INVESTIGATION
phase if additional
investigation is needed;
otherwise, proceed to
the CLEANUP
OPTIONS phase.
18
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SITE INVESTIGATION
Identify the Source, Nature, and
Extent of Contamination
This phase focuses on confirming
whether any contamination exists at a
site, locating any existing contamination, and
characterizing the nature and extent of that
contamination. It is essential that an appropriately
detailed study of the site be performed to identify the
cause, nature, and extent of contamination and the
possible threats to the environment or to any people
living or working nearby. For brownf ields sites, the
results of such a study can be used in determining
goals for cleanup, quantifying risks, determining
acceptable and unacceptable risk, and developing
effective cleanup plans that do not cause unnecessary
delays or costs in the redevelopment and reuse of
property. To ensure that sufficient information
supporting future activities is obtained, the type of
data to be collected during this phase should be
determined by the proposed cleanup measures and
the proposed end use of the site.
A site investigation is based on the results of the site
assessment, which is discussed in the preceding
section of the Road Map. The site investigation phase
may include the analysis of samples of soil and soil
gas, groundwater, surface water, and sediment. The
migration pathways of contaminants also are
examined during this phase, and a baseline risk
assessment may be needed to calculate risk to human
health and the environment.
KEY
QUESTIONS
What Do We Need to Know?
Factors that should be considered during
the site investigation, if there is evidence of
potential or actual contamination include:
1. Will the site be entered into a VCP? If so, will the
investigation plan be reviewed through the VCP?
If not, are there federal, state, local, and tribal
regulatory requirements applicable to the site
investigation? What agency will be responsible
for managing oversight of this phase? What is to
be done if the appropriate agency has not
developed standards or guidelines that are
suitable for the proposed redevelopment?
2. What technologies are available to facilitate site
investigation and to support data collection
relevant to the goals of the project? Has the
technical team explored the full range of
technologies that can produce data of the quality
necessary? Can the technologies selected limit
the number of mobilizations at the site?
19
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
3. Can the need for cleanup be assessed fully and
accurately from the information gathered during
the site assessment or from a previous site
investigation?
4. What issues has the community raised that may
affect the site investigation?
5. What are the potential exposure pathways? Who
or what could be affected by the contamination or
the efforts to clean up the contamination?
6. What happens if significant contamination is
found? What happens if contamination poses a
"significant threat" to local residents?
7. What happens if the contamination is
originating from an adjacent or other off-site
source? What happens if background sampling
indicates that contamination is originating from
a naturally occurring source?
8. Are the infrastructure systems (roads, buildings,
sewers, and other facilities) contaminated?
Could they be affected by efforts to clean up
contamination?
How Do We Find the Answers?*
Typical activities that may be conducted
during the site investigation phase
include:
Identify the proper mix of technologies (such as
field measurement technologies that characterize
the physical and chemical aspects of the site and
fixed laboratory sampling methods) that can
facilitate site investigations and meet the required
level of data quality (see the definition of DQO in
Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key
Terms):
- Ensure that the laboratory has appropriate
detection limits for analytes
Determine the environmental conditions at the site
(for example, by performing an ASTM Phase II
environmental site assessment or equivalent
investigation that includes tests to confirm the
locations and identities of environmental
hazards):
- Conduct sampling and analysis to determine the
nature, extent, source, and significance of the
contamination that may be present at the site
- Conduct sampling and analysis to fully assess
the physical and geophysical conditions and
characteristics of the site
- Interpret the results of the analysis to characterize
site conditions
- Determine whether and how (if applicable)
the infrastructure systems (including existing
structures) are affected by contamination
Assess the risk the site may pose to human health
and the environment. Consider the following
exposure pathways:
- For soil and dust, direct contact, ingestion, or
inhalation
- For water, ingestion and inhalation
- For air, inhalation or ingestion
Consider the use of a site-specific risk assessment
to identify cleanup levels when that approach may
result in more reasonable cleanup standards or
when cleanup standards have not been developed
Examine unacceptable environmental conditions in
terms of initial costs for site improvement and long-
term costs for annual operation and maintenance
— include potential cleanup options and
constraints that may affect redevelopment
requirements, such as project schedules, costs, and
potential for achieving the desired reuse
Revise assumptions about the site based on data
collected at the site
Begin consideration of sources of funding for site
investigation and cleanup activities such as state
Brownfields programs and federal tax credits:
- Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator
to identify and determine the availability of EPA
support programs and federal financial incentives
Continue to work with appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are being properly addressed:
- Identify and consult with the appropriate federal,
state, local, and tribal agencies to include them as
early as possible in the decision-making process
Educate members of the community about the site
investigation process and actively involve them in
decision making; consider risk communication
techniques to facilitate those activities
* Please note that the Road Map seeks to answer technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each
procedural question identified.
20
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Where Do We Find Help To Our
Technology Questions?
Listed below are examples of resources that
assist in identifying the environmental
condition of a site. Information about the
availability of electronic resources — whether the
item is found on the Road Map's accompanying
Tool Kit CD-ROM or on various Web sites — also is
provided. Appendix D, How to Order Documents,
provides complete ordering information for
documents that are not available on the CD-ROM
or on the Internet.
A. Technology Resources
The documents listed below are resources that provide
general information about the availability of technology
resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, and
user guidelines. PC-based and on-line searchable databases
also are included.
ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site
Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected
Petroleum Releases (E1912-98)
Order on line at
Developed by ASTM, the guide describes accelerated
site characterization (ASC), a process used to rapidly
and accurately characterize confirmed or suspected
releases of petroleum. The guide provides a
framework that responsible parties, contractors,
consultants, and regulators can use to streamline and
accelerate site characterization. The guide is
available at $35 per copy and can be downloaded
from the ASTM Web site or ordered by telephone at
610-832-9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555.
ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental Site
Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site
Assessment Process (E1903-97)
Order on lineat
Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses the
framework for employing good commercial and
customary practices in the U.S. when conducting
Phase II environmental site assessments of commercial
property with respect to the potential presence of a
range of contaminants within the scope of CERCLA, as
well as petroleum products. The practice, available at
$35 per copy, can be downloaded from the ASTM Web
site or ordered by telephone at 610-832-9585 or by
facsimile at 610-832-9555.
Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing
the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001)
Order on lineat
The guide is one in a series of publications designed
to assist communities, states, municipalities, and the
private sector to address brownfields sites more
effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used
with the three guides for specific types of sites —
Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up
Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative,
Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up
Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative,
and Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning
Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative
— provides information about cost estimating tools
and resources for addressing cleanup costs at
brownfields sites. Many decision makers at
brownfields sites may choose to assign the
preparation of cost estimates to consultants who are
experienced in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites;
however, it benefits those decision makers to be able
to provide guidance to their consultants and to
understand the process sufficiently well to provide
an informed review of the estimates prepared. The
guide provides general information about the cost
estimation process and includes summaries of
various types of estimates. The guide also outlines
the process of developing "order of magnitude" cost
estimates. Information about resources, databases,
and models also is provided.
EPA REACH IT On-line Searchable Database
View on line at
The EPA REACH IT on-line searchable database
provides users comprehensive, up-to-date information
about more than 150 characterization technologies
which may be applicable during the site investigation
phase. The guided and advanced search capabilities
of the system can be used to gather information about
innovative technology solutions and service providers.
The information is based upon data submitted by
project managers for EPA, DoD, DOE, and state
agencies. EPA REACH IT is accessible only through
the Internet.
Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision
Support Software
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental
Management, the report evaluates decision support
software (DSS), computer-based systems that
facilitate the use of data, models, and structured
decision processes in making decisions related to
environmental management. The report evaluates 19
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
such systems through the application of a rating
system that favors software that simulates a wide
range of environmental problems. It includes a
glossary of terms and a statement of the rationale for
the selection of various aspects of the performance of
the DSS for evaluation.
Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix,
Version 1.0
View on line at
The matrix, an on-line tool, will assist brownfields
stakeholders to obtain information about and screen
technologies applicable for site investigation. Each site
characterization technology is rated in a number of
performance categories, such as detection limits,
applicable media, selectivity, and turnaround time.
Other useful information provided includes technology
descriptions; data on commercial status, cost, and
certification; and evaluation reports. The matrix is
extremely helpful to users who are not familiar with
specific characterization technologies, but who know
baseline information about a site, such as contaminants
and media; for such users, the matrix can identify and
screen technologies for potential use at a site.
Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field
Analytics, A: The Keys to Cost-Ef f ective Site
Characterization and Cleanup
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
Developed by Tufts University in cooperation with
EPA, the document provides users with information
about the many factors that are to be considered in
incorporating field analytical instruments and
methods into an adaptive sampling and analysis
program for expediting the site investigation process.
The guidance is intended to assist federal and state
regulators, site owners, consulting engineers, and
remediation companies understand how to develop,
maintain, and update a dynamic workplan.
Hazardous Waste Site Characterization CD-ROM
(EPA 600-C-96-001; PB96-503792INC)
Order on lineat
The CD-ROM, developed by EPA's NERL - Las Vegas,
Characterization Research Division, compiles guidance
documents and related software to aid environmental
professionals in the complex, multidisciplinary
characterizing of hazardous waste sites. The CD-ROM,
a compilation of computer programs and documents
developed by EPA, includes more than 3,200 pages of
documents related to EPA's RCRA and Superfund
programs that can be printed, as well as searched by
key words. The CD-ROM can be purchased from the
NTIS for $135 (see Appendix D, How to Order Documents).
The CD-ROM contains the following documents and
software:
- Bibliography of Groundwater Sampling Methods
- Compendium of Superfund Program Publications
(EPA 540-8-91-014)
- Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund
(EPA540-R-93-071)
- Description and Sampling of Contaminated Soils:
A Field Pocket Guide (EPA 625-12-91-002)
- Field Screening Methods Catalog (EPA 540-2-8-005)
- Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and
Feasibility Studies Under CERCLA
(EPA540-G-89-004)
- Guidance for Performing Preliminary Assessments
Under CERCLA (EPA 540-G-91-013)
- Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design and
Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells
(EPA 600-4-89-034)
- Preliminary Assessment Guidance for FY88
(OSWER9345.0-01)
- Preparation Aids for the Development of Category I
Quality Assurance Project Plans (EPA 600-8-91-003)
- Preparation of Soil Sampling Protocols: Sampling
Techniques and Strategies (EPA 600-R-92-129)
- RCRA Groundwater Monitoring Technical Enforcement
Guidance Document (OSWER 9950.1)
- Soil Sampling Quality Assurance User's Guide
(EPA 600-8-89-046)
- Superfund Exposure Assessment Manual
(EPA 540-1-88-001)
- Vadose Zone Monitoring for Hazardous Waste Sites
(EPA 600-X-83-064)
- ASSESS Version 1.1 A (PB93-505154). ASSESS is an
interactive QA/QC program designed to assist the
user in statistically determining the quality of data
from soil samples.
- DEFT Version 4.0. The DEFT software allows a
decision maker or member of a planning team to
quickly generate cost information about several
sampling designs based on DQOs. A user's guide
is available on the CD-ROM.
- Geo-EASVersionl.2.1(PB93-504967). Geo-EAS of f ers
environmental scientists an interactive tool for
performing two-dimensional geostatistical analyses
of spatially distributed data. Extensive use of screen
graphics such as maps, histograms, scatter plots,
and variograms helps the user search for patterns,
correlations, and problems in a data set. A user's
guide also is available on the CD-ROM.
22
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- Geophysics Advisor Expert System Version 2.0
(PB93-505162). The program considers several
geophysical methods of determining the location
of contamination and providing site
characterization to make recommendations on the
best methods to use at a specific site. Version 2.0
also includes a database of the physical and
chemical properties of 94 substances selected from
EPA's NPL.
- Scout Version 2.0. Scout is a user-friendly and
menu-driven program that provides a graphical
display of data in a multidimensional format that
allows visual inspection of data, accentuates
obvious outliers, and provides an easy means of
comparing one data set with another. A user's
guide also is available on the CD-ROM.
Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series
View or download pdffiles on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The case studies provide cost and performance
information about innovative technologies that
support less costly and more representative site
characterization. The purpose of the case studies is to
analyze and document the effectiveness of new
technologies proposed for site cleanup. They present
information about the capability of the technologies
in analyzing and monitoring cleanup, as well as
information about costs associated with the use of the
technologies. The following case studies are
available:
- Hanscom Air Force Base, Operable Unitl
(EPA 542-R-98-006)
- Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum
Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-003)
Site Characterization and Monitoring Technologies:
Bibliography of EPA Information Resources
(EPA 542-B-98-003)
View on line at
The bibliography lists information resources, both
publications and electronic databases, that focus on
evaluation and use of innovative site characterization
and monitoring technologies. The document also
provides information on obtaining copies of the
documents.
Site Characterization Library, Volume 1,
Release 2.0 (EPA 600-C-98-001)
Order on line at
The CD-ROM, developed by EPA NERL, contains the
following documents and software:
-ASSESS Version 1.1A (PB93-505154) is an
interactive QA/QC program designed to assist
the user in statistically determining the quality
of data from soil samples.
BIOPLUMEII is a model for two-dimensional
transport of contaminants under the influence of
oxygen-limited biodegradarion in groundwater.
CalTox is a multimedia total exposure model for
hazardous waste.
CHEMFLO enables users to simulate water
movement and chemical transport in unsaturated
soils.
DEFT is a software package that allows a
decision maker to quickly generate cost
information about several sampling designs
based on DQOs.
FEMWATER/LEWASTE is software which can be
used to delineate wellhead protection areas in
agricultural regions by using a criterion that
considers environmental factors that reduce the
concentration of contaminants transported to
wells.
Geo-EAS Version 1.2.1 (PB93-504957) is an
interactive tool for performing two-dimensional
geostatistical analyses of spatially-distributed
data.
GEOPACKis a comprehensive geostatistical
software package that allows both novices and
advanced users to conduct geostatistical analyses
of spatially-correlated data.
Geophysics Advisor Expert System Version 2.0
(PB93-505162) is a program that considers several
geophysical methods of determining the location
of contamination and providing site
characterization to make recommendations about
the best methods to use at a specific site.
GEOS software facilitates the collection and
analysis of geoenvironmental data.
GRITS/STAT is a comprehensive database system
for storing, analyzing, and reporting information
from groundwater monitoring programs at
RCRA, CERCLA, and other regulated facilities
and sites.
HELP is a two-dimensional modeling program
that simulates water movement into and out of
landfills on the basis of a waste management
system.
IMES offers a computer-based tool for matching
site characteristics with an appropriate exposure
assessment model or models.
MOFAT, a two-dimensional, finite element model
for simulating coupled multiphase flow and
multicomponent transport in planar or
radically symmetric vertical sections, can be
used to evaluate flow and transport for water,
NAPLs, and gas.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
MULTIMED is a one-dimensional, steady-state
model used to predict the concentrations of
contaminants migrating from a waste disposal
facility through the subsurface, surface water,
and air pathways to receptor sites.
PESTAN assists users in estimating the vertical
migration of dissolved organic solutes through
the vadose zone to groundwater.
PRZM-2 is a pesticide flow-and-transport model
for the root zone and vadose zone.
RETC is a program used in analyzing the
hydraulic conductivity properties of unsaturated
soil.
Scout Version 2.0 is a user-friendly and menu-
driven program that provides a graphical display
of data in a multidimensional format that allows
visual inspection of data, accentuates obvious
outliers, and provides an easy measure for
comparing data.
STF (VIP + RITZ) consists of three components
that provide information about the behavior of
chemicals in soil environments. The models
simulate the movement and fate of hazardous
chemicals during treatment of oily wastes.
Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring
Techniques is an interactive, multimedia version of
the two-volume EPA publication titled Subsurface
Characterization and Monitoring Techniques. The
documents include descriptions of more than 280
site characterization and field monitoring
methods of detecting groundwater contamination
and other aspects of the subsurface at hazardous
waste sites. Geological and hydrogeological
characterization topics covered include surface
and borehole approaches, geophysical methods,
and sampling of solids; drilling; aquifer tests and
groundwater sampling; water-state measurement
and monitoring; measurement of hydraulic
conductivity and flux in the vadose zone; water
budget characterization; soil-solute sampling and
gas monitoring in the vadose zone; and field
chemical analytical methods. The electronic
version of the guide includes graphic support
with animation and hypertext links that make all
text readily accessible.
Total Human Exposure Risk database and Advanced
Simulation Environment (THERdbASE), Version 1.2,
is an integrated database and analytical and
modeling software system for use in exposure
assessment calculations and studies. It provides
a prototype for smoothly and efficiently linking
communication between databases and
exposure assessment models.
- VLEACH provides users a one-dimensional, finite
difference model for making preliminary
assessments of the effects on groundwater of
leaching of volatile, sorbed contaminants through
the vadose zone.
- WhAEM is a computer-based tool used in
decision-making processes related to the
protection of wellheads.
- WHPA, a semi-analytical groundwater flow
simulation program, can be used for delineating
capture zones in a wellhead protection area.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program Demonstration Reports
View or download reports at or on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
An extensive inventory of reports of the evaluation of
measurement and monitoring technologies in the SITE
program is available to assist decision makers in
reviewing technology options and assessing a
technology's applicability to a particular site. The
reports evaluate all information about a technology;
provide an analysis of its overall applicability to site
characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices; and
present testing procedures, performance and cost data,
and QA/QC standards. The Demonstration Bulletins
provide summarized descriptions of technologies and
announcements of demonstrations. The Innovative
Technology Evaluation Reports provide full reports of
the demonstration results, including technical data
useful to decision makers. A complete list of the
reports is provided on the Tool Kit CD-ROM.
Test Methods for Evaluating Waste, Physical/
Chemical Methods (SW-846)
View on line at
Developed by EPA's Office of Solid Waste (OSW), the
Internet site provides users access to the third edition
of the SW-846 base manual, as well as updates I, II,
IIA, IIB, and III. The manual is a compendium of
analytical and sampling methods that have been
evaluated and approved for use in complying with
RCRA regulations, and includes periodic updates to
SW-846 to support changes in the regulatory program
and to improve method performance and cost
effectiveness. To date, EPA has finalized Updates I, II,
IIA, IIB, and III to the SW-846 manual.
24
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B. Site-Specific Resources
Listed below are survey reports on the application of
innovative technologies to specific contaminants and site
types.
Contaminants and Remedial Options at Pesticide
Sites (EPA 600-R-94-202, PB95-183869)
Order on line at
The document provides information about treatment
technologies and the selection of services at pesticide
sites to meet acceptable levels of cleanliness as
required by applicable regulations. It is targeted
primarily for the use of federal, state, or private site
removal and remediation managers. The document
does not identify or establish cleanup levels.
Contaminants and Remedial Options at Selected
Metal-Contaminated Sites (EPA 540-R-95-512,
PB95-271961)
Order on line at
The report provides information on site
characterization and the selection of treatment
technologies capable of meeting site-specific cleanup
levels at sites contaminated with metal. It is targeted
to federal, state, and private site removal and
remediation managers. The report focuses primarily
on metalloid arsenic and metals, including
cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. The report
does not identify or establish cleanup levels.
EPA ORD Brownfields Guides
Order on line at
The series of publications are designed to assist
communities, states, municipalities, and the private
sector to address brownfields sites more effectively.
The guides provide decision makers, such as city
planners, private sector developers, and others who are
involved in redeveloping brownfields, with a better
understanding of the technical issues involved in
assessing and cleaning up automotive repair sites, iron
and steel mill sites, and metal finishing sites. After
reading the guides, the user will have a better
understanding of activities commonly carried out at
such sites and how those activities might cause the
release of contaminants into the environment. The
guides also provide information about the types of
contaminants often found at such sites; a discussion
of site assessment, screening and cleanup levels, and
cleanup technologies; a conceptual framework for
identifying potential contaminants; information
about developing a cleanup plan; and a discussion of
issues and special factors that should be considered
when developing plans and selecting technologies.
The following guides are available:
- Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning
Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields
Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-008)
- Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning
Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields
Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-007)
- Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning
Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields
Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-006)
Expedited Site Assessment Tools for Underground
Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Regulators
(EPA 510-B-97-001)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
Produced by EPA's OUST, this guide is designed to help
state and federal regulators with responsibility for USTs
to evaluate conventional and new site assessment
technologies and promote the use of expedited site
assessments. The manual covers five major issues
related to UST site assessments: the expedited site
assessment process; surface geophysical methods for
UST site investigations; soil-gas surveys; direct push
technologies; and field analytical methods for the
analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons. The equipment
and methods presented in the manual are evaluated in
terms of applicability, advantages, and limitations for
use at petroleum UST sites.
C. Technology-Specific Resources
The documents listed below provide detailed information
about specific innovative technologies and the application of
those processes to specific contaminants and media in the
form of engineering analyses, application reports,
technology verification and evaluation reports, and
technology reviews.
California Environmental Technology Certification
Program - California Certified Technologies List
View on lineat
The California Environmental Protection Agency's (Cal/
EPA) Environmental Technology Certification program
Internet site provides the user access to the California
Certified Technologies List. The document provides a list
of technologies and their respective vendors that have
been certified by the state of California. Certification is
granted to technologies on the basis of an independent,
third-party verification of the technology's performance
and ability to meet regulatory specifications and
requirements. Developers and manufacturers define
quantitative performance claims for their technologies
and provide supporting documentation. Cal/EPA
reviews that information and, when necessary, conducts
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
additional testing to verify the claims. Technologies,
equipment, and products that are proven to work as
claimed receive official state certification.
Environmental Technology Verification Reports
View or download pdffiles at
Produced by EPA's ORD, the Environmental
Technology Verification (ETV) program reports
provide extensive information about the performance
of commercial-ready, private sector technologies. The
reports, intended for buyers of technologies,
developers of technologies, consulting engineers, and
state and federal agencies, verify the environmental
performance characteristics of those technologies
through the conduct of pilots. The reports, as well as
other information about the ETV program, are
available on the ETV site. ETV reports and
verification statements about the following
technologies are available:
- Cone penetrometer-deployed sensor
- Field-portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer
- Field-portable x-ray fluorescence analyzer
- Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) analysis technologies
- Well-head monitoring for VOCs
- Soil sampling technologies
Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field Sampling and
Selecting On-Site Analytical Methods for Explosives
in Soil (EPA 540-R-97-501)
View or download pdf file on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
This paper was prepared by members of the Federal
Facilities Forum, a group of EPA scientists and
engineers representing EPA regional offices and
committed to the identification and resolution of
issues affecting federal facility Superfund and RCRA
sites. The purpose of the paper is to provide guidance
to remedial project managers (RPM) about field
sampling and on-site analytical methods for detecting
and quantifying secondary explosive contaminants in
soil. The paper is divided into the following sections:
(1) background information; (2) overview of sampling
and analysis of explosives; (3) data quality objectives;
(4) unique sampling and design considerations for
dealing with contaminants from explosives; (5) a
summary of on-site analytical methods; and, (6) a
summary of the EPA reference analytical methods.
Field Validation of a Penetrometer-Based Fiber
Optic Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant (POL) Sensor:
Project Summary (EPA 600-SR-97-055)
View on line at
The report provides comprehensive comparisons of in
situ measurements from a cone penetrometer-
deployed laser induced fluorescence (LIF) petroleum,
oil, and lubricant (POL) sensor with traditional field
screening methods. The report includes an
introduction that describes the system and indicates
the technology constraints. In addition to
conclusions and recommendations, the report also
provides information about methods and materials,
such as calibration and sampling procedures,
analytical methods, and methods of data
reproduction and analysis. Two case studies help
illustrate the concepts discussed.
Hydrogeologic Characterization of Fractured Rock
Formations: A Guide for Groundwater Remediators;
Project Summary (EPA 600-S-96-001)
View or download pdf file on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
This report describes the conduct and findings of a
hydrogeologic characterization study of a saturated
fractured, granitic rock aquifer in the foothills of the
Sierra Nevada mountains in California. First, the
report presents an overview of the problems
associated with remediating fractured aquifers,
referring to case histories as examples. Brief
descriptions of the methods and results of the
characterization effort at the experimental field site
then are presented. The remaining chapters present
particular phases of the characterization effort and a
general strategy for hydrogeologic characterization,
with each tool and method described in detail. In
addition, the report discusses issues related to the
effect of incorrect characterization of flow properties
on prediction of the behavior of a contaminant.
26
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What Technologies Are Available?
The table presented below identifies
some of the field analytical technologies
that may be used during the site
investigation phase.
The information in the table was developed from
information in the EPA REACH IT on-line searchable
database. Specific information about the
technologies, their effectiveness, and their
applicability in relation to detection limits, as well as
a summary of the contaminants monitored, can be
obtained from the system. See Appendix B, List of
Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, for a description
of the technologies.
Contaminants
Monitored
Benzene, Toluene,
Ethylbenzene,and
Xylene (BTEX)
Buried Objects
Dioxins and Furans
Explosives
Geophysical
Characteristics of Soil
and Bedrock
Mercury
Metals
Pentachlorophenol
(PCP)
Pesticides
PCBs
Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (TPH)
VOCs, Semi-Volatile
Organic Compounds
(SVOC)
Examples of Field Analytical Technologies
Cplorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test
Kits; Laser-induced Fluorescence/Cone
Penetrometer; Portable Gas Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR); Infrared
Monitors; High-Frequency Electromagnetic
(EM) Sounding; Subsurface EM; Subsurface
Magnetrometry; Transient EM Geophysical
Instruments
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
In Situ Geophysics; Borehole Technologies;
Downhole Sensors; Seismic Reflection/
Refraction; GPR; Electromagnetic Sounding
Immunoassay Test Kits
X-ray Analyzers; Electrochemical Detector Kits;
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy
Immunoassay Test Kits; Portable Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Immunoassay Test Kits; Colorimetric Test Kits;
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits
Immunoassay Test Kits; Colorimetric Test Kits;
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Colorimetric Test Kits; Immunoassay Test Kits;
Laser-induced Fluorescence/Cone
Penetrometer; Infrared Monitors; Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Portable Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry; Colorimetric Test Kits;
Immunoassay Test Kits; Infrared Monitors
Highlights of Field Analytical Technologies
and Mobile Laboratories
Field Analytical Technologies: Field analytical
technologies, often referred to as "field analytics," can be
used onsite without the absolute need for a mobile
laboratory. Some field analytical technologies are very
sophisticated and can yield quantitative results that are
comparable to those obtained by analysis in mobile or off-site
laboratories. Some field analytical measurements can be
made quickly, allowing a high rate of sampling. Under
certain conditions, data can be collected in a short period of
time. Field analytical technologies are implemented through
the use of hand-held instruments, such as the portable gas
Chromatography and mass Spectrometry and the x-ray
fluorescence analyzer, as well as the use of bench
procedures, such as Colorimetric and immunoassay tests.
Mobile Laboratories: A variety of technologies can be
used in a mobile laboratory. Such technologies differ from
field analytical technologies because they may require more
controlled conditions (such as temperature, humidity, and
source of electricity) or complex sample preparation that
uses solvents or reagents that require special handling or
protective equipment that require the handling and storage
of chemical standards. Technologies adaptable to mobile
laboratories include those used to analyze soil and water
samples for inorganic analytes (such as anodic stripping
voltammetry) and organic compounds (such as gas
Chromatography with a variety of detectors). When
operated properly and with adequate QA/QC, the
technologies can achieve quantitative results equal to those
achieved by off-site analytical laboratories.
See the table to the right for more information about field analytical
technologies and mobile laboratories.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Where Do We Go From Here?
After you have completed your
investigation of the environmental
conditions at the site, you may take one of
the following courses of action:
Results of the Site
Investigation
Course of Action
No contamination is
found.
Consult with
appropriate regulatory
officials before
proceeding with
redevelopment
activities.
Contamination is
found BUT does not
pose a significant
risk to stakeholders'
human health or the
environment.
Consult with
appropriate regulatory
officials before
proceeding with
redevelopment
activities.
Cleanup of the
contamination
found probably will
require a small
expenditure of funds
and time.
Proceed to the
CLEANUP OPTIONS
phase.
Cleanup of the
contamination
found probably will
require a significant
expenditure of funds
and time. However,
contamination
does not pose a
significant threat
to local residents.
Determine whether
redevelopment
continues to be
practicable as planned,
or whether the
redevelopment plan
can be altered to fit the
circumstances; if so,
proceed to the
CLEANUP OPTIONS
phase.
Contamination is
found that poses a
significant threat
to local residents.
Contact the
appropriate federal,
state, local, or tribal
government agencies
responsible for
hazardous waste. If
contamination exists at
considerable levels,
compliance with other
programs, such as
RCRA and Superfund,
may be required.
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CLEANUP OPTIONS
Evaluate Applicable Cleanup
Alternatives for the Site
The review and analysis of cleanup
alternatives rely on the data collected
during the site assessment and investigation phases,
which are discussed in the preceding sections of the
Road Map. The purpose of evaluating various
technologies is to identify those technologies for
their capability to meet specific cleanup and
redevelopment objectives. For brownfields sites, it
also is important to consider budget requirements
and to maintain a work schedule so that the project
remains financially viable.
The role of institutional controls, such as zoning and
deed restrictions; posting of safety signs; and efforts to
increase community awareness of the environmental
conditions and cleanup activities at the site, also are
important considerations during this phase.
What Do We Need to Know?
Factors that should be considered during
the evaluation of cleanup options include:
KEY
QUESTIONS
1. How do we determine the appropriate and
feasible level of cleanup? Are there federal, state,
local, and tribal requirements for cleanup?
Should risk-based approaches be considered as
an option for assessing exposure (see the
definition of risk-based corrective action [RBC A]
in Appendix C, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key
Terms)? Are there prescribed standards for
cleanup? Are there provisions for using
presumptive remedies?
2. What factors are associated with the
implementation of cleanup options? Will the
cleanup facilitate or hinder the planned
redevelopment? How long will cleanup take?
What will cleanup cost? What are the short-term
and long-term effects of the cleanup technologies
under consideration?
3. Are the cleanup options compatible with regional
or local planning and development goals and
requirements? Can redevelopment activities
(such as construction or renovation of buildings)
be conducted concurrently with cleanup?
4. How can the community participate in the
review and selection of cleanup options? Are the
options acceptable in light of community
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
concerns about protection during cleanup and
reuse of the site? What environmental standards
should be considered to ensure that community
stakeholders are satisfied with the outcome and
process of cleanup, given the intended reuse?
5. Is there a need for institutional controls after
cleanup? Are proposed institutional controls
appropriate in light of community concerns
and access to and use of the property? Will
institutional controls facilitate or hinder
development? What plans, including financial
assurances, are being made to ensure that
institutional controls remain in place as long as
contamination is present?
6. What options are available to monitor the
performance of cleanup technologies?
How Do We Find the Answers?*
The process of reviewing and analyzing
cleanup options and technology
alternatives usually follows these steps:
• Establish goals for cleanup that consider the end
use and use either published state or federal
guidelines, RBCAs, or site-specific risk assessment
results
• Educate members of the community about the site
cleanup selection process and actively involve
them in decision making
• Review general information about cleanup
technologies to become familiar with those that
may be applicable to a particular site:
- Use the resources in this publication
- Conduct searches of existing literature that
further describes the technology alternatives
- Analyze detailed technical information about the
applicability of technology alternatives
• Narrow the list of potential technologies that are
most appropriate for addressing the contamination
identified at the site and that are compatible with
the specific conditions of the site and the proposed
reuse of the property:
- Network with other brownfields stakeholders and
environmental professionals to learn about their
experiences and to tap their expertise
- Determine whether sufficient data are available to
support identification and evaluation of cleanup
alternatives
- Evaluate the options against a number of factors,
including toxicity levels, exposure pathways,
associated risk, future land use, and economic
considerations
- Analyze the applicability of a particular
technology to the contamination identified
at a site
- Determine the effects of various technology
alternatives on redevelopment objectives
Continue to work with appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are addressed properly:
- Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local,
and tribal regulatory agencies to include them in
the decision-making process as early as possible
- Contact the EPA regional brownfields
coordinator to identify and determine the
availability of EPA support programs
Integrate cleanup alternatives with reuse
alternatives to identify potential constraints on
reuse and time schedules and to assess cost and
risk factors
To provide a measure of certainty and stability to
the project, investigate environmental insurance
policies, such as protection against cost overruns,
undiscovered contamination, and third-party
litigation, and integrate their cost into the project
financial package
Select an acceptable remedy that not only
addresses the risk of contamination, but also best
meets the objectives for redevelopment and reuse
of the property and is compatible with the needs of
the community
Communicate information about the proposed
cleanup option to brownfields stakeholders,
including the affected community
Where Do We Find Help To Our
Technology Questions?
Examples of resources that will assist in
reviewing and analyzing cleanup options
are listed below. Information about the availability of
electronic resources—whether the item is found on the
Road Map's accompanying Tool Kit CD-ROM or on
various Web sites—also is provided. Appendix D, How
to Order Documents, provides complete ordering
information for documents that are not available on the
CD-ROM or on the Internet.
* Please note that the Road Map seeks to answer technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each
procedural question identified.
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A. Technology Resources
The documents listed below are resources that provide
general information about the availability of technology
resources in the form of bibliographies, status reports, and
user guides. PC-based and on-line searchable databases
also are included.
ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective
Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites
(E1739-95el)
Order on lineat
The purpose of the guide is to define RBCA as a
process for assessing and responding to a petroleum
release in a manner that ensures the protection of
human health and the environment. The guide will
assist brownfields decision makers who wish to
become familiar with another approach that can be
used to assess environmental risk at a site, in
conformity with applicable federal, state, local, and
tribal regulations. The diversity and flexibility of a
RBCA approach is defined and discussed, and the
tiered approach of the process is summarized.
Although the RBCA process is not limited to a
particular site, the guide emphasizes the use of RBCA
in response to releases of petroleum. Examples of
RBCA applications also are provided. The guide,
available at $45 per copy, can be downloaded from
the ASTM Web site or ordered by telephone at
610-832-9585 or by facsimile at 610-832-9555.
Bibliography for Innovative Site Clean-Up
Technologies (EPA 542-B-99-004)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The bibliography is a comprehensive listing of
information resources available for innovative site
cleanup technologies. The bibliography lists
resources by categories including: technology survey
reports; EPA program information; groundwater (in
situ) treatment; thermal treatment; bioremediation;
soil vapor extraction and enhancements; physical
and chemical treatment; site characterization; other
conferences and international surveys; technical
support; community relations; bulletin board systems,
databases, software, and the Internet; technology
newsletters; and innovative site remediation
engineering technology monographs. The document
also provides titles, document numbers, and
ordering information.
Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative
Treatment Technologies
View or download pdffiles on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The guides are prepared by EPA to provide site
managers with nontechnical outreach materials, in
English and Spanish, that they can share with
communities in the vicinity of a site. The guides
present information on innovative treatment
technologies that have been selected or applied at some
cleanup sites, provide overviews of innovative
treatment technologies, and present success stories
about sites at which innovative treatment technologies
have been applied. The guides contain information on
the following subjects:
- Bioremediation
- Chemical dehalogenation
- In situ soil flushing
- Innovative treatment technologies for contaminated
soils, sludges, sediments, and debris
- Natural attenuation
- Phytoremediation
- SVE and air sparging
- Soil washing
- Solvent extraction
- Thermal desorption
- Treatment walls
- Understanding presumptive remedies
Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World
Wide Web
View on line at
The Internet site provides information about
innovative treatment technologies and site
characterization technologies to the hazardous waste
remediation community. CLU-IN describes programs,
publications, and other tools for EPA and other
federal and state personnel, consulting engineers,
technology developers and vendors, remediation
contractors, researchers, community groups, and
individual citizens. Information about issues related
to site remediation also is provided: technology
descriptions and status reports; technology selection
tools; programs and organizations; TIO perspectives;
and publications.
Completed North American Innovative Technology
Demonstration Projects and Associated Database
(EPA 542-B-96-002, PB96-153127)
View or download pdf files on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report and searchable database summarizes more
than 300 innovative technology field demonstration
projects that have been completed in North America.
The demonstration projects listed include those
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
performed, co-sponsored, or funded through programs
developed by EPA, the military services, DOE, the U.S.
Department of Interior (DOI), the government of Canada,
and the State of California. The report summarizes key
information from available demonstration projects in a
single document and presents that information in a
manner that enables project managers and other
interested persons to easily identify innovative
technologies that may be appropriate to their particular
site remediationneeds. The report highlights key
features of the demonstrations, including contaminants
treated, site types, technology types, technology vendors,
project sponsors, and technical reports available.
Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing
the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001)
Order on line at
The guide is one in a series of publications designed to
assist communities, states, municipalities, and the
private sector to address brownfields sites more
effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used
with the three guides for specific types of sites —
Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up
Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative,
Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up
Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, and
Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning Up
Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative—
provides information about cost estimating tools and
resources for addressing cleanup costs at brownfields
sites. Many decision makers at brownfields sites may
choose to assign the preparation of cost estimates to
consultants who are experienced in the cleanup of
hazardous waste sites; however, it benefits those
decision makers to be able to provide guidance to their
consultants and to understand the process sufficiently
well to provide an informed review of the estimates
prepared. The guide provides general information
about the cost estimation process and includes
summaries of various types of estimates. The guide
also outlines the process of developing "order of
magnitude" cost estimates. Information about
resources, databases, and models also is provided.
EPA REACH IT On-line Searchable Database
View on line at
EPA REACH IT will assist those involved in
brownfields projects to evaluate and select applicable
remediation technologies, as well as to gather detailed
information about the providers of those technologies.
An on-line searchable database, EPA REACH IT
provides comprehensive, up-to-date information about
more than 1,300 remediation technologies that can be
accessed through the guided and advanced search
capabilities of the system. Examples of sites at which a
particular type of technology has been implemented also
are presented. The information is based upon data
submitted by project managers for EPA, DoD, DOE, and
state agencies, as well as information provided by
suppliers of innovative technologies. EPA REACH IT is
accessible only through the Internet.
Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision
Support Software (DSS)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental
Management, the report evaluates DSS, computer-
based systems that facilitate the use of data, models,
and structured decision processes in making decisions
related to environmental management. The report
evaluates 19 such systems through the application of
a rating system that favors software that simulates a
wide range of environmental problems. It includes a
glossary of terms and a statement of the rationale for
the selection of various aspects of the performance of
the DSS for evaluation.
Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at
Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report provides a national retrospective analysis
of the field performance of barrier systems, as well as
information that could be useful in developing
guidance on the use and evaluation of such systems.
The report contains information about the design,
application, and performance of subsurface
engineered barriers.
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
(FRTR) Case Studies
View on line at
The case studies provide the user information about
specific remedial technology applications. FRTR case
studies are developed by DoD, the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE), the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force
(USAF), DOE, DOI, and EPA. The case studies focus
on full-scale and large field demonstration projects
and include information on site background,
description of the technology, cost and performance
of technology application, and lessons learned.
Technologies include innovative and conventional
treatment technologies for contaminated soil,
groundwater, and solid media. Visit FRTR's Internet
Site at to search the case
studies by groups of contaminants, media, waste
management practices that contribute to contamination,
and treatment systems.
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Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and
Performance Information for Remediation Proj ects
(EPA 542-B-98-007)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document recommends the types of data that
should be collected to document the performance and
cost of future cleanups. The guide specifies data
elements for 13 conventional and innovative cleanup
technologies: soil bioventing, soil flushing, soil vapor
extraction, groundwater sparging, in situ
groundwater remediation, pump-and-rreat
technologies, composting, incineration, land
treatment, slurry-phase soilbioremediation, soil
washing, stabilization, and thermal desorption. The
document provides site managers with a standard set
of parameters for documenting completed
remediation projects. A number of federal agencies
have made commitments to using the guidance to
collect data for full-scale cleanups, demonstrations,
and treatability studies.
In Situ Remediation Technology Status Reports
View or download pdffiles on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The series of six documents describes more than 90
field demonstrations or full-scale applications of in
situ abiotic technologies for treatment of nonaqueous
phase liquids (NAPL) and groundwater. The
documents provide information on the following
subjects:
- Cosolvents (EPA 542-K-94-006)
- Electrokinetics (EPA 542-K-94-007)
- Hydraulic and Pneumatic Fracturing
(EPA 542-K-94-005)
- Surfactant Enhancements (EPA 542-K-94-003)
- Thermal Enhancements (EPA 542-K-94-009)
- Treatment Walls (EPA 542-K-94-004)
Rapid Commercialization Initiative (RCI) Final
Report for an Integrated In Situ Remediation
Technology (Lasagna™) (DOE/OR/22459-1)
View on line at
This report describes demonstration results for the
Lasagna™ process, a process which uses established
geotechnical methods to install degradation zones in
contaminated soil and electrosmosis to move the
contaminants back and forth through these zones
until treatment is completed.
Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and
Reference Guide, Version 3.0 (PB98-108590)
View on line at
The document is intended to assist site remediation
project managers to narrow the field of remediation
alternatives and identify potentially applicable
technologies for more detailed assessment and
evaluation before remedy selection. The document
summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of
innovative and conventional technologies for
remediation of soils, sediments, sludges,
groundwater, surface water, and air emissions and
off-gases; it focuses primarily on demonstrated
technologies. Treatment, containment, separation of
wastes, and enhanced recovery technologies are
covered. Additional references and information
resources also are included.
Site Remediation Technology Inf oBase: A Guide to
Federal Programs, Information Resources, and
Publications on Contaminated Site Cleanup
Technologies, First Edition (EPA 542-B-98-006)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
Prepared by the member agencies of the FRTR, the
guide identifies programs, resources, and
publications of the federal government related to
technologies for the cleanup of contaminated sites.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program: Technology Profiles, Ninth Edition
(EPA540-R-97-502)
View on line at
The document provides profiles of more than 150
demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and
measurement technologies currently being evaluated.
Each technology profile identifies the developer and
process name of the technology, describes the
technology, discusses its applicability to waste, and
provides a project status report and contact
information. The profiles also include summaries of
demonstration results, if available.
Synopses of Federal Demonstrations of Innovative
Site Remediation Technologies, Third Edition
(EPA 542-B-93-009, PB94-144565)
Order on line at
The document is a compilation of abstracts that
describe field demonstrations of innovative
technologies that treat hazardous waste at
contaminated sites. The abstracts are information
resources that hazardous waste site project managers
can use to assess the availability and practicability of
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
innovative technologies for treating contaminated
groundwater, soils, and sludge. The document
describes more than 110 demonstrations, sponsored
by federal agencies, in six different technology
categories, involving the use of innovative
technologies to treat soil and groundwater. A matrix
that lists the demonstration categories, the type of
contaminant, media that can be treated, and the
treatment setting for each innovative technology
demonstrated also is provided in the document.
Tank RACER Software Program
View on line at
Tank Remedial Action Cost Engineering and
Requirements (RACER) is a Windows™-based system
that provides fast, accurate, and comprehensive cost
estimates for cleanups at petroleum and UST sites.
The software estimates costs for cleanups on a site-
specific basis for all phases of remediation, including
site assessment, remedial design, remedial action,
operation and maintenance, tank closure, and site
work and utilities, as well as the costs of using
alternative technologies, such as air sparging,
bioremediation, bioventing, groundwater extraction
wells, land farming, natural attenuation, SVE, and
thermal desorption. The software was developed
under an interagency agreement between the US AF
and EPA. A newer version, Tank RACER 99, is now
available. Visit the Web site identified above for more
information.
TechKnow™ Database
View on line at
Developed by the Global Network of Environment &
Technology (GNET), TechKnow is an on-line,
interactive database which allows users to gain access
to and provide information about innovative and
sustainable technologies. For each technology
profiled, a summary, development information, status,
and cost is provided. The Internet site also provides
contact information for the technologies. Users may
access the TechKnow database at the Internet site
identified above. There is no cost to use TechKnow,
but users are required to register on GNET.
Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup:
Annual Status Report, Ninth Edition (EPA 542-R-
99-001)
View on line at
The report documents, as of the summer of 1998, the
status of treatment technology applications at more
than 900 soil and groundwater cleanup projects in
the Superf und program, selected RCRA corrective
action sites, and DOE and DoD sites. The report
updates the projects included in the Annual Status
Report (eighth edition) and information on projects
derived from 79 RODs signed in 1996 and 1997. It
also now includes information on 217 incineration
and solidification/stabilization projects not
previously covered. For the most frequently selected
technologies, the report analyzes selection trends over
time, contaminant groups addressed, quantities of
soil treated, and project implementation status.
Specific site information for each technology
application has been incorporated into the EPA
REACH IT on-line database.
B. Site-Specific Resources
Listed below are survey reports on the application of
innovative technologies to specific contaminants and site
types.
EPA ORD Brownfields Guides
Order on line at
The series of publications are designed to assist
communities, states, municipalities, and the private
sector to address brownfields sites more effectively.
The guides provide decision makers, such as city
planners, private sector developers, and others who are
involved in redevelopingbrownfields, with a better
understanding of the technical issues involved in
assessing and cleaning up automotive repair sites, iron
and steel mill sites, and metal finishing sites. After
reading the guides, the user will have a better
understanding of activities commonly carried out at
such sites and how those activities might cause the
release of contaminants into the environment. The
guides also provide information about the types of
contaminants often found at such sites; a discussion of
site assessment, screening and cleanup levels, and
cleanup technologies; a conceptual framework for
identifying potential contaminants; information about
developing a cleanup plan; and a discussion of issues
and special factors that should be considered when
developing plans and selecting technologies. The
following guides are available:
- Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning
Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields
Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-008)
- Technical Approaches to Characterizing and
Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the
Brownfields Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-007)
- Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning
Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields
Initiative (EPA 625-R-98-006)
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Evaluation of Technologies for In Situ Cleanup of
DNAPL Contaminated Sites (EPA 600-R-94-120,
PB94-195039)
View on line at
The document provides a review and technical
evaluation of in situ technologies for the remediation
of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL)
contamination that has occurred below the
groundwater tables. It reviews several in situ
technologies and provides information about the
evaluation of the technologies on the basis of
theoretical background, field implementation, level of
demonstration and performance, waste, technical and
site applicability and limitations, and cost and
availability.
How To Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies
for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for
Corrective Action Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-B-94-003,
S/N 055-000-00499-4)
Order on line at
The guide was developed to assist state regulators in
efficiently and confidently evaluating corrective
action plans (CAP) that incorporate alternative
technologies. The guide, written in nontechnical
language, takes the reader through the steps involved
in reviewing a CAP. Each chapter presents a
comprehensive description of the technology, an
explanation of how it works, and a flow chart that
illustrates the decision points in the process;
information that will help the regulator evaluate
whether a given technology will clean up a given site
successfully; discussion and instruction to help the
regulator evaluate whether a CAP is technically
sound; a check list to assist the regulator in
determining whether or not the CAP includes all the
steps necessary; and a list of references.
Innovative Measures for Subsurface Chromium
Remediation: Source Zone, Concentrated Plume,
and Dilute Plume; Environmental Research Brief
(EPA 600-S-97-005)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
This report describes innovative measures for
addressing chromium contamination in each of the
three areas described in the title. For the source zone,
surfactant-enhanced chromium extraction is
evaluated; for the concentrated plume, polyelecrrolyte-
enhanced ultrafiltration is evaluated; and for the dilute
plume, the effectiveness of the permeable barrier wall is
evaluated.
In Situ Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Soils
(EPA542-R-96-001)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document provides information about four in situ
technologies for treating metal-contaminated soils:
electro kinetic remediation; phytoremediarion; soil
flushing; and solidification/stabilization. The report
is intended to assist in screening new technologies
early in the remedy evaluation and selection process.
It identifies vendors, summarizes performance data,
and discusses technology attributes that should be
considered during the early screening of potential
remedies for metal-contaminated soils. The document
outlines the relatively few alternative methods for in
situ treatment of metals.
MTBE Fact Sheet #2: Remediation of MTBE-
Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
(EPA510-F-98-002)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
Developed by EPA's OUST, the fact sheet describes
the physical and chemical characteristics of methyl
tert butyl ether (MTBE) and identifies alternative
technologies for remediating it.
Pay-For-Performance Cleanups: Effectively
Managing Underground Storage Tank Cleanups
(EPA 510-B-96-002)
View on line at
Pay-for-performance cleanup agreements allow users
to pay contractors a fixed price as measurable
environmental goals are reached, rather than paying
using a more typical time-and-materials contract.
This document focuses on the experience of the UST
Bureau of the New Mexico Environment Department
and is supplemented by the experience and ideas of
representatives of other states, contractors, and EPA.
The document is intended as a starting point for
owners of USTs to use in designing pay-for-
performance cleanup programs. The document first
identifies the advantages of pay-for-performance
cleanup agreements, such as cost and time savings. It
then explains how to implement a pay-for-
performance cleanup program. Many tips for
ensuring the success of pay-for-performance
agreement programs are provided. It also presents
information about enlisting the support of
stakeholders, such as that of state technical and
funding staff, government auditors, legislators and
legislative staff, and cleanup contractors. In addition
to providing instructions for constructing such an
agreement, the document provides an example of how
to calculate performance payments.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Presumptive Response Strategy and Ex-Situ
Treatment Technologies for Contaminated Ground
Water at CERCLA Sites (EPA 540-R-96-023)
Order on line at
Produced by EPA's Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response (OERR), the guidance defines
EPA's presumptive response strategy and discusses
technologies for the ex situ treatment component of a
groundwater remedy. It also explains how EPA
intends to exercise its discretion in implementing the
National Contingency Plan (NCP).
Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of
Metal-Contaminated Soils (EPA 542-R-97-004)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document provides hazardous waste cleanup
professionals with an update on the status of four
available and promising technologies for in situ
remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals:
electrokinetics; phytoremediation; soil flushing; and
solidification and stabilization. The report is
intended to assist in screening new technologies early
in the remedy evaluation and selection process.
Treatment Technology Performance and Cost Data
for Remediation of Wood Preserving Sites
(EPA625-R-97-005)
Order on lineat
The document presents information about applicable
treatment alternatives for the remediation of soil and
groundwater at wood preserving sites. The document
provides decision makers with a better understanding
of technologies suitable for cleaning up such sites.
Background information about the wood preserving
industry in general is presented, as well as
information about contaminants commonly found at
wood preserving sites, such as PCPs, PAHs, dioxins
and furans, and inorganic compounds. The
document describes a number of technologies that
have been used to remediate wood preserving sites;
treatability and case studies also are presented.
Additional sources of information are provided.
Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superf und,
RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage
Tank Sites
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The policy directive, issued April 21,1999, provides
guidance to the staff of EPA, the public, and the
regulated community on how EPA intends to exercise
its discretion in implementing national policy on the use
of monitored natural attenuation for the remediation of
contaminated soil and groundwater at sites regulated
under the programs of EPA's OSWER.
C. Technology-Specific Resources
The documents listed below provide detailed information
about specific innovative technologies and the application
of those processes to specific contaminants and media in the
form of engineering analyses, application reports,
technology verification and evaluation reports, and
technology reviews. PC-based searchable databases also
are included.
Anaerobic Biodegradation of BTEX in Aquifer
Material; Environmental Research Brief
(EPA 600-S-97-003)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The study focuses on anaerobic biodegradation of
BTEX isomers in aquifer material from two petroleum-
contaminated aquifers. Two different techniques
were used to evaluate the ability of indigenous
microorganisms to anaerobically degrade BTEX and
to estimate the rate of degradation.
Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor
Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report provides an engineering analysis of, and
status report on, selected enhancements for SVE
treatment technologies. The report is intended to
assist project managers who are considering an SVE
treatment system by providing then with an up-to-
date report on the status of enhancement
technologies; an evaluation of each technology's
applicability to various site conditions; a presentation
of cost and performance information; a list of vendors
that specialize in the technologies; a discussion of the
relative strengths and limitations of the technologies;
recommendations of factors to be kept in mind when
considering the enhancements; and a compilation of
references. The five enhancement technologies
discussed in the report are air sparging, dual-phase
extraction, directional drilling, pneumatic and
hydraulic fracturing, and thermal enhancement.
Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated
Sediments (ARCS) Program: Guidance for In Situ
Subaqueous Capping of Contaminated Sediments
(EPA 905-B-96-004)
View on lineat
Published by EPA's Great Lakes National Program
Office, the document provides technical guidance for
subaqueous, in situ capping as a remediation
technique for contaminated sediments. Descriptions
of the processes, identification of the design
requirements, and a recommended sequence for
design also are provided.
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Bibliography of Phytoremediation Resources
View on line at
Produced by EPA's Phytoremediation Handbook
Team, in conjunction with the Remediation
Technologies Development Forum (RTDF)
Phytoremediation Action Team, the list of more than
865 citations includes articles published in peer-
reviewed journals, newspaper stories, presentations
and posters from conferences, and chapters excerpted
from books.
Bioremediation in the Field Search System (BFSS)
Version 2.1
View or download database on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The PC-based searchable database provides
information about sites at which bioremediation is
being tested or implemented or at which cleanup by
bioremediation has been completed. The database
covers sites being addressed under CERCLA, RCRA,
TSCA, as well as those being addressed under the
UST Program. Information is available about
location, media, contaminants, technology, cost, and
performance.
Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent
Contaminated Groundwater
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report is intended to provide a basic summary of
in situ treatment technologies for groundwater
contaminated with chlorinated solvents. It includes
information gathered from a range of currently
available sources, including project documents,
reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal
communication with parties involved in the use of the
technologies.
California Environmental Technology Certification
Program - California Certified Technologies List
View on line at
The Cal/EPA Environmental Technology
Certification program Internet site provides the user
access to the California Certified Technologies List.
The document provides a list of technologies and
their respective vendors that have been certified by
the state of California. Certification is granted to
technologies on the basis of an independent, third-
party verification of the technology's performance
and ability to meet regulatory specifications and
requirements. Developers and manufacturers define
quantitative performance claims for their technologies
and provide supporting documentation. Cal/EPA
reviews that information and, when necessary,
conducts additional testing to verify the claims.
Technologies, equipment, and products that are
proven to work as claimed receive official state
certification.
EPA Engineering Bulletins
View on line at
The bulletins, developed by EPA's National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, are a series of
documents that summarize the latest information
about specific treatment and remediation processes.
Limitations of the technologies, the latest performance
data, site requirements, and the status of the
technologies also are discussed. The bulletins
provide detailed information about several physical
and chemical treatment processes, including:
- Composting (EPA 540-S-96-502)
- In Situ Biodegradation Treatment (EPA 540-S-94-502)
- In Situ Vitrification Treatment (EPA 540-S-94-504)
- Separation/Concentration Technology Alternatives for
the Remediation of Pesticide Contaminated Soil
(EPA540-S-97-503)
- Technology Alternatives for the Remediation of Soils
Contaminated with As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb
(EPA540-S-97-500)
- Thermal Desorption Treatment
(EPA 540-S-94-501, PB94-160603)
EPA Region 5 Monitored Natural Attenuation Report
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report describes a natural attenuation field study
conducted jointly by EPA Region 5, the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, the Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, and Amoco
Corporation that has been underway since October
1994.
Field Applications of In Situ Remediation
Technologies: Chemical Oxidation
(EPA542-R-98-008)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document describes recent pilot demonstrations
and full-scale applications of chemical oxidation
processes that treat soil and groundwater in place or
increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants
to improve their removal by other remediation
technologies.
Field Applications of In Situ Remediation
Technologies: Ground-Water Circulation Wells
(EPA542-R-98-009)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report is one in a series of reports that document
recent pilot demonstrations and full-scale applications
that treat soil and groundwater in situ or increase the
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
solubility and mobility of contaminants to improve
their removal by other remediation technologies. It
is hoped that the information provided will facilitate
more frequent consideration of new, less costly, and
more effective technologies to address the problems
associated with hazardous waste sites and petroleum
contamination.
Field Applications of In Situ Remediation
Technologies: Permeable Reactive Barriers
(EPA542-R-99-002)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
One of a series of reports that summarize pilot
demonstrations and full-scale applications of
technologies that treat soil and groundwater, the
document presents profiles of a number of applications
of permeable reactive barriers (PRB). Each profile
identifies, to the extent the information is available, the
name of the site, its location, its characteristics, the
principal contaminants present, the installation date of
the PRB, the type of construction, the costs of design
and construction, the reactive materials used, and the
results achieved. The profiles also discuss lessons
learned and lists a point of contact for obtaining
further information. A bibliography of articles and
documents related to PRBs also is included.
Ground Water Issue Paper: Steam Injection for Soil
and Aquifer Remediation (EPA 540-S-97-505)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document contains detailed information on how
steam injection can be used to recover organic
contaminants from the subsurface, the contaminant
and subsurface conditions for which the process may
be appropriate, and general design and equipment
considerations.
Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis
Center (GWRTAC) Technology Reports
View or download reports at or on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
Developed by the Ground-Water Remediation
Technologies Analysis Center (GWRTAC), a variety of
reports about groundwater technologies and how they
work are available to assist decision makers in reviewing
technology options and assessing a technology's
applicability to a particular site. The Technical
Overview Reports are intended to provide a general
overview and introduction to selected groundwater
technologies. More detailed information and technical
analyses is provided in the Technical Evaluation Reports
which provide, for specific technologies, comprehensive
descriptions of the technology and performance
information; information about its applicability and cost;
discussion of regulatory and policy requirements and
issues; and a summary of lessons learned. The
Technology Status Reports are summary documents
which provide information about the status of specific
groundwater technologies or topics. Examples of some
of the topics covered include: air sparging; bioslurping;
electrokinetics; in situ bioremediation; in situ chemical
treatment; phytoremediation; and surfactants and
cosolvents. Each of the reports, as well as abstract
descriptions of each, can be downloaded from the
GWRTAC site. A complete list of the reports is provided
ontheToolKitCD-ROM.
In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document provides a technology assessment about
in situ treatment technologies applicable for cleanup of
contaminated sediments. It is intended to provide
federal agencies, states, consulting engineering firms,
private industries, and technology developers with
information on the current status of this technology.
Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview of
Tools for Vadose Zone Monitoring
(EPA542-R-98-019)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report provides a basic summary of tools in current
use for detection of leaks in landfill liners. It includes
information gathered from a range of currently
available sources, including project documents, reports,
periodicals, Internet searches, and personal
communication with parties involved in such efforts.
Michigan Soil Vapor Extraction Remediation
(MISER) Model: A Computer Program to Model Soil
Vapor Extraction and Bioventing of Organic
Chemicals in Unsaturated Geologic Material
(EPA600-R-97-009)
View on line at
The report describes the formulation, numerical
development, and use of a multiphase biodegradarion
model designed to simulate physical, chemical, and
biological interactions that occur primarily in field-scale
SVE and bio venting systems. The report is divided into
the following six sections: (1) an overview of SVE and
biovenring systems and a review of existing models; (2) a
presentation of the conceptual formulation of MISER and
the associated mathematical representation for flow,
transport, and biorransformarion processes; (3) a
description of the numerical solution approach; (4) a
presentation of the results of model verification analyses;
(5) a description and usage of the model; and (6) example
simulations.
Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated
Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The fact sheet, written for a nonscientific audience
38
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and intended to assist federal, state, and local
regulators in educating the public about complex
environmental issues, explains what the term
"monitored natural attenuation" (MNA) means
when it is used to describe a potential strategy for
remediating a contaminated site. It also describes
the various physical, chemical, and biological
processes of natural attenuation that may take
place at a site contaminated with chlorinated
solvents and explains how decision makers
evaluate the role of MNA at a contaminated site.
Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The fact sheet, written for a nonscientific audience
and intended to assist federal, state, and local
regulators in educating the public about complex
environmental issues, explains what the term
"MNA" means when it is used to describe a potential
strategy for remediating a contaminated site. It also
describes the various physical, chemical, and
biological processes of natural attenuation that may
take place at a site contaminated with petroleum
hydrocarbons and explains how decision makers
evaluate the role of MNA at a contaminated site.
Multi-Phase Extraction: State of the Practice
(EPA542-R-99-004)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report describes the use of multi-phase extraction
(MPE) for the remediation of contaminated soil and
groundwater, focusing primarily on the application of
MPE at sites at which contamination with halogenated
VOCs is present. The report describes MPE technology
and the various configurations used for it, indicates the
types of site conditions to which MPE is applicable, and
discusses the advantages and potential limitations of the
use of MPE at such sites. In addition, the report provides
information about vendors of MPE and case studies that
summarize cost and performance data on applications of
the technology at three sites.
Permeable Reactive Barriers Technologies for
Contaminant Remediation (EPA 600-R-98-125)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document provides information about treatable
contaminants, design, feasibility studies, and
construction options. Summaries of several current
installations also are provided.
Permeable Reactive Subsurface Barriers for the
Interception and Remediation of Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon and Chromium (VI) Plumes in
Ground Water (EPA 600-F-97-008)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
Prepared by EPA's ORD, the document discusses the
use of barrier walls employing zero-valent iron as the
reactive substrate for treating groundwater
contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons or
chromium.
Phytoremediation Resource Guide
(EPA 542-B-99-003)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document aids decision makers in reviewing
the applicability of phytoremediation extraction
treatment technologies. The document also
provides access information on electronic resources
and hotlines; cites relevant federal regulations; and
provides abstracts of more than 100 pertinent
resources, such as bibliographies, guidance
documents, workshop proceedings, overview
documents, study and test results, and test designs
and protocols. Included is a phytoremediation
treatment technology resource matrix that
compares the documents by technology type,
affected media, and contaminants. The guide also
provides detailed information on how to obtain the
publications listed.
Phytoremediation of TCE in Groundwater
Using Populus
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document provides a basic understanding of
phytoremediation for shallow groundwater and
reports on the status of the technology.
Presumptive Remedy: Supplemental Bulletin,
Multi-Phase Extraction Technology for VOCs in Soil
and Groundwater (EPA 540-F-97-004)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
Produced by EPA and the USAF, this fact sheet
provides an explanation of the technology and
explains how to determine whether multi-phase
extraction is applicable to a site contaminated
with VOCs in soil and groundwater. The fact
sheet also recommends MPE as a potential
enhancement for SVE in the presumptive remedy
for sites with VOCs in soil.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Pump and Treat Ground-Water Remediation: A
Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners
(EPA625-R-95-005)
View on line at
The guide provides an introduction to pump-and-
treat groundwater remediation by addressing such
questions as, "When is pump-and-treat an
appropriate remediation approach?" and "How can
the design and operation of a pump-and-treat system
be optimized and its performance measured?" The
guide is intended to provide decision makers with a
foundation for evaluating the appropriateness of
conventional or innovative approaches.
Soil Vapor Extraction (S VE) Treatment Technology
Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-94-007)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document aids decision makers in reviewing the
applicability of SVE treatment technologies. The
document also provides access information on
electronic resources and hotlines; cites relevant
federal regulations; and provides abstracts of
pertinent print resources, such as bibliographies,
guidance documents, workshop proceedings,
overview documents, study and test results, and test
designs and protocols. Included is an SVE treatment
technology resource matrix that compares the
documents by technology type, affected media, and
contaminants. The guide also provides detailed
information on how to obtain the publications listed.
Technical and Regulatory Requirements for
Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated
Solvents in Groundwater
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report describes enhanced in situ bioremediation
(EISB) and examines the circumstances under which
its application is appropriate. It also discusses
related regulatory and policy issues, such as the ban
under RCRA on land disposal and technical
requirements for implementation of EISB. The
report was prepared by the Interstate Technology
and Regulatory Cooperation Workgroup.
Testing and Demonstration Sites for Innovative
Ground-Water Remediation Technologies
(EPA 542-R-97-002)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report identifies and describes 15 publicly-
sponsored facilities available for testing and
demonstration of groundwater technologies.
What Technologies Are Available?
As discussed in the Background and
Before You Begin sections, technologies
available for remediating brownfields sites
include both innovative and established
technologies (see the definition of the two types of
technologies in the Background section). The table
below identifies which types of technologies are
appropriate for specific types of contaminant groups.
The information in the table is based on data in the
EPA REACH IT system as well as other EPA
sources. See Appendix B, List of Acronyms and
Glossary of Key Terms, for descriptions of the
technologies.
Contaminants
Treated
Examples of Technologies
Soils, Sediments, and Sludges
VOCs
SVOCs
Inorganic
Compounds
Fuels
Explosives
Ex Situ Bioremediation; In Situ Bioremediation
(Biodegradation); In Situ Soil Flushing; SVE;
Thermal Desorption; In Situ Vitrification
Thermally Enhanced SVE; Soil Washing; Solvent
Extraction; Thermal Desorption
Soil Flushing; Soil Washing; Electrokinetic
Separation; Solvent Extraction; Chemical Treatment
Ex Situ Bioremediation; In Situ Bioremediation; Soil
Washing; SVE; Thermal Desorption
Ex Situ Bioremediation; In Situ Bioremediation; Soil
Washing; Solvent Extraction; Thermal Desorption
Groundwater, Surface Water, and Leachate
VOCs
SVOCs
Inorganic
Compounds
Fuels
Explosives
Air Sparging; Dual-Phase Extraction; Fluid/Vapor
Extraction; In Situ Bioremediation; Bioreactors;
Permeable Reactive Barriers
In Situ Bioremediation; Bioslurping; Permeable
Reactive Barriers
Adsorption; Permeable Reactive Barriers;
Phytoremediation
Air Sparging; Dual-Phase Extraction; In Situ
Bioremediation; Bioreactor; Bioslurping; Fluid/Vapor
Extraction
Bioreactor; Permeable Reactive Barriers;
Phytoremediation
40
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Where Do We Go From Here?
After you have reviewed options for
cleanup, you may take any of the
following courses of action:
NEXT
STEPS
Result of the Review of
Cleanup Options
Course of Action
The proposed
cleanup option
appears feasible.
Proceed to the CLEANUP
DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
phase.
No cleanup option
appears feasible in
light of the
proposed
redevelopment
and land reuse
needs (such as
project milestones
and cost and
intended reuse).
Determine whether
revising the redevelopment
plan remains a practicable
option; if so, proceed to the
CLEANUP DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
phase. If contamination
exists at considerable
levels, compliance with
other programs, such as
RCRA and Superfund,
may be required.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
CLEANUP DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION
Develop and Carry Out Detailed
Cleanup Plans for the Site
This phase focuses on the design and
implementation of a cleanup plan to
prepare the property for redevelopment and
reuse. The design of the cleanup plan and
implementation of the technology options selected
in the previous phase involves close coordination
with all other redevelopment efforts in the
immediate vicinity of the site.
KEY
QUESTIONS
What Do We Need to Know?
Factors that should be considered during
the design and implementation of
cleanup activities include:
1. Are there federal, state, local, and tribal
requirements for the design, installation, and
monitoring of cleanup activities?
2. How will cleanup be monitored so that work
can be stopped when cleanup goals are
reached?
3. How best can the community participate in
the design and implementation of the
cleanup plan?
4. What can be done to protect the community
and other property during cleanup?
5. What are the tradeoffs between cost and
meeting redevelopment project deadlines? Can
redevelopment activities (such as renovation of
existing buildings and construction of roads
and sewage systems) be performed
concurrently with cleanup activities?
6. What are the long-term effects of the selected
technology on the liability or on the future use
of the site? What are the effects of a
catastrophic change to the environment (for
example, a hurricane or changes to the
subsurface)?
7. Will long-term monitoring be required? If so,
how will it be managed?
8. Will institutional controls facilitate or hinder
redevelopment? Now? In the future?
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How Do We Find the Answers?*
Typical activities that may be conducted
during this phase include:
• Review all applicable federal, state, local, and
tribal regulatory guidelines and regulations to
determine all specific requirements, including
guidelines for state VCPs
• Continue to work with the appropriate regulatory
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements
are being properly addressed:
- Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local,
and tribal regulatory agencies to include them in
the decision-making process as early as possible
- Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator
to identify and determine the availability of EPA
support programs
• Develop conceptual plans for cleanup and
subsequent monitoring that incorporate technology
options and consider the effect of any cleanup
activities on the proposed reuse of the property and
the schedule for project design or construction:
- Develop or review the schedule for completion
of the project
- Obtain a final amount for the funds available
for project development
- Coordinate the renovation and construction of
infrastructure with cleanup activities
- Coordinate activities with developers, financiers,
construction firms, and members of the local
community
• Establish contingency plans to address the
discovery of additional contamination during
cleanup, including tools such as environmental
insurance policies
• Develop procedures for community
participation, for example, by working with
community advisory boards or local
redevelopment authorities
• Implement and monitor the cleanup plan and
performance of the technology selected
• Work with the state VCP program, if applicable,
and or county or local officials to facilitate the
placement and implementation of institutional
controls
Where Do We Find Help To Our
Technology Questions?
Listed below are examples of technology
resources that provide information about applicable
regulatory guidelines and regulations and community
outreach materials. In addition, technologies identified
during the site investigation phase may be appropriate
to monitor cleanup performance and close-out.
Information about the availability of electronic
resources — whether the item is found on the Road
Map's accompanying Tool Kit CD-ROM or on various
Web sites — also is provided. Appendix D, How to
Order Documents, provides complete ordering
information for documents that are not available on the
CD-ROM or on the Internet.
A. Technology Resources
The documents listed below are resources that provide
general information about the availability of technology
resources in the form of bibliographies and status reports.
On-line searchable databases also are included.
Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative
Treatment Technologies
View or download pdffiles on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The guides are prepared by EPA to provide site
managers with nontechnical outreach materials, in
English and Spanish, that they can share with
communities in the vicinity of a site. The guides
present information on innovative treatment
technologies that have been selected or applied at
some cleanup sites, provide overviews of innovative
treatment technologies, and present success stories
about sites at which innovative treatment
technologies have been applied. The guides contain
information on the following subjects:
- Bioremediation
- Chemical dehalogenation
- In situ soil flushing
- Innovative treatment technologies for contaminated
soils, sludges, sediments, and debris
- Natural attenuation
- Phytoremediation
- SVE and air sparging
- Soil washing
- Solvent extraction
- Thermal desorption
- Treatment walls
- Understanding presumptive remedies
* Please note that the Road Map seeks to answer technology selection questions and is not intended to provide a response to each
procedural question identified.
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA Directive: Initiatives to Promote Innovative
Technology in Waste Management Programs
(OSWER Directive 93800-25, EPA 540-F-96-012)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The policy directive, issued April 29,1996, describes
several initiatives to facilitate the testing,
demonstration, and use of innovative cleanup and
field measurement technologies and stresses EPA's
commitment to promoting the development and
commercialization of environmental technologies.
The initiatives under the directive place a high
priority on selecting innovative treatment and
characterization technologies, reducing impediments
to the development and use of innovative
technologies, and sharing the risks of using
innovative treatment technologies.
EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative
Technologies (REACH IT) On-line Searchable
Database
View on line at
EPA REACH IT is an on-line searchable database that
assists brownfields stakeholders in obtaining
comprehensive information about technologies useful
for monitoring cleanup of brownfields sites. Specific
information about applicable technologies and their
service providers can be accessed readily using the
guided and advanced search capabilities of the system.
EPA REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet.
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
(FRTR) Case Studies
View on line at
The case studies provide the user information about
specific remedial technology applications. FRTR case
studies are developed by DoD, USACE, the U.S. Navy,
USAF, DOE, DOI, and EPA. The case studies focus on
full-scale and large field demonstration projects and
include information on site background, description of
the technology, cost and performance of technology
application, and lessons learned. Technologies include
innovative and conventional treatment technologies
for contaminated soil, groundwater, and solid media.
Visit FRTR's Internet Site at to search the case studies by groups of
contaminants, media, waste management practices
that contribute to contamination, and treatment
systems.
WASTECH® Series of Innovative Site
Remediation Technology Engineering
Monographs
See Appendix D, How to Order Documents, for a
WASTECH order form, or view the order form on the
Tool Kit CD-ROM
The WASTECH® project generates authoritative,
consensus-based engineering monographs for
remediation of hazardous waste sites and contaminated
soils and groundwater. WASTECH® is funded by EPA,
DoD, DOE, and the American Academy of Environmental
Engineers® During Phase I of the project, eight
monographs were published in 1994 and 1995 covering
the basics of these technologies, i.e., identification and
description, potential applications, process evaluations,
and limitations. During 1997 and early 1998, an
additional seven volumes covering the design and
applications, including actual case studies, were
produced. Copies of the individual monographs (by
technology type) or the entire series may be purchased by
contacting the American Academy of Environmental
Engineers® by telephone at 410-266-3390 or by facsimile
at 410-266-7653.
The volumes contain information on the following
technologies:
- Bioremediation
- Chemical treatment
- Soil washing/soil flushing
- Solidification/stabilization
- Solvent/chemical extraction
- Thermal desorption
- Thermal destruction
- Vacuum vapor extraction
B. Technology-Specific Resources
The documents listed below provide detailed information
about specific innovative technologies and the application
of those processes to specific contaminants and media in
the form of engineering analyses, application reports,
technology verification and evaluation reports, and
technology reviews.
Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Soil
Treatment Technologies: Suggested Operational
Guidelines to Prevent Cross-Media Transfer of
Contaminants During Clean-Up Activities
(EPA 530-R-97-007)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The document provides guidance for designing and
conducting soil remediation activities at RCRA and
other hazardous waste sites so that cross-contamination
is minimal. The document is expected to assist in
reducing exposure of workers to contaminants by
identifying the potential for transfer from medium to
medium and recommending control mechanisms that
could be applied during implementation of treatment
technologies for soil. The BMPs are provided for seven
technology categories: containment technologies; soil
washing; thermal treatment; vapor extraction;
bioremediation; incineration; and other physical and
chemical treatments. The document also provides case
studies and information about field validation activities
that EPA undertook at soil remediation sites in 1996
and 1997.
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State Policy and Regulatory Barriers to In Situ
Ground Water Remediation (EPA 542-R-96-001)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report identifies specific state regulatory and
policy barriers to the use of techniques that enhance
in situ groundwater treatment technologies through
the subsurface injection of surfactants, cosolvents,
and nutrients. The report also describes the
experiences and policies of each state and provides
contact information for obtaining additional
assistance.
Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural
Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground
Water (EPA 600-R-98-128)
View or download pdffile on the Tool Kit CD-ROM
The report provides guidance for environmental
managers about the steps that must be taken to
understand the rate and extent to which natural
processes are reducing contaminant concentrations
at sites that are contaminated by chlorinated
solvents. Data collected with this protocol can be
used to evaluate natural attenuation through
biological processes as part of a protective overall
site remedy. The protocol is the result of a
collaborative field and laboratory research effort
involving researchers from EPA ORD, the USAF,
and the U.S. Geological Survey.
Where Do We Go From Here?
After you have completed cleanup, you
may take one of the following courses
of action:
Result of Cleanup
Course of Action
Contamination has
been removed,
contained,
or controlled.
Consult with the
appropriate regulatory
officials before proceeding
with redevelopment
activities.
Additional
contamination has
been discovered.
Continue cleanup
activities. However, you
may have to return to the
SITE INVESTIGATION
phase to determine the
extent and nature of
the contamination.
Long-term
monitoring of
cleanup and
performance of the
technology is
required.
Return to the SITE
INVESTIGATION phase
to collect after-performance
samples for monitoring
cleanup.
45
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
AppendixA
GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS FOUND AT
TYPICAL BROWNFIELDS SITES
The following table identifies activities that may have caused contamination at brownfields sites. The table
summarizes contaminants that are related to such activities and identifies sources for the contaminants.
However, it is not an exhaustive list of contaminants that can be found at a brownfields site. Identifying
contaminants that may be present should be determined on a site-by-site basis. Such a determination should
be conducted thoroughly and carefully. Information for this table was compiled from several sources,
including various EPA Guides to Pollution Prevention for selected industries. A list of the specific citations
used is provided on page A-2.
Past Activities Typically Conducted
at Brownfields Sites
Typical Contaminants
Agriculture
Automotive refinishing and repair
Battery recycling and disposal
Chloro-alkali manufacturing
Coal gasification
Cosmetics manufacturing
Dry cleaning activities
Dye facilities
Electroplating operations
Glass manufacturing
Herbicide manufacturing and use
Hospitals
Incinerators
Landfills—municipal and industrial
Leather manufacturing
Machine shops/metal fabrication
Marine maintenance industry
sludges, degreasers
Munitions manufacturing
Paint/ink manufacturing
Pesticide manufacturing
Petroleum refining and reuse
Pharmaceutical manufacturing
VOCs, arsenic, copper, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dibromide
and methylene chloride, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides,
grain fumigants
Some metals and metal dust, various organic compounds, solvents,
paint and paint sludges, scrap metal, waste oils
Lead, cadmium, acids, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, chromium
Chlorine compounds, mercury
PAHs, sulfur compounds, cyanide, aluminum, iron, lead,
nickel, chromium
Heavy metals, dusts, solvents, acids
VOCs such as chloroform and tetrachloroethane, various solvents,
spot removers, fluorocarbon 113, perchloroethylene
2-naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine
Various metals such as cadmium, chromium, cyanide, copper,
and nickel
Arsenic, lead
Dioxin, metals, herbicides
Formaldehyde, radionuclides, photographic chemicals, solvents,
mercury, ethylene oxide, chemotherapy chemicals
Dioxin, various municipal and industrial waste, ash,
ordnance compounds, metals
Metals, VOCs, PCBs, ammonia, methane, household products
and cleaners, pesticides, various wastes, hydrogen sulfide
Toluene, benzene
Metals, VOCs, dioxin, beryllium, degreasing agents, solvents,
waste oils
Solvents, paints, cyanide, acids, VOC emissions, heavy metal
Lead, explosives, copper, antimony, unexploded ordnance (UXO)
Metals (such as chromium, cadmium, lead, and zinc), VOCs,
chloroform, ethyl benzene, solvents, paints, inks
VOCs, arsenic, copper, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides,
fungicides, xylene, chlorinated organic compounds, solvents
Petroleum hydrocarbons, BTEX, fuels, oil and grease
Lead, various organic chemicals, organic solvents
A-1
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Past Activities Typically Conducted
at Brownfields Sites (continued)
Typical Contaminants
Photographic manufacturing and uses
Plastics manufacturing
Printing industry
Railroad yards
Research and educational institutions
Scrap metal operations
Semiconductor manufacturing
Smelter operations
Underground storage tanks
Wood pulp and paper manufacturing
Wood preserving
Silver bromide, methylene chloride, solvents, photographic products
Polymers, phthalates, cadmium, solvents, resins, chemical additives,
VOCs
Silver, solvents, acids, waste oils, inks and dyes, photographic chemicals
Petroleum hydrocarbons, VOCs, BTEX, solvents, fuels, oil and
grease, lead, PCBs
Inorganic acids, organic solvents, metals and metal dust,
photographic waste, waste oil, paint, heavy metals, pesticides
Various metals (such as lead and nickel), PCBs, dioxin, transformers
Metals, VOCs, carbon tetrachloride, degreasing agents, solvents
Metals (such as lead, copper, and arsenic)
Solvents, metals, POLs, BTEX, gasoline, diesel fuel
Chlorinated organic compounds, dioxin, furans, chloroform,
resin acids
Creosote, PCP, arsenic, chromium, copper, PCBs, PAHs, beryllium,
dioxin, wood preservatives, zinc
LIST OF CITATIONS USED TO IDENTIFY COMMON CONTAMINANTS
Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste: Research
Development, and Field Evaluation
(EPA 540-R-95-532)
Contaminants and Remedial Options at Selected
Metal-Contaminated Sites
(EPA 540-R-95-512, PB95-271961)
Dry Cleaning and Laundry Plants, Fact Sheet
(EPA530-SW-90-027b)
EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets
EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative
Technologies (EPA REACH IT)
Guidelines for Waste Reduction and Recycling: Metal
Finishing, Electroplating, Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing, Hazardous Waste Reduction
Program, Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality (No document number)
Guides to Pollution Prevention:
- Research and Educational Institutions
(EPA 625-7-90-010)
- Selected Hospital Waste Streams
(EPA 625-7-90-009)
- The Automotive Refinishing Industry
(EPA 625-7-91-016)
- The Automotive Repair Industry
(EPA 625-7-91-013)
- The Commercial Printing Industry
(EPA 625-7-90-008)
- The Fiberglass-Reinforced and Composite Plastics
Industry (EPA 625-7-91-014)
- The Marine Maintenance and Repair Industry
(EPA 625-7-91-015)
- The Mechanical Equipment Repair Industry
(EPA 625-R-92-008)
- The Pesticide Formulating Industry
(EPA 625-7-90-004)
- The Pharmaceutical Industry
(EPA 625-7-91-017)
Low-Level Mixed Waste: A RCRA Perspective for
NRC Licenses (EPA 530-SW-90-057)
Pollution Prevention Technologies for the Bleached
Kraft Segment of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry
(EPA 600-R-93-110)
Solving the Hazardous Waste Problem: EPA's RCRA
Program (EPA 530-SW-86-037)
Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual
Report, Ninth Edition (EPA 542-R-99-001)
Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case Studies of
Minimization of Mercury-Bearing Wastes at a
Mercury Cell Chloralkali Plant; Project Summary
(EPA600-S2-88-011)
Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment:
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard; Project Summary
(EPA600-S2-90-046)
Waste Reduction for the Aerospace Industry: Fact
Sheet, California Department of Health Services
Technology Clearinghouse (No document number)
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Appendix B
LIST OF ACRONYMS and GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS
ARAR Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirement
ASTM American Society for Testing and
Materials
BOAT Best Demonstrated Achievable
Technology
BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and
Xylene
CAA Clean Air Act
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act
CERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability
Information System
CERI Center for Environmental Research
Information
CLU-IN EPA Hazardous Waste Clean-up
Information Web Site
CMS Corrective Measure Study
CWA Clean Water Act
DNAPL Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
DQO Data Quality Objective
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA REACH IT EPA REmediation And CHaracterization
Innovative Technologies On-Line
Searchable Database
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act
ESA Environmental Site Assessment
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
HRS Hazard Ranking System
HSWA Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
ITT Innovative Treatment Technology
LDR Land Disposal Restrictions
LNAPL Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
LUST Leaking Underground Storage Tank
NAPL Nonaqueous Phase Liquid
NCP National Contingency Plan
NERL National Exposure Research Laboratory
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System
NPL National Priorities List
NRC National Response Center
O&M Operation and Maintenance
ORD Office of Research and Development
OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response
PAH Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon
PA/SI Preliminary Assessment and Site
Inspection
PBMS Performance-Based Measurement System
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PCP Pentachlorophenol
PRP Potentially Responsible Party
QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control
RBCA Risk-Based Corrective Action
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RD/RA Remedial Design and Remedial Action
RFA RCRA Facility Assessment
RFI RCRA Facility Investigation
RI/FS Remedial Investigation and Feasibility
Study
ROD Record of Decision
RQ Reportable Quantity
SARA Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act
SITE Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation
SVE Soil Vapor Extraction
SVOC Semi-Volatile Organic Compound
TCE Trichloroethylene
TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TIO Technology Innovation Office
TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TSDF Treatment, Storage, and Disp osal Facility
UST Underground Storage Tank
VCP Voluntary Cleanup Program
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
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The following is a list of specialized terms used during the cleanup of brownfields sites.
Absorption
Absorption is the passage of one substance into or
through another.
Adsorption
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas,
liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. The term also
refers to a method of treating wastes in which
activated carbon removes organic matter from
wastewater.
Air Sparging
In air sparging, air is injected into the ground below a
contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and
carry trapped and dissolved contaminants to the
surface where they are captured by a soil vapor
extraction system. Air sparging may be a good choice
of treatment technology at sites contaminated with
solvents and other VOCs. See also Soil Vapor Extraction
and Volatile Organic Compound.
Air Stripping
Air stripping is a treatment system that removes or
"strips" VOCs from contaminated groundwater or
surface water as air is forced through the water,
causing the compounds to evaporate. See also Volatile
Organic Compound.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
The ASTM sets standards for many services,
including methods of sampling and testing of
hazardous waste and media contaminated with
hazardous waste.
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirement (ARAR)
As defined under CERCLA, ARARs are cleanup
standards, standards of control, and other
substantive environmental protection requirements,
criteria, or limits set forth under federal or state law
that specifically address problems or situations
present at a CERCLA site. ARARs are major
considerations in setting cleanup goals, selecting a
remedy, and determining how to implement that
remedy at a CERCLA site. ARARs must be attained
at all CERCLA sites unless a waiver is attained.
ARARs are not national cleanup standards for the
Superf und program. See also Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
ActandSuperfund.
Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground rock formation
composed of such materials as sand, soil, or gravel
that can store groundwater and supply it to wells and
springs.
Aromatics
Aromarics are organic compounds that contain
6-carbon ring structures, such as creosote, toluene,
and phenol, that often are found at dry cleaning and
electronic assembly sites.
Baseline Risk Assessment
A baseline risk assessment is an assessment
conducted before cleanup activities begin at a site to
identify and evaluate the threat to human health and
the environment. After remediation has been
completed, the information obtained during a baseline
risk assessment can be used to determine whether the
cleanup levels were reached.
Bedrock
Bedrock is the rock that underlies the soil; it can be
permeable or non-permeable. See also Confining Layer
and Creosote.
Best Demonstrated Achievable Technology (BOAT)
A BDAT is a technology that has demonstrated the
ability to reduce a particular contaminant to a lower
concentration than other currently available
technologies. BDATs can change with time as
technologies evolve.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to treatment processes that
use microorganisms (usually naturally occurring)
such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi to break down
hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic
substances. Bioremediation can be used to clean up
contaminated soil and water. In situ bioremediation
treats the contaminated soil or groundwater in the
location in which it is found. For ex situ
bioremediation processes, contaminated soil must
be excavated or groundwater pumped to the surface
before they can be treated.
Bioreactor
Bioreactors degrade contaminants in water with
microorganisms through attached or suspended
biological systems. In suspended growth systems,
such as activated sludge, fluidized beds, or
sequencing batch reactors, contaminated groundwater
is circulated in an aeration basin where a microbial
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population aerobically degrades organic matter and
produces carbon dioxide, water, and new cells. In
attached systems, such as rotating biological
contactors (RBC) and trickling filters, microorganisms
are established on an inert support matrix. The cells
form a sludge, which is settled out in a clarifier and is
recycled to the aeration basin or disposed of. In
attached growth systems, such as upflow fixed-film
bioreactors, RBCs, and trickling filters,
microorganisms are established on an inert support
matrix to aerobically degrade contaminants in water.
Biosensor
A biosensor is a portable device that uses living
organisms, such as enzymes, tissues, microbes, and
antibodies, to produce reactions to specific chemical
contaminants.
Bioslurping
Bioslurping is the adaptation and application of
vacuum-enhanced dewatering technologies to
remediate hydrocarbon-contaminated sites.
Bioslurping combines elements of both bioventing and
free-product recovery to simultaneously recover free
product and bioremediate soils in the vadose zone.
Bioventing stimulates the aerobic bioremediation of
hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and
vacuum-enhanced free-product recovery extracts light
nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) from the capillary
fringe and the water table.
Bioventing
Bioventing is an in situ remediation technology that
combines soil vapor extraction methods with
bioremediation. It uses vapor extraction wells that
induce air flow in the subsurface through air injection
or through the use of a vacuum. Bioventing can be
effective in remediating releases of petroleum
products, such as gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, and
diesel fuel. See also Bioremediation and Soil Vapor
Extraction.
Borehole
A borehole is a hole cut into the ground by means of a
drilling rig.
Borehole Geophysics
Borehole geophysics are nuclear or electric
technologies used to identify the physical
characteristics of geologic formations that are
intersected by a borehole.
Brownfields
Brownf ields sites are abandoned, idled, or under-used
industrial and commercial facilities where expansion
or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived
environmental contamination.
BTEX
BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene-volatile aromatic
compounds typically found in petroleum products,
such as gasoline and diesel fuel.
Cadmium
Cadmium is a heavy metal that accumulates in the
environment. See also Heavy Metal.
Carbon Adsorption
Carbon adsorption is a treatment system that removes
contaminants from groundwater or surface water as
the water is forced through tanks containing activated
carbon.
Chemical Dehalogenation
Chemical dehalogenarion is a chemical process that
removes halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical
contaminant, rendering the contaminant less
hazardous. The chemical dehalogenarion process can
be applied to common halogenated contaminants
such as PCBs and dioxins, which may be present in
soil and oils. Dehalogenation can be effective in
removing halogens from hazardous organic
compounds, such as dioxins, PCBs, and certain
chlorinated pesticides. The treatment time is short,
energy requirements are moderate, and operation and
maintenance costs are relatively low. This technology
can be brought to the site, eliminating the need to
transport hazardous wastes. See also Polychlorinated
Biphenyl and Dioxin.
Chemical Treatment
Chemical treatments typically involve reduction/
oxidation (redox) reactions that chemically convert
hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or less
toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, or
inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons
from one compound to another. Specifically, one
reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one is
reduced (gains electrons). The oxidizing agents most
commonly used for treatment of hazardous
contaminants are ozone, hydrogen peroxide,
hypochlorites, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide.
In cyanide oxidation, organic cyanides are oxidized to
less hazardous compounds through chemical
reactions.
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Chlorinator
A chlorinator is a device that adds chlorine, in gas or
liquid form, to water or sewage to kill bacteria.
Clean Air Act (CAA)
The CAA is a federal law passed in 1970 that requires
EPA to establish regulations to control the release of
contaminants to the air to protect human health and
environment.
Cleanup
Cleanup is the term used for actions taken to deal with
a release or threat of release of a hazardous substance
that could affect humans and or the environment. The
term sometimes is used interchangeably with the
terms remedial action, removal action, response
action, or corrective action.
Clean Water Act (CWA)
CWA is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic
structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to
U.S. waters. This law gave EPA the authority to set
wastewater discharge standards on an industry-by-
industry basis and to set water quality standards for
all contaminants in surface waters.
Colorimetric
Colorimetric refers to chemical reaction-based
indicators that are used to produce reactions to
individual, or classes of compounds. The reactions,
such as visible color changes or other easily noted
indications, are used to detect and quantify
contaminants.
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
CERCLA is a federal law passed in 1980 that created a
special tax that funds a trust fund, commonly known
as Superfund, to be used to investigate and clean up
abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
CERCLA required for the first time that EPA step
beyond its traditional regulatory role and provide
response authority to clean up hazardous waste sites.
EPA has primary responsibility for managing cleanup
and enforcement activities authorized under CERCLA.
Under the program, EPA can pay for cleanup when
parties responsible for the contamination cannot be
located or are unwilling or unable to perform the
work, or take legal action to force parties responsible
for contamination to clean up the site or reimburse the
federal government for the cost of the cleanup. See also
Superfund.
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Information System
(CERCLIS)
CERCLIS is a database that serves as the official
inventory of Superfund hazardous waste sites.
CERCLIS also contains information about all aspects
of hazardous waste sites, from initial discovery to
deletion from the NPL. The database also maintains
information about planned and actual site activities
and financial information entered by EPA regional
offices. CERCLIS records the targets and
accomplishments of the Superfund program and is
used to report that information to the EPA
Administrator, Congress, and the public. See also
National Priorities List and Superfund.
Cone Penetrometer
The cone penetrometer is a truck-mounted device that
rapidly penetrates the ground to collect samples. It
has been used for approximately the last 50 years for
geotechnical applications, but its use for site
characterization is relatively new.
Confining Layer
A "confining layer" is a geological formation
characterized by low permeability that inhibits the
flow of water. See also Bedrock and Permeability.
Contaminant
A contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological,
or radiological substance or matter present in any
media at concentrations that may result in adverse
effects on air, water, or soil.
Corrective Measure Study (CMS)
If the potential need for corrective measures is verified
during a RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI), the owner
or operator of a facility is then responsible for
performing a CMS. A CMS is conducted to identify,
evaluate, and recommend specific corrective measures
based on a detailed engineering evaluation. Using
data collected during the RFI, the CMS demonstrates
that proposed measures will be effective in controlling
the source of contamination, as well as problems
posed by the migration of substances from the original
source into the environment. The measures also must
be assessed in terms of technical feasibility, ability to
meet public health protection requirements and
protect the environment, possible adverse
environmental effects, and institutional constraints.
See also RCRA Facility Investigation.
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Corrosivity
Corrosive wastes include those that are acidic and
capable of corroding metal such as tanks, containers,
drums, and barrels.
Creosote
Creosote is an oily liquid obtained by the distillation
of wood that is used as a wood preservative and
disinfectant and often is found at wood preserving
sites. See also Aromatics and Light Nonaqueous Phase
Liquid.
Data Quality Objective (DQO)
DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements
specified to ensure that data of known and appropriate
quality are obtained. The DQO process is a series of
planning steps, typically conducted during site
assessment and investigation, that is designed to ensure
that the type, quantity, and quality of environmental data
used in decision making are appropriate. The DQO
process involves a logical, step-by-step procedure for
determining which of the complex issues affecting a site
are the most relevant to planning a site investigation
before any data are collected.
Dechlorination
Dechlorination, the process used primarily to treat
and destroy halogenated aromatic contaminants, is
the chemical reaction that removes halogens (usually
chlorine) from the primary structure of the
contaminating organic chemical. Dechlorination can
treat contaminated liquids, soils, sludges, and
sediments, as well as halogenated organics and PCBs,
pesticides, and some herbicides.
Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)
A DNAPL is one of a group of organic substances that
are relatively insoluble in water and more dense than
water. DNAPLs tend to sink vertically through sand
and gravel aquifers to the underlying layer.
Detection Limit
The lowest concentration of a chemical that can be
distinguished reliably from a zero concentration.
Dioxin
A dioxin is any of a family of compounds known
chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. They are chemicals
released during combustion. Concern about them
arises from their potential toxicity and the risk posed by
contamination in commercial products. Boilers and
industrial furnaces are among the sources of dioxins.
Disposal
Disposal is the final placement or destruction of toxic,
radioactive or other wastes; surplus or banned
pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and
drums containing hazardous materials from removal
actions or accidental release. Disposal may be
accomplished through the use of approved secure
landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep
well injection, or ocean dumping.
Dual-Phase Extraction
Dual-phase extraction is a technology that extracts
contaminants simultaneously from soils in saturated
and unsarurated zones by applying soil vapor
extraction techniques to contaminants trapped in
saturated zone soils. See also Soil Vapor Extraction.
Electrochemical Detector Kits
Electrochemical test kits use the electrical charges of
ions that make up the target analyte(s) to identify and
quantify the target analyte(s) in a sample. Typically,
the ions are attracted to an anode or a cathode or both,
depending on their charge, resulting in the generation
of an electrical current that is measured and converted
into a sample concentration by the unit's display or
electronics. An analyte-specific catalyst can be used to
aid in the reaction. The self-contained kits include all
the equipment and supplies necessary to produce an
analytical result.
Electrokinetic Separation
In elecrrokinetic separation, electrochemical and
elecrrokinetic processes are used to desorb, and then
remove, metals and polar organics. This in situ soil
processing technology is primarily a separation and
removal technique for extracting contaminants from
soils. The principle of elecrrokinetic remediation relies
upon application of a low-intensity direct current
through the soil between ceramic electrodes that are
separated into a cathode array and an anode array,
mobilizing charged species and causing ions and
water to move toward the electrodes. The current
creates an acid front at the anode and a base front at
the cathode. The generation of acidic condition in situ
may help to mobilize sorbed metal contaminants to be
transported to the collection system at the cathode.
Electromagnetic (EM) Geophysics
EM geophysics refers to technologies used to detect
spatial (horizontal and vertical) differences in subsurface
electromagnetic characteristics. The data collected
provide information about subsurface environments.
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Electromagnetic (EM) Induction
EM induction is a geophysical technology used to
create a magnetic field beneath the earth's surface,
which in turn causes a secondary magnetic field to
form around nearby objects that have conductive
properties, such as ferrous and nonferrous metals.
The secondary magnetic field then is used to detect
and measure buried debris.
Emergency Removal
An emergency removal is an action initiated in
response to a release of a hazardous substance that
requires on-site activity within hours of a
determination that action is appropriate.
Emerging Technology
An emerging technology is an innovative technology
that currently is undergoing bench-scale testing.
During bench-scale testing, a small version of the
technology is built and tested in a laboratory. If the
technology is successful during bench-scale testing, it
is demonstrated on a small scale at field sites. If the
technology is successful at the field demonstrations, it
often will be used full scale at contaminated waste
sites. As the technology is used and evaluated at
different sites, it is improved continually. See also
Established Technology and Innovative Technology.
Enforcement Action
An enforcement action is an action undertaken by EPA
under authority granted to it under various federal
environmental statutes, such as CERCLA, RCRA, C AA,
CWA, TSCA, and others. For example, under CERCLA,
EPA may obtain voluntary settlement or compel
potentially responsible parties (PRP) to implement
removal or remedial actions when releases of hazardous
substances have occurred. See also Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act;
Potentially Responsible Party; and Removal Action.
Engineered Control
An engineered control, such as barriers placed
between a contaminated area and the rest of a site, is a
method of managing environmental and health risks.
Engineered controls can be used to limit exposure
pathways.
Environmental Audit
An environmental audit usually refers to a review or
investigation that determines whether an operating
facility is in compliance with relevant environmental
regulations. The audit may include checks for
possession of required permits, operation within
permit limits, proper reporting, and record keeping.
The typical result is a corrective action or compliance
plan for the facility.
Environmental Risk
Environmental risk is the chance that human health or
the environment will suffer harm as the result of the
presence of environmental hazards.
Environmental Site Assessment (ESA)
An ESA is the process that determines whether
contamination is present at a site.
Established Technology
An established technology is a technology for which
cost and performance information is readily available.
Only after a technology has been used at many
different sites and the results fully documented is that
technology considered established. The most
frequently used established technologies are
incineration, solidification and stabilization, and
pump-and-treat technologies for groundwater. See also
Emerging Technology and Innovative Technology.
Exposure Pathway
An exposure pathway is the route of contaminants
from the source of contamination to potential contact
with a medium (air, soil, surface water, or
groundwater) that represents a potential threat to
human health or the environment. Determining
whether exposure pathways exist is an essential step
in conducting a baseline risk assessment. See also
Baseline Risk Assessment.
Ex Situ
The term ex situ or "moved from its original place,"
means excavated or removed.
Ex Situ Bioremediation
Ex situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to
degrade organic contaminants in excavated soil,
sludge, and solids. The microorganisms break down
contaminants by using them as a food source. The
end products typically are carbon dioxide and water.
Ex situ bioremediation includes slurry-phase
bioremediarion, in which the soils are mixed with
water to form a slurry to keep solids suspended and
microorganisms in contact with the soil contaminants;
and solid-phase bioremediation, in which the soils are
placed in a cell or building and tilled with added
water and nutrients. Land farming and composting
are types of solid-phase bioremediation.
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Filtration
Filtration is a treatment process that removes solid
matter from water by passing the water through a
porous medium, such as sand or a manufactured filter.
Flame lonization Detector (FID)
A FID is an instrument often used in conjunction with
gas chromatography to measure the change of signal
as analytes are ionized by a hydrogen-air flame. It
also is used to detect phenols, phthalates, PAHs,
VOCs,andpetroleumhydrocarbons. See also Portable
Gas Chromatography.
Fluid/Vapor Extraction
In fluid/vapor extraction, a high-vacuum system is
applied to remove liquid and gas simultaneously from
low-permeability or heterogeneous formations. The
vacuum extraction well includes a screened section in
the zone of contaminated soils and groundwater and is
used to remove contaminants from above and below the
water table. The system lowers the water table around
the well, exposing more of the formation. Contaminants
in the newly exposed vadose zone are then accessible for
vapor extraction, which can remove contaminants more
efficiently than pump-and-treat systems.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
A fourier transform infrared spectroscope is an
analytical air monitoring tool that uses a laser system
chemically to identify contaminants.
Fumigant
A fumigant is a pesticide that is vaporized to kill
pests. They often are used in buildings and
greenhouses.
Furan
Furan is a colorless, volatile liquid compound used in
the synthesis of organic compounds, especially nylon.
Gas Chromatography
Gas chromatography is a technology used for
investigating and assessing soil, water, and soil gas
contamination at a site. It is used for the analysis of
VOCs and SVOCs. The technique identifies and
quantifies organic compounds on the basis of
molecular weight, characteristic fragmentation
patterns, and retention time. Recent advances in gas
chromatography that are considered innovative are
portable, weather-proof units that have self-contained
power supplies.
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption (GFAA)
Spectroscopy
Graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA)
Spectroscopy is a highly sensitive spectroscopic
technique that provides excellent detection limits for
measuring concentrations of metals in liquid sample
media. Water samples may be analyzed directly,
while soil samples first must undergo an extraction
process to draw the contaminants into solution for
analysis. The sample is vaporized in the graphite
furnace, and light of a specific wavelength then is
passed through the atomic vapor of an element of
interest. The attenuation of the intensity of the light as
a result of absorption is measured, and the amount of
attenuation is converted into an estimate of the
contaminant metal's concentration.
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)
GPR is a technology that emits pulses of
electromagnetic energy into the ground to measure its
reflection and refraction by subsurface layers and
other features, such as buried debris.
Groundwater
Groundwater is the water found beneath the earth's
surface that fills pores between such materials as
sand, soil, or gravel and that often supplies wells and
springs. See also Aquifer.
Halogenated Organic Compound
A halogenated organic compound is a compound
containing molecules of chlorine, bromine iodine, and
fluorine. Halogenated organic compounds were used
in high-voltage electrical transformers because they
conducted heat well while being fire resistant and
good electrical insulators. Many herbicides,
pesticides, and degreasing agents are made from
halogenated organic compounds.
Hazard Ranking System (HRS)
The HRS is the primary screening tool used by EPA to
assess the risks posed to human health or the
environment by abandoned or uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites. Under the HRS, sites are
assigned scores on the basis of the toxicity of
hazardous substances that are present and the
potential that those substances will spread through
the air, surface, water, or groundwater, taking into
account such factors as the proximity of the substance
to nearby populations. Scores are used in determining
which sites should be placed on the NPL. See also
National Priorities List.
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Hazardous Substance
As defined under CERCLA, a hazardous substance is
any material that poses a threat to public health or the
environment. The term also refers to hazardous
wastes as defined under RCRA. Typical hazardous
substances are materials that are toxic, corrosive,
ignitable, explosive, or chemically reactive. If a certain
quantity of a hazardous substance, as established by
EPA, is spilled into the water or otherwise emitted into
the environment, the release must be reported. Under
the legislation cited above, the term excludes
petroleum, crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids,
or synthetic gas usable for fuel.
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
HSWA are 1984 amendments to RCRA which
required phasing out land disposal of hazardous
waste and added minimum technology requirements.
See also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Heavy Metal
The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic metals
including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury,
silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are present at
industrial sites at which operations have included
battery recycling and metal plating.
Herbicide
A herbicide is a chemical pesticide designed to control
or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.
High-Frequency Electromagnetic (EM) Sounding
High-frequency EM sounding, the technology used for
nonintrusive geophysical exploration, projects high-
frequency electromagnetic radiation into subsurface
layers to detect the reflection and refraction of the
radiation by various layers of soil. Unlike ground-
penetrating radar, which uses pulses, the technology
uses continuous waves of radiation. See also Ground-
Penetrating Radar.
Hot Air Inj ection
With hot air injection, hot air or steam is injected
below the contaminated zones to heat contaminated
soil. The heating enhances the release of
contaminants from the soil matrix so they can be
extracted and captured for further treatment and
recycling.
Hydrazine
Hydrazine is a highly toxic liquid used in rocket
propellant, agricultural chemicals, drugs, spandex
fibers, antioxidants, plating metals on glass and
plastic, explosives, and in boiler feedwater. The
chemical compound causes a severe explosion hazard
when exposed to heat.
Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing
only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in
petroleum, natural gas, and coal.
Hydrogen Sulfide(HS)
HS is a gas emitted during decomposition of organic
compounds. It also is a byproduct of oil refining and
burning.
Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, including
its origin, occurrence, movement, and quality.
Hydrology
Hydrology is the science that deals with the
properties, movement, and effects of water found on
the earth's surface, in the soil and rocks beneath the
surface, and in the atmosphere.
Ignitability
Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain
conditions. Examples include liquids, such as
solvents that readily catch fire, and friction-sensitive
substances.
Immunoassay
Immunoassay is an innovative technology used to
measure compound-specific reactions (generally
colorimerric) to individual compounds or classes of
compounds. The reactions are used to detect and
quantify contaminants. The technology is available in
field-portable test kits.
Incineration
Incineration is a treatment technology that involves
the burning of certain types of solid, liquid, or gaseous
materials under controlled conditions to destroy
hazardous waste.
Infill Development
Infill development is new construction on previously
developed land in cities or developed suburbs. The
term often refers to redevelopment of small residential,
commercial, or industrial properties. An important
aspect of many infill development projects is the
enhancement of the built environment with open
space and parks.
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Information Repository
An information repository is a location in a public
building that is convenient for local residents, such as
a public school, city hall, or library, that contains
information about a Superfund site, including
technical reports and reference documents.
Infrared Monitor
An infrared monitor is a device used to monitor the
heat signature of an object, as well as to sample air. It
may be used to detect buried objects in soil.
Inorganic Compound
An inorganic compound is a compound that generally
does not contain carbon atoms (although carbonate
and bicarbonate compounds are notable exceptions)
and tends to be more soluble in water. Examples of
inorganic compounds include various acids,
potassium hydroxide, and metals.
Innovative Technology
An innovative technology is a process that has been
tested and used as a treatment for hazardous waste or
other contaminated materials, but lacks a long history
of full-scale use and information about its cost and how
well it works sufficient to support prediction of its
performance under a variety of operating conditions.
An innovative technology is one that is undergoing
pilot-scale treatability studies that usually are
conducted in the field or the laboratory and require
installation of the technology, and provide
performance, cost, and design objectives for the
technology. Innovative technologies are being used
under many federal and state cleanup programs to treat
hazardous wastes that have been improperly released.
For example, innovative technologies are being selected
to manage contamination (primarily petroleum) at
some leaking underground storage sites. See also
Emerging Technology and Established Technology.
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange, a common method of softening water,
depends on the ability of certain materials to remove
and exchange ions from water. These ion exchange
materials, generally composed of unsoluble organic
polymers, are placed in a filtering device. Water
softening exchange materials remove calcium and
magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium ions.
lonization
lonization is the process which causes an atom to gain
or lose elections, which results in the atom having a
negative or positive charge.
Insecticide
An insecticide is a pesticide compound specifically used
to kill or control the growth of insects.
In Situ
The term in situ, "in its original place," or "on-site",
means unexcavated and unmoved. In situ soil
flushing and natural attenuation are examples of in
situ treatment methods by which contaminated sites
are treated without digging up or removing the
contaminants.
In Situ Bioremediation
In situ bioremediation techniques stimulate and create
a favorable environment for microorganisms to grow
and use contaminants as a food and energy source.
Generally, this means providing some combination of
oxygen, nutrients, and moisture, and controlling the
temperature and pH. Sometimes, microorganisms
adapted for degradation of the specific contaminants
are applied to enhance the process. Bioventing is a
common form of in situ bioremediation. Bioventing
uses extraction wells to circulate air with or without
pumping air into the ground.
In Situ Oxidation
In situ oxidation is an innovative treatment
technology that oxidizes contaminants that are
dissolved in groundwater and converts them into
insoluble compounds.
In Situ Soil Flushing
In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment
technology that floods contaminated soils beneath the
ground surface with a solution that moves the
contaminants to an area from which they can be
removed. The technology requires the drilling of
injection and extraction wells on site and reduces the
need for excavation, handling, or transportation of
hazardous substances. Contaminants considered for
treatment by in situ soil flushing include heavy metals
(such as lead, copper, and zinc), halogenated organic
compounds, aromatics, and PCBs. See also Aromatics,
Halogenated Organic Compound, Heavy Metal, and
Polychlorinated Biphenyl.
In Situ Vitrification
In situ vitrification is a soil treatment technology that
stabilizes metal and other inorganic contaminants in
place at temperatures of approximately 3000°F. Soils
and sludges are fused to form a stable glass and
crystalline structure with very low leaching
characteristics.
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In Situ Well Aeration
For in situ well aeration, air is injected into a double
screened well, allowing the VOCs in the contaminated
groundwater to transfer from the dissolved phase to
the vapor-phase by air bubbles. As the air bubbles rise
to the water surface, the vapors are drawn off and
treated by an SVE system.
Institutional Controls
An institutional control is a legal or institutional
measure which subjects a property owner to limit
activities at or access to a particular property. They
are used to ensure protection of human health and the
environment, and to expedite property reuse. Fences,
posting or warning signs, and zoning and deed
restrictions are examples of institutional controls.
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
IRIS is an electronic database that contains EPA's
latest descriptive and quantitative regulatory
information about chemical constituents. Files on
chemicals maintained in IRIS contain information
related to both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic
health effects.
Joint and Several Liability
Under CERCLA, joint and several liability is a concept
based on the theory that it may not be possible to
apportion responsibility for the harm caused by
hazardous waste equitably among potentially
responsible parties (PRP). Joint liability means that
more than one PRP is liable to the plaintiff. Several
liability means that the plaintiff may choose to sue
only one of the defendants and recover the entire
amount. One PRP therefore can be held liable for the
entire cost of cleanup, regardless of the share of waste
that PRP contributed. Joint and several liability is
used only when harm is indivisible. If defendants can
apportion harm, there is no several liability. See also
Potentially Responsible Party and Strict Liability.
Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR)
LDR is a RCRA program that restricts the land
disposal of RCRA hazardous wastes and requires
treatment to established treatment standards. LDRs
may be an important ARAR for Superfund actions. See
also Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirement
and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Landfarming
Landfarming is the spreading and incorporation of
wastes into the soil to initiate biological treatment.
Landfill
A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site for
nonhazardous solid wastes at which the waste is
spread in layers compacted to the smallest practical
volume.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer
Laser-induced fluorescence/cone penetrometer is a
field screening method that couples a fiber optic-based
chemical sensor system to a cone penetrometer
mounted on a truck. The technology can be used for
investigating and assessing soil and water
contamination.
Leachate
A leachate is a contaminated liquid that results when
water collects contaminants as it trickles through
wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers. Leaching
may occur in farming areas and landfills and may be a
means of the entry of hazardous substances into soil,
surface water, or groundwater.
Lead
Lead is a heavy metal that is hazardous to health if
breathed or swallowed. Its use in gasoline, paints,
and plumbing compounds has been sharply restricted
or eliminated by federal laws and regulations. See also
Heavy Metal.
Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
LUST is the acronym for "leaking underground
storage tank." See also Underground Storage Tank.
Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (LN APL)
An LNAPL is one of a group of organic substances
that are relatively insoluble in water and are less
dense than water. LNAPLs, such as oil, tend to
spread across the surface of the water table and form a
layer on top of the water table.
Magnetrometry
Magnerrometry is a geophysical technology used to
detect disruptions that metal objects cause in the
earth's localized magnetic field.
Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis in
which the substance to be analyzed is heated and
placed in a vacuum. The resulting vapor is exposed to
a beam of electrons that causes ionizarion to occur,
either of the molecules or their fragments. The ionized
atoms are separated according to their mass and can
be identified on that basis.
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Mechanical Soil Aeration
Mechanical soil aeration agitates contaminated soil
using tilling or other means to volatilize
contaminants.
Medium
A medium is a specific environment-air, water, or
soil-which is the subject of regulatory concern and
activities.
Mercury
Mercury is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the
environment and is highly toxic if breathed or
swallowed. Mercury is a highly toxic substance found
in thermometers, measuring devices, pharmaceutical
and agricultural chemicals, chemical manufacturing,
and electrical equipment. See also Heavy Metal.
Mercury Vapor Analyzer
A mercury vapor analyzer is an instrument that
provides real-time measurements of concentrations of
mercury in the air.
Methane
Methane is a colorless, nonpoisonous, flammable gas
created by anaerobic decomposition of organic
compounds.
Migration Pathway
A migration pathway is a potential path or route of
contaminants from the source of contamination to
contact with human populations or the environment.
Migration pathways include air, surface water,
groundwater, and land surface. The existence and
identification of all potential migration pathways
must be considered during assessment and
characterization of a waste site.
Mixed Waste
Mixed waste is low-level radioactive waste
contaminated with hazardous waste that is regulated
under RCRA. Mixed waste can be disposed only in
compliance with the requirements under RCRA that
govern disposal of hazardous waste and with the RCRA
land disposal restrictions, which require that waste be
treated before it is disposed of in appropriate landfills.
Mobile Laboratory
A mobile laboratory refers to a collection of analytical
instruments contained in a vehicle that can be
deployed to a project site. A mobile laboratory offers
many of the advantages of a fixed laboratory, such as
protection from the elements, a power supply, and
climate control, while still providing the advantages of
analyzing samples on site while the project is in
progress. A mobile laboratory may even allow the use
of laboratory-grade instruments which otherwise
could not be taken into the field. Configurations can
vary in sophistication from a single instrument
mounted in a sampling van, to large truck trailers and
recreational vehicles equipped with multiple
instruments and laboratory-grade support equipment.
Monitoring Well
A monitoring well is a well drilled at a specific
location on or off a hazardous waste site at which
groundwater can be sampled at selected depths and
studied to determine the direction of groundwater
flow and the types and quantities of contaminants
present in the groundwater.
National Contingency Plan (NCP)
The NCP, formally the National Oil and Hazardous
Substances Contingency Plan, is the major regulatory
framework that guides the Superf und response effort.
The NCP is a comprehensive body of regulations that
outlines a step-by-step process for implementing
Superfund responses and defines the roles and
responsibilities of EPA, other federal agencies, states,
private parties, and the communities in response to
situations in which hazardous substances are
released into the environment. See also Superfund.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)
NPDES is the primary permitting program under the
Clean Water Act, which regulates all discharges to
surface water. It prohibits discharge of pollutants into
waters of the United States unless EPA, a state, or a
tribal government issues a special permit to do so.
National Priorities List (NPL)
The NPL is EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled
or abandoned hazardous waste sites identified for
possible long-term remedial response under
Superfund. Inclusion of a site on the list is based
primarily on the score the site receives under the HRS.
Money from Superfund can be used for cleanup only
at sites that are on the NPL. EPA is required to update
the NPL at least once a year. See also Hazard Ranking
System and Superfund.
National Response Center (NRC)
The NRC, staffed by the U.S. Coast Guard, is a
communications center that receives reports of
discharges or releases of hazardous substances into
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the environment. The U.S. Coast Guard in turn, relays
information about such releases to the appropriate
federal agency.
Natural Attenuation
Natural attenuation is an approach to cleanup that
uses natural processes to contain the spread of
contamination from chemical spills and reduce the
concentrations and amounts of pollutants in
contaminated soil and groundwater. Natural
subsurface processes, such as dilution, volatilization,
biodegradation, adsorption, and chemical reactions
with subsurface materials, are allowed to reduce
concentrations of contaminants to acceptable levels.
An in situ treatment method that leaves the
contaminants in place while those processes occur,
natural attenuation is being used to clean up petroleum
contamination fromLUSTs across the country.
Neutralization
Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid
and a base. The reaction involves acidic or caustic
wastes that are neutralized using caustic or acid
additives.
Nitric Oxide
Nitric oxide is a gas formed by combustion under high
temperature and high pressure in an internal
combustion engine.
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL)
NAPLs are organic substances that are relatively
insoluble in water and are less dense than water. See
also Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid and Light
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.
Non-Point Source
The term non-point source is used to identify sources
of pollution that are diffuse and do not have a point of
origin or that are not introduced into a receiving
stream from a specific outlet. Common non-point
sources are rain water, runoff from agricultural lands,
industrial sites, parking lots, and timber operations, as
well as escaping gases from pipes and fittings.
Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
O&M refers to the activities conducted at a site,
following remedial actions, to ensure that the cleanup
methods are working properly. O&M activities are
conducted to maintain the effectiveness of the remedy
and to ensure that no new threat to human health or
the environment arises. Under the Superfund
program, the state or PRP assumes responsibility for
O&M, which may include such activities as
groundwater and air monitoring, inspection and
maintenance of the treatment equipment remaining on
site, and maintenance of any security measures or
institutional controls.
Organic Chemical or Compound
An organic chemical or compound is a substance
produced by animals or plants that contains mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Ozone
Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally which
provides a protective layer in the stratosphere shielding
the earth from the harmful health effects on human
health and the environment from ultraviolet radiation.
Ozone also is a chemical oxidant and a major
component of smog in the troposphere, the earth's
atmospheric layer below the stratosphere extending 7 to
10 miles from the earth's surface. Ozone within the
troposphere can have a serious effect on the human
respiratory system and is one of the most prevalent and
widespread of all the criteria pollutants for which the
Clean Air Act required EPA to set standards.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
PCP, a chemical compound containing carbon,
chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen, is a contaminant used
in feed stock material and chemical manufacturing.
Performance-Based Measurement System (PBMS)
EPA defines PBMS as a set of processes through
which the data needs or limitations of a program or
project are specified and serve as criteria for selected
appropriate methods to meet those needs in a cost-
effective manner. EPA uses the term to convey what
must be accomplished, but not prescriptively how to
do it. The PBMS initiative places regulatory emphasis
on obtaining analytical results that provide adequate
information to support the regulatory decision, but
leaves the choice of analytical procedures up to the
user. The PBMS approach gives regulators and
members of the regulated community increased
flexibility in selecting technologies, while still meeting
mandated monitoring requirements. The use of PBMS
is intended to reduce barriers to the use of new
monitoring technologies.
Permeability
Permeability is a characteristic that represents a
qualitative description of the relative ease with which
rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid (liquid or gas).
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Permeable Reactive Barriers
Permeable reactive barriers, also known as passive
treatment walls, are installed across the flow path of a
contaminated plume, allowing the water portion of the
plume to flow through the wall. These barriers allow
the passage of water while prohibiting the movement
of contaminants by employing such agents as zero-
valent metals, chelators, sorbents, and microbes. The
contaminants are either degraded or retained in a
concentrated form by the barrier material.
Pesticide
A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances
intended to prevent or mitigate infestation by, or
destroy or repel, any pest. Pesticides can accumulate
in the food chain and or contaminate the environment
if misused.
Phase I Environmental Audit
A Phase I environmental audit is an initial
environmental investigation that is limited to a
historical records search to determine ownership of a
site and to identify the kinds of chemical processes that
were carried out at the site. A Phase I assessment
includes a site visit, but does not include any sampling.
If such an assessment identifies no significant
concerns, Phase II and III audits are not necessary.
Phase II Environmental Audit
A Phase II environmental audit is an investigation
that includes tests performed at the site to confirm the
location and identity of environmental hazards. The
assessment includes preparation of a report that
includes recommendations for cleanup alternatives.
Phase III Environmental Audit
A Phase III environmental audit is the third step in the
assessment that includes the removal of contaminated
materials from a site and their legal disposal.
Phenols
A phenol is one of a group of organic compounds that
are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning, and
textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. Low
concentrations of phenols cause taste and odor
problems in water; higher concentrations may be
harmful to human health or the environment.
Photoionization Detector (PID)
A PID is a nondestructive detector, often used in
conjunction with gas chromatography, that measures
the change of signal as analytes are ionized by an
ultraviolet lamp. The PID also is used to detect VOCs
and petroleum hydrocarbons. See also Portable Gas
Chromatography.
Physical Separation
Physical separation processes use different size sieves
and screens to concentrate contaminants into smaller
volumes. Most organic and inorganic contaminants
tend to bind, either chemically or physically, to the
fine fraction of the soil. Fine clay and silt particles are
separated from the coarse sand and gravel soil
particles to concentrate the contaminants into a
smaller volume of soil that could then be further
treated or disposed.
Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation is an innovative treatment
technology that uses plants and trees to clean up
contaminated soil and water. Plants can break down,
or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize metal
contaminants by acting as filters or traps.
Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals,
pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil,
polyaromatic carbons, and landfill leachates. Its use
generally is limited to sites at which concentrations of
contaminants are relatively low and contamination is
found in shallow soils, streams, and groundwater.
Plasma High-Temperature Metals Recovery
Plasma high-temperature metals recovery is a thermal
treatment process that purges contaminants from
solids and soils such as metal fumes and organic
vapors. The vapors can be burned as fuel, and the
metal fumes can be recovered and recycled. This
innovative treatment technology is used to treat
contaminated soil and groundwater.
Plume
A plume is a visible or measurable emission or
discharge of a contaminant from a given point of
origin into any medium. The term also is used to refer
to measurable and potentially harmful radiation
leaking from a damaged reactor.
Point Source
A point source is a stationary location or fixed facility
from which pollutants are discharged or emitted or
any single, identifiable discharge point of pollution,
such as a pipe, ditch, or smokestack.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
PCBs are a group of toxic, persistent chemicals, produced
by chlorinarion of biphenyl, that once were used in high
voltage electrical transformers because they conducted
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heat well while being fire resistant and good electrical
insulators. These contaminants typically are generated
from metal degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning,
gasoline, and wood preserving processes. Further sale or
use of PCBs was banned in 1979.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
A PAH is a chemical compound that contains more
than one fused benzene ring. They are commonly
found in petroleum fuels, coal products, and tar.
Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)
A PRP is an individual or company (such as owners,
operators, transporters, or generators of hazardous
waste) that is potentially responsible for, or contributing
to, the contamination problems at a Superf und site.
Whenever possible, EPA requires PRPs, through
administrative and legal actions, to clean up hazardous
waste sites they have contaminated. See also
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act and Superfund.
Preliminary Assessment and Site Inspection (PA/SI)
A PA/SI is the process of collecting and reviewing
available information about a known or suspected
hazardous waste site or release. The PA/SI usually
includes a visit to the site.
Presumptive Remedies
Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for
common categories of CERCL A sites that have been
identified through historical patterns of remedy selection
and EPA's scientific and engineering evaluation of
performance data on technology implementation.
Pump and Treat
Pump and treat is a general term used to describe
remediation methods that involve the pumping of
groundwater to the surface for treatment. It is one of
the most common methods of treating polluted
aquifers and groundwater.
Quality Assurance (QA)
QA is a system of management activities that ensure
that a process, item, or service is of the type and
quality needed by the user. QA deals with setting
policy and implementing an administrative system of
management controls that cover planning,
implementation, and review of data collection
activities. QA is an important element of a quality
system that ensures that all research design and
performance, environmental monitoring and
sampling, and other technical and reporting activities
conducted by EPA are of the highest possible quality.
Quality Control (QC)
QC refers to scientific precautions, such as calibrations
and duplications, that are necessary if data of known
and adequate quality are to be acquired. QC is
technical in nature and is implemented at the project
level. Like QA, QC is an important element of a quality
system that ensures that all research design and
performance, environmental monitoring and sampling,
and other technical and reporting activities conducted
by EPA are of the highest possible quality.
Radioactive Waste
Radioactive waste is any waste that emits energy as
rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles. Sources
of such wastes include nuclear reactors, research
institutions, and hospitals.
Radionuclide
A radionuclide is a radioactive element characterized
according to its atomic mass and atomic number,
which can be artificial or naturally occurring.
Radionuclides have a long life as soil or water
pollutants. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or
degraded; therefore, applicable technologies involve
separation, concentration and volume reduction,
immobilization, or vitrification. See also Solidification
and Stabilization.
Radon
Radon is a colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive, inert
gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of radium
atoms. See also Radioactive Waste and Radionuclide.
RCRA Facility Assessment (RFA)
A RFA is performed at a facility to determine the existence
of any continuous or non-continuous releases of wastes.
During the RFA, EPA or state regulators gather
information on solid waste management units and other
areas of concern at RCRA facilities, evaluate this
information to determine whether there are releases that
warrant further investigation and action, and determine
the need to proceed to a RCRA Facility Investigation. See
also Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI)
The purpose of a RFI is to gather sufficient data at a
facility to fully characterize the nature, extent, and rate of
migration of contaminant releases identified in the
RCRA Facility Assessment. The data generated during
the RFI is used to determine the potential need for
corrective measures and to aid in the selection and
implementation of these measures. See also Corrective
Measure Study and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
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Reactivity
Reactive wastes are unstable under normal
conditions. They can create explosions and or toxic
fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with water.
Record of Decision (ROD)
A ROD is a legal, technical, and public document that
explains which cleanup alternative will be used at a
Superfund NPL site. The ROD is based on information
and technical analysis generated during the remedial
investigation and feasibility study (RI/FS) and
consideration of public comments and community
concerns. See also Preliminary Assessment and Site
Investigation and Remedial Investigation and Feasibility
Study.
Release
A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,
emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, leaching,
dumping, or disposing into the environment of a
hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous
substance, as defined under RCRA. See also Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act.
Remedial Design and Remedial Action (RD/RA)
The RD/RA is the step in the Superfund cleanup
process that follows the RI/FS and selection of a
remedy. An RD is the preparation of engineering
plans and specifications to properly and effectively
implement the remedy. The RA is the actual
construction or implementation of the remedy. See
also Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study.
Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study (RI/FS)
The RI/FS is the step in the Superfund cleanup
process that is conducted to gather sufficient
information to support the selection of a site remedy
that will reduce or eliminate the risks associated with
contamination at the site. The RI involves site
characterization — collection of data and information
necessary to characterize the nature and extent of
contamination at the site. The RI also determines
whether the contamination presents a significant risk
to human health or the environment. The FS focuses
on the development of specific response alternatives
for addressing contamination at a site.
Removal Action
A removal action usually is a short-term effort
designed to stabilize or clean up a hazardous waste
site that poses an immediate threat to human health or
the environment. Removal actions include removing
tanks or drums of hazardous substances that were
found on the surface and installing drainage controls
or security measures, such as a fence at the site.
Removal actions also may be conducted to respond to
accidental releases of hazardous substances.
CERCLA places time and money constraints on the
duration of removal actions. See also Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
Reportable Quantity (RQ)
The RQ is the quantity of hazardous substances that,
when released into the environment, can cause
substantial endangerment to public health or the
environment. Under CERCLA, the federal government
must be notified when quantities equaling or
exceeding RQs specified in regulations are released.
Resin
Resins are solids or semi-solids of plant origin used
principally in lacquers, varnishes, inks, adhesives,
synthetic plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA is a federal law enacted in 1976 that established
a regulatory system to track hazardous substances from
their generation to their disposal. The law requires the
use of safe and secure procedures in treating,
transporting, storing, and disposing of hazardous
substances. RCRA is designed to prevent the creation
of new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
Response Action
A response action is a short-term removal action or a
long-term remedial response, authorized under
CERCLA that is taken at a site to address releases of
hazardous substances.
Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA)
As defined by EPA, RBCA is a streamlined approach
through which exposure and risk assessment
practices are integrated with traditional components
of the corrective action process to ensure that
appropriate and cost-effective remedies are selected
and that limited resources are allocated properly.
RBCA refers specifically to the standard Guide for Risk-
Based Corrective Action Applied A t Petroleum Release
Sites, published by ASTM. The RBCA process can be
tailored to applicable state and local laws and
regulatory practices. See also American Society for
Testing and Materials.
Risk Communication
Risk communication, the exchange of information
about health or environmental risks among risk
assessors, risk managers, the local community, news
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
media and interest groups, is the process of informing
members of the local community about environmental
risks associated with a site and the steps that are
being taken to manage those risks.
SanbornMap
A Sanborn map is a record kept for insurance purposes
that shows, for a specific property, the locations of such
items as USTs, buildings, and areas where chemicals
have been used for certain industrial processes. A
Phase I environmental audit includes a review of
Sanborn maps. See also Phase I Environmental Audit.
Saturated Zone
The saturated zone is the area beneath the surface of
the land in which all openings are filled with water.
Seismic Reflection and Refraction
Seismic reflection and refraction is a technology used
to examine the geophysical features of soil and
bedrock, such as debris, buried channels, and other
features.
Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (S VOC)
SVOCs, composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen
atoms, have boiling points greater than 200°C.
Common SVOCs include PCBs and phenol. See also
Phenol and Polychlorinated Biphenyl.
Significant Threat
The term refers to the level of contamination that a
state would consider significant enough to warrant an
action. The thresholds vary from state to state.
Sludge
Sludge is a semisolid residue from air or water
treatment processes. Residues from treatment of metal
wastes and the mixture of waste and soil at the bottom
of a waste lagoon are examples of sludge, which can
be a hazardous waste.
Slurry-Phase Bioremediation
Slurry-phase bioremediarion, a treatment technology
that can be used alone or in conjunction with other
biological, chemical, and physical treatments, is a
process through which organic contaminants are
converted to innocuous compounds. Slurry-phase
bioremediarion can be effective in treating various
SVOCs and nonvolatile organic compounds, as well
as fuels, creosote, PCPs, and PCBs.
Soil Boring
Soil boring is a process by which a soil sample is
extracted from the ground for chemical, biological, and
analytical testing to determine the level of
contamination present.
Soil Flushing
In soil flushing, large volumes of water, at times
supplemented with treatment compounds, are applied
to the soil or injected into the groundwater to raise the
water table into the zone of contaminated soil.
Contaminants are leached into the groundwater, and
the extraction fluids are recovered from the underlying
aquifer. When possible, the fluids are recycled.
Soil Gas
Soil gas consists of gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between particles of the
earth and soil. Such gases can move through or leave
the soil or rock, depending on changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
SVE, the most frequently selected innovative treatment
at Superfund sites, is a process that physically
separates contaminants from soil in a vapor form by
exerting a vacuum through the soil formation. SVE
removes VOCs and some SVOCs from soil beneath the
ground surface.
Soil Washing
Soil washing is an innovative treatment technology
that uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined
with chemical additives) and a mechanical process to
scrub soils, removes hazardous contaminants, and
concentrates the contaminants into a smaller volume.
The technology is used to treat a wide range of
contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils, and
pesticides. Soil washing is a relatively low-cost
alternative for separating waste and minimizing
volume as necessary to facilitate subsequent treatment.
It is often used in combination with other treatment
technologies. The technology can be brought to the
site, thereby eliminating the need to transport
hazardous wastes.
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and stabilization are the processes of
removing wastewater from a waste or changing it
chemically to make the waste less permeable and
susceptible to transport by water. Solidification and
stabilization technologies can immobilize many heavy
metals, certain radionuclides, and selected organic
compounds, while decreasing the surface area and
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permeability of many types of sludge, contaminated
soils, and solid wastes.
Solvent
A solvent is a substance, usually liquid, that is capable of
dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances.
Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is an innovative treatment technology
that uses a solvent to separate or remove hazardous
organic contaminants from oily-type wastes, soils,
sludges, and sediments. The technology does not destroy
contaminants, but concentrates them so they can be
recycled or destroyed more easily by another technology.
Solvent extraction has been shown to be effective in
treating sediments, sludges, and soils that contain
primarily organic contaminants, such as PCBs, VOCs,
halogenated organic compounds, and petroleum wastes.
Such contaminants typically are generated from metal
degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline, and
wood preserving processes. Solvent extraction is a
transportable technology that can be brought to the site.
See also Halogenated Organic Compound, Polychlorinated
Biphenyl, and Volatile Organic Compound.
Strict Liability
Strict liability is a concept under CERCLA that
empowers the federal government to hold PRPs liable
without proving that the PRPs were at fault and without
regard to a PRP's motive. PRPs can be found liable even
if the problems caused by the release of a hazardous
substance were unforeseeable, the PRPs acted in good
faith, and state-of-the-art hazardous waste management
practices were used at the time the materials were
disposed of. See also Potentially Responsible Party.
Subsurface
Underground; beneath the surface.
Surfactant Flushing
Surfactant flushing is an innovative treatment
technology used to treat contaminated groundwater.
Surfactant flushing of NAPLs increases the solubility
and mobility of the contaminants in water so that the
NAPLs can be biodegraded more easily in an aquifer
or recovered for treatment aboveground. See also
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid.
Surface Water
Surface water is all water naturally open to the
atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams,
and seas.
Superfund
Superfund is the trust fund that provides for the
cleanup of hazardous substances released into the
environment, regardless of fault. The Superfund was
established under CERCLA and subsequent
amendments to CERCLA. The term Superfund also is
used to refer to cleanup programs designed and
conducted under CERCLA and its subsequent
amendments. See also Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act
(SARA)
SARA is the 1986 act amending CERCLA that
increased the size of the Superfund trust fund and
established a preference for the development and use
of permanent remedies, and provided new
enforcement and settlement tools. See also
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program
The SITE program is an effort established by EPA in
1986 to advance the development, evaluation, and
commercialization of innovative treatment
technologies for assessing and cleaning up hazardous
waste sites. The program provides an opportunity for
technology developers to demonstrate their
technologies' ability to successfully process and
remediate hazardous waste. The SITE program has
four components—the Emerging Technology Program,
the Demonstration Program, the Monitoring and
Measurement Technologies Program, and the
Technology Transfer Program.
Test Methods for Evaluating Waste, Physical/
Chemical Methods (SW-846)
SW-846 refers to an EPA guidance and reference
document, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods, which is intended to assist
analytical chemists and other users in the RCRA and
Superfund programs by suggesting procedures that
analysts have found to be successful when applied to
typical samples. The SW-846 methods are analytical
and sampling methods that have been evaluated and
approved for use in complying with RCRA
regulations. The methods are not intended to be
prescriptive, nor are all technologies or methods that
maybe used identified.
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Thermal Desorption
Thermal desorption is an innovative treatment
technology that heats soils contaminated with
hazardous wastes to temperatures from 200 to
1,000°F so that contaminants that have low boiling
points will vaporize and separate from the soil. The
vaporized contaminants then are collected for further
treatment or destruction, typically by an air
emissions treatment system. The technology is most
effective at treating VOCs, SVOCs and other organic
contaminants, such as PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides.
It is effective in separating organics from refining
wastes, coal tar wastes, waste from wood treatment,
and paint wastes. It also can separate solvents,
pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and fuel oils from
contaminated soil. See also Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon,
Polychlorinated Biphenyl, Semivolatile Organic
Compound, and Volatile Organic Compound.
Toluene
Toluene is a colorless liquid chemical with a sweet,
strong odor. It is used as a solvent in aviation
gasoline and in making other chemicals, perfumes,
medicines, dyes, explosives, and detergents.
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH)
TPH refers to a measure of concentration or mass of
petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a
given amount of air, soil, or water.
Toxicity
Toxicity is a quantification of the degree of danger
posed by a substance to animal or plant life.
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
The TCLP is a testing procedure used to identify the
toxicity of wastes and is the most commonly used test
for degree of mobilization offered by a solidification
and stabilization process. Under this procedure, a
waste is subjected to a process designed to model the
leaching effects that would occur if the waste was
disposed of in a RCRA Subtitle D municipal landfill.
See also Solidification and Stabilization.
Toxic Substance
A toxic substance is a chemical or mixture that may
present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the
environment.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
TSCA was enacted in 1976 to test, regulate, and screen
all chemicals produced or imported into the U.S.
TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches the
consumer marketplace be tested for possible toxic
effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any existing
chemical that poses health and environmental
hazards is tracked and reported under TSCA.
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility (TSD)
TSDs are sites at which hazardous substances are
treated, stored, or disposed. TSD facilities are
regulated by EPA and states under RCRA. See also
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Treatment Wall (also Passive Treatment Wall)
A treatment wall is a structure installed underground
to treat contaminated groundwater found at
hazardous waste sites. Treatment walls, also called
passive treatment walls, are put in place by
constructing a giant trench across the flow path of
contaminated groundwater and filling the trench with
one of a variety of materials carefully selected for the
ability to clean up specific types of contaminants. As
the contaminated groundwater passes through the
treatment wall, the contaminants are trapped by the
treatment wall or transformed into harmless
substances that flow out of the wall. The major
advantage of using treatment walls is that they are
passive systems that treat the contaminants in place
so the property can be put to productive use while it is
being cleaned up. Treatment walls are useful at some
sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents, metals,
or radioactive contaminants.
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
TCE is a stable, low-boiling colorless liquid that is
used as a solvent, metal degreasing agent, and in other
industrial applications.
Underground Storage Tank (UST)
USTs are tanks located entirely or partially
underground that are designed to hold gasoline or
other petroleum products or chemical solutions.
Unsaturated Zone
The unsarurated zone is the area between the land surface
and the uppermost aquifer (or saturated zone). The soils
in an unsarurated zone may contain air and water.
Vadose Zone
The vadose zone is the area between the surface of the
land and the surface of the water table in which the
moisture content is less than the saturation point and
the pressure is less than atmospheric. The openings
(pore spaces) also typically contain air or other gases.
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Vapor
Vapor is the gaseous phase of any substance that is
liquid or solid at atmospheric temperatures and
pressures. Steam is an example of a vapor.
Vitrification
Vitrification uses an electric current to melt
contaminated soil at elevated temperatures (1,600 to
2,000°C or 2,900 to 3,650°F). The vitrification product
is a chemically stable, leach-resistant, glass and
crystalline material similar to obsidian or basalt rock.
The process destroys and/or removes organic
materials. Radionuclides and heavy metals are
retained within the vitrified product.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
A VOC is one of a group of carbon-containing
compounds that evaporate readily at room
temperature. Examples of VOCs include
trichloroethane; trichloroethylene; and BTEX. These
contaminants typically are generated from metal
degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline,
and wood preserving processes.
Volatilization
Volatilization is the process of transfer of a chemical
from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase.
Solubility, molecular weight, and vapor pressure of
the liquid and the nature of the gas-liquid affect the
rate of volatilization.
Voltammetric Stripping
Voltammetric stripping is a field-portable technology
that uses electrochemistry to detect and quantify
metals in environmental samples. Specific metals
can be targeted for detection and quantification by
the technology, which generally is applied to water
samples.
Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP)
A VCP is a formal means established by many states to
facilitate assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment of
brownfields sites. VCPs typically address the
identification and cleanup of potentially
contaminated sites that are not on the Superfund NPL.
Under VCPs, owners or developers of a site are
encouraged to approach the state voluntarily to work
out a process by which the site can be readied for
development. Many state VCPs provide technical
assistance, liability assurances, and funding support
for such efforts. See also National Priorities List.
Wastewater
Wastewater is spent or used water from an individual
home, a community, a farm, or an industry that
contains dissolved or suspended matter.
Water Table
A water table is the boundary between the saturated
and unsaturated zones beneath the surface of the
earth, the level of groundwater, and generally is the
level to which water will rise in a well. See also Aquifer
and Groundwater.
X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
An x-ray fluorescence analyzer is a self-contained,
field-portable instrument, consisting of an energy
dispersive x-ray source, a detector, and a data
processing system that detects and quantifies
individual metals or groups of metals.
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Appendix C
LIST OF BROWNFIELDS
AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS
The lists included in this appendix identify contacts at the state and EPA regional levels, as well as EPA
technical support staff in the Technology Innovation Office and the Office of Research and Development.
The individuals are available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts atbrownfields sites.
State Brownfields Contacts ... ... C-2
EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinators C-7
EPA Technical Support Contacts C-8
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STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS
ALABAMA CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
Daniel Cooper
AL Department of Environmental
Management
Land Division
1751 Congressman WL Dickinson
Drive
Montgomery, AL 36109
Phone: (334) 271-7711
Fax: (334) 271-3050
E-mail: wgh@adem.state.al.us
Anne Marie Palmieri
AK Department of Environmental
Conservation
Spill and Prevention Response
410 Willoughby Avenue
Juneau, AK 99801
Phone: (907) 766-3184
Fax: (907) 465-5262
E-mail:
apalmieri@envirocon.state.ak.us
Al Roesler
AZ Department of Environmental
Quality
Voluntary Sites Unit
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85012
Phone: (602) 207-4166
Fax: (602) 207-4236
E-mail: roesler.al@ev.state.az.us
ARKANSAS
Mike Bates
Hazardous Waste Division
AR Department of Pollution Control
and Ecology
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Phone: (501) 682-0833
Fax: (501) 682-0565
E-mail: bates@adpce.lrk.ar.us
Daniel Clanton
Department of Pollution Control and
Ecology
Natural Soils Division
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Phone: (501) 682-0834
Fax: (501) 682-0565
E-mail: clanton@adeq.state.ar.us
Barbara Coler
Department of Toxic Substances
Control
CA Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 806
Sacramento, CA 95812-0806
Phone: (510) 540-3827
Fax: (510) 540-3700
Eric Garcia
Department of Toxic Substances
Control
CA Environmental Protection Agency
10151 Croydon Way
Suite 3
Sacramento, CA 95827
Phone: (916) 255-3709
Fax: (916) 255-3697
Don Johnson
Southern California Cleanup
Operations Branch
Department of Toxic Substances
Control
1011 North Grandview Avenue
Glendale, CA 91201
Phone: (818) 551-2862
Fax: (818) 551-2874
Sandy Karinen
Department of Toxic Substances
Control
CA Environmental Protection Agency
10151 Croydon Way
Suite 3
Sacramento, CA 95827-2106
Phone: (916) 255-3745
Fax: (916) 255-3734
E-mail: skarinen@dtsc.ca.gov
Lynn Nakashima
Northern California Coastal
Operations Branch
Department of Toxic Substances
Control
700 Heinz Avenue
Suite 200
Berkeley, CA 94710
Phone: (510) 540-3839
Fax: (510) 540-3819
Daniel Scheppers
Hazardous Waste Materials and
Waste Management Division
CO Department of Public Health and
Environment
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80222-1530
Phone: (303) 692-3398
Fax: (303) 759-5355
E-mail: daniel.scheppers@state.co.us
CONNECTICUT
Doug Zimmerman
CT Department of Environmental
Protection
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106-5127
Phone: (860) 424-3800
Fax: (860) 424-4057
DELAWARE
Karl Kalbacher
Site Investigation and Restoration
Branch
DE Department of Natural Resources
and Environmental Control
715 Grantham Lane
New Castle, DE 19720-4801
Phone: (302) 323-4540
Fax: (302) 323-4561
E-mail: kkalbacher@state.de.us
Steve Seidel
Department of Revenue
820 N. French Street
Wilmington, DE 19801
Phone: (302) 577-8455
Fax: (302) 577-8656
E-mail: sseidel@de.state.us
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STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
FLORIDA ILLINOIS
LOUISIANA
Joseph McGarrity
Bureau of Waste Cleanup
FL Department of Environmental
Protection
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Phone: (904) 488-3935
E-mail: mcgarrity_j@dep.state.fl.us
Roger B. Register
Brownfields Liaison
FL Department of Environmental
Protection
MS 4505
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Phone: (850) 488-0190
Fax: (850) 922-4368
E-mail: register_r@dep.state.fl.us
Darren Meadows
Environmental Protection Division
GA Department of Natural Resources
Suite 1462
205 Butler Street, SE
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone: (404) 657-8600
Fax: (404) 657-0307
E-mail:
darren_meadows@mail.dnr.state.ga.us
Bryce Hatoaka
Environmental Management Division
HI Department of Health, Hazard
Evaluation and Emergency
Response
919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 206
Honolulu, HI 96814
Phone: (808) 586-4248
Fax: (808) 586-7537
E-mail:
bhatoaka@eha.health.state.hi.us
Dean Nygard
Division of Environmental Quality
ID Department of Health and Welfare
1410 N. Hilton Street
Boise, ID 83706
Phone: (208) 373-0276
Fax: (208) 373-0576
Rick Lucas
Division of Land Pollution Control
IL Environmental Protection Agency
1021 North Grand Avenue East
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
Phone: (217) 782-6761
Fax: (217) 782-3258
E-mail: epa4155@epa.state.il.us
CarlaGill
IN Department of Environmental
Management
P.O. Box 6015
100 North Senate Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
Phone: (317) 308-3123
Fax: (317) 308-3123
Lavoy Haage
Solid Waste Section
IA Department of Natural Resources
Wallace State Office Building
Des Moines, IA 50319
Phone: (515) 281-4968
Fax: (515) 281-8895
E-mail: lhaage@max.state.ia.us
Rick Bean
Division of Environment
Bureau of Environmental
Remediation
KS Department of Health and
Environment
Forbes Field, Building 740
Topeka, KS 66620-0001
Phone: (913) 296-1675
Fax: (913) 296-1686
KENTUCKY
Jeffrey Pratt
Division of Waste Management
KY Department of Environmental
Protection
14 Reilly Road
Frankfurt, KY 40601
Phone: (502) 564-6716
Fax: (502) 564-4049
E-mail: pratt@nrdep.nr.state.ky.us
John Halk
Department of Environmental Quality
Inactive and Abandoned Sites
Division
P.O. Box 82178
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178
Phone: (304) 765-0487
Fax: (304) 765-0484
Nicholas Hodgkins
Bureau of Hazardous Materials &
Solid Waste Control
ME Department of Environmental
Protection
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333-0017
Phone: (207) 287-2651
Fax: (207) 287-7826
E-mail: nick.hodgkins@state.me.us
Jim Metz
MD Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
Phone: (410) 631-3437
Fax: (410) 631-3472
E-mail: bdemarco@charm.net
MASSACHUSETTS
Todd Fernandez
Department of Economic
Development
Boston, MA
Phone: (617) 727-3206
Betsy Harper
Office of the Attorney General
Environmental Protection Division
200 Portland Street
Boston, MA 02114
Phone: (617) 727-2200
Fax: (617) 727-9665
Robert Kalaghan
Department of Environmental
Protection
Waste Site Cleanup
One Winter Street
Floor #7
Boston, MA 02108
Phone: (617) 292-5545
Fax: (617) 556-1049
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STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
MONTANA
NEW MEXICO
Barbara Kessner Landau
Department of Environmental
Protection
One Winter Street
Floor #7
Boston, MA 02108
Phone: (617) 556-1193
James Linton
Site Reclamation Unit
MI Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 30426
Lansing, MI 48909
Phone: (517) 373-8450
Fax: (517) 373-9657
E-mail: lintonj@state.mi.us
Greg Ruff
Groundwater and Solid Waste
Unit
MN Pollution Control Agency
520 Lafayette Rd. North, 2nd Fl.
Saint Paul, MN 55155-4194
Phone: (612) 296-0892
Fax: (612) 296-9707
Meredith Udoibok
Department of Trade and Economic
Development
St. Paul, MN
Phone: (612) 297-4132
Russell Smith
Pollution Control and Hazardous
Waste Division
Office of Pollution Control
MS Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
Phone: (601) 961-5171
Fax: (601) 961-5741
E-mail: russellsmith@deq.ms.us
Jim Belcher
Voluntary Cleanup Section
MO Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
Phone: (573) 526-8913
Fax: (573) 526-8922
Carol Fox
Site Remediation Division
MT Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
Phone: (406) 444-0478
Fax: (406) 444-1901
E-mail: cfox@mt.gov
NEBRASKA
Jeff Kelley
NE Department of Environmental
Quality
The Atrium Building, Suite 400
Lincoln, NE 68508-8922
Phone: (402) 471-3387
Fax: (402) 471-2909
E-mail: deq216@mail.deq.state.ne.us
Robert Kelso
Division of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Corrective Actions
333 West Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89706
Phone: (702) 687-5872
Fax: (702) 687-6396
E-mail: us.ndepl@govmail.state.nv.us
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Gary Lynn
Waste Management Division
NH Department of Environmental
Services
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03304
Phone: (603) 271-6778
Fax: (603) 271-2456
Mark Pederson
Case Assignment Section
NJ Department of Environmental
Protection
401 E. State Street
P.O. Box 434
Trenton, NJ 08625-0434
Phone: (609) 292-1250
Fax: (609) 292-2117
Maura Hanning
Environment Department
Superfund Oversight Section
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe, NM 87502
Phone: (505) 827-2922
Fax: (505) 827-2965
E-mail:
maura_hanning@nmenv.state.nm.us
Christine Costopoulos
Division of Remedial Response
NY Department of Environmental
Conservation
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233-7010
Phone: (518) 457-5861
Fax: (518) 457-9639
E-mail: cjcostop@gw.dec.state.ny.us
NORTH CAROLINA
Charlotte Jesneck
Superfund Section
Division of Waste Management, Site
Cleanup Bureau
NC Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
401 Oberlin Road
Raleigh, NC 27611-7687
Phone: (919) 733-2801
Fax: (919) 733-4811
E-mail:
jesneckc@wastenot.ehnr.state.nc.us
NORTH DAKOTA
Kurt Erickson
Division of Waste Management
ND Department of Health and
Consolidated Labs
P.O. Box 5520
Bismark, ND 58506-5520
Phone: (701) 328-5166
Fax: (701) 328-5200
E-mail:
ccmail.cerickso@ranch.state.nd.us
Jenifer Kwasniewski
OH Environmental Protection Agency
1800 Watermark Drive
Columbus, OH 43266-0419
Phone: (614) 644-2279
Fax: (614) 644-3146
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
OKLAHOMA
TENNESSEE
Rita Kottke
Waste Management Division
OK Department of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 1677
707 N. Robinson
Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677
Phone: (405) 702-5127
Fax: (405) 702-5101
E-mail:
rita.kottke@deqmail.state.ok.us
Anil Lyon
Department of Environmental Quality
Waste Management Division
1000 Northeast 10th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
Phone: (405) 271-7128
Fax: (405) 271-1342
E-mail: anil.lyon@oklaosf.state.ok.us
OREGON
Alan Kiphut
Voluntary Cleanup Section
Waste Management and Cleanup
Division
OR Department of Environmental
Quality
811 S.W. Sixth Avenue
Portland, OR 97204
Phone: (503) 229-6834
Fax: (503) 229-6977
E-mail: kiphut.alan@deq.state.or.us
PENNSYLVANIA
Scott Dunkelberger
Grants Office
Department of Community and
Economic Development
494 Forum Building
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Phone: (717) 787-7120
Fax: (717) 787-2890
E-mail: sdunkel@doc.state.pa.us
David Hess
Department of Environmental
Protection
Philadelphia, PA
Phone: (717) 783-7509
E-mail: hess.david@al.dep.state.pa.us
James Shaw
Department of Environmental
Protection
Bureau of Land Recycling & Waste
Management
400 Market Street
P.O. Box 8471
Harrisburg, PA 17105
Phone: (717) 787-7120
Fax: (717) 787-1904
E-mail:
landrecyclng@al.dep.state.pa.us
RHODE ISLAND
Greg Fine
Office of Waste Management
RI Department of Environmental
Management
235 Promenade Street
Providence, RI 02908
Phone: (401) 277-2797
Fax: (401) 277-3812
SOUTH CAROLINA
Gail Jeter
Bureau of Land and Waste
Management
SC Department of Health and
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: (803) 896-4069
Fax: (803) 896-4292
E-mail:
jetergr@columb34.dhec.state.sc.us
SOUTH DAKOTA
Mark Lawrenson
Division of Environmental Regulation
SD Department of Water and
Natural Resources
523 East Capitol, Foss Building
Pierre, SD 57501
Phone: (605) 773-5868
Fax: (605) 773-6035
Andrew Shivas
Division of Superfund
TN Department of Environment and
Conservation
401 Church Street
14th Floor, L&C Annex
Nashville, TN 37214
Phone: (615) 532-0912
Fax: (615) 532-0938
E-mail: ashivas@mail.state.tn.us
TEXAS
Chuck Epperson
Voluntary Cleanup Section
TX Natural Resource Conservation
Commission
P.O. Box 13087 - MC221
Austin, TX 78711-3087
Phone: (512) 239-2498
Fax: (512) 239-1212
E-mail: cepperso@tnrcc.state.tx.us
Brent Everett
Division of Environmental Response
and Remediation
168 North 1950 West
1st Floor
Salt Lake City, UT 84116
Phone: (801) 536-4100
Fax: (801) 536-4242
E-mail: beverett@deq.state.ut.us
George Desch
Department of Environmental
Conservation
VT Agency of Natural Resources
103 S. Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05671-0404
Phone: (802) 241-3491
Fax: (802) 244-3296
E-mail: georged@dec.anr.state.vt.us
Erica Dameron
VA Department of Environmental
Quality
629 E. Main Street
Richmond, VA 23219
Phone: (804) 698-4201
Fax: (804) 698-4334
E-mail: esdameron@deq.state .va .us
C-5
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued)
WASHINGTON
Curtis Dahlgren
WA Department of Ecology
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
Phone: (360) 407-7187
Fax: (360) 407-7154
E-mail: cdah461@ecy.wa.gov
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Angelo Tompros
Department of Consumer and
Regulatory Affairs
Environmental Regulation
Administration
2100 Martin Luther King Jr. Ave., SE
Room 203
Washington, DC 20020
Phone: (202) 645-6080
Fax: (202) 645-6622
WEST VIRGINIA
Ken Ellison
Office of Waste Management
WV Division of Environmental
Protection
1356 Hansford Street
Charleston, WV 25301
Phone: (304) 558-5929
Fax: (304) 558-0256
E-mail: kellison@mail.dep.state.wv.us
Darsi Foss
Division of Environmental Quality
WI Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707-7921
Phone: (608) 267-6713
Fax: (608) 267-2768
E-mail: fossd@dnr.state.wi.us
Carl Anderson
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
WY Department of Environmental
Quality
122 West, 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: (307) 777-7752
Fax: (307) 777-5973
E-mail: cander@missc.state.wy.us
C-6
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA REGIONAL BROWNFIELDS COORDINATORS
REGION 1
REGION 4
REGION 8
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Vermont
John Podgurski
U.S. EPA
Region 1
MCHIO
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
One Congress Street
Boston, MA 02114-2023
Phone: (617) 918-1209
Fax: (617) 918-1291
E-mail: podgurski.john@epa.gov
REGION 2
New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands
Larry D'Andrea
U.S. EPA
Region 2
290 Broadway
18th Floor
New York, NY 10007-1866
Phone: (212) 637-4314
Fax: (212) 637-4360
E-mail: dandrea@epa.gov
Delaware, Washington, D.C.,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
West Virginia
Tom Stolle
U.S. EPA
Region 3
MC 3HS 33
1650 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Phone: (215) 814-3129
Fax: (215) 814-3254
E-mail: stolle.tom@epa.gov
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee
Mickey Hartnett
U.S. EPA
Region 4
61 Forsyth Street
Atlanta, GA 30303
Phone: (404) 562-8661
Fax: (404) 562-8628
E-mail: hartnett.mickey@epa.gov
REGION 5
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Wisconsin
Joe Dufficy
U.S. EPA
Region 5
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604-3507
Phone: (312) 886-1960
Fax: (312) 886-7910
E-mail: dufficy.joe@epa.gov
REGION 6
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, Texas
Stan Hitt
U.S. EPA
Region 6
MC 6SF-P
1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Phone: (214) 665-6736
Fax: (214) 665-6660
E-mail: hitt.stan@epa.gov
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Susan Klein
U.S. EPA
Region 7
SUPR
901 North 5th Street
Kansas City, KS 66101
Phone: (913) 551-7786
Fax: (913) 551-7063
E-mail: klein.susan@epa.gov
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
Kathie Atencio
U.S. EPA
Region 8
MC8EPR-SA
999 18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2466
Phone: (303) 312-6803
Fax: (303) 312-6071
E-mail: atencio.kathie@epa.gov
REGION 9
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
American Samoa, Guam
Jim Hanson
U.S. EPA
Region 9
75 Hawthorne Street, SFD 1-1
San Francisco, C A 94105
Phone: (415) 744-2237
Fax: (415) 744-1796
E-mail: hanson.jim@epa.gov
REGION 10
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
Lori Cohen
U.S. EPA
Region 10
MCECL
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
Phone: (206) 553-6523
Fax: (206) 553-0124
E-mail: cohen.lori@epa.gov
EPA HEADQUARTERS
Greg Jordan
Outreach and Special Projects Staff
OSWER
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5101)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (202) 260-4873
Fax: (202) 260-6606
E-mail: jordan.greg@epa.gov
C-7
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
EPA TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS
GENERAL INFORMATION:
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION OFFICE
SPECIFIC TECHNICAL SUPPORT:
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES
John Kingscott
Technology Innovation Office
U S EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703)603-7189
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: kingscott.john@epa.gov
ELECTRONIC INFORMATION
Carlos Pachon
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703)603-9902
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: pachon.carlos@epa.gov
GROUNDWATER INFORMATION
Richard Steimle
Technology Innovation Office
U S EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703)603-7195
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: steimle.richard@epa.gov
REGULATORY INFORMATION
See page C-7 for information about EPA regional
points of contact.
SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING
Dan Powell
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW (MC 5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
Phone: (703)603-7196
Fax: (703) 603-9135
E-mail: powell.dan@epa.gov
CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES
Ed Earth
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Phone: (513)569-7669
Fax: (513) 569-7676
E-mail: barth.ed@epa.gov
Joan Colson
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Phone: (513) 569-7501
Fax: (513) 569-7676
GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
David Burden
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 1198
Ada, OK 74821-1198
Phone: (580)436-8606
E-mail: burden.david@epa.gov
SITE CHARACTERIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
Eric Koglin
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Phone: (702) 798-2432
Fax: (702) 798-2261
E-mail: koglin.eric@epa.gov
BROWNFIELDS TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT CENTER
On-line:
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APPENDIX D
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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP
Appendix D
HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS
Many of the EPA publications identified in this document are available through EPA's National Service
Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP). NSCEP is a central repository for all EPA documents, with
more than 5,500 titles in paper and electronic format. The documents are available free of charge, but
supplies may be limited. You may order one copy each of as many as five documents within any two-week
period. Documents may be ordered on line, by telephone, by facsimile, or by using the order form provided
on the following page. Please include the EPA document numbers of all publications ordered.
Some EPA publications also may be available on EPA's National Environmental Publications Internet Site
(NEPIS), EPA's on-line repository of more than 7,000 documents. Visit the NEPIS site at to search for, view, and print documents. The collection may include documents that no
longer are available in print. In addition, since some EPA offices make selected documents available through
their own Web sites, you may wish to visit the Web site, "Publications on the EPA Site" at for more information about obtaining documents.
Publications that have numbers beginning with PB, or publications that are out of stock at NSCEP, may be
purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
Publications of the WASTECH partnerships may be ordered by using the order form provided at the end of
this appendix.
The addresses, telephone and facsimile numbers, and Web addresses for the services are listed below:
NSCEP National Service Center for Environmental Publications
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Telephone: (800) 490-9198
Telephone: (513) 489-8190 (Government Employees)
Fax: (513) 489-8695
WWW: http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom/
NTIS National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: (703) 605-6000
Fax: (703) 605-6900
E-mail: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov
WWW: http://www.ntis.gov
D-1
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This page intentionally left blank.
D-2
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NATIONAL SERVICE CENTER
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLICATIONS
ORDERFORM
EPA publications may be available through the National Service Center for Environmental
Publications (NSCEP). Single copies are available free of charge while supplies last.
Mail to: National Service Center for Environmental Publications
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
(800)490-9198
(513) 489-8190 (Government Employees)
Fax to: (513)489-8695
Document No. Document Title
Customer Information
Name
Company
Street Address
City State Zip Code
Daytime Telephone Number
-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
National Service Center for Environmental Publications
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
FOLD HERE
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WASTECH® INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION
TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING MONOGRAPHS
ORDER FORM
INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:
PHASE I (PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS)
Please send me the following books in the WASTECH8 PHASE I SERIES ON INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY: PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS
AND LIMITATIONS. (All books are hardcover and range in length from 130 to 288 pages). Prepayment required by check or charge to Visa or Mastercard.
Satisfaction guaranteed, any books returned within 30 days in salable condition will receive a full refund. Save by ordering complete series for $495.00!
Check the volume(s) you wish to order, total your purchase amount, and enter in the below form.
Q Vol 1 Bioremediation $69.95 code* 00-311-00
Q Vol 2 Chemical Treatment $69.95 code* 00-312-00
Q Vol3 Soil Washing/Soil Flushing $69.95 code* 00-313-00
Q Vol 4 Stabilization/Solidification $69.95 code* 00-314-00
Q Vol 5 Solvent/Chemical Extraction $69.95 code* 00-315-00
Q Vol 6 Thermal Desorption $69.95 code* 00-316-00
Q Vol 7 Thermal Destruction $69.95 code* 00-317-00
Q Vol 8 Vacuum Vapor Extraction $69.95 code* 00-318-00
Q Entire Phase I Series $495.00 code#00-300-00
Company/Institution
Address
City/State/Zip
Daytime Phone (
Order Total
Shipping & Handling*
Total
Method of Payment (Please Check One):
Credit Card*
Mastercard
ExpDate
Signature
•Add $4.75 ($6.75 Canada) for the first book, plus $2.00 ($3.50
Canada) each additional book [$18.75 ($31.25 Canada) for the entire
series]. Outside the US and Canada — $20.00 + 10% of order amount
(surface), $40.00 + 20% of order amount (air).
Mail/Fax to: American Academy of Environmental Engineers
130 Holiday Court, Suite 100, Annapolis, MD 21401
Phone: 410-266-3311, Fax: 410-266-7653
INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY:
PHASE II (DESIGN AND APPLICATION)
Please send me the following books in the WASTECH8 PHASE II SERIES ON INNOVATIVE SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY: DESIGN AND
APPLICATION. (All books are hardcover and range in length from 230 to 420 pages). Prepayment required by check or charge to Visa or Mastercard.
Satisfaction guaranteed, any books returned within 30 days in salable condition will receive a full refund. Save by ordering complete series for $495.00!
(Each monograph will be shipped when published and credit card will be charged 1/7 of series price.) Check the volume(s) you wish to order, total your
purchase amount, and enter in the below form.
Q Vol 1 Bioremediation $89.95 code* 00-321-10
Q Vol 2 Chemical Treatment $79.95 code* 00-322-10
Q Vol 3 Liquid Extraction Technologies $79.95 code*00-323-10
Q Vol 4 Stabilization/Solidification $79.95 code* 00-324-10
Q Vol 5 Thermal Desorption $69.95 code* 00-325-10
Q Vol 6 Thermal Destruction $69.95 code* 00-326-10
Q Vol 7 Vapor Extractions Air Sparging $89.95 code* 00-327-10
Q Entire Phase II Series $495.00 code#00-320-10
Name
Company/Institution
Address
City/State/Zip
Daytime Phone (
Order Total
Shipping & Handling*
Total
Method of Payment (Please Check One):
Check _ _ VISA
Credit Card*
Mastercard
ExpDate
Signature
•Add $4.75 ($6.75 Canada) for the first book, plus $2.00 ($3.50 Canada)
each additional book [$16.75 ($27.75 Canada) for the entire series].
Outside the US and Canada — $20.00 + 10% of order amount (surface),
$40.00 + 20% of order amount (air).
Mail/Fax to: American Academy of Environmental Engineers
130 Holiday Court, Suite 100, Annapolis, MD 21401
Phone: 410-266-3311, Fax: 410-266-7653
-------
FOLD HERE
Return Address:
American Academy of Environmental Engineers
130 Holiday Court, Suite 100
Annapolis, MD 21401
FOLD HERE
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