United States
                        Environmental Protection
                        Agency
   Solid Waste land
   Emergency Response
   (5102G)
EPA542-F-00-014
July 2000
www.epa.gov/tio
clu-in.org
                                               Approaches to In Situ
                       Fundamentafs  and            Applications
                       Fact  Sheet and  Order  Information
  Introduction

  Chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethene (TCE), are
  the most frequently occurring soil and groundwater
  contaminants at Superfund and other hazardous waste
  sites in the nation. The U.S. Environmental Protection
  Agency (EPA) estimates that, over the next several
  decades, site owners will spend billions of dollars to clean
  up these and other waste sites.

  Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of
  Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field
  Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008) provides an overview
  of the basic science and implementation of in situ
  bioremediation to remediate chlorinated solvents, in
  contaminated soil and groundwater. The report presents
  information at a level of detail intended to familiarize
  federal and state project managers, permit writers,
  technology users, and contractors with in situ
  bioremediation.  The report describes degradation
  mechanisms for chlorinated solvents, enhancements of the
  degradation mechanisms by the addition of various
  materials and chemicals, design approaches, and the
  typical steps taken to evaluate technology feasibility at a
  specific site.

  Contents of Report

 The report discusses the following aspects of in situ
 bioremediation of chlorinated solvents:

 •   The mechanisms of bioremediation: aerobic
     oxidation (direct and cometabolic) and anaerobic
     reductive dechlorination

 •   The types of technologies used for in situ
     bioremediation, including approaches used to design
     remedial systems

 •   The steps involved with the selection and
     implementation of in situ bioremediation as a site
     remedy

 In addition, the report includes:

 •   Nine case studies of applications of in situ
    bioremediation of chlorinated solvents at Superfund
    and other sites (eight for groundwater, one for soil)

    Summary information for 16 full-scale and 14-pilot-
    scale in situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvent
    projects

•   Information about vendors of in situ bioremediation
    technologies
  Description

  The scope of the report encompasses chlorinated ethenes,
  such as tetrachloroethene (PCE), TCE, and dichloroethene
  (DCE); chlorinated ethanes, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane;
  and chlorinated methanes, such as carbon tetrachloride.
  The report describes the types of mechanisms typically
  used for in situ bioremediation of each of these
  constituents.

  The design approaches discussed in the report include
  direct injection, groundwater recirculation, permeable
  reactive barriers, and bioventing. Schematic diagrams of
  in situ bioremediation system configurations are provided,
  such as shown below for a groundwater recirculation
  system.
The report describes the following aspects to consider
when selecting and implementing in situ bioremediation
technologies: i

•   Evaluation of site characteristics

    Identification of general site conditions and
    engineering solutions

'   Identification of primary reactants and possible
    additives

    Performance of treatability (bench-scale) testing
•    System design, field testing, and implementation

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 Penalty for Private Use $300

 EPA 542-F-00-014
 July 2000
 Engineered                         to In                                      of
                                     s:
 Fact Sheet and Order Information
Order Form                                             !
To order Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field Applications
(EPA 542-R-00-008) please call 1-800-490-9198 or 1-513-489-8190, or complete this form and mail or fax it to:
         National Service Center for Environmental Publications
         P.O. Box 42419
         Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419
         Fax: (513)489-8695
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