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Abstracts of Remediation
Case Studies
Volume 1
Prepared by Member Agencies of the
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Defense
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Army
U.S. Navy
Department of Energy
Department of Interior
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Tennessee Valley Authority
Coast Guard
March 1995
-------
NOTICE
This document has been subjected to administrative review by Agencies participating in
the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable, and has been approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use. Further information on the Roundtable may
be obtained from the Chairman at EPA's Technology Innovation Office at (703) 308-
8800.
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FOREWORD
This report is a collection of abstracts summarizing 37 case studies of site
remediation projects prepared by Federal agencies. The case studies were undertaken to
document the results and lessons learned from early technology applications. They will
help establish benchmark data on cost and performance which should lead to greater
confidence in the selection and use of cleanup technologies. The case studies were collected
under the auspices of the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable as part of a larger
effort to improve future project documentation and information transfer.
The Roundtable was created to exchange information on site remediation
technologies, and to consider cooperative efforts that could lead to a greater application of
innovative technologies. Roundtable member agencies, including the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Defense, and U.S. Department of Energy, expect to
complete many site remediation projects in the near future. These agencies recognize the
importance of documenting the results of these efforts, and the benefits to be realized from
greater coordination.
The case study reports themselves are organized by technology in a four-
volume set listed below. In the future, the set will grow through periodic supplements
tracking additional progress with site remediation.
Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation (PB95-182911);
Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment (PB95-182929);
Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction (PB95-182937); and
Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and In Situ
Vitrification (PB95-182945).
Four Volume Set: Remediation Case Studies (PB95-182903).
To order, call the National Technical Information Service at (703) 487-4650 or write them
at the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22161.
Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Ph.D.
Chairman
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES: BIOREMEDIATION 17
3.0 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES: GROUNDWATER
TREATMENT 37
4.0 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES: SOIL VAPOR
EXTRACTION 61
5.0 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES: THERMAL
DESORPTION, SOIL WASHING, AND IN SITU
VITRIFICATION 83
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to provide summary information for site
remediation projects, and to serve as a reference for identifying case study reports,
available under separate cover (see Foreword). The case studies are the first in a series of
studies being prepared by Federal agencies to improve future remedy selection at
contaminated sites and to allow a comparison of technologies in support of broader
analyses, such as the consideration of presumptive remedies.
Case Studies
The case studies were developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE). The studies present cost and performance information for full-scale remediation
efforts and several large-scale demonstration projects and were prepared retrospectively,
based on available information and interviews with project personnel. The case studies are
meant to serve as primary reference sources, and contain information on the site,
contaminants and media treated, technology, technology vendor, a summary of cost and
performance data, and points of contact for the technology application. The case studies
contain varying levels of detail, reflecting the differences in the availability of data and
information on cost and performance. Also, full-scale cleanup efforts are not conducted
primarily for the purpose of technology evaluation; therefore, data collection is usually
limited to establishing compliance with contractual requirements or regulatory levels.
EPA has documented 17 completed full-scale remediation efforts using
innovative technologies. DoD and DOE have prepared 20 case studies of both innovative
technologies and conventional groundwater pump-and-treat technologies. Twenty-two
projects are completed. For projects that are ongoing, interim findings will be updated in
future publications, when the final data are available.
Guide to Documenting Cost and Performance for Remediation Projects
During the preparation of the case studies, a work group of the Federal
Remediation Technologies Roundtable met to coordinate documentation of future site
remediation efforts. The resulting Guide to Documenting Cost and Performance for
Remediation Projects presents recommended procedures for documenting site matrix
characteristics and technology operation, performance, and cost. Recommendations
include specific parameters to measure and report for 13 conventional and innovative
cleanup technologies.
Abstracts Contained in This Report
The abstracts summarize key project information in a consistent format, to
allow the reader to easily assess potential interest in specific case studies. If the reader
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desires more information, the complete copies of the case studies may be obtained under
separate cover. The abstracts are based on recommended terminology and procedures
from the Guide to Documenting Cost and Performance for Remediation Projects.
Roundtable agencies are investigating strategies for future electronic search and
distribution.
The 37 case studies in this series are grouped by technology, and summarized
in Tables 1 through 4, listed below:
Table 1. Summary of Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation;
Table 2. Summary of Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater
Treatment;
TableS. Summary of Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor
Extraction; and
Table 4. Summary of Remediation Case Studies: Thermal
Desorption, Soil Washing, and In Situ Vitrification.
These tables include information on technology used, contaminants and media treated, and
project duration. The tables also note highlights of the technology applications.
The bioremediation volume contains reports on nine projects that include
bioventing and land treatment technologies, as well as a unique, large-scale slurry-phase
project. In these projects, petroleum hydrocarbons are the most frequent contaminants of
concern. Two land treatment projects in this volume are completed cleanups at creosote
sites.
The groundwater treatment volume describes 11 groundwater treatment
projects, eight of which are still ongoing. Most of the projects address petroleum
hydrocarbons and chlorinated aliphatics, such as trichloroethylene (TCE). The eight
ongoing projects are using pump-and-treat technologies, while two of the three completed
efforts utilized air sparging. One report in this volume describes a project that used in situ
steam injection/electrical heating of subsurface soils (referred to as dynamic underground
stripping).
The soil vapor extraction report describes 10 projects. Various chlorinated
aliphatic contaminants were treated at eight of the locations. One report in this volume
describes a project that used soil vapor extraction (SVE) followed by bioventing. (Note:
this one project, completed at Hill Air Force Base, Site 914, is described in both the SVE
and Bioremediation case study volumes.) One of the projects described in the SVE volume
used horizontal wells with remote monitoring of equipment.
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The last volume primarily describes projects using thermal desorption,
including six completed applications at sites contaminated with PCBs, pesticides, or
chlorinated aliphatics. Two projects in this volume used soil washing and in situ
vitrification technologies, respectively.
Cost Analysis
Table 5 summarizes cost data for 35 of the 37 case studies, including
information on quantity of media treated and contaminant removed. In addition, Table 5
shows a calculated unit cost for some projects, and identifies key factors potentially
affecting project cost. While a summary of project costs is useful, it is difficult to compare
costs for different projects because of site-specific factors and differences in level of detail.
Cost data are shown on Table 5 as reported in the case studies, and have not
been adjusted for inflation to a common year basis. The dollar values shown in Table 5
should be assumed to be dollars for the time period that the project was in progress (shown
on Tables 1 through 4 as project duration).
The project costs shown in the second column of the table were compiled
consistently. However, the case studies themselves vary in terms of the level of detail and
format of the available cost data. Where possible, project costs were categorized according
to an interagency Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The WBS specifies costs as 1)
before-treatment costs, 2) after-treatment costs, or 3) treatment costs. (Table 5 provides
information on which activities fall under each category.) In many cases, however, the
available information was not sufficiently detailed to be broken down in this way.
The column for the calculated cost for treatment provides a dollar value per
unit of soil or groundwater treated and, if possible, per pound of contaminant removed.
Note that comparisons using the information in this column are complicated by the fact
that calculated costs may only be available on a per cubic yard or per ton basis, and cannot
be converted back-and-forth due to limited availability of soil bulk density data.
Key factors that potentially affect project costs include economies of scale,
concentration levels in contaminated media, required cleanup levels, completion schedules,
and hydrogeological conditions. It is important to note that several projects in the case
study series represent early applications, and that the costs of these technologies are likely
to decrease in the future as firms gain experience with design and operation.
On-Line Access
The case study abstracts contained in this report are available on-line
through EPA's Cleanup Information Bulletin Board System (CLU-IN). To access CLU-IN
by modem, call (301) 589-8366, or to contact the CLU-IN help desk, call (301) 589-8368.
CLU-IN is available on the Internet; the telnet address is clu-in.epa.gov or 134.67.99.13.
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Table 1. Summary of Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Site Name, State (Technology)
Brown Wood Preserving Superfund Site, FL
(Land Treatment)
Eielson Air Force Base, AK (Bioventing)
French Ltd. Superfund Site, TX (Slurry-
Phase Bioremediation)
mil Air Force Base, Site 280, UT (Bioventing)
mil Air Force Base, Site 914, UT (Bioventing
Preceded by SVE)
Lowry Air Force Base, CO (Bioventing)
Lowry Air Force Base, CO (Land Treatment)
Scott Lumber Company Superfund Site, MO
(Land Treatment)
Umatilla Army Depot Activity, OR
(Composting)
Contaminants Treated
BTEX
and/or
TPH
Chlorinated
Aliphatics
Explosives
Polynuclear
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Source of
Contamination
(Principal
Contaminants)
Lagoon (creosote)
Spills and leaks (JP-4
fuel)
Disposal pit, spills and
leaks (benzene, vinyl
chloride, benzo(a)-
pyrene)
Spills and releases
(JP-4 fuel)
Spill (JP-4 fuel)
UST (heating oil)
UST (heating oil)
Lagoon and spills
(creosote)
Lagoon
(TNT/RDX/HMX)
Media (Quantity)
Soil (8,100 yd3)
Soil (not
available)
Soil and sludge
(300,000 tons)
Soil (not
available)
Soil (5,000 yd3)
Soil (not
available)
Soil (not
available)
Soil (15,916 tons)
Soil (224 yd3)
Project
Duration
12/89 - 7/90
Operational
since 7/91
1/92 - 11/93
Operational
since 12/90
10/88 - 12/90
Operational
since 8/92
Operational
since 7/92
12/89 - 9/91
5/92 - 11/92
Highlights
Sum of 6 carcinogenic PAHs
reduced from 100-280 mg/kg to
23-92 mg/kg
Use of various soil warming
techniques to demonstrate
technology effectiveness in a
subarctic environment
Large-scale treatment of a
lagoon in place; novel air
injection system used to
minimize air emissions
Optimized air flow rates to
maximize bioremediation while
minimizing volatilization
System converted from SVE to
bioventing after one year of
operation
Bioventing used to treat residual
petroleum contamination in an
excavated area
Soil contaminated with high
levels of TPH (>1 1,000 mg/kg)
and relatively low levels of
BTEX (<100 mg/kg)
Sum of 16 PAHs reduced from
560-700 mg/kg to 130-155
mg/kg; over 70% reduction in
PAH concentrations
Field demonstration project
using windrows
SVE - Soil Vapor Extraction
BTEX - Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene
TPH - Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
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Table 2. Summary of Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Site Name, State (Technology)
Amcor Precast, UT (Density Driven Sparging)
Amoco Petroleum Pipeline, MI (Extraction
followed by GAC)
Ft. Drum, Fuel Dispensing Area 1595, NY
(Extraction followed by air stripping and
GAC)
Langley Air Force Base, IRP Site 4, VA
(Extraction followed by air stripping)
Lawrence Livennore National Laboratory,
GSA, CA (Dynamic underground stripping)
McClellan Air Force Base, Operable Unit B/C,
CA (Extraction followed by air stripping)
McClellan Air Force Base, Operable Unit D,
CA (Extraction followed by air stripping)
Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant, MN
(Extraction followed by air stripping)
U.S. Department of Energy Kansas City
Plant, MO (Extraction followed by advanced
oxidation processes)
U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River
Site, A/M Area, SC (Extraction followed by
air stripping)
U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River
Site, A/M Area, SC (In situ air stripping)
Contaminants Treated
BTEX
and/or
TPH
Chlorinated
Aliphatics
Non-
chlorinated
Aliphatics
Polychlori-
nated
Biphenyls
Source of
Contamination
(Principal
Contaminants)
UST (diesel and
gasoline)
Petroleum pipeline
(BTEX and MTBE)
UST (gasoline and
No. 2 fuel)
UST (JP-4 fuel)
UST (leaded gasoline)
UST, landfill (TCE)
Disposal pit, open
burning (TCE)
Discharges to sewer,
dumping and burning
(TCE)
Manufacturing (TCE)
Surface impoundment
(TCE)
Surface impoundment
(TCE)
Media (Quantity)
Soil (not available)
Groundwater (not
available)
Groundwater (775
million gallons in 5
years)
Groundwater (not
available)
Groundwater (not
available)
Soil and groundwater
(not available)
Groundwater (660
million gallons in 7
years)
Groundwater (not
available)
Groundwater (1.4
billion gallons 10/91 -
9/92)
Groundwater (11.2
million gallons in
1993)
Groundwater (198
million gallons per
year)
Groundwater (not
available)
Soil (not available)
Project
Duration
3/92 - 9/93
Operational
since 10/88
Operational
since 2/92
Operational
since 7/92
11/92 - 12/93
Operational
since 1988
Operational
since 1987
Operational
since 10/87
Operational
since 1983
Operational
since 9/85
Operational
since 7/90
Highlights
Treatment process combines aerobic
biodegradation and in situ air sparging
Large-scale voluntary cleanup of
groundwater and free product; 118,000
gallons of free product recovered in 6 years;
cleanup included air sparging pilot testing
Free product recovery where precise source
of contamination could not be found
Vacuum-assisted well point extraction
system to remove groundwater and free
product
Field demonstration of steam injection,
electrical heating, and underground imaging
Large-scale cleanup; 7 extraction wells;
waste sources included landfill, UST,
disposal pit, burn area
Large-scale cleanup; 6 extraction wells;
waste sources included disposal and burn
pits
Large cleanup effort; complex
hydrogeology; estimated time for
remediation 50 to 70 years
Extracted groundwater treated using low
and high intensity ultraviolet, ozone, and
peroxide; presence of DNAPLs suspected
Groundwater contamination covers 1,200
acres at a thickness of 150 feet with presence
of DNAPLs confirmed
Field demonstration of air sparging using
horizontal wells; report discusses experience
with installation of horizontal wells
Key:
GAC - Granular Activated Carbon
SVE - Soil Vapor Extraction
BTEX - Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene
TPH - Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
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Table 3. Summary of Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Site Name, State (Technology)
Commencement Bay, South Tacoma Channel Well
12A Superfund Site, WA (SVE w/product recovery)
Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Superfund
Site, CA (SVE)
Hastings Groundwater Contamination Superfund
Site, Well Number 3 Subsite, NE (SVE w/GAC)
mil Air Force Base, Site 914, UT (SVE with catalytic
oxidation followed by bioventing)
Luke Air Force Base, North Fire Training Area, AZ
(SVE w/thermal oxidizer)
McClellan Air Force Base, Operable Unit D, Site S,
CA (SVE w/catalytic oxidizer & scrubber)
Rocky Mountain Arsenal Superfund Site (Motor
Pool Area-Operable Unit #18), CA (SVE w/product
recovery and GAC)
Sacramento Army Depot Superfund Site, Tank 2
(Operable Unit #3), CA (SVE w/GAC)
SMS Instruments Superfund Site, NY (SVE
w/catalytic incineration and scrubbing)
Verona Well Field Superfund Site (Thomas Solvent
Raymond Road - Operable Unit #1), MI (SVE
w/catalytic oxidation and GAC)
Contaminants Treated
BTEX
and/or
TPH
Chlorinated
Aliphatics
Non-
chlorinated
Aliphatics
Source of
Contamination
(Principal
Contaminants)
Storage drums (PCA)
UST (TCA, xylenes)
Spill of grain
fumigants (CC14)
Spill (JP-4 fuel)
Fire training area
(petroleum, oil,
lubricant wastes)
Disposal pit (PCE,
TCE, 1,1-DCA, Freon-
113)
Motor vehicle
maintenance (TCE)
UST (PCE, ethyl-
benzene, xylenes)
UST (chlorobenzene,
1,2-dichlorobenzene,
xylenes)
UST (PCE, TCA,
acetone, toluene)
Media (Quantity)
Soil (98,203 yd3)
Soil (42,000 yd3)
Soil (185,000 yd3)
Soil (5,000 yd3)
Soil (not
available)
Soil (not
available)
Soil (34,000 yd3)
Soil (650 yd3)
Soil (1,250 yd3)
Soil (26,700 yd3)
Project Duration
Operational since
8/92
1/89 - 4/90
6/92 - 7/93
10/88 - 12/90
10/90 - 12/92
Operational since
1993
7/91 - 12/91
8/92 - 1/93
5/92 - 10/93
3/88 - 5/92
Highlights
Demonstration project - discusses experience
with on-site solvent recovery for off-gasses
Early application of SVE at a site with complex
hydrogeology; included aquifer dewatering and
slurry wall installed prior to treatment
Relatively large quantity of soil treated using
SVE
SVE used to reduce higher concentrations of
hydrocarbons; system converted from SVE to
bioventing after one year of operation
Estimated 14,200 pounds of contaminants
removed and destroyed using thermal
oxidation; report discusses experience with
operation of thermal oxidizer
Demonstration project of SVE with catalytic
oxidation and scrubbing of extracted vapors
Application demonstrated that a pilot-scale
system removed sufficient vapor contaminants
from the vadose zone, and that expansion of the
system beyond a pilot-scale was not necessary
Small quantity of soil treated using SVE;
unexpected recovery of Freon-113 began part
way through operation
SVE using horizontal wells and remote
monitoring of system performance; relatively
small quantity of soil treated
First Superfund application of SVE; catalytic
oxidation replaced activated carbon due to
higher than expected recoveries
Key:
GAC - Granular Activated Carbon
SVE - Soil Vapor Extraction
BTEX - Benzene, toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene
TPH - Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
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Table 4. Summary of Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and In Situ Vitrification
Site Name, State (Technology)
Anderson Development Company Superfund
Site, MI (Thermal desorption)
King of Prussia Technical Corporation
Superfund Site, NJ (Soil washing)
McKin Superfund Site, ME (Thermal
desorption)
Outboard Marine Corporation Superfund
Site, OH (Thermal desorption)
Parsons Chemical/ETM Enterprises
Superfund Site, MI (In situ vitrification)
Pristine, Inc. Superfund Site (Thermal
desorption)
T H Agriculture & Nutrition Company
Superfund Site, GA (Thermal desorption)
Wide Beach Development Superfund Site, NY
(Thermal desorption w/dehalogenation)
Contaminants Treated
BTEX and/or TPH
M
O
1
.&
1
o
6
*
*
*
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Table 5. Remediation Case Studies - Summary of Cost Data
Site Name, State (Technology)
Project Cost ($)*
Quantity Treated
Quantity of
Contaminant
Removed
Calculated Cost for
Treatment**
Key Factors Potentially Affecting
Project Costs
Bioremediation
Brown Wood Preserving
Superfund Site, FL (Land
Treatment)
Eielson Air Force Base, AK
(Bioventing)
French Ltd. Superfund Site, TX
(Slurry-Phase Bioremediation)
Hill Air Force Base, Site 280, UT
(Bioventing)
Hill Air Force Base, Site 914, UT
(Bioventing)
Lowry Air Force Base, CO
(Bioventing)
Lowry Air Force Base, CO (Land
Treatment)
T - 565,406
B - 58,000
A - 9,800
C - 758,077 (includes
design and engr.)
O - 177,160
T - 26,900,000
B - 16,500,000
A - 5,600,000
C - 115,000
O - 24,000
T - 599,000
C - 28,650 (includes design
and engr.)
O - 32,875
C - 104,257 (includes
design and engr.)
O - 18,460 (estimated
operating costs)
8,100 cubic yards
of soil
Not available
300,000 tons of soil
and sludge
Not available
5,000 cubic yards
of soil
Not available
Not available
-
-
-
-
-
S70/cubic yard of soil
treated
Ongoing field
demonstration
S90/ton of soil and sludge
treated
Ongoing full-scale cleanup
S120/cubic yard of soil
treated
Ongoing full-scale cleanup
S19/ton estimated cost;
assumes 3.5 years to
complete treatment
Treatment using 3 lifts; system
constructed using a clay liner and
underdrain system; cleanup completed
6 months ahead of schedule
Includes costs for floating fuel
collection and groundwater monitoring
not associated with bioventing
Excavation not required for treatment;
relatively large quantity treated
resulted in economies of scale
One injection well, relatively small
project
Four injection wells, relatively high
concentrations of contaminants
Relatively shallow bioventing system
Treatment using one lift; non-RCRA
liner
Project Cost*
T = Costs for treatment activities, including preprocessing, capital equipment, operation,
and maintenance
B = Costs for before-treatment activities, including site preparation, excavation, and
sampling and analysis
A = Costs for after-treatment activities, including disposal of residuals and site
restoration
C = Capital costs
O = Annual operating costs
Calculated Cost for Treatment**
* *Calculated based on costs for treatment activities (T): excludes costs for before- (B)
and after- (A)treatment activities. Calculated costs shown as "Not Calculated" if an
estimate of treatment costs unavailable.
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Table 5. Remediation Case Studies - Summary of Cost Data
(Continued)
Site Name, State (Technology)
Project Cost ($)*
Quantity Treated
Quantity of
Contaminant
Removed
Calculated Cost for
Treatment* *
Key Factors Potentially Affecting
Project Costs
Bioremediation (Continued)
Scott Lumber Company
Superfund Site, MO (Land
Treatment)
Umatilla Army Depot Activity,
OR (Composting)
T - 1,292,000 (1989-1991)
254,000 for laboratory
analyses
T - 1,840,000
B - 2,000,000 (projected
for full-scale operation)
15,961 tons of soil
Projected costs
based on treatment
of 20,000 tons of
soil
-
"
$8 I/ton of soil treated
S92/ton projected based on
5 years treatment, and
compliance with RCRA
Waste Pile Facility
Standards
Treatment using 2 lifts; system
constructed using a clay liner and
underdrain system
Costs estimated based on results of
40-day demonstration
Groundwater Treatment
Amcor Precast, UT (Density-
Driven Sparging)
Amoco Petroleum Pipeline, MI
(Extraction followed by GAC)
Ft. Drum, Fuel Dispensing Area
1595, NY (Extraction followed by
air stripping and GAC)
C - 156,950
O - 62,750
C - 297,000 (for
groundwater recovery and
treatment system)
(includes design and engr.)
C - 375,000 (for air
sparging system)
O - 475,000
C - 958,780 (includes
design and engr.)
O - 129,440 (estimated)
Not available
775 million gallons
of groundwater in
5 years
Not available
Not available
118,000 gallons
free product
recovered
Not available
-
Ongoing full-scale cleanup;
O&M to date
approximately $0.003 per
1,000 gallons of
groundwater treated
Ongoing full-scale cleanup
Cleanup completed in approximately
18 months
-
Project Cost*
T = Costs for treatment activities, including preprocessing, capital equipment, operation,
and maintenance
B = Costs for before-treatment activities, including site preparation, excavation, and
sampling and analysis
A = Costs for after-treatment activities, including disposal of residuals and site
restoration
C = Capital costs
O = Annual operating costs
Calculated Cost for Treatment**
* *Calculated based on costs for treatment activities (T): excludes costs for before- (B)
and after- (A)treatment activities. Calculated costs shown as "Not Calculated" if an
estimate of treatment costs unavailable.
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Table 5. Remediation Case Studies - Summary of Cost Data
(Continued)
Site Name, State (Technology)
Project Cost ($)*
Quantity Treated
Quantity of
Contaminant
Removed
Calculated Cost for
Treatment* *
Key Factors Potentially Affecting
Project Costs
Groundwater Treatment (Continued)
Langley Air Force Base, IRP Site
4, VA (Extraction followed by air
stripping)
Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, CA (Dynamic
underground stripping)
McClellan Air Force Base,
Operable Unit B/C, CA
(Extraction followed by air
stripping)
McClellan Air Force Base,
Operable Unit D, CA (Extraction
followed by air stripping)
Twin Cities Army Ammunition
Plant, MN (Extraction followed
by air stripping)
C - 569,739
O - 216,561 (1993)
O - 143,047 (1994)
T - 5,400,000 (includes
design and engr.)
B - 1,700,000
C - 4,000,000
O - 1,240,000
C - 4,000,000
O - 1,240,000
C - 8,034,454 (includes
design and engr.)
O - 588,599
Not available
Not available
660 million gallons
of groundwater in
7 years
660 million gallons
of groundwater in
7 years
Not available
Not available
7,600 gallons of
gasoline
Approximately
44,000 pounds
VOCs removed in
7 years
Approximately
44,000 pounds
VOCs removed in
7 years
Not available
Ongoing full-scale cleanup
Field demonstration
project
Ongoing full-scale cleanup;
$80 in operating costs per
Ib of VOC removed (first
year of operation data
only)
Ongoing full-scale cleanup;
$80 in operating costs per
Ib of VOC removed (first
year of operation data
only)
Ongoing full-scale cleanup;
O&M to date calculated as
$0.12 per 1,000 gallons
treated
16 extraction wells; low hydraulic
conductivity
Complex hydrogeology and wide range
of hydraulic conductivity;
demonstration completed in
approximately one year
10 extraction wells
10 extraction wells (includes 4
extraction wells in OU C)
Complex hydrogeology and wide range
of hydraulic conductivity at site
Project Cost*
T = Costs for treatment activities, including preprocessing, capital equipment, operation,
and maintenance
B = Costs for before-treatment activities, including site preparation, excavation, and
sampling and analysis
A = Costs for after-treatment activities, including disposal of residuals and site
restoration
C = Capital costs
O = Annual operating costs
Calculated Cost for Treatment**
* *Calculated based on costs for treatment activities (T): excludes costs for before- (B)
and after- (A)treatment activities. Calculated costs shown as "Not Calculated" if an
estimate of treatment costs unavailable.
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Table 5. Remediation Case Studies - Summary of Cost Data
(Continued)
Site Name, State (Technology)
U.S. Department of Energy
Kansas City Plant, MO
(Extraction followed by advanced
oxidation processes)
Project Cost ($)*
C - 1,383,400
O - 355,200
(actual costs for FY 1987
to 1994)
Quantity Treated
11.2 million gallons
groundwater
treated (1993)
Quantity of
Contaminant
Removed
Not available
Calculated Cost for
Treatment* *
Ongoing full-scale cleanup;
AOP operating costs for
second generation system
projected as $13.80/1,000
gallons
Key Factors Potentially Affecting
Project Costs
Presence of DNAPLs suspected; use of
AOP more expensive than air stripping
Groundwater Treatment (Continued)
U.S. Department of Energy
Savannah River Site, SC
(Extraction followed by air
stripping)
U.S. Department of Energy
Savannah River Site, A/M Area,
SC (In situ air stripping)
C - 4,103,000
O - 149,200
(1985 to 1990)
Projected costs -
equipment 253,525
(includes system design
and engr.);
site work - 5,000;
labor - 62,620; and
consumables - 157,761
198 million gallons
of groundwater
per year
Not available
273,300 pounds
VOC removed
(1985-1993)
16,000 pounds
VOCs removed in
demonstration
Ongoing full-scale cleanup;
O&M to date
approximately $0.75 per
1,000 gallons treated
Field demonstration;
projected costs of $15.60/lb
of VOC removed
Complex hydrogeology; recent
discovery of DNAPLs prompted a
reevaluation of pump and treat
This demonstration project quantified
cost advantage of air sparging over
pump and treat; installation costs for
horizontal wells greater than for
vertical wells
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
Commencement Bay, South
Tacoma Channel Well 12A
Superfund Site, WA (SVE
w/product recovery)
C - 5,313,973
O - 100,000
98,203 cubic yards
of soil
Not available
Ongoing full-scale cleanup
22 extraction wells and on-site solvent
recovery systems used in
demonstration phase; no information
available on components of total
capital cost or annual operating costs
Project Cost*
T = Costs for treatment activities, including preprocessing, capital equipment, operation,
and maintenance
B = Costs for before-treatment activities, including site preparation, excavation, and
sampling and analysis
A = Costs for after-treatment activities, including disposal of residuals and site
restoration
C = Capital costs
O = Annual operating costs
Calculated Cost for Treatment**
* *Calculated based on costs for treatment activities (T): excludes costs for before- (B)
and after- (A)treatment activities. Calculated costs shown as "Not Calculated" if an
estimate of treatment costs unavailable.
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Table 5. Remediation Case Studies - Summary of Cost Data
(Continued)
Site Name, State (Technology)
Fairchild Semiconductor
Corporation Superfund Site, CA
(SVE)
Hastings Groundwater
Contamination Superfund Site,
Well Number 3 Subsite, NE (SVE
w/GAC)
Project Cost ($)*
C - 2,100,000
Total Operating Costs -
1,800,000 (16 months)
T - 370,000
Quantity Treated
42,000 cubic yards
of soil
185,000 cubic
yards of soil
Quantity of
Contaminant
Removed
16,000 pounds
contaminants
removed
(16 months)
600 pounds carbon
tetrachloride
removed
Calculated Cost for
Treatment* *
S93/cubic yard of soil
treated
S240/pound of contaminant
removed
S2/cubic yard of soil
treated
S620/pound of carbon
tetrachloride removed
Key Factors Potentially Affecting
Project Costs
39 extraction wells; complex
hydrogeology; cleanup completed in 16
months
10 extraction wells; large-scale project
benefits from economies-of-scale; low
levels of contaminants
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) (Continued)
Hill Air Force Base, Site 914, UT
(SVE)
Luke Air Force Base, North Fire
Training Area, AZ (SVE
w/thermal oxidizer)
McClellan Air Force Base,
Operable Unit D, Site S, CA
(SVE w/catalytic oxidizer and
scrubber)
T - 599,000
C - 297,017 (includes
design and engr.)
0-210,168
3,800,000 (budget for
1993-1994) (includes
design and engr.)
5,000 cubic yards
of soil
Not available
Not available
21 1,000 pounds
TPH removed
12,000 pounds
contaminants
removed
113,000 pounds
VOC removed (15
weeks operation)
S120/cubic yard of soil
treated
S2.80/poundofTPH
removed
S42/lb of contaminant
removed
Ongoing field
demonstration
Two years of system operation; costs
include both SVE and bioventing
2 extraction wells and permeable soil;
cleanup completed in 14 months
17 extraction wells and 3 zones of
contamination; total cost includes site
charade riz ation
Project Cost*
T = Costs for treatment activities, including preprocessing, capital equipment, operation,
and maintenance
B = Costs for before-treatment activities, including site preparation, excavation, and
sampling and analysis
A = Costs for after-treatment activities, including disposal of residuals and site
restoration
C = Capital costs
O = Annual operating costs
Calculated Cost for Treatment**
* *Calculated based on costs for treatment activities (T): excludes costs for before- (B)
and after- (A)treatment activities. Calculated costs shown as "Not Calculated" if an
estimate of treatment costs unavailable.
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Table 5. Remediation Case Studies - Summary of Cost Data
(Continued)
Site Name, State (Technology)
Rocky Mountain Arsenal
Superfund Site (Motor Pool Area
- Operable Unit #18), CO (SVE
w/product recovery and GAC)
Sacramento Army Depot
Superfund Site, Tank 2 (Operable
Unit #3), CA (SVE w/GAC)
SMS Instruments Superfund Site,
NY (SVE w/catalytic incineration
and scrubbing)
Project Cost ($)*
T - 74,600
B - 88,490
A - 19,650
T - 290,000 (cost estimate
adjusted to account for
Freon; assumed operation
costs equivalent for Freon
and non-Freon
contaminants)
T - 450,521
Quantity Treated
34,000 cubic yards
of soil
650 cubic yards of
soil
1,250 cubic yards
of soil
Quantity of
Contaminant
Removed
70 pounds
contaminants
removed
500 pounds VOC
removed (non-
Freon)
Not available
Calculated Cost for
Treatment* *
S2.20/cubic yard of soil
treated
Sl,100/pound of
contaminant removed
S450/cubic yard of soil
treated
S580/lb of non-Freon
contaminant removed
S360/cubic yard of soil
treated
Key Factors Potentially Affecting
Project Costs
2 extraction wells; large volume of soil
treated contained relatively low levels
of contaminants; pilot-scale, costs do
not include disposal of carbon
8 extraction wells; small project
limited economies-of-scale; unexpected
presence of Freon-113 significantly
increased carbon usage; complex
hydrogeology; low permeability
2 extraction wells; small project
limited economies-of-scale; cleanup
completed in 17 months
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) (Continued)
Verona Well Field Superfund
Site, (Thomas Solvent Raymond
Road - Operable Unit #1), IL
(SVE w/catalytic oxidation and
GAC)
T - 1,600,000
B - 480,000
A - 5,000
26,700 cubic yards
of soil
45,000 pounds
VOCs removed
S60/cubic yard of soil
treated
S36/poundofVOC
removed
23 extraction wells; extensive sampling
and analysis required; cleanup
completed in 4 years
Thermal Desorption, In Situ Vitrification, and Soil Washing
Project Cost*
T = Costs for treatment activities, including preprocessing, capital equipment, operation,
and maintenance
B = Costs for before-treatment activities, including site preparation, excavation, and
sampling and analysis
A = Costs for after-treatment activities, including disposal of residuals and site
restoration
C = Capital costs
O = Annual operating costs
Calculated Cost for Treatment**
* *Calculated based on costs for treatment activities (T): excludes costs for before- (B)
and after- (A)treatment activities. Calculated costs shown as "Not Calculated" if an
estimate of treatment costs unavailable.
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Table 5. Remediation Case Studies - Summary of Cost Data
(Continued)
Site Name, State (Technology)
Anderson Development Company
Superfund Site, MI (Thermal
desorption)
King of Prussia Technical
Corporation Superfund Site, NJ
(Soil washing)
McKin Superfund Site, ME
(Thermal desorption)
Outboard Marine Corporation
Superfund Site, OH (Thermal
desorption)
Parsons Chemical/ETM
Enterprises Superfund Site, MI
(In situ vitrification)
Project Cost ($)*
Not available
7,700,000
2,900,000
T - 2,474,000
B - 900,000
T - 800,000
B - 800,000
A - 90,000
Quantity Treated
5, 100 tons of soil
19,200 tons of soil
and sludge
11,500 cubic yards
of soil
12,755 tons of soil
and sediment
3,000 cubic yards
of soil
Quantity of
Contaminant
Removed
"
-
-
-
-
Calculated Cost for
Treatment* *
Projected costs range from
S230to$340/tonofsoil
treated (SITE program
cost estimates based on
demonstration project)
Not Calculated
Not Calculated
S190/tonofsoiland
sediment treated
S270/cubic yard of soil
treated
Key Factors Potentially Affecting
Project Costs
Projected costs affected by soil
moisture content
No information available on
components of total cost
Limited information available on
components of total cost
-
Application involved excavation and
staging of wastes
Project Cost*
T = Costs for treatment activities, including preprocessing, capital equipment, operation,
and maintenance
B = Costs for before-treatment activities, including site preparation, excavation, and
sampling and analysis
A = Costs for after-treatment activities, including disposal of residuals and site
restoration
C = Capital costs
O = Annual operating costs
Calculated Cost for Treatment**
* *Calculated based on costs for treatment activities (T): excludes costs for before- (B)
and after- (A)treatment activities. Calculated costs shown as "Not Calculated" if an
estimate of treatment costs unavailable.
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Table 5. Remediation Case Studies - Summary of Cost Data
(Continued)
Site Name, State (Technology)
Project Cost ($)*
Quantity Treated
Quantity of
Contaminant
Removed
Calculated Cost for
Treatment* *
Key Factors Potentially Affecting
Project Costs
Thermal Desorption, In Situ Vitrification, and Soil Washing (Continued)
Pristine, Inc. Superfund Site, OH
(Thermal desorption)
T H Agriculture & Nutrition
Company Superfund Site, GA
(Thermal desorption)
Wide Beach Development
Superfund Site, NY (Thermal
desorption/dehalogenation)
Not available
T - 849,996
B - 252,582
T- 11,600,000
B - 908,000
A - 3,400,000
12,800 tons of soil
4,300 tons of soil
(2,500 cubic yards)
42,000 tons of soil
-
-
-
-
S200/ton of soil treated
S340/cubic yard of soil
treated
S280/ton of soil treated
-
Small project limited economies-of-
scale; cleanup completed in 4 months
Lack of structural integrity of treated
soil led to need for off-site disposal
Project Cost*
T = Costs for treatment activities, including preprocessing, capital equipment, operation,
and maintenance
B = Costs for before-treatment activities, including site preparation, excavation, and
sampling and analysis
A = Costs for after-treatment activities, including disposal of residuals and site
restoration
C = Capital costs
O = Annual operating costs
Calculated Cost for Treatment**
* *Calculated based on costs for treatment activities (T): excludes costs for before- (B)
and after- (A)treatment activities. Calculated costs shown as "Not Calculated" if an
estimate of treatment costs unavailable.
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2.0 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES: BIOREMEDIATION
Land Treatment at the Brown Wood Preserving
Superfund Site Live Oak, Florida 18
Refueling Loop E-7, Source Area ST20 Bioventing
Treatment at Eielson Air Force Base Alaska 20
Slurry-Phase Bioremediation at the French Limited
Superfund Site Crosby, Texas 22
Low-Intensity Bioventing for Remediation of a JP-4
Fuel Spill at Site 280 Hill Air Force Base Ogden, Utah 24
Soil Vapor Extraction and Bioventing for Remediation
of a JP-4 Fuel Spill at Site 914, Hill Air Force Base,
Ogden, Utah 26
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) Bioventing
Treatment at Lowry Air Force Base (AFB) Denver,
Colorado 28
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) Land Treatment at
Lowry Air Force Base (AFB) Denver, Colorado 30
Land Treatment at the Scott Lumber Company
Superfund Site, Alton, Missouri 32
Windrow Composting of Explosives Contaminated Soil
at Umatilla Army Depot Activity Hermiston, Oregon 34
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Land Treatment at the
Brown Wood Preserving Superfund Site
Live Oak, Florida
Site Name:
Brown Wood Preserving Superfund
Site
Location:
Live Oak, Florida
Contaminants:
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
- Primary constituents in creosote
- Total PAH concentrations in stockpiled soil
ranged from 100 to 208 mg/kg
Period of Operation:
January 1989 to July 1990
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
John Ryan
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(ReTeC)
1011 Southwest Klickitat Way,
Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
(206) 624-9349
SIC Code:
2491B (Wood Preserving using
Creosote)
Technology:
Land Treatment
- Construction of the land treatment area
(LTA) included installation of a clay liner,
berm, run-on swales, and a subsurface
drainage system
- Retention pond for run-off control;
portable irrigation system
- Treatment performed using three lifts of
soil; first lift inoculated with PAH -
degrading microorganisms
- Lifts cultivated once every two weeks; soil
moisture content maintained at 10%
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
- ROD Date: 4/8/88
- PRP Lead
Point of Contact:
Martha Berry
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA Region 4
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-3016
Waste Source:
Manufacturing Process; Lagoon
Purpose/Significance of Application:
This was one of the early
applications of land treatment of
creosote-contaminated soil at a
Superfund site.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 8,100 cubic yards of soil treated in three lifts
- Mixture of lagoon contents; lagoon had a clay bottom and sandy contents,
which ranged from silty clay to fine sand
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- ROD specified cleanup goals for PAHs in terms of Total Carcinogenic Indicator Chemicals (TCICs)
- TCICs defined as the sum of the concentrations of six constituents: benzo(a)anthracene; benzo(a)pyrene;
benzo(b)fluoranthene; chrysene; dibenzo(a,h)anthracene; and indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
- ROD required reduction of TCIC concentration to 100 mg/kg within two years of initial seeding
Results:
- The cleanup goal was achieved within 18 months
- TCIC concentrations at 18 months ranged from 23 to 92 mg/kg
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Land Treatment at the
Brown Wood Preserving Superfund Site
Live Oak, Florida (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Total costs for treatment activities at this site were approximately $565,400 (including solids preparation and handling;
mobilization/setup; and short-term (up to 3 years) and long-term (over 3 years) operation costs)
- Over half of total costs (about $312,000) were for short-term operation
- Before treatment costs were approximately $58,000 (including mobilization and preparatory work, site work, and solids
collection and containment)
- After treatment costs were approximately $9,800 for demobilization
Description:
From 1948 to 1978, the Brown Wood Preserving site was used to pressure treat lumber products with creosote. While
pentachlorophenol was occasionally used, creosote was the primary wood preservative. Lumber was pressure treated in
two cylinders and wastewaters from these cylinders were discharged to a lagoon. The lagoon and soils at the site were
determined to be contaminated with high levels of organics (primarily polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found
in creosote) and the site was placed on the NPL in December 1982. In April 1988, following the completion of several
interim removal activities, a Record of Decision (ROD) was signed specifying land treatment for contaminated soils
stockpiled during the interim removal activities.
Land treatment of the PAH-contaminated soils was performed from January 1989 to July 1990. Approximately 8,100
cubic yards of stockpiled soil were treated in three lifts. The cleanup goal specified in the ROD was 100 mg/kg for Total
Carcinogenic Indicator Chemicals (TCICs - the sum of the concentrations of six PAHs selected by EPA based on the
results of a risk assessment) to be achieved within two years of operation. The cleanup goal was achieved within 18
months using land treatment, 6 months ahead of the 2-year timeframe specified in the ROD. The concentrations of TCICs
measured during verification sampling (July 1990) ranged from 23 to 92 mg/kg. The LTA was revegetated in October
1991 and approximately 90% of the former LTA was covered with native grasses by March 1992.
The total treatment cost for this application at the Brown Wood site was approximately $565,400. The treatment costs
included solids preparation and handling, mobilization and setup, and operation costs. In addition, there were before-
treatment costs (mobilization and preparatory work, site work, and solids collection and containment) of approximately
$58,000 and after-treatment costs (demobilization) of approximately $9,800. This application is notable for being one of
the early applications of land treatment of creosote-contaminated soil at a Superfund site.
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Refueling Loop E-7, Source Area ST20
Bioventing Treatment at
Eielson Air Force Base
Alaska
Site Name:
Eielson Air Force Base Source Area
ST20
Location:
Fairbanks, Alaska
Contaminants:
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) and
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes
(BTEX)
- Soil TPH levels averaged 1,500 mg/kg
- Contamination is concentrated in areas
greater than 5.25 feet below ground surface
Period of Operation:
Status - Ongoing
Report covers - 7/91 to 7/94
Cleanup Type:
Field Demonstration
Vendor:
Ronald M. Smith
Battelle-Pacific Northwest Labs
Richland, WA
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Bioventing
- Bioventing conducted in conjunction with
several soil warming techniques
- Four experimental plots tested: passive
warming, active warming, surface
warming, and control
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA and State: Alaska
- Federal Facilities Agreement
-ROD Date: 9/92
Point of Contact:
Capt. Timothy Merrymon
354 CES/CEVR
2258 Central Ave., Suite 1
Eielson AFB, Alaska 99702
Waste Source:
Spills and Leaks of JP-4 Jet Fuel
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Bioventing with various soil
warming techniques to demonstrate
technology effectiveness in a
subarctic environment.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- Thickness of contamination in saturated zone - 6.1 meters
- Soil consists of interbedded layers of loose to medium dense gravel and sands
with varying amounts of silt to 6-9 feet
- Underlain by 600 feet of medium dense to dense sandy gravel
- No permafrost encountered at site
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- TPH - 200 mg/kg in soil
- Benzene - 2 Ibs/day in extracted soil gas
- Remedial activities to be conducted in accordance with a Federal Facilities Agreement between U.S. Air Force, U.S.
EPA, and the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
Results:
- Bioventing project not complete at time of this report
- Preliminary results indicate that bioventing with soil warming stimulates in situ biodegradation year round in a
subarctic environment
- Active warming achieved higher biodegradation rates than passive or surface warming
- Ambient air samples showed no detectable concentrations of benzene 4 feet and 6 feet above ground level
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Refueling Loop E-7, Source Area ST20
Bioventing Treatment at
Eielson Air Force Base
Alaska (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Estimated Capital Costs - $758,077 (including floating fuel collection devices, soil bioventing equipment, composting site
development, mobilization, groundwater remediation and engineering design)
- Estimated Annual Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Costs - $177,160 (O&M of three components - floating fuel (5
year duration), soil bioventing (10 year duration), groundwater monitoring (30 year duration), including sample
analysis and monitoring of each component)
Description:
As a result of spills and leaks of JP-4 jet fuel at a refueling complex at Eielson Air Force Base (AFB) in Fairbanks, Alaska,
soil was contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes
(BTEX). In November 1989, Eielson AFB was added to the National Priorities List (NPL) with the fuel-saturated area
within the Refueling Loop E-7, Source Area ST20 designated as CERCLA Operable Unit 1. A field demonstration of
bioventing and three soil warming techniques began in July 1991 including active warming, passive warming, and surface
warming. Specific cleanup goals include TPH (200 mg/kg in soil), and benzene (2 Ibs/day in extracted soil gas).
The field demonstration of the bioventing system was on-going as of July 1994. Available respiration test data for oxygen
consumption rates confirmed the occurrence of biological degradation processes. Preliminary results indicate that
bioventing with soil warming achieves biodegradation year round in a subarctic environment. Active warming was found
to achieve a higher biodegradation rate than passive or surface warming. It was noted that biodegradation is enhanced
by adequate soil oxygen, moisture, and nutrient levels; that injection wells are impractical at source areas with a
naturally high concentration of iron in the groundwater; and that high soil moisture content interferes with soil gas
monitoring and reduces the number of soil gas monitoring points that can be sampled.
The estimated capital cost of this application was approximately $758,000 and the estimated annual operations and
maintenance costs are $177,160. Full-scale remedial activities at the site will be conducted in accordance with a Federal
Facilities Agreement between the U.S. Air Force, U.S. EPA, and the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation.
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Slurry-Phase Bioremediation at the
French Limited Superfund Site
Crosby, Texas
Site Name:
French Limited Superfund Site
Location:
Crosby, Texas
Contaminants:
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
and Chlorinated Aliphatics;
- Primary constituents included benzene,
vinyl chloride, and benzo(a)pyrene
- Site contaminants included volatile organics
(up to 400 mg/kg); pentachlorophenol (up
to 750 mg/kg); semivolatiles (up to 5,000
mg/kg); metals (up to 5,000 mg/kg); PCBs
(up to 616 mg/kg) and arsenic
Period of Operation:
January 1992 to November
1993
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendors:
Jonathan Greene
ENSR
3000 Richmond Avenue
Houston, TX 77098
(713) 520-9900
Gary Storms
Praxair, Inc.
39 Old Ridgebury Road
Danbury, CT 06810
(203) 837-2174
Technology:
Slurry-Phase Bioremediation
- Two treatment cells designed to hold 17
million gallons each
- Mixflo aeration system used to maintain
dissolved oxygen concentration at 2.0 mg/L
- Tarry sludge dredged and treated
separately from subsoil in lagoon
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
- ROD Date: 3/24/88
- PRP Lead
SIC Code:
4953E (Waste management-refuse
systems; sand and gravel pit
disposal)
Point of Contact:
Judith Black
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA Region 6
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 665-6739
Waste Source:
Disposal pit
Purpose/Significance of Application:
A large full-scale application of
slurry-phase bioremediation of a
lagoon at a Superfund site. An
innovative system was used to
minimize air emissions during the
remediation.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil and Sludge
- Approximately 300,000 tons
- Soils varied from fine grained silts to coarse sand
- Sludges - tar-like consisting of a mixture of petrochemical sludges, kiln dust,
and tars (styrene and oils)
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Slurry-Phase Bioremediation at the
French Limited Superfund Site
Crosby, Texas (Continued)
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- The ROD specified maximum allowable concentrations in the lagoon subsoils and sludges for 5 contaminants:
benzo(a)pyrene (9 mg/kg), total PCBs (23 mg/kg), vinyl chloride (43 mg/kg), arsenic (7 mg/kg), and benzene (14 mg/kg)
- The ROD specified an action level for total VOCs of 11 ppm for 5 minutes at the site boundary at any time during
treatment
Results:
- The specified cleanup criteria were met within 10 months treatment for Cell E and 11 months treatment for Cell F
- There were no exceedances of the established criteria for VOC air emissions
Cost Factors:
- Total costs were approximately $49,000,000 (including project management, pilot studies, technology development,
EPA oversight, and backfill of the lagoon)
- $26,900,000 of total costs were for activities directly attributed to treatment (including solids, liquid, and vapor/gas
preparation and handling, pads/foundations/spill control, mobilization/setup, startup/testing/permits, training, and
operation)
- $16,500,000 were for before-treatment activities (including mobilization and preparatory work, monitoring sampling,
testing, and analysis, site work, surface water, groundwater, and air pollution/gas collection and control, solids and
liquids/sediments/sludges collection and containment, and drums/tanks/structures/miscellaneous demolition and
removal)
- $5,600,000 were for after-treatment activities (including decontamination and decommissioning, commercial and non-
commercial disposal, site restoration, non-treatment unit demobilization, topsoil, and revegetation)
Description:
The French Ltd. Superfund site in Crosby, Texas, is a former industrial waste disposal facility where an estimated 70
million gallons of petrochemical wastes were disposed in an unlined lagoon at the site between 1966 and 1971. The
primary contaminants at the site included benzo(a)pyrene, vinyl chloride, and benzene, as well as arsenic and PCBs.
In 1983, the Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs) formed the French Limited Task Group (FLTG) to lead the
remediation at the site. The ROD, signed in March 1988, specified bioremediation of the lagoon. In addition, the ROD
specified soil cleanup goals for five target contaminants (benzo(a)pyrene, total PCBs, vinyl chloride, arsenic, and
benzene). Slurry-phase bioremediation of the lagoon was performed from January 1992 through November 1993. An
innovative system (the MixFlo system) was used for aeration in this application that minimized air emissions while
supplying oxygen to the biomass. This system used pure oxygen and a series of eductors to oxygenate the mixed liquor
while minimizing air emissions. During this time, approximately 300,000 tons of contaminated sludge and soil in the
lagoon were treated to levels below those specified in the ROD. In addition, air emission limits specified in the ROD were
not exceeded during treatment. Total costs for the system were approximately $49,000,000, including approximately
$26,000,000 for activities directly attributed to treatment.
This application is notable as being the first application of slurry-phase bioremediation at a Superfund site, and included
approximately $12,000,000 in technology development and pilot-scale testing work According to FLTG, the costs for
future applications of slurry-phase bioremediation depend on site-specific chemical and physical conditions with oxygen
and nutrient supply being key factors affecting the cost of bioremediation systems.
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Low-Intensity Bioventing for
Remediation of a JP-4 Fuel Spill at Site 280
Hill Air Force Base
Ogden, Utah
Site Name:
Hill Air Force Base, Site 280
Location:
Ogden, Utah
Contaminants:
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) and
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes
(BTEX)
- Soil TPH concentrations measured as high
as 5,040 mg/kg
- Soil gas TPH concentrations measured as
high as 11,200 ppm
Period of Operation:
Status - Ongoing
Report covers -12/90 to 6/94
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
Not Available
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Bioventing
- System consists of 1 injection well and 10
monitoring wells
- Air flow rate on blower discharge ranged
from 20 to 117 acfm; operated since 11/93
at 20 acfm
- Blower discharge pressure of 2 in. of Hg
Cleanup Authority:
State: Utah
Point of Contact:
William James
Remedial Project Manager
Hill Air Force Base
Ogden, Utah
Waste Source:
Spills and other releases of JP-4 jet
fuel
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Bioventing to remediate soils
contaminated with JP-4 jet fuel.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- Soil-gas permeability value - 0.057 darcy
- Porosity 30 to 50%; moisture content 1.4 to 18%; air conductivity 4.7 to 7.8
darcies; particle density 0.3 to 0.5 gm/cm3 and particle diameter 0.8 to 10 mm;
soil bulk density 0.37 to 0.48 gm/cm3; soil organic content 0.08 to 0.86%
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- No specific cleanup goals established at this time
- Cleanup assessment will be conducted subject to "Guidelines for Estimating Numeric Cleanup Levels for Petroleum
Contaminated Soils at Underground Storage Tank Release Sites," which are established by Utah Department of Health
Results:
- Bioventing project was not complete at time of this report
- Respiration rate tests from 4/91 to 11/93 indicate hydrocarbon degradation is occurring
- As of 11/92, soil gas TPH concentration reduced to less than or equal to 2,600 ppm
- Estimates of the mass of contaminants removed have not yet been reported
Cost Factors:
- Total Capital Cost (estimated) - $115,000 (including construction of piping system, buildings, process equipment, and
startup)
- Total Annual Operating Cost (estimated over 4 years) - $24,000 (including labor, electricity, lab charges, maintenance,
and monitoring)
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Low-Intensity Bioventing for
Remediation of a JP-4 Fuel Spill at Site 280
Hill Air Force Base
Ogden, Utah (Continued)
Description:
As a result of spills and other releases of JP-4 jet fuel at the 280 Fuel Storage Lot at Hill Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah,
soil was contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX).
TPH concentrations were reported as high as 5,000 mg/kg in the soil and 11,200 ppm in the soil gas. A low-intensity
bioventing system was installed at the site and has been in operation since December 1990. No specific cleanup goals have
been established at this time. The final cleanup assessment will be conducted subject to "Guidelines for Estimating
Numeric Cleanup Levels for Petroleum Contaminated Soils at Underground Storage Tank Release Sites", which are
established by the Utah Department of Health.
The bioventing system includes one injection well (100 ft. depth) and 10 monitoring wells (varying depths). During the
operation of this system, the air flow rate of the blower discharge had been varied between 20 and 117 acfm (at a discharge
pressure of 2 in. of Hg) in order to optimize air flow rates while eliminating volatilization. Available data from respiration
rate tests (4/91 to 11/93) indicate that hydrocarbon degradation is occurring. As of November, 1992, soil gas TPH
concentrations had been reduced from 11,200 mg/kg to below 2,600 mg/kg. Estimates of the mass of contaminants removed
have not yet been reported.
The estimated total capital cost for this application is $115,000. The total annual operating cost, estimated over 4 years, is
$24,000 exclusive of final site characterization. During this application, it was noted that biodegradation is enhanced by
maintaining adequate soil oxygen, moisture, and nutrient levels and that estimates of biodegradation are more accurate if
oxygen depletion is used instead of carbon dioxide formation. In addition, it was noted that air flow rates can be optimized
to low levels ranging from 40 to 67 acfm.
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Soil Vapor Extraction and Bio venting
for Remediation of a JP-4 Fuel Spill
at Site 914, Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah
Site Name:
Hill Air Force Base, Site 914
Location:
Ogden, Utah
Contaminants:
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)
- TPH concentrations in untreated soil
ranged from <20 to 10,200 mg/kg with
average soil TPH concentration of 411
mg/kg
Period of Operation:
October 1988 - December 1990
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Not Available
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Waste Source:
Spill of JP-4 Jet Fuel
Purpose/Significance of Application:
One of the early applications
involving sequential use of SVE and
bioventing technology.
Technology: Bioventing Preceded by SVE
Bioventing
- 4 vent wells (Numbers 12-15) located on the
southern perimeter of the spill area; 31
monitoring wells; 3 neutron access probes
(for soil moisture monitoring)
- Vent wells approximately 50 feet deep with
4-inch diameter PVC casings, screened
from 10 to 50 feet below ground surface
- Monitoring wells - ranged in depth from 6
to 55 feet with 1-inch diameter PVC
casings, screened from 10 to 50 feet below
ground surface
- No treatment of extracted vapors required
(hydrocarbon concentrations <50 mg/L; use
of catalytic incinerator not required)
- Air flow - 250 acfm
- Soil moisture - 6 to 12%
- Nutrients added - C:N:P ratio of 100:10:10
SVE
- 7 vent wells (Numbers 5-11 located in areas
of highest contamination), 31 monitoring
wells, 3 neutron access probes (soil moisture
monitoring)
- Vent wells approximately 50 feet deep with
4-inch diameter PVC casings, screened
from 10 to 50 feet below ground surface
- Plastic liner installed over part of spill area
surface to prevent local air infiltration and
bypassing of air flow to the vent well
directly from the surface
- Monitoring wells - range in depth from 6 to
55 feet with 1-inch diameter PVC casing
and a 2-foot screened interval to the bottom
of the well
- Catalytic incinerator for extracted vapor
- Airflow -1,500 acfm (maximum), 700 acfm
(typical)
Cleanup Authority:
State: Utah
Point of Contact:
Robert Elliot
OO-ACC/EMR
7274 Wardleigh Road
Hill AFB, Utah 84055
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Soil Vapor Extraction and Bio venting
for Remediation of a JP-4 Fuel Spill
at Site 914, Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah (Continued)
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 5,000 yds3 contaminated by spill (surface area of 13,500 ft2)
- Approximate extent of 10,000 mg/kg JP-4 contour covered area 100 by 150 feet
- Formation consists of mixed sands and gravels with occasional clay lenses
- Air permeability ranged from 4.7 to 7.8 darcies
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- 38.1 mg/kg TPH
- Cleanup conducted under Utah Department of Health's "Guidelines for Estimating Numeric Cleanup Levels for
Petroleum-Contaminated Soil at Underground Storage Tank Release Sites"
Results:
- Achieved specified TPH levels
- Average TPH soil concentrations in treated soil reduced to less than 6 mg/kg;
- 211,000 Ibs of TPH removed in approximately 2 years of operation;
- Removal rate ranged from 20 to 400 Ibs/day
Cost Factors:
- Total costs of $599,000, including capital and 2 years of operating costs
- Capital costs - $335,000 (including construction of piping and wells, other equipment, and startup costs)
- Annual operating costs - $132,000 (including electricity, fuel, labor, laboratory charges, and lease of equipment for 2
year operation)
Description:
In January 1985, an estimated 27,000 gallons of JP-4 jet fuel were spilled at the Hill Air Force Base Site 914 when an
automatic overflow device failed. Concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the soil ranged from <20
mg/kg to over 10,000 mg/kg, with an average concentration of about 400 mg/kg. The spill area covered approximately
13,500 ft2.
The remediation of this spill area was conducted from October 1988 to December 1990 in two phases: the soil vapor
extraction (SVE) phase followed by the bioventing phase. The SVE system included 7 vent wells (Numbers 5-11) located
in the areas of highest contamination, 31 monitoring wells, and a catalytic incinerator. The typical air flow rate through
the vent wells was 700 acfm, with a maximum of 1,500 acfm. In addition, a plastic liner was installed over part of the spill
area surface to prevent local air infiltration and bypassing of air flow to the vent well directly from the surface. Within a
year, the SVE system removed hydrocarbons from the soil to levels ranging from 33 to 101 mg/kg. Further reduction of
the hydrocarbon concentration in the soil, to levels below the specified TPH limit, was achieved by using bioventing for 15
months. The bioventing system included 4 vent wells (Numbers 12-15), located on the southern perimeter of the spill
area, and the monitoring wells used for SVE system. Because hydrocarbon concentrations were <50 mg/L in the
extracted vapors, the catalytic incinerator was not required for this phase. Biodegradation was enhanced by injecting
oxygen, moisture, and nutrients to the soil. Average TPH concentrations in the treated soil were less than 6 mg/kg.
The total capital cost for this application was $335,000 and the total annual operating costs were $132,000. In monitoring
biodegradation rates, oxygen depletion was found to be a more accurate estimator of biodegradation rate than carbon
dioxide formation. Carbon dioxide sinks, such as biomass, solubility in water, and reaction with the soil, limited the
usefulness of carbon dioxide formation as a process control parameter.
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)
Bioventing Treatment at
Lowry Air Force Base (AFB)
Denver, Colorado
Site Name:
Lowry Air Force Base
Location:
Denver, Colorado
Contaminants:
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)
- Total Recoverable Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (TRPH) concentrations of
15 to 14,000 mg/kg were measured in soil
samples below the area excavated for
landfarming
- BTEX concentrations in soil samples were
lower than cleanup criteria
Period of Operation:
Status - Ongoing
Report covers - 8/92 to 4/94
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
Engineering Science, Inc.
1700 Broadway, Suite 900
Denver, CO 80290
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Bioventing
- 6 piping manifolds (each consisting of two
10 ft, 2 in diameter screens)
- Placed in excavation at right angles (in a
horizontal plane), surrounded with 1 to 2
ft layer of pea gravel
- Aerated to maintain an oxygen
concentration greater than 14%
- Carbon dioxide concentration maintained
at less than 4%
Cleanup Authority:
State: Colorado
Point of Contact:
Lt. Tom Williams
3415 CES/DEV
Lowry AFB, CO 80230
Waste Source:
Underground Storage Tank
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Bioventing to remediate soils
contaminated with heating oil which
contained relatively high
concentrations of TPH and relatively
low concentrations of soluble
contaminants (e.g., benzene).
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- No estimates have been made of the quantity of soil treated or hydrocarbon
product degraded at the time of this report
- Moist, firm sandy clay in top 10-15 ft
- Medium to coarse-grained sand in next 15-80 ft
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Treated soil - TPH < 500 mg/kg; TRPH < 500 mg/kg; and BTEX < 100 mg/kg
- Cleanup conducted under EPA and State of Colorado Underground Storage Tank Regulations and the Colorado
Department of Health's Remedial Action Category III (RAC III) action levels
Results:
- Bioventing project was not complete at time of this report
- No TRPH, BTEX, or TPH data are available at this time
- Bioventing system maintained adequate O, levels in the contaminated soil and removed CO, from the soil
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)
Bioventing Treatment at
Lowry Air Force Base (AFB)
Denver, Colorado (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Final cost data were not available
- Total Capital Cost - $28,650 (including equipment, site work, engineering, project management)
- Annual Operating Costs - $32,875 per year (including electricity, maintenance, laboratory charges)
Description:
As a result of a leak of heating oil from an underground storage tank (UST) at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver, Colorado,
soil was contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX).
Following excavation of contaminated soil to a depth of 35 to 40 feet below ground level, soil sampling from the bottom of
the excavation indicated that TRPH concentrations of 15 mg/kg to 14,000 mg/kg remained in the soils. A bioventing
system, consisting of six bioventing piping manifolds, was installed at the bottom of the excavation and began operating in
August 1992. The soil was aerated to maintain an oxygen concentration greater than 14% and a CO 2concentration less
than 4%.
The bioventing of the contaminated soil at this site was ongoing as of April 1994. The target cleanup levels for the soil were
TPH to less than 500 mg/kg; Total Recoverable Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TRPH) to less than 500 mg/kg; and BTEX to
less than 100 mg/kg. The cleanup is being conducted under the authority of the Colorado Department of Health
Underground Storage Tank Program. While no TPH, TRPH, or BTEX data were available at the time of this report, the
bioventing system was found to have maintained adequate O2and CO2levels in the soil.
The total capital cost for this application is $28,650 and the estimated annual operating costs are $32,875. It was noted
during this application that key operating parameters for bioventing are soil moisture, oxygen content, and carbon dioxide
content; and that more frequent and better reported respiration test results would provide a more complete picture of the
progress of the bioventing process, and indicate when final soil samples should be collected.
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)
Land Treatment at
Lowry Air Force Base (AFB)
Denver, Colorado
Site Name:
Lowry Air Force Base
Location:
Denver, Colorado
Contaminants:
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes
(BTEX) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
(TPH)
- Contaminated soil - BTEX < 100 mg/kg;
Total Recoverable Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (TRPH) up to 11,000
mg/kg; 3,100 mg/kg average
- Stockpiled soil - average TRPH of 3,983
mg/kg
Period of Operation:
Status - Ongoing
Report covers - 7/92 to 9/93
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
Engineering Science, Inc.
1700 Broadway, Suite 900
Denver, CO 80290
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Land Treatment
- Soil spread on plastic sheeting to thickness
of 14 to 18 inches
- One-time addition of ammonium nitrate
nutrients (C:N:P ratios of 200:10:1)
- Soil aerated twice a month (April-
November)
Soil moisture content 10%-15%
Cleanup Authority:
State: Colorado
Point of Contact:
Lt. Tom Williams
3415 CES/DEV
Lowry AFB, CO 80230
Waste Source:
Underground Storage Tank
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Land treatment to remediate soils
contaminated with heating oil which
contained relatively high
concentrations of TPH and relatively
low concentrations of soluble
contaminants (e.g., benzene).
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- Soil type firm sandy clay and medium to coarse-grained sand
Soil moisture content ranged from 6% to 11%
- 5,400 yd3 treated plus three additional truckloads of contaminated soil
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Treated soil - TPH < 500 mg/kg; TRPH < 500 mg/kg; and BTEX < 100 mg/kg
- Cleanup conducted under EPA and State of Colorado Underground Storage Tank Regulations and the Colorado
Department of Health's Remedial Action Category III (RAC III) action levels
Results:
- Land treatment project was not complete at time of this report
- No TRPH, BTEX, or TPH data are available at this time
- Total Extractable Petroleum Hydrocarbon levels as of September 1993 ranged from 1,300-1,700 mg/kg
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)
Land Treatment at
Lowry Air Force Base (AFB)
Denver, Colorado (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Total Capital Cost - $104,257 (including site work, permitting, construction/mobilization/demobilization, pilot testing,
project management); pilot testing was $76,000 of the total capital costs
- Estimated Annual Operating Costs - $18,460 per year (including laboratory charges, maintenance, monitoring)
Description:
As a result of a leak of heating oil from an underground storage tank (UST) at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver, Colorado,
soil at the site was contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylenes (BTEX). An estimated 10,500 gallons of fuel oil were released. The USTs in the area were removed and the
contaminated soil was excavated. Land treatment was selected for the excavated soil; treatment of about 5,400 cubic yards
began in July 1992 and is ongoing at the time of this report. For this land treatment application, nutrients (ammonium
nitrate) were added in a one-time application, the soil is tilled twice a month, and soil moisture content is kept between 10
to 15% by weight. The target cleanup levels for the soil are TPH to less than 500 mg/kg; Total Recoverable Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (TRPH) to less than 500 mg/kg, and BTEX to less than 100 mg/kg. The cleanup is being conducted under
the authority of the Colorado Department of Health Underground Storage Tank Program.
The estimated completion time for the land treatment operation was two years. However, as of September 1993, the
treatment had not been completed. While no TPH, TRPH, or BTEX data were available at the time of this report, levels of
Total Extractable Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TEPH) sampled as of September 1993 showed levels in the range of 1,300 to
1,700 mg/kg. These data and the results of a pilot test, which showed a general decrease in TEPH over time, appear to
indicate that land treatment will be effective, though no projections for a completion date are available at this time.
The total capital cost for this project is $104,257 including $76,000 for pilot testing, and the estimated annual operating
costs are $18,640. Available information to date indicates that the credibility of the land treatment soil assessment would
have been improved if an adequate, random sampling program had been used for sample collection. In addition,
laboratory analysis should have been consistent throughout the pilot test or an explanation of inconsistencies provided.
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Land Treatment at the
Scott Lumber Company Superfund Site
Alton, Missouri
Site Name:
Scott Lumber Company Superfund
Site
Location:
Alton, Missouri
Contaminants:
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
- PAH concentrations were measured as high
as 0.326 mg/kg in lagoon water, 12,400
mg/kg in sludge, and 63,000 mg/kg in soils
- Benzo(a)pyrene ranged from 16 to 23
mg/kg at initiation of treatment
Period of Operation:
December 1989 to September
1991
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Christina Consentini
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(ReTeC)
1001 S. 24th Street, W., Suite 105
Billings, MT 59102
(406) 652-7481
SIC Code:
2491B (Wood Preserving - using
Creosote)
Technology:
Land Treatment
- Construction of land treatment area
included a clay liner and berms, run-on
swales, and subsurface drainage system
- Retention pond and irrigation system
- Treatment performed using two lifts of soil
- Indigenous microorganisms used to support
biodegradation
- Nutrients added to Lift No. 1; none added
to Lift No. 2
- Cultivated once every two weeks
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA (removal action)
- Action memorandum date:
7/10/87
- Fund Lead
Point of Contact:
Bruce A. Morrison
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA - Region 7
Emergency Planning and
Response Branch
25 Funston Road
Kansas City, KS 66115
(913) 551-7755
Waste Source:
Surface Impoundment/Lagoon; Spill
Purpose/Significance of Application:
This was one of the early
applications of land treatment at a
Superfund site contaminated with
creosote compounds.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 15,961 tons of soil treated in two lifts
- Classified as sand per USDA system
- Approximately 4% of soil passes a No. 200 sieve
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Action levels in soil were established for total PAHs at 500 mg/kg and for benzo(a)pyrene at 14 mg/kg
- Total PAHs was defined as the sum of 16 specific PAH constituents
Results:
- Land treatment achieved specified action levels for PAHs and benzo(a)pyrene
- Lift No. 1 - Total PAHs reduced from 560 to 130 mg/kg, and BAP from 16 to 8 mg/kg, in 6 months of treatment
- Lift No. 2 - Total PAHs reduced from 700 to 155 mg/kg and BAP from 23 to 10 mg/kg, in 3 months of treatment
Cost Factors:
- Total Costs for Removal Action - approximately $4,047,000 (including $1,292,000 for the land treatment contractor
(over 3 years), $254,000 for laboratory analyses, EPA contractors and EPA oversight)
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Land Treatment at the
Scott Lumber Company Superfund Site
Alton, Missouri (Continued)
Description:
From 1973 to 1985, the Scott Lumber Company, located near Alton, Missouri, operated a wood treating facility used to
preserve railroad ties with a creosote/diesel fuel mixture. As a result of these operations, soil at the site was found to have
been contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at concentrations as high as 63,000 mg/kg. An
Action Memorandum was signed in July 1987, which specified the construction and operation of a land treatment unit
(LTU) as a removal action for treatment of PAH-contaminated soils at the site. Cleanup activities were performed in
three phases. The first two phases involved decontamination and removal of surface debris and sludge at the site and
excavation and stockpiling of contaminated soil at the site. Phase III involved on-site land treatment of the contaminated
stockpiled soil.
Land treatment was performed from December 1989 through September 1991, and 15,961 tons of soil were treated
during this application. Stockpiled soil was placed in the LTU in two lifts. Approximately 200 Ibs per acre of ammonium
phosphate fertilizer were added to the first lift to adjust the nutrients in the soil. No nutrient adjustments were made to
the second lift. Each lift was cultivated once or twice a week and irrigated, as necessary, to maintain a moisture content
between 1% and 4%.
Action levels for the soil at the site, established by EPA, were 14 mg/kg for benzo(a)pyrene (BAP) and 500 mg/kg for total
PAHs. Land treatment at the Scott Lumber site reduced levels of BAP and total PAHs to below action levels. In Lift 1,
BAP concentrations were reduced from 16 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg and total PAH concentrations were reduced from 560 mg/kg
to 130 mg/kg within 6 months. In Lift 2, concentrations were reduced from 23 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg for BAP and from 700
mg/kg to 155 mg/kg for total PAHs within 3 months. The total costs for this removal action were $4,047,000, including
$1,292,000 for the land treatment contractor and $254,000 for laboratory analyses. Site demobilization was completed in
September 1991.
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Windrow Composting of Explosives Contaminated Soil at
Umatilla Army Depot Activity
Hermiston, Oregon
Site Name:
Umatilla Army Depot Activity
(UMDA), Explosives Washout
Lagoons, CERCLA Soils Operable
Unit
Location:
Hermiston, Oregon
Contaminants:
Explosives
- Primary soil contaminants include 2,4,6-
trinitrotoluene (TNT); hexahydro-1,3,5-
trinitro-l,3,5-triazine (RDX); and
octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7-
tetrazocine (HMX)
- Contaminant levels >100 ppm limited to
soils in the first 2 to 4 feet below the surface
of the lagoons
Period of Operation:
May 1992 to November 1992
Cleanup Type:
Field Demonstration
Vendor:
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Composting
- Excavated soil screened and mixed with soil
amendments
- Nonaerated and aerated windrows
composted for 40 days
- Treated soil mixed with top soil and
revegetated, redeposited in excavated area,
or landfilled
- Windrows contained contaminated soil
(30%), cow manure (21%), alfalfa (18%),
sawdust (18%), potatoes (10%), and hen
manure (3%)
- Mixed 3 to 7 times per week, temperature
15 to 60ฐC, oxygen up to 21%, moisture 30
to 40%, pH 5 to 9
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
Point of Contact:
Remedial Project Manager
Umatilla Army Depot Activity
Hermiston, OR
Waste Source:
Surface Impoundment/Lagoon
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Field demonstration of windrow
composting to biodegrade
explosives-contaminated soils.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 244 cubic yards (8 windrows, 28 cubic yards each)
- Predominantly Quincy fine sand and Quincy loamy fine sand
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Concentrations of explosives in soil to be below 30 ppm; target compounds were TNT and RDX
- Top 5 feet of soil below the lagoons to be excavated, treated, and returned to the excavated area
Results:
- Windrow composting performance after 40-day treatment generally reduced the levels of target explosives to below the
cleanup goals
- TNT reduced from 1,600 to 4 ppm (aerated and nonaerated)
- RDX reduced from 1,000 to 7 ppm (aerated) and 2 ppm (nonaerated)
- HMX reduced from 200 to 47 ppm (aerated) and 5 ppm (nonaerated)
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Remediation Case Studies: Bioremediation
Windrow Composting of Explosives Contaminated Soil at
Umatilla Army Depot Activity
Hermiston, Oregon (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- No costs were available for the field demonstration
Projected cost for full-scale windrow composting:
- Capital cost for treatment activities - $1,840,000 (including equipment, buildings, structures, mechanical/piping, and
electrical)
- Five-year operating cost - $2,000,000 (including power, amendments, fuel, labor, and maintenance)
- Full-scale costs assume 20,000 tons of soil, 5-year project duration, nonaerated windrows, mixed daily, 30% soil
loading, 30-day treatment periods, and compliance with RCRA Waste Pile Facility Standards
Description:
From approximately 1955 to 1965, the Umatilla Army Depot Activity (UMDA) operated a munitions washout facility in
Hermiston, Oregon, where hot water and steam were used to remove explosives from munitions bodies. About 85 million
gallons of heavily-contaminated wash water were discharged to two settling lagoons at the site. The underlying soils and
groundwater were determined to be contaminated with explosive compounds, primarily TNT, RDX, and HMX, and the
site was placed on the NPL in 1987.
Windrow composting was used in a field demonstration at UMDA from May to November 1992 to treat 244 cubic yards
of contaminated soil. Nonaerated and aerated windrows were treated for 40 days, using several soil amendments, and
tested for residual contamination. TNT was reduced from 1600 to 4 ppm (aerated and nonaerated), RDX reduced from
1000 to 7 ppm (nonaerated) and 2 ppm (aerated), and HMX reduced from 200 to 47 ppm (aerated) and 5 ppm
(nonaerated) in the 40 day treatment period. With the exception of HMX (aerated), these levels were below the targeted
soil cleanup levels of 30 ppm.
Costs were not available for the field demonstration. The costs for a full-scale application of windrow composting at
Umatilla were estimated assuming treatment of 20,000 tons of soil, 5-year project duration, nonaerated windrows, mixed
daily, 30% soil loading, 30-day treatment periods, and RCRA Waste Pile facility standards. The capital cost for the full-
scale application was estimated as $2,118,000, and the annual operating cost as $527,000.
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3.0 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES: GROUNDWATER TREATMENT
Density-Driven Groundwater Sparging at Amcor
Precast Ogden, Utah 38
Petroleum Product Recovery and Contaminated
Groundwater Remediation Amoco Petroleum Pipeline
Constantine, Michigan 40
Recovery of Free Petroleum Product Fort Drum, Fuel
Dispensing Area 1595 Watertown, New York 42
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at
Langley Air Force Base Virginia 44
Dynamic Underground Stripping Demonstrated at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Gasoline
Spill Site, Livermore, California 46
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at
Operable Unit B/C McClellan Air Force Base
California 48
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at
Operable Unit D McClellan Air Force Base California 50
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at Twin
Cities Army Ammunition Plant, New Brighton,
Minnesota 52
Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at U.S.
Department of Energy Kansas City Plant Kansas City,
Missouri 54
Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at U.S.
Department of Energy Savannah River Site, Aiken,
South Carolina 56
In Situ Air Stripping of Contaminated Groundwater at
U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site Aiken,
South Carolina 58
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Density-Driven Groundwater Sparging at
Amcor Precast
Ogden, Utah
Site Name:
Amcor Precast
Location:
Ogden, Utah
Contaminants:
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Total Xylenes (BTEX), Naphthalene,
and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)
Groundwater
- Average groundwater concentrations (mg/L) in plume area/site
maximum - TPH (51/190), benzene (1.3/4.7), toluene (2.4/9.4),
ethylbenzene (0.78/2.7), total xylenes (2.5/8.0), naphthalene
(0.18/0.63)
Soil
- Average soil concentrations (mg/kg) in plume area/site maximum -
TPH (555/1,600), benzene (2.0/7.8), toluene (1.4/2.5), ethylbenzene
(5.7/19), total xylenes (37/110)
Period of Operation:
March 1992 to
September 1993
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Todd Schrauf
Wasatch Env., Inc.
2251B West California
Ave.
Salt Lake City, UT
84104
(801) 972-8400
SIC Code:
Not Available
Technology:
In situ Density-Driven Groundwater Sparging and Soil Vapor
Extraction
- System consists of three main components - groundwater sparging
system; groundwater recirculation system; and soil vapor extraction
system
- Groundwater sparging was principal method of remediation; SVE
was used locally
Sparging System
- Density-driven groundwater sparging - removed petroleum
hydrocarbons using (1) aerobic degradation and (2) in situ air
stripping; water inside the wellbore was aerated directly by injecting
air at the base of the wellbore
- 12 groundwater sparging wells installed to a depth of 18 feet
Groundwater Recirculation
- 3 downgradient extraction (pumping) wells installed to a depth of 20
feet and 1 upgradient injection galley (former tank excavation
backfilled with pea gravel)
SVE
- 3 vertical extraction wells located adjacent to the pumping wells
- Vapor discharged to atmosphere
Cleanup Authority:
State: Utah
Department of
Environmental
Quality, Division of
Response and
Remediation (DERR)
Point of Contact:
Shelly Quick
Utah DERR
Waste Source:
Underground Storage
Tanks
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Groundwater and Soil
- Site stratigraphy - interbedded silty sand and poorly graded fine gravel underlain by a silty
clay aquitard at a depth of approximately 18 feet below ground surface
- Depth to groundwater - 5 to 11 feet; aquifer thickness (7-13 feet)
- Porosity (20-35%), hydraulic conductivity (190 ft/day)
- Aerial extent of the plume - approximately 30,000 ft2; vertical extent of contamination -
contaminants concentrated in vertical zone from approximately 5 to 11 feet below ground
surface
- Estimated volume of contaminated soil - 7,000 yd3
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Density-Driven Groundwater Sparging at
Amcor Precast
Ogden, Utah (Continued)
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full-scale remediation of groundwater contaminated with diesel and gasoline fuels using in situ density-driven
groundwater sparging and soil vapor extraction.
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Soil - DEQ Recommended Cleanup Levels (RCLs) - TPH - 30 mg/kg; Benzene - 0.2 mg/kg; Toluene -100 mg/kg;
Ethylbenzene - 70 mg/kg; Xylenes -1,000 mg/kg; Naphthalene - 2.0 mg/kg
- Groundwater - BTEX and naphthalene to below MCLs; no cleanup goal for TPH in groundwater
- Air - no air discharge permit was required because air emissions were below de minimis standards of the Utah Division
of Air Quality
Results:
- The cleanup goals were achieved for all contaminants of concern in both soil and groundwater
Cost Factors:
- Total Capital Cost: $156,950 (including drill/install wells and sparging system, start-up, project management)
- Total Annual Operating Cost: $62,750 (including electricity, maintenance, monitoring)
Description:
Amcor Precast in Ogden, Utah, stored gasoline and diesel fuel in three underground storage tanks. A release was
discovered in 1990. An investigation in 1991 indicated that the areal extent of groundwater contamination was
approximately 30,000 ft2 and that an estimated 6,700-7,000 yd3 of soil had been contaminated. The primary contaminants
of concern were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), naphthalene, and total petroleum hydrocarbons
(TPH). A density-driven groundwater sparging system and soil vapor extraction (SVE) system were installed in
January/February 1992 and operated from March 1992 to September 1993. The sparging system was used as the primary
remediation technology. SVE was used locally to treat volatilized hydrocarbons, created by the air stripping process, and
prevent contaminants from migrating to nearby office buildings.
With the density-driven groundwater sparging system at Amcor, water inside the wellbore was aerated by injecting air
into the base of the wellbore (rather than injected under pressure) with the resulting injection air bubbles stripping
contaminants from the water while increasing the dissolved oxygen content. In addition, the aeration process acted to
create groundwater circulation and transport. Therefore, with this system, petroleum hydrocarbons were removed from
the subsurface by (1) aerobic biodegradation resulting from the supply of oxygen to the saturated zone; and (2) in situ air
stripping. The air stripped vapors are transferred to the vadose zone and are biodegraded in place. The application of
density-driven groundwater sparging and SVE achieved the specified cleanup goals for both soil and groundwater. The
cleanup goals for soil and for all contaminants except naphthalene in groundwater were achieved within 11 months of
system operation. The cleanup goal for naphthalene in groundwater was achieved within 18 months.
The total capital cost for this application was about $157,000 and total annual operating costs were $62,750. Air sparging
is limited to contaminants that can be degraded by indigenous bacteria under aerobic conditions. Maximum sparging well
air flow and groundwater wellbore circulation rates are dependent on well diameter, depth to groundwater, and the
hydraulic conductivity of the formation. Therefore, longer remediation times or a greater number of sparging wells may
be required in lower permeability formations.
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Petroleum Product Recovery and
Contaminated Groundwater Remediation
Amoco Petroleum Pipeline
Constantine, Michigan
Site Name:
Amoco Petroleum Pipeline
Location:
Constantine, Michigan
Contaminants:
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes
(BTEX), Methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE)
- An estimated 300,000 to 2 million gallons
of gasoline, fuel oil, and kerosene released
to subsurface
- Free product present in an approximate 6-
acre area at an average apparent
thickness of 2 feet
Period of Operation:
Status: Ongoing
Report covers -10/88 to 6/94
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
Residuals Management Technology,
Inc.
SIC Code:
4612 (crude petroleum piping)
Waste Source:
Other: Petroleum pipeline leak
Technology:
Groundwater Extraction followed by
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC); In situ
Air Sparging of saturated zone
Groundwater Extraction With GAC
- 4 extraction wells installed in two phases
(1988 and 1992); depths up to 28 feet
below ground surface (bgs) with
extraction rates of 50 and 100 gpm
- Extracted water treated using two GAC
vessels in series; recovered free product
sent to storage in aboveground tanks
In-situ Air Sparging
- 30 two-inch diameter air sparging wells
with 3-foot screens
- Installed to depths of 25-30 feet
Two 300 scfm blowers
Cleanup Authority:
Other: Voluntary cleanup
Point of Contact:
Paul Ressmeyer
Remedial Project Manager
Amoco Corporation
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full-scale pump and treat of
petroleum contaminated-
groundwater using granular
activated carbon to recover free
product and treat groundwater. In
situ air sparging was subsequently
added to treat the saturated zone.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Groundwater
775 million gallons of groundwater between 1988 and 1993
- Sand and gravel
- Porosity 30-40%
- Hydraulic conductivity 0.0002 - 0.0004 cm/sec
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- The remediation is being performed as a voluntary action by Amoco; final cleanup criteria will be established in the
future with concurrence from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
- Treated water required to meet SPDES permit requirements prior to discharge - benzene (5 /zg/L), total BTEX (20
ug/L). MTBE (380 ug/L). pH (6.5-9.0)
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Petroleum Product Recovery and
Contaminated Groundwater Remediation
Amoco Petroleum Pipeline
Constantine, Michigan (Continued)
Results:
Groundwater Extraction with GAC
- 118,000 gallons of free product recovered (10/87-12/93); rate of free product recovery has decreased to 20 to 25 gallons
per month as of late 1993
- Free product has been hydraulically contained and observed apparent thickness of free product has been reduced to
<0.01 feet
- Concentrations of BTEX in extracted groundwater have remained relatively constant; MTBE concentrations have
decreased
- Treated effluent from GAC have generally met SPDES discharge limits
In-situ Air Sparging
- Pilot testing indicated a radius of influence of 65-150 feet per single well
- No additional results were available at the time of this report
Cost Factors:
- Total Capital Costs: about $297,000 for groundwater recovery and treatment system (including well construction,
pumps, system installation, engineering); $375,000 for the air sparging system (including 3 months of initial operations,
and testing)
- Annual Operating Costs (approximate): about $475,000 for groundwater recovery and treatment system; not yet
defined for air sparging system
- An estimated total cost for completing the cleanup is not available at this time
Description:
The Amoco Corporation owns and operates a liquid petroleum product pipeline that transverses the Constantine site. As a
result of a pipeline leak, discovered in June 1987, an estimated 350,000 to 2 million gallons of gasoline, fuel oil, and
kerosene were released to the subsurface. Free product was present at an average apparent thickness of 2 feet. Beginning
in October 1988, a groundwater pump and treat system, consisting of 4 extraction wells and granular activated carbon
(GAC) vessels, was used to recover free product and treat the contaminated groundwater. In situ air sparging of the
saturated zone was subsequently added and began operating in February 1994.
Through December 1993, groundwater extraction with GAC had recovered an estimated 118,000 Ibs of free product and
reduced the observed apparent thickness of the free product layer to <0.01 feet. MTBE concentrations were reduced;
however, BTEX concentrations near the source of contamination remained relatively constant. No full-scale performance
data were available for the air sparging system at the time of this report.
The groundwater extraction with GAC system operated > 95% of the time through December 1993. Periodic shutdowns of
1 to 3 days were required for carbon changeout and extraction well rehabilitation. Leasing the activated carbon system
and carbon provided flexibility to modify the treatment system in response to changing operating conditions. However,
GAC proved to be inefficient in removing MTBE when compared to BTEX.
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Recovery of Free Petroleum Product
Fort Drum, Fuel Dispensing Area 1595
Watertown, New York
Site Name:
Fort Drum Fuel Dispensing Area 1595
Location:
Watertown, New York
Contaminants:
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and
Xylenes (BTEX)
- Gasoline and #2 fuel oil
- Free product measured in two wells in
1990 and 1994
- Full extent of contamination not yet
defined
Period of Operation:
Status: Ongoing
Report covers - 2/92 to 4/94
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
Not Available
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Groundwater Extraction followed by Air
Stripping and Granular Activated Carbon
- 2 recovery wells - approximately 25 ft.
below ground surface; average rate of 5-6
gpm
- Oil/water separator - 575 gallon capacity
- Air stripper - 750 cfm
- GAC - 4 55-gallon steel drums; 200 Ib
GAC per drum; operated 2 in series
Cleanup Authority:
DoD
Point of Contact:
Remedial Project Manager
Fort Drum Environmental
Division
Watertown, NY
Waste Source:
Underground Storage Tank
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full-scale remediation to recover free-
phase petroleum product using
groundwater extraction and air
stripping and granular activated
carbon (GAC).
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Groundwater and Free Product
- Hydraulic conductivity of aquifer 0.11 to 0.0012 cm/sec
- Transmissivity 11,787 to 32,518 using Jacob method
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Final cleanup criteria have not been established at this time; the project is being conducted as a Rapid Response Interim
Remediation
- Treated water discharged to the POTW must meet the following criteria - benzene (3 ^g/L), toluene (35 /4g/L), xylenes
(190 /fg/L), ethylbenzene (8 /zg/L)
Results:
- Information on the total quantity of free product recovered is not available at this time
- The effluent from the treatment system met all discharge criteria
Cost Factors:
- Total Capital Costs - $958,780 (including system design and construction including site work, equipment, and
mobilization/demobilization)
- Total Annual Operating Costs - $129,440 (including carbon changeout/regeneration, maintenance, laboratory analysis,
and project management)
- An estimated cost for completion of the cleanup is not available at this time
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Recovery of Free Petroleum Product
Fort Drum, Fuel Dispensing Area 1595
Watertown, New York (Continued)
Description:
Fort Drum in Watertown, New York, established in 1906, serves as a combat skills training area and operations
headquarters for light infantry troops. Motor vehicle and aircraft refueling activities are conducted in Area 1595 of the
facility. Area 1595 includes an underground storage tank (UST) and 10 dispensing units for gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet
fuel. In 1982, free petroleum product was observed in a spring near this area. Suspected contaminant sources include
leaking USTs and wastewaters from vehicle washing operations located adjacent to Area 1595. The primary contaminants
of concern are BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) and free petroleum product. The full extent of the
contamination had not been defined at the time of this report. The site remediation is being performed as a Rapid
Response Interim Remediation and final cleanup criteria have not been established at this time.
A pump and treat recovery, consisting of two recovery wells, an oil/water separator, an air stripper, and granular
activated carbon vessels, was operated from March 1992 to mid-1993. The system was restarted in February 1994 and was
operational at the time of this report. The first year of operation focused on troubleshooting and little data were collected
during that time. As such, no information is available at this time on the total quantity of free product recovered or the
rate of recovery. Data from the air stripper/GAC system indicated that the concentrations of contaminants in the effluent
meet the POTW discharge criteria for BTEX. An air emissions certificate was issued by the State in October 1992;
however, information on specific emission limits was not available at the time of this report.
The total capital costs for this remediation are $958,780 and the estimated total annual operating costs are $129,440.
Based on operations to date, it has been observed that free product recovery pumps require frequent maintenance and that
activated carbon efficiency was limited because of fouling by iron and biomass.
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at
Langley Air Force Base
Virginia
Site Name:
Langley Air Force Base, IRP Site 4
Location:
Langley, Virginia
Contaminants:
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes
(BTEX) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
(TPH)
- Primary constituents of JP-4 fuel are
alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkylbenzenes,
indans/tetralins, naphthalenes
- Total Recoverable Petroleum
Hydrocarbons - 25 to 4,100 ppb in
groundwater; >100 ppm in soil
- Free product floating on groundwater has
exceeded 1 ft. in thickness
Period of Operation:
Status: Ongoing
Report covers - 7/92 to 1/94
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
Not Available
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Waste Source:
Underground Storage Tanks
Technology:
Groundwater Extraction using a Vacuum
Assisted Well Point Extraction System and
Aboveground Air Stripping
- Extraction -16 vacuum extraction wells
connected by a header pipe to a central
vacuum system; wells extend to
approximately 14 ft. below ground surface
- Extraction network has an average flow
rate of 32 gpm (2 gpm per well); vacuum
pump provides 24-25 in of Hg
- Separation - initial oil/water separation
occurs in a vacuum decanter followed by a
high efficiency oil/water separator; oil
phase is sent to a storage tank
- Treatment of aqueous phase - 2 air
stripping columns - Column 1 - air/water
ratio of 180 and air flow of 1,440 cfm at 60
gpm; Column 2 - air/water ratio of 100
and air flow of 800 cfm at 60 gpm
Cleanup Authority:
UST Corrective Action and
State: Virginia
Point of Contact:
Vern Bartels
Remedial Project Manager
Langley AFB
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full-scale remediation of
groundwater contaminated with fuel
oil using a vacuum assisted well point
extraction system and aboveground
air stripping.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Groundwater and Free Product
- Area of free product - about 600 ft. x 300 ft; estimated volume of free product
is 12,000 to 31,000 gallons
- Area of groundwater contamination - about 1,000 ft. x 2,000 ft.
- Properties of aquifer include pH (6.4 - 7.2), hydraulic conductivity (0.00099 -
0.002 ft/day), transmissivitv (0.99 - 2.2 ft2/dav)
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at
Langley Air Force Base
Virginia (Continued)
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Groundwater: BTEX - Benzene (1.4 ppb), Toluene (2 ppb), Ethylbenzene (1 ppb), Total Xylenes (3 ppb)
- Air Stripper Criteria for discharge: BTEX - Benzene (7 ppb), Toluene (50 ppb), Ethylbenzene (4.3 ppb), Total Xylenes
(13 ppb), Lead (5.6 ppb) and TPH (1,000 ppb)
- Cleanup conducted under Virginia State Regulations and Federal Underground Storage Tank Regulations
Results:
As of 1/94:
- Floating product - appears to be largely unaffected at this time; no estimates of the amount of free product recovered are
available at this time
- Air Stripper - average concentrations from air stripper are below discharge criteria
Cost Factors:
- Total Capital Costs - $569,739 (1992) (including demolition and excavation, system installation, startup, mobilization and
site preparation)
- Annual Operating Costs - $216,561 (1993), $143,047 (1994) (including labor, materials, and equipment)
- An estimated total cost for completing the cleanup is not available at this time
Description:
Langley AFB has operated since 1916 as an aviation research and development facility. JP-4 fuel was stored in
underground storage tanks and, in 1981, twenty-four 25,000-gallon underground fuel tanks and a fuel pipeline located at
IRP Site 4 were determined to be leaking. In 1987, the tanks were abandoned by cleaning and sand-cement backfilling.
Subsequent remedial investigation activities detected fuel contamination in soil and groundwater, including free product
floating on the groundwater table at up to 1 foot in thickness. Primary contaminants of concern at the site are BTEX
(benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH).
A groundwater pump and treat system consisting of a vacuum assisted well point extraction system, oil/water separators,
and air strippers, began operating in July 1992 and was operational at the time of this report. Results to date indicate that,
on average, the effluent concentration of BTEX, TRPH, and lead from the air stripper are below the discharge criteria.
However, the layer of free product floating on the groundwater appears to be largely unaffected at this time. In addition,
an estimate of free product recovered to date cannot be made since a sample port was not installed because of vacuum inlet
conditions. It was noted that such sampling points are necessary to allow quantification of system performance.
The total capital costs for this application were about $569,700 and the annual operating costs for years 1993 and 1994
were about $216,600 and $143,000, respectively. Operational difficulties including problems with scaling, oil/water
separator icing, and delays in acquiring spare parts have caused the system to be down about 51% of the time. In early
1994, adjustments to the system were made, including the use of chemical additives to prevent fouling of the system. It was
noted that a roof over the treatment plant would have prevented weather-related damage and downtime (i.e., icing of
oil/water separator).
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Dynamic Underground Stripping
Demonstrated at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Gasoline Spill Site, Livermore, California
Site Name:
Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Gasoline Spill Site
Location:
Livermore, California
Contaminants:
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Total
Xylenes (BTEX)
- Concentrations of fuel hydrocarbons (FHC)
in gasoline as high as 5,100 ppm in
saturated sediments near center of vadose
zone (indicates likely presence of free-phase
gasoline)
- Benzene levels in groundwater greater than
1 ppb found within 300 feet of release point
- Benzene levels in soil greater than 50 ppm
Period of Operation:
November 1992 - December
1993
Cleanup Type:
Field demonstration
(commercial-scale)
Technical Information:
Roger Aines, Principal Investigator,
LLNL (510) 423-7184
Robin Newmark, LLNL
(510) 423-3644
Kent Udell, UC Berkeley
(510) 642-2928
John Mathur, US DOE
(301) 903-7922
SIC Code:
5541 (Gasoline service station)
Waste Source:
Underground Storage Tanks
Technology:
Dynamic Underground Stripping (DUS)
- Combination of three technologies: steam
injection at periphery of contaminated area
to drive contaminants to centrally-located
vacuum extraction locations; electrical
heating of less permeable soils; and
underground imaging to delineate heated
areas
- Six steam injection/electrical heating wells
approximately 145 feet deep, 4-inch
diameter, screened in upper and lower
steam zones
- Three electrical heating wells
approximately 120 feet deep, 2-inch
diameter
- One groundwater and vapor extraction
well, approximately 155 feet deep, 8-inch
diameter
- Extracted water processed through an air-
cooled heat exchanger, oil/water separators,
filters, UV/H2O2 treatment unit, air
stripping, and GAC
- Extracted vapors processed through heat
exchanger, demister, and internal
combustion (1C) engines
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA and Other: Bay Area
Air Quality Management
District
Licensing Information:
Kathy Willis
University of California Office
of Tech Transfer
1320 Harbor Bay Parkway,
Suite 150
Alameda, CA 94501
(510) 748-6595
Kathy Kaufman
Tech. Transfer Init. Program,
L-795
University of California
Lawrence Livermore Nat'l.
Laboratory
7000 East Avenue
P.O. Box 808
Livermore, CA 94550
(510) 422-2646
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Commercial-scale demonstration of dynamic underground stripping. Results compared to pump and treat, and pump
and treat with vacuum extraction technologies.
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Dynamic Underground Stripping
Demonstrated at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Gasoline Spill Site, Livermore, California (Continued)
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil and Groundwater
- 100,000 cubic yards heated to at least 200ฐF
- 4 hydrogeologic units and 7 hydrostratigraphic layers identified near gas pad
- Hydraulic conductivity ranged from <5 gpd/ft2 (low permeability) to 1,070 gpd/ft2 (very high to high permeability)
- Low groundwater velocities kept contamination confined to a relatively small area
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Groundwater cleanup levels established based on California MCLs: benzene 1 ppb; ethylbenzene 680 ppb; and xylenes
1,750 ppb
- Remediation was required until soil contaminant concentrations were identified as not adversely impacting
groundwater
- Air permits were issued by the BAAQMD for the air stripper, GAC, 1C engine, and for site-wide benzene
Results:
- Over 7,600 gallons of gasoline removed during demonstration effort
- Most of the gasoline was recovered in the vapor stream and not from extracted groundwater
Cost Factors:
- Overall program costs for the field demonstration, including all research and development costs, were $1,700,000 for
before-treatment costs (project management, characterization and compliance monitoring), and $5,400,000 for
treatment activities (process monitoring, subsurface wells, steam generation and electrical heating surface equipment,
aboveground treatment systems, utilities, and labor and material costs)
Description:
The 800-acre Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) site was used as a flight training base and aircraft
assembly and repair facility by the Navy beginning in 1942. In 1951, the Atomic Energy Commission converted the site
into a weapons design and basic physics research laboratory. Initial releases of hazardous materials occurred in the mid-
to late-1940s. Between 1952 and 1979, up to 17,000 gallons of leaded gasoline were released from underground storage
tanks beneath a gasoline filling station in an area now designated as the Gasoline Spill Area (GSA). Soil and groundwater
in the GSA were found to be contaminated with BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) and fuel
hydrocarbons.
A commercial-scale field demonstration of Dynamic Underground Stripping (DUS) was completed at the GSA from
November 1992 to December 1993. DUS is a combination of three technologies: steam injection at the periphery of a
contaminated area to drive contaminants to a centrally-located vacuum extraction location; electrical heating of less
permeable soils; and underground imaging (primarily Electrical Resistance Tomography) to delineate heated areas. The
DUS system used at the GSA employed 6 steam injection/electrical heating wells, 3 electrical heating wells, and 1 vacuum
extraction well, as well as above ground water and vapor treatment equipment.
Over 7,600 gallons of gasoline were removed by the DUS system in the demonstration effort. Most of the gasoline was
recovered in the vapor stream and not from the extracted groundwater. Potential cost savings of $4,000,000 were
identified for applying DUS at the same site in the future (taking into account the benefits of the lessons learned and
without research-oriented activities).
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater
at Operable Unit B/C
McClellan Air Force Base
California
Site Name:
McClellan Air Force Base, Operable
Unit (OU) B/C
Location:
Sacramento, California
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics
- Trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-
Dichloroethene (cis-l,2-DCE),
Tetrachloroethene (PCE), 1,2-
Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA)
- In an area of 7,800 million cubic feet,
there is an estimated 33,000 kg of VOCs;
percent of total mass for individual
constituents is TCE (82.7%), cis-l,2-DCE
(0.5%), PCE (16.7%), 1,2-DCA (0.1%)
Period of Operation:
Status: Ongoing
Report covers -1988 to 1993
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
Not Available
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Groundwater Extraction followed by
Aboveground Air Stripping
- 7 extraction wells pump to a main
treatment plant
- Air stripper - design capacity of 1,000
gpm; average flow rate of 250 gpm
- Supplemental Treatment - thermal
oxidizer and caustic scrubber for offgases;
two GAC units in series to polish liquid
phase prior to discharge
Cleanup Authority:
DoD
Point of Contact:
Remedial Project Manager
McClellan AFB
Sacramento, CA
Waste Source:
Landfill; Underground Storage
Tank; Disposal Pit; Open Burn Area
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full-scale remediation of
groundwater contaminated with
VOCs using groundwater extraction
and aboveground air stripping.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Groundwater
- As of 1/94: Over 660 million gallons of groundwater treated since startup in
March 1987
- Groundwater subsurface consists of 5 distinct monitoring zones (A through
E); evidence points to hydraulic link among 5 zones
- Hydraulic conductivity ranges from 2.8 to 30.7 ft/day
- Transmissivity ranges from 100-2,000 ft2/day
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
Final cleanup criteria have not been established at this time
- Current target is <0.55 /^g/L VOCs for groundwater
- NPDES permit - acetone, MEK, and MIKto <1 mg/L and VOCs to <0.
Results:
- Influent VOC concentrations have decreased from about 60 ppm in 1987 to about 4 ppm in 1993
- The effluent from the treatment system has been below the permitted discharge levels since operation began
- As of 3/94, approximately 44,000 Ibs of VOCs have been removed since startup
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater
at Operable Unit B/C
McClellan Air Force Base
California (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Total Capital Cost in 1987 - $4,000,000 (including over $1,700,000 for the incinerator, air stripper, scrubber, wells, and
GAC tanks, and about $1,000,000 for heat exchangers, blowers, pumps, and compressors; control center)
- Total Annual Operating Costs - $1,240,000 (including contractor operations, utilities, sampling and analysis, project
management)
- An estimated total cost for completing the cleanup is not available at this time
Description:
The McClellan Air Force Base in Sacramento, California was established in 1937. Operations at the 3,000-acre facility
include aircraft, electronics, and communications equipment maintenance and repair, and a wide variety of hazardous
materials have been used at the site. The site was added to the National Priorities List in 1987. Areas of contamination at
the site include Operable Unit B (OU B) and Operable Unit C (OU C). Releases from OU B resulted from disposal/release
of hazardous substances from landfills, underground storage tanks, storage lots, burial and burn pits. Releases from OU C
were attributed to waste disposal activities. Extensive VOC contamination has been identified at the facility. The primary
constituents of concern are TCE, cis-l,2-DCE, PCE, and 1,2-DCA.
A groundwater extraction and treatment system including air stripping was installed with operations beginning in 1988.
Offgases from the air stripper are treated by thermal oxidation and caustic scrubbing. The effluent from the air stripper is
treated using GAC prior to a NPDES-permitted discharge. The 1993 data on the influent to the air stripper show that the
VOC concentrations have decreased to about 4 ppm from concentrations of 60 ppm (1987). An estimated 44,000 pounds of
VOCs have been removed as of March 1994. The remediation was ongoing at the time of this report and final performance
data are not yet available. In addition, the treatment system has been effective in treating groundwater to below the
NPDES discharge limits.
The total capital costs for this system are $4,000,000 and the total annual operating costs are $1,240,000. The system has
been on line 98% of the time. Problems of scaling and deposition in the air stripper from calcium and magnesium salt
precipitation were remedied by changing to 2-inch packing from 1-inch packing in the air stripper. Corrosion was
minimized through material changes to nickel-based commercial alloys and change in physical layout to improve flow.
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater
at Operable Unit D
McClellan Air Force Base
California
Site Name:
McClellan Air Force Base
Superfund Site, Operable Unit D
Location:
Sacramento, California
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics
- Trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-
Dichloroethene (cis-l,2-DCE),
Tetrachloroethene (PCE), 1-2-
Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA)
- In an area of 7,800 million cubic feet, there
is an estimated 33,000 kg of VOCs; percent
of total mass for individual constituents -
TCE (82.7%), cis-l,2-DCE (0.5%), PCE
(16.7%), 1,2-DCA (0.1%)
Period of Operation:
Status: Ongoing
Report covers -1987 to 1993
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
Not Available
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Groundwater Extraction followed by
Aboveground Air Stripping
- 6 extraction wells pump to a main
treatment plant
- Air Stripper - design capacity of 1,000 gpm;
average flow rate of 250 gpm
- Supplemental Treatment - thermal oxidizer
and caustic scrubber for offgases; two GAC
units in series to polish liquid phase prior to
discharge
Cleanup Authority:
DoD
Point of Contact:
Remedial Project Manager
McClellan AFB
Sacramento, CA
Waste Source:
Disposal Pit; Open Burn Pits
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full-scale remediation of
groundwater contaminated with
VOCs using groundwater extraction
and aboveground air stripping.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Groundwater
- As of 1/94: Over 660 million gallons of groundwater treated since startup in
March 1987
- Groundwater subsurface consists of 5 distinct monitoring zones (A through E);
evidence points to hydraulic link among 5 zones
- Hydraulic conductivity ranges from 2.8 to 30.7 ft/day
- Transmissivity ranges from 100-2,000 ft2/day
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
Final cleanup criteria have not been established at this time
- Current target is <0.55 /^g/L VOCs in groundwater
- NPDES permit limits on acetone, MEK, MIK of 1 mg/L and VOCs of 0.
Results:
- Influent VOC concentrations have decreased from about 60 ppm in 1987 to about 4 ppm in 1993
- The effluent from the treatment system has been below the permitted discharge levels since operation began
- Approximately 44,000 Ibs of VOCs have been removed since startup
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater
at Operable Unit D
McClellan Air Force Base
California (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Total Capital Costs - $4,000,000 (including over $1,700,000 for the incinerator, air stripper, scrubber, wells, and GAC
tanks, and about $1,000,000 for heat exchangers, blowers, pumps, and compressors; control center)
- Total Annual Operating Costs - $1,240,000 (including contractor operations, utilities, sampling and analysis, project
management)
- An estimated total cost for completing the cleanup is not available at this time
Description:
The McClellan Air Force Base in Sacramento, California was established in 1937. Operations at the 3,000-acre facility
include aircraft, electronics, and communications equipment maintenance and repair, and a wide variety of hazardous
materials have been used at the site. Operable Unit D (OU D) was primarily a waste disposal area at McClellan from
1956 until the last 1970s. Numerous burial and burn pits which had received solid waste, oil, various chemicals, and
industrial sludges were closed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Extensive VOC contamination has been identified at the
facility with the primary constituents of concern at OU D being TCE, cis-l,2-DCE, PCE, and 1,2-DCA.
A groundwater extraction and treatment system including air stripping was installed with operations beginning in 1988.
Offgases from the air stripper are treated by thermal oxidation and caustic scrubbing. The effluent from the air stripper
is treated using GAC prior to a NPDES-permitted discharge. The 1993 data on the influent to the air stripper show that
the VOC concentrations have decreased to about 4 ppm from concentrations of 60 ppm (1987). An estimated 44,000
pounds of VOCs have been removed as of March 1994. The remediation was ongoing at the time of this report and final
performance data are not yet available. In addition, the treatment system has been effective in treating groundwater to
below the NPDES discharge limits.
The total capital costs for this system are $4,000,000 and the total annual operating costs are $1,240,000. The system has
been on line 98% of the time. Problems of scaling and deposition in the air stripper from calcium and magnesium salt
precipitation were remedied by changing to 2-inch packing from 1-inch packing in the air stripper. Corrosion was
minimized through material changes to nickel-based commercial alloys and change in physical layout to improve flow.
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at
Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant,
New Brighton, Minnesota
Site Name:
Twin Cities Army Ammunition
Plant (TCAAP)
Location:
New Brighton, Minnesota
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics
- Contaminants of greatest concern in the
groundwater are: 1,1-DCE, 1,1-DCA, 1,2-
DCE, chloroform, 1,1,1-TCA, TCE, and
PCE
- TCE is the most prevalent VOC on site,
with concentrations greater than 10,000
ppb in groundwater
Period of Operation:
Status: Ongoing
Report covers -10/87 to 9/92
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
Not Available
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Groundwater Extraction followed by Air
Stripping
- 12 boundary recovery wells and 5 source
area recovery wells
- Air stripping plant designed to treat 2,900
gal/min; 4 towers - 2 @ 7 feet diameter and
2 @ 8 feet diameter; all 36 feet tall with
propylene packing
- Treated water discharged to a sand and
gravel pit, or, alternately to an elevated
tank
- Designed for an operating life of 30 years
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
- ROD Date: 10/88
Point of Contact:
Remedial Project Manager
Twin Cities Army Ammunition
Plant
New Brighton, MN
Waste Source:
Other: Variety of Waste Disposal
Practices, including Discharges to
Sewer, Dumping, and Burning
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Pump and treat of large-volume of
groundwater contaminated with
VOCs.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Groundwater
- Over 1.4 billion gallons of water pumped from 10/91 to 9/92
- Complex hydrogeology and heterogeneities in a multilayer aquifer system
- Fractured bedrock and discontinuous sand, clay, and till layers
- Hydraulic conductivity 0.001 to 137 ft/day; transmissivity 3,160 to 28,724
ftVday
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Several RODs apply to overall TCAAP remedial program, including a ROD for groundwater remediation
- Target cleanup criteria focus on residual levels of contamination in groundwater and containment of existing plume
- Target cleanup levels in groundwater include: TCE - 5 ppb; PCE - 6.9 ppb; 1,2-DCE - 70 ppb; and 1,1,1-TCA - 200
ppb
Results:
- Boundary Groundwater Recovery System (BGRS) recovered an average of 23 pounds of VOCs per day
- TCAAP Groundwater Recovery System (TGRS) recovered 19,510 pounds of VOCs in one year of operation
- Historical total of 92,700 pounds of VOCs recovered in 6 years of operation (BGRS and TGRS)
- Plume containment successful at site
- VOC plumes changed little after several years of treatment; estimate of remediation time increased to achieve a
concentration of 17 ppb TCE in 50 to 70 years
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump & Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at
Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant,
New Brighton, Minnesota (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Capital costs - $8,034,454 (including construction of treatment plant, wells, force main and pump houses, startup,
engineering, and project management)
- Annual operating costs - $588,599 (including power, labor, maintenance, laboratory charges, and replacement of tower
packing)
- Total Life Cycle Costing estimated as $0.30 per 1,000 gallons of water treated
- Total cost of operation and maintenance calculated as $0.12 per 1,000 gallons of water treated
Description:
The Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant, established in 1941, has been used for the production and storage of munitions.
The site includes 7 major production buildings and over 300 auxiliary buildings. A series of hydrogeological
investigations beginning in 1981 revealed elevated levels of VOCs in groundwater; 14 separate source areas have been
identified at the site. Trichloroethene (TCE) has been measured at concentrations over 10,000 ppb in the groundwater.
Target groundwater cleanup levels were established for four constituents - TCE, PCE, 1,2-DCE, and 1,1,1-TCA.
Groundwater extraction followed by air stripping has been used at this site since October 1987 to treat contaminated
groundwater. The groundwater extraction system includes 12 boundary recovery wells and 5 source area recovery wells.
Extracted groundwater is treated using four 36-feet tall air stripping towers. An estimated 92,700 pounds of VOCs have
been recovered in 6 years of system operation. Although plume containment has been successful at the site, the plumes
have changed little after several years of treatment.
An estimate of the time required for remediation has been revised from 30 years to 50 to 70 years, based on a review of
data collected to date. Capital costs for this application were $8,034,454, and annual operating costs are $588,599.
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at
U.S. Department of Energy
Kansas City Plant
Kansas City, Missouri
Site Name:
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
Kansas City Plant
Location:
Kansas City, Missouri
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics; includes
Tetrachloroethene (PCE), Trichloroethene
(TCE), 1,2-Dichloroethenes (1,2-DCEs), and
Vinyl Chloride
PCBs, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, and Metals
- TCE concentrations of > 10,000 /zg/L in
groundwater
- Presence of DNAPLs suspected
Period of Operation:
Status: Ongoing
Report covers - 5/88 to 2/94
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
Allied Signal, Inc.
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
3724 (aircraft-engine manufacturing)
Technology:
Groundwater Extraction with Advanced
Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
- 14 extraction wells and one trench;
screened intervals of wells ranged from 27
feet to approximately 47 feet below
ground surface; flow rates ranged from
0.9 to 5 gallons per minute (gpm) based on
a design flow rate of 2 gpm
- Interceptor trench of 250 ft. in length;
ranged in depth from about 22 ft. to 31 ft.
- Treatment system - acidification to
solubilize inorganic metals, bag filtration,
UV/peroxide oxidation, and neutralization
- Initial AOP - UV/Ozone/Peroxide system
replaced in May 1993 with a high intensity
UV/Peroxide system
Cleanup Authority:
RCRA Corrective Action and
Other: Kansas City Water and
Pollution Control Department
Point of Contact:
G.P. Keary
Environmental Restoration
Program Manager
DOE Kansas City Plant
Kansas City, MO
Waste Source:
Manufacturing Process
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Groundwater
- 11.2 million gallons treated (1993)
- Horizontal/Vertical distribution of VOCs in groundwater - up to 4,000 ft.
horizontal and over 40 ft. vertical
- Alluvial deposits underlain by bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale
- Shale is relatively impermeable
- Porosity of aquifer is 20%
- Horizontal Hydraulic Conductivity of aquifer is 1.1 to 2.3 ft/day; sandstone is
0.04 to 0.005 ft/day; underlying shale is impermeable in water
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full scale remediation of groundwater contaminated with VOCs using advanced oxidation processes (UV/peroxide).
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at
U.S. Department of Energy
Kansas City Plant
Kansas City, Missouri (Continued)
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Final cleanup goals for site have not been established at time of report; will be set subsequent to RFI/CMS activities
- Treated groundwater discharged to municipal sewer system must meet requirements of permit issued by the Kansas City
Water and Pollution Control Department; for organics - total organic halogen 0.16 mg/L; metals - 0.69 to 100 mg/L
Results:
As of February 1994:
- Influent VOC concentrations to UV/Peroxide treatment system were 10.6 mg/L with an average influent concentration of
25 mg/L; effluent concentrations were 0.01 mg/L
- The UV/peroxide system destroyed > 99.95% VOCs
- PCBs were detected at levels up to 0.3 /*g/L in influent to UV/peroxide unit; not detected in effluent
- VOC contaminant plume appears to be contained
- No significant change in VOC groundwater concentrations at this time
Cost Factors:
- Total Capital Costs: $1,383,400 (including equipment, site preparation, construction/engineering, startup)
- Annual Operating Costs: $355,200 (including maintenance, project management, laboratory analysis, supplies)
- An estimated total cost for completing the cleanup is not available at this time.
Description:
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Kansas City Plant, constructed in 1942, has been used for aircraft engine
manufacturing, production of nuclear weapons components, and defense-related research and manufacturing operations.
During the 1980s, hydrogeologic investigations identified soil and groundwater contamination at the site which had
resulted from releases from the research and manufacturing operations. The primary contaminants detected included
chlorinated VOCs, aromatic VOCs, PCBs, and metals. DNAPLs are suspected in the groundwater, but have not been
detected at this time. Final cleanup goals have not been established at this time. Treated water from the system is
discharged to the municipal sanitary sewer system under the provisions of a Kansas City Water and Pollution Control
Department wastewater discharge permit (2/88).
Operation of a groundwater pump and treat system, which includes an Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP), began in May
1988 under RCRA corrective action. The initial system included 14 extraction wells followed by a low intensity Ultraviolet
(UV)/Ozone/Peroxide treatment system. This system was replaced in May 1993 by a high intensity UV/Peroxide system to
provide additional 30 GPM treatment capacity for groundwater and to correct operational problems with the initial unit
(equipment malfunctions and downtime). While the cleanup is ongoing at this time and final performance data are not yet
available, interim results indicate that the extraction system appears to be containing the VOC contaminant plume.
However, the concentrations of VOC in the groundwater have not changed significantly.
The total capital costs for this application were $1,383,400 and the annual operating costs were $355,200. With respect to
the AOP, the replacement of the low intensity UV/ozone/peroxide system with the high intensity UV/peroxide system
resulted in both increased treatment capacity and cost savings while meeting the discharge limits for the treated water.
The high intensity UV/peroxide system eliminated the need for GAC polishing and treatment of air emissions and reduced
operation and maintenance costs. Although more expensive than alternatives such as air stripping, AOP was selected
because it destroys the contaminants rather than transferring contaminants to other media.
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater
at U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site,
Aiken, South Carolina
Site Name:
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
Savannah River Site AIM Area
Location:
Aiken, South Carolina
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics
- Trichloroethene (TCE), Tetrachloroethene
(PCE), and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA)
- Concentrations of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in groundwater
reported as high as 500 ppm
- Groundwater TCE concentrations over 48
ppm
- Groundwater contains 260,000-450,000
pounds of dissolved organic solvents in
concentrations greater than 0.01 ppm,
estimated to be 75% TCE
- Soil TCE concentrations over 10 ppm
- Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs)
are present in groundwater
Period of Operation:
Status: Ongoing
Report covers - 9/85 to 12/93
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
C.L. Bergen
Westinghouse Savannah River
Company
Aiken, SC
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
3355 (Aluminum forming)
3471 (Metal finishing)
Technology:
Groundwater Extraction Wells followed by
Air Stripping
- 11 recovery wells at depths to over 200 feet
below ground surface
- Production air stripper has a design
capacity of 610 gpm; operated at 510 gpm
- 1993 average flow rate was 479 gpm;
average air flow rate was 2,489 cfm
- In 1993,19,500 Ibs of VOCs removed;
average air emission rate of 2 Ibs/hr
Cleanup Authority:
RCRA Corrective Action and
State: South Carolina Bureau
of Air Quality Control
Point of Contact:
G.E. Turner, DOE
Savannah River Open Office
Environmental Restoration Div.
Aiken, SC
Waste Source:
Surface Impoundment
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full-scale pump and treat
remediation of groundwater
contaminated with VOCs using
aboveground air stripping.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Groundwater
- VOC contaminated groundwater has an approximate thickness of 150 ft and
covers about 1,200 acres
- Complex hydrogeology arising from heterogeneities in a multilayer aquifer
system with discontinuous sand and clay layers
- Hydraulic conductivity 9-73 ft/day
- Transmissivity 175 -12,500 gpd/day
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater
at U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site,
Aiken, South Carolina (Continued)
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
Groundwater:
TCE - 5 ppb; PCE - 5 ppb; TCA - 200 ppb
- Adopted in 1990, based on EPA MCLs
- During initial remediation efforts in 1985, the cleanup goal was 99% removal of VOCs over a 30-year period
Air:
34 tons/yr VOCs or 7.9 Ibs/hr
- Based on South Carolina Bureau of Air Quality Control permit
Results:
As of 1993:
- Influent concentrations to air stripper decreased for TCE (from 25,000 ppb to about 6,000 ppb) and PCE (from 12,000
ppb to 4,000 ppb)
- The total quantity of VOCs removed from 1985 to 1993 is 273,300 Ibs
- Average VOC removal efficiency for air stripper >99.9%
Cost Factors:
- Total Capital Costs (1990 dollars) - $4,103,000 (including design, construction and installation, engineering, site
development)
- Total Annual Operating Costs (1990 dollars) - $149,200 (for years 1985 to 1990) (including electricity, maintenance,
operation, well sampling and analysis)
- Total cost of operation and maintenance is $0.75 per 1,000 gallons treated (198 million gallons per year treated)
- An estimated total cost for completing the cleanup is not available at this time
Description:
At the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site, administrative buildings are located within the "A" area and
aluminum forming and metal finishing operations have been performed within the "M" area. An estimated 3.5 million
pounds of solvents were discharged from these operations between 1958 and 1985, with over 2 million pounds sent to an
unlined settling basin. Groundwater contamination beneath the settling basin was discovered in 1981. The primary
contaminants were volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at concentrations up to 500 ppm. A pilot groundwater
remediation system was operated in 1983, with the full-scale groundwater treatment begun on September 1985. The full-
scale technology included groundwater extraction wells and a production air stripper. The design of the production air
stripper was based on pilot and prototype air strippers.
While the remediation was ongoing at the time of this report, reductions in concentrations of both TCE and PCE to the
air stripper have been noted and the estimated total historical (1985 to 1993) removal of VOCs is over 273,000 Ibs. In
addition, the average VOC removal efficiency of the air stripper is greater than 99.9%. Contaminated groundwater in
the source areas and the areas of the highest VOC concentrations appears to be contained at this time. However, the
areas at the fringes of the plume are not as well contained, due to hydraulic factors.
The total capital cost for this application is $4,103,000 and the total annual operating costs are $149,200. DNAPLs were
discovered in the groundwater in 1991 and pose a significant limitation to the long-term use of pump and treat, since
pump and treat is effective for plume restoration only where DNAPL source areas have been contained or removed. A
need for supplemental site characterization to fully define the DNAPL contamination and to redirect ongoing remediation
activities has been identified.
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
In Situ Air Stripping of Contaminated Groundwater at
U.S. Department of Energy
Savannah River Site
Aiken, South Carolina
Site Name:
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE),
Savannah River Site A/M Area
Location:
Aiken, South Carolina
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics
- Trichloroethene (TCE), Tetrachloroethene
(PCE), 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA)
- Concentrations of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in groundwater
reported as high as 500 ppm
- Groundwater TCE concentrations over
48 ppm
- Groundwater contains 260,000-450,000
pounds of dissolved organic solvents in
concentrations greater than 0.01 ppm,
estimated to be 75% TCE
- Soil TCE concentrations over 10,000 /*g/L
(1991)
- Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs)
are present in groundwater
Period of Operation:
July 1990 to September 1993
Cleanup Type:
Field Demonstration
Vendor:
C.L. Bergen
Westinghouse Savannah River Co.
Aiken, SC
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
3355 (Aluminum forming)
3471 (Metal finishing)
Technology:
In Situ Air Stripping
- 7 horizontal wells installed; only 2 wells
used in field demonstration
- Demonstration wells: 1 installed in
saturated zone; 1 installed in vadose zone;
targeted contaminated sands
- Air injected through lower horizontal well,
below the water table
- Demonstration focused on supplementing
pump and treat efforts
- Demonstration did not include offgas
treatment
Cleanup Authority:
RCRA Corrective Action and
State: South Carolina Dept. of
Health and Environmental
Control, Air Quality Control,
and Underground Injection
Control
Point of Contact:
G.E. Turner, DOE
Savannah River Open Office
Environmental Restoration Div.
Aiken, SC
Waste Source:
Surface Impoundment
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Groundwater and Soil
- Area of VOC-contaminated groundwater has an approximate thickness of 150
feet and covers about 1,200 acres
- Aquifer units characterized to 180 feet below ground surface (9 separate units),
showing complex hydrogeology and discontinuous sand and clay layers
- Hydraulic conductivity 9-73 ft/day
- Transmissivity 175 -12,500 gpd/day
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Field demonstration of in situ air stripping using horizontal wells to supplement groundwater pump and treat technology.
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Remediation Case Studies: Groundwater Treatment
In Situ Air Stripping of Contaminated Groundwater at
U.S. Department of Energy
Savannah River Site
Aiken, South Carolina (Continued)
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- No specific cleanup goals identified for the field demonstration
- Demonstrations permitted by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) Air
Quality Control (AQC) and Underground Injection Control (VIC)
Results:
- Substantial changes in groundwater VOC concentrations measured during demonstration
- Increased microbial numbers and metabolic activity exhibited during air injection period
- 139 day demonstration (July-December 1990) removed nearly 16,000 pounds of VOCs
- Vacuum extraction removed an estimated 109 Ibs VOC/day while air injection resulted in an additional 20 Ibs/day VOC
removal
Cost Factors:
- Costs for conducting field demonstration not provided
Cost study for in situ air stripping provided the following projected costs:
- Total equipment costs - $253,525 (including design and engineering, well installation, air injection and extraction
system, piping, and electrical)
- Site costs - $5,000 (setup and level area)
- Total Annual Labor Costs - $62,620 (including mobilization/demobilization, monitoring, and maintenance)
- Total Annual Consumable Costs $157,761 (including carbon recharge, fuel, and chemical additives)
Description:
At the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site, administrative buildings are located within the A area and
aluminum forming and metal finishing operations have been performed within the "M" area. An estimated 3.5 million
pounds of solvents were discharged from these operations between 1958 and 1985, with over 2 million pounds sent to an
unlined settling basin. Groundwater contamination beneath the settling basin was discovered in 1981. A pump and treat
program has been ongoing since 1985 for removal of VOCs from the groundwater.
A field demonstration using in situ air stripping with horizontal wells in the AIM Area was conducted from July 1990 to
September 1993. The demonstration was part of a program at Savannah River to investigate the use of several
technologies to enhance the pump and treat system. In the air stripping demonstration, air was injected into a lower
horizontal well in the saturated zone and extracted through the horizontal well in the vadose zone. The demonstration
did not include treatment of offgases. The in situ air stripping process increased VOC removal over conventional vacuum
extraction from 109 pounds per day to 129 pounds per day. Nearly 16,000 pounds of VOCs were removed during the 139
day demonstration period.
A cost analysis performed as part of this demonstration showed that in situ air stripping can remove VOCs for
approximately 69% of the cost for conventional methods. Installation costs for horizontal wells is greater than for
vertical wells. For deeper horizontal wells (over 40-50 feet), costs range from $360 to $700 per foot. Several
implementation concerns were identified for installing horizontal wells at Savannah River.
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4.0 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES: SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION
Soil Vapor Extraction System at Commencement Bay,
South Tacoma Channel (Well 12A), Phase 2, Tacoma,
Washington 62
Soil Vapor Extraction at the Fairchild Semiconductor
Corporation Superfund Site San Jose, California 64
Soil Vapor Extraction at the Hastings Groundwater
Contamination Superfund Site Well Number 3 Subsite,
Hastings, Nebraska 66
Soil Vapor Extraction and Bioventing for Remediation
of a JP-4 Fuel Spill at Site 914, Hill Air Force Base,
Ogden, Utah 68
Soil Vapor Extraction at North Fire Training Area
(NFTA) Luke AFB, Arizona 70
In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction at McClellan Air Force
Base California 72
Soil Vapor Extraction at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal
Superfund Site Motor Pool Area (OU-18) Commerce
City, Colorado 74
Soil Vapor Extraction at the Sacramento Army Depot
Superfund Site, Tank 2 Operable Unit Sacramento,
California 76
Soil Vapor Extraction at the SMS Instruments
Superfund Site Deer Park, New York 78
Soil Vapor Extraction at the Verona Well Field
Superfund Site, Thomas Solvent Raymond Road (OU-1)
Battle Creek, Michigan 80
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction System at Commencement Bay,
South Tacoma Channel (Well 12A),
Phase 2, Tacoma, Washington
Site Name:
Commencement Bay, South Tacoma
Channel (Well 12A) Superfund Site
Location:
Tacoma, Washington
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics
trans-l,2-Dichloroethene (DCE),
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (PCA),
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene (PCE),
Trichloroethene (TCE)
- Average VOC concentrations in top 25 feet
of soil ranged from 10 to 100 mg/kg
- Average PCA concentrations in soil borings
ranged from 6,200 at 30 feet depth to over
19,000 mg/kg at 40 feet depth
- Approximately 571,000 Ibs of VOCs present
in unsaturated zone
Period of Operation:
Status: Ongoing
Report covers - 8/92 to 2/94
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (Report
documents demonstration
phase)
Vendor:
Environmental Science &
Engineering, Inc.
SIC Code:
2851 (Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers,
Enamels, and Allied Products)
Technology:
Soil Vapor Extraction
- 22 wells used for vapor extraction, air inlet,
and observation
- Vapor-phase carbon adsorption (GAC)
used for treatment of extracted VOCs
- GAC beds regenerated on site with low
pressure steam
- Design flow rate for extraction system of
3,000 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm)
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA, Local Requirements
- ROD Date: 3/85
Point of Contact:
Phil Stoa
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Seattle District
Waste Source:
Storage - Drums; Other: Pour off
from Processing Tanks
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Application of soil vapor extraction
with an on-site solvent recovery
system; relatively large volume of
contaminated soil; possible presence
of separate liquid phases of VOCs
and tar-like compounds in soil.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- Volume of contaminated soil reported as 98,203 cubic yards, based on an area
of 66,300 ft2 and a depth of 40 ft
- Upper aquifer (50 ft thickness) consists of unconfined sand and gravel
- Surface soil permeability ranges from 2.8 to 3.6 x 10 3 cm/sec
- Separate liquid phases of VOCs in soil and groundwater suspected
- Tar-like compounds in soil suspected
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- No specific cleanup goals identified in Record of Decision
- Local permit required for air emissions
- Performance objective for air treatment system set at 99% removal
- Air discharge limits specified as follows:
PCA 0.149 Ibs/hr
PCE 0.095 Ibs/hr
TCE 0.344 Ibs/hr
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction System at Commencement Bay,
South Tacoma Channel (Well 12A),
Phase 2, Tacoma, Washington (Continued)
Results:
- No results provided for quantity of contaminants removed during demonstration phase
- Computer modelling results show predicted removal rates for VOCs as a function of time
- Pilot-scale results indicated that 3 to 4 Ibs/day/well of VOC could be removed from the upper 30 feet of soil
- No results provided for air emissions - treatment system removals or mass discharge rates
- Problems were experienced with the operation of the solvent recovery system
- Condensed mixed solvents formed an emulsion which did not readily separate from the water
Cost Factors:
Total Capital Cost - $5,313,973 (as of 5/94) (no breakdown of costs available)
Annual Operating Costs - $100,000 (estimated) (no breakdown of costs available)
Description:
The Commencement Bay site was used from 1927 to 1964 for waste oil recycling, paint and lacquer thinner
manufacturing, and solvent reclamation and hundreds of drums of material were stored at the site. Leaks from these
drums, as well as the dumping of wastes directly on the ground and overflows from the solvent and waste oil recycling
tanks, resulted in contamination of the soil and groundwater at the site. The primary contaminants of concern at the site
included DCE (trans-l,2-dichloroethylene), PCA (1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane), PCE (1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene), and TCE
(trichloroethylene). VOC soil concentrations range from 10 to 100 mg/L.
A full-scale SVE system was constructed in 1992. Operation testing of this system began in August 1992 and this report
covers the demonstration phase of the project. The SVE system includes 22 vapor extraction wells. Granular activated
carbon (GAC), used to treat extracted vapors, is regenerated on site using low pressure steam, which was subsequently
condensed. The on-site solvent recovery system is used to separate VOCs from the condensate.
As of May 1994, the total capital costs and annual operating costs for this application were $5,313,973 and $99,810,
respectively. While no performance data are available at this time, it was noted that the SVE system seems to be
performing adequately. Several problems were experienced in the operation of the solvent recovery system. Condensed
mixed solvents formed an emulsion which did not readily separate from the water. The report identifies a need to
perform pilot testing of the solvent recovery system to ensure that separation of VOCs and water can be performed.
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the Fairchild
Semiconductor Corporation Superfund Site
San Jose, California
Site Name:
Fairchild Semiconductor
Corporation Superfund Site
Location:
San Jose, California
Contaminants:
Chlorinated and Non-Chlorinated Aliphatics
- TCA (trichloroethane), DCE (1,1-
dichloroethene), IPA (isopropyl alcohol),
xylenes, acetone, Freon-113, and PCE
(tetrachloroethene)
- Maximum concentration of total solvents
in soil was 4,500 mg/kg
TCA - measured as high as 3,530 mg/kg in
soil; xylenes as high as 141 mg/kg in soil
Period of Operation:
January 1989 to April 1990
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Dennis Curran
Canonic Environmental Services
Corporation
441 N. Whisman Road, Building 23
Mountain View, CA 94043
(415) 960-1640
SIC Code:
3674 (Semiconductors and Related
Devices)
Technology:
Soil Vapor Extraction
- 39 extraction wells, 2 vacuum pumps
(capacity of 4,500 ft3/min at 20 inches of
Hg)
- Vapor treatment system -
dehumidification unit and vapor phase
granular activated carbon
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA and State: California
-ROD Date: 3/20/89
- PRP Lead
Waste Source:
Underground Storage Tank
Point of Contact:
Belinda Wei
U.S. EPA Region 9
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 744-2280
Purpose/Significance of Application:
One of the early full-scale
applications of SVE; used at a site
with a complex hydrogeology.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 42,000 yds3
- Sands, silts, and clays; air permeability 0.12-0.83 cm/sec; transmissivity
69,000 to 810,000 gpd/ft
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
Operation of SVE system until total chemical removal rate was less than 10 Ibs/day and the chemical removal rate from
individual wells decreased to 10% or less of the initial removal rate or until the chemical removal rate declined at a rate of
less than 1% per day for 10 consecutive days
Results:
- Achieved the cleanup goal for the 10 Ibs/day total chemical removal rate in 8 months
- After 16 months of operation, the removal rate for total chemicals was less than 4 Ibs/day
Cost Factors:
- Actual capital costs - $2,100,000 (including installation of wells and vapor extraction system, and engineering services)
- Total operation and maintenance costs for 16 months - $1,800,000 (including water quality sampling and analysis, water
level monitoring, equipment maintenance, engineering services, and carbon regeneration)
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the Fairchild
Semiconductor Corporation Superfund Site
San Jose, California (Continued)
Description:
The Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Superfund site (Fairchild) is a former semiconductor manufacturing facility
which operated from 1977 to 1983. In late 1981, an underground storage tank used to store organic solvent was
determined to be leaking. An estimated 60,000 gallons of solvents were released to the soil and groundwater. The primary
contaminants of concern in the soil were 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), 1,1-dichloroethene (DCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE),
xylene, acetone, Freon-113, and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Reported concentrations of total solvents in the soil were as high
as 4,500 mg/kg, with maximum concentrations of TCA and xylenes in soil of 3,530 mg/kg and 941 mg/kg, respectively. As
part of a multi-site cooperative agreement between EPA, the State of California, and Fairchild, Fairchild conducted site
remediation activities at the San Jose site, including installing a soil vapor extraction (SVE) system. The California
Regional Water Quality Control Board established a soil cleanup goal for this remediation of a total chemical rate of less
than 10 Ibs/day, along with specific performance goals for individual wells.
The SVE system, which consisted of 39 extraction wells, operated from January 1989 to April 1990. The most rapid
reductions in contaminant concentrations occurred during the first 2 months of operation. After 8 months of operation,
the SVE system achieved the cleanup goal of less than 10 Ibs/day for total chemical removed. After 16 months of operation,
the system achieved a chemical removal rate of less than 4 Ibs/day, at which time the system was shut off.
The total costs for the SVE treatment system at Fairchild were approximately $3,900,000. The actual costs were about 7%
less than the projected costs because the time required for the cleanup was less than originally estimated. This treatment
application was part of a multi-faceted cleanup program which included the installation of a slurry wall and dewatering of
the aquifer which accelerated contaminant removal from the soil.
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the
Hastings Groundwater Contamination Superfund Site
Well Number 3 Subsite,
Hastings, Nebraska
Site Name:
Hastings Groundwater
Contamination Superfund Site, Well
Number 3 Subsite
Location:
Hastings, Nebraska
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics
- Carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-
dichloroethane (DCA), 1,1,1-
trichloroethane (TCA), and
perchloroethylene (PCA)
- Highest carbon tetrachloride
concentration measured in soil gas was
1,234 ppmv at 112 ft below ground surface
Period of Operation:
June 1992 to July 1993
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Steve Roe
Morrison-Knudsen Corporation
7100 East Belleview Avenue
Suite 300
Englewood, CO 80111
(303) 793-5089
SIC Code:
0723A (Crop Preparation Services
for Market, Except Cotton Ginning-
Grain Fumigation)
Technology:
Soil Vapor Extraction
- 10 extraction wells (5 deep, 3 intermediate,
2 shallow)
- 5 monitoring well probes
- An air/water separator, vacuum pump,
and vapor phase granular activated
carbon unit
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
-ROD Date: 9/26/89
- Fund Lead
Point of Contact:
Diane Easley (RPM)
U.S. EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913) 551-7797
Waste Source:
Spill; Other: Contaminated Aquifer
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full-scale SVE application at a
Superfund site to treat a large
quantity of soil contaminated with
carbon tetrachloride.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 185,000 yd3
- Shallow zone: moisture content 26.3%, air permeability 1.9 x 10 10cm2
TOC - 270 mg/kg
Deep zone: moisture content 5%, air permeability 6.2 x 10"8cm2,
TOC - < 50 mg/kg
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
Extraction rate for carbon tetrachloride of 0.001 Ib/hr
- Established in 1992 by EPA and Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the
Hastings Groundwater Contamination Superfund Site
Well Number 3 Subsite,
Hastings, Nebraska (Continued)
Results:
- The SVE system achieved the cleanup goal of 0.001 Ib/hr extraction rate for carbon tetrachloride within 9 months of
operation
- Approximately 600 pounds of carbon tetrachloride extracted, about 45 pounds extracted within the first 2 months of
operation
Cost Factors:
- Total cost of $369,628 (including project monitoring and control, procurement support, construction management
(drilling, construction, system dismantlement, and grouting of wells), operations, maintenance, and reporting)
Description:
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) was used at the Hastings Groundwater Contamination Superfund site to treat approximately
185,000 cubic yards of soil contaminated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl^. The site had become contaminated through
accidental spills of carbon tetrachloride which was used in the 1960s and 1970s as a fumigant at a grain storage facility.
Concentrations of CC14 were measured in soil gas at the site at levels as high as 1,234 ppmv. A Record of Decision (ROD)
was signed in September 1989, specifying SVE as an interim source control measure.
A pilot-scale treatability study (2 deep and 2 shallow extraction wells), conducted from April to May 1991, removed 45
pounds of CC14. The full-scale SVE system, based on the pilot-scale study, consisted of 10 extraction wells (5 deep, 3
intermediate, and 2 shallow) and was operated from June 1992 to July 1993. EPA and the Nebraska Department of
Environmental Quality established an extraction rate for CCl4of 0.001 Ib/hr as the cleanup goal with operation of the
system required until field analytical results were verified through laboratory analysis and confirmation of no rebounding
of CC14. The SVE system achieved the 0.001 Ib/hr CCl, extraction rate within 6 months (January 1993) with the results
verified and no rebounding confirmed by July 1993.
The total cost for this treatment application was approximately $370,000. Actual costs were 17% less than projected. Cost
savings were attributed to the effectiveness of the SVE system (the cleanup required only 9 months rather than the
estimated 2 years based on treatability study results), and use of local contractors.
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction and Bio venting
for Remediation of a JP-4 Fuel Spill
at Site 914, Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah
Site Name:
Hill Air Force Base, Site 914
Location:
Ogden, Utah
Contaminants:
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)
- TPH concentrations in untreated soil
ranged from <20 to 10,200 mg/kg with
average soil TPH concentration of 411
mg/kg
Period of Operation:
October 1988 to December 1990
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Not Available
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Waste Source:
Spill of JP-4 Jet Fuel
Purpose/Significance of Application:
One of the early applications
involving sequential use of SVE and
bioventing technology.
Technology: Soil Vapor Extraction followed
by Bioventing
SVE
- 7 vent wells (Numbers 5-11 located in areas
of highest contamination), 31 monitoring
wells, 3 neutron access probes (for soil
moisture monitoring)
- Vent wells approximately 50 feet deep with
4-inch diameter PVC casings, screened
from 10 to 50 feet below ground surface
- Plastic liner installed over part of spill area
surface to prevent local air infiltration and
bypassing of air flow to the vent well
directly from the surface
- Monitoring wells - ranged in depth from 6
to 55 feet with 1-inch diameter PVC casing
and a 2-foot screened interval to the bottom
of the well
- Catalytic incinerator for extracted vapor
- Airflow -1,500 acfm (maximum), 700 acfm
(typical)
Bioventing
- 4 vent wells (Numbers 12-15) located on the
southern perimeter of the spill area; 31
monitoring wells; 3 neutron access probes
(soil moisture monitoring)
- Vent wells approximately 50 feet deep with
4-inch diameter PVC casings, screened
from 10 to 50 feet below ground surface
- Monitoring wells - range in depth from 6 to
55 feet with 1-inch diameter PVC casings,
screened from 10 to 50 feet below ground
surface
- No treatment of extracted vapors required
(hydrocarbon concentrations <50 mg/L; use
of catalytic incinerator not required)
- Air flow - 250 acfm
- Soil moisture - 6 to 12%
- Nutrients added - C:N:P ratio of 100:10:10
Cleanup Authority:
State: Utah
Point of Contact:
Robert Elliot
OO-ACC/EMR
7274 Wardleigh Road
HillAFB,UT 84055
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction and Bio venting
for Remediation of a JP-4 Fuel Spill
at Site 914, Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah (Continued)
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 5,000 yds3 contaminated by spill (surface area of 13,500 ft2)
- Approximate extent of 10,000 mg/kg JP-4 contour covered area 100 by 150 feet
- Formation consists of mixed sands and gravels with occasional clay lenses
- Air permeability ranged from 4.7 to 7.8 darcies
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- 38.1 mg/kg TPH
- Cleanup conducted under Utah Department of Health's "Guidelines for Estimating Numeric Cleanup Levels for
Petroleum-Contaminated Soil at Underground Storage Tank Release Sites"
Results:
- Achieved specified TPH levels
- Average TPH soil concentrations in treated soil reduced to less than 6 mg/kg
- 211,000 Ibs of TPH removed in approximately 2 years of operation
- Removal rate ranged from 20 to 400 Ibs/day
Cost Factors:
- Total costs of $599,000, including capital and 2 years of operating costs
- Capital costs - $335,000 (including construction of piping and wells, other equipment, and startup costs)
- Annual operating costs - $132,000 (including electricity, fuel, labor, laboratory charges, and lease of equipment for 2
year operation)
Description:
In January 1985, an estimated 27,000 gallons of JP-4 jet fuel were spilled at the Hill Air Force Base Site 914 when an
automatic overflow device failed. Concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the soil ranged from <20
mg/kg to over 10,000 mg/kg, with an average concentration of about 400 mg/kg. The spill area covered approximately
13,500 ft2.
The remediation of this spill area was conducted from October 1988 to December 1990 in two phases: the soil vapor
extraction (SVE) phase followed by the bioventing phase. The SVE system included 7 vent wells (Numbers 5-11) located
in the areas of highest contamination, 31 monitoring wells, and a catalytic incinerator. The typical air flow rate through
the vent wells was 700 acfm, with a maximum of 1,500 acfm. In addition, a plastic liner was installed over part of the spill
area surface to prevent local air infiltration and bypassing of air flow to the vent well directly from the surface. Within a
year, the SVE system removed hydrocarbons from the soil to levels ranging from 33 to 101 mg/kg. Further reduction of
the hydrocarbon concentration in the soil, to levels below the specified TPH limit, was achieved by using bioventing for 15
months. The bioventing system included 4 vent wells (Numbers 12-15), located on the southern perimeter of the spill
area, and the monitoring wells used for SVE system. Because hydrocarbon concentrations were <50 mg/L in the
extracted vapors, the catalytic incinerator was not required for this phase. Biodegradation was enhanced by injecting
oxygen, moisture, and nutrients to the soil. Average TPH concentrations in the treated soil were less than 6 mg/kg.
The total capital cost for this application was $335,000 and the total annual operating costs were $132,000. In monitoring
biodegradation rates, oxygen depletion was found to be a more accurate estimator of biodegradation rate than carbon
dioxide formation. Carbon dioxide sinks, such as biomass, solubility in water, and reaction with the soil, limited the
usefulness of carbon dioxide formation as a process control parameter.
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at
North Fire Training Area (NFTA)
Luke AFB, Arizona
Site Name:
Luke Air Force Base, North Fire
Training Area
Location:
Arizona
Contaminants:
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes
(BTEX), and Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
Initial soil contamination in two fire
training pits - Benzene - 0.2 to 16 mg/kg;
Toluene -10 to 183 mg/kg; Ethylbenzene -
21 to 84 mg/kg; Xylenes - 69 to 336 mg/kg;
and Total Recoverable Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (TRPH) -151 to 1,380
mg/kg
Period of Operation:
October 1991 to December 1992
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Dan McCaffery
Envirocon, Inc.
James Ramm
Rust Environment
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Soil Vapor Extraction
- 1 extraction well for each of 2 fire pits
- Wells constructed with 35-foot screens to
depths up to 57 feet
- Thermal oxidizer used for destruction of
organics in extracted vapors
Cleanup Authority:
State: Arizona
Point of Contact:
Jerome Stolinksi
CERMO
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Omaha District
Waste Source:
Fire Training Area
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full-scale cleanup of two fire training
pits using soil vapor extraction.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- Permeable silty sands, very permeable, clean well graded to poorly graded
sands, and permeable to low permeability inorganic silts
- Moisture content 10%
- Permeability of top soils ranged from 1 x 10 4to 3 x 10 3 cm/sec
- Porosity ranged from 36 to 46%
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Arizona Action Levels for soil - TPH -100 mg/kg; and BTEX - 412 mg/kg
- Applicable state air emissions standards
Results:
- Treated soil concentrations indicated TPH and BTEX were below the Arizona Action Levels
- 12,000 Ibs of contaminants were removed during 30 weeks of operation
- Removal rate remained at 40 Ibs/day after 30 weeks of operation
- Soil gas concentration reductions achieved in 6 months for 8 constituents ranged from 72 to 96% (benzene)
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at
North Fire Training Area (NFTA)
Luke AFB, Arizona (Continued)
Cost Factors:
Total cost - $507,185
- Capital costs - $297,017 (including site preparation, site work, startup, engineering, pipes, buildings, permitting, and
regulatory)
- Annual operating costs - $210,168 (including labor, laboratory charges, monitoring, fuel, electricity, maintenance, and
disposal of residuals)
Description:
Routine fire training exercises were conducted at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona between 1963 and 1990, using
petroleum, oil, and lubricant wastes, and JP-4 fuel. Fire training pits number 3 and 4 were used since 1973. During site
investigations conducted between 1981 and 1989, soil at these two pits were determined to be contaminated with total
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). Cleanup goals were established
for TPH and BTEX in soil based on Arizona Action Levels (AALs) - TPH at 100 mg/kg, and BTEX at 412 mg/kg.
A full-scale cleanup using Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) of the soil in the two pits was conducted from October 1991 until
December 1992. A thermal oxidizer was used for destruction of organic vapors extracted from the soil. The full-scale
system, which used the thermal oxidizer, removed 12,000 pounds of contaminants in 30 weeks of operation. TPH and
BTEX levels were below the AALs after five months of operation, with TPH and benzene reported as not detected in
March 1992. Results of sampling in November 1992 showed ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes as not detected. System
downtime was about 1% during this period. After a temporary shutdown period, an attempt to restart the system caused a
malfunction in the thermal oxidizer and the destruction of the burner. As of December 1992, future activities at the site
were pending.
The total cost of this treatment application was $507,185. It was noted that the site investigation underestimated the
amount of contamination at the site. A pilot-scale study was conducted at Luke prior to implementing the full-scale system.
The pilot-scale system used vapor-phase granular activated carbon to treat extracted soil gas. Due to unexpectedly high
concentrations of volatile organic constituents, the carbon supply was exhausted after two days of operation and the study
was aborted. In discussing remediation of sites contaminated with JP-4 jet fuel, the report includes a discussion of the
relative benefits of using SVE and bioventing techniques.
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction at
McClellan Air Force Base
California
Site Name:
McClellan Air Force Base Superfund
Site, Operable Unit D, Site S
Location:
Sacramento, California
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics
Tetrachloroethene (PCE), Trichloroethene
(TCE), 1,1-Dichloroethene (1,1-DCE), Vinyl
Chloride, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA), 1,2-
Dichloroethene (1,2-DCA), Freon 113
- PCE, TCE, 1,1-DCE, TCA, and Freon 113
account for over 99% of the speciated
VOC mass in the vadose zone
- Maximum borehole concentration of
VOCs in vadose zone reported up to
2,975,000 /*g/kg
Period of Operation:
Status - Ongoing
Report covers -1993 to 5/94
Cleanup Type:
Field Demonstration
Vendor:
CH2M Hill
SIC Code:
9711 (National Security)
Technology:
Soil Vapor Extraction
- 17 vapor extraction wells in three
contamination zones
- 5 vacuum blowers, 2 vapor/liquid
separators
- Catalytic oxidizer and scrubber used to
control air emissions
- Total system average air flow rate was
2,500 scfm
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA and State: California
- ROD Date: pending
(scheduled for issuance
mid-1995)
Point of Contact:
Kendall Tanner
Remedial Project Manager
McClellan, AFB
Waste Source:
Disposal Pit (for fuel and solvents)
Purpose/Significance of Application:
A demonstration of soil vapor
extraction to remediate VOCs in
waste pit materials and vadose zone
soils, and to assess performance of
catalytic oxidation and scrubbing.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- Three zones of contamination - waste pit (landfilled silty sands and sandy silt
with oily material, wire wood, debris, etc.); intermediate alluvium; and deep
alluvium
- Permeability ranged from 0.001 (for silty clay) to 1.7 (for sand) darcies
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Cleanup criteria not yet established for this site at McClellan
- Air Emissions - 95% destruction of total VOCs, required by the Sacramento Air Quality Management District
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction at
McClellan Air Force Base
California (Continued)
Results:
- Demonstration not complete at time of report; no soil samples to characterize post-treatment vadose zone were collected
at time of report
- Approximately 46,000 Ibs of speciated VOCs were extracted and treated during initial 6 weeks of operation; 113,000 Ibs
during initial 15 weeks of operation
- TCE, 1,1-DCE, and TCA accounted for more than 90% of the mass of contaminants removed
- Up to 150,000 Ibs of contaminants (hexane-equivalents) believed to have been biodegraded in situ during initial 6 weeks
of operation
- Overall DRE averaged 99% for total VOCs during second and third months of demonstration; lower DRE in first month
attributed to operational concerns
Cost Factors:
- Field demonstration budget - $1.8 million for 1993 and $2.0 million for 1994 (including site characterization; air
permeability testing; installation and operation of SVE wells; vapor probes and manifold; air/water separators; blowers;
scrubber; catalytic oxidizer (rented); resin adsorption (rented); electronic beam technology testing; laboratory analysis;
and engineering support)
Description:
The McClellan Air Force Base in Sacramento, California is an Air Force Command Logistics Center that has been in
operation since 1943. The base was placed on the National Priorities List in 1987 and Site S within Operable Unit D is one
of the areas of confirmed contamination at the base. Site S is the location of a former fuel and solvent disposal pit, used
from the early 1940s to mid-1970s. Soil at Site S has been contaminated with chlorinated and petroleum-based volatile
organic constituents (VOCs). No cleanup goals had been established for Site S at the time of this report. The report
indicates that a Record of Decision for Operable Unit D (which includes the disposal pit site) is scheduled to be issued in
mid-1995. A 95% destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) for total VOCs in the extracted vapors was required by the
Sacramento Air Quality Management District.
A field demonstration of soil vapor extraction (SVE) at Site S began in mid-1993. This demonstration is being conducted
as part of a series of field programs designed to optimize remedial technologies to be used in a full-scale cleanup at
McClellan. This SVE system includes 17 vapor extraction wells, vapor/liquid separators, a catalytic oxidizer, and a
scrubber. Results from the field demonstration of SVE to date showed that approximately 113,000 pounds of VOCs were
extracted in 15 weeks of operation; mostly consisting of TCE, 1,1-DCE, and TCA. In addition, up to 150,000 pounds of
contaminants (hexane-equivalents) were believed to have been biodegraded in situ during the initial 6 weeks of the SVE
demonstration. The average DRE for total VOCs during the second and third months of the demonstration was 99
percent.
It was noted during this application that the heterogeneity of the soils at this site caused the radius of influence for the
extraction wells to vary from 15 to 60 feet for a single well. The calculated mass of contaminants was almost two orders of
magnitude less than the mass extracted in the first six weeks of system operation. It was also noted that SVE air pollution
control systems should be designed with sufficient capacity to provide for operational flexibility.
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the
Rocky Mountain Arsenal Superfund Site
Motor Pool Area (OU-18)
Commerce City, Colorado
Site Name:
Rocky Mountain Arsenal Superfund
Site (Motor Pool Area - Operable
Unit 18)
Location:
Commerce City, Colorado
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics
- Trichloroethylene (TCE)
- Levels of TCE in soil vapor of up to 65
ppm
Period of Operation:
July 1991 to December 1991
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Rick Beyak
Woodward-Clyde Federal Services
4582 S. Ulster St., Suite 1200
Denver, CO 80237
(303) 740-2600
SIC Code:
7699 (Repair Shops and Related
Services, Not Elsewhere Classified)
Technology:
Soil Vapor Extraction
- 1 shallow vapor extraction well and 1 deep
vapor extraction well
- Shallow well screened between 13 and 28
feet below ground surface (bgs); deep well
screened between 43 and 58 feet bgs
- Liquid/vapor separator tank, sediment
filter, and regenerative blower
- Exhaust air from blower treated using two
granular activated carbon systems in
series
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
- Federal Facilities Agreement
-ROD Date: 2/26/90
Point of Contact:
James D. Smith
Program Manager
Rocky Mountain Arsenal
Attn: AMCPM-RME
Commerce City, CO 80022-
1749
(303) 289-0249
Waste Source:
Other: Motor Vehicle, Railcar, and
Heavy Equipment Maintenance,
Repair, and Cleaning Activities
Purpose/Significance of Application:
This application demonstrated that a
pilot-scale SVE system removed
sufficient vapor contaminants from
the vadose zone, and expansion of the
system beyond a pilot-scale was not
necessary.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 34,000 yd3 (70 ft radius by 60 ft deep)
- Unconsolidated deposits beneath Motor Pool Area consist of discontinuous
sand and gravel lenses
- 1-3 foot low-permeability clayey sand to clay layer 32 to 38 feet bgs
- Moisture content - 4.7 to 30.9%; permeability -167 darcys at 38 ft bgs and
2,860 darcys at 55 ft bgs
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- No specific cleanup goals were specified for Motor Pool Area OU-18
Results:
- TCE concentrations decreased to less than 1 ppm after 5 months of operation of the SVE system
- Rate of TCE extraction decreased from 35 pounds per month to less than 10 pounds per month
- Approximately 70 pounds of TCE removed during operation of the system
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the
Rocky Mountain Arsenal Superfund Site
Motor Pool Area (OU-18)
Commerce City, Colorado (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Costs attributed to treatment activities: $75,600 (installation and operation)
- Costs attributed to before-treatment activities: $88,490 (including mobilization and preparatory work, monitoring, and
laboratory analytical)
- Costs attributed to after-treatment activities: $19,650 (including pilot study)
Description:
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) was performed at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) Superfund site, Motor Pool Area, in
Commerce City, Colorado to remove halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), primarily trichloroethylene, from
the vadose zone. The Motor Pool Area at RMA, referred to as Operable Unit 18, had been used for cleaning and servicing
equipment, vehicles, and railroad cars, and for storing diesel, gasoline, and oil products in aboveground and underground
storage tanks. VOCs, detected in the Motor Pool Area's soil and groundwater have been attributed to releases of
chlorinated solvents used during cleaning operations; these solvents were discharged through floor drains and pipes into
unlined ditches at the site.
This system was initially considered to be a pilot study because it was expected to provide performance data on SVE at this
site that could be used to expand the system to a full-scale operation. This application, operated from July to December
1991, demonstrated that a pilot-scale SVE system removed sufficient vapor contaminants from the vadose zone, and
expansion of the system beyond pilot-scale was not necessary. The SVE system used within the Motor Pool Area consisted
of one shallow vapor extraction well and one deep vapor extraction well. Four clusters of vapor monitoring wells were
installed to aid in the assessment of the performance of the SVE system. TCE levels in soil vapors collected from the vapor
monitoring wells were reduced to non-detect or to levels of less than 1 ppm from initial vapor monitoring well samples as
high as 65 ppm. Approximately 70 pounds of TCE were recovered during this cleanup action.
The operating parameters collected during the system's 1991 operation indicated that a clay lense located beneath the site
affected the SVE system's performance by limiting both the shallow and deep vapor extraction wells' vertical zones of
influence. The contract award cost for procuring, installing, and operating the SVE pilot system, as well as preparing a
pilot study report was $182,800. This cost was approximately 15% less than the preliminary cost estimate provided by the
remediation contractor for the project. Factors contributing to the lower cost included lower construction and system
operating costs.
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the
Sacramento Army Depot Superfund Site,
Tank 2 Operable Unit
Sacramento, California
Site Name:
Sacramento Army Depot Superfund
Site, Tank 2 (Operable Unit #3)
Location:
Sacramento, California
Contaminants:
Chlorinated and Non-Chlorinated Aliphatics
- 2-Butanone (0.011 to 150 mg/kg);
Ethylbenzene (0.006 to 2,100 mg/kg),
Tetrachloroethene (0.006 to 390 mg/kg),
and Xylenes (0.005 to 11,000 mg/kg)
Period of Operation:
August 1992 to January 1993
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
James Perkins
Terra Vac, Inc.
14798 Wicks Boulevard
San Leandro, CA 94577
(510) 351-8900
SIC Code:
3471 (Electroplating, Plating,
Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring)
3479 (Coating, Engraving, and Allied
Services, Not Elsewhere Classified)
Technology:
Soil Vapor Extraction
- 8 vacuum extraction wells, positive
displacement blower, vapor-liquid
separator, and primary and secondary
carbon filters
- Wells installed to depths of 15 to 28 feet
below ground surface
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA and Other: Federal
Facilities Agreement
-ROD Date: 12/9/91
Point of Contact:
Dan Obern
Sacramento Army Depot
8350 Fruitridge Road
Sacramento, CA 95813-5052
(916) 388-2489
Waste Source:
Underground Storage Tank
Purpose/Significance of Application:
This application of SVE was in a
relatively small volume of low
permeability, heterogenous,
contaminated soil.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 650 yd3 (25 ft by 35 ft by 20 ft deep)
- Silt with clay content of <30%; moisture content - 25.6 to 26.5%; air
permeability 1.7 x 10 7to 6.2 x 105 cm/sec; porosity - 44.3 to 45.8%; TOC
0.011 to 0.44%
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- 1991 ROD specified soil cleanup levels for the Tank 2 Operable Unit of 2-Butanone (1.2 ppm); ethylbenzene (6 ppm);
tetrachloroethene (0.2 ppm); and total xylenes (23 ppm)
- Cleanup levels were to be achieved within 6 months of system operation
Results:
- The specified cleanup levels were achieved within six months of system operation
- Levels of 2-butanone, ethylbenzene, tetrachloroethene, and total xylenes were reduced to below detection limits
Cost Factors:
Total cost of $556,000 - costs directly associated with treatment (including mobilization/setup, startup, operation, sampling
and analysis, demobilization)
- $290,000 of total cost attributed to treatment of non-Freon contaminants (adjusted assuming operation costs equivalent
for Freon and non-Freon contaminants)
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the
Sacramento Army Depot Superfund Site,
Tank 2 Operable Unit
Sacramento, California (Continued)
Description:
The Sacramento Army Depot (SAAD) located in Sacramento, California is an Army support facility. Past and present
operations conducted at the site include equipment maintenance and repair, metal plating, parts manufacturing, and
painting. During investigations of the facility in 1981, soil contamination was identified in the area of an underground
storage tank and designated as Tank 2 Operable Unit. Tank 2 had been used to store solvents and the primary
contaminants of concern included ethylbenzene, 2-butanone, tetrachloroethene, and xylenes. These constituents were
detected in the soil at levels up to 11,000 mg/kg. A Record of Decision (ROD), signed in December 1991, specified soil
cleanup levels for the four primary constituents of concern and specified a six month timeframe for achieving these levels.
SVE was selected for remediating the contaminated soil because it was determined to be the most cost effective alternative.
The SVE system consisted of 8 vacuum extraction wells, a vapor-liquid separator, and primary and secondary carbon
adsorption units, and was operated from August 6,1992 to January 25,1993. The system achieved the specified soil
cleanup levels a month ahead of the specified timeframe. In addition, the SVE system removed approximately 2,300
pounds of VOCs. During system operation, Freon 113 was unexpectedly encountered. Extraction of Freon 113
significantly increased the quantity of carbon required to treat the extracted vapors.
The total treatment cost for this application was $556,000. This cost was greater than originally estimated primarily as a
result of the additional carbon required as a result of the presence of Freon 113. A computer model treatability study was
used for this application. The study predicted SVE using 4 extraction wells could reduce concentrations of volatile
organics to non-detectable levels within 6 months.
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the
SMS Instruments Superfund Site
Deer Park, New York
Site Name:
SMS Instruments Superfund Site
Location:
Deer Park, New York
Contaminants:
Chlorinated and Non-Chlorinated Aliphatics
and Semivolatile Organic Compounds
- Concentration of specific volatiles ranged
as high as 1,200 mg/kg in source area soils
- Concentration of specific semivolatiles
ranged as high as 1,800 mg/kg in source
area soils
Period of Operation:
May 1992 to October 1993
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Bill Ballance
Four Seasons Environmental, Inc.
3107 South Elm - Eugene Street
P.O. Box 16590
Greensboro, NC 27416-0590
(919) 273-2718
SIC Code:
3728 (Aircraft parts and auxiliary
equipment, not elsewhere classified)
Technology:
Soil Vapor Extraction
- Two horizontal vapor extraction wells
- Installed in trenches 15-feet deep, 2-feet
wide, and 75-feet long
- Extracted vapors treated using catalytic
incineration and scrubbing
- Remote monitoring used for process
control
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA and State: New York
-ROD Date: 9/29/89
- Fund Lead
Point of Contact:
Abram Miko Fayon
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA Region 2
Jacob K. Javits Federal
Building
New York, NY 10278-0012
(212) 264-4706
Waste Source:
Underground Storage Tank; Other:
Leaching Pool
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Full-scale SVE system that used
horizontal vapor extraction wells and
a process control system which
allowed for remote system monitoring
and oversight.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 1,250 cubic yards of soil treated in this application
- Well-sorted sands to silty sands with fine gravel
- Permeability 0.00227 to 0.00333 cm/sec
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Soil cleanup levels established for 9 volatiles and 9 semivolatiles; levels ranged from 0.5 to 5.5 mg/kg
- Additional criteria specified for soil cleanup effort based on percent reductions
- Air emissions required to meet New York State ambient air guidelines for toxic air contaminants
Results:
- Soil cleanup levels and criteria were achieved within approximately 400 days after system operation began
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the
SMS Instruments Superfund Site
Deer Park, New York (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Total treatment system cost was $450,520 (including $182,700 for one year of monthly operation and maintenance,
mobilization, system design and construction, demobilization, drum relocation)
Description:
The SMS Instruments site in Deer Park, NY was used for overhauling military aircraft components. Past waste disposal
practices at the site included discharging untreated wastewater from degreasing and other refurbishing operations to an
underground leaching pool. In addition, jet fuel was stored at the site in an underground storage tank. The results of a
Remedial Investigation at the site indicated soil contamination in the areas of the leaching pool and the underground
storage tank Contaminant concentrations in soil ranged as high as 1,200 mg/kg for volatiles and 1,800 mg/kg for
semivolatiles. The New York Department of Environmental Conservation developed soil cleanup levels for 9 volatile and 9
semivolatile constituents.
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) was used at SMS to treat the contaminated soil. The SVE system, operated from May 1992 to
October 1993, included two horizontal vapor extraction wells installed in trenches adjacent to the contaminated areas, a
catalytic oxidizer, and acid gas scrubber. Based on the results of soil boring data, collected in June 1993, SVE achieved the
cleanup levels and standards for 17 of the 18 specified organic constituents. For one constituent, BEHP, concentrations
were above the specified cleanup level. However, according to the EPA RPM, this result may be an anomaly since the
concentration of BEHP in the treated soil was greater than concentrations of BEHP identified during the remedial
investigation at the site. In addition, the state ambient air guidelines were met during the operation of this system.
The total treatment cost for this application was $450,420. The treatment vendor indicated that the costs associated with
instrumentation were greater than anticipated and that there was a problem with corrosion of ductwork The vendor
suggested several ideas for reducing costs of future similar applications including ways to reduce air monitoring costs.
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the Verona
Well Field Superfund Site, Thomas
Solvent Raymond Road (OU-1)
Battle Creek, Michigan
Site Name:
Verona Well Field Superfund Site,
Thomas Solvent Raymond Road
(OU-1)
Location:
Battle Creek, Michigan
Contaminants:
Chlorinated and Non-Chlorinated Aliphatics
- Tetrachloroethene (PCE), 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, acetone, and toluene
- Light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPL)
in groundwater
- Volume of organic compounds estimated
to be 3,900 Ibs in groundwater and 1,700
Ibs in soil
Period of Operation:
March 1988 to May 1992
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Robert Pinewski
Terra-Vac, Inc.
9030 Secor Road
Temperance, MI 48182
(313) 847-4444
Technology:
Soil Vapor Extraction
- 23 extraction wells with 14 of 23 wells in
operation at a given time
- Catalytic oxidation and activated carbon
adsorption of offgases
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
-ROD Date: 8/12/85
- Fund Lead
SIC Code:
7389 (Business Services, Not
Elsewhere Classified)
Point of Contact:
Margaret Guerriero (RPM)
U.S. EPA Region 5
77 W. Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 886-0399
Waste Source:
Other: Solvent Storage, Blending,
Repackaging, Distribution, and
Disposal
Purpose/Significance of Application:
EPA's first application of SVE at a
Superfund site.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 26,700 yd3 of soil (based on capture zone of 36,000 ft2 and depth of 20 ft)
- Clay content < 5%
Moisture content 5%
- Permeability 103 cm/sec
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- 1991 ROD specified soil and groundwater cleanup standards for 19 constituents
- Standards in soil ranged from 0.014 mg/kg for carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethene, and
tetrachloroethene to 16 mg/kg for toluene
- Standards in groundwater ranged from 0.001 mg/L for vinyl chloride, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, and
benzene to 0.8 mg/kg for toluene
Results:
- SVE achieved the cleanup standards for all VOCs
- A total of 45,000 Ibs of VOCs were removed
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Remediation Case Studies: Soil Vapor Extraction
Soil Vapor Extraction at the Verona
Well Field Superfund Site, Thomas
Solvent Raymond Road (OU-1)
Battle Creek, Michigan (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Cost attributed to treatment activities - approximately $1,600,000 (including solids preparation and handling,
mobilization/setup, startup/testing/permits, operation, cost of ownership, and demobilization)
- Cost attributed to before-treatment activities - approximately $480,000 (including monitoring, sampling, testing and
analysis, and drums/tanks/structures/miscellaneous demolition and removal)
- Cost attributed to after-treatment activities - approximately $5,000 (including well abandonment and disposal of drums)
Description:
The Verona Well Field Superfund site is the location of the former primary well field that supplied potable water for the
city of Battle Creek, Michigan. In early 1984,27 of the 30 wells were determined to be contaminated. The Thomas Solvent
Raymond Road area was determined to be a source of contamination. Soil in this area was determined to be contaminated
with chlorinated solvents, primarily tetrachloroethene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The amount of volatile organic
compounds in the soil at this site was estimated to be 1,700 pounds.
Full-scale operation of an SVE system to treat the soil began in March 1988 and ran intermittently until May 1992. Over
the course of the SVE operation, both carbon adsorption and catalytic oxidation were utilized to treat the extracted vapors
prior to atmospheric discharge. Dual vacuum extraction and nitrogen sparging were implemented to enhance recovery
rates during the latter stages of the groundwater remediation effort. A total of 45,000 pounds of VOCs were removed from
the subsurface soil, and 10,000 pounds from the groundwater, during the remediation. Cleanup verification sampling of
the soil occurred in June 1992 and the analytical results indicated that SVE reduced the constituent concentrations in the
soil at this operable unit. The constituent-specific soil cleanup standards established in a 1991 ROD were met.
The cost attributed to treatment activities for this SVE application was approximately $1,600,000. The SVE system used at
Verona accommodated both carbon adsorption and catalytic oxidation for the treatment of extracted vapors. Catalytic
oxidation was identified as preferable for treatment of extracted vapors instead of carbon adsorption for the period of the
application where the contaminant mass removed by SVE was much greater than 10 to 20 Ib/day.
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5.0 REMEDIATION CASE STUDIES: THERMAL DESORPTION, SOIL
WASHING, AND IN SITU VITRIFICATION
Thermal Desorption at the Anderson Development Company
Superfund Site Adrian, Michigan 84
Soil Washing at the King of Prussia Technical Corporation
Superfund Site Winslow Township, New Jersey 86
Thermal Desorption at the McKin Company Superfund Site
Gray, Maine 88
Thermal Desorption at the Outboard Marine Corporation
Superfund Site Waukegan, Illinois 90
In Situ Vitrification at the Parsons Chemical/ETM Enterprises
Superfund Site Grand Ledge, Michigan 92
Thermal Desorption at the Pristine, Inc. Superfund Site
Reading, Ohio 94
Thermal Desorption at the T H Agriculture & Nutrition
Company Superfund Site Albany, Georgia 96
Thermal Desorption/Dehalogenation at the Wide Beach
Development Superfund Site Brant, New York 98
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption at the
Anderson Development Company Superfund Site
Adrian, Michigan
Site Name:
Anderson Development Company
Superfund Site
Location:
Adrian, Michigan
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics, PAHs, Other
Organics, and Metals
- MBOCA (4,4-methylene bis(2-
chloroaniline) primary contaminant
concentration in untreated soil
- Manganese at levels up to 10%
Period of Operation:
January 1992 to June 1993
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Michael G. Cosmos
Weston Services
1 Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
(610) 701-7423
SIC Code:
2869 (Industrial Organic Chemicals,
Not Elsewhere Classified)
Technology:
Thermal Desorption
- Solids pretreated by shredding, screening,
and dewatering
- Thermal processor consisting of 2 jacketed
troughs
- Hollow screw conveyors in the troughs
mix, transport, and heat the contaminated
soil
- Soil residence time 90 minutes,
temperature of soil/sludge 500-530ฐF
- Treated soil was discharged into a
conditioner, where it was sprayed with
water
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA and State: Michigan
-ROD Date: 9/30/91
- PRP Lead
Point of Contact:
Jim Hahnenburg (HSRW-6J)
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA Region 5
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-4213
Waste Source:
Surface Impoundment/Lagoon
Purpose/Significance of Application:
Treatment using a thermal auger
system; main contaminant is a
hardener for plastics.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil and Sludge
- 5,100 tons treated
- Moisture content: soil - not available, sludge - 65-70% (before dewatering),
41-44% (after dewatering)
- pH: <7 (before dewatering), 10.9-11.2 (after dewatering)
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Soil-MBOCA: 1.684 mg/kg
- Soils/sludges - VOCs and SVOCs: Michigan Environmental Response Act (MERA) Number 307, Regulation 299.5711,
compliance with Type B criteria for soil standards; off-site disposal required for treated soil due to elevated manganese
levels
Results:
- Analytical data for 6 piles of treated soil indicated that the cleanup goals for MBOCA and VOCs were met
- Seven of eight SVOCs met cleanup goals; analytical problems were identified for bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
- Treated soil disposed off site due to elevated manganese levels
Cost Factors:
Information not available
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption at the
Anderson Development Company Superfund Site
Adrian, Michigan (Continued)
Description:
Between 1970 and 1979, the Anderson Development Company (ADC) site located in Adrian, Lewanee County, Michigan,
was used for the manufacture of 4,4-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) or MBOCA, a hardening agent used in plastics
manufacturing. Process wastewaters were discharged to an unlined lagoon. A remedial investigation determined that soil
and sludges in and around the lagoon were contaminated. Contaminated soils and sludges were excavated, dewatered, and
stockpiled. A Record of Decision (ROD), signed in September 1991, specified thermal desorption as the remediation
technology for the excavated soil. Soil cleanup goals were established for MBOCA and specific volatile and semivolatile
organic constituents.
Thermal desorption using the Roy F. Weston LT3 system was performed from January 1992 to June 1993. The LT3
thermal processor consists of two jacketed troughs. Hollow-screw conveyors move soil across the troughs, and act to mix
and heat the contaminated soil. The thermal processor discharges treated soil to a conditioner where it is sprayed with
water. Thermal desorption achieved the soil cleanup goals specified for MBOCA and all volatile organic constituents.
Seven of eight semivolatile organic constituents met cleanup goals; analytical problems were identified for bis(2-
ethylhexyl)phthalate.
Information on costs for this application were not available at the time of this report. Originally, the treated soils were to
be used as backfill for the lagoon. However, the state required off-site disposal of treated soils due to the presence of
elevated levels of manganese.
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Soil Washing at the
King of Prussia Technical Corporation Superfund Site
Winslow Township, New Jersey
Site Name:
King of Prussia Technical Corporation
Superfund Site
Location:
Winslow Township, New Jersey
Contaminants:
Metals
- Beryllium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc,
lead, mercury
- Highest metals concentrations in sediments
- chromium (8,010 mg/kg), copper (9,070
mg/kg), mercury (100 mg/kg)
- Highest metals concentration in sludge -
chromium (11,300 mg/kg), copper (16,300
mg/kg), lead (389 mg/kg), nickel (11,100
mg/kg)
Period of Operation:
June 1993 to October 1993
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Mike Mann
Alternative Remediation Technologies,
Inc.
14497 Dale Mabry Highway
Tampa, FL 33618
(813) 264-3506
SIC Code:
4953 (Sanitary Services-Refuse Systems)
Technology:
Soil Washing
Materials Handling
- Selective excavation of metals-contaminated
soil using visual inspection, confirmed using
on-site X-ray fluorescence
Soil Washing System
- Four components - screening, separation,
froth flotation, sludge management; rated
feed capacity of 25 tons/hour
- Screening - multiple screens; coarse screen
(>8 inches) and process oversize (>2 inches);
wet screening of <2 inch materials
- Separation - hydroclones separate coarse
and fine-grained materials
- Froth flotation - air flotation treatment
units
- Sludge management - overflow from
hydroclones sent through clarifier, sludge
thickener, filter press; filter cake disposed
off site; water reused for wet screening
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
-ROD Date: 9/28/90
- PRP Lead
Point of Contact:
John Gorin
Remedial Project
Manager
U.S. EPA Region 2
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY
(202) 264-7592
Waste Source:
Surface Impoundments/Lagoons
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil and Sludge
- 19,200 tons of soil and sludge
- Moisture content of approximately 15%
- pH of approximately 6.5
Purpose/Significance of Application:
EPA's first full-scale application of soil washing to remediate a Superfund site. Innovative on-site monitoring technique;
selective excavation techniques, including use of X-ray fluorescence, to screen soil for cleanup.
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Soil Washing at the
King of Prussia Technical Corporation Superfund Site
Winslow Township, New Jersey (Continued)
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
1990 ROD identified soil cleanup levels for 11 metals
- Arsenic (190 mg/kg), beryllium (485 mg/kg), cadmium (107 mg/kg), chromium (483 mg/kg), copper (3,571 mg/kg), lead
(500 mg/kg), mercury (1 mg/kg), nickel (1,935 mg/kg), selenium (4 mg/kg), silver (5 mg/kg), zinc (3,800 mg/kg)
Results:
- Cleanup goals were met for all 11 metals
- Cleanup goals were achieved in less than 4 months
Cost Factors:
- Total cost of $7,700,000 (including off-site disposal cost)
Description:
The King of Prussia (KOP) Technical Corporation Superfund site had been used as a waste recycling facility from 1971
to 1974. An estimated 15 million gallons of liquid industrial waste were processed in six lagoons. These activities resulted
in soil and sludge contamination at the site. The primary constituents of concern were chromium (at levels up to 11,300
mg/kg), copper (at levels up to 16,300 mg/kg), and nickel (at levels up to 11,100 mg/kg). The ROD, signed in September
1990, specified complete excavation of soils, sediments, and sludges from these lagoons and use of contaminant extraction
(soil washing) to achieve the specified soil cleanup levels for 11 metals.
The soil washing system at KOP was selected based on the results of a treatability study and data from a demonstration
run using KOP soil at a full-scale unit in the Netherlands. The soil washing system was operated at KOP from June 1993
to October 1993. The system consisted of a series of hydroclones, conditioners, and froth flotation cells. Approximately
19,200 tons of contaminated soil and sludge were treated during this application. The soil washing system achieved the
specified soil cleanup levels for all 11 metals, and the treated soil was used as backfill at the site. Of note for this full-scale
cleanup was the use of selective excavation techniques to screen contaminated soil and sludge for treatment. Selective
excavation was performed through visual examination confirmed using on-site X-ray fluorescence, and resulted in fewer
tons of soil requiring treatment.
The total cost for this application was $7,700,000, including off-site disposal costs for the sludge cake. Selective
excavation reduced the overall costs for the application by reducing the amount of soil requiring treatment by a factor of
two. Further, the data from the demonstration run expedited the design schedule of the full-scale unit by more than a
year.
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption at the
McKin Company Superfund Site
Gray, Maine
Site Name:
McKin Company Superfund Site
Location:
Gray, Maine
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics; Benzene, Toluene,
Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX);
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
- Excavated soil contained up to 3,310
mg/kg TCE, 130 mg/kg Ethylbenzene, and
35 mg/kg Toluene
Period of Operation:
July 1986 to April 1987
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Canonic Environmental
800 Canonic Drive
Porter, IN 46304
(219) 926-8651
SIC Code:
4953E (Refuse Systems - Sand and
Gravel Pit Disposal)
Technology:
Thermal Desorption
- Rotary kiln desorber 7 feet in diameter
and 28 feet long
- Soil heated to 250-400 ฐF and a residence
time of 6 minutes
- Offgases treated using HEPA filter,
baghouse, scrubber, and carbon
adsorption
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
-ROD Date: 7/22/85
- PRP Lead
Point of Contact:
Sheila Eckman
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA Region I
John F. Kennedy Federal Bldg.,
Room 2203
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 573-5784
Waste Source:
Disposal Pit
Purpose/Significance of Application:
This treatment application is notable
for being one of the earliest full-scale
applications of thermal desorption to
remediate halogenated volatile
organic compounds at a Superfund
site.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 11,500 cubic yards
- No information available on matrix characteristics
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Soil performance standard of 0.1 mg/kg for TCE, with retreatment as necessary
- Performance standards of 1 mg/kg for individual aromatic organic compounds, 1 mg/kg for individual PAHs, and 10
mg/kg for total PAHs
Results:
- All cleanup goals achieved
- 11,500 tons of soil treated within 10-month period
- Ambient air concentrations for VOCs were less than 2 ppm above background
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption at the
McKin Company Superfund Site
Gray, Maine (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- Total Cost - $2,900,000 (including salaries and wages, rental, supplies, subcontracts, fuel, and other professional services)
Description:
The McKin Company (McKin), in Gray, Maine, was a former waste collection, transfer, storage, and disposal facility. Soil
at McKin was contaminated with halogenated VOCs and petroleum products, including polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aromatic compounds. During the remedial investigation at McKin, soil contamination levels
were measured as high as 1,500 mg/kg for trichloroethylene (TCE), 49 mg/kg for methylene chloride, and 21 mg/kg for
xylenes. The ROD identified several areas at McKin that required on-site thermal desorption treatment for contaminated
soil. These areas were grouped into a "VOC-Contaminated Area" and a "Petroleum-Contaminated Area." The treatment
performance standard, stipulated in the ROD, required treatment of TCE in the soil to a concentration of 0.1 mg/kg. In
addition to the TCE requirement, treatment performance standards for PAHs and aromatic organics were specified for the
petroleum-contaminated area. Ambient air monitoring was required during the application.
The thermal desorption system included a rotary kiln desorber with offgases treated using a filter, baghouse, scrubber, and
carbon adsorption. Thermal desorption of approximately 11,000 cubic yards of soil was completed at McKin between July
1986 and April 1987. This treatment application is notable for being one of the earliest full-scale applications of thermal
desorption to remediate halogenated volatile organic compounds at a Superfund site. Treatment performance and air
monitoring data collected during this application indicated that all performance standards and monitoring requirements
were achieved through use of the thermal desorption technology.
The total cost for this application was $2,900,000. According to the vendor, this cost included rental supplies, labor,
subcontracts, fuel and other professional services, and estimated that over 80% of the cost was associated with the
treatment of the contaminated soil. A pilot-scale treatability study indicated that thermal desorption would be effective in
treating soils at the McKin site.
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption at the
Outboard Marine Corporation Superfund Site
Waukegan, Illinois
Site Name:
Outboard Marine Corporation
Superfund Site
Location:
Waukegan, Illinois
Contaminants:
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
- PCB concentrations in material feed to
thermal desorber ranged from 2,400 to
23,000 mg/kg PCBs
Period of Operation:
January 1992 to June 1992
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Joseph Button
SoilTech ATP System, Inc.
800 Canonic Drive
Porter, IN 46304
(219) 926-8651
SIC Code:
3363 (Aluminum Die-Casting)
Technology:
Thermal Desorption
- Rotary kiln desorber with proprietary
sand seals
- Retort zone temperature 1,207ฐF
- Preheat and retort zone residence time 30-
40 minutes
- Air emissions controlled using cyclones,
baghouse, scrubbers, fractionator,
condenser, gas-oil-water separator, and
carbon adsorption
- Water treated on site using sand filtration,
Klensorbฎ filtration, ultraviolet oxidation,
cartridge filtration, and carbon
adsorption
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
-ROD Date: 3/31/89
- PRP Lead
Point of Contact:
Bill Bolen - RPM
(Cindy Nolan - former RPM)
U.S. EPA, Region 5
77 West Jackson
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-6316
Waste Source:
Other: Discharge to Sewer/Surface
Water; Surface Disposal Area
Purpose/Significance of Application:
This application was an early
application of SoilTech's ATP system
for treating soil and sediment at a
Superfund Site contaminated with
PCBs.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil and Sediment
- 12,755 tons treated
- 12.9% moisture; pH of 8.59
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Soil and Sediment - PCBs: 97% removal by mass
- Air - PCBs: Destruction and Removal Efficiency (ORE) of 99.9999%, Dioxins/Furans: 30 ng/dscm
Results:
Soil and Sediment - Achieved PCB cleanup goal for soil and sediment; average PCB removal efficiency of 99.98%; PCB
concentrations in treated soil ranged from 0.4 mg/kg to 8.9 mg/kg; most samples less than 2 mg/kg
Air - Stack gas requirements met for PCBs; stack gas requirements met for dioxins/furans after system modifications
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption at the
Outboard Marine Corporation Superfund Site
Waukegan, Illinois (Continued)
Cost Factors:
- $2,474,000 - Actual total costs for cost elements directly associated with treatment (including solids preparation and
handling, startup/testing/permits, operation, capital equipment, and demobilization)
- $900,000 for before-treatment costs (including mobilization and preparatory work, and monitoring, sampling, testing,
and analysis)
Description:
Outboard Marine Corporation (OMC), located on Lake Michigan, performed marine product manufacturing operations
at the site. Contamination of the soil and sediments at the site resulted from the discharge of hydraulic fluid containing
PCBs through floor drains which discharged to several areas at the site and into Waukegan Harbor. An estimated 700,000
pounds of PCBs were discharged to the OMC site and 300,000 pounds of PCBs were discharged to Waukegan Harbor.
Based on a 1989 Consent Decree and Record of Decision, remedial activities selected for the site included excavation,
stockpiling, and treatment of soil and sediment contaminated with PCBs. A cleanup goal for PCBs in soil and sediment of
97% removal was specified in the 1989 ROD.
SoilTech's mobile Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP) system was selected for treating the PCB-contaminated soil and
sediment at OMC. The ATP system was operated at the site from January 23,1992 until June 23,1992. During this time,
12,755 tons of PCB-contaminated soils and sediments were treated. The ATP system met the cleanup goal for PCBs in soil
and sediment by achieving an average removal efficiency of 99.98% for total PCB concentrations. PCBs in treated soil
ranged from 0.4 to 8.9 mg/kg. The PCB DRE of 99.9999% and total dioxin and furan stack emission requirements of 30
ng/dscm were met during the cleanup.
During the proof-of-process period (January 23 until March 5), the DRE for PCBs was not met, and EPA shut the system
down. From March 5 until May 30, SoilTech made modifications to the system, and the stack gas emissions requirements
were met during the remainder of the soil cleanup. An EPA SITE Demonstration was conducted at the OMC site in June
1992. During this demonstration, 255 tons of soil and sediment were treated. The total cost for the full-scale application of
thermal desorption at the OMC site was $2,474,000.
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
In Situ Vitrification at the
Parsons Chemical/ETM Enterprises Superfund Site
Grand Ledge, Michigan
Site Name:
Parsons Chemical/ETM Enterprises
Superfund Site
Location:
Grand Ledge, Michigan
Contaminants:
Pesticides, Heavy Metals, Phthalates,
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs),
and Dioxins
- Pesticides - up to 340 mg/kg for DDT
- Heavy metals - up to 34 mg/kg for
mercury
- Dioxin - up to 1.13
Period of Operation:
May 1993 to May 1994
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup (interim
results)
Vendor:
James E. Hanson
Geosafe Corporation
2950 George Washington Way
Richland,WA 99352
(509) 375-0710
SIC Code:
2879 (Agricultural Chemicals, Not
Elsewhere Classified)
Technology:
In Situ Vitrification
- 9 melt cells; each cell 26 feet by 26 feet
with cells installed in a 16-foot deep
treatment trench
- Air emissions control system - offgas
collection, hood, water scrubber, and
thermal oxidizer
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA (Removal Action)
and State: Michigan
- Action Memo Date: 9/21/90
- Fund Lead
Point of Contact:
Len Zintak, OSC
U.S. EPA Region 5
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 886-4246
Waste Source:
Other: Discharge to sewer/surface
water (floor drains, septic tank, leach
field)
Purpose/Significance of Application:
First application of full-scale in situ
vitrification at a Superfund site to
treat soils and sediments
contaminated with pesticides, heavy
metals, and dioxins.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 3,000 cubic yards
- Silty clay with high moisture content
- Soil reported to be difficult to work with under very wet and very dry
conditions
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Soil cleanup standards and standards for offgases established for four constituents. Soil cleanup/offgas standards were -
chlordane (1 mg/kg / 25 Ibs/hr); DDT (4 mg/kg / 0.01 Ibs/hr); dieldrin (0.08 mg/kg / 0.00028 Ibs/hr); mercury (12 mg/kg /
0.00059 Ibs/hr)
- Offgas standards based on State ARARs
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
In Situ Vitrification at the
Parsons Chemical/ETM Enterprises Superfund Site
Grand Ledge, Michigan (Continued)
Results:
- Specific performance data for soils were not available at the time of this report
- According to the vendor, near-surface vitrified materials had "acceptable" levels of pesticides and mercury
- Additional samples will not be taken until after the melt has cooled (estimated May 1995)
- Data on air emissions indicates offgases met the state air emissions standards
Cost Factors:
- Cost objectives were $800,000 for vitrification activities; approximately $800,000 for before-treatment activities
(mobilization, site administration and preparation, sampling and analysis, and site configuration); and $90,000 for after-
treatment activities (backfill and restoration, drainage structures, and demobilization)
Description:
A full-scale soil remediation system using in situ vitrification (ISV) was conducted at the Parsons Chemical/ETM
Enterprises Superfund site (Parsons). Soils and sediments at the site were contaminated with pesticides, heavy metals,
phthalates, PAHs, and dioxins as a result of former agricultural chemical manufacturing processes. Dioxin levels in soil at
the site were reported as high as 1.13 /^g/kg. Maximum levels of other contaminants in the soil range from 0.99 mg/kg for
phenanthrene to 340 mg/kg for DDT. Soil cleanup requirements were established for four constituents (chlordane, DDT,
dieldrin, and mercury). In addition, the offgases from the ISV unit were required to meet state air requirements for these
constituents during operation.
The ISV system used at Parsons included 9 melt cells and an air emissions control system. Contaminated soil was
excavated and staged at the site due to the shallow nature of the contamination. The melt cells were installed in a
treatment trench. Eight melts were completed from June 1993 to May 1994. The melts ranged in duration from 10 to 19.5
days and consumed between 559,000 and 1,100,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity per melt. Several operational problems
were encountered during this period including fires and equipment problems. These problems were addressed through
modifications to equipment and operating practices.
Because the melt requires approximately one year to cool before samples of the subsurface can be collected, data on the
performance of the ISV will not be available until after May 1995. According to the vendor, initial results of samples taken
from the surface indicate that near-surface vitrified materials contained acceptable levels of pesticides and mercury. Data
on typical air emissions indicates that stack gas emissions were in compliance with state standards during operation. The
cost ceiling identified in the action memorandum for this application was $1,763,000.
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption at the
Pristine, Inc. Superfund Site
Reading, Ohio
Site Name:
Pristine, Inc. Superfund Site
Location:
Reading, Ohio
Contaminants:
Chlorinated Aliphatics, Pesticides,
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs),
and Metals
- VOCs up to 0.14 ppm
- SVOCs up to 130 ppm
- 4,4'-DDT ranging from 0.11 ppm to 8.2
ppm
- Lead ranging from 26 ppm to 1,100 ppm
Period of Operation:
November 1993 to March 1994
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Joseph Button
SoilTech ATP System, Inc.
800 Canonic Drive
Porter, IN 46304
(219) 926-8651
SIC Code:
4953W - Waste Management; Refuse
Systems (Waste Processing Facility,
Miscellaneous)
Technology:
Thermal Desorption
- Rotary kiln desorber with proprietary
sand seals
- Retort zone temperature 1,009.9-
1,034.1ฐF
- Air emissions controlled using cyclones,
baghouse, scrubbers, fractionator,
condenser, and gas-oil-water separator
- Water treated on site using oil/water
separation, hydrogen peroxide oxidation,
sand filtration, and carbon adsorption
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA
-ROD Date: 3/30/90
- PRP Lead
Point of Contact:
Tom Alcamo
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA - Region 5
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 886-7278
Waste Source:
Storage-Drums/Containers; Waste
Treatment Plant
Purpose/Significance of Application:
This application is notable for
treating soils with a wide range of pH
and moisture conditions.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- Approximately 12,800 tons treated
12-25% moisture; pH of 1-2 for some feed soils
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Soil - Numeric cleanup goals identified for 11 constituents, including PAHs, pesticides, dioxin, benzene, and chlorinated
aliphatics; cleanup goals ranged from 0.99 to 3,244 /zg/kg
- Air - Total Dioxins/Furans: <30 mg/dscm, particulates: 0.015 gr/dscf, and four other stack gas emission parameters
Results:
Soil - Cleanup goals for all constituents were met in all soil piles tested; 6 of 11 constituents removed to levels at or below
detection limit
Air - Stack gas requirements met for dioxin/furan emissions and particulates
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption at the
Pristine, Inc. Superfund Site
Reading, Ohio (Continued)
Cost Factors:
No data available
Description:
Pristine, Inc. performed liquid waste disposal operations at the site from 1974 to 1981. Spills and on-site disposal of
treated wastes led to soil contamination. Soils at the Pristine site were contaminated with volatile and semivolatile
organics, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and metals. The soils also contained greater than 2% of
elemental sulfur. This application was notable for treating soil with a wide range of pH and moisture conditions.
SoilTech's 10 ton/hr mobile Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP) system was used for treating the contaminated soil at the
Pristine site. The SoilTech ATP system included a feed system, the ATP unit (rotary kiln thermal desorber), a vapor
recovery system, a flue gas treatment system, and a tailings handling system. Wastewater from the vapor recovery system
was treated in an on-site wastewater treatment system. The ATP system was operated at the Pristine site from November
1,1993 until March 4,1994 and was used to treat approximately 12,800 tons of contaminated soil.
The ATP System treated contaminants in soil to levels below the cleanup goals. Levels of 6 of the 11 target constituents
were reduced to concentrations at or below the reported detection limits. All stack gas air emission performance standards
were met in this application, with occasional spikes of THC over the 20 ppm performance standard. Average throughput
was approximately 6.5 tons/hr, and average on-line availability was approximately 62 percent.
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption at the
T H Agriculture & Nutrition Company Superfund Site
Albany, Georgia
Site Name:
T H Agriculture & Nutrition
Company Superfund Site
Location:
Albany, Georgia
Contaminants:
Halogenated Organic Pesticides
- Dieldrin, toxaphene, DDT, lindane
Period of Operation:
July 1993 to October 1993
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Mark Fieri
Williams Environmental Services,
Inc.
2076 West Park Place
Stone Mountain, GA 30087
(404)498-2020
SIC Code:
2879 (Pesticides and Agricultural
Chemicals, Not Elsewhere Classified)
Technology:
Thermal Desorption
- Rotary dryer desorber
- Temperature of soil exiting heating
chamber ranged from 833 to 1,080 ฐF
Soil residence time 15 minutes
- Offgases - routed through a baghouse, a
water quenching unit, a reheater, and a
vapor phase carbon adsorption bed
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA (Removal Action)
and State: Georgia
- Unilateral Administrative
Order - 3/92
- PRP Lead
Point of Contact:
R. Donald Rigger
On-Scene Coordinator
U.S. EPA Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-3931
Waste Source:
Manufacturing Process
Purpose/Significance of Application:
First full-scale application of thermal
desorption under the Superfund
program to remediate soil
contaminated with a mixture of
organochlorine pesticides.
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 4,300 tons
- Bulk density -125.8 to 129.7 lbs/ft3; moisture content -13 to 19%; pH - 5.7 to
6.2; particle size distribution - up to 2.38 mm; TOC - 0.2 to 0.23 mg/kg
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
Cleanup goals identified in March 1992 Unilateral Administrative Order and October 1992 Treatability Variance for
proof-of-process performance test and full-scale treatment
- Total OCL pesticides < 100 mg/kg and 4 constituents (DDT, toxaphene, BHC-alpha, BHC-beta) > 90% measured
reduction in concentration; air emissions - stack gas total hydrocarbons < 100 ppmv
- Additional air emissions limits during proof-of-process test - Georgia Guideline for Ambient Impact Assessment of Toxic
Air Pollutant Emissions
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption at the
T H Agriculture & Nutrition Company Superfund Site
Albany, Georgia (Continued)
Results:
- The cleanup goals for soil were met for both total OCL pesticides and individual constituents
- Air emission standards were achieved during both the proof-of-process test and during the full-scale remediation
- Average OCL pesticides concentration in treated soil was 0.51 mg/kg
- Average removal efficiencies for individual constituents were greater than 98%
Cost Factors:
- Estimated Total Treatment Cost - $849,996 (including solids preparation and handling, mobilization, startup, system
operation, and demobilization)
- Estimated Before-Treatment Costs - $252,582 (including mobilization and preparatory work, monitoring, sampling,
testing, and analysis, including the treatability study)
Description:
The T H Agriculture & Nutrition (THAN) Company Superfund site in Albany, Georgia was used from the 1950s to 1982
for pesticide formulation and storage. As a result of these operations, soils at the site were contaminated with pesticides,
primarily organochlorine (OCL) pesticides and the site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) in 1989. In March
1992, EPA issued a Unilateral Administrative Order to THAN for removal of contaminated soil and debris. Contaminated
soil with concentrations of OCL pesticides greater than 1,000 mg/kg was excavated and stockpiled.
Thermal desorption was used at THAN to treat approximately 4,300 tons of stockpiled soil contaminated with OCL
pesticides. The thermal desorption unit consisted of a rotary kiln thermal desorber operated at 833 to 1,080ฐF (soil exit
temperature) and a 15-minute residence time. An interlock (waste feed cutoff) process control system was used in this
application to maintain operation of the unit within allowable limits. The system was operated from July to October 1993.
Thermal desorption achieved the specified cleanup levels for OCL pesticides and air emission rates. Total OCL pesticide
concentrations in the treated soil ranged from 0.009 to 4.2 mg/kg with an average concentration of 0.5 mg/kg. Average
removal efficiencies for the four target OCL pesticides were greater than 98%.
The total estimated treatment cost for this application was approximately $850,000. The proof-of-process performance test
results provided information on operating conditions and air emissions that were used for the full-scale treatment
application. In addition, the bench-scale treatability study provided data to support a treatability variance request by
THAN, approved by EPA in October 1992, to place treated soils on site.
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption/Dehalogenation at the
Wide Beach Development Superfund Site
Brant, New York
Site Name:
Wide Beach Development
Superfund Site
Location:
Brant, New York
Contaminants:
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
- Stockpiled soil contained 10 to 5,000 mg/kg
PCBs
- Material feed to thermal desorber
contained 11 to 68 mg/kg PCBs
Period of Operation:
October 1990 to September
1991
Cleanup Type:
Full-scale cleanup
Vendor:
Joseph Button
SoilTech ATP System, Inc.
800 Canonic Drive
Porter, IN 46304
(219) 926-8651
SIC Code:
Not applicable
Technology:
Thermal Desorption/Dehalogenation
- Rotary kiln desorber with proprietary sand
seals
- Retort zone temperature 1,160ฐF
- Preheat and retort zone residence time 30-
40 minutes
- Alkaline polyethylene glycol (APEG)
sprayed onto contaminated soil to
dechlorinate PCBs
- Air emissions controlled using cyclones,
baghouse, scrubbers, fractionator,
condenser, gas-oil-water separator, and
carbon adsorption
- Water treated on site using filtration,
oxidation, settling, air stripping, and
carbon adsorption
Cleanup Authority:
CERCLA and State: New York
(per interagency agreement
between EPA and USACE)
-ROD Date: 9/30/85
- Fund Lead
Point of Contact:
Herb King (RPM)
U.S. EPA Region 2
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(212) 264-1129
Joe Salvatore
USACE c/o 914 TAG, Bldg. 322
Niagara Falls Int'l. Airport
Niagara Falls, NY 14304
(716) 297-8531
Waste Source:
Road Oiling - Application of PCB-
containing waste oils to the
roadways for dust control
Type/Quantity of Media Treated:
Soil
- 42,000 tons treated
- 18.3% moisture; 12.8% clay; 30.3% silt; pH of 7.7
Purpose/Significance of Application:
The Wide Beach project is notable
for being the first full-scale treat-
ment application using SoilTech's
ATP system in conjunction with
APEG dechlorination to treat soil at
a Superfund Site contaminated with
PCBs.
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Remediation Case Studies: Thermal Desorption, Soil Washing, and
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Desorption/Dehalogenation at the
Wide Beach Development Superfund Site
Brant, New York (Continued)
Regulatory Requirements/Cleanup Goals:
- Soil-PCBs: 2mg/kg
- Air-PCBs: 3.33 x 10 5 Ibs/hr, PEG: 4.16 x 105 Ibs/hr, particulates: 0.05 gr/dscf
Results:
- Soil - PCB concentrations reduced from up to 68 to less than 2 mg/kg
- Air - Stack gas requirements met for PCBs, PEG, and particulates; dioxin/furan emissions equivalent to a 2,3,7,8-
TCDD concentration of 0.707 ng/dscm
Cost Factors:
- Actual total costs for cost elements directly associated with treatment - $11,600,000 (including solids preparation and
handling, startup, equipment, and operation)
- Before-treatment costs - $908,000 (including mobilization/preparatory work, monitoring)
- After-treatment costs - $3,400,000 (disposal)
Description:
Contamination of soil at the Wide Beach Development Superfund site (Wide Beach) resulted from the spraying of waste
oil containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) over the roadways in the community to control dust. In response to a
1985 Record of Decision and a 1988 interagency agreement between EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE), SoilTech's mobile anaerobic thermal processor (ATP) system was used in conjunction with alkaline
polyethylene glycol (APEG) dechlorination from October 1990 to September 1991 to treat contaminated soil at Wide
Beach. Approximately 42,000 tons of stockpiled soil contaminated with PCBs, mainly Arochlor 1254, at concentrations
ranging from 10 to 5,000 mg/kg, were treated at Wide Beach. The USACE specified that the concentration of PCBs in
soil treated at Wide Beach should not exceed 2 mg/kg. The Wide Beach project is notable for using full-scale treatment
application using SoilTech's ATP system in conjunction with APEG dechlorination to treat soil at a Superfund Site
contaminated with PCBs.
During the full-scale treatment of soils at Wide Beach, samples of untreated soil were occasionally collected from the feed
conveyor of the ATP system. The concentrations of PCBs measured in these samples ranged from 11 to 68 mg/kg, with an
average PCB concentration of 24 mg/kg. Samples of the treated soil were collected either from the treated solids staging
area or the tailings conveyor of the ATP system. The concentrations of PCBs measured in these samples were generally
less than or near the detection limit (approximately 0.5 mg/kg) and all samples were below the 2 mg/kg cleanup level
during the treatment application. A lack of structural integrity in the treated soils led to a need for off-site disposal.
The cost for this full-scale application was $11,600,000, for costs directly associated with treatment. The level of
dechlorination achieved by the ATP/APEG process was measured during a demonstration test conducted prior to full-
scale operation of the system. The demonstration test results indicated that the ATP/APEG process dechlorinated 76
percent of the PCBs that entered the ATP system during the test. However, this figure does not account for
dechlorination from recycling residual oil through the system. In addition, an EPA SITE Demonstration was conducted
during the full-scale operation in May of 1991. The SITE Demonstration results indicated that 98 percent of the PCBs
that entered the ATP system were dechlorinated.
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