vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA 542-R-98-008
September 1998
http://www.epa.gov/swertio1
http://clu-in.org
Field Applications of In Situ
Remediation Technologies:
Chemical Oxidation
|
Extraction
Well
Injection
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EPA 542-R-98-008
September 1998
Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies:
Chemical Oxidation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Technology Innovation Office
Washington, DC 20460
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Notice
This status report was prepared by: Environmental Management Support, Inc., 8601 Georgia Avenue,
Suite 500, Silver Spring, MD 20910 under contract 68-W6-0014, work assignment 65, with the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use. For more information about this project contact: Dawn Carroll,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (5102G), Technology Innovation Office, 401 M Street, SW,
Washington, DC 20460, 703-603-1234, e-mail: carroll.dawn@epa.gov.
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Foreword
Some 80 percent of the hazardous waste sites in the United States have contaminated ground water.
Conventionally, the treatment of contaminated ground water has been done by extracting the
contaminated water, treating it above ground, and reinjecting or discharging the clean water ("pump-
and-treat"). The extracted contaminants must be disposed of separately. It is becoming increasingly
apparent that pump-and-treat technologies require considerable investment (between $14-17 million)
over a long time (30 years or longer), and may not actually clean up the source of the contamination.
Current policies and law stress "permanent" remedies over containment. Consequently, there is
considerable interest and effort being expended on alternative, innovative treatment technologies for
contaminated ground water.
This report is one in a series that document recent pilot demonstrations and full-scale applications that
either treat soil and ground water in place or increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants to
improve their removal by other remediation technologies. It is hoped that this information will allow
more regular consideration of new, less costly, and more effective technologies to address the
problems associated with hazardous waste sites and petroleum contamination. This and the other
reports listed below are available to the public from the Technology Innovation Office website:
http://clu-in. org/pubitech.htm.
Surfactant Enhancements
Treatment Walls
Hydrofracturing/Pneumatic Fracturing
Cosolvents
Electrokinetics
Thermal Enhancements
In Situ Chemical Oxidation
Ground-Water Circulation Wells
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Contents
Introduction 1
Purpose and Process 1
Technology Needs 1
Technology Description 1
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 3
Anniston Army Depot 3
Former Sign Manufacturing Facility 4
Warehousing Facility 5
Former Newspaper Facility 7
Active Industrial Site 8
Westinghouse Savannah River Site 9
Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) 12
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 12
Canadian Forces Base Borden 13
Kansas City Plant 15
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant 16
Ozone 19
Former Service Station 19
Dry Cleaning Facilities 20
Former Industrial Facility 22
Park Between Commercial and Residential Areas 23
Dissolved Oxygen 25
Peterson/Puritan, Inc. Superfund Site 25
General References 27
in
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Introduction
Purpose and Process
The purpose of this document is to describe completed and ongoing pilot demonstrations and full-scale
applications of in situ chemical oxidation technologies for the remediation of soil and ground water at
waste disposal and spill sites.
Information for this report came from commercial and government databases, such as the Dialog
Information Services and the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Vendor Information System for
Innovative Treatment Technologies (VISITT). Additional materials were obtained from EPA Regional
Offices, Department of Energy staff at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Westinghouse Savannah
River, Department of Defense site staff, andBattelle Laboratories. Personal interviews and discussions
with representatives of EPA and other federal agencies, state environmental quality offices, academic
research centers, hazardous waste remediation consulting firms, and technology vendors provided
supplementary information.
Technology Needs
In situ chemical oxidation is one of several innovative technologies that show promise in destroying or
degrading an extensive variety of hazardous wastes in ground water, sediment, and soil. The oxidants
used are readily available, and treatment time is usually measured in months rather than years, making
the process economically feasible.
Enrichment with dissolved oxygen has been shown to stimulate in situ biological processes, but also is
used at at least one site to oxidize arsenic. Potassium permanganate is a stable and easily handled
oxidant in both solid and solution form. Hydrogen peroxide can be costly, and because of its volatility
requires protective measures. Nevertheless, the shorter process may save on labor and operating costs.
In situ chemical oxidation can be applied in conjunction with other treatments such as pump-and-treat
and soil vapor extraction to break down remaining compounds. It is less costly and disruptive then other
traditional soil treatments such as excavation and incineration. In situ chemical oxidation may be used in
applications where the effectiveness of bioremediation is limited by the range of contaminants and/or
climate conditions.
Technology Description
In situ chemical oxidation is based on the delivery of chemical oxidants to contaminated media in order
to either destroy the contaminants by converting them to innocuous compounds commonly found in
nature. The oxidants applied in this process are typically hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium
permanganate (KMnO4), ozone, or, to a lesser extent, dissolved oxygen (DO).
The most common field applications thus far have been based on Fenton's Reagent whereby hydrogen
peroxide is applied with an iron catalyst creating a hydroxyl free radical. This hydroxyl free radical is
capable of oxidizing complex organic compounds. Residual hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water
and oxygen in the subsurface and any remaining iron precipitates out. This process has a history of
application in waste treatment fields.
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The volume and chemical composition of individual treatments are based on the contaminant levels and
volume, subsurface characteristics, and pre-application laboratory test results. The methods for delivery
of the chemical may vary. The oxidant can be injected through a well or injector head directly into the
subsurface, mixed with a catalyst and injected, or combined with an extract from the site and then
injected and recirculated. In the case of hydrogen peroxide, stabilizers may be needed because of the
compound's volatility.
In situ chemical oxidation is being used for ground water, sediment, and soil remediation. It can be
applied to a variety of soil types and sizes (silt and clay). It is used to treat volatile organic chemicals
(VOCs) including dichloroethene (DCE), trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), and benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) as well as semi-volatile organic chemicals (SVOCs)
including pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
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Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Installation Date:
1997
Media:
Soil
Co ntani mints:
TCE
Oxidant:
Anniston Army Depot, Anniston, AL
Full-scale soil remediation using in situ chemical oxidation for
the removal of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs)
such as chlorinated solvents, and hydrocarbons, was begun in
1997 at Anniston Army Depot, Anniston, Alabama.
Site Background
The site consists of three industrial waste lagoons backfilled
with clay in 1978. It is approximately 2 acres with over 43,125
yd3 of contaminated soil containing up to 31% trichloroethene
(TCE), dichloroethene (DCE), methylene chloride, and
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). TCE
accounts for approximately 85% of the 72,000 Ibs of volatile
organic chemicals. The majority of contaminants were found at
depths of 8 ft and greater. The highest concentrations of TCE
occur at depths between 8 and 10 ft (maximum 20,100 mg/kg).
The water table fluctuates from 25-30 ft below the surface.
Soil Type:
Clay backfill
Points of Contact:
Leslie Ware
Anniston Army Depot (SIOAN-
RK)
Directorate of Risk Managem ent
7 Frankford Avenue, Bldg 1
Anniston, AL 362014199
Tel: 256-235-7899
Fax: 256-235-7726
E-mail: warel@anad.army.mil
Richard S. Levin, P.O.
QST Environmental Inc.
P.O. Box 1703
Gainesville, FL 32603
Tel: 352-333-3633
Fax: 352-333-6627
E-mail: rslevin@qstmail.com
Technology Application
Three differently sized injector wells were installed to target
three distinct depth intervals. Single shallow injectors screened
from 8-14 ft were installed in areas where contamination is
shallower than 15 ft, single intermediate injectors were
installed where contamination was found from 15-20 ft, and
paired shallow and deep injectors screened from 20-26 ft were
installed in areas where contamination was found at both deep
and shallow depths. In addition, 25 deep ground-water injector
wells were used for monitoring and a vent flow balance system
was installed to aid in maintaining an effective radial
dispersion of catalyst and H2O2. The Geo-Cleanse® patented
injection process was employed to deliver H2O2 and trace
quantities of ferrous sulfate and acid (to control pH) into the
contaminated soil. Chemical oxidation of the soil took place
over a 120-day period during which 109,000 gallons of 50%
H2O2 were injected through a total of 255 injectors. Post-
treatment samp ling began while the full-scale treatment was
still in progress. In cases where contaminant concentrations
remained above Soil Screening Levels (SSLs), the location was
re-treated for polishing treatment.
The total cost to complete this project is estimated to be $5.7M.
Project completion originally anticipated for the end of fiscal
year 1998 is now contingent upon funding a final $500K and
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final sampling. Funding for this project was made available in
increments. Therefore, the actual expenditures breakdown by
cost categories are not available. Project managers estimate
that approximately two-thirds of the funds have been allocated
for capital costs including chemicals and the injection process
and one-third for monitoring and support. Oversight by the
Army Corps of Engineers is not included in this funding
Results
This full-scale treatment was initiated in July 1997. For those
areas where samp ling and polishing has been completed,
results indicate that this process was effective in reducing
contaminant concentrations in clays to below SSLs. Soil
concentrations of up to 1,760 mg/kg of TCE have been reduced
to below detection. Additional polishing treatment may still be
warranted depending up on the results of final samp ling in the
remaining blocks. As noted above, additional funding has been
requested to complete this process. Operating data indicate no
adverse migration of organics to surrounding soils or ground
water.
Site-specific References
Levin, R. S; Wilson, J.; Ware, L.; Findley, J.; and Baehr, J.
"Full-Scale Soil Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents in Clay
Soils by In Situ Chemical Oxidation," Battelle, First
International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and
Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, California May 1998
Bryant, J. Daniel and Wilson, J. "Rapid Delivery System
Completes Oxidation Picture," Soil & Groundwater Cleanup,
pp 6-11, August/September 1998
Former Sign Manufacturing Facility, Denver, CO
Installation Date: A pilot followed by a full-scale treatment of in situ chemical
I"6 oxidation (ISOTEC0™) for remediation of ground water
contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
(BTEX) was conducted at a former sign manufacturing facility
in Denver, Colorado, from 1996-1997.
Media:
Ground water
Site Background
The approximate 100 x 100-ft site contained leaking gasoline
and fuel oil underground storage tanks. A contaminant plume
Contaninants: was found within a thin sandy gravel lens, with a clay layer
BTEX above and bedrock below. The depth to ground water was 5 ft.
Pre-treatment samples indicated BTEX in the ground water at a
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Oxidant:
H202
Soil Type:
Sandy gravel
Point of Contact:
Andrew Schmeising
EWMA of Colorado
7600 Arapahoe Rd. Suite 114
Englewood, CO 80112
Tel: 303-843-9700
Fax: 303-843-9094
E-mail: ewmadenver@aol.com
maximum concentration of 24,595 |ig/L.
Technology Application
The pilot program involved three treatment cycles, with 4 days
per cycle. Each cycle involved injection of hydrogen peroxide
and chelated iron through each of eight injection points. Full-
scale remediation was ordered based on the results of this pilot
application. The final application involved one six-day cycle
using 14 injection points and 7 injection trenches.
The total cost of this demonstration, including pilot and full-
scale programs, was approximately $200K. This included the
cost of materials, injections, and sampling. The monitoring
wells were pre-existing.
Results
The pilot program began in August 1996, and analyses of post-
treatment samples from the full-scale operation were completed
in March 1997. BTEX was not detected in the post-treatment
samples from nine of the monitoring wells. The total BTEX
concentration in the remaining four wells was 89 |ig/L. As a
result, the state issued an unrestricted "no further action letter"
for the site. Based on this action, the property was sold.
Site-specific References
"Remediate Contaminated Property," Construction Design &
Engineering Journal, March 4-13, 1998, p 2B
Warehousing Facility, Union County, NJ
A pilot test and full-scale treatment of in situ chemical
oxidation for remediation of ground water contaminated with
methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) were conducted at a
warehouse in Union County, New Jersey, from 1995-1996.
Site Background
The approximately 100 x 80 ft site contained gasoline, waste
oil, and fuel oil underground storage tanks that had leaked. The
site soils were unsorted and unstratified pebbles, cobbles, and
boulders in a matrix of sand, silt, and clay. The depth to ground
water was approximately 18 ft. Pre-treatment samples from the
well with highest concentrations of contaminants indicated
total BTEX levels in excess of 25,000 |ig/L and MTBE levels
in excess of 6,000 |ig/L.
Installation Date:
1995
Media:
Ground water
Co ntani mints:
MTBE, BTEX
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Oxidant:
H.O,
Soil Type:
Unsorted rocks in sand
Point of Contact:
Prof. Richard Watts
Washington State University
College of Engineering and
Architecture
Pullman, WA 99164
Tel: 509-335-3761
Fax: 509-335-7632
E-mail: rjwatts@wsu.edu
Technology Application
A pilot application was performed using one injection point in
the area of highest contamination and one injection point 18 ft
away. A single treatment of reagent was completed over a 3-
day period. Injections were performed in cycles with catalysts
followed by the oxidizer. A site engineered injection apparatus
was used to control the flow of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and
the proprietary ISOTECaM catalyst (iron complex) into the
capillary fringe of the vadose zone. Based on the results of this
pilot, full-scale remediation was ordered. Six injection points
were installed and three treatment cycles were performed over
several days within a 3-month period.
The total cost of this demonstration, including pilot and full-
scale programs, was approximately $220K. This included
chemicals, injections, and sampling Pre-existing monitoring
wells were used for sampling, so installation costs are not
included.
Results
The field pilot program began in December 1995, and analyses
of post-treatment samples from the full-scale operation were
completed in October 1996. Post-treatment samples taken 4
months after the final treatment application indicated that most
of the contaminants, including MTBE, were below detection
limits. Total BTEX concentrations were less than 25 |ig/L in
the same well that had registered in excess of 25,000 jig/L in
pre-test samples. As a result, the case was closed in November
1996.
Site-specific References
Greenberg, R. S.; Andrews, T.; Kakarla, P.K.C.; and Watts,
RJ. "In-Situ Fenton-Like Oxidation of Volatile Organics:
Laboratory, Pilot, and Full-Scale Demonstrations,"
Remediation, Spring 1998, pp 29-42
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Former News Publisher Facility, Framingham, MA
Installation Date:
1996
Media:
Ground water
Contaninants:
TCA, DCE, VC
Oxidant:
H202
Soil Type:
Fine-grained silty sand
Point of Contact:
Carl Shapiro
TGG Environmental, Inc.
100 Crescent Road
Needham, MA 02494
Tel: 781449-6450
Fax: 781449-1283
E-mail: cshapiro@tgge.com
A pilot and full-scale application of in situ chemical oxidation
(CleanOX®) for the remediation of 1,1-dichloroethene (DCE),
1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), and vinyl chloride (VC) in ground
water was performed at a former news publisher facility in
Framingham, Massachusetts, in 1996.
Site Background
A dry well discovered during a site assessment contained
chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons from disposal
of ink and degreaser wastes. The site includes a plant, which is
approximately 100 x 100 ft, and adjacent land of approximately
the same dimensions. The area of cleanup consisted of crushed
stone and soil surrounding the former dry well. Soil
surrounding the dry well was a fine-grained silty sand. Depth to
ground water averages approximately 2!/2 ft below ground
surface. The contaminant plume is approximately 80 x 80 ft.
Prior to CleanOX® treatment, remedial actions at the site
included disposal of over 6,000 gallons of hazardous liquids
and fifteen 55-gallon drums of hazardous sludge. Pre-treatment
concentrations of TCA in the two monitoring wells were
measured at 40,600 and 4,800 |ig/L, and VC concentrations
were 440 and 110 |ig/L.
Technology Application
The pilot-scale application was conducted to evaluate site-
specific geochemistry. Two CleanOX® application points were
used over a 3-day period for treatment within the 30 ft diameter
dry well area. The application involved a solution of H2O2, an
iron catalyst, and an acid to control pH. Two 4-in diameter
P VC wells and five surrounding monitoring wells were
sampled prior to application and resampled 3 weeks after
treatment.
The total cost of this application was $45K. This included the
chemicals, the application, and the expertise required to apply
and report on the treatment. It did not include the cost of
monitoring wells.
Results
Samples collected 3 weeks after the treatment indicated that
TCA at the two contaminated wells dropped from 40,600 to
440 |ig/L and from 4,800 to 2,300 |ig/L. Concentrations of VC
dropped to levels ranging from below detection to 85 |ig/L in
nearby wells.
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The reduction of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants
achieved with the CleanOX® application, coupled with the
quantity of source contaminants removed during the original
remediation tasks, allowed the site owner to successfully close
the site with state approval without additional treatment. No
specific restrictions on the use of the site were necessary, and
the site remains closed.
Site-specific References
Not available.
Active Industrial Facility, Clifton, NJ
Installation Date:
1995
Media:
Ground water
Contaninants:
VOCs, TCA
Oxidant:
H202
Soil Type:
Fill
Point of Contact:
Michael Tumulty
H2M
555 Preakness Ave.
Totowa, NJ07512
Tel: 973-942-0700
Fax: 973-942-1333
E-mail: tumulty@h2m.com
A pilot and initial injection for full-scale application of in situ
chemical oxidation (CleanOX®) for the remediation of
trichloroethane (TCA) and other volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in ground water were performed at an active industrial
facility in Clifton, New Jersey, from 1995-1996.
Site Background
Releases from an underground storage tank resulted in a
ground-water plume. An existing ground-water pump-and-treat
system was located outside the building and had operated for
five years prior to this application with moderate reduction in
contaminant concentrations. The high level of iron-metaboli-
zing bacteria at the site caused frequent operations and main-
tenance problems for the pump-and-treat system. The aquifer is
heterogeneous and highly stratified. Site soils are low in
permeability (about 1 millidarcy) and conductivity (about 10'5
cm/sec), and the ground water has high organic carbon concen-
trations. Depth to ground water is approximately 16 ft. Pre-
treatment samp ling indicated average total VOC concentrations
at 44 mg/L. Maximum TCA concentration was measured at
101 mg/L in one monitoring well.
Technology Application
The pilot-scale application, usingH2O2, an iron catalyst, and an
acid for pH balance, was performed at an existing well. The
chemicals were applied over a 3-week period. The full-scale
application involved the installation of an additional eleven 4-
in diameter PVC wells into the fractured bedrock underneath
the facility building The application wells were screened 10 -
30 ft below ground surface. Samples were taken following this
application and repeated a couple of months later.
The cost of the pilot and full-scale applications was approxi-
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mately $235K. This included drilling the wells, applying
chemicals, sampling, testing, and engineering over sight.
Results
Average total VOC concentrations dropped from the original
44 mg/L to 15 mg/L. The post-treatment average level is
assumed to be skewed since the project uncovered the fracture
system containing most of the contaminant. Results of this
application indicated a 98% reduction in TCA concentrations
in the most contaminated well, from 101 mg/L to 2 mg/L.
Another full-scale application probably would be required to
achieve MCLs for drinking water. The water standard required
for industrial application is 1 mg/L.
Site-specific References
Not available
Westinghouse Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC
A field demonstration of in situ chemical oxidation to treat
dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs)—primarily
tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE)—was
conducted in 1997 at the Savannah River Site in Aiken, South
Carolina.
Site Background
The site selected for this demonstration was a 50 x 50 ft area
adjacent to a seepage basin. The treatment zone consisted of
64,000 ft3 of soil containing approximately 600 Ibs of DNAPL.
The soils consist of sand and clayey sands. DNAPL is present
at approximately 140 ft below ground surface and about 20 ft
below the top of the water table. The average ground-water
contaminant concentrations in the treatment area were
approximately 119 mg/L PCE and 21 mg/L TCE. The soil
contained PCE concentrations of 10-150 |ig/kg. The highest
concentrations were found at approximately 140 ft below
ground surface. This area of the Savannah River site was once
a fuel and target fabrication facility where uranium, lithium,
aluminum, and other materials were processed into fuel
elements and targets for use in the nuclear production reactors.
Installation Date:
1997
Media:
Ground water, soil
Contaninants:
TCE, PCE
Oxidant:
H202
Soil Type:
Sand, clay
Point of Contact:
Karen M. Jerome
Westinghouse Savannah River
Company
Tel: 803-725-5223
Fax: 803-725-7673
E-mail: karen.jerome@srs.gov
Technology Application
Four injector wells, three monitoring wells, and three vadose
zone lysimeters were installed. Holes were drilled to depths of
approximately 155 ft, and samples were collected at various
levels to determine the soil concentration of TCE and PCE in
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soil. The treatment zone was approximately 30 ft deep. The
Geo-Cleanse® patented injection process was then employed to
inject H2O2 and a catalyst (ferrous sulfate) over a 6-day period
in a circular area with a radius of 27 ft. Injection was conducted
in batch mode with one batch injected per day. The volume of
the injection varied from 500-1000 gallons per batch. Three
days after the last injection, post-test drilling was initiated to
verify destruction of DNAPL. In addition, post-test samp ling of
monitoring wells was conducted weekly for a 3-month period.
The total cost of the demonstration was approximately $51 IK.
This included approximately $60K for site preparation, $151K
for pre-test drilling and characterization, $184K for a tech-
nology test, $49K for post-test drilling and characterization,
$7K for demobilization, and $60K for documentation and
project management.
Results
The demonstration, from pre-test characterization of the site
through post-test activities, took place between January and
July 1997. A comparison of pre- and post-test soil borings
indicated a 94% destruction of DNAPL in the treatment zone.
The estimated pre-test DNAPL mass was 593 Ibs, and the
estimated post-test mass was 36 Ibs. Total destruction was not
achieved and can be attributed to the process not contacting all
DNAPL globules in the fine-grained sediments. Average
contaminant concentrations in the ground water were reduced
to 0.65 mg/L PCE and 0.07 mg/L TCE at the completion of
treatment.
Follow-up work was conducted in the summer of 1998 to
determine the effects of the chemical reactions on the
geochemistry and microbiology of the test zone and
surrounding areas.
Site-specific References
Jerome, K.M.; Riha, B.; Looney, B.B. Final Report for
Demonstration of In Situ Oxidation of DNAPL Using the Geo-
Cleanse® Technology, U.S. Department of Energy,
Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken, South
Carolina, September 1997
Jerome, K.; Looney, B.B.; and Wilson, J. "Field Demonstration
of In Situ Fenton's Destruction of DNAPLs," Battelle, First
International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and
Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, California, May 1998
10
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"Field Demonstration of In Situ Fenton's Destruction of
DNAPLs," in Wickramanayake, G.B. and Hinchee, R.E. (eds.),
Physical, Chemical, and Thermal Technologies, Remediation
of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds., Battelle Press,
Columbus, Ohio, 1998
Bryant, J. Daniel and Wilson, J. "Rapid Delivery System
Completes Oxidation Picture," Soil & Groundwater Cleanup,
pp 6-11, August/September 1998
11
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Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH
Installation Date:
1997
Media:
Soil
Contaninants:
TCE
Oxidant:
KMnO
Soil Type:
Sand, silt
Pilot-scale testing is being performed at the U.S. Army Cold
Regions Research and Engineering Lab oratory (CRREL) in
Hanover, New Hampshire, to evaluate the feasibility of using a
1.5% concentrated solution of potassium permanganate
(KMnO4) to promote in situ chemical oxidation of
trichloroethene (TCE) in low-permeability lenses of silt with
clay in the vadose zone. Testing was done at two sites.
Site Background
The presence of TCE is assumed to have resulted from either a
leak or an explosion at the facility, which had been used
extensively for refrigeration and ice coring. Residual TCE
contamination has been identified in unsaturated soils 15-35 ft
below the surface. Site soil consists largely of fine sands with
some silts, interbedded with veneer-thin stringers of sand and
thicker layers of nearly saturated silts and clays. The depth to
ground water is approximately 130 ft. Two locations at the site
were selected for the pilot tests, rep resenting moderate
(approximately 170 mg/kg) and high (maximum 60,000 mg/kg)
levels of TCE contamination.
Point of Contact:
Daniel McKay
U.S. Army CRREL
72 Lyme Road
Hanover, NH 03755
Tel: 603-6464738
Fax: 603-6464640
E-mail:
dcmkay@crrel.usace.army.mil
Technology Application
Followingp re-test samp ling and analysis, a 1.5% KMnO4
solution (15 g/L) was injected to the subsurface via two direct-
push wells, one a 3/4-in diameter piezometer and the other a 2-in
stainless steel screened well, to enable injection at discrete
depths from 19.7 to 21 ft. Three samplers were placed near the
injection well to collect pore water samples duringthe
treatment process. Approximately 200 gallons of KMnO4
solution was injected in several batches at Site 1 over a 53-day
period, while 358 gallons were delivered to Site 2 over a 21-
day period.
The cost of this particular pilot has not been itemized. It is part
of an overall remediation demonstration program at the site,
which is budgeted at $790K for fiscal year 1998.
Results
Pre-treatment samp ling began in November 1997, with actual
oxidant injection beginning in early 1998. Pre and post-
injection monitoring of pore water showed increases of
chloride concentrations from 20 to 6,420 mg/L, indicating that
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TCE was being oxidized. Analyses of post-injection soil
samples also indicated cleanup may have been occurring, but
confirmation required additional treatment and sample
collection since the samples collected were too small to have
been statistically significant. It was determined that
significantly larger volumes of KMnO4 solution or higher
concentrations of the oxidant would be required to achieve
complete cleanup. A second pilot took place in the spring 1998
with a larger volume of the oxidant (1,200 gal/week), and post-
treatment samples were collected in June. Preliminary results
of these samples indicate the need to inject the oxidant under
pressure using smaller boreholes to better contain the oxidant.
Actual data are not yet available. CRREL anticipates having
two additional larger-scale demonstrations up and running in
the fall of 1998. These sites will involve the use of boreholes
with packers to inject the KMnO4 under pressure.
Site-specific References
McKay, D.; Hewitt, A.; Reitsma, S.; LaChance, J.; and Baker,
R. "/« Situ Oxidation of Trichloroethylene Using Potassium
Permanganate: Part 1. Theory and Design," Battelle, First
International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and
Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 1998
McKay, D.; Hewitt, A.; Reitsma, S.; LaChance, J.; and Baker,
R. "/« Situ Oxidation of Trichloroethylene Using Potassium
Permanganate: Part 2. Pilot Study," Battelle, First International
Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant
Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 1998
Canadian Forces Base Borden, Ontario, Canada
Installation Date: A field demonstration of in situ chemical oxidation using
1996 potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to treat dense non-aqueous
phase liquid (DNAPL)—primarily trichloroethene (TCE) and
tetrachloroethene (PCE)—was conducted at the Canadian
Forces Base Borden in Ontario, Canada, from 1996-1997. It
follows two similar but smaller field demonstrations on the
base in the early 1990s.
Contaninants: Site Background
TCE, PCE The approximately 50 x 50 meter (164 x 164 ft) site is in a 4-
meter (13-ft) thick sand aquifer. The sand is highly
homogeneous and has hydraulic conductivity of approximately
Oxidant: gg cm/day. The source zone is located 1 m (3.3 ft) below the
4 water table. Typical ground-water velocities at the site are on
13
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Soil Type:
sand
Point of Contact:
Dr. Neil Thomson, PhD, PEng
Dept. of Civil Engineering
University of Waterloo
200 University Ave. W.
Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1
Tel: 519-885-1211 (ext2111)
Fax: 519-888-6197
E-mail: nthomson@uwaterloo.ca
the order of 9 cm/day. At the initiation of an oxidant flush in
1996, it was estimated that the source zone contained an
average of 1,200 mg/kg TCE and 6,700 mg/kgPCE.
Technology Application
This demonstration used a series of six injection and five
oxidant recovery wells. While previous experiments were
conducted in sheetpile containment wells, the only form of
hydraulic control on the injected oxidant in this demonstration
were the wells. The reaction was monitored using a fence of
seven bundled mini-piezometers (98 sample points total)
perpendicular to ground-water flow and 1 m (3.3 ft) downgrad-
ient of the source zone. The DNAPL source zone was flushed
with a solution of approximately 8 g/L KMnO4 for almost 500
days.
The total cost of the demonstration is approximately $45K.
Results
The oxidant flush was conducted between May 1996 and
September 1997. Preliminary analyses indicate a 99%
reduction in peak concentrations for both PCE and TCE; final
samp ling results are expected in late 1998. The mass flux
(mg/day) dissolved contaminants seems to have reduced by
four or five orders of magnitude. Further work to confirm these
preliminary results, including an estimate of solvent mass
currently in the source zone, is continuing.
Site-specific References
Schnarr M.; Truax, C.; Farquhar, G.; Hood, E.; Gonullu, T.;
and Stickney, B. "Laboratory and Controlled Field Experiments
using Potassium Permanganate to Remediate Trichloroethylene
and Perchloroethylene DNAPLs in Porous Media," Journal of
Contaminant Hydrology, 29(3), p 205-224, 1998.
Hood, E. D.; Thomson, N. R.; and Farquhar, G. J. "/« Situ
Oxidation: An Innovative Treatment Strategy to Remediate
Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene DNAPLs in Porous
Media," Sixth Symposium and Exhibition on Groundwater and
Soil Remediation, Montreal, Canada, March 18-21, 1997
Hood, E. D.; Thomson, N. R.; and Farquhar, G. J. "/« Situ
Oxidation: Remediation of a PCE/TCE Residual DNAPL
Source," Battelle, First International Conference on
Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds,
Monterey, California, May 1998
14
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Installation Date:
1996
Media:
Ground water, soil
Contaninants:
TCE, DCE
Oxidant:
KMnO,
Soil Type:
Clay
Points of Contact:
Steve Cline
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Box 2008
Oak Ridge, TN 37831
Tel: 423-241-3957
Fax: 423-576-8646
E-mail: qc2@ornl.gov
Joe Baker
Allied Signal
2000 E. 95 Street
Kansas City, MO 64131
Tel: 816-997-7332
Fax: 816-997-5903
E-mail: jbaker@lcp.com
Kansas City Plant, Kansas City, MO
An in situ chemical oxidation field demonstration using
potassium permanganate (KMnO4) for the remediation of
chlorinated solvents was conducted in 1996 at the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) Kansas City Plant in Kansas
City, Missouri. It was part of a larger study in which three
technologies—bioaugmentation, chemical oxidation, and
mixed-region vapor stripping with calcium oxide—were
combined with deep soil mixing.
Site Background
The test site occupied approximately 60 x 140 ft in stiff clay
soils just north of a former lagoon. Depth to ground water is
approximately 8-10 ft below ground surface. Ground-water
samples indicated high concentrations of trichloroethene
(TCE), 1,2-dichloroethene (DCE) (over 15,000 |ig/L) and
chloroethene (over 1,500 |ig/L). Previous soil investigations
indicated elevated levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons
(TPH) ranging up to 6,961 mg/kg, poly chlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) as high as 9.8 mg/kg, and concentrations of TCE and
1,2-DCE in soil below the water table as high as 81 mg/kg and
15 mg/kg, respectively.
Technology Application
The field demonstration, testing, and evaluation activities
involved a crane-mounted vertical rotating blade sy stem
designed to mix the soil using 8-10 ft diameter blades. During
the in situ mixing process, treatment agents were injected
through a vertical, hollow shaft into the soil. Fifteen soil
columns, 8 ft in diameter, grouped three to a treatment cell,
were treated to depths of approximately 25 to 47 ft. A shallow
(25 ft) and a deep (47 ft) cell were used for in situ mixing with
a 4-5% KmnO4 solution. The cells were treated separately over
two 2-day periods in three overlap ping test columns. Although
soil mixing redistributed the media making it impossible for
post-treatment samp ling to rep licatep re-treatment sampling
post-treatment samples were collected in similar fashions and
locations as pre-treatment samples.
The total cost of the demonstration was approximately $1M.
This included all pre- and post-testing, permitting, equipment,
and labor. Actual cost breakdowns are not available. On a pro-
rated basis, the costs by technology are estimated to be $128/
yd3 for KMnO4 compared to $77/yd3 for bio-augmentation and
$62/yd3 for vapor stripping.
15
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Results
This demonstration was conducted in July 1996. The goal of
the project was to achieve a 70% removal rate of contaminants.
Comparing pre- and post-treatment TCE mass values at the two
cells treated with KMnO4, one cell indicated an overall removal
of 83% of TCE from the unsaturated soil and the other a
reduction of 69% from the saturated soil. This compares to a
65% reduction in the unsaturated soil treated by vapor
stripping, and a 38% reduction for that treated with bioaugmen-
tation. The results also show that the physical and biological
properties of the soil treated with KMnO4 remain essentially
intact. Additional sampling was performed in Spring 1998 and
analysis is underway.
Site-specific References
U.S. DOE, Implementation of Deep Soil Mixing at the Kansas
City Plant, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Grand Junction,
CO, February 1997
Cline, S.R.; West, O.R.; Siegrist, R.L.; and Holden, W.L.,
Performance of In Situ Chemical Oxidation Field
Demonstrations at DOE Sites, presented at the In Situ
Remediation of the Geoenvironment Conference, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, October 5-8, 1997
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Piketon, OH
Installation Date: A full-scale demonstration of in situ chemical oxidation
1997 through recirculation (ISCOR) to remediate soil and ground
water for chlorinated solvents, primarily trichloroethene (TCE),
was conducted at the X-701B site of the Portsmouth Gaseous
Diffusion Plant in Piketon, Ohio, in 1997.
Media:
Ground water, soil
Site Background
The site was 200 x 90 ft, with four distinct underlying strata:
silt and clay (25-30 ft thick), a sand and gravel (2-10 ft thick),
Contaninants: shale (10-15 ft thick), and sandstone (47 ft deep). The field test
TCE was targeted at treating contamination in the relatively
permeable sand and gravel layer, since it has the highest risk
for off-site migration. This layer is 5-6 ft thick and
. approximately 30 ft below ground surface. The layer is
_ ' contaminated primarily with TCE. Ground water is 12-14 ft
4 below the surface. Pre-treatment testing of soil samples
detected an average TCE concentration of 54 mg/kg with a
Soil Type: maximum concentration of 302 mg/kg. Ground-water samples
Sand, gravel revealed concentrations up to 800 mg/L.
16
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Points of Contact:
Dr. Robert L. Siegrist
Colorado School of Mines
112CoolbaughHall
Golden, CO 80401
Tel: 303-273-3490
Fax: 303-273-3629
E-mail:
rsiegris@slate. m ines. edu
Dr. Olivia R. West
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
P.O. Box 2008
Oak Ridge, TN 37831
Tel: 423-576-0505
Fax: 423-576-8543
E-mail: qm5@ornl.gov
Technology Application
This demonstration used a pair of previously installed parallel
horizontal wells, 90 ft apart with 200-ft screened sections
consisting of 5-inch diameter, high-density polyethylene porous
filters. Water for the oxidant injection solution was extracted
from the up gradient horizontal well, mixed with crystalline
potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in concentrations of 1.5-
2.5%, and re-injected into the downgradient horizontal well.
Twenty-two boreholes were drilled between the wells and
samples were taken at 1-ft intervals from 20-30 ft below
ground surface. Three-quarter-inch-diameter PVC wells with 5-
ft screens were installed in 14 of the boreholes.
The total cost of the demonstration was $562K. Approximately
$56K was allocated for project planning and management,
$163K for pre-treatment sampling and mobilization, $163K for
operations and maintenance, $101K for post-treatment
sampling, $68K for resistivity monitoring, and $1 IK for
support.
Results
This field test was conducted from July-August 1997, and post-
treatment characterization was completed in August 1997.
Post-treatment characterization showed that ISCOR was
effective at reducing TCE in both soil and ground water to non-
detectable levels in those areas where the oxidant was able to
migrate. Lateral and vertical heterogeneities within the
treatment zone impacted the uniform delivery of the oxidant.
Monitoring of the ground water in the area was conducted
between October 1997 and June 1998 and analysis continues to
date. New field testing at a different location on this facility
using sodium permanganate and vertical injection and
extraction wells is expected to begin in the summer of 1998.
Sodium permanganate was selected because of its considerably
higher solubility in aqueous solutions than KMnO4. Its higher
solubility allows for the use of alternate modes of delivery such
as liquid chemical feed.
Site-specific References
West, O.R.; Cline, S.R.; Holden, W.L.; Gardner, F.G.;
Schlosser, B.M.; Thate, J.E.; Pickering D.A.; and Houk, T.C.
A Full-Scale Demonstration of In Situ Chemical Oxidation
Through Recirculation at the X-701B Site, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, December 1997
Cline, S.R.; West, O.R.; Siegrist, R.L.; and Holden, W.L.,
17
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"Performance of In Situ Chemical Oxidation Field Demonstra-
tions at DOE Sites," In Situ Remediation of the Geoenviron-
ment Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota, October 5-8, 1997
West, O.R.; Cline, S.R.; Siegrist, R.L.; Houk, T.C.; Holden,
W.L.; Gardner, F.G.; and Schlosser, B.M. "A Field Scale Test
of In Situ Chemical Oxidation Through Recirculation,"
International Conference of Decommissioning and
Decontamination and on Nuclear and Hazardous Waste
Management, American Nuclear Society, Denver, Colorado,
September 13-18, 1998
18
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Ozone (O3)
Installation Date:
1997
Media:
Ground water, soil
Contaninants:
TPH, BTEX
Oxidant:
Ozone
Soil Type:
Sand-gravel mix
Former Service Station, Commerce City, CO
A full-scale application using a combination of an air/ozone
(C-Sparge™) system and a vacuum extraction system to
remediate soil and ground water contaminated with petroleum
hydrocarbons and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
(BTEX) was administered at a former service station site in
Commerce City, Colorado, in 1997.
Site Background
The site, which once served as a bulk storage and service
station facility, is part of a metal recy cling facility. Subsurface
material consists of sand and gravel mixtures to approximately
43 ft below ground surface, grading to a blue clay. Ground
water is approximately 28 ft below ground surface. A soil and
ground-water investigation indicated that total petroleum
hydrocarbons (TPH) in the soil ranged from 90-2,380 mg/kg
Total BTEX in soil ranged from 7,800-36,550 |ig/kg. TPH in
the ground water ranged from free product to 490 mg/L and
BTEX ranged from 22-2,260 |ig/L. Concentrations of benzene,
the contaminant by which the cleanup standard was measured,
ranged from below detection limits to 16 |ig/L.
Point of Contact:
Gordon Davitt
Moiety Associates
1080 Fifth Street
Penrose, CO 81204
Tel: 719-372-6970
Fax: by appointment
E-mail: moietyrands@juno.com
Technology Application
The C-Sparge™ process consists of a combination of in situ air
stripping with encapsulated ozone to oxidize contaminants.
Two master panels, each controlling three wells, were installed.
Each well consists of an in-ground sparge point that injects
pulsating ozone and air into the ground water, an in-well sparge
point that injects pulsating water in the well casing under
pressure, a water-circulation pump, and a packer. The
pressurized system allows the fine bubbles that transport the
encap sulated ozone to infuse the formation without fracturing
it. Each well was drilled 50 ft deep, and sealed from 10 ft
below grade to the ground surface. Sparge-point pressures
ranged from 14-20 psi, depending on the distance from the well
to the surface equipment. The system was augmented with a
large blower pulling 160 ftVmin at 48-inch-vacuum water
column. The entire system ran through 12 complete cycles per
day. Each cycle involved all six wells going through the
approximately 25 minute/well process of blowing ozone and air
into the ground water, blowing water into the casing, and
pumping. The blower operated continuously.
19
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The anticipated cost of the demonstration from site investiga-
tion through final monitoring is approximately $160K. Of this,
$20K was allocated for site investigation, $55K for equipment,
$35K for installation, and $15K for sparge wells.
Results
The system started in August 1997. The ground-water wells at
the site are monitored quarterly. The March 1998 results
showed dissolved TPH at 37 mg/L in the well that contained
free product during previous monitoring. No TPH or BTEX
was detected in any other monitoring wells, so the remediation
system was turned off. Monitoring results in June 1998
indicated levels remaining below the state maximum
contaminant levels for drinking water. The state did not require
confirmatory soil sampling. Samples will need to be taken for
four consecutive quarters foil owing the shutdown of the system
in March 1998.
Site-specific References
Not available
Dry Cleaning Facilities, Hutchinson, KS
Installation Date: A pilot test using ozone and air injection for remediation of
l"7 tetrachloroethene (PCE) in ground water was conducted in
Hutchinson, Kansas, in 1997. This pilot was part of a test
designed to compare and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of
three remediation technologies. It involved three similar
Ground water locations within the city. The technologies included a
combination of air sparging with soil vapor extraction
(AAS/SVE); in-well stripping (NoVOCs™); and a
combination of air and ozone injection with vertical circulation
Contaninants: of ground water (C-Sp arge™).
PCE
Site Background
All three test sites were located near former and existing dry-
cleaning facilities within the city limits. Sediments underlying
" an ' the sites consist of unconsolidated stream and terrace deposits
Ozone
(sand, silt, and clay). The water table is from 14 to 16 ft below
ground. Dissolved-phase PCE appeared limited to the top 15 ft
Soil Type: of the aquifer with maximum concentrations ranging from 30-
Sand, silt, clay 600 |ig/L.
Technology Application
Each of the 3 test configurations consisted of above-ground
remediation hardware in a temporary enclosure or trailer, a
20
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Points of Contact:
Leo G. Henning
Kansas Dept. of Health &
Environment
Bldg 740 at Forbes Field
Topeka, KS 66620
Tel: 785-296-1914
Fax: 785-2964823
E-mail:
lhenning@kdhe. state, ks. us
Douglas Dreiling
Burns & McDonnell
3839 Dora
Wichita, KS 67213
Tel: 316-941-3921
Fax: 316-9414730
E-mail: ddrel@burnsmcd.com
http://www.burnsmcd.com
single or combination remediation well configuration, above-
and below-grade piping and ground-water monitoring wells.
The placement of monitoring wells varied for each site to
accommodate the technology-specific data collection
requirements.
The ozone injection test involved a C-Sparge™ process which
combines air stripping with oxidation. The system included a
4-in diameter PVC remediation well installed to 35 ft below
grade with a micro-porous sparge point placed 33-35 ft below
grade. The wells were screened in the vadose and saturated
zones. A self-contained down-hole unit, containing a second
sparge point and fluid pump, was then installed in the well.
Ground-water information was collected from a cluster of five
monitoring wells. The average rate of injection was 3 standard
cubic ft per minute. To better understand the effects of ozone, a
second identical configuration was installed to inject air only
through the sparge points. A cluster of three monitoring wells
was used to collect information from this test.
The cost of this field demonstration for all three sites was
approximately $195K, of which $52K was for the C-Sparge™
test, $95K was for the NoVOCs™ test, and about $48K for the
AAS/SVEtest. A cost comparison indicated that the AAS/SVE
system was the least expensive to install and the C-Sparge™
the most economical to operate.
Results
Pilot test activities for all sites were conducted over a 5-month
period and included monitoring well and system installation,
pre-test ground-water sampling, a 6-day system start-up period,
on-going data collection and operation and maintenance, and
post-test ground-water sampling.
Monitoring wells 10 ft from the remediation well using ozone
indicate a 91% reduction in concentration of PCE, from 34 to 3
|ig/L. Air-only injections resulted in a 71% reduction, in-well
stripping an 87% reduction, and AAS/SVE a 66% reduction.
Site-specific References
Dreiling, D.N.; Henning, L.G.; Jurgens, R.D.; and Ballard, D.L.
"Multi-Site Comparison of Chlorinated Solvent Remediation
Using Innovative Technology," Battelle, First International
Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant
Compounds, Monterey, California, May 1998
21
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Installation Date:
1998
Media:
Ground water, soil
Contaninants:
PCP, PAHs
Oxidant:
Ozone
Soil Type:
Sand, clay
Point of Contact:
Christopher Nelson
Fluor Daniel GTI, Inc.
1527 Cole Blvd.
Golden, CO 80401
Tel: 303-231-8912
Fax: 303-231-8901
E-mail: cnelson@gtionline.com
Former Industrial Facility, Sonoma, CA
A field demonstration of in situ chemical oxidation using
ozone is underway at a former industrial site in Sonoma,
California to remediate the vadose zone and ground water for
pentachlorophenol (PCP) and poly cyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Site Background
This site (approximately 300 x 300 ft) was once the location for
a wood treating facility, a cooling tower, and a water tank
manufacturer. These operations involved the use of PCP and
creosote. Contamination extends from shallow soils down to
the water table. The geology consists of semi-continuous layers
ranging from fine sands to clays, resulting in highly stratified
contamination. The application was designed to address
contamination in all layers. Initial samp ling of 10 locations on
the site indicated an average concentration of 1,800 mg/kg of
total PAHs and 3,300 mg/kg of PCP.
Technology Application
This demonstration involves at least four multi-level ozone
injections (for all the stratigraphic layers) utilizing a variety of
instrumentation including soil gas probes, piezometers,
lysimeters, monitoring wells, thermocouples, and reflectometry
instruments to measure soil moisture content. Soil vapor
extraction wells were placed outside the treatment areas to
ensure that fugitive ozone emissions were minimized. Ozone
was injected through wells in the vadose zone at vary ing rates
up to lOftVmin.
The inclusive cost of this field demonstration, once completed,
is anticipated to be approximately $300K (half the cost was for
capital equipment and half for operations and maintenance).
Results
This field study was begun in the spring of 1998 and is
anticipated to continue for an additional six months. After one
month of continuous ozone injection, samp ling from the 10
locations averaged 530 mg/kg PAHs and 570 mg/kg PCP.
Concentrations of PAHs were reduced 67 - 99.5% and
concentrations of PCP were reduced 39 - 98%. Subsurface
gaseous ozone concentrations appear to be relatively uniform,
decreasing with increasing distance from injection points. Soil
gas data suggests that ozone utilization of greater than 90% is
achieved. The study calls for additional data to be acquired, soil
22
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borings to be advanced after three and six months of treatment,
respirometry to be performed to determine the effects of
ozonation on microbial activity, and various engineering is sues
to be investigated.
Site-specific References
Marvin, B.K.; Nelson, C.H.; Clayton, W.; Sullivan, K.M.; and
Skladany, G. "/« Situ Chemical Oxidation of Pentachloro-
phenol and Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: From
Laboratory Tests to Field Demonstration," Battelle, First
International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and
Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 1998
Park Between Commercial and Residential Area, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Installation Date:
1997
Media:
Ground water
Co ntani mints:
TCE, BTEX
Oxidant:
Ozone
Soil Type:
Fine sand
Point of Contact:
Mr. Anne Fijma
Mateboer Milieutechniek B. V.
Ambachtsstraat 27
Postbus 99
8260 AB Kampen, The
Netherlands
Tel: 011-31-38-3315020
Fax: 011-31-38-3320211
E-mail:
mateboer.lanipen@wxs.nl
A pilot test of micro-encapsulated ozone oxidation for
remediation of a deep plume of dissolved chlorinated solvents
in ground water was conducted in Utrecht, The Netherlands, in
1997. Micro-encapsulated ozone is emplaced in fine bubbles to
allow it to penetrate the subsurface.
Site Background
The field test took place in a small park midway on a long
plume of chlorinated solvents, primarily trichloroethene (TCE),
originating from a commercial building and extending over 800
ft across a predominantly commercial and residential area. The
plume lies in a thick fine-sand deposit containing gravel lenses.
About one-half of the area of ground water overlyingthe TCE
plume was contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylene (BTEX) from a nearby fuel spill. Borings showed a
surface loam to 6 ft deep, ground water at 9 ft deep, fine sand
beginning at 19 ft deep, and clay from 124-130 ft deep. Initial
sampling at four wells indicated concentrations of halogenated
volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) from 1,450-14,500 |ig/L
and BTEX from 62-95 |ig/L. The mean concentrations were
3,000 |ig/L HVOCs and 60 |ig/L BTEX.
Technology Application
The test involved a C-Sparge™ well consisting of an in-ground
sparge point, an in-well sparge point, a packer and a fluid
pump, four monitoring wells, of previously installed mini-
wells, and a fire well. Mini-wells, commonly used in Europe,
are small points installed using cone penetrometer rigs to help
determine the position of the plume and function as part of the
monitoring system. The C-Sparge™ system consists of a
combination of in situ air stripping where the dissolved
23
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Mr. Ted Vendrig
Mateboer Milieutechniek B. V.
Steurstraat 7
Postbus 10174
1301 AD Almere, The
Netherlands
Tel: 011-31-36-5302410
Fax: 011-31-36-5301128
E-mail:
m ateboer. almerefSwxs. nl
chlorinated solvents are extracted from aqueous solution into
small bubbles, and the introduction of encapsulated ozone to
oxidize the contaminants. Water and fine bubbles were injected
from the lowest screen in the system (75 ft below grade), and
return water entered the middle screen (42 ft below grade). The
uppermost screen (8 ft below grade) collected the gases from
just above the water table to assure vapor control.
The cost of this field demonstration was approximately $35K.
This included placingthe C-Sparge unit on site, a trailer to
house the work area and monitoring equipment, a generator
system for the blower unit, drilling enclosing part of the site,
laboratory sampling, and report preparation. It did not include
the cost of installing the pre-existing wells.
Results
This field test ran for a 10-day period in April 1997. Its purpose
was to determine the rates of contaminant removal. A kinetic
analysis of the reaction rates was performed. HVOC
concentration for the well with 14,500 |ig/L fell to below 1,000
|ig/L during the test period. Mean BTEX levels were reduced
from 54 to 17 |ig/L in the central monitoring wells. Full-scale
treatment is expected to bring these concentrations to a level
between acceptable commercial and drinking water levels.
Negotiations are currently underway to treat the entire plume.
Site-specific References
Kerfoot, W. B.; Schouten, C.J.J.M; and Van Engen-
Beukeboom, V.C.M., "Kinetic Analysis of Pilot Test Results of
the C-Sparge™ Process," Battelle, First International
Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant
Compounds, Monterey, California, May 1998
24
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Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Installation Date:
1996
Media:
Ground water
Contaninants:
Arsenic
Oxidant:
DO
Soil Type:
Sand, gravel
Points of Contact:
David J. Newton, RPM
Office of Site Remediation and
Restoration
U.S. EPA, Region 1
J.F.K. Federal Bldg (HSV-
CAN5)
Boston, MA 02203-2211
Tel: 617-573-9612
Fax: 617-573-9662
E-mail:
newton. dave@epam ail. epa. gov
Laurie S clam a, PM
RIDEM
235 Promenade Street
Providence, RI 02908
Tel: 401-222-3872x7143
Fax: 401-222-3812
E-mail: lsclama@dem.state.ri.us
Peterson/Puritan, Inc. Superfund Site, Cumberland, RI
An Oxidant Delivery System was installed in 1996 at the
Peterson/Puritan, Inc. Superfund Site in Cumberland, Rhode
Island, to reduce arsenic concentrations in ground water to less
than 50 |ig/L.
Site Background
The site continues to support general and specialty chemical
manufacturing industries. Historically, high organic-content
wastewater at the source area were disposed through subsurface
leachfields. The 1993 Record of Decision (ROD) specified that
part of the remediation include the construction and installation
of an in situ chemical oxidation system comprised of an
infiltration gallery for delivering oxygenated water to the
former leachfield locations and an above-ground oxidant
delivery system. Some wells in the remediation area indicated
concentrations of arsenic on the order of 1,000 |ig/L. These
elevated levels of arsenic are, to a degree, the result of
reductive dissolution of the metal from native soil. The history
of the site indicates that arsenic has also been reported in the
wastewater stream going to the leachfield. This oxidant
delivery system was constructed and became operational
following excavation and removal of leachfield soils from the
site.
Technology Application
A 35 x 65 ft infiltration gallery, a membrane-lined excavation,
which holds the oxygenated water allowing it to percolate into
the subsurface, was installed within the former leachfield at a
depth of 14 ft. Monitoring wells were installed within the
gallery, and the leachfield excavation was backfilled. Eleven
additional micro-wells were installed around the site. A
prefabricated treatment building was constructed on site, and
the Oxidant Delivery System, composed of a degassing skid, an
oxygen dissolution skid, a degas sing tank, and an oxygen
dissolution tank was assembled in the building. The system
was designed to degas, super oxygenate, and inject municipal
water (at 8-9 gpm) into the aquifer. The goal of this application
is to increase ground-water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentra-
tions to a level greater than 0.5 mg/L causing the arsenic to
precipitate and rendering it immobile. It is intended to reduce
the concentrations of dissolved arsenic and prevent its
25
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Michael Resch or
Linda McCarthy
ENSR
35 Nagog Park
Acton, MA 01720
Tel: 978-635-9500
Fax: 978-635-9180
E-mail: mresch@ensr.com
or: lmccarthy@ensr.com
migration in the ground water. The long-term objective is to
return the geochemical balance of the site to its pre-1 eachfield
state, which includes some level of arsenic because it occurs
naturally in the native soil.
The total capital cost of the remediation is estimated at $1.4M.
This includes $620K for design, $460K for gallery installation
and system construction, and $320K for pilot startup. Annual
operations and maintenance costs, including sampling, utilities
and reporting are estimated to be $175K. Indirect costs, such as
project management and oversight, are included in these
figures.
Results
The system was installed in 1996, a pilot test was performed in
early 1997, and full-scale operations began in April 1997. EPA
is assessingthe success of this technology on an ongoingbasis.
Data are being compiled for submission as part of the five-year
review, which is due in the 4th quarter of the Year 2000. No
data are currently available.
Site-specific References
U.S. EPA, Remedial Action Report, Peterson/Puritan
SuperfimdSite, prepared by ENSR Consulting and
Engineering, revised edition, March 1998
26
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