United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste land
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA542-F-00-014
July 2000
www.epa.gov/tio
clu-in.org
Approaches to In Situ
Fundamentafs and Applications
Fact Sheet and Order Information
Introduction
Chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethene (TCE), are
the most frequently occurring soil and groundwater
contaminants at Superfund and other hazardous waste
sites in the nation. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) estimates that, over the next several
decades, site owners will spend billions of dollars to clean
up these and other waste sites.
Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field
Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008) provides an overview
of the basic science and implementation of in situ
bioremediation to remediate chlorinated solvents, in
contaminated soil and groundwater. The report presents
information at a level of detail intended to familiarize
federal and state project managers, permit writers,
technology users, and contractors with in situ
bioremediation. The report describes degradation
mechanisms for chlorinated solvents, enhancements of the
degradation mechanisms by the addition of various
materials and chemicals, design approaches, and the
typical steps taken to evaluate technology feasibility at a
specific site.
Contents of Report
The report discusses the following aspects of in situ
bioremediation of chlorinated solvents:
• The mechanisms of bioremediation: aerobic
oxidation (direct and cometabolic) and anaerobic
reductive dechlorination
• The types of technologies used for in situ
bioremediation, including approaches used to design
remedial systems
• The steps involved with the selection and
implementation of in situ bioremediation as a site
remedy
In addition, the report includes:
• Nine case studies of applications of in situ
bioremediation of chlorinated solvents at Superfund
and other sites (eight for groundwater, one for soil)
Summary information for 16 full-scale and 14-pilot-
scale in situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvent
projects
• Information about vendors of in situ bioremediation
technologies
Description
The scope of the report encompasses chlorinated ethenes,
such as tetrachloroethene (PCE), TCE, and dichloroethene
(DCE); chlorinated ethanes, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane;
and chlorinated methanes, such as carbon tetrachloride.
The report describes the types of mechanisms typically
used for in situ bioremediation of each of these
constituents.
The design approaches discussed in the report include
direct injection, groundwater recirculation, permeable
reactive barriers, and bioventing. Schematic diagrams of
in situ bioremediation system configurations are provided,
such as shown below for a groundwater recirculation
system.
The report describes the following aspects to consider
when selecting and implementing in situ bioremediation
technologies: i
• Evaluation of site characteristics
Identification of general site conditions and
engineering solutions
' Identification of primary reactants and possible
additives
Performance of treatability (bench-scale) testing
• System design, field testing, and implementation
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SBZO.S
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
National Service Center for
Environmental Publications
P.O. Box42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA 542-F-00-014
July 2000
Engineered to In of
s:
Fact Sheet and Order Information
Order Form !
To order Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field Applications
(EPA 542-R-00-008) please call 1-800-490-9198 or 1-513-489-8190, or complete this form and mail or fax it to:
National Service Center for Environmental Publications
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419
Fax: (513)489-8695
Order on-line at
or download free copies from
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