EPA 542-R-97-002
January 1997
Testing and Demonstration Sites For
Innovative Ground-Water Remediation Technologies
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington, DC 20460
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Notice
This material has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under contract
number 68-W6-0014. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
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Foreword
The mission of U.S. EPA's Technology Innovation Office (TIO) is to promote the use of new, less costly,
and more effective technologies to clean up contaminated soil and ground water at the nation's hazardous
waste sites. The availability of public demonstration and testing sites is a key factor in the development of
adequate remediation technologies.
TIO recognizes the need for extensive field demonstrations and verification testing of these technologies
prior to general acceptance and full commercialization. Demonstration sites are relatively scarce and
demonstrations involve some degree of financial and environmental risk. Ground-water contamination has
been found at 85% of hazardous waste sites, and few efficient, cost-effective ground-water cleanup
technologies are available. The difficulty in defining both contaminated areas and the subsurface
environment compounds the need for diverse technologies and adequate demonstration sites to test these
technologies. In addition, regulators that select or approve the use of cleanup technologies are usually
reluctant to turn to innovative technologies if they lack demonstrated cost and performance information.
This report describes fifteen publicly-sponsored facilities available for testing and demonstration of
ground-water technologies. It is intended to help technology developers choose appropriate demonstration
sites. A profile of each site includes general site characterization and contamination information,
appropriate types of demonstrations, technologies previously demonstrated, available analytical facilities,
permitting requirements and an on-site contact. This information is summarized for quick reference in
two tables preceding the full profiles.
Information for this report was obtained primarily through direct communication with on-site contacts.
Additional material was obtained from a document titled Environmental Technologies Testing and
Demonstration Sites: A Federal Directory, compiled by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This
directory, currently a work in progress, contains information on sites managed by U.S. Government
departments and agencies.
To order a paper copy of this document, contact the National Center for Environmental Publications and
Information at (513) 489-8190 or fax your request to NCEPI at (513) 489-8695. Refer to document
number EPA 542-R-97-002 when ordering.
For more information about this project, contact:
Rich Steimle
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (5102G)
Technology Innovation Office
401M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
703-603-7195
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Abbreviations
AA = Atomic Absorption (Spectrophotometry)
BTEX = Benzene, Toluene, Ethylene, Xylene
CT = Carbon Tetrachloride
DCA = Dichloroethane
DCE = Dichloroethene
DCM = Dichloromethane
DNAPL = Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid
DNT = Dinitrotoluene
FID = Flame lonization Detection
FTIR = Fourier Transform Infrared (Spectroscopy)
GAC = Granular Activated Charcoal
GC = Gas Chromatography
HCN = Hydrogen Cyanide
HPLC = High Performance Liquid Chromatography
1C = Ion Chromatography
ICP = Inductively Coupled Plasma
JP-4 = Jet Fuel
LC = Liquid Chromatography
MCL = Maximum Contaminant Level
MS = Mass Spectrometry
nCI = Nanocuries
IRP = Installation Restoration Program
PAH = Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbon
PCB = Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyl
PCE = Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
pCI = Picocuries
RS = Raman Spectrometry
SVE = Soil Vapor Extraction
SVOC = Semi-Volatile Organic Compound
TCA = 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
TCE = Trichloroethylene
TNT = Trinitrotoluene
TOC = Total Organic Carbon
VOC = Volatile Organic Compound
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Contents
Foreword i
Abbreviations ii
Summary Tables of Ground-Water Remediation Technology Testing and Demonstration Sites iv
Department of Energy Sites 1
Argonne National Laboratory 1
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 3
Oak Ridge Subsurface Weirs 6
Sandia National Laboratories/California Site 9
Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico Site 11
Savannah River Site 13
Department of Defense Sites 16
Ground-Water Remediation Field Laboratory, Dover Air Force Base 16
McClellan Air Force Base 18
National Center for Integrated Bioremediation Research and Development Wurtsmith Air Force
Base 20
Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme 22
Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant, Chattanooga 24
Canadian Sites 26
Borden Demonstration Site 26
Smithville Phase IV Bedrock Remediation Program 28
Other Sites 31
Environmental Simulation Laboratory, University of Wyoming 31
Groundwater Phytoremediation Test Facility, University of Washington 33
in
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Summary of Ground-Water Remediation Technology Testing and Demonstration Sites (Part 1)
Site Name
Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, IL
Borden Demonstration Site,
University of Waterloo, Canada
Environmental Simulation
Laboratory, University of Wyoming
Groundwater Phytoremediation Test
Facility, University of Washington
Ground- Water Remediation Field
Laboratory, Dover AFB, DE
Idaho National Engineering
Laboratory, ID
McClellan Air Force Base, CA
National Center for Integrated
Bioremediation Research and
Development, Wurtsmith AFB, MI
Naval Construction Battalion
Center, Port Hueneme, CA
Oak Ridge Subsurface Weirs, TN
Sandia National Laboratories,
California Site
Class(es) of Site Contaminants
halogenated volatile organics and
non-halogenated aromatics in
soils and ground water
landfill leachate, some controlled
releases of halogenated VOCs
None; Above-ground testing
facility
N/A
GRFL provides uncontaminated
test beds and oversees sites
contaminated with halogenated
VOCs and BTEX
radionuclides, heavy metals,
halogenated VOCs
BTEX, halogenated VOCs
BTEX, VOCs, pesticides, fire
fighting agents, landfill leachate
BTEX, PCBs, pesticides, metals,
acids, solvents
halogenated VOCs, non-
halogenated aromatics, and
radionuclides
BTEX
App. Depth to
Ground Water
10+ ft.
0-3 ft.
10 ft. max.
4ft.
15-25 ft.
200-600 ft.
90-105 ft.
8-22 ft.
8-12 ft.
10+ ft.
80-100 ft.
On-Site Analytical
Capabilities
extensive
extensive
extensive
none; full capability
available 50 miles away at
the University of
Washington
extensive
extensive, including
microbiology and
biochemistry
none available for private
use, several nearby facilities
some; extensive facilities
available at University of
Michigan
none; several nearby
facilities
extensive for radioanalytical
and tracer analyses
variety of equipment for
chemical analyses
Appropriate Types of Demonstrations
In situ remediation and monitoring
technologies for soil or ground water
All in situ technologies; controlled releases
have been conducted
All technologies
In situ phytoremediation of chlorinated
hydrocarbons under controlled conditions
All in situ technologies, including
controlled releases
All in situ technologies
All technologies; previous demonstrations
include ground-water and soil technologies
All in situ technologies, particularly
bioremediation
All technologies, including sediment
remediation
In situ characterization and monitoring
technologies for soil or ground water
All in situ technologies
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Summary of Ground-Water Remediation Technology Testing and Demonstration Sites (Part 1)
Site Name
Sandia National Laboratories,
New Mexico Site
Savannah River Site, SC
Smithville Phase IV Bedrock
Remediation Program, Canada
Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant,
TN
Class(es) of Site Contaminants
VOCs, chromium
pesticides, BTEX, VOCs,
radionuclides, metals
PCBs, VOCs, BTEX, dioxin,
furans
TNT and other nitroaromatics
App. Depth to
Ground Water
500 ft.
10-150 ft.
20ft.
20-40 ft.
On-Site Analytical
Capabilities
GC/RS, Geoprobe, mobile
laboratory
extensive
none; full-service contract
laboratory nearby
extensive for explosives
analyses
Appropriate Types of Demonstrations
In situ remediation and monitoring
technologies for soil or ground water
All technologies; many have been
demonstrated previously
All technologies
All remediation technologies for
explosives
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Summary of Ground-Water Remediation Technology Testing and Demonstration Sites (Part 2)
Site Name
Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, IL
Borden Demonstration Site,
University of Waterloo, Canada
Environmental Simulation
Laboratory, University of
Wyoming
Groundwater Phytoremediation
Test Facility, University of
Washington
Ground- Water Remediation Field
Laboratory, Dover AFB, DE
Idaho National Engineering
Laboratory, ID
McClellan Air Force Base, CA
National Center for Integrated
Bioremediation Research and
Development, Wurtsmith AFB,
MI
Naval Construction Battalion
Center, Port Hueneme, CA
Oak Ridge Subsurface Weirs, TN
Sandia National Laboratories,
California Site
Sandia National Laboratories,
New Mexico Site
Permitting Requirements
None; regulatory agencies
require notification only
Permit required
Not yet determined (facility
yet to host remediation
project)
Permit required
Permit required
Permit required
None for remediation
technologies
Permit required, filed by the
facility
Permit required
Permit may be required
Permit not required
Permit required
Addition of Injectants for
Studies
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Allowed
At present, allowed if
subsequently removed and
disposed of off-site
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Allowed, including hazardous
contaminants
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Remediation solutions and on-
site contaminants may be
introduced
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Unique Site Features
Wide variety of solvents (20+). Soil has very low permeability,
complex lithology of glacial till material.
Site includes a well-characterized, relatively simple surficial aquifer/
shallow aquitard system.
Simulation of environmental conditions allows controlled research at
a scale between bench and field.
Control over influent composition. Ability to produce approximate
mass balances of chlorinated hydrocarbons in influent and effluent
streams allows measurement of transpired chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Developers may conduct controlled releases of contaminants in
sheetpile-lined cells. Developers also may conduct demonstrations at
other areas of Dover AFB through GRFL.
Deep ground water, radioactive contamination, vadose zone transport
of volatile organics.
Multiple operable units offer range of platforms. Centralized
treatment facility for extracted ground water.
Opportunity to study intrinsic phytoremediation. Aqueous solutions
of on-site contaminants may be injected for controlled experiments.
Site includes three air strippers.
Three-dimensional monitoring network with long-term data retrieval
available for data comparison.
Investigation of flow and transport, ground-water tracer injections,
and advection and diffusion in fractured shale.
Many existing monitoring and geophysical logging wells.
Arid environment, thick vadose zone, soil contamination plume.
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Summary of Ground-Water Remediation Technology Testing and Demonstration Sites (Part 2)
Site Name
Savannah River Site, SC
Smithville Phase IV Bedrock
Remediation Program, Canada
Volunteer Army Ammunition
Plant, TN
Permitting Requirements
Permit required
Permit required
State or local permit may be
required
Addition of Injectants for
Studies
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Remediation solutions allowed
on case-by-case basis
Unique Site Features
A wide variety of well-defined test sites with monitoring wells across
a wide variety of soil types and contaminants.
Work in progress to model site conditions with a three-dimensional
fracture flow model. Bedrock geology.
Karst geology with complex ground-water flow patterns overlain by
tight clays.
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Department of Energy Sites
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
The site includes an inactive liquid waste disposal unit which consisted of a "dry well" where liquid
chemicals were disposed in the late 1950s and 1960s. A variety of solvents, including chlorinated and
aromatic hydrocarbons and ketones, are still present in the soil and ground water at concentrations up to
200 mg/kg. The area is located in a radioactive waste management area, but the soil and ground water are
not contaminated with radionuclides.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ remediation or monitoring of soil or ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
None
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: Argonne National Laboratory contains
the full range of analytical capabilities, both for routine compliance analysis as well as unique specialty
analysis. In addition, numerous off-site commercial laboratories are located in the area. Technology
developers are permitted to do their own analysis using available facilities.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
VOC contamination in soil is approximately 5 to 25 feet deep and covers 30,000 square feet. A total of 24
VOCs have been detected. Similar contaminants have been found in ground water. The following
constituents are the most prevalent in soil:
Carbon Tetrachloride 54,000 ppb
Chloroform 21,000 ppb
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 140,000 ppb
Isobutyl alcohol 39,000 ppb
Trichloroethene 33,000 ppb
4-Methyl-2-pentanone 8,000 ppb
Tetrachloroethene 190,000 ppb
Toluene 4,400 ppb
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SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: Ground water is present in a series of porous layers ranging from 10 to 50 feet
deep. The first substantial aquifer is approximately 70 feet deep.
Hydrogeology/soil types: Glacial till that includes a mixture of clay, silty clay, and sandy silt interbedded
with sand and gravel layers is about 60 feet thick. Bedrock is weathered dolomite.
Annual precipitation: 35 inches
Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 72 average 60 to 100 range (min-max)
winter: 28 average -20 to 50 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: The wide variety of solvents is unusual,
allowing for evaluation of technology effectiveness on up to 20 different volatile organics simultaneously.
In addition, some of the soils have very low permeabilities (as low as 4E-8 in./sec). The site contains a
complex lithology of glacial till materials, making characterization
and remediation challenging.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 15 miles
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit is not required to conduct demonstrations but state regulatory agencies must be notified. Receipt
of RCRA Part B permit is anticipated in late 1997 and until that time operations are under interim status.
Permission to add injectants for remediation may be granted on a case-by-case basis.
ON-SITE CONTACT
Lawrence P. Moos
Argonne National laboratory
9700 S.Cass Avenue
Argonne, IL 60439
708-252-3455; Fax: 708-252-9767
lmoos@smtpgate.anl.gov
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Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
The INEL initially was established by the federal government as the National Reactor Testing Station in
1949. Its purpose was to provide an isolated location where prototype nuclear reactors could be designed,
built, and tested. In the 1950s, the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion (ANP) program was conducted at Test Area
North. During the course of this program, three Heat Transfer Reactor Experiments (HTRE-I, -II, and -III)
were built and tested.
There are three main areas available for technology demonstrations. The Record of Decision (ROD) for
Test Area North includes provisions for innovative remediation technologies. The Central Facilities Area
and the Radioactive Waste Management Complex are appropriate for demonstration of near-surface
technologies such as barrier walls. The Test Area North is currently used for handling, storage, and
research and development of spent nuclear fuel. In addition, reactor safety studies, energy research, and
defense programs (including production of tank armor) are also conducted. The Central Facilities Area
contains two waste operations facilities: the Hazardous Waste Storage Facility, which temporarily stores
hazardous wastes pending transport to an off-site facility, and the INEL Landfill Complex. The
Radioactive Waste Management Complex has two main operating areas, the Transuranic Storage Area,
dedicated to management of transuranic waste, and the Subsurface Disposal Area, dedicated to the
permanent disposal of low-level waste generated at the INEL site.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ remediation, characterization, or monitoring in soil or ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
In situ air stripping, bioremediation
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: The INEL Research Center conducts
research and development in materials science, physical science, biotechnology, environmental science,
and geoscience. The laboratory complex includes standard labs for chemical analysis and materials
research as well as electronics design, optics, and laser and material testing. Biotechnology laboratories
feature modern microbiology and biochemistry facilities, including a high-bay bioengineering area for
scaled-up research prototype reactors and a greenhouse. Depending on customer requirements and the
nature and complexity of the facility and equipment being used, different modes of operation will be
employed. Some are simple in design and can be operated by the customer after brief instructions. Others
will be operated by INEL facility personnel under customer direction. Technology developers are
permitted to do their own analysis using available facilities.
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Available equipment includes:
Solvent Extraction materials/equipment
Centrifugal Contactor Fluidized Bed
Acid Fractionator
INEL Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography Scanner (DRCT)
ESCA-Auger Spectrometer
On-line Isotope Separator
Scanning Electron Microscope
Spectroscopy System
MTR Mass Spectrometer
GSSI - System 10 Ground Penetrating Radar
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
Site characterization is not yet complete. Specific information about depth and concentration of
contaminants may be provided prior to scheduled demonstrations. INEL issues a yearly environmental
report that can be provided to interested demonstrators.
The following contaminants are found in ground water and soil:
Radionuclides: tritium, strontium-90, iodine-129, cobalt-60, cesium-137, plutonium-238, plutonium-239/
240, americium-241
Heavy metals: chromium, lead, mercury
VOCs: chloroform, cis-l,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene,
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, vinyl chloride
There is some VOC contamination of the Snake River aquifer, but no confirmed radioactive
contamination.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 200 to 600 feet
Hydrogeology/soil types: The INEL site covers 890 square miles on the Eastern Snake River Plain, which
forms a broad northeast-trending, crescent-shaped trough with low relief composed primarily of surface
basaltic flows. This high desert plain features thin, discontinuous, and interbedded deposits of wind-blown
loess and sand, water-borne alluvial fan, lacustrine and floodplain alluvial sediments and rhyolitic domes.
The vadose zone consists of surface sediments (primarily clay and silt, with some sand and gravel) and
many relatively thin basaltic lava flows, with some sedimentary interbeds. Thick surficial deposits occur in
the northern part of the INEL site.
Annual precipitation: 9.1 inches
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Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 65 average 50-88 range (min-max)
winter: 19 average 3-28 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: Deep ground water; presence of
radioactive material; vadose zone transport of volatile organics (i.e. wells may out-gas at concentrations
exceeding allowable standards).
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 70 miles to Idaho Falls Airport
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A joint permit application between the technology developer, Lockheed Martin Idaho (the contractor
operating the site), and DOE-Idaho is necessary to conduct demonstrations. LM Idaho shares liability for
operations with DOE, and LM will participate in any demonstration agreement. Federal and state
regulations apply. Permission to add injectants for remediation may be granted on a case-by-case basis by
the State of Idaho.
Note: The INEL is designated as one of five National Environmental Research Parks where scientists
conduct ecological studies. Grazing leases also have been assigned, and the Blackfoot Tribes consider
portions of the site sacred. All test plans must be reviewed with these stakeholders.
Permitting contact:
Idaho Department of Health and Welfare
450 W. State Street, 10th Floor
Boise, ID 83720-0036
208-334-5500
ON-SITE CONTACT
Kathleen Hain
850 Energy Place, MS 11 IB
Idaho Falls, ID 83401
208-526-4392; Fax: 208-526-0160
e-mail: hainke@inel.gov
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Oak Ridge Subsurface Weirs, Oak Ridge, TN
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
Melton Branch:
This is an uncontaminated site. It has been used for a variety of storm driven subsurface flow and transport
studies involving inorganic and organic tracers and natural isotopic tracers.
Walker Branch:
This site is contaminated with tritium, strontium-90, a variety of DNAPLs, and toluene. Long-term
multi-component ground-water tracer studies have been conducted here to investigate advective and
diffusive mass transfer of contaminants in the fractured shale bedrock. Studies will be conducted through
1999. Other investigators can "jump in" with specific experiments if they are nondisruptive.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ and ex situ characterization, or monitoring of soil and ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
None
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: Extensive radioanalytical and tracer
analysis facilities, consisting of: 1) four on-line high purity intrinsic germanium (HPGE) low-level
gamma-ray detectors; 2) two on-line intrinsic germanium planar detectors for quantification of low energy
gamma-emitters; 3) two sodium iodide detectors for laboratory labeling experiments; and 4) three liquid
scintillation counters for field and laboratory radionuclide quantification. There are facilities to detect and
quantify virtually any tracer used in subsurface science research. These include 1C, AA, HPLC, GC,
GC-MS, on-line gas tracer methods, ICP, etc. Technology developers are permitted to do their own
analysis using available facilities.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
Melton Branch:
No contaminants present. This is a research facility for investigating the effect of chemical, physical, and
microbial processes on solute transport in unsaturated soils.
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Walker Branch:
Tritium: 100-350 microCi/Liter, 10 to 40+ ft depth: in ground water and bedrock
Strontium-90: 20+ microCi/Liter, 0 to 40 + ft depth: in soil, ground water and bedrock
TCE, DCE, VC: ppb-ppm range, 10 to 40 + ft depth: in ground water and bedrock
Toluene: 50+ ppm range, 10 to 40+ ft depth: in ground water and bedrock
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: Walker Branch: 65 to 98 ft; Melton Branch: 10 to 39 feet
Hydrogeology/soil types:
Melton Branch:
This is primarily an unsaturated site with ground water from 10 to 39 feet below the surface. The soils and
saprolites, primarily illitic clays coated with Fe and Mn-oxides, are interbedded with weathered shale and
massive clay lenses derived from limestone. These systems are highly fractured, and perched water tables
develop during storm events. Soils and saprolites are underlain by Maryville Limestone formation which
is a series of interbedded lenses of limestone, siltstone and shale.
Walker Branch:
Soils are nearly the same as at Melton Branch. The extensively fractured shale bedrock is entirely in the
saturated zone, while the soils are partially saturated and unsaturated. Flow and transport are preferential
along geologic strike. Forty five percent of all infiltrating rainfall results in surface water recharge, and
five percent results in ground-water recharge.
Annual precipitation: about 47 inches
Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 75 average 61-88 range (min-max)
winter: 37 average 25-50 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: Installations are designed for
investigation of 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional flow and transport processes in unsaturated subsurface
environments. Facilities allow for quantifying nutrient and contaminant fluxes in soils with spatially
variable physical and chemical characteristics. Subsurface drainage can be collected and monitored from
8.2 feet depth by trenches excavated across the outflow regions of the subwatersheds.
The field facility is designed to perform ground-water tracer injection experiments in fractured shale
bedrock. The site is equipped with numerous multi-level sampling wells and wells designated for
continuous water pressure head monitoring. Sampling from rock matrix and fracture regimes along the
entire flow field is possible. Injection set-up is computer driven and designed to deliver transient or
steady-state tracer concentrations into rock matrix or fractured regime. The site is conducive to studying
advection and diffusion in shale bedrock.
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Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 20 miles
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit may be required to conduct demonstrations. Permit applications, when required, are filed by
developers and the facility. It takes several months on average to obtain a permit. State regulations apply.
Permitting contact:
Terry Bonine
Office of Environmental Compliance and Documentation
Building 2001, Mail Stop 6049
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, TN 37831
423-574-7363
ON-SITE CONTACT
Philip M. Jardine
Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc.
P.O. Box 2008, Mail Stop 6038
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038
423-574-8058; Fax: 423-576-8646
e-mail: jardinepm@ornl.gov
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Sandia National Laboratories/California Site, Livermore, CA
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
In 1996 approximately 60,000 gallons of #2 diesel fuel leaked into the ground from an above-ground
storage tank. Currently, the spill is being remediated using in situ bioremediation in a pilot area, which is
scheduled for enlargement to include the entire site in 1998.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ remediation, characterization, or monitoring of soil or ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
In situ bioremediation
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: On-site facilities are not available.
Technology developers must arrange for their own analysis off-site. There are private laboratories
available for use in the area.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
Site is contaminated with BTEX compounds, primarily benzene. Borehole samples indicate that the plume
of diesel fuel contamination in the unsaturated zone has a radius of approximately 30-100 feet from the
spill point and varying depths to 100 feet. The greatest areal extent of contamination is at the 100-foot
depth. Data indicate that when diesel contamination reached the water table it migrated laterally along the
surface of the ground water.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 80-100 feet
Hydrogeology/soil types: The site is situated on alluvial deposits composed of clay, silt, sand and gravel.
Annual precipitation: 18 inches
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Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 85 average 70-105 range (min-max)
winter: 55 average 35-60 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: There are many existing monitoring
wells and geophysical logging wells.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 5 miles to Livermore Regional Airport; 40 miles to
Oakland Airport
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit is not required to conduct demonstrations. Permission to add injectants for remediation may be
granted on a case-by-case basis.
ON-SITE CONTACT
Steve Orth
Department 8413 MS9221
Sandia National Laboratories/CA
P.O. Box 969
Livermore, CA 94550
510-294-3303 (phone/fax)
e-mail: sporth@sandia.gov
10
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Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico Site, Albuquerque, NM
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
Current site activities include production of weapon components and medical isotopes. Some
environmental restoration efforts have been conducted on landfills, contaminated ground-water plumes,
and hazardous wastes. Demonstrations may be conducted at the Chemical Waste Landfill (CWL), which
has a large TCE vapor plume, low-level ground-water contamination and a fairly well-defined source.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ remediation or monitoring of soil or ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
None
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: GC/RS, Geoprobe, mobile lab.
Technology developers are permitted to do their own analysis using available facilities.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
The demonstration site contains numerous sources of subsurface contamination in buried pits. The vadose
zone is thick (500 feet). Liquid waste has not penetrated to the water table; however, a vapor phase plume
has developed over the years and has impacted ground water to low ppb levels. The vapor phase plume
consists of 10-20 VOCs with maximum total VOC concentration near the pits of about 5,000 ppm.
Principal VOCs present are TCE, TCA, PCE, DCM, CT, BTEX, DCA, and ketones. The concentrations
decline rapidly with depth to approximately 5-50 ppm level at 400 feet.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: about 500 feet
Hydrogeology/soil types: The site is situated on alluvial fill. Soil is mostly decomposed granite and sandy
silts with caleche clays of varying percentages.
Annual precipitation: 8-10 inches
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Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 85 average 60-100 range (min-max)
winter: 50 average 0-75 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: Arid environment, relatively thick
vadose zone.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 5 miles
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit is required to conduct demonstrations. Permit applications are filed by the facility. It takes one to
two years on average to obtain a permit. Federal and state regulations apply. Permission to add injectants
for remediation may be granted on a case-by-case basis.
Permitting contact:
New Mexico Department of the Environment
1190 St. Francis Drive
Santa Fe,NM 87502
505-827-4300
ON-SITE CONTACT
Dick Fate, Manager
ER for Landfills and Test Areas
Sandia National Labs
Albuquerque, NM
505-284-2568; Fax: 505-284-2617
e-mail: refate@sandia.gov
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Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
For over forty years, SRS produced tritium and other nuclear materials for defense purposes. The
hazardous waste byproducts of these activities are now managed as 430 waste management units,
including basins, pits, waste piles, burial grounds, sewer lines, and underground storage tanks. Production
at SRS has resulted in the release of solid and liquid hazardous and mixed wastes to air, water, soil, and
sediment.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ or ex situ remediation, characterization, or monitoring of soil or ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
In situ bioremediation Vapor phase sampling and sensing
In situ air-stripping Vacuum extraction
In situ radiofrequency heating Off-gas treatment techniques
Electrical resistance tomography Cone penetrometer
Colloidal bore scope measurements
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: SRS offers a wide range of technical
support to technology developers. Fixed and portable systems include GC/MS, FTIR, VOC headspace
analyzers, immunoassays, ICP, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, X-ray fluorescence and diffraction,
scanning electron microscopy, and various microbiological analysis capabilities. Mobile field facilities
capable of on-site vapor, water, soil, and microbiology analyses also are available. Technology developers
are permitted to do their own analysis using available facilities.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
The site is contaminated with VOCs, metals, radionuclides (tritium, cesium, strontium, cobalt, technetium,
iodine, uranium, plutonium), fuel hydrocarbons, pesticides, and PCBs. VOC contamination exists in soils
and ground water. Typical concentrations of contaminated source areas are 100 ppm to 1,000 ppm, with
the highest concentrations measured in silty and clayey layers. VOCs in the soil zone are typically 50 to 90
percent TCE with lesser amounts of TCA. Below the water table, VOCs are present in two forms: as a
dissolved plume, and as DNAPL. Concentrations in the dissolved plume range from a few ppb to values
near 1,000 ppb. This plume covers about 1,200 acres, has a thickness of about 150 feet, and is typically
75% TCE with lesser amounts of PCE and TCA. At several sites, concentrations of heavy metals in the
ground water and uppermost aquifer exceed drinking water standards by typical factors of 2 to 10. Ground
water near chemical processing facilities contains up to 5 ppb mercury, 100 ppb lead, 50 ppb cadmium,
and other metals. Ground water near coal piles and other tailings areas contains lead, 2,000 ppb chromium,
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4,000 ppb nickel, and other metals. Tritium is the most significant radionuclide because of its quantity and
mobility. Maximum tritium concentrations in ground water range from 10 to 100 nCi/mL. The remaining
radionuclides have typical maximum concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 pCi/mL.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 10 to 150 feet
Hydrogeology/soil types: The site consists of various combinations of moderately sorted fine-to-coarse-
grained sands interbedded with silty clays, clayey sands and thin, discontinuous clay beds. Hydraulic
conductivity ranges from 1.42 to 141.8 ft/day in the sandy zones and from 2.84 x 10"3 ft/day to 1.42 ft/day
in the clayey zones. Hydrogeology is complex due to heterogeneities in the multilayer aquifer system and
discontinuities in sand and clay layers. Horizontal flow in the water table is approximately 15 to 100 feet
per year, generally toward local streams. Vertical flow profiles have downward trajectories near streams
where ground water discharges to wetlands. Except in the northern part of SRS, the typical vertical plume
trajectory starts at the water table, ranges down to 20-40 feet below the table, then returns to it near the
stream. Vertical flows in the northern areas of the site have resulted in plume migration into aquifers 300
to 500 feet below ground surface.
Annual precipitation: 47.5 inches
Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 85 average 75-90 range (min-max)
winter: 48 average 35-60 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: SRS has a number of well-characterized
test platforms with a variety of soil types and contaminants. Among the platforms are: VOC/Organics/
DNAPLs, Multipurpose Pilot Plant Campus, sOILS facility, Miscellaneous Chemicals Basin, Metals,
Landfill Cover Test Site, and Field Hydrogeology Test Facilities. Seven horizontal wells at the VOC/
Organics/DNAPLs test platform and more than 500 monitoring wells at various other platforms have been
installed to support characterization, monitoring and treatment of contaminated soil and ground water.
Data derived from these activities and other investigative techniques have allowed for the development of
a three-dimensional conceptual model of the test platforms, including ground-water behavior and
contaminant profiles.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 10 miles to Aiken Municipal Airport; 35 miles to
Columbia Metropolitan Airport
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PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit is required to conduct demonstrations. SRS assists technology developers in obtaining permits by
working with EPA Region 4 and the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
(DHEC). Permit applications are filed by the facility. Permission to add injectants for remediation may be
granted on a case-by-case basis.
ON-SITE CONTACT
Christine Spanard
Program Manager-Federal Programs
Westinghouse Savannah River Co.
Building 773-41A
Aiken, SC 29808
803-725-1021; Fax: 803-725-5103
e-mail: christine.spanard@srs.gov
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Department of Defense Sites
Ground-Water Remediation Field Laboratory, Dover Air Force Base, DE
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
The 3.5 acre Ground-Water Remediation Field Laboratory (GRFL) site for contained release studies is in a
previously unimpacted area that has been an open field since the base started. GRFL also oversees other
areas at Dover Air Force Base available for remediation demonstrations.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ remediation, characterization, or monitoring of soil or ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
Air sparging of VOCs, bioslurping, natural attenuation of solvents, cross-flow air stripping
pulsed pump and treat
Co-oxidative bioventing of JP-4 and TCE and accelerated anaerobic bioremediation are underway.
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: On-site: HP 6890 Gas Chromatograph
with Electron Capture Detector (BCD) and Flame lonization Detectors (FID) set up for chlorinated
hydrocarbon and BTEX analyses; pH/ion selective electrode meter; trailer-mounted Cone Penetrometer for
sampling; Hydrolab H20G for down hole or surface analyses of water samples for water quality
parameters. Delaware State University, located about 5 minutes from Dover AFB in Dover, has a new
analytical chemistry facility with capabilities for both organic and inorganic analyses. Technology
developers are permitted to do their own analysis using available facilities.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
GRFL is an uncontaminated site in which studies of controlled releases can be conducted in sheetpile-
enclosed cells. Other areas at Dover AFB available for remediation demonstrations contain BTEX and
halogenated VOCs in soils and ground water.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 15 to 25 feet
Hydrogeology/soil types: Water table aquifer is predominately silty medium to fine sands with
discontinuous layers of gravelly sands, silts, or clays. Average hydraulic conductivity is 13.5 ft/day.
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Annual precipitation: 42 inches
Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 77 average 65-86 range (min-max)
winter: 33 average 27-45 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: The GRFL, one of the Strategic
Environmental Research and Development Program's (SERDP) National Environmental Technology Test
Sites (NETTS), maintains the only permitted facility in the U.S. where technology developers may
conduct controlled releases of chlorinated solvents or other contaminants into an uncontaminated portion
of the water table aquifer. The test area consists of double walled cells that are keyed into the underlying
aquitard.
Approximate distance to the nearest commercial airport: 45 miles to Wilmington airport
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit is required to conduct demonstrations. Permit applications are filed by the facility and the
technology developer. It takes 90 days on average to obtain a permit. Federal and state regulations apply.
Permitting contact:
Alex Ritberg
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
Hazardous Waste Branch
P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
302-739-3689; Fax: 302-739-5060
ON-SITE CONTACT
Dr. Mark Noll
Ground Water Remediation Field Laboratory
Bldg 459, P.O. Box 02063
Dover AFB, DE 19902-2063
302-678-8284; Fax: 302-677-4100
e-mail: mnoll@aca.com
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McClellan Air Force Base, Sacramento, CA
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
The base has been engaged in a wide variety of operations involving the use, storage, and disposal of
hazardous materials. These include industrial solvents, caustic cleaners, electroplating chemicals, heavy
metals, diesel and jet fuel, PCBs, low level radioactive wastes, and a variety of fuel oils and lubricants.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ and ex situ remediation, characterization, or monitoring in soil and ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
Soil vapor extraction, dual-phase extraction, co-metabolic enhancement
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: On-site facilities are not available.
Technology developers must arrange for their own analysis off-site. There are several nearby private
laboratories available for use.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
There are 254 confirmed contaminated sites in the 11 Operable Units (OUs) on base. This number may
change as the Remedial Investigation continues. Most contamination exists in ground water, although each
OU also has contaminated soil. Approximately 800 acres of ground water are contaminated above MCLs.
Contamination is greatest 97-137 feet below ground surface, but contamination exists to a depth of about
400 feet. Each technology demonstration proposed will be matched with one or more suitable sites after a
thorough evaluation of available data by McClellan technical staff.
The following contaminants have been consistently detected in ground-water samples at concentrations
greater than federal drinking water standards:
Benzene 1,2-Dichloroethene
Carbon Tetrachloride 1,2-Dichloroethane
Chloroform 1,1,1-Trichlorethane
Trichloroethene Vinyl chloride
1,2-Dichlorobenzene Phenol
1,1-Dichloroethene Xylene
The following contaminants, for which there are no federal drinking water standards, have been regularly
detected in ground water samples:
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1,1 -Dichloroethane 4-Methyl-2-pentanone
2-Butanone Toluene
Acetone
The following contaminants have been consistently detected in ground-water samples at concentrations
below federal drinking water standards:
Bromodichloromethane Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 90 to 105 feet
Hydrogeology/soil types: Alluvial plain created by the deposition of sediments. Soils are derived from
principally granitic material and consist of sandy silt and silty sands with clay lenses.
Annual precipitation: 20 inches
Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 93 average 75-110 range (min-max)
winter: 53 average 45-70 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: There is a centralized treatment facility
for extracted ground water in OUs C and D.
Approximate distance to the nearest commercial airport: 20 miles
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
This is a CERCLA site. All remediation activities are exempt from permitting. All regulatory and base
interface is through a single point of contact (see below). Permission to add injectants for remediation may
be granted on a case-by-case basis by the Regional Water Quality Control Board.
ON-SITE CONTACT
Philip H. Mook
5050 Dudley Boulevard, Building 269E
McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389
916-643-5443; Fax: 916-643-0827
e-mail: mook.phil@smal .mcclellan.af.mil
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National Center for Integrated Bioremediation Research and Development
Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Ml
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
Wurtsmith AFB has been in existence since the early 1920s. The base was decommissioned in 1993 and is
being converted to civilian use. Contamination at Wurtsmith resulted from waste management practices
associated with aircraft refueling and maintenance. Current operations include a few light industrial
operations and a large airline maintenance facility.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ remediation, characterization, or monitoring of soil and ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
Conventional air stripping and intrinsic bioremediation (natural attenuation)
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: There is a well-stocked, on-site
laboratory with lab and field GCs (PID/Hall detectors), an 1C (anions), wet chemistry capabilities, and
Geoprobe equipment for gathering soil gas, ground water, and soil samples. Capabilities available through
cooperative agreements with the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, include a full range of analytical
equipment such as 1C, GC, GC/MS, LC/MS, TOC analyzer, HCN detector, HPLC, AA, FTIR, etc.
Technology developers are permitted to do a limited amount of their own analysis using available facilities
by special arrangement.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
There are over 70 Installation Restoration Program sites at Wurtsmith with contaminated soil and ground
water. At least four plumes have interactions with open water systems (lakes, wetlands, etc.).
Contaminants include constituents of JP-4 jet fuel (BTEX), PCE, TCE, DCE, vinyl chloride, TCA,
trimethylbenzenes, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, pesticides, fire-fighting agents, and landfill leachate.
These contaminants are usually found as mixed plumes, but JP-4 and chlorinated compounds may be
encountered as unique plumes. The plume areas range from 2000 square feet to 1000 acres. Technology
demonstrations may be conducted within almost any plume.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 8 to 22 feet
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Hydrogeology/soil types: Wurtsmith is situated on an alluvial plain of medium-coarse sand 60 feet deep
interspersed with layers of clay 1-3 feet thick. The average thickness of the aquifer is 45 feet. The aquifer
is underlain by a clay aquitard that is 150 feet thick. Hydraulic conductivity in the sandy aquifer varies
between 75 to 310 ft/day.
Annual precipitation: 30 inches
Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 69 average 50 to 90 range (min-max)
winter: 21 average 10 to 40 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: There are opportunities to study intrinsic
phytoremediation processes at several sites. Aqueous solutions of mixtures of the contaminants found on-
site may be injected for controlled experiments. There are three operational air strippers for direct
technology comparison.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: Wurtsmith AFB airport is fully operational. The nearest
commercial airport is in Saginaw, Michigan, about 1.5 hours drive.
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit is required to conduct demonstrations. Permit applications are filed by the facility. It takes about
1 to 4 weeks on average to obtain permits. Federal, state, and local regulations apply. Permission to add
injectants for remediation may be granted on a case-by-case basis. Chemical additions (with the exception
of tracer compounds) must be in aqueous phase. Only those contaminants found at Wurtsmith may be
introduced.
Permitting contact:
James Janiczek, Chief Hydrologic Review Unit
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
Ground Water Programs Section, Waste Management Division
P.O. Box 30241
Lansing, MI 48909
517-373-7262; Fax: 517-373-4797
ON-SITE CONTACT:
Mark Henry
4140 E. California, Building 1845
Oscada, MI 48750
517-739-0185; Fax: 517-739-0186
e-mail: markheh@engin.umich.edu
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Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, CA
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
Military vehicle use and maintenance and various other facility activities have contaminated the area with
fuels and oils, pesticides, detergents, acids, solvents, and heavy metals. PCBs are present from transformer
fluids. Fire fighting activities at training burnsites have added other contaminants.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ and ex situ remediation, characterization, or monitoring of soil, ground water and sediments
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
In situ: for fuel hydrocarbons: air sparging, ground-water recirculation well, site characterization and
analysis penetrometer (SCAPS)
for PCBs and pesticides: solvated electron chemistry
Ex situ: bioremediation, hot-air vapor extraction
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: No facilities are available for use on-
site, but there are several commercial laboratories certified by the State of California within a 45-minute
drive of the base.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
Primary contaminants are diesel, gasoline and waste oil. Secondary contaminants are pesticides,
transformer fluid containing PCBs, metals (As, Be, Mn, Ni, Sb), acids, and solvents. Contaminants
identified in harbor and canal water and sediments include waste oils, detergents, solvents, PCBs, metals
(Cu, Zn), benzoic acid, and pesticides.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 8 to 12 feet
ENDFIELD
Hydrogeology/soil types: Ground surface is relatively flat, and is underlain by approximately 300 feet of
unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, and gravel that overlie clay, shale and sandstone deposits. The geology
within 30 feet of the surface consists of unconsolidated sands, silts, and clays with minor amounts of
gravel and fill material. A semi-perched aquifer is the uppermost ground water unit present. The aquifer is
contained within the first three depositional soil units, consisting of an upper silty sand unit, an underlying
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fine-to-coarse-grained sand unit, and a basal clay unit. In general, ground water within this aquifer flows
southwest with gradients of about .001 to .003 ft/day.
Annual precipitation: 11.6 inches
Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 62 average 55-75 range (min-max)
winter: 62 average 55-75 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: Several isolated sites have been
identified for in situ demonstrations of characterization and remedial technologies for contaminated soil,
ground water, harbors, canals, and wetlands. A three dimensional monitoring network with long-term data
retrieval is available for data comparison.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 3 miles to Oxnard; 75 miles to Los Angeles (LAX)
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit is required to conduct demonstrations. Permit applications are filled out by the technology
developer and filed by the facility. It takes 60 days on average to obtain permits. Federal, state, and local
regulations apply. Permission to add injectants for remediation may be granted on a case-by-case basis by
the Regional Water Quality Control Board.
ON-SITE CONTACT
Ernest Lory
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center
Port Hueneme, CA 93034
805-982-1299; Fax: 805-982-4304
e-mail: elory@nsesc.navy.mil
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Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant, Chattanooga, TN
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
The plant was used for manufacture of bulk TNT and is currently maintained in inactive status. TNT
production ended in 1977. The area available for demonstrations contains the former batch nitration lines,
the WWII landfill and burning ground, and the Redwater Treatment Plant Area.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ or ex situ remediation of soil or ground water
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: An on-site laboratory, validated by the
U.S. Army Environmental Center, is equipped to perform: explosives analysis by Method 8330 via
Hewlett-Packard HPLC; metals analysis by EPA Methods via Varian GFAA; nutrients by EPA Methods
via Lachat Automated Ion Analyzer. Field screening equipment and capabilities: hach spectrophotometer
for explosives and spectrace X-ray fluorescence and spectrophotometer for metals. Future capability will
include selected analysis by GC. Technology developers may be permitted to do their own analysis using
available facilities on a case-by-case basis. Nearby off-site full-service laboratories: Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA), Chattanooga, TN and Quanterra, Knoxville, TN.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene: <1 to 5,700 ppm soils and <1 to 40 ppm ground water
2,4-Dinitrotoluene: <1 to 9,140 ppm soils and <1 to 70 ppm ground water
2,6-Dinitrotoluene: <1 to 630 ppm soils and <1 to 28 ppm ground water
Nitrotoluenes: <1 to 7,900 ppm soils and <1 to 475 ppm ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
Catalytic Ozonation, phytoremediation
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 20 to 40 feet
Hydrogeology/soil types: Soil is strongly acidic (pH 5). Topsoil consists of 8 to 18 inches of cherty silt
loam and subsoil consists of 10 to 32 inches of silty clay loam with slow internal drainage.
Annual precipitation: 51.9 inches
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Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 77 average 67-88 range (min-max)
winter: 40 average 27-46 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: The site has karst geology with complex
ground-water flow patterns overlain by tight clays at an average thickness of 30 feet. The contaminants
present are restricted for the most part to TNT, DNT, and associated nitroaromatics from the manufacture
of TNT.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 5 miles
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
No general permit is required for demonstrations. However, a specific activity may be subject to state or
local permitting requirements. Permit applications are filed by the technology developer and the facility,
depending on the type of permit: water discharge permits would normally be obtained by the facility; air
emission permits are normally obtained by the demonstrator. It takes at least 6 months to obtain a state
NPDES or sprayfield application permit; 2 weeks to 1 month for local POTW water discharge permits; 1
to 2 months for air emission permits. Federal, state and local regulations apply. Permission to add
injectants for remediation may be granted on a case-by-case basis.
Permitting contacts:
County air permitting with state authorization:
Robert H.Colby, Director
Hamilton Co. Air Pollution Control Board
423-865-4321
Local POTW discharge permit:
Rick Tate
Moccasin Bend Wastewater Treatment Plant
423-757-5026
State NPDES or sprayfield application:
Philip L. Stewart, Field Office Manager
Tennessee Department of Environment and
Conservation
Division of Water Pollution Control
423-634-5734
Hazardous waste storage and disposal:
Guy Moose, Field Office Manager
Tennessee Department of Environment and
Conservation
Division of Solid Waste Management
423-634-5776
ON-SITE CONTACT
Elizabeth A. Jayne
ICI Americas Inc.
P.O. Box 22608
Chattanooga, TN 37422-2608 or:
The Volunteer Site
6703 Bonny Oaks Drive
Chattanooga, TN 37421
423-855-7250; Fax: 423-855-7270
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Canadian Sites
Borden Demonstration Site, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
With permission of the Canadian Department of National Defence (DND), the University of Waterloo has
been conducting ground-water technology field experiments at CFB Borden since the mid-1970s. Since
the early 1980s, some of these experiments have included controlled releases of contaminants and
subsequent remediation activities.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ remediation, characterization, or monitoring of soil or ground water
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: A broad range of analytical and
experimental facilities and expertise is available and is coordinated by the University of Waterloo.
Technology developers may be permitted to do their own analysis using available facilities by special
arrangement (the University of Waterloo has had a role in all demonstrations/experiments to date).
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
The site is relatively non-toxic. A landfill leachate plume contains low concentrations of priority
contaminants, high TOC, and elevated concentrations of chloride and sulfate.
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
NAPL source zone remediation: chemical flushing for mass removal, chemical flushing for in situ
contaminant destruction, passive interception and in situ treatment of plumes (chemical/biological),
soil vapor extraction/air sparging
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 0 to 3 feet
Hydrogeology/soil types: A fine to medium sand aquifer overlies a silt clay aquitard at depths ranging
from 8 to 30 feet. Hydraulic conductivity is 4 to 6 inches per day.
Annual precipitation: 36 inches
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Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 75 average 65-85 range (min-max)
winter: 20 average 10-30 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: Well-characterized and relatively simple
surficial aquifer/shallow aquitard system.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 60 miles
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit is required to conduct demonstrations. Permit applications are filed by the technology developer
and the facility. It takes several months on average to obtain a permit. National and provincial regulations
apply. Applications are coordinated through University of Waterloo, which has an on-going agreement
with the Canadian Department of National Defence. To date, the University has been the only proponent
of experiments and demonstrations; the involvement of others has always occurred through collaboration
with the University.
Permitting Contact:
David Smyth, Manager, Solvents-in-Groundwater Research Program (see below)
ON-SITE CONTACT
David Smyth
Department of Earth Sciences
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1
519-888-4567 X2899; Fax: 519-746-5644
e-mail: dsmyth@sciborg.uwaterloo.ca
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Smithville Phase IV Bedrock Remediation Program, Smithville, Ontario, Canada
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
PCB wastes were stored at the site between 1978 and 1985. Chlorobenzenes dissolved the PCB and served
as the "carrier" fluid. Old transformers were possibly "spent" and overheated; thus conversion to dioxins
and furans seems reasonable. The transformers were cleaned at the site with a chlorinated solvent believed
to be trichloroethene. Presence of other chlorinated solvents may be breakdown products or used
industrial-grade solvents. Contaminant releases were discovered at the facility in 1985. An estimated 8,000
gallons of DNAPLs have migrated to the underlying bedrock about 19.7 feet below ground surface. By
1993, the surface of the site had been restored through the use of an on-site mobile incinerator. Research is
underway to restore the fractured carbonate bedrock that was used as a local drinking-water supply.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ or ex situ remediation, characterization, or monitoring of soil, ground water, or fractured rock
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: A full service commercial analytical
laboratory on contract to the site is about 25 miles away. The laboratory, Zenon, has been accredited by
the States of New York, Virginia, and Washington, and the Department of the Army among others.
Equipment includes GC/MS, GC, and HPLC. Technology developers are permitted to do their own
analysis using available facilities.
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
Active pump and treat dissolved-phase plume containment system using GAC columns
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
Principal contaminants in DNAPL by weight are PCB (30 to 45%), chlorobenzenes (9 to 13%) and
trichloroethene (2 to 3%). Minor contaminants include: chloroethenes, chloroethanes, BTEX, petroleum
hydrocarbons, trihalomethanes, vinyl chloride, dioxins, and furans. The depth of the DNAPL is not known
exactly, but it is believed to reach about 40 feet below ground surface. The dissolved-phase plume has
migrated to depths of at least 85 feet.
The TCE dissolved-phase plume is about 2,500 feet long. The width of the contaminant area is estimated
to be about 600 ft. Concentrations as high as 6,000 ppb have been measured in the core of the plume. The
plume has "collapsed" since the source was contained. Residual contaminant levels remain at
approximately 1 ppb, possibly due to matrix diffusion effects. Relative solubility limits dictate the
dissolve-phase concentrations. In general, these aqueous concentrations are about 10% of the predicted
solubility limit. Residual contamination of the deep overburden and bedrock exists, especially in the
source area, which measures about 450 ft x 600 ft.
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SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: About 20 feet (Note: A potential perched condition between overburden and
bedrock units may exist)
Hydrogeology/soil types: The site is covered by silt to a depth of about 20 feet. A discontinuous basal
silty sand unit has been encountered above the bedrock. Flow in this zone fluctuates seasonally and is
vertically downward via desiccation fracturing. The bedrock is a fractured carbonate (dolostone) that is
flat-lying, porous, bedded and dips slightly (0.5%) to the south. The upper member within this formation
is the Eramosa and is highly fractured and partially weathered. The surface topography undulates from
glacial scouring. The lower portion of the Eramosa is more massively bedded. The next dolostone unit is a
regional aquifer. It is thinly bedded and interconnected through dissolutioned gypsum nodules. Sheet
fracturing is common in this area and provides the horizontal flow pathways. Jointing is vertical or sub-
vertical. The porous rock matrix has sorbed the organic contaminants, retarding their movement.
Annual precipitation: 35 inches
Temperature (in degrees F):
summer: 75 average 65-79 range (min-max)
winter: 14 average 0-25 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: The site has excellent data available and
work is in progress to model site conditions with a 3-D fracture flow model called FRAC3DVS. The site is
located within the Michigan Basin and is composed of relatively simple "pancake" geology (stratigraphic
profile). The local community supports clean-up efforts and there is no current litigation.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 30 miles
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PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit is required to conduct demonstrations. Both the technology developer and the facility
must submit applications. The length of time it takes to obtain a permit depends on the type of
demonstration proposed. National and provincial regulations apply. Permission to add injectants for
remediation may be granted on a case-by-case basis. If a passive containment system is constructed to
isolate contaminants, it may be possible to consider addition of other chemicals.
Permitting Contact:
Mark Smithson
Ministry of Environment and Energy, West-Central Region
119 King Street W., 12th Floor
P.O. Box 2112, Hamilton, Ontario, CA L8N 3Z9
905-521-7819
ON-SITE CONTACT
Smithville Phase IV Bedrock Remediation Program
2769 Thompson Avenue
Smithville, Ontario, CA
LOR2AO
905-957-4077; Fax: 905-957-4079
Ted O'Neill David Ketcheson
Project Manager Technical Manager
toneill@niagara.com or: dketches@niagara.com
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Other Sites
Environmental Simulation Laboratory, University of Wyoming
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
The Environmental Simulation Laboratory (ESL) was constructed in 1987 and is designed to scale up
bench-scale research or scale down field site research. Previous contamination is not relevant, as each new
experiment is separate and controlled.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
Simulated in situ or ex situ remediation, characterization, or monitoring of soil or ground water
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
The ESL has been used to survey leaching from large retorted oil shale embankments under various
climatic conditions.
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: Data collected from studies conducted
in the ESL can be analyzed using all equipment normally found on a large university campus. Technology
developers are permitted to do their own analysis using available facilities.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
Not applicable
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 10 feet maximum
Hydrogeology/soil types: Can be custom-designed
Precipitation: Can be simulated up to 10 inches per hour in any storm distribution pattern and intensity
Temperature (in degrees F): Controllable range of-20 to 120 (plus or minus 2 degrees)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: The ESL is unique because soil
embankment studies can be carried out in two 24ftxlOftxlOft deep lysimeters covered by a single
environmental chamber which controls temperature within a range of-20 to 120 degrees F, rainfall
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between 0 and 5 inches per hour, and relative humidity between 30 and 95 percent. Sunlight is simulated
using metal halide lights which are sufficient to grow most vegetation. Ground-water movement can be
simulated using a pumping system. The ESL essentially allows controlled research at a scale between
bench and field.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 120 miles to Denver International; 10 miles to the local
airport in Laramie
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
The ESL has not yet been used to study hazardous waste remediation, and the Wyoming Department of
Environmental Quality was uncertain at the time of this writing whether a permit would be required or not.
This would have to be investigated further at the time of application for such use of the facility. With
regard to addition of chemicals, a treatment plant for water leaving the lysimeters has been designed, but
has not yet been funded or built. The lysimeter walls are lined with an inert material. It would be the
responsibility of the technology developer to remove and dispose of contaminated liners at a permitted
hazardous waste disposal site.
Permitting Contact:
David Finley
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307-777-7753
ON-SITE CONTACT
Dr. Quentin Skinner
Department of Rangeland Ecology and Watershed Management
University of Wyoming
P.O. Box 3354
Laramie, WY 82071-3354
307-766-5130; Fax: 307-766-3379
e-mail: qskinner@uwyl.edu
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Groundwater Phytoremediation Test Facility, University of Washington
HISTORIC AND CURRENT SITE USES
The Groundwater Phytoremediation Test Facility (GWPTF) was constructed in 1994 in Fife, Washington.
The facility covers about one-quarter acre and is equipped with 12 double-lined test beds, each 12 ft x 18
ft x 4.5 ft deep. The site has the equipment for handling, mixing, and delivering synthetically
contaminated water and for decontaminating the effluent water using carbon adsorption units.
The GWPTF has been used to provide the first near-full-scale testing of phytoremediation of chlorinated
hydrocarbons in ground water. The results were rapid, and nearly complete uptake of TCE and carbon
tetrachloride by poplar trees was achieved with no detectable TCE or CT emissions. The GWPTF test beds
allow easy monitoring of influent and effluent mass fluxes of chlorinated solvents.
TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIONS APPROPRIATE FOR THE FACILITY
In situ phytoremediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in ground-water streams under controlled conditions
GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED
Phytoremediation of TCE by poplar trees
ANALYTICAL CAPABILITIES
Analytical facilities and equipment available on-site or nearby: Full analytical facilities (GC-FID,
GC-MS, HPLC, etc.) are available at the University of Washington, about 50 miles away. Technology
developers may be permitted to do their own analysis using the facilities under special arrangement.
SITE CONTAMINATION PROFILE
The GWPTF is equipped for testing phytoremediation of synthetically contaminated, artificial ground-
water streams. Any common chlorinated hydrocarbons may be applied to selected test cells.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Depth to ground water: 4 feet
Hydrogeology/soil types: Soil may be brought in. Presently the soil is a sandy loam.
Annual precipitation: 35 inches
Temperature (in degrees F):
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summer: 64 average 54 to 75 range (min-max)
winter: 41 average 37 to 50 range (min-max)
Unique site features relevant to demonstration opportunities: Facility allows control over influent
chlorinated hydrocarbon composition. Tests can approximate mass balances of chlorinated hydrocarbons
in influent and effluent water streams and measure transpired chlorinated hydrocarbons. Facility provides
replicate cells and control cells without trees.
Approximate distance to the nearest airport: 25 miles
PERMITTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
A permit is required to conduct demonstrations. Technology developers and the site manager work
together to file the permit. It takes about six months to obtain a permit. State and local regulations apply.
Permission to add injectants for remediation may be granted on a case-by-case basis.
Permitting Contact:
Washington Department of Ecology
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
360-407-6000; Fax: 360-407-6989
ON-SITE CONTACT
Stuart E. Strand
Research Associate Professor
Box 352100
College of Forest Resources
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
206-543-5350 (phone/fax)
e-mail: sstrand@u.washington.edu
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