COMMITTEE ON
THE CHALLENGES OF
MODERN SOCIETY
EPA 542-R-98-0015
June f 998
www.clu-in.com
www.nato.int/ccms
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study
Evaluation of Demonstrated and
Emerging Technologies for the
Treatment and Clean Up of
Contaminated Land and
Groundwater
PHASE II
OVERVIEW REPORT
Number 219
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
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Overview Report
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study
Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging
Technologies for the Treatment and Clean Up
of Contaminated Land and Groundwater
(Phase II)
June 1998
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NOTICE
This report was prepared under the auspices of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Committee
on the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO/CCMS) as a service to the technical community by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The document was funded by U.S. EPA's
Technology Innovation Office under the direction of Michael Kosakowski (Work Assignment Manager).
Michael A. Smith of Berkhamsted, U.K., was the principal editor for the Pilot Study reports and the
author of this Overview Report. The Overview Report was edited and produced by Environmental
Management Support, Inc., of Silver Spring, Maryland, under U.S. EPA contract 68-W6-0014. Mention
of trade names or specific applications does not imply endorsement or acceptance by U.S. EPA.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study, Phase II
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 2
3. RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER CCMS PROGRAMS 2
3.1 The CCMS Fellowship Program 2
3.2 CCMS Study Visit Program 2
4. ACCOMPLISHMENTS 2
5. TECHNICAL OVERVIEW 5
5.1 Introduction 5
5.2 Development Status 5
5.3 In Situ vs. Ex Situ Technologies 5
5.4 Technology Types 5
5.5 Contaminants Treated 6
6. THE PHASE IE PILOT STUDY 6
7. CONCLUSIONS 7
8. RECOMMENDATIONS 7
9. REFERENCES 9
10. NATIONAL CONTACTS 10
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NATO/CCMSPilotStudy, Phase II
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1. INTRODUCTION
This report provides an overview of the Phase n Pilot Study on the Evaluation of Demonstrated and
Emerging Technologies for Treatment and Clean Up of Contaminated Land and Groundwater. It also
contains the key conclusions of the Pilot Study and recommendations for further action. A detailed
account of the Phase II Pilot Study is provided in the Final Report (1).
The Phase n Pilot Study was proposed to NATO by the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(U.S. EPA) at the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society's (CCMS) plenary session in April
1992. Member countries voted on and accepted the proposal at the same meeting.
The study was conducted under the joint leadership of the United States, the Federal Republic of
Germany, and the Netherlands. It was co-chaired by Mr. Stephen James and Dr. Walter Kovalick, Jr.,
of U.S. EPA. Dr. Deniz Beten, Director of CCMS Programs, provided liaison with the NATO/CCMS
secretariat. Additional information on CCMS and the Pilot Studies may be obtained from the Country
Representatives listed at the back of this document.
The Pilot Study Group held a total of seven meetings during the course of the study. During these
meetings, countries submitted candidate projects that were discussed and voted on for inclusion in the
study based on criteria agreed upon by the participating countries. In-depth interim and final report
presentations on the implementation and results of these projects were made during the international
meetings and summarized in meeting proceedings. Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the
United Kingdom, and the United States provided projects to the study. In addition, Belgium, Hong Kong,
Italy, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic were represented at
one or more meetings by a government representative, a CCMS Fellow, or an individual expert.
Each project was planned and executed by the responsible organization, with project funding from the
various government and non-government organizations involved. The costs of participating in
international meetings and preparing project reports were generally met by these organizations
concerned, which in many cases were private companies.
Each international conference included host country presentations and a tour de table, during which
member countries discussed developments in national legislation, regulations, and research and
development programs. In addition, recognized experts in diverse technical fields gave invited papers
related to the challenges of soil and groundwater remediation, and CCMS Fellows provided presentations
and written reports on their work. These reports from Fellows were published as part of the proceedings
of the international meetings and are contained in Appendix V of the Final Report.
The Final Report was prepared by a voluntary team drawn from a number of countries. The Pilot Study
Directors acknowledge the efforts of the members of the team without whose contributions it would not
have been possible to produce the report. The Final Report was published by U.S. EPA. Contributions
towards the direct costs of preparing the Final Report have also been made by Denmark, Germany,
Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
The various Pilot Study activities resulted in extensive transfer of study findings to potential users of
new remediation technologies and to a wider technical and administrative audience. They also increased
the exchange of ideas on technology needs and fostered greater contact among experts and decision-
makers within both member and non-member countries.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Study, Phase II Overview Report
2. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The problem of land and groundwater contamination from improper handling and disposal of hazardous
materials and wastes is faced by all countries. Many countries have committed resources to developing
advanced, innovative remediation technologies and to evaluating them under field conditions. The
ongoing challenge is how to maximize the value of these technology demonstrations and effectively
transfer the technologies both within and between countries. In addition, there has been an increasing
recognition of the need for approaches not dependent on advanced technologies and for technologies that
can be cost-effectively employed in the socioeconomic circumstances of Eastern and Central Europe and.
developing countries.
The purpose of this NATO/CCMS pilot study was to identify, discuss, and review innovative, emerging,
and alternative technologies, and to transfer technical performance and economic information to potential
users of these technologies. A specific objective of the study was to identify "lessons learned" from the
technology demonstrations—both the successes and those that illustrated technology failures or limita-
tions. The latter type of information is rarely presented in conferences or discussed in the technical
literature, but is very important for making informed decisions involving critical time and monetary
requirements. It is also useful for defining priorities in research and development programs.
3. RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER CCMS PROGRAMS
3.1 The CCMS Fellowship Program
The CCMS Fellowship Program made an important contribution to the success of the Phase II Pilot
Study, as it did to the two earlier Pilot Studies on the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater.
It facilitated participation of several experts, including experts from countries such as Portugal, that
would otherwise not have had a presence in the Pilot Study. The participation of these experts enabled
a wider range of topics to be covered.
Ten NATO Fellowships were awarded under this Pilot Study. Nine Fellows conducted associated studies
and submitted project reports to the Pilot Study under guidance of the Pilot Study Directors. One edited
the Final Report and contributed to the content of the report; two other Fellows also contributed to the
preparation of the report. All of the Fellows attended one or more meetings of the Pilot Study Group
and played an active part in the discussions.
The Fellows came from private, university, and governmental organizations in the Federal Republic of
Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Their activities
covered a range of topics related to the Pilot Study, including an examination of the national approach
to such problems as costs and economics, quality management, innovative approaches to large-scale
remediation projects, and assessment of the performance of in situ treatment methods.
3.2 CCMS Study Visit Program
Participation by a number of individuals, including expert speakers, was made possible by the provision
of travel funds through the CCMS Study Visit Program.
4. ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Pilot Study Group examined 52 different remediation technology projects from 14 countries during
the five-year program. The projects encompassed in situ and ex situ biological, physical-chemical, and
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thermal treatment technologies. Many of the projects involved two or more technologies, either in
integrated treatment systems or in parallel treatment. The reports on these projects revealed an ongoing
evolution of innovative and advanced technologies. The Pilot Study is believed to have been instrumental
in facilitating this development.
Non-member countries, including members of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) took
increasing interest in and participated in the Phase II Pilot Study. For example:
• The first Pilot Study meeting was held in Budapest in 1992—the first CCMS meeting to be held in
a NACC country. A number of the participants presented papers at an international environmental
meeting held the previous week.
• The third meeting was held in Adelaide, Australia, in February 1995 and was co-hosted by the
Commonwealth EPA.
• Projects were contributed by a number of non-member countries including, Australia, the Czech
Republic, Hungary, Sweden, and Switzerland.
The Pilot Study was designed to provide participants with a broader view of the research strategies of
other countries to help them focus their own research strategy. Technology transfer from the Pilot Study
was promoted by circulating meeting reports, involving members in conferences and symposia, and
publishing papers in professional journals. Some examples of this activity are listed below:
• The proceedings of the Pilot Study meetings were provided to country representatives (nominated
by their respective countries for participation in the meetings) to duplicate and distribute within their
countries, as needed.
• In 1995, U.S. EPA published an Interim Status Report (2) that was distributed to all participating
countries and others worldwide.
• The German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Protection, and Reactor Safety (Bundesminis-
terium fur Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit) commissioned one CCMS Fellow to prepare
a report of the meeting held in Berlin in 1996 and a review of research needs (3). This report
was circulated to country representatives.
• During the Pilot Study meetings, participants visited soil treatment facilities, ongoing site cleanup,
and research institutions. These activities stimulated the participation of private companies in the
Pilot Study and enlarged the network of international experts and increased their interactions.
• The Pilot Study Director and Co-Directors provided annual reports to NATO/CCMS.
• The Co-Directors and other members of the Pilot Study served on' numerous science advisory
committees and presented invited papers at national and international technology conferences and
symposia at national conferences in Australia, the Netherlands, Canada, Luxembourg, the United
Kingdom, and the United States. A special session based on the Pilot Study formed part of the
Netherlands Research Organization (TNO) international conference on contaminated soil, held in
Maastricht in 1995.
• A paper describing the current Pilot Study and the achievements of earlier studies on contaminated
land and groundwater (4) was presented at an International Symposium on the Rehabilitation of
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Military Sites and Demilitarization of Explosive Ordnance, held in Luxembourg 1994 and co-
sponsored by NATO, the World Health Organization, and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
• In the United Kingdom, a number of related reports were prepared for the U.K. Department of the
Environment. One of these formed the basis for a wider publication.
In addition to the technical issues that were the focus of this Pilot Study, each meeting started with a
tour de table, during which each country discussed developments in national legislation, regulations,
technical criteria, and guidelines (5). Understanding differences in policy and management strategies in
other countries has been helpful to study members for discussions when they returned to their countries.
Close liaison was maintained throughout the study with other international groups dealing with the
problems of contaminated land including:
• the CCMS Pilot Study on the Environmental Aspects of Reusing Military Lands;
• the "Ad hoc International Working Group" on Contaminated Land, which grew out of discussions
among country representatives attending the NATO/CCMS meetings. The Working Group exists to
provide a forum—open to any country—in which the issues and problems of contaminated land and
groundwater can be discussed at a national level and information can be freely exchanged to the
benefit of all participants;
• the Common Forum on Contaminated Land in the European Union, which also began through the
NATO/CCMS meetings;
• CARACAS* (the European Union's [EU] Concerted Action on Risk Assessment for Contaminated
Sites);
• NICOLE* (the EU's Concerted Action Network for Industrially Contaminated Land in Europe);
• the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) Technical Committee TC190: Soil Quality,
which is preparing international standards for soil and site assessment, including chemical,
biological, and physical testing methods; and
• the German-United States Bilateral Agreement, the goals of which are to:
—facilitate an understanding of each country's approach to the remediation of contaminated sites;
—demonstrate innovative remedial technologies;
—compare quality assurance programs; and
—facilitate technology transfer.
* CARACAS (coordinated by the German Umweltbundesamt) and NICOLE are both funded by the European
Commission's Directorate General XII under the Environment and Climate Research and Development Program.
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5. TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
5.1 Introduction
There were 52 active projects in the Pilot Study. Summary information on each project is provided in
Appendix IV (Volume 2 of the Final Report). The project summaries provide a technical abstract, which
summarizes the project's progress and results, but is not a critical review of the project. The summaries
also provide the name of a technical contact for further information.
While the objective of the Pilot Study was to evaluate applications of particular technologies, a large
proportion of the projects involved more than one technology. Some involved the use of integrated
treatment systems combining more than one technology, and others involved the application of more than
one technology to deal with separate aspects of site contamination. Other projects concerned theoretical
studies, strategic scientific studies, or large-scale remediation projects for which the remediation strategy
had yet to be developed.
Because the projects are classified below in a variety of ways, they may be counted two or three times,
and not all projects may be included in each analysis. Furthermore, the categorization of projects is a
matter of judgment, and alternative categorizations may be possible. The projects are classified in the
following sections as follows:
• by the development status of the technology (Section 5.2);
• whether they are in situ or ex situ technologies, or a combination of both (Section 5.3);
• by the type of technology used (Section 5.4);
• by the contaminants treated (Section 5.5); and
• whether they involve a single technology, mixed technologies, or integrated treatment systems.
5.2 Development Status
Forty-nine of the 52 active projects were technology-based. The Pilot Study accepted technical projects
in two areas of development: "emerging" and "demonstration." For the purposes of the Pilot Study, an
emerging technology is defined as being at bench- or pilot-scale, while a demonstrated technology is one
implemented at field- or full-scale. Demonstrated technologies are usually at or near to commercial
application. There was almost an even split of projects within the Pilot Study examining emerging and
demonstrated technologies.
5.3 In Situ vs. Ex Situ Technologies
There were 18 projects using in situ technologies: 26 projects using ex situ technologies, six projects
using both in situ and ex situ technologies, and two projects (Projects 22 and 56) for which the
remediation strategy had yet to be decided.
5.4 Technology Types
For the purposes of the Final Report the technologies described in each technical project were broadly
classified as one of five types: biological, chemical, physical-chemical, stabilization/solidification, or
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thermal. The additional categories of "integrated" and "mixed" are used to describe combinations of
technologies used as part of an overall remediation strategy. "Integrated" refers to approaches where two
or more technologies are used simultaneously or in series to treat a specific site problem. "Mixed"
projects involve two or more technologies used to treat different contaminated areas or media as part
of an overall remedial strategy.
The classification of projects was as follows (Note that some projects were counted twice.):
Technology
Type
Biological
Physical-Chemical
Chemical
Thermal
Number of
Projects
24
29
4
5
Examples of Technologies
bioventing, biopiles, slurry reactors, white rot fungi
soil vapor extraction, soil washing, solvent
extraction, ultraviplet treatment
photochemical oxidation, ozone treatment, sorption,
leaching
thermal desorption, incineration, thermal
vitrification
Stabilization/Solidification
Other
chemical fixation, grouting
site characterizations, free-product recovery
There were 23 projects that relied upon a single technology, 19 that used integrated technologies, seven
mixed technologies, and three that did not involve treatment. Typical combinations were soil vapor
extraction with in situ biotreatment, soil washing followed by biotreatment, and soil washing followed
by thermal treatment.
5.5 Contaminants Treated
Forty of the 52 projects were concerned only with the treatment of organic contaminants, including
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylenes). Six projects dealt exclusively with metals, and six dealt with both inorganic
and organic contaminants. One project focused on remediation of inorganic sulfates and cyanides.
6. THE PHASE III PILOT STUDY
The country representatives and other participants in the Pilot Study agreed on the merit of a Phase EH
Pilot Study—both for those countries having established programs to address contaminated land and for
those who have more recently begun to address contamination problems, such as countries in Central
and Eastern Europe. In addition, developing countries might benefit by avoiding the environmental
Degradation that accompanied the industrialization of Europe and North America. Particular needs
identified included more extensive, cheaper, and sustainable treatment technologies, and studies of
containment methods.
The United States formally proposed a follow-up Pilot Study at the CCMS Plenary Meeting held in April
1997. The proposal was accepted, and Germany and The Netherlands agreed to participate as co-pilot
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countries. The new Pilot Study was welcomed by Cooperation Partners at the subsequent "Continuation
of the Plenary Meeting." The first meeting of the new Pilot Study was held in Vienna, Austria, in
February 1998. Seven projects initiated during this Phase II study will be continued during the Phase
HI study.
7. CONCLUSIONS
This Phase II Pilot Study again demonstrated the benefits of exchanging technical and economic
information on contaminated land and groundwater remediation technologies. The full conclusions of
the Pilot Study are presented in the Final Report, together with supporting statements. The conclusions
are based on the deliberations of the Pilot Study Group, case studies, expert speaker presentations,
special studies carried out by Fellows of the Pilot Study, and the experience and expertise of the
individual chapter authors. The conclusions are of four types:
• general conclusions arising from the Pilot Study;
• general conclusions about remediation and technology transfer;
• conclusions relating to individual chapters in the report; and
• research needs.
Seven of the conclusions listed in the Final Report are regarded as particularly important and are listed
below:
1. Remediation strategies in a number of countries are moving from technology-intensive treatment
processes to increasing use of land use management and extensive approaches such as natural
attenuation.
2. The intended future use of a site is increasingly a determining factor when setting clean-up
objectives and selecting a remediation strategy.
3. Integrated treatment systems are frequently needed for site remediation.
4. Energy efficiency practices influence plant design resulting in varying processing costs between
countries. This may make cost comparisons between countries difficult and lead to the choice
of different technologies to address similar problems.
5. All remediation activities require proper operation and management.
6. Independent evaluation and verification of technologies and uniform data collection are needed
for effective technology transfer.
7. Scientific understanding of processes is essential to avoid forming harmful end-products and
byproducts, ensure process optimization, avoid unwanted transfer of contaminants to other
media, and understand the limits of technical performance.
8. RECOMMENDATIONS
1) The CCMS is invited by the Pilot Study Directors to commend this Phase II Pilot Study Final Report
to the NATO Council for approval.
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10. NATIONAL CONTACTS
Directors
Stephen C. James (Co-Director)
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
United States
tel: 513-569-7877
fax: 513-569-7680
E-mail: james.steve@epa.gov
Walter W. Kovalick, Jr. (Co-Director)
Technology Innovation Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW (5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
United States
tel: 703-603-9910
fax: 703-603-9135
E-mail: kovalick.walter@epa.gov
Co-Pilot Directors
Volker Franzius
Umweltbundesamt
Bismarckplatz 1
D-14193 Berlin
Germany
tel: 49/30-8903-2496
fax: 49/30-8903-2285 or -2103
H. Johan van Veen
The Netherlands Integrated Soil Research
Programme
P.O. Box 37
NL-6700 AA Wageningen
The Netherlands
tel: 31/317-484-170
fax: 31/317-485-051
E-mail: anneke.v.d.heuvel @ spbo.beng.wau.nl
Country Representatives
Gillian King Rodda
Manager, Contaminated Sites
Environment Protection Group
Environment Australia
PO Box E305
Kingston ACT 2604
Australia
tel: 61-2-6274-1114
fax: 61-2-6274-1164
E-mail: gillian.king.rodda@ea.gov.au
Nora Auer
Federal Ministry of Environment, Youth
Family Affairs
Dept. m/3
Stubenbastei 5
A-1010 Vienna
Austria
tel: 43/1-515-22-3449
fax: 43/1-513-1679-1008
E-mail: Nora.Auer@bmu.gv.at
and
Jacqueline Miller
Brussels University
Avenue Jeanne 44
1050 Brussels
Belgium
tel: 32/2-650-3183
fax: 32/2-650-3189
E-mail: jmiller@resulb.ulb.ac.be
Harry Whittaker
Emergencies Engineering Division
Environment Canada
3439 River Road
Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OH3
Canada
tel: 613/991-1841
fax: 613/991-1673
E-mail: harry.whittaker@etc.ec.gc.ca
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Jan Svoma
Aquatest a.s.
Geologicka 4
152 00 Prague 5
Czech Republic
tel: 420/2-581-83-80
fax: 420/2-581-77-58
E-mail: aquatest@aquatest.cz
Inge-Marie Skovgard
Contaminated Land Division
Danish Environmental Protection Agency
29 Strandgade
DK-1401 Copenhagen K
Denmark
tel: 45/3-266-0100 - direct 45/32660397
fax: 45/3-296-1656
E-mail: ims@mst.dk
Ari Seppanen
Ministry of Environment
P.O. Box 399
00121 Helsinki
Finland
tel: +358/9-199-197-15
fax: +358/9-199-196-30
Ren6 Goubier
Polluted Sites Team
ADEME
B.P. 406
49004 Angers Cedex 01
France
tel: 33/241-204-120
fax: 33/241-872-350
Antonios Kontopoulos*
National Technical University of Athens
GR-157 80 Zografos
Athens
Greece
Pal Varga
National Authority for the Environment
F6 u.44
H-1011 Budapest
Hungary
tel: 36/1-457-3530
fax: 36/1-201-4282
E-mail: vargap@kik.ktm.hu
Matthew Crowe
Environmental Management and Planning
Division
Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 3000
Johnstown Castle Estate
County Wexford
Ireland
tel: +353 53 60600
fax: +353 53 60699
E-mail: m.crowe@epa.ie
Takeshi Nishio
Soil and Agricultural Chemicals Division
Environment Agency, Water Quality Bureau
Japan Environment Agency
1-2-2, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku
Tokyo 100
Japan
tel: +81-3-3580-3173
fax: +81/3-3593-1438
E-mail: takeshi_nishio@eanet.go.jp
Raymond Salter
Ministry for the Environment
84 Boullcott Street
P.O. Box 10362
Wellington
New Zealand
tel: 64/4-917-4000
fax: 64/4-917-7523
e-mail: rs@mfe.govt.nz
*Due to the death of Prof. Kontopoulos, communications
with the Greek delegation to the Pilot Study may be
directed to: Manolis Papadopoulos, tel: +30-1-772 2219;
fax: +30-1-772 2218, E-mail: papadop@metal.ntua.gr
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Bj0rn Bj0rnstad
Norwegian Pollution Control Authority
P.O. Box 8100 Dep
N-0032 Oslo
Norway
tel: 47/22-257-3664
fax: 47/22-267-6706
E-mail: bjorn.bjornstad@sftospost.md.dep.
telemax.no
Ewa Marchwinska
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas
6 Kossutha Street
40-833 Katowice
Poland
tel: 48/32 -1546-031
fax.: 48/32 -1541-717
e-mail: ietu@ietu.katowice.pl
Marco Estrela
Institute de Soldadura e Qualidade
Centro de Tecnologias Ambientais
Estrada Nacional 249-Km 3-Leiao (Tagus Park)
Apartado 119 - 2781 Oeiras Codex
Portugal
tel: +351/1-422-8100
fax: +351/1-422-8129
E-mail: maestrela@isq.pt
Branko Druzina
Institute of Public Health
Trubarjeva 2-Post Box 260
6100 Ljubljana
Slovenia
tel: 386/61-313-276
fax: 386/61-323-955
E-mail: branko.druzina@ivz.sigov.mail.si
Ingrid Hasselsten
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Blekholmsterrassen 36
S-106 48 Stockholm
Sweden
tel: 46/8-698-1179
fax: 46/8-698-1222
E-mail: inh@environ.se
Bernhard Hammer
BUWAL
Federal Department of the Interior
3003 Bern
Switzerland
tel: 41/31-322-9307
fax: 41/31-382-1546
Resat Apak
Istanbul University
Avcilar Campus, Avcilar 34850
Istanbul
Turkey
tel: 90/212-5911-998
fax: 90/212-5911-997
E-mail: rapak@istanbul.edu.tr
Kahraman Unlii
Depratment of Environmental Engineering
Middle East Technical University
Inonii Bulvari
06531 Ankara
Turkey
tel: 90-312-210-1000
fax: 90-312-210-1260
E-mail: kunlu@rorqual.cc.metu.edu.tr
Ian D. Martin
Environment Agency
Olton Court
10 Warwick Road
Olton, West Midlands
United Kingdom
tel: 44/121-711-2324
fax: 44/121-711-5830
E-mail: ianmartin@envkonment-agency.gov.uk
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