FINAL REPORT
on
INSEA USER'S MANUAL
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE MODEL
OF
INCINERATION AT SEA OPERATIONS
by
J. G. Droppo
L. W. Vail
R. M. Ecker
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Contract No. 68-03-3319
WORK ASSIGNMENT 13
Work Assignment Manager: David Redford
Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection (WH-556F)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
BATTELLE
Ocean Sciences and Technology Department
397 Washington Street
Duxbury, MA 02332
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ABSTRACT
INSEA (INcineration at SEA) is a screening tool to estimate the maximum
allowable concentration of wastes that can be incinerated at sea without
exceeding standards for marine aquatic life. The relationship between the
water quality standards and the maximum allowable concentrations in the
incinerator feed are defined by the processes considered by the model. A
consistent bias toward conservatism in the model is required to compensate
for the present inability to reliably predict many of the processes that may
occur In the atmosphere and ocean, or to measure the parameters that could be
used to define these processes. The model considers the primary atmospheric
and oceanic processes that are responsible for dispersing the incinerator
emissions into the environment. These processes are dispersion and transport
of the contaminant plume in the atmosphere and dispersion and advection of
the contaminant in the ocean.
iii
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CONTENTS
1.0 MODEL OVERVIEW 1.1
1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1
1.2 SUMMARY OF INSEA MODEL 1.2
2.0 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 2.1
2.1 TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION PROCESSES ., 2.1
2.1.1 Incinerator Operations , 2.1
2.1.2 Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion 2.2
2.1.3 Ocean Mixing 2.5
2.2 MODEL FORMULATION .- 2.7
2.2.1 Atmospheric Submodel 2.7
2.2.1.1 Gaussian Plume Concentration 2.8
2.2.1.2 Pasqulll Stability Classes Over
Water Surfaces 2.11
2.2.1.3 Wind Speed Variation With Height 2.13
2.2.1.4 Plume Rise 2.15
2.2.1.5 A1r-to-Sea Deposition 2.17
2.2.2 Ocean Mixing Submodel 2.18
2.2.2.1 Estimating Current Magnitude .. ; 2.19
2.2.2.2 Estimating Vertical Dispersion 2.21
2.2.2.3 Estimating Longitudinal Advection 2.22
2.2.3 Criteria Evaluation Submodel 2.23
2.2.4 Computation Scheme .. 2.24
3.0 MODEL INPUT PARAMETERS 3.1
3.1 DEFAULT CASES 3.1
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3.2 SHIP PARAMETERS 3.4
3.2.1 Point Source/Line Source 3.4
3.2.2 Ship Speed 3.4
3.2.3 Path Length of the Line Source 3.6
3.3 INCINERATOR PARAMETERS 3.6
3.3.1 Number of Incinerator Units 3.6
3.3.2 Height of Stack 3.6
3.3.3 Velocity of Stack Emissions 3.6
3.3.4 Temperature of Stack Emissions 3.6
3.3.5 Diameter of Stack 3.7
3.3.6 Minimum A1r Speed Past Stack 3.7
3.4 ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS 3.7
3.4.1 Stability Class 3.7
3.4.2 Wind Speed 3.7
3.4.3 Air Temperature 3.8
3.4.4 Mixing Height 3.8
3.4.5 Wet Scavenging Coefficient 3.8
3.4.6 Deposition Velocity 3.9
3.4.7 Offset Distance from Plume Center!ine
for Computation 3.10
3.5 OCEANIC PARAMETERS 3.10
3.5.1 Regional Current Velocity 3.10
3.5.2 Diffusion Coefficient and Dispersivity 3.10
3.5.3 Latitude of Operation 3.12
3.5.4 Length of Ocean Simulated 3.12
3.5.5 Grid Spacing 3.12
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4.0 MODEL OUTPUT .. 4.1
4.1 TABLE OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FEED RATES 4.1
4.2 PLOT OF VERTICAL CONCENTRATION PROFILES 4.3
4.3 ECHO LISTING OF INTERACTIVE SESSION 4.3
5.0 PROCEDURES FOR RUNNING INSEA MODEL 5«1
5.1 MODEL OPERATION * 5-1
5.2 EXAMPLE SIMULATION 5-2
6.0 NOTES ON SOME INSEA TESTS ' 6.1
6.1 INSEA SENSITIVITY TESTS 6.1
6.1.1 Demonstration of Vessel Movement Effects 6.1
6.1.2 Wind Speed and Atmospheric Stability « 6.2
6.1.3 Allowable Contaminant Concentrations 1n the Final
Blended Waste for Best, Worst and Intermediate
Case Conditions Based on Acute and Chronic Water
Quality Criteria 6.6
6.2 COMPARISON OF MODEL OUTPUT WITH ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT 6.11
6.3 SENSITIVITY OF INSEA TO INITIAL MIXING LAYER 6.13
7.0 REFERENCES 7-1
APPENDIX A - INSEA CODE LISTING A.I
APPENDIX B - ECHO.FIL FILE B-1
APPENDIX C - STANDARD.DAT FILE C-1
APPENDIX D - DEFAULT.DAT FILE D-1
APPENDIX E - GRID.DAT FILE E-1
APPENDIX F - CONFIG.FIL FILE PA
vii
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FIGURES
1.1 Operation of INSEA model
2.1 Hasse and Weber Diagram for Stability Class
2.2 Comparison of INSEA Diffusion Estimation Procedure with
Analytic Solution
1.4
2.12
2.23
3.1 Plan View of INSEA Domain 3«
3.2 Vertical Cross-Section of INSEA Domain « 3«
4.1 Plot Generated by INSEA *
6.1 Comparison of HC1 Removal Rates - 6-
6.2 Average HC1 Concentrations Versus Distance 6.
11
14
12
13
1x
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TABLES
1.1 Aquatic Life Criterion «..
2.1 Summary of Approximate Central 1/L Values for Each of the
Pasquill Stability Categories
2.15
3.1 INSEA Model Input Parameters, Default Values and Ranges . .......... 3.2
3.2 INSEA Default Cases ......... . ................... . ................. 3.4
3.3 Input Parameter Values for Eight Default Cases ......... . ...... ----- 3.5
4.1 Waste Concentration Table ............ . ............................ 4.2
6.1 Changes in the Allowable Copper Concentrations Depending
on the Vessel ' s Movement ..... ..................................... 6 3
6.2 Effects of Wind Speed and Stability Class on Allowable Copper
Concentrations in the Waste Under Best Case Conditions ............ 6.4
6.3 Effects of Wind Speed and Stability Class on Allowable Copper
Concentrations in the Waste Under Worst Case Conditions ........... 6.5
6.4 Effects of Wind Speed and Stability Class on Allowable Copper
Concentrations in the Waste Under Intermediate Case Conditions .... 6.7
6.5 Allowable Concentrations of Contaminants for Best Case
Conditions Based on Acute and Chronic Water Quality
Cri teri a .............................. ..............
*8
6.6 Allowable Concentrations of Contaminants for Worst Case
Conditions Based on Acute and Chronic Water Quality
Criteria ............... . .............. . ........................... 6-9
6.7 Allowable Concentrations of Contaminants for Intermediate Case
Conditions Based on Acute and Chronic Water Quality
Cri teri a [[[ - 6 10
6.8 Results of INSEA Sensitivity Tests on Selection of Initial
Mi xi ng Depth
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1.0 MODEL OVERVIEW
1.1 BACKGROUND
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing a regulation
that will govern the incineration of hazardous wastes at sea. The regula-
tion, which is being proposed under the authority of the Marine Protection,
Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, will provide specific criteria for the
Agency to use in reviewing and evaluating ocean incineration permit applica-
tions, and in designating and managing ocean incineration sites.
The proposed regulation requires that incineration permit Applicants
demonstrate that certain environmental performance standards will be met.
Two environmental performance standards are described in Section 234.48 (new
Section 234.49) of the proposed regulation. The first standard limits total
acid-forming emissions such that after initial mixing, the change in the
average total alkalinity in the release zone is no more than 10%, based on
stoichiometric calculations. The second standard limits incinerator emis-
sions so that after initial mixing, the ambient marine concentrations of
chemical constituents of the emissions in marine waters do not exceed
applicable water quality criteria or, where there are no applicable water
quality criteria, a marine aquatic life no-effect level, or a toxicity
threshold defined as 0.01 of an ambient marine water concentration shown to
be acutely toxic to appropriate sensitive marine organisms in a bioassay
carried out in accordance with EPA-approved procedures.
The first environmental performance standard can be evaluated using a
simple dilution equation to estimate the quantity of acid-forming emissions
that can be burned per hour without changing the alkalinity of the water in
the release zone by more than 10%. The second environmental performance
standard, however, is more complex. EPA is requiring the use of a mathe-
matical model of atmospheric dispersion and ocean mixing to evaluate whether
incinerator vessels will meet this second environmental performance standard
(i.e., that the emissions do not exceed the marine water quality criteria/no-
effect levels). EPA's policy on water quality standards recognizes a mixing
zone as a limited area where chronic criteria can be exceeded during inciner-
ation operations as long as acutely toxic conditions do not occur and safe
1.1
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chronic levels are met at the boundaries of the zone. The chronic criteria,
however, cannot be exceeded anywhere four hours after incineration operations
have ceased. The mathematical model must have a sufficient level of sophist-
ication to show whether the incinerator emissions, after an allowance for
initial mixing, will meet acute criteria within the mixing zone and chronic
criteria at the boundaries of the mixing zone.
This report describes a screening model of atmospheric dispersion and
ocean mixing that can be used to evaluate both environmental performance
standards in the proposed ocean incineration regulation.-The model can be
used for estimating the maximum waste concentration of each waste constituent
that can be fed into the incinerator without exceeding the marine water
quality criteria/no-effect levels. The estimated maximum waste concen-
trations are based on the acute water quality criteria within the initial
mixing zone, which by definition extends 100 m on either side of the
incineration vessel, and the chronic criteria at the boundaries of the mixing
zone.
1.2 SUMMARY OF INSEA MODEL
The model, INSEA (INcineration at SEA), considers the transport and dis-
persion of the incinerator plume in the atmosphere, the deposition of the
contaminants onto the ocean surface, and the longitudinal advection and
vertical dispersion of the contaminants in the ocean. The model assumes a
single constant wind and current direction (steady state). The model can be
used to simulate an incineration operation over a time period of days to
weeks, and up to a distance of 50 km from the source.
INSEA was developed as a screening tool to be used by reviewers of
incineration permits to evaluate potential worst case effects of the inciner-
ation operations. The model is intended for use at the reviewer's desk where
a large number of interactive runs can be made at very little cost. The
steady state nature of the model and some limiting assumptions in the model
do not allow it to be used onboard ship during monitoring activities to
evaluate the real time position of the atmospheric or ocean plumes. INSEA
is designed to be run on an IBM-PC or any DOS 2.1 (or later) compatible com-
puter with a minimum of 384K of memory. Graphical routines for displaying
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conc.entatlon versus depth at selected points assume the availability of a
plotter using Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language. Graphics output is optional
and use of INSEA does not require a plotter. Using a computational grid of
14 layers and 70 columns, a ten-day simulation on an IBM-AT with a math
coprocessor requires four minutes to execute.
The operation of the INSEA model is shown 1n Figure 1.1. The INSEA
model consists of three submodels: an atmospheric transport and dispersion
submodel, an ocean mixing submodel, and a criteria evaluation submodel. The
atmospheric submodel computes the rise and dispersion of the plume using a
three-dimens.1onal Gaussian air plume model that 1s based on a model origi-
nally developed by EPA (Petersen et al. 1984). With the Gaussian plume
model, atmospheric dispersion of constituents from a point or line source is
simulated using the assumption that the distribution of plume constituents
across the plume (transverse) is bell-shaped or normal. The model assumes
the stringent situation in which there are no lateral winds during the entire
burn and the wind always blows the emissions directly behind the Incineration
vessel. The model uses over-water Pasquill stability class equivalents to
estimate the dispersion of the atmospheric plume. Rates of dispersion for
each stability class are provided as a function of the distance the plume
travels. The stability classes represent fast (unstable) to slow (stable)
dispersion rates.
Maximum deposition of the plume's constituents occurs under the centerline
of the plume because of the assumed normal distribution of constituents across
the plume. The model determines the total deposition rates, attributable to
dry and wet depositional processes, along the plume centerline and along a
parallel line- that is offset from the centerline. Normally, the offset distance
in the INSEA model is set at 100 m to correspond to the width of the mixing
zone (i.e., 100 m to each side of the incineration vessel). The effects of
atmospheric chemistry on the removal efficiency are not considered in the
model. The deposition rates under the plume centerline or the offset line
are then input to a two-dimensional (longitudinal and vertical) oceanic trans-
port and dispersion model.
1.3
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Time-Averaged Water Concentrations
SIMULATION
Maximum Allowable Waste Concentrations Into Incinerator
FIGURE 1.1. Operation of INSEA Model
1.4
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Exchange of plume constituents from the atmosphere to the ocean is simu-
lated in the model by the use of an initial surface mixing layer, the depth
of which must be specified by the user. Constituents are assumed to instan-
taneously mix into this initial surface mixing layer as they are deposited on
the sea surface. Decay, transformation, and accumulation of stack constituents
at the sea surface are not considered in the present version of the INSEA
model. After deposition in the initial surface mixing layer, plume constituents
are distributed longitudinally by advective transport and mixed vertically in
the ocean by dispersion. Large-scale or regional currents are used in the
model for longitudinal advective transport. Superimposed on the regional
current are locally wind-generated currents for additional advective transport.
The regional and wind-generated currents are assumed to be in the same direc-
tion. It is assumed in the model that the vertical dispersion coefficient is
related to turbulence generated by wind-generated currents. Because wind-
generated currents decrease exponentially with depth in the water column, the
vertical dispersion coefficient decreases as the depth increases. The ocean
currents ,are assumed to be in the same direction as the wind and along the
path of the incineration vessel in the model, so that longitudinal advecticm
occurs along a line parallel to the path of the incineration vessel. Although
the wind and current direction seldom coincide during an incineration operation,
the highest constituent concentrations in the ocean will occur when the wind
and current are in the same or opposite direction. The use of the assumption
that the wind and current are in the same direction will make it difficult to
verify the model's predicted transport and fate of stack constituents in the
field, except empirically or statistically as worst case predictions.
The total area of the ocean in which stack constituents are deposited is
not directly calculated by the INSEA model, but can be estimated by analyzing
the concentrations of constituents along the center!ine of the plume and along
lines at various offset distances from the centerline. The distribution of
stack constituents reaching the ocean surface depends on whether the incinera-
tion ship is stationary or moving, the ambient meteorological conditions (e.g.,
the magnitude of the wind, atmospheric stability and precipitation), and the
movement of the ocean surface waters.
1.5
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The criteria evaluation submodel computes the maximum allowable concen-
trations for various constituents in the waste. A linear relationship is
assumed between the stack emission rate and the concentrations calculated in
the ocean mixing model through the use of a unit emission rate from the stack.
The unit emission rate assumption will hold true as long as inter-particle
and chemical reactions do not occur in the atmosphere. The water concentrations
resulting from a unit emission rate are combined with the Incinerator's opera-
ting parameters (destruction efficiency and volumetric feed rate) to compute
the maximum concentrations of each constituent in the final blended waste.
At the end of the simulation, the model displays the maximum allowable concen-
trations of each constituent that may be in the waste mixture without exceeding
the water quality criteria/no-effect level. The chronic and acute criteria
for-the waste constituents currently used in the model are shown in Table
1.1. The model can also be used to graphically display the resulting concen-
tration in the water column at any specified location along the center!ine or
offset distance of the plume.
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TABLE 1.1. Aquatic Life Criteria
Waste Constituent
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmi urn
Chlorine
Chromium III
Chromium VI
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thai 1 i urn
Tin
Zinc
Cyanide
Dioxin
DDT
PCB
Dichloroethane
Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethane
Hexachl oroethane
Chlorobenzenes
Halomethanes
Carbon Tetrachloride
Hexachl orobutadi ene
Phenol
Chronic Criteria
/tq/L
200
36
9.3
16,300
10,300
50
2.9
5.6
0.025
7.1
54
0.023
0.02
0.7
58
0.01
0,00001
0.001
0.03
1,130
312
90
9.4
130
6,400
500
0.32
58
Acute Criteria
tfq/L
1,500
69
43
16,300
10,300
1,100
2.9
140
2.1
140
410
2.3
2.13
0.7
170
1.0
0.0.1.
0.13
10
113,000
31,200
9,020
940
160
12,000
50,000
32
5,800
1.7
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2.0 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
The incineration of industrial wastes at sea and the subsequent behavior
of incinerated wastes when in the atmosphere, deposited on the sea surface,
and in the ocean, can be viewed as a sequence of processes taking place in
adjoining compartments. In order, these compartments are the incinerator
ship, the atmosphere, and the ocean. The processes that occur in each of the
compartments are outlined below.
2.1 TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION PROCESSES
2.1.1 Incinerator Operations
During an incinerator operation, the ship must operate at a sufficient
speed to ensure that the relative air movement past the stacks keeps the
atmospheric plume away from the ship and its personnel. Past European incin-
eration operations have been conducted with the ship at a fixed location when
the ambient winds were sufficient to blow the plume away from the ship. At
lower wind speeds, the ship moves to ensure the effective separation of the
plume and ship.
The incinerator ship burns the waste in a high-temperature burner. The
combustion products, which are released to the atmosphere, include gases and
particulate matter that contain organics and trace metals. The physical
characteristics of these releases depend on the chemical and physical charac-
teristics of the industrial wastes and the availability of oxygen during com-
bustion (Chan and Mishima 1983). Assuming that the incineration conditions
maximize the burn efficiency, the particles should generally be small, with a
mass median diameter (MMD) of about 1 tan (Chan and Mishima 1983). Particles
of this size are small enough to be passively transported and diffused in the
atmosphere. In addition, the particles should have limited tendencies to
agglomerate.
Incinerator emissions can be controlled by regulating the contaminant
concentrations in the waste and the feed rate to the incinerators. The emis-
sions are also related to the destruction efficiency of the incinerator. The
incinerators are required to have specific destruction efficiencies for vari-
ous organic materials. Trace metals are not destroyed by incineration and
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have a zero destruction efficiency. For the purpose of this study, the waste
concentrations and waste feed rates are assumed to be regulated 1n such a way
that the specified destruction efficiencies are maintained during the incin-
eration operation. The emission characteristics of the incinerator will vary
with the incinerator design and partlculate and/or gaseous emission controls.
2.1.2 Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion
After the plume leaves the incinerator ship's stack, it will rise as a
result of buoyancy and vertical momentum. The initial dispersion is a func-
tion of the interaction between stack release characteristics and ambient
atmospheric conditions. As the plume constituents are diluted by mixing with
ambient air, passive atmospheric turbulence becomes the dominant dispersion
process.
The vertical plume rise and dispersion can be limited by atmospheric
inversion layers. The height to the first inversion layer is often referred
to as the atmospheric mixing depth. Depending on the Inversion strength and
the plume rise energy, the plume can rise through these inversion layers.
The assumption that the plume rise is limited by the atmospheric mixing depth
will lead to a conservative estimate of the deposition of plume constituents
on the sea surface because the plume will remain within the lowest atmos-
pheric layer.
Previous observations of the atmospheric plumes generated from Incin-
erator ships provide information on plume behavior under different ambient
conditions. Wastler et al. (1975) noted that during low wind speeds and
unstable atmospheric conditions, the plume looped and fanned out in an
apparently random manner. During low wind speed conditions when the incin-
erator ship was operating under power (assumedly to meet a 3-knot minimum
relative wind speed past the stacks), the plume, when visible, trailed the
ship at an angle of about 20° from the horizontal and usually reached a
maximum altitude of no more than 850 m (JRB 1983).
Weltkamp et al. (1984) used a vertically scanning deuterium fluoride
LIDAR in the North Sea to locate and quanttfy the hydrogen chloride plume
from an incinerator ship. The plume was observed to rise between 300 to
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600 m under different atmospheric conditions. Vigorous downward mixing of
the plume to the ocean surface was noted at times during daylight hours
within a few kilometers of the ship and a less vigorous mixing with an
elevated plume rise between 400 and 800 m was noted at night up to a distance
of 10 km from the ship.
The rate of atmospheric dispersion varies greatly depending on the
atmospheric turbulence. Factors contributing to turbulence include the local
water surface roughness, boundary layer energy budget, and wind speed. The
degree of turbulence is usueilly characterized in terms of atmospheric
stability. Stability has been defined by Hasse and Weber (1985) as a
function of the air/sea temperature difference. This expedient practice does
not account for other possible sources of atmospheric mixing, such as cooling
at the top of the boundary layer that may occur when a stratus cloud layer is
present (Chaughey 1982). Irwin et al. (1985) recommend procedures to
directly measure stability. When possible, the operational procedures
described by Irwin et al. should be used to characterize the state of the
atmospheric boundary layer.
Roll (1965) provides an overview of the processes of dispersion in the
marine boundary layer. A recent report by Joffre (1985) provides a detailed
review of the structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer from the
point of view of modeling transport, dispersion, and deposition processes.
Many other studies of the air/sea boundary layer have been performed.
Although these studies are important for understanding the boundary layer,
their usefulness for assessing the impacts of at-sea. incineration of hazar-
dous wastes is limited because of the site and seasonal specificity of the
information reported in these references.
Incinerator plume constituents may be deposited on the sea surface
through either dry or wet deposition processes. When incinerator plume con-
stituents reach the sea surface through dispersion or impaction, the process
by which the material is deposited is referred to as dry deposition. Dry
deposition rates are characterized by a 'deposition velocity1 that is the
ratio of the deposition flux to the air concentration. The dry deposition of
particulate material is largely a function of the particle sizes. Assuming
that the particulate material composing the incinerator plume is in a size
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class in which gravitational settling 1s negligible, then the air/sea Inter-
face processes, such as surface impaction and droplet' collection, become
important. The dry deposition of gaseous material will be a function of the
chemical properties of the material. Relationships for estimating gaseous
removal rates generally use Henry's law constants and solubility. The rough-
ness state of the air/sea interface is also critical in determining the rate
of gaseous deposition. For example the rate of deposition of gaseous
contaminants have been shown to be orders of magnitude larger on a rough sea
than on a calm sea (Merlivat 1980).
Broecker and Peng (1984) point out that no broadly accepted theory cur-
rently exists to reliably predict the rate of transfer of gas across an air/
sea interface from basic information such as the wind velocity and turbulence
in the water. Valuable information that could be used for assessing transfer
rates of contaminants across the air/sea interface can be found in three
recent proceedings. These proceedings include "Gas Transfer at Water Sur-
faces" (Brutsaert and Jirka 1984), "Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles"
(Liss and Slinn 1983), and the "Symposium on Capillary Waves and Gas
Exchange" (University of Hamburg 1980).
When the plume constituents reach the sea surface as a result of precip-
itation, the process is referred to as wet deposition. Wet deposition is
frequently characterized by washout coefficients that are directly related to
the precipitation rates. The amount of material deposited per unit sea sur-
face area is related to the total mass of material in the air column extend-
ing through the plume, rather than to the air conditions near the air/sea
interface. Precipitation falling through any portion of the atmospheric
plume incorporates contaminants into and carries them downward in the water
droplets. The rate of capture of gaseous contaminants, will depend largely
on the properties of the contaminant, such as solubility. In the case of
virga (precipitation that evaporates before falling to the earth), contami-
nants can be reintroduced into the atmosphere at a lower height. If droplets
fall through a 'cleaner1 air layer under an elevated plume, desorption of
gaseous contaminants into the 'cleaner' air layer is also possible. Other-
wise, the contaminants in the water droplets will be carried to the ocean
surface.
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Wet deposition of partlculate contaminants depends on the size distri-
bution of the liquid water droplets. In overland studies, the droplet size
distribution.shows a wide variation, depending on the type of storm. Marine
storms are expected to have different droplet size distributions, reflecting
the differences in energy and aerosol inputs. Partlculate washout will also
depend on the particle size distribution. Slinn (1977) discusses the magni-
tude of these effects.
When the buoyancy of the plume is sufficient for the plume to reach the
lift condensation level, a visible plume (cloud) can form. Cloud droplets
can form on the more hygroscopic particles in the plume. The droplets can
then collect other plume constituents 1n a manner similar to precipitation
scavenging. The result will be an aqueous phase for the plume constituents
in the atmosphere, which can be Important in terms of chemical reaction rates
for the formation of different materials. The formation of a visible cloud
can also increase the plume rise through the release of latent heat. If the
resultant cloud develops sufficiently to produce precipitation, contaminants
may be carried directly to the water surface.
2.1.3 Ocean Mixing
Because plume constituent concentrations are low when deposited on the
sea surface and the constituents are normally deposited far enough away from
the incineration vessel where the vessel's wake will not have an effect on
dispersion, mixing of incineration constituents in the ocean after deposition
results mainly from the presence of natural turbulence in the near-surface
ocean waters. After passing across the air/sea interface, incinerator plume
constituents are transported horizontally through the process of advection
,and mixed horizontally and vertically through the process of dispersion.
Plume constituent concentrations can also be affected by chemical and
biological processes, such as degradation, decay and bio-accumulation.
Horizontal dispersion of the plume constituents in the water column is by far
greater than vertical dispersion. However, 1n terms of incineration opera-
tions where atmospheric deposition is occurring over a large area for an
extended period of time, vertical dispersion becomes very important because
the horizontal concentration gradients are small compared to the vertical
gradients.
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Few field Investigations of vertical mixing in the ocean have been per-
formed, probably because the engineering importance of vertical dispersion is
generally small when compared to horizontal dispersion in terms of the
magnitude of the mixing process. Csanady (1973) does report on the results
of horizontal and vertical dispersion studies in the Great Lakes during light
winds, using dye injected into the near-surface water. These studies
Indicated that the vertical spread of the dye cloud was initially similar to
the horizontal spread, but the rate of vertical growth of the dye cloud was
significantly less and more complicated. The rate of growth of the vertical
dye cloud was more complicated due .to the change of current speed, direction,
and turbulence level with increasing depth. The rate of growth of the
vertical dye cloud was relatively rapid to a depth of 1 to 2 m within a short
distance of the dye source, but was much slower below 2 m. The dye cloud
continued to spread vertically at a much slower rate until reaching a
diffusion floor. The diffusion floor discussed by Csanady (1973) is
analogous to the thermocllne found in the north Atlantic at a depth of about
20 m during the summer months. Mixing across the thermocllne probably is not
completely absent, but is probably much subdued. Csanady reports values of
the vertical dispersion typically ranging from a value of 30 cm2/s within the
o
first 0.5 m of the water surface to 5 cm /s at a depth of several meters.
At wind speeds higher than about 5 m/s, vertical mixing, becomes quite
complex because of the presence of surface waves and the possible formation
of Langmuir circulation cells. At these higher wind speeds, vertical
dispersion 1n the near-surface water is greatly enhanced, and plume consti-
tuents will be quickly mixed vertically to the depth of the thermocllne.
The large-scale movement of material in the water column results from
advective transport by currents. The material will be transported along with
the currents at some rate proportional to the velocity and in the direction
of water movement. Changes in the magnitude and/or direction of the current
with depth (current shear) will result in the nonuniform advective transport
of material as it is mixed downward by dispersion. Large-scale or regional
circulation dominates the advective transport in the upper ocean. Super-
Imposed on the regional circulation are the locally generated currents.
Locally generated currents are dominated by the wind-induced currents where
2.6
-------
the wind shear stress exerted at the water-surface drags the water along.
These wind-induced currents decay exponentially with depth in the water
column, setting up an internal current shear in the vertical dimension, which
enhances the vertical mixing in the near-surface water.
2.2 MODEL FORMULATION
The INSEA model estimates the maximum allowable waste concentration that
can be fed to the incinerator during an at-sea incineration operation without
exceeding the marine aquatic life standards. The model considers the mixing
of the incinerator plume in the atmosphere, the deposition of the contami-
nants onto the ocean surface, and the longitudinal advection and vertical
dispersion of the contaminant in the ocean. INSEA is composed of three
submodels: atmospheric, ocean mixing, and criteria evaluation submodels.
2.2.1 Atmospheric Submodel
The INSEA model considers the localized maximum inputs that occur direc-
tly from atmospheric plumes, The atmospheric submodel accounts for the major
factors controlling the atmospheric pathway of incinerator plume constituents
to the ocean. These controlling processes include plume rise, transport,
dilution, and deposition processes. The atmospheric submodel is based on the
following limiting assumptions during the incineration operation.
The ship is either stationary or moving along a straight line.
Wind direction is constant.
Wind and ship speeds are constant when Amoving along the line.
The incineration operation may occur while the ship is stationary or
moving along a line. When moving, the initial movement of the ship is
assumed to be in the direction opposite the wind direction. Once the ship
has traveled the length of the specified path, the ship is assumed to travel
back along the same line. When the ship is moving with the wind, the ship
speed is increased, if necessary, to achieve the minimum relative air speed
flowing past the ship stacks.
Constant wind speed, wind direction, and atmospheric conditions will
provide an upper limit of possible deposition of plume constituents on the
2.7
-------
sea surface. Variable wind speeds and wind directions would result 1n
greater dispersion and lower deposition rates over a larger area. The
assumption of no lateral winds (I.e., lateral to the direction of the ship
movement) represents a limiting case for the maximum deposition to the ocean.
In actual Incineration operations, some lateral movement may occur because
the ship operator probably will attempt to avoid entering and following the
incinerator plume. The model, however, considers the limiting case of
overlapping plumes along a single line.
Plume meander, which can contribute to effective plume dispersion, is
not taken into account in the INSEA model. Calm atmospheric conditions are
modeled with INSEA by assuming a 0.5 m/s drift of the plume along the model
computation line. The use of a minimum drift value is based on observations
that the atmosphere has some movement even under calm conditions (Hanna,
Briggs and Hosker 1982). Although observations have indicated that the
actual drift under calm conditions shifts direction randomly, the INSEA model
assumes that the drift occurs along a straight line.
The INSEA atmospheric submodel 1s based on standard routines for
estimating plume impacts. The dispersion and plume rise routines are taken
directly from EPA's INPUFF model (Petersen et al. 1984). The reader is
referred to this document for additional information on subroutines PGSZG and
PLMRS. Gaussian dispersion is assumed using Pasquill dispersion categories;
standard Pasquill categories are used in the INSEA model with the exception
of daytime/nighttime "D" classes, following Pasquill's original
recommendations.
2.2.1.1 Gaussian Plume Concentration
The basis of the atmospheric submodel of the INSEA model 1s the Gaussian
plume equation. Routines are included in the model that use this Gaussian
plume relationship to account for plume rise and deposition of plume material
that is transported and diffused.
Two Gaussian plume relationships are used in the INSEA model. The first
considers a continuous point source release (point source) and the second
considers a series of point releases along a line (line source). The
2.8
-------
Gaussian diffusion equation for the concentrations of a contaminant in a
plume downwind of a continuous point source release is given by Slade (1968)
as
C =
- exp[-/7(2
u
[exp [- (z-H)/(2
+ exp [- (z+H)2/(2
-------
m ,
CHne = T ^ * (:
n=l *
exp[-y/(2
[exp [- (z-h)/(2
exp [- (z+h)2/(2 a2)])
(2)
where cline s time-averaged value of concentration for a contaminant
along a line (g/cm )
Qline ~ Amount °f material, released from a moving source of a
contaminant over the time increment, t (g/s)
t * time increment for ship to traverse each distance
increment (s),
T = total time for travel (s)
n = index of number of distance increments to be summed
m = number of distance increments used to approximate the line
source by a series of point releases
Since the atmospheric inputs to the water occur at 1-h intervals in the INSEA
model, the distance increments are computed with the following relationship
where
t = d / uz
the time for a plume at height, z, to travel the distance
increment (3600 s)
d = the distance increment (m)
uz = the wind speed at height, z, above the sea (m/s)
Equation (2) is applied in the same fashion as Equation (1) for com-
puting air concentrations. As with the point source computation, the acute
exposures are computed with y equal to 0 m, and the chronic exposures are
computed with y equal to 100 m.
2.10
-------
2.2.1.2 Pasquill Stability Classes Over Water Surfaces
The INSEA model uses Pasquill stability classes to estimate the disper-
sion rates of the atmospheric plume. The Pasquill stability classes provide
a method of defining atmospheric dispersion rates. Curves for each of the
stability classes provide values of the dispersion parameters as a function
of travel distance of the plume. Jhe six stability classes are normally
expressed by the letters A to F, progressively representing fast (unstable)
to slow (stable) dispersion rates. The original stability classes (Pasquill
1961, 1962) were strictly defined in terms of parameters applicable to
dispersion over land surfaces. Applying these land surface classes to
over-water surfaces requires careful translation.
The stability classes used in the INSEA model are the over-water equiva-
lents of the original classes (Hasse and Weber 1985). Although stability in
the original Pasquill method is defined in terms of the daytime insolation
and nighttime cloud cover, Hasse and Weber define stability in terms of the
local radiation budget and wind speed.
Hasse and Weber (1985) compute sensible heat flux from radiation budget
estimates. They use a Bowen ratio (equal to sensible heat flux divided by
latent heat flux) of 0.4 for unstable and neutral conditions, and assume neg-
ligible evaporation under stable' conditions. For application over water, the
sensible heat fluxes are converted to air/sea temperature gradients.
The wind speed difference between land and water surfaces is accounted
for by converting the stability classes to-a friction velocity. The friction
velocity conversion is based on the assumption of a roughness length equal to
3 cm for the original Pasquill stability classes.
Figure 2.1 presents the Hasse and Weber diagram for the Pasqui.ll stabil-
ity classes converted for use over water surfaces. They assume that the drag
coefficient for momentum, CD, and heat, CH, are both equal to 1.3 x 10" .
The over-water wind speed, u, and potential temperature gradient, A9, are
defined by
u = u*(CD)
-1/2
2.11
-------
-10
10
FIGURE 2.1. Hasse and Weber Diagram for Stability Class
and
A8 = - H/(CHcp/7 u)
where H = sensible heat flux
cp = specific heat at constant pressure
p = density of air
u* = friction velocity.
A seventh dispersion class, 6, with very restrictive dispersion has been
suggested. This class was not included in the INSEA model because the class
was not necessary or appropriate for defining the limiting cases of the maxi-
mum air/sea deposition rates. The greatest dry deposition rates from an ele-
vated plume occur under unstable conditions. Although the use of class G
2.12
-------
would increase the computed wet deposition rates, such extremely limiting
conditions are not expected to occur during precipitation conditions.
2.2.1.3 Wind Speed Variation With Height
The variation of wind speed with height is used in the INSEA model to
extrapolate the speed at the stack release height and the height of plume
rise from the 10 m wind speed. These wind speeds are used in the model to
approximate the plume movement with the Gaussian plume Equations (1) and (2).
The general formulation of wind variation with height, derived from a
combination of observations and micrometeorological similarity theory, is
used in the INSEA model. This approach is used instead of the power-law for-
mulations used in other EPA models (Irwin et al. 1985) because the power-law
formulations were derived for winds over land surfaces.
For unstable atmospheric conditions, the following .expression is used in
the INSEA model to calculate the wind variation with height (Paulson 1970);
4-in
-In [i ( 1
)] + 2 tan -
f
(3)
where u = average wind speed (m/s)
u* = friction velocity (m/s)
z = height pver land/water surface (m)
z0 = roughness length of surface (m)
0m = dimensionless wind gradient parameter
For stable conditions the following expression Is used in the INSEA model to
calculate the wind variation with height (Hanna, Briggs and Hosker 1982):
(4)
2.13
-------
where L is the Monin-Obukhov length (m), a scaling length of atmospheric tur-
bulence. Equations (3) and (4) are Integrated forms of relationships derived
from field studies by Buslnger et al. (1971).
To use Equations (3) and (4) for determining the wind variation with
height over the ocean, the roughness length, friction velocity, and Monin-
Obukhov length must be calculated. The following paragraphs describe how
these parameters are calculated 1n the INSEA model.
Charnock's relationship for the roughness length (z0) as described by
Joffre (1985), is used by the INSEA model.
z0 = m
(5)
where g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
m - coefficient [ = 0.0144 recommended by Garratt (1977)]
Equation (6) is used in the INSEA model to estimate the friction
velocity (u*). These friction velocity relationships were taken from drag
coefficient relationships reported in Large and Pond (1981) by substituting
for the friction velocity using CD = u*2/us.
u* = us (1.2xlO"3)1/2
for 4 ^ u < 11 m/s
U* = us[(0.49 + 0.065 us) x 10"3]1/2 for 11 £ us £ 25 m/s
(6)
where
us = wind speed at the 10 m height.
For wind speeds less than 11 m/s, the friction velocity relationships
are nearly identical to those used by Hasse and Weber (1985) 1n their trans-
posing of Pasquill categories to use over water surfaces.
The Monin-Obukhov length is a function of atmospheric stability and is
related to the Pasquill stability classes in the INSEA model using Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 provides approximate 1/L values for each of the stability classes.
2.14
-------
TABLE 2.1. Summary of Approximate Central 1/L Values for Each of the
Pasquill Stability Categories (derived from Hasse and
Weber 1985)
Pasquill
Stability
Classes
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Central
1/L
Magnitude
-0.60
-0.28
-0.03
0.00
0.12
0.30
0.50
Dimensionless
Height
I/I
-6.0
-2.8
-0.3
0.0
1.2
3.0
5.0
2.2.1.4 Plume Rise
Plume rise formulations given by Briggs (1969, 1971, 1973 and 1975) and
reported in Petersen et al. (1984), are used in the INSEA model. The plume
rise equations are based on the assumption that plume rise depends on the
inverse of the mean wind speed and is directly proportional to the two-thirds
power of the downwind distance from the source. Different equations are used
for different atmospheric stabilities.
Application of the plume rise equations for a moving ship is complicated
because the relative wind speed past the stack will be higher or lower,
depending on whether the ship is moving Into or with the prevailing wind. As
an approximation, the reference frame in the INSEA model is shifted to allow
use of the Briggs plume rise relationship. The relative ship-air speed past
the stack is used in the plume rise equations in place of the ambient wind
speed*
The plume rise equations used in the INSEA model for unstable and stable
atmospheric conditions are summarized below. For additional details of the
plume rise formulation, the reader is referred to a detailed description of
the plume rise formulations by Petersen et al. (1984).
2.15
-------
Unstable and Neutral Atmospheric Conditions
The plume rise relationships are as follows:
Xf - 3.5 x*
where Xf - downwind distance of final plume rise (m)
x* » distance at which atmospheric turbulence begins to dominate
entrapment.
The value of x* 1s computed from
x* * 14 F
5/8
for F < 55 m4/s3
or
x* = 34 F'
.2/5
for F ^ 55m4/s3
.4, 3,
where F 1s the buoyancy flux parameter (m /s ). The final plume rise is
given by
H = h' + [1.6 F1/3 (3.5 x*)2/3/uh]
where H = Effective height of plume (m)
h1 = Stack height above sea level adjusted for stack downwash (m)
Ufo = Wind speed at top of stack (m/s)
Stable Atmospheric Conditions
The relationships for distance expressed as a function of stability
parameter is
-1/2
0.0020715 uh s
where s = stability parameter (1/s)
2.16
-------
The plume rise height for windy conditions is given by
1/3
H = h1 + 2.6 (F/[uzs])
or for near-calm conditions
H - h' -H-4 F1/4s-3/8
The lower value of H computed from these two equations is used as the final
plume rise in the INSEA model.
2.2.1.5 Air-to-Sea Deposition
The wet deposition along the centerline of the plume, W, for rain
falling completely through a Gaussian plume from a point"source (Equations
(1) and (2)) is shown by Hanna, Briggs and Hosker (1982) to be
W =
AQ'
(7)
where A is the scavenging coefficient (1/s) and Q' is the air concentration
over the water surface allowing for depletion by wet deposition.
The dry deposition, D, is represented by
D = Vt QV
(8)
where Vt is the dry transfer velocity with units of length per time.
The total deposition, T, is the sum of the wet and, dry deposition rates;
T = W + D
(9)
These total deposition fluxes are input to the upper layer of the ocean at
hourly intervals.
2.17
-------
2.2.2 Ocean Mixing Submodel
The ocean submodel 1s a two-dimensional contaminant transport model of
vertically stratified longitudinal advectlon and vertical dispersion. The
ocean submodel estimates the longitudinal and vertical distributions of con-
taminants 1n the water column from the contaminant flux to the water surface
defined by the atmospheric submodel.
Exchange of contaminants from the atmosphere to the water is simulated
in the ocean mixing submodel by the use of a surface mixing layer. This
mixing layer 1s the depth that the atmospheric deposition is instantaneously
mixed to convert the contaminant flux to a concentration. The surface mixing
layer thickness can be specified by the user. The sensitivity of selection
of the depth of the surface mixing layer 1s discussed 1n Section 6.1.4. A
value of 1.0 m or less for the surface mixing layer is recommended for use 1n
the INSEA model.
Longitudinal advection of the water column is simulated in the ocean
mixing submodel by use of a steady-state water velocity profile resulting
from regional and wind-induced currents. The regional and wind-induced
currents are additive in the model to arrive at a current profile. The
regional current is specified by the user and is uniform with depth. The
wind-induced current profile 1s calculated Internally in the model using the
specified wind speed. The assumption of the steady-state current profile is
consistent with the steady-state wind in the atmospheric submodel. The
contribution to the velocity profile by the wind is based on an exponential
profile developed by Ekman (1905), where the surface water velocity is
calculated from the surface wind shear. The velocity profile is used to
determine an average longitudinal velocity for each layer defined in the
ocean submodel.
Vertical dispersion is calculated in the ocean submodel with the use of
a dispersion coefficient. The dispersion coefficient 1s calculated inter-
nally in the model from a user specified diffusion coefficient and dis-
persivlty. The vertical dispersion coefficient varies with depth because the
dlspersivity term of the dispersion equation is also a function of velocity,
which varies with depth. Horizontal dispersion 1s not included in the ocean
submodel because under steady-state conditions the atmospheric deposition of
2.18
-------
plume constituents is constant during the incineration operation. Horizontal
dispersion would be important only at the fringes of the plume during
incineration under steady-state conditions, where continuous atmospheric
deposition does not occur. Since the INSEA model is primarily concerned with
the concentrations at the plume centerline and at small offset distances from
the centerline horizontal dispersion has not been included in the model.
2.2.2.1 Estimating Current Magnitude
The current magnitude in each horizontal layer of the ocean submodel is
the sum of the user specified regional current and the wind-induced current.
The regional current is uniform with depth, whereas the wind-induced current
profile 1s calculated internally 1n the model from the wind shear at the sea
surface, which results in the variation of the current with depth.
The wind-induced current profile used in the ocean submodel is derived
from Ekman (1905). Only the magnitude of the wind-induced current is used in
the model. Ekman showed theoretically that wind-induced currents will be
deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and the current magnitude
will decrease exponentially with depth (Ekman spiral). At some depth,
referred to as the depth of frictional resistance, the current is opposed to
the surface current, and is only one-twenty-third of the magnitude of the
surface current. The rapid decay of the current magnitude with depth has
been observed, and in some areas, water masses have been observed to be
deflected at some angle to the wind. However, the occurrence of the Ekman
spiral has not been demonstrated in the wind-influenced layer of the ocean
(von Arx 1962). Although other researchers such as Rossby and Montgomery
(1935), Lamb (1932) and Mellor and Durbin (1975) also have developed methods
for estimating wind-induced currents, Ekman's formulation is used in the
ocean submodel because of the ease in solving the equation.
The wind-induced current velocity at any depth is obtained from the
exponential velocity profile equation developed by Ekman (1905). This
equation is
V=V0e
- - Z
D
(10)
2.19
-------
where
vo
z
D
a
P
A
w
sin 0
depth (m)
depth of frictional resistance (m)
the shear stress at the water surface (g/ms2)
3
the water density (g/m )
the eddy viscosity (g/m-s)
the rotational velocity of the earth (m/s)
j5 = the latitude of the site
Vg = regional current velocity (m/s).
Eddy viscosity is calculated using either of two empirical
relationships, depending on wind speed (Sverdrup, Johnson and Fleming 1942).
For wind speeds below 6 m/s, 1t is calculated as
A = 1.02
(11)
where A has the units of g/cm-s and W is the wind speed in m/s. For wind
speeds greater than 6 m/s, eddy viscosity is calculated as
4.3 W'
(12)
where the units are the same as the first expression.
The shear stress at the water surface is also calculated using either of
two relationships, depending on wind speed. For wind speeds below 6 m/s, the
surface shear is estimated using the following expression developed by von
Karman (Sverdrup, Johnson and Fleming 1942):
W
vW/7 = 5.5 + 5.75 log (zp/fi yV//?) (13)
where W = the wind speed (m/s)
T
z
P
ft
the shear stress (m/ms )
the elevation at which the wind speed 1s measured (m)
the density of air (g/m3)
the viscosity of air (g/m-s)
2.20
-------
For wind speeds greater than 6 m/s, the shear stress is obtained using
an empirical expression developed by Ekman (1905)
r = 2.4 x 10"3 p W2
(14)
~J
where r = the shear stress (g/ms )
p - the density of air (g/m3)
W = the wind speed (m/s).
2.2.2.2 Estimating Vertical Dispersion
Dispersion in the ocean is the result of both molecular diffusion and
turbulent dispersion. Generally, the effect of dispersion will far exceed
the molecular diffusion. In INSEA, the apparent dispersion coefficient, D,
is expressed as
D = D* + dv (15)
2
where D = dispersion coefficient (m/s)
2
D* = diffusion coefficient (m/s)
d = dispersivity (m)
v = wind-generated current of layer (m/s)
The dispersion coefficient in the ocean submodel takes into consideration
both molecular diffusion and turbulent dispersion. The diffusion term (D*)
is specified by the user and is uniform over the entire water depth. The
turbulent dispersion term (dv) varies with depth because of the velocity
term, v. The turbulent dispersion term was incorporated into the model
because the observed dispersion rates tend to increase with increasing
velocity. Additional field studies are needed to develop a better
understanding of oceanic dispersion processes.
The one-dimensional Fickian diffusion equation can be expressed as
M. M * £/*
at
(16)
2.21
-------
where C - concentration (g/m3)
t = time (s)
z = vertical direction (m)
D = diffusion coefficient (m2/s)
Analytic solutions of the diffusion equation are not available when D is an
arbitrary function of z. Dispersion is estimated in the ocean submodel using
the fully-implicit finite-difference scheme, described in Equation 15. Using
this scheme to approximate dispersion for each layer of the system results in
a tridiagonal matrix which is easily solved with ThomasVs algorithm.
To verify the solution procedure, the results of the finite-difference
scheme have been compared against an analytic solution of the diffusion equa-
tion. Carslaw and Jaeger (1959) published an analytic solution of a one-
dimension Fickian diffusion equation where D is a constant. A comparison of
the numerical solution and the analytic solution is shown in Figure 2.2. The
comparison shows good agreement.
2.2.2.3 Estimating Longitudinal Advection
INSEA represents the ocean as a series of vertically stratified layers.
Each layer moves at discrete time intervals, defined by the estimated water
velocity at mid-depth of the layer. The distance each layer moves is the
same, but the time between moves for each layer will be different, unless the
vertical current velocity profile is uniform.
The method used for estimating longitudinal advection is similar to the
method-of-characteristics, except the time step is constant and the distances
vary. By employing this method, the problem of numerical dispersion, which
is often present when classical methods-such as finite differences are
applied to advection-dominated advection/dispersion problems, is avoided.
Numerical dispersion results in an overestlmation of dispersion, which in
turn results in an underestimation of constituent concentrations in the water
column.
2.22
-------
0
a
a>
a
Analytic Results
(Carlsaw and Jaeger, 1959)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Concentration
FIGURE 2.2. Comparison of INSEA Dispersion Estimation Procedure
with Analytic Solution
2.2.3 Criteria Evaluation Submodel
The purpose of the criteria evaluation submodel is to derive maximum
allowable concentrations in the final blended waste for each constituent
based on the time-averaged concentrations predicted with the ocean submodel
and the aquatic criteria provided by the INSEA database. Since the
concentrations predicted by the ocean submodel are based on a unit emission
(1 g/s), the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) can be expressed as
S
MAC = C (1- DE)
where S = maximum concentration allowed by aquatic criteria
C = predicted concentration based on unit emission
DE = destruction efficiency of incinerator for the particular
constituent.
(17)
2.23
-------
This equation implies the destruction efficiency is a constant. The use
of this destruction efficiency method is consistent with the regulation pro-
posed by EPA that requires specific destruction efficiencies for certain
contaminants.
2.2.4 Computation Scheme
The atmospheric submodel uses the ship, incinerator, and atmospheric
properties to estimate the distribution of a unit flux of incinerator
effluent on the ocean surface. The atmospheric submodel assumes the
Incinerator effluent behaves as a Gaussian plume. The removal of
contaminants from the atmosphere to the ocean 1s defined by a deposition
velocity and scavenging coefficient. Fluxes from the atmosphere to the ocean
are provided along a line parallel with the direction of the wind behind the
incinerator ship.
The ocean mixing submodel estimates the aquatic concentrations that
would result from the unit flux of incinerator emissions. To compute the
aquatic concentrations, the mixing fluxes of emissions provided by the
atmospheric submodel are mixed downward by dispersion and advected
longitudinally by the ocean current. Atmospheric fluxes of emissions are
deposited onto the ocean surface each hour. The mass resulting from one hour
of deposition is Instantaneously mixed into the surface mixing layer of each
column of the grid. The mass entering the surface layer of each column is
different, because the columns are at different distances downwind of the
incineration vessel. The depth of the surface layer, if too large, can have
an effect on subsequent mixing of stack constituents and resulting aquatic
concentrations. It is recommended that the surface layer depth be set at 1.0
m or less by the user.
Once the mass 1s mixed into the surface layer, it is allowed to mix
downward according to Equation 15. The dispersion time step is one hour.
Next, longitudinal advection is allowed to occur for those layers assigned to
move within the next hour. As long as the time period between advection
events 1s less than the deposition and dispersion time step of one hour,
decoupling the dispersion and advection computations in the INSEA model
presents no serious problems with numerical dispersion. The model warns the
user 1f the time step conditions are violated. The user can correct the time
2.24
-------
step violation by using fewer and larger cells with longer time steps between
the advective computations. After the advective computations have been made,
the model repeats the deposition of atmospheric fluxes and performs the
vertical dispersion/computations.
The aquatic concentrations provided by the ocean mixing submodel are
used by the criteria evaluation submodel to estimate the maximum allowable
concentration in the waste for each of the substances listed in Table 1.1.
The allowable concentrations for each substance are displayed by the model
and the user may have the model graphically display the relative concentra-
tions in the ocean.
2.25
-------
-------
3.0 MODEL INPUT PARAMETERS
The selection of Input parameters required to run the INSEA model has
been streamlined so the user can either use preset default values or select
independent input values. The input parameters in the model are categorized
into ship parameters, incinerator parameters, atmospheric parameters, and
oceanic parameters. Table 3.1 is a listing of the INSEA input parameters,
along with the default values, reasonable ranges that can be used and
references from which additional information can be obtained. The selection
of input parameters is discussed in more detail in this section.
3.1 DEFAULT CASES
INSEA uses eight default cases representing a range of conditions that
is likely to occur during an incineration operation. It is unlikely,
however, that the input parameters In the default cases will exactly match
the conditions the user would like to simulate. All the default cases are
set to neutral atmospheric stability (class D) with 1.5 m/s wind speed. The
user should select the default case that most closely represents the condi-
tions to be simulated, then change the input parameters for that default case
to represent the actual ship operation, atmospheric and oceanic conditions to
be simulated. Table 3.2 summarizes the eight default cases. Table 3.3 sum-
marizes the values for the input parameters for each of the eight default
cases.
If stationary or near-stationary operation is expected, then default
cases 1 to 4 apply. If the ship 1s expected to be under way, then cases 5 to
8 provide computations based on a line source. Cases 1, 2, 5, and 6 are
based on the acute water quality criteria along the plume center!ine. Cases
3, 4, 7, and 8 are based on the chronic water quality criteria at an offset
distance of 100 m from the plume centerline. All cases consider dry deposi-
tion. Cases 1, 3, 5 and 7 also consider wet deposition. All default cases
consider neutral atmospheric conditions (stability class D).
3.1
-------
TABLE 3.1. INSEA Model Input Parameters, Default Values and Ranges
CO
ro
CATAGORY/INPUT PARAMETER
SHIP PARAMETERS
POINT SOURCE/LINE SOURCE
SHIP SPEED
PATH LENGTH OF LINE SOURCE
INCINERATOR PARAMETERS
NUMBER OF INCINERATORS
HEIGHT OF STACK
VELOCITY OF STACK EMISSIONS
TEMPERATURE OF STACK EMISSIONS
DIAMETER OF STACK
MINIMUM AIR SPEED PAST STACK
ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS
STABILITY CLASS
WIND SPEED
AIR TEMPERATURE
MIXING HEIGHT
WET SCAVENGING COEFFICIENT
DRY DEPOSITION VELOCITY
OFFSET FROM CEKTERLINE
UNITS
N/A
Knots
Kilometers
N/A
Meters
Ueters/Sec
Degrees C
Meters
Meters/Sec
N/A
Meters/Sec
Degrees C
Meters
I/Sec
Meters/Sec
Meters
DEFAULT
VALUE
Point/Line
3.0
5.0
3
12
IS
.1429
3.2
1.5
D
1.5
10
SOD
0.00015
0.03
0 or 100
RANGE
Point/Line
1.5 - 10.0
5-50
REMARKS
Depend on Incineration Plan and Meteor-
ological Conditions
Kill Depend on Incineration Plan, Ship Charact-
eristics and Meteorological Conditions
Will Depend on Incineration Plan and Size of
the Incineration Site
1-3 Will Depend on Incinerator Ship Charact-
eristics
10-20 Will Depend on Incinerator Ship Charact-
eristics
10-20 Will Depend on Incinerator Characteristics
1200-1500 Will Depend on Incinerator Characteristics
3-4 Will Depend on Incinerator Characteristics
1.5 Uiniaua Air Speed Past Stack is Set by
Regulation to 1.5 n/s
A - F A to F Represents Very Unstable to Stable Condit-
ions (See Section 3.3.1 and Hasse and Weber 1985)
1.5 - 15 Will Depend on Incineration Site Characteristics
5-25 Will Depend on Incineration Site Characteristics
200-800 Will Depend on Meteorological Conditions (See
Section 3.3.4 and Joffre 1985)
0.00004-0.003 Will Depend on Meteorological Conditions (See
Section 3.3.5 and McMahon and Denison 1979)
0.003-0.3 Will Depend on Meteorological Conditions (See
Section 3.3.6)
Any Value Although Default Values are Set Up For Chronic and
Acuta Criteria, Any Offset Distance Can be Used
-------
TABLE 3.1. INSEA Model Input Parameters, Default Values and Ranges (continued)
to
CO
CATAGORY/INPUT PARAMETER
OCEAN PARAMETERS
REGIONAL CURRENT
DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
DISPERSIVITY
LATITUDE
LENGTH OF OCEAN SIMULATED
GRID SPACING (HORIZONTAL LAYERS)
GRID SPACING (VERTICAL COLUMNS)
UNITS
DEFAULT
VALUE
RANGE
Meters/Sec
Sq. Meters/Sec
Meters
Degrees
Ki loieters
N/A
N/A
0
0.0005
0
26
10
14
70
0 - B.Zb
0. 8003-9. 36
0 - 0.10
N/A
10 - 50
1-20
1 - 100
REMARKS
Will Depend on Incineration Site Characteristics
Kill Depend on Incineration Site Characteristics
(See Csanady 1973) . , .-«
Will Depend on Incineration Site Characteristics
(See Csanady 1973) . .
Will Depend on ahich Incineration Site is to be
Used (Default Value is for Gulf of Mexico Site)
Will Depend on Size of Incineration Site
Layer Depth Must Also be Specified. Surface Layer
Should be 1 or Less ,..*. n
Spacing Between Coluins is Calculated Internally
in INSEA (Spacinfl Length of Ocean Simulated
Divided by Nuib«r of Vertical Columns)
-------
TABLE 3.2. INSEA Default Cases
1 Point Source, Center! Ine Values, Precipitation Conditions
2 Point Source, Centerllne Values, Non-precipitation Conditions
3 Point Source, Offset Values, Precipitation Conditions
4 Point Source, Offset Values, Non-precipitation Conditions
5 Line Source, Centerllne Values, Precipitation Conditions
6 Line Source, Centerllne Values, Non-precipitation Conditions
7 Line Source, Offset Values, Precipitation Conditions
8 Line Source, Offset Values, Non-precipitation Conditions
3.2 SHIP PARAMETERS
3.2.1 Point Source/Line Source
,hi t0 'Nonary operation of the Incineration
ship, and the Hne source refers to operation of the ship back and forth
along a line. The choice of operating In the stationary mode or line mode
affects the definition of other Input parameters. Selecting the stationary
mode of operation automatically sets the ship speed at 0 and makes the Input
value for the path length unnecessary. When running the model In the line
mode, the ship speed and path length also must be defined. The requirement
for a minimum air speed past the stack relates to the minimum required wind
speed for a point source and the minimum ship speed required for a line
source.
3.2.2 Ship Speed
For a line source, the speed of the ship must be specified. The default
value m the line source cases is set at 3 knots. The model uses the ship
speed as a minimum value. The ship speed will be increased automatically in
the model, 1f necessary, to ensure that sufficient air moves past the incin-
erator stack. The ship speed used in each computation 1s included 1n the
model output.
3.4
-------
TABLE 3.3. Input Parameter Values for Eight Default Cases
INPUT PARAMETERS CASE 1
SHIP PARAMETERS
POINT SOURCE/LINE SOURCE
SHIP SPEED
PATH LENGTH OF LINE SOURCE
INCINERATOR PARAMETERS
NUMBER OF INCINERATORS
HEIGHT OF STACK
VELOCITY OF STACK EMISSIONS
TEMPERATURE OF STACK EMISSIONS
DIAMETER OF STACK
MINIMUM AIR SPEED PAST STACK
ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS
STABILITY CLASS
1IND SPEED
AIR TEMPERATURE
MIXING HEIGHT
»ET SCAVENGING COEFFICIENT
DRY DEPOSITION VELOCITY
. OFFSET FROM PLUME CENTERLINE
OCEAN PARAMETERS
REGIONAL CURRENT VELOCITY
' DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
DISPERSIVITY
LATITUDE
LENGTH OF OCEAN SIMULATED
GRID SPACING
DEFAULT CASES (SEE TABLE 3.2)
CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4 CASE 5 CASE 6 CASE 7 CASE 8
Point
0
0
3
12
15
1429
3.2
1.5
D
1.5
10.0
500
0.00015
0.03
0
0.0
0.0005
0.0
26
10
Default
Point
0
0
3
12
15
1429
3.2
1.5
D
1.5
10.0
500
0.0
0.03
0
0.0
0.0005
0.0
26
10
Default
Point
S
0
3
12
15
1429
3.2
1.5
D
1.5
10.0
500
0.00015
0.03
100
0.0
0.0005
0.0
26
10
Default
Point
0
0
3
12
15
1429
3.2
1.5
D
1.5
10.0
500
0.0
0.03
100
0.0
0.0005
0.0
26
10
Default
Path
3
5
3
12
15
1429
3.2
1.5
D
1.5
10.0
500
0.00015
0.03
0
0.0
0.0005
0.0
28
20
Default
Path
3
5
3
12
is
1429
3.2
1.5
D
1.5
10.0
500
0.00015
0.03
0
0.0
0:0005
0.0
26
20
Default
Path
3
5
3
12
IS
1429
3.2
1.5
D
1.5
10.0
500
0.00015
0.03
100,
0.0
0.0005
0.0
26
20
Default
Path
3
5
3
12
15
1429
3.2
1.5
D
1.5
10.0
500
0.0
0.03
100
0.0
0.000!)
0.0
26
20
Default
3.5
-------
3.2.3 Path Length of the Line Source
For a line source, the length of the ship path must be specified. Nor-
mally, the path length will be the distance the ship traverses in the incin-
eration operation area before it reverses its course. For the default cases
with a line source, the path length is initially.set at 5.0 km. The path
length of the line source 1s limited by the requirement to stay within the
specified burn area. To allow for computations of downwind water concentra-
tions, the model assumes that the Incineration operation" occurs on the upwind
end of the specified burn area. The INSEA model also limits the length of
the ship path to one-half of the width of the burn area. Because the model
allows the ship to move back and forth along the line, the ship speed and
duration of the incineration operation do not affect the selection of path
length.
3.3 INCINERATOR PARAMETERS
3«3.1 Number of Incinerator Units
The number of incinerators will determine the total emission rate. Nor-
mally, one to three Incinerators are on the ship. The default value 1s three
Incinerators.
3.3.2 Height of Stack
The height of the incinerator stack is used to determine the initial
height of the plume in the atmosphere. The. stack height is defined as the
height of the top.of stack over the water surface. The default value for the
stack height is 12 m.
3'3-3 Velocity of Stack Emissions
The velocity of the emissions exiting the stack contributes to the plume
rise. The default value for the stack exit velocity is 15 m/s.
3.3.4 Temperature of Stack Emissions
The temperature of the stack emissions contributes to the buoyancy of
the contaminant plume. The default value for the stack exit temperature is
1429°K.
3.6
-------
3.3.5 Diameter of Stack
The diameter of the incinerator stack along with the velocity of the
emissions exiting the stack define the total volume flowing out of the stack.
The total volume will affect the plume rise. The default value for the stack
diameter is 3.2 m.
3.3.6 Minimum Air Speed Past Stack
The minimum operational air speed past the incinerator stack refers to
the horizontal speed of the air past the stack resulting from the combination
of ship movement and wind speed. This speed is required for both the line
source and point source modes of operation. The default value for the
minimum air speed past the stack is 1.5 m/s.
3.4 ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS
3.4.1 Stability Class
Six stability classes are designated by the letters A, B, C, D, E, and
F. Class A represents very unstable conditions and class F represents very
stable conditions. Although the selection of the stability class for INSEA
is normally dictated by the stability that most restricts the computed waste
concentrations in the waste, the user may wish to compare the most limiting
atmospheric case with expected stability conditions for the time and location
of a proposed burn. The atmospheric stability class can be selected based on
air/sea surface temperature differences. Hasse and Weber (1985) give a
method for estimating stability classes over water surfaces. Figure 2.1 is
reproduced from their paper. To use this figure, one uses the air/sea
surface temperature difference and friction velocity (computed using Equation
(6)) to define a stability class. Stability class D is used as the default
value, which represent neutral atmospheric stability conditions.
3.4.2 Wind Speed
The surface wind speed at 10 m above the sea surface is used in both the
atmospheric and ocean submodels. In the ocean submodel, the surface wind
speed is used to compute the vertical current velocity profile. The default
value is 1.5 m/s. The default value corresponds to the minimum relative wind
speed past the incinerator ship stack, as proposed by the EPA regulations.
3.7
-------
3.4.3 Air Temperature
The ambient air temperature is used along with the stack exit tempera-
ture for computing plume buoyancy. The default value for the air temperature
1s 10°C. If available, the expected average ambient temperature during a
planned Incineration operation should be used.
3.4.4 Mixing Height
The mixing height (height of the atmospheric boundary layer) is the
height above the sea surface at which vertical atmospheric transport can
occur. The default value for the height of the atmospheric boundary layer is
500 m.
Information on average mixing heights over oceansJs limited by the lack
of routine observations in most regions. The processes maintaining the
marine boundary layer are different than the processes operating over land.
Data from coastal stations are of questionable value for defining offshore
boundary layer heights. Also, techniques for estimating mixing heights over
land surfaces cannot be directly applied to the marine boundary layer. In
situations for which information on mixing height 1s not available, Joffre
(1985) provides a general method of estimating mixing heights.
3.4.5 Wet Scavenging Coefficient
The scavenging coefficient is used to calculate the wet deposition rate
of the airborne contaminants onto the sea surface. The scavenging coeffi-
cient 1s theoretically a function of the droplet size distribution, physical
and chemical characteristics of the contaminant, and precipitation rate.
Values of 0.00015 s"1, 0.00004 s'1. and 0.003 s'1 represent mid, low, and
high values, respectively, based on particulate scavenging coefficients
measured in 20 field experiments (McMahon and Denlson 1979). The mid-range
value of scavenging coefficients is an upper range for gaseous contaminant
deposition. The default value for the scavenging coefficient is 0.00015 s"1.
The use of a scavenging coefficient to estimate wet deposition is at
best an order-of-magnitude approximation and may be inappropriate for gases
that are not highly reactive or for those that are soluble in water. The
3.8
-------
user has the option of using a scavenging coefficient of zero to specify non-
precipitation conditions during the Incineration operation. When the
scavenging coefficient is set at zero, the dry deposition determines the
deposition pattern.
3.4.6 Deposition Velocity (Dry Deposition)
The deposition velocity is the ratio of the dry deposition flux onto the
sea surface to the contaminant concentrations over the sea surface. The
model uses the deposition velocity to calculate the dry deposition rate of
the airborne contaminants onto the sea surface. The default value for the
deposition velocity is 0.03 m/s.
INSEA allows input of two types of deposition velocities; air-sea
deposition velocities and gravitational settling velocities. The air-sea
deposition velocities are entered as positive numbers and gravitational
settling velocities are entered as negative numbers. The change in sign
indicates only the type of deposition velocity and not the direction of the
flux.
The gravitational settling option can be used for the special case for
which a significant number of larger particles are released. The upper limit
to settling velocities should be 20 to 30 cm/s. The INSEA formulation is
inappropriate for settling velocities greater than 30 cm/s.
Most at-sea incinerators are expected to emit either gaseous or particu-
late releases that are small enough to not have a significant gravitational
settling velocity. As a guide, particulate mid, low, and high values of
deposition velocities are 0.03 m/s, 0.003 m/s, or 0.30 m/s, respectively.
The deposition velocities for gaseous materials depend on the molecular
weight and air-sea surface concentration difference.
The high range value for deposition velocities applies mainly to
reactive or quite soluble gases, and is based on studies of dry deposition of
gases such as 02 and S02. The mid-range value refers mainly to gas mass
transfer equivalent to evaporation. The mid range also represents the
greatest deposition velocities that can be expected by nonhygroscopic
aerosols. The low range value represents predicted velocities for aerosols
on the order of 0.3 pm diameter. If predicted maximum dry deposition rates
3.9
-------
for a particular contaminant are unreasonably high, a more realistic removal
rate may be estimated for a particular gaseous or particulate material based
on the actual chemical and physical properties of the material.
3-4'7 Offset Distance From Plume Centerline for Computation
The offset distance allows the computations to be performed at some dis-
tance away from and parallel to the plume center!ine. This option was incor-
porated into the model to assess the proposed chronic criterion based on the
use of a mixing zone. The default value for the offset distance is zero for
computations along the plume centerline and 100 m for computations at the
edge of the mixing zone. Figure 3.1 illustrates the offset from the plume
centerline.
3.5 OCEANIC PARAMETERS
3.5.1 Regional Current Velocity
Large-scale circulation is an important process for the advective trans-
port in the upper layers of the ocean. INSEA incorporates a user-specified
regional current along with a calculated wind-generated current to compute
the longitudinal advection in the model. The default value used for the
regional current velocity is 0. This default value is used because it will
result in the most conservative concentrations of constituents in the waste.
3.5.2 Diffusion Coefficient and Dispersivitv
The dispersion coefficient relates the concentration gradient to the
flux rate. INSEA defines the dispersion coefficients
D = D* + dv
where D = dispersion coefficient (m2/s)
D* = diffusion coefficient (m2/s)
d = dlffusivity (m)
v = wind generated current (m/s)
This expression allows D to vary as a function of depth. Csanady (1973)
reports values for the dispersion coefficient of 30 cm2/s near the surface,
reducing to 5 cm2/s at a depth of several meters.
3.10
-------
Except during rapid surface cooling resulting "in strong vertical buoy-
ancy-driven flows, a stable water layer (thermocline) generally occurs at
less than 30 m. . Transport through this thermocline is generally limited to
molecular diffusion.
Moderate winds (5 m/s) can result in dramatic changes in the apparent
dispersion coefficients because of the presence of Langmuir circulations.
Although the exact physical mechanism of Langmuir circulations is not fully
understood, the circulations cause significant vertical velocities that will
rapidly disperse any contaminant entering the ocean.
c
r- to
.1 8
6-0
Ship
Point Source
Ship
Line Source
FIGURE 3.1. Plan View of INSEA Domain
3.11
-------
A default value of 5 cm2/s 1s assumed for the diffusion coefficient. A
default value of 0 is assumed for the dispersivity.
3.5.3 Latitude of Operation
The latitude of the burn site is used in the ocean submodel for com-
puting the current velocity. The Gulf of Mexico incineration site is located
at the latitude of 26 degrees, and this value is used as the default value.
3.5.4 Length of Ocean Simulated
The length of ocean simulated 1s the distance over which the user wishes
the atmospheric and ocean computations to occur. The length of reach speci-
fied by the user must be greater than the path length of the line source.
The maximum computation reach recommended 1s about 50 km. The default value
for the computation reach is 20 km.
3.5.5 Grid Spacing
Figure 3.2 shows an example grid for INSEA. Defining the appropriate
spacings is critical to using INSEA.
INSEA does not allow contaminant flux through the bottom of the deepest
layer. Therefore, the total vertical depth should be great enough that the
diffusion process is not seriously affected by the lower boundary. Because
the thermocline often occurs at a depth less than 30 m, 20 m to 30 m is con-
sidered adequate for the total depth.
Up to 20 horizontal layers and 100 vertical columns can be used in the
INSEA model. The default values are 14 horizontal layers and 70 vertical
columns. The number of horizontal layers and vertical columns are changed
with the GRId parameter on the parameter list in the model. The number of
horizontal layers and the thickness of each layer must then be specified by
the user. The thickness of the- surface layer can be critical in the computa-
tions of the aquatic concentrations. If the surface layer thickness is too
large, the resulting concentrations will be underestimated because the
depositional flux from the atmosphere is instantaneously mixed into the
surface layer. A thickness of 0.5 m to 1.0 m is recommended for the surface
layer. The default thickness of the surface layer, as well as the other
horizontal layers, Is 1 meter. The spacing between vertical columns depends
3.12
-------
on the length of ocean simulated and the number of vertical columns, both of
which can be specified by the user. The spacing between vertical columns is
computed internally 1n the INSEA model and is equal to the length of ocean
simulated, divided by the number of columns.
3.13
-------
co
M
Length of
Ocean Simulated
Vertical Cross-Section of Grid with N Columns and M Layers
Thickness
of Layer 1
Thickness
of Layer M
FIGURE 3.2. Vertical Cross-Section of INSEA Domain
-------
4.0 MODEL OUTPUT
Three principal outputs are provided by the INSEA model:
table of maximum allowable concentrations in the waste
plot of vertical concentration profiles
echo listing of interactive session.
Each of these outputs is discussed in the following sections.
4.1 TABLE OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FEED RATES
On request, INSEA prints the maximum allowable concentration of each
constituent considered in the final blended waste. Waste concentrations are
estimated based on both acute and chronic water quality criteria and where
acute or chronic do not exist. The user can select only one table (either
chronic or acute) at a time. The user should run the model twice, once each
for the chronic and acute values. The final allowable waste concentrations
should be based on the limiting concentrations in the two tables. The con-
centrations in the waste are estimated using an incinerator feed rate speci-
fied by the user (i.e., 1/min).
Table 4.1 is an example of the Waste Concentration Table printed by the
INSEA model. In this example, the chronic criteria were used with an
incinerator feed rate of 175 1/min. The table provides the waste constituent
(contaminant name), the chronic water quality criterion (or acute criterion),
the maximum allowable concentration of each constituent in the waste (maximum
feed concentration), and the destruction efficiency. Destruction efficiency
is defined as the following:
D[- ^ (Win - Wout)*100
W,
out
where Win = mass feed rate into the incinerator
wout = mass flow rate out of the i
4.1
-------
TABLE 4.1. Waste Concentration Table
TITLE: example
CONTAMINANT
NAME
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadml urn
Chlorine
Chromium III
Chromium VI
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thai 1 1 urn
Tin
Z1nc
Cyanide
Dioxln
DDT
PCBs
Dichloroethane
Trichloroethane
Tetrachl oroethane
Hexachloroethane
Chlorobenzenes
Halomethanes
Carbon Tetrachl oride
Hexachlorobutadlene
Phenol
CHRONIC
STANDARD
(ug/1)
200.
36.0
9.30
.163E+05
.103E+05
50.0
2.90
5.60
.250E-01
7.10
54.0
.230E-01
.200E-01
.700
58.0
.100E-01
.100E-04
.100E-02
.300E-01
.113E+04
312.
90.0
9.40
130.
.640E+04
500.
.320
58.0
MAXIMUM
FEED CONC
(mg/1)
.131E+05
.235E+04
607.
.106E+07
.672E+06
.326E+04
189.
365.
1.63
463.
.352E+04
1.50
1.31
45.7
.379E+04
.653
658.
653.
.197E+07
.737E+09
.204E+09
.587E+08
.613E+07
.848E+08
.418E+10
.326E+09
.209E+06
.378E+08
DESTRUCTION
EFFICIENCY
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
99.9999
99.9900
99.9999
99.9900
99.9900
99.9900
99.9900
99.9900
99.9900
99.9900
99.9900
99.9900
Average over entire domain
Computed using chronic criterion and feed rate of 175.0 1/min
CRITERIA PROVIDED BY EPA
Based on deposition computed at an bffset distance of 100.0 m
4.2
-------
Before printing the feed rate table, INSEA prints the present Input
parameter values. This printout provides a traceable link between the model
input and output.
, ...
The file that contains the marine aquatic criteria standards data,
STANDARD.DAT, is discussed In Appendix C.
4.2 PLOT OF VERTICAL CONCENTRATION PROFILES
INSEA has the ability to plot vertical concentration profiles on a
graphics plotter. Figure 4.1 is an example of a plot generated with INSEA.
The plot shows concentration as a function of depth. The depth axis is
expressed as the percent of the total depth being simulated (DMAX). The con-
centration is expressed as the percent of the maximum surface concentration
at the time considered.
The concentration profile can be plotted for any column (column 1 is
immediately downwind of the ship, Column 2 is immediately downwind of Column
1, etc.). The distance from the origin to the column chosen is written on
the plot.
4.3 ECHO LISTING OF INTERACTIVE SESSION
If the user requests, INSEA will print a complete listing of the current
interactive session. This printout is a useful feature because it provides a
record of the interactive session. In addition to the interactive output,
certain values not displayed during the interactive session are printed:
horizontal velocities for each layer
diffusion coefficient for each layer
depositional fluxes from the atmospheric submodel
concentrations of the surface layer nodes
other data useful in debugging and verification.
The echo listing for the interactive session discussed 1n the following sec-
tion is provided in Appendix B.
4.3
-------
p*
4*
X
10
20
30
0 40
m
o
50
60
70
80
90
100-
20
-H
(Concentration/CMAX)X
40 60 BO
100
INSEA Incineration at Sea
EXAMPLE OF INSEA OPERATION
Vertical Concentration Profile
1 days 0 hrs
CMAX - .442 (ug/1) / (gm/s)
DMAX - 23.0 meters
Distance from origin in km
.20
14.20
FIGURE 4.1. Plot Generated by INSEA
-------
5.0 PROCEDURES FOR RUNNING INSEA MODEL
5.1 MODEL OPERATION
The INSEA model 1s a user-friendly, Interactive model that allows the
user to specify a number of parameters before running the program. This
section describes the operation of the model.
INSEA prompts the user with simple questions for responses of Yes, No,
an integer value (e.g., 240), a real value (e.g., 1.5 or -1.5e-3), or a title
(e.g., Gulf of Mexico Burn Site Simulation). If the user provides an illegal
response to any of INSEA's prompts, INSEA will reprompt the user. To stop
INSEA at any point, the user can type QUIT, STOP, or EXIT 1n response to any
prompt by INSEA.
Once the program has been activated, the user is prompted for a title.
After a list of default cases has been displayed, the user is requested to
specify which default case will provide the initial values for the user-
specified parameters. The default cases are defined in the DEFAULT.DAT file
(see Appendix D). Once the user has chosen an appropriate starting set of
parameters, INSEA lists the parameters and allows the user to change any of
the values. After the user has settled on a set of parameters, INSEA prompts
for the number of hours to be simulated. While the simulation proceeds for
the specified period, INSEA continuously writes out the current simulation
time so the user can estimate how much longer the simulation will take. When
the simulation is complete, several types of output are available.
At the user's request, a table of the maximum allowable concentrations
that will not violate the respective aquatic criteria is printed for each of
the constituents provided in the STANDARD.DAT (see Appendix C) file.
A plot of the aquatic concentration as a function of depth for various
points on the grid can be generated if the user is connected to a graphics
plotter that is compatible with the Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language. The
plotted concentrations are based on a unit (1 gm/s) emission from the
incinerator.
5.1
-------
A complete listing of the interactive session along with some debug
information can be printed if the user requests. This option allows the users
to completely document the simulation.
5.2 EXAMPLE SIMULATION
The following text provides an example of an INSEA simulation.
responses are shown in bold type.
The user
INSEA - INCINERATION AT SEA MODEL
TITLE OF RUN >example
DEFAULT CASE MENU
ssss
CASE 1 Point Source
CASE 2 Point Source
CASE 3 Point Source
CASE 4 Point Source
CASE 5 Line Source,
CASE 6 Line Source,
CASE 7 Line Source,
CASE 8 Line Source,
SELECT CASE NUMBER
, Center!ine Values, Precipitation Conditions
, Center!ine Values, Non-precipitation Conditions
, Offset From Center! ine Values,. Precipitation Condi t
Offset From Center!ine Values, Non-precipitation Co
Center!ine, Precipitation Conditions
Centerline, Non-precipitation Conditions
Offset From Centerline Values, Precipitation Conditi
Offset From Centerline Values, Non-precipitation Con
>3
PARAMETER LIST
TITLE: example
******************* SHIp PAR/\METERS *********************
POInt source
**************** INCINERATOR PARAMETERS
NUMber of incinerators 3
HEIght of stack 12.0
VELocity of stack emission 15.
TEMperature of stack emissions 1429.
DIAmeter of stack 3.2
MINimum air speed past stack 1.5
*****************
METERS
METERS/SEC
DEGREES C
METERS
METERS/SEC
* - - r *" f»*»ww w W^*N*IX A « w IIL. r Ll\O/ O t\*
***************** ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS ****************
STAbility class D
WINd speed 1.5 METERS/SEC
AIR temperature 10. DEGREES C
MIXing height 500. METERS
WET scavenging coefficient .15E-03 I/SEC
DRY deposition velocity .30E-01 METERS/SEC
OFFset from plume center!ine 100. METERS
5.2
-------
******************** OCEAN PARAMETERS ********************
REGional current velocity
DIFfusion coefficient
DISpersivity
LATitude
LENgth of ocean simulated
GRId spacing
CHANGE PARAMETERS
Enter Parameter Keyword (or HELP)
WIND SPEED IN METERS/SEC
CHANGE ANOTHER PARAMETER
.00
.50E-03
.00
26.
10.
DEFAULT
(Y/N)>y
METERS/SEC
SQ. METERS/SEC
METERS
DEGREES
KILOMETERS
>w1nd
>2.0
(Y/N)>n
PARAMETER LIST
TITLE: example
******************* SHIP PARAMETERS *********************
POInt source
**************** INCINERATOR PARAMETERS *****************
NUMber of incinerators 3
HEIght of stack 12.0
VELocity of stack emission 15.
TEMperature of stack emissions 1429.
DIAmeter of stack 3.2
MINimum air speed past stack 1.5
METERS
METERS/SEC
DEGREES C
METERS
METERS/SEC
rlJ.li 1 Ilium d i i OIJCVSVA uu«? i* «j **wv*ix * ** - /
***************** ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS ****************
STAbility class D
WINd speed 2.0 METERS/SEC
AIR temperature 10. DEGREES C
MIXing height 500. METERS
WET scavenging coefficient .15E-03 I/SEC
DRY deposition velocity .30E-01 METERS/SEC
OFFset from plume centerline 100. METERS
******************** OCEAN PARAMETERS ********************
REGional current velocity
DIFfusion coefficient
DISpersivity
LATitude
LENgth of ocean simulated
GRId spacing
NUMBER OF COLUMNS IN OCEAN GRID = 70
NUMBER OF LAYERS IN OCEAN GRID
.00
.50E-03
.00
26.
10.
DEFAULT
METERS/SEC
SQ. METERS/SEC
METERS
DEGREES
KILOMETERS
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
1 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1
2 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1
3 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1
4 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1
5 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1
6 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1
7 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1
8 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1
9 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1
= 14
,00 METERS
,00 METERS
.00 METERS
.00 METERS
.00 METERS
.00 METERS
.00 METERS
.00 METERS
.00 METERS
LAYER 10 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS
5.3
-------
LAYER 11 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS-
LAYER 12 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS
LAYER 13 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS
LAYER 14 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1 00 MFTFRS
NUMBER OF HOURS TO BE SIMULATED >240
Combined air/sea deposition velocity = .142E-02 m/s
for friction velocity, U* = .546E-01 m/s '
and roughness length, zo = .439E-05m
START SIMULATION:?
1 Average of Entire Domain
2 Maximum Surface
3 Average Surface
4 User Specified
Enter Selection
CRITERIA TO BE USED
1 ACUTE
2 CHRONIC
SELECTION
ANOTHER TABLE
PRINT ECHO FILE
PLOT AQUATIC CONCENTRATION DATA
CONTINUE SIMULATION
>1
>2
(Y/N)>n
(Y/N)>n
(Y/N)>n
(Y/N)>n
5.4
-------
6.0 NOTES ON SOME INSEA TESTS
6.1 INSEA SENSITIVITY TESTS
A number of sensitivity tests on the INSEA model were performed to
evaluate the effects of incineration vessel movement, wind speed, atmospheric
stability and initial mixing depth on the allowable constituent concentra-
tions in the final blended waste. Sensitivity tests were performed for three
basic sets of conditions corresponding to the best, intermediate, and worst
case conditions for at-sea incineration. Copper is used as the indicator
constituent in the test cases because it will normally be the limiting
constituent in the final blended waste. These case conditions are summarized
below:
Best Case Conditions10-day burn with ship moving along a 50-km path
with a 70-km impact area and 10 days of dry deposition.
« Worst Case Conditions10-day burn with ship stationary with a
70-km impact area and 10 days of wet deposition.
« Intermediate Case Conditions~2-day burn with ship moving along a
20-km path with a 70-km impact area and 2 days of wet deposition.
6.1.1 Demonstration of Vessel Movement Effects
During an incineration operation, the vessel must operate at a
sufficient speed to ensure that the relative air movement past the stacks
keeps the atmospheric plume away from the vessel and its personnel. When the
ambient winds are sufficient to blow the plume away from the vessel, European
incineration operations are generally conducted with the vessel stationary at
a fixed location. In Europe, the vessel moves only at a rate to ensure the
effective separation of the plume and vessel. INSEA uses two modeling
alternatives regarding vessel operations to calculate the permissible
concentrations of the waste's constituents. These two alternatives are a
stationary incineration vessel and the vessel moving along a single line
while the wastes are being incinerated. The moving vessel approach assumes
the vessel moves back and forth along a straight line within the site. The
length of the vessel's path and the impact area can be specified in the
model.
6.1
-------
Table 6.1 shows the effect of vessel's pathlength on the allowable waste
concentration of copper 1n the Incinerator. For all the cases shown 1n Table
6.1, the highest allowable copper concentration 1n the final blended waste
occurs for a ship moving along a 50-km path. For the best and Intermediate
case conditions, the lowest allowable copper concentrations 1n the final
blended waste occur for the Incineration ship moving along a 20-km path,
Instead of for a stationary ship as would be expected. Logic Indicates that
the most stringent limits on concentration of constituents In the final
blended waste will occur when the Incineration vessel 1s 1n the stationary
mode of operation. However, under certain meteorological conditions, as
shown 1n Table 6.1, there exists a minimum ship path length below which the
allowable constituent concentrations 1n the final blended waste will be
higher for a stationary ship. The minimum ship path length phenomenon is due
to the decrease in plume rise (plume down-wash) resulting from the movement
of the incineration ship. The effect of the plume down-wash on allowable
constituent concentrations in the final blended waste is nullified at some
critical ship path length at which the decreased dispersion due to plume
down-wash 1s offset by an increase in area over which the stack emissions are
being dispersed due to longer path lengths.
6.1.2 Wind Speed and Atmospheric Stability
The rate of atmospheric dispersion and the height of plume rise vary
depending on atmospheric turbulence, which in turn depends on wind speed.
The degree of turbulence is characterized in terms of atmospheric stability.
In addition to wind speed, the INSEA model uses over-water equivalents of the
Pasquill stability classes to estimate the dispersion rates of the
atmospheric plume. The six stability classes are expressed by the letters A
to F, progressively representing fast (unstable) to slow (stable) dispersion
rates.
Tables 6.2 through 6.4 illustrate how the allowable concentration of
cooper in the final blended waste varies with different wind speeds and sta-
bility classes for the best, worst, and intermediate case conditions. All
the allowable copper concentrations in these tables are for the acute
criterion and for a total waste feed rate of 175 1/min. For the best case
6.2
-------
TABLE 6.1. Changes in the Allowable Copper Concentrations
Depending on the Vessel's Movement
Vessel Movement
Initial Mixing
Layer Depth
(m)
Allowable Copper Cone, (mg/1)*
Best** Worst** Inter-
mediate**
Stationary with 70-km Impact
20-km Path with 70-km Impact
50-km Path with 70-km Impact
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
166,000
102,000
105,000
63,000
183,000
101,000
151
115
169
125
222
152
2,010
1,140
1,890
1,070
2,090
1,140
**
Allowable copper concentrations in the final blended waste are based on
the acute criterion arid a total waste feed rate of 175 1/min.
Best Case Conditions are based on a 10-day burn with 10 days of dry
deposition, wind speed of 1.5 m/s and stability class F.
Worst Case Conditions are based on a 10-day burn with 10 days of wet
deposition, wind speed of 1.5 m/s and stability class D.
Intermediate Case Conditions are based on a 2-day burn with 2 days of
wet deposition, wind speed of 6 m/s and stability class D.
conditions shown in Table 6.2, the allowable copper concentrations in the
final blended waste increase with decreasing atmospheric stability (going
from class A to class F), and decrease with increasing wind speed. The
lowest allowable copper feed concentration in the waste for the best case
conditions occurs at an atmospheric stability class D and a wind speed of 8
m/s. The highest allowable copper concentration in the waste for the best
case conditions occurs at an atmospheric stability class F and a wind speed
of 1.5 m/s. :
1 Allowable copper concentrations in the final blended waste under the
worst case conditions are shown in Table 6.3. The difference between the
worst and best case conditions is that for the best case conditions it is
assumed that no precipitation occurs during the 10-day burn, while with the
best case conditions it is assumed that precipitation occurs for the entire
6.3
-------
TABLE 6.2. Effects of Wind Speed and Stability Class on Allowable
Copper Concentrations 1n the Waste Under Best Case
Conditions*
Initial Mixing
Layer Depth Wind Speed
On) Qn/s)
**
Allowable Copper Concentration** (mg/1)
For Each Stability Class
A B "
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
Or*
.5
20.0
Oi
.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
6
6
8
8
15
15
.5
.5
.0
.0
.5
.5
.0
.0
.5
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
10,
6,
9,
5,
8,
5,
7,
4,
600
820
140
850
120
200
510
820
14,100
8,910
7,
4,
7,
5,
7,
5,
450
780
560
010
930
280
V*
15,600
9,590
7,390
4,690
5,240
3,520
5, 100
3,500
U
42,100
23,000
8,780
5,260
4,450
2,880
3,300
2,190
48,
28,
26,
15,
22,
13,
19,
12,
L.
700
400
600
900
300
900
500
300
r
183,000
101,000
143,000
79,500
115,000
64,400
92,300
52,300
Best case conditions assume a 10-day burn with 10 days of dry deposition
and the ship moving along a 50-km path with a 70-km impact area
The allowable copper concentration in the final blended waste is based
on the acute criterion and a total waste feed rate of 175 1/min
6.4
-------
TABLE 6.3.
Initial Mixing
Effects of Wind Speed and Stability Class on Allowable
Copper Concentrations in the Waste Under Worst Case
Conditions*
Allowable Copper Concentration** (mg/1)
Layer uepui
(m)
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
n i nu jpcvswi
(m/s)
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
15.0
15.0
A
479
365
624
474
739
560
851
643
B
347
264
715
540
1,280
980
1,610
1,230
C
229
175
488
369
1,130
869
1,720
1,330
D
151
115
334
253
643
492
801
612
E
446
336
864
645
864
645
2,150
1,630
F
391
293
491
368
581
435
674
504
**
Worst case conditions assume a 10-day burn with 10 days of wet
deposition and the ship is stationary with a 70-km impact area
The allowable copper concentration in the final blended waste is based
on the acute criteria and a total waste feed rate of 175 1/mln
10-day burn. For the worst case conditions the allowable copper concentra-
tions in the waste initially decrease with decreasing atmospheric stability
(between classes A and D), increase for atmospheric stability class E, then
decrease again for atmospheric stability class F. Allowable copper
concentrations in the waste increase with increasing wind speed for all the
atmospheric stability classes. The lowest allowable copper concentration in
the waste for the worst case conditions occurs at an atmospheric stability
6.5
-------
class D and a wind speed of 1.5 m/s. The highest allowable copper concentra-
tion in the waste occurs at an atmospheric class E and a wind speed of 8 m/s.
For the intermediate case conditions shown in Table 6.4, the allowable
copper concentrations In the waste initially decrease with decreasing atmos-
pheric stability (between classes A and D), increase for class E, then
decrease again for class F. The allowable copper concentrations in the waste
increase with increasing wind speed for all the atmospheric stability
classes. The lowest allowable copper concentration in the waste for the
intermediate case conditions occurs at an atmospheric stability class D and a
wind speed of 1.5 m/s. The highest allowable copper concentration 1n the
waste occurs at an atmospheric class E and a wind speed of 8 m/s.
6'1*3 Allowable Contaminant Concentrations in the Final Blended Waste for
W O C1 +" \ I If\ V* f*
-------
TABLE 6 4 Effects of Wind Speed and Stability Class on Allowable
TABLh ' copper Concentrations in the Waste Under Intermediate
Case Conditions*
Initial Mixing
Allowable Copper Concentration** (mg/1)
Layer ueptn t
(m)
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
20.0
0.5
V 1 IIU OJJCCU
(m/s)
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
15.0
15.0
A
2,240
1,050
2,940
1,370
3,440
1,610
3,900
1,840
B
1,630
763
3,320
1,520
4,110
2,320
4,720
2,780
C
10,080
506
2,210
1,040
3,110
1,840
3,550
2,360
D
717
336
1,510
712
1,890
1,070
2,010
1,190
E
1,840
855
3,780
1,770
5,160
2,880
5,990
3,500
F
1,600
744
2,140
990
2,550
1,190
2,950
1,380
* Intermediate case conditions assume a 2-day burn with 2 days of wet .
deposition and the ship moving along a 20-km path with a 70-km impact
area
** The allowable copper concentration in the final blended waste is based
on the acute criteria and a total waste feed rate of 175 1/min
concentrations in the waste correspond to the average over the first 20 m of
the water column and the 0.5 m values correspond to the average over the
first 0.5 m of the water column.
6.7
-------
TABLE 6.5.
Allowable Concentrations of Contaminants for Best Case
Conditions Based on Acute and Chronic Water Quality
Criteria J
CONTAMINANT
Aluiinui
Arsenic
Cadiiui
Chlorine
Chrofliui III
Chroaiui VI
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Hickel
Seleniim
Silver
Thai HUM
Tin
Zinc
Cyanide
Oioxin
DOT
PCBs
Dichlorethane
Trichloroethane
Tetrachoroethane
Kexachloroethane
Chlorobanzar.es
Ha losethar.es
Carbon Tetrachloride
Hexachorobutad i one
Phenol
Casa:
ACUTE
CRITERIA
ug/i
1.500E+03
6.900E+01
4.300E+01
.630E+04
.030E+04
.100E+03
.900E+00
1.400E+02
2.100E+00
1.400E+02
4.100E+02
2.300E+00
2.130E+00
7.000E-01
1.700E+02
.OOOE+00
OOOE-02
.300E-01
.OOOE+01
.130E+05
120E+04
020E+03
9.400E+02
.600E+02
.200E»04
.DOOE+04
.20GE+01
5.800E+03
inirc rnUr
ACUTE CONCENTRATIONS
20|» -S«
'"9/1
CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS IN WASTE
9.460E+07
4.350E+06
2.710E*08
1.030E+09
6.500E+08
6.940E+07
1.830E»05
8.830E*06
1.320E*05
8.830E+06
2.S90E+07
1.450E*05
1.340E*05
4.410E+04
1.070E+07
6.310E*04
6.360E+08
8.200E+07
8.360E*11
7.130E+13
1.970E+13
5.690E*12
5.930E»11
1.010E*11
7.S70E+12
3.1SOE«13
2.020E»10
i3.660E+12
.5.230E+07
2.400E+06
1.500E+06
5.680E*08
3.590E*08
3.830E+07
1.010E*05
4.880E-06
7.320E+04
4.880E+06
1.430E+07
8.020E*04
7.420E+04
2.440E+04
5.920E+06
3.480E-04
3.510E+08
4.530E*07
3.510E+11
3.940E+13
1.090E+13
3.140E+12
3.280E»11
5.570E*10
4.180E*12
1.740E*13
1.110E*10
2.020E+12
CHRONIC
CRITERIA
"9/1
2.000E+02
3.600E+01
1.
1.
5.
2.
S.
2.
7.
5.
2.
.630E+04
,030E*04
.OOOE+01
.900E+00
.600E+00
.500E-02
.100E+00
-400E+01
.300E-02
2.OOOE-02
7.000E-01
5.800E+01
1.OOOE-02
l.OOOE-05
l.OOOE-03
3.OOOE-02
1.130E+03
3.120E+02
9.OOOE+01
9.400E+00
1.300E+02
6.400E+03
5.000E+02
3.200E-01
5.800E+01
Area- 10 Days of
CHRONIC CONCENTRATIONS
20m .SB
mg/| mg/(
1.300E+07
2.340E+06
6.040E-05
1.06QE+09
6.690E+08
3.250E+08
1.880E+05
3.640E»05
1.620E+03
4.610E+05
3.510E+06
1.490E+03
1.300E+03
4.550E+04
3.770E+06
8.490E+02
6.S50E+05
6.490E+OS
1.960E+09
7.340E*11
2.030E+H
5.840E+10
6.100E+09
8.440E-10
4.160E+12
3.250E+11
2.080E+08
3.770E+10
7.160E+08
1.290E+06
3.330E+05
5.830E-I-08
3.690E->08
1.790E*06
1.040E«05
2.000E-OS
8.940E»02
2.540E«OS
1.930E«06
8.230E*02
7.160E*02
2.500E+04
2.080E+06
3.580E+02
3.610E+05
3.580E+05
1.080E*09
4.040E+11
1.120E+11
3.220E+10
3.360E*09
4.650E+10
2.290E+12
1.790E+11
1.140E+08
2.070E+10
Acute Criteria Are Based on Deposition Rates at Plume Center! ine
Chronic Criteria Are Based on Deposition Rates at an Offset Distance of 100* froi the Plume Center! ine
Maxima Feed Concentrations Are Based on 3 Incinerators With Feed Rates of 175 !/ Per Incinerator
20. Values for Maxim* Feed Concentrations Correspond to Average Over the First 20, of the Water Column
O.S, Values for Maxi.tn Feed Concentrations Correspond to Average Over the First 0.5* of the Water Column
6.8
-------
TABLE 6.6. Allowable Concentrations of Contaminants for Worst Case
Conditions Based on Acute and Chronic Water Quality
Criteria
CONTAMINANT
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadm i un
Chlorine
Chromium III
Chromium VI
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Si Iver
Tha 1 1 i us
Tin
Zinc
Cyanide
Dioxin
DDT
PCBs
Dichlorethane
Trichloroethane
Tetrachoroethane
Hexachloroethane
Chlorobenzenes
Halomethanes
Carbon Tetrachloride
Hexachorobutadiene
Phenol
ACUTE
CRITERIA
ug/l
1.500E-03
6.900E+01
4.3QOE*01
1.630E+Q4
1.030E+04
1.100E+03
2.900E+QO
1.400E+02
2.100E+00
1.400E+02
4.1QOE+02
2.300E+00
2.13QE+00
7.000E-01
1.700E*02
l.OOOE+00
l.OOOE-02
1.300E-01
1.000E*01
1.130E+05
3.120E+04
9.020E+03
9.400E+02
1.600E+02
1.200E+04
5.000E+04
3.200E+Q1
5.800E*03
ALLOWABLE CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS IN WASTE
ACUTE CONCENTRATIONS CHRONIC CHRONIC CONCENTRATIONS
20« .Si. CRITERIA 2Q« .81
mg/l Bg/l "9/1 ffl9/l "9/1
2.000E*02
3.600E+01
9.300E-00
1.630E+04
1.030E+04
5.000E*01
2.900E+QO
5.600E+00
2.500E-02
7.100E*00
5.400E+01
2.300E-02
7.820E+04
3.600E*03
2.240E»03
8.500E*05
5.370E+05
5.730E+04
1.510E+02
7.300E*03
1.09QE+Q2
7.300E+03
2.140E*04
1.200E*02
1.110E*02
3.650E*01
I1.860E«03
5.210E+01
5.250E*05
6.770E*04
S.250E*08
5.890E*10
1.630E+10
4.700E+09
4.900E*08
8.340E*07
6.250E*09
2.610E+10
1.670E-07
3.020E*09
5.960E*04
2.740E+03
1.710E+03
6.480E*05
4.100E*05
4.370E+04
1.150E+02
5.S70E+03
8.3SOE*01
5.570E*03
1.630E+04
9.140E*01
8.470E*01
2.780E*01
8.760E*03
3.980E->01
4.010E+05
5.170E+04
4.010E*08
4.490E»10
1.240E+10
3. 590 E* 09
3.740E+08
6.360E*07
4.770E*09
1.990E*10
1.270E*07
2.310E*Q9
OOOE-02
OOOE-01
800E*01
OQOE-02
OOOE-DS
OOOE-03
.OOOE-02
,130E«03
.120E*02
9.000E*01
9.400E*Ofl
1.300E*02
6.400E+03
5.000E*02
3.200E-01
5.800E+Q1
Worst Case: Stationary Ship With a 70kra Impact Area, 10 Days Wet Deposition,
' Stability Class D and Wind Speed of 1.5n/s
Acute Criteria Are Based on Deposition Rates at Plume Center!ine
Chronic Criteria Are Based on Deposition Rates at an Offset Distance of 100m from the Plume Centerline
Maximum Feed Concentrations Are Based on 3 Incinerators With Feed Rates of 175 I fa Per Incinerator
20m Values for Maximum Feed Concentrations Correspond to Average Over the First 20m of the Water Column
0.5* Values for Maximua Feed Concentrations Correspond to Average Over the First O.S« of the Water Column
3.680E*04
6.620E*03
1.710E+03 .
3.000E+06
1.890E+06
9.200E*03
5.330E*02
1.03QE+03
4.600E+OQ
1.310E*Q3
9.930E+D3
4.230E+OQ-
3.680E+00
1.290E*02
1.070E+04
1.840E+00
1.85QE+03
1.840E+03
S.560E+06
2.080E+09
5.740E*08
1.660E-08
1.730E*Q7
2.390E«08
1.180E+10
9.200E+08
5.880E*05
1.070E+U8
2.770E+04
4.990E*03
1.290E*03
2.260E+06
1.430E+06
6.930E+03
4.020E*02
7.760E*02
3.460E+00
9.830E*Q2
7.480E+Q3
3.190E*00
2.770E+00
9.700E+01
8.030E*03
1.390'E+OO'
1.400E*03
1.380E*03
4.190E*06
1.560E+09
4.320E*08
1.250E*08
1.300E*07
1.800E-08
8.86QE+09
6.920E+08
4.430E»OS
8.030E+07
6.9
-------
TABLE 6.7.
Allowable Concentrations of Contaminants for Intermediate
Case Conditions Based on Acute and Chronic Water Quality
* *
CONTAMINANT
Aluainua
Arsenic
Cadaiua
Chlorine
Chroiiua III
Chroiiua VI
Copper
Lead
Warcury
Hickel
Saleniua
Silver
Thalliui
Tin
Zinc
Cyanide
Dioxin
DDT
PCBs
Dichlorethane
Trichloroethane
Tetrachoroethane
Hexachloroethane
Chforobenzenes
Kaloaethanes
Carbon Tetrachloride
Kexachorobutad i ene
Phenol
ACUTE
CRITERIA
"9/1
1.500E+03
6.900E+01
300E*01
630E+04
030E+04
100E*03
900E+00
400E*02
100E»00
1.400E*02
.100E+02
300E+00
130E*00
OOOE-01
7QDE+02
OOOE+00
OOOE-02
300E-01
OOOE+01
130E+OS
120E+04
020E+03
9.4QOE*02
600E*02
200E-04
OOOE»04
200E*01
5.800E+03
9.800E+05
4.510E«04
2.810E+04
1.060E+07
6.730E*06
7.180E»05
1.890E*03
9.140E+04
1.370E*03
9.140E+04
2.680E-05
1.500E+03
1.390E*03
4.570E+02
1.110E»QS
6.530E*02
6.580E+06
8.490E+05
6.580E-09
7.380E+U
2.040E-11
5.890E+10
6.140E»09
1.040E+09
7.830E+10
3.260E+11
2.090E+Q8
3.790E+1D
5.520E+05
2.S40E+04
1.580Ef04
6.000E-»Q6
3.790E+06
4.050Ei-05
1.070E+03
5.150E+04
7.73QE+02
5.150E*04
1.510E-05
8.470E+02
7.840E»02
2.580E*02
8.260E+04
3.680E+02
3.710E+08
4.790E*05
3.710E+09
4.160E+U
1.150E+11
3.320E*10
3.480E»09
5.890E+08
4.420E+10
1.840E+11
1.180E*08
2.130E+10
. OOOE-02
. OOOE-01
.800E*01
.DOOE-02
.OOOE-05
.OOOE-03
. OOOE-02
.130E*03
.120E*02
9.000E+01
9.400E+00
1.3QOE+02
6.400E+03
5.000E+02
3.200E-01
S.800E+01
2.
7.
S.
l.
l.
l.
3.
1.
3.
./Mrrn ,. ALLO*Aa-E CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS IN WASTE
ACUTE CONCENTRATIONS CHRONIC CHRONIC CONCENTRATIONS
20« .5i» CRITERIA 20n 5B
"9/1 »g/l ug/l
2.000E+02
3.600E+01
9.300E+OQ
1.630E+04
1.030E+04
5.000E+01
2.900E*00
5.600E*00
2.500E-02
7.100E+00
5.400E+01
2.300E-Q2
2.590E-1-05
4.670E+04
1.210E+04
2.110E+Q7
1.340E+07
8.480E+04
3.760E*03
7.260E+03
3.240E*01
9.200E+03
7.000E+04
2.980E+01
2.590E+01
9.070E*02
7.520E*04
1.300E+01
1.310E+04
1.300E+04
3.920E+07
1.460E+10
4.040E+09
1.170E+09
1.220E+08
1.680E+09
8.290E+10
6.480E+09
4.1SOE+06
7.520E*08
1.450E>05
2.610E+04
8.730E+03
1.180E+07
7.460E*08
3.620Ef04
2.100E+03
4.050E+03
1.810E+01
5.140E*03
3.910E+04
1.670E+01
1.4SOE«01
5.070E*02
4.200E»04
7.240E*00
7.300E+03
7.240E+03
2.190E+07
8.180E+09
2.260E-09
6.520E*08
6.800E+07
9.410E+08
4.630E*10
3.620E+09
2.320E+06
4.200E-Q8
Interact, Case: Ship.Movin^Along '^J^J^^ Impact Area, 2 Days Wet Deposition,
Acute Criteria Are Based on Deposition Rates at Plume Centerline
Chronic Criteria Are Based on Deposition Rates at an Offset Distance of lOOn from the Plume Centerline
Maxiaua Feed Concentrations Are Based on 3 Incinerators With Feed Rates of 175 I/a Per Incinerator
20« Values for Maximum Feed Concentrations Correspond to Average Over the First 20m of the Water Column
O.Sa Values for Maxiaum Feed Concentrations Correspond to Average Over the First 0.5m of the Water Column
6.10
-------
6.2 COMPARISON OF MODEL OUTPUT WITH ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS
Modeled and measured values were compared using data obtained during the
operation of incinerator ships (Weitkamp et al. 1984). Specific information
was not available on the stack characteristics, so the default values in the
INSEA model were used for making quantitative comparisons.
The observations of plume Hse supported the modeling algorithms in
INSEA. The cross sections of the HC1 plume obtained with a LIDAR showed that
the plume consistently rose upward from the ship. The plume rise of 300 to
600 m reported during June and July 1983 corresponds well with the plume rise
heights predicted by INSEA. These results show no evidence of entrapment of
the incinerator plume in the ship's aerodynamic wake.
The removal rates of HC1 using INSEA for 10 time periods from three
ships ;(VESTA, VULCANUS, and MATTHIAS II) are plotted on the left side of Fig-
ure 6.1. The plotted dry deposition removal rates are based on the recom-
mended values of air/sea deposition velocities for the low (0.5 cm/s), middle
(3.0 cm/s)r and high (30.0 cm/s) values. These plots assume no wet removal
and neutral stability. The 10 m/s wind speed was a typical value for these
time periods. The dry deposition rates are sufficient to explain only the
smallest of the measured HC1 removal rates. Although Weitkamp et al. treat
this smallest dry deposition rate as an outlier, the INSEA model results sug-
gest that dry deposition was the principal for removal of HC1.
The very high removal rates observed for HC1 may be the result of pro-
cesses such as chemical reactions, gravitational settling of water droplets
containing HC1, scavenging of HC1 by ocean spray, and scavenging of HC1 by
precipitation. Figure 6.1 shows that gravitational settling in the INSEA
model is not sufficient to explain the higher measured removal rates. Scav-
enging by water droplets is sufficient to duplicate the observed removal
rates with the INSEA model.
The concentrations of HC1 at the ocean surface as a function of downwind
distance was computed with INSEA for slightly unstable atmospheric
conditions, 6 m/s winds, and mean source strength of 1400 g/s reported for
July 19, 1983.
6.11
-------
10"
ra
C
1
o
E
CD
C
I
Modeled with Settling Velocity (x-axis).
No Wet Deposition, Stability = D, and
Wind Speed = 10 m/s
Modeled with Air-Sea Deposition
Velocity (x-axis). No Wet Deposition,
Stability = D, and Wind Speed = 10 m/s
HighT
Measured for HCI
(Weitkamp et al.. 19841
Mid- -
Low -1-
Model
Scavenging
Coefficients
Settling Velocity (cm s~1)
Air-Sea Deposition Velocity (cm s"1)
FIGURE 6.1. Comparison of HCI Removal Rates
A middle value of the air/sea deposition velocity was Used along with the
observed HCI removal rates. These results are plotted in Figure 6.2 along
with average HCI concentrations measured under different weather conditions
between May 1979 and July 1982. The INSEA model predicts values that are
quite close to those measured over the longer time period. The scatter cor-
responds to expected range of observed HCI removal rates.
These comparisons of the INSEA model outputs with data from incinerator
operations demonstrate that the INSEA model can be used with some confidence
1n characterizing atmospheric transport, dispersion and deposition processes.
6.12
-------
300
100
.a
Q.
Q.
o
c
CD
U
O
O
O
X
30
10
- O
C i Average
> Removal
B J Rate
B = Unstable
C = Slightly Unstable
Maximum
B Removal
Rate
I
8 10
Distance, km
12
14
FIGURE 6.2.
Average HC1 Concentrations Versus Distance
[circles are measured and curves are modeled
based on conditions for July 19, 1983
(Weitkamp 1984).]
6.3 SENSITIVITY OF INSEA TO INITIAL MIXING LAYER
Six tests were performed to evaluate the sensitivity of INSEA to the
selection of the initial mixing layer. Ocean concentrations were compared
using initial mixing depths of 10 m, 1 m, 0.1 m, 0.01 m, 0.001 m and 0.0001 m
with a total depth of 20 m., AIT other INSEA input parameters were the same
for the initial mixing depth tests. Each test was run for a 5-day period
with a 1.5 m/s wind, regional current of 10 cm/sec and for a distance of 45
km downwind of the incinerator ship.
6.13
-------
Results of the initial mixing layer sensitivity tests are shown in Table
6.8. Ocean concentrations 1n ug/1/unlt emission are provided for each of the
six tests at 1-km Intervals downwind of the Incinerator ship for the surface
layer, 12 m and 20 m depths. Computed ocean concentrations are very similar
for initial mixing depths of0.1 m, 0.01 m, 0.001 m and 0.001m, varying by no
more than 0.4 ug/1. Computed ocean concentrations are lower in the surface
layer for the 1-m and 10-m Initial mixing depths when compared with the
smaller Initial mixing depths. These lower surface concentrations for the
larger initial mixing layer depths are due to the greater volume of water
that the incinerator emissions are Initially mixed Into after deposition on
the sea surface. For the 1-m Initial mixing depth the ocean concentrations
quickly approach those of the smaller Initial mixing depths after 1 km
downwind, whereas for the 10-m initial mixing depth the ocean concentrations
approach those of the smaller initial mixing depths after a distance of 10 km
downwind of the Incinerator ship.
Based on these Initial mixing layer tests 1t was found that the INSEA
model is not very sensitive to the selection of the initial mixing depth for
depths of 1 m or less. For initial mixing depths of greater than 1 m the
computed near-surface concentrations are lower due to the larger volume of
water that the Incinerator emissions are Initially mixed, and the
concentrations below the surface layer are larger because the Incinerator
emissions are mixed downward faster. Therefore, 1t is recommended that users
of the INSEA model select an initial mixing layer depth of 1 m or less.
6.14
-------
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6.15
-------
-------
APPENDIX A
INSEA CODE LISTING
-------
-------
APPENDIX A
INSEA Code Listing
INSEA was written in Microsoft FORTRAN?? Version 3.3 for the DOS Operating
System. The following is a complete listing of the source code.
PROGRAM INSEA
C PROGRAM DEVELOPED FOR U.S. E.P.A.
C UNDER CONTRACT NO. 68-01-6986
C PURPOSE*
C ESTIMATE THE MAXIMUM FEED CONCENTRATION OF TOXIC WASTES INTO AN
C INCINERATOR AT SEA THAT WILL NOT VIOLATE AQUATIC CRITERIA
C AUTHORS: L.W. VAIL AND J.G. DROPPO JR
C GEOSCIENCES DEPARTMENT
C BATTELLE PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABORATORIES
C P.O. BOX 999
RICHLAND, WASHINGTON 99352
C
$
INCLUDE: 'INSEA. INC1
LOGICAL LREAD
REAL RREAD
EXTERNAL LREAD, RREAD
LOGICAL PLOTC,ECHOP,TABLEP, SELECT, MORE
CHARACTER*78 TITLE2
C READ CONFIGURATION
CALL CONFIG
C OPEN FILE TO SAVE INTERACTIVE RUN STREAM
OPEN (UNIT=IOECHO,FILE=FILE2,STATUS=I UNKNOWN1)
LECHO = .TRUE.
CALL SPACE (1)
CALL OUT (' INSEA - INCINERATION AT SEA MODELS')
CALL SPACE (1)
- C READ DEFAULT VALUES
CALL PROMPT ('TITLE OF RUN$' .TITLE2, .FALSE.)
TITLE = TITLE2(1:40)
CALL DEFAUL
C PARAMETER SELECTION
CALL LIST (IOECHO)
A.I
-------
SELECT - LREADC CHANGE PARAMETERS$')
IF (SELECT) THEN
100 CALL CHANGE
MORE - LREADCCHANGE ANOTHER PARAMETERS')
IF (MORE) GOTO 100 '
ENDIF
C SIMULATION
IF (SELECT) CALL LIST (IOECHO)
WRITE (*,120) MAXCOL,MAXLAY
WRITE (IOECHO,120) MAXCOL.MAXLAY
DO 105 I=1,MAXLAY
WRITE (*,115) I,DD(I)
WRITE (IOECHO,115) I,DD(I)
105 CONTINUE
110 HRS = RREADCNUMBER OF HOURS TO BE SIMULATED$')
CALL RUN
C PRINT CRITERIA TABLE, PRINT ECHO FILE, PLOT CONCENTRATIONS
TABLEP = LREADC PRINT FEED RATE TABLES')
IF (TABLEP) CALL TPRINT
ECHOP = LREADC PRINT ECHO FILE$')
IF (ECHOP) CALL EPRINT
PLOTC - LREADCPLOT AQUATIC CONCENTRATION DATA$')
IF (PLOTC) CALL CPLOT
MORE = LREADC CONTINUE SIMULATIONS')
IF (MORE) GOTO 110
C FINISH
STOP
115 FORMAT (' LAYER',13,' THICKNESS OF LAYER ',F5.2,' METERS')
120 FORMAT (' NUMBER OF COLUMNS IN OCEAN GRID =',I3,/' NUMBER OF LAYER
&S IN OCEAN GRID S',I3)
END
A.2
-------
SUBROUTINE AIRLWV
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC1
DIMENSION FRAC(MXXCOL).STORED(MXXCOL)
C WIND PROFILES BASED ON USTAR, ZO
C Set Stability Class Index ...
KSK = KS
IF (KS.GT.3) KSK = KS+1
IF (KS.GT.7) KSK = 7
C Define distances .
100
105
C
DISTIN = REACH/MAXCOL
DIST(l) = 200.
DO 100 I=2,MAXCOL
DIST(I) = DIST(I-1)+DISTIN
DO 105 ID=1,MAXCOL
DEP(ID) =0.0
DEPTOT(ID) = 0.0
DEFINE PARAMETERS
WINMIN =0.5
ITIME = 0
SOUR = FLOAT(NSS)*QP
AIRTME = 3600.0
CON1 = SQRT(2.*PI)
C DEFINE WIND SPEEDS
WIND = WSPD
C CALM DEFINED AS WINMIN M/S DRIFT
WIND = MAX(WIND,WINMIN)
WSPD = WIND
PREP =1.0
CALL WINDC (KS,WIND,ANHGT,USTAR,ZO)
CALL DRYMAX (USTAR,WIND,VD)
IF (VD.LE.O..OR.DEPVEI..LE.O.) THEN
C GRAVITATIONAL FALLOUT/ZERO DRY REMOVAL
DEPVEL = -1.0*DEPVEL
IF (DEPVEL.GT..10) THEN
WRITE (*,145)
WRITE (IOECHO,145)
ENDIF
A.3
-------
WRITE (*,135) ' Deposition velocity - ',DEPVEL,1 m/s1
WRITE (IOECHO,135) ' Deposition velocity = ',DEPVEL,1 m/s1
C COMBINE AIR AND SURFACE DRY DEPOSITION TERMS
DEPVEL = l./(l./VD+l./DEPVEL)
WRITE (*,135)'' Combined,air/sea deposition velocity = '.DEPVEL
& ,' m/s1
WRITE (IOECHO,135) ' Combined air/sea deposition velocity = ',D
& EPVEL,1 m/s'
ENDIF
WRITE
WRITE
WRITE
WRITE
*,135) ' for friction velocity, U* = '.USTAR,1 m/s1
*,135) ' and roughness length, zo = ',ZO,'m.'
IOECH0.135) ' for friction velocity, U* = ',USTAR,' m/s1
IOECH0.135) ' and roughness length, zo = ',ZO,'m.'
IF (ICASE.EQ.O) THEN
C STATIONARY SHIP OPERATION PLUME RISE
CALL WIND? (KS,UNEW,HPP,USTAR,ZO)
CALL PLMRS (KSK,UNEW,PREP,ANHGT,DH,HE)
IF (HE.GT.HL) HE = HL
C DH^PLUME RISE
C HE=EFFECTIVE STACK HEIGHT
PHGT = HE
C EXTRAPOLATE WIND SPEED UP TO PLUME HEIGHT OR 200 M.
C WHICH EVER IS LOWER
IF (HE.GT.200.) PHGT = 200.
CALL WINDP (KS,WIND,PHGT,USTAR,Z0)
CALL SHIPLV
depall = 0.0
DO 110 J=1,MAXCOL
depall = depalHdeptot(j)
110 CONTINUE
WRITE (IOECHO,135) ' Stationary operation with ',he,' m plume r
& 1se.'
WRITE (IOECH0.135) ' Wind speed at plume height = '.wind,1 m/s
WRITE (IOECHO,135) ' Wind speed at 10 m = '..wspd,' m/s1
ELSE
C SHIP OPERATION ALONG A LINE
C Check Line Source Reach ...
A.4
-------
REAC2 = REACH-XLENG
IF (REAC2.LT.O.O) THEN
C CHECK IF SHIP PATH IS LESS THAN REACH
WRITE (IOECHO,*) ' ERROR - Ship path greater than reach '
WRITE (*,*) ' ERROR - Ship path greater than reach '
STOP
ENDIF
C Define Speeds ...
CALL WINDP (KS,UNEW,HPP,USTAR,ZO)
SSPDR = MAX(SSPD,UNEW+SPDMIN)
SSPDL = MAX(SSPD,UNEW-SPDMIN)
IF (SSPD.EQ.0.0) THEN
RTR = 0.5
RTL = 0.5
ELSE
TR = XLENG/SSPDR
TL = XLENG/SSPDL
RTR = TR/(TR+TL)
RTL = TL/CTR+TL)
ENDIF
WSPL = SSPDL+UNEW
WSPR = SSPDR-UNEW
C Plume Rise ...
CALL PLMRS (KSK.WSPL.PREP.ANHGT.DHL.HEL)
HEL = MIN(HEL,HL)
HEXL = MIN(200.,HEL)
CALL PLMRS (KSK,WSPR,PREP,ANHGT.DHR,HER)
HER = MIN(HER.HL)
HEXR = MIN(200.,HER)
CALL WINDP (KS,WINDL,HEXL,USTAR,ZO)
CALL WINDP (KS,WINDR,HEXRfUSTAR,ZO)
C Define initial ship direction and parameters . . .
DO 115 J=1,MAXCOL
STORED(J) =0.0
115 CONTINUE
XLEN = XLENG/1000.
TDIS = XLEN
DIRC = -1.0
CALL SHIPLV
NDCOLS = MAX(1.0,(XLENG/REACH)*MAXCOL)
A.5
-------
120
125
130
135
140
145
DO 120 J=1,MAXCOL
DO 120 I=MAX(J-NDCOLS+1,1),J
STORED(J) = STORED(J)+RTR*DEPTOT(I)
CONTINUE
DIRC * 1.0
CALL SHIPLV
DO 125 J^l.MAXCOL
DO 125 I=MAX(J-NDCOLS+1,1),J
STORED(J) = STORED(J)+RTL*DEPTOT(I)
CONTINUE
depall = 0.0
DO 130 J=1,MAXCOL
DEPTOT(J) = STORED(JJ/NDCOLS
depall = depall+deptot(j)
CONTINUE
WRITE (IOECH0.140)
& 'm plume rise1
WRITE (IOECH0.140)
& 'm plume rise1
WRITE (IOECHO,135)
& wlndr,' m/s1
WRITE (IOECHO,135)
& wind!,' m/s1
Ship moves right at ',SSPDR,' m/s, ',her,
Ship moves left at '.SSPDL,' m/s, ',hel,
Wind speed for plume height (right) = '
Wind speed for plume height (left) = '
ENDIF
write (ioecho,*) depall,(deptot(j),j=l,maxcol)
ITIME = 1
RETURN
FORMAT (A,G10.3,A)
FORMAT (A,610.3,A,610.3,A)
FORMAT (' WARNING - DEPOSITION VELOCITY OUT OF RANGE FOR INSEA MOD
&EL')
END
A.6
-------
l^f V 1 1 1 1
&
&
&
:&
&
&
&
^ ^^ i / 11^^
'PAT1
'NUM'
'LAT'
'WIN1
'LIN1
'MIX'
'HEL'
₯ k«lt>
'DRY'
'DIP'
'OFF'
'STA1
'AIR'
'MIN1
'DIA'
SUBROUTINE CHANGE
INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC1
INTEGER MATCH .
EXTERNAL MATCH
CHARACTER*78 CSTAB
PARAMETER (NUMPAR=24)
CHARACTER*3 PLIST(NUMPAR)
'TEM',
'WET1,
'DIS',
'SHI ',
'POI1,
'LEN1,
'GRIVREG1/
JUMP = MATCH('Enter Parameter Keyword (or HELP)$\PLIST.NUMPAR)
GOTO (100,105,110,115,120,125,130,135,140,145,150,155,160,165,170,
&175,180,185,190,195,200,205,210,215), JUMP
100 HPP = RREADCHEIGHT OF STACK IN METERS$')
: RETURN
105 VSP = RREADCEXIT VELOCITY OF STACK EMISSIONS IN METERS/SEC$')
RETURN
110 TSP = RREADCTEMPERATURE OF STACK EMISSIONS IN DEGREES C$')+273.
RETURN
115 i XLENG = RREADCPATH LENGTH OF LINE SOURCE IN KILOMETERS$')*1000.0
RETURN
120 DEPVEL = RREADCDRY DEPOSITION VELOCITY IN METERS/SEC$')
RETURN
125 SCAVC = RREADCWET SCAVENGING COEFFICIENT IN 1/SEC$')
RETURN
130 NSS = IREADCNUMBER OF INCINERATORS$')
RETURN
135 DIFFUS = RREADCDIFFUSION COEFFICIENT IN SQ. METERS/SEC$')
RETURN
140 DISPER = RREADCDISPERSIVITY IN METERS$')
RETURN
145 RLAT = RREADCLATITUDE IN DEGREES$')
RETURN
150 YE = RREADCOFFSET DISTANCE FROM PLUME CENTERLINE IN METERS$')
RETURN
A.7
-------
155 SSPD = RREAD('SHIP SPEED IN KNOTS$')*0.5148
RETURN
160 WSPD = RREADCWIND SPEED IN METERS/SEC$')
RETURN
165 CALL PROMPT ('STABILITY CLASS A.B.C.D.E^S1 ,CSTAB, .FALSE.)
IT - ICHAR(CSTAB(1:1))
IF (IT.GE.97) IT = IT-32
IT - IT-64
IF (IT.LT.1.0R.IT.6T.6) THEN
CALL OUT ('INVALID STABILITY CLASS$')
GOTO 165
ENDIF
RKS * FLOAT(IT)
RETURN
170 RICASE =0.0
RETURN
175 RICASE -1.0
RETURN
180 TEMP * RREAD('AIR TEMPERATURE,IN DEGREES C$')+273.
RETURN
185 HL = RREADC MIXING HEIGHT$')
RETURN
190 SPDMIN = RREAD('MINIMUM AIR SPEED PAST STACK IN METERS/SEC$')
RETURN
195 REACH = RREAD('LENGTH OF OCEAN SIMULATED IN KILOMETERS$')*1000.0
RETURN
200 CALL LIST (IOECHO)
RETURN
205 DP = RREADC DIAMETER OF STACK IN METERS$')
RETURN
210 CALL LOG
RETURN
215 DRIFT = RREADCREGIONAL CURRENT VELOCITY IN METERS/SEC$')
RETURN
END
A.8
-------
100
SUBROUTINE CONFIG
INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC'
OPEN (UNIT=1,FILE=ICONFIG.FILI,STATUS=IOLDI)
READ (1,100) FILE1
READ (1,100) FILE2
READ (1,100) FILES
READ (1,100) FILE4
READ (1,100) FILES
READ (1,100) FILE6
CLOSE (UNIT=1)
OPEN (UNIT=1,FILE=FILE5,STATUS='OLD')
READ (1,*) MAXCOL,MAXLAY,(DD(I),I=1,MAXLAY)
MAXLAP = MAXLAY+1
CGRID = 'DEFAULT
ANHGT =10.0
NSS = INT(RNSS)
CLOSE (UNIT=1)
RETURN
FORMAT (A20)
END
A.9
-------
SUBROUTINE CPLOT
INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC1
PARAMETER (SECDY=86400.0)
PARAMETER (SECHR=3600.0)
INTEGER XXXX,YYYY
REAL DDD(MXXCOL)
IF (MAXLAY.EQ.l) THEN
CALL OUT (' ONLY ONE LAYER IN GRIDS')
CALL OUT ('
ENDIF
VERTICAL PROFILE IMPOSSIBLES')
OPEN (UNIT=IOPRNT,FILE=FILE3,STATUS*'UNKNOWN')
IOPLOT = IOPRNT
S = TIME
IDAY - INT(S/SECDY)
S * MOD(S.SECDY)
IHR - INT(S/SECHR)
CMAX = 0.0
DO 100 I=1,MAXCOL
CMAX = MAX(CMAX,T(1,I))
100 CONTINUE
DMAX - 0.0
DO 105 I=1,MAXLAY
DMAX = DMAX+DD(I)
105 CONTINUE
DDD(l) = DD(1)*0.5
DO 110 I-2.MAXLAY
DDD(I) = DDD(I-1)+(DD(I)+DD(I-1))*0.5
110 CONTINUE
TEMPHI = 100
TEMPLO = 0
TEMPIN = 20
BEGPLT = 0
ENDPLT = 100
TIMEIN = 10
NXT = 5
NYT * 10
WRITE (IOPLOT,135) TITLE,IDAY,IHR,CMAX,DMAX
WRITE (IOPLOT.140)
C TICKS
DO 115 I=1,NXT+1
IT - NINT(6000.0-(I-1)*5000.0/NXT)
WRITE (IOPLOT.145) IT.IT-175.INT(TEMPHI-(I-1)*TEMPIN)
115 CONTINUE
A.10
-------
C TICKS
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
DO 120 I=1,NYT+1
IT = NINT(7000.0-(I-1)*6000.0/NYT)
WRITE (IOPLOT.150) IT,IT-50,INT(BEGPLT+(I-1)*TIMEIN)
CONTINUE
WRITE (IOPLOT.155)
II = IREADC INPUT NUMBER OF WATER COLUMN TO BE PLOTTED$')
IF (II.GT.MAXCOL.OR.II.LE.O) THEN
CALL OUT ('BAD COLUMN NUMBERS')
GOTO 125
ENDIF
IPEN = IPEN+1
WRITE (IOPLOT.160) IPEN,5300-IPEN*200
XX = 0.2+(REACH*(II-1))/(MAXCOL*1000.)
WRITE (IOPLOT,165) XX
DO 130 I=1,MAXLAY
XXXX = NINT(7000-(DDD(I)/DMAX)*6000)
YYYY = NINT(1000+5000*T(I,II)/CMAX)
IF (I.EQ.l) THEN
WRITE (IOPLOT,170) YYYY, XXXX
ELSE
WRITE (IOPLOT.175) YYYY.XXXX
ENDIF
CONTINUE
WRITE (IOPLOT,*) ' PU;'
LMORE = LREAD('PLOT ANOTHER COLUMNS')
IF (LMORE) GOTO 125
CLOSE (UNIT=IOPRNT)
RETURN
FORMAT (' SP1.-DT',/,' PA2500,7500;DIl,0;LB(Concentration/CMAX)%' ,/
&, ' PU7000,6750;DI1,0;',/,' LBINSEA Incineration at Sea ',/,' CPO,-
&1;LB',A40,/,1 CPO,-l;LBVertical Concentration Profile1,/1 CPO,-1;L
StB-.n,' days ',12,' hrs ',/,' CPO,-1;LBCMAX =' ,610.3, ' (ug/l)/(gm/
&s)',/,' CPO,-1;LBDMAX = ',610.3,' meters',/1 CPO,-l;LBDi stance from
& origin in km1,/,1 PA200,4700;DIO,-l;LB(Depth/DMAX)%')
FORMAT (' SP2.-PU, PAIOOO, 1000,-YT; ' ,/, ' PD, PAIOOO, 7000, PA6000, 7000, -X
&T;PU;')
FORMAT
FORMAT
FORMAT
' PU;PA',14,',7000;XT;PU;PA,',14,',7200;DI1,0;LBI,13)
' PU;PA1000,',I4,';YT;PU;PA600,',I4,';D1,0;LB',I3)
' PU;PAO,0;')
FORMAT ('
FORMAT ('DIl.bjLB'.FS.JZ)
FORMAT (' PA
FORMAT (' PA
END
...
;PU',15,',',15,';PD;')
;PD',15,',',15,';PU;')
A.11
-------
100
105
110
115
120
SUBROUTINE DEBUG (FLAG)
INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC'
CHARACTER** FLAG
IF (FLAG.EQ.'DEPT1) THEN
WRITE (IOECHO,*) ' DEBUG DATA DEPTH1
DO 100 I=1,MAXLAY
WRITE (IOECHO,*). ' LAYER : ',!,' DEPTH : \DD(I)
CONTINUE
ENDIF
IF (FLAG.EQ.'VE-LO1) THEN
WRITE (IOECHO,*) ' DEBUG DATA VELOCITY1
DO 105 I=1,MAXLAY
WRITE (IOECHO,*) ' LAYER : ',!,' VELOCITY : ',VEL(I)
CONTINUE
ENDIF
IF (FLAG.EQ.'CLOC1) THEN
WRITE (IOECHO,*) ' DEBUG DATA CLOCK1
DO 110 I=1,MAXLAY
WRITE (IOECHO,*) ' LAYER : ',1,' FUNTS : ',FUNDTS(I)
CONTINUE
ENDIF
IF (FLAG.EQ.'DISP1) THEN
WRITE (IOECHO,*) ' DEBUG DATA DISPERSION1
DO 115 I-l.MAXLAY
WRITE (IOECHO,*) ' LAYER : ',!,' DISP: ',DISP(I)
CONTINUE
ENDIF
IF (FLAG.EQ.'ATMO1) THEN
WRITE (IOECHO,*) ' DEBUG DATA ATMOSPHERIC1
DO 120 I=1,MAXCOL
WRITE (IOECHO,*) 'COLUMN : ',!,' DIST : ',DIST(I),' FLUX
& ',FLUX(I)
ENDIF
RETURN
END
CONTINUE
A.12
-------
SUBROUTINE DEFAUL
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC1
CHARACTER*65 CASE
C SELECT DEFAULT MENU
OPEN (UNIT=IODEFL,FILE=FILE6,STATUS='OLDI)
100 CALL OUT (' DEFAULT CASE MENUS')
CALL OUT ('=======================s!!===============;=====:s$l)
CALL SPACE (1)
NCASES =0
C READ/WRITE NAMES OF DEFAULT DATA SETS IN FILE
DO 105 1=1,25
READ (IODEFL,120,END=110) CASE
READ (IODEFL,*,END=110) DISPER,DIFFUS,DEPMIX,DFACT,REACH,RLAT,S
& SPD.XINC.WSPD.YE.SPDMIN.RKS.HPP.VSP.TSP.QP.HL.RICASE.XLENG.RNSS
& ,TEMP,SCAVC,DEPVEL,DP
NCASES = NCASES+1
WRITE (*,125) I.CASE
WRITE (IOECHO,125) I,CASE
CONTINUE
105
110
REWIND IODEFL
CALL SPACE (1)
ICASE = IREADCSELECT CASE NUMBER$')
IF (ICASE.GT.O.AND.ICASE.LE.NCASES) THEN
C SKIP DOWN TO CHOOSEN DATA SET
DO 115 I=1,ICASE-1
READ (IODEFL,120) CASE
READ (IODEFL,*) DISPER,DIFFUS,DEPMIX,DFACT,REACH,RLAT.SSPD.X
& INC,WSPD,YE,SPDMIN,RKS,HPP,VSP,TSP,QP,HL,RICASE,XLENG,RNSS,T
& EMP,SCAVC,DEPVEL,DP
115 CONTINUE
C READ IN CHOOSEN DATA SET
READ (IODEFL,120) CASE
READ (IODEFL,*) DISPER,DIFFUS,DEPMIX,DFACT,REACH,RLAT,SSPD,XINC
& .WSPD.YE.SPDMIN.RKS.HPP.VSP.TSP.QP.HL.RICASE.XLENG.RNSSJEMP.SC
& AVC.DEPVEL.DP
ELSE
GOTO 100
ENDIF
CLOSE (UNIT=IODEFL)
A.13
-------
120
125
OPEN (UNIT=IODEFL,FILE=FILE5,STATUS*'OLD')
READ (IODEFL,*) MAXCOL.MAXLAY,(DD(I),I=1,MAXLAY)
MAXLAP * MAXLAY-H
CGRID « 'DEFAULT
CLOSE '(UNIT=IODEFL)
TIME - 0.0
ANHGT * 10.0
NSS * INT(RNSS)
RETURN
FORMAT (A65)
FORMAT (' CASE ',I2r2X,A65)
END
A. 14
-------
SUBROUTINE DRIVER
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC1
TSTEPE = HRS*3600.0
TMAX = TSTEPE*0.05
ENDTIM = TIME+TSTEPE
TSTEP = RELBIG
TCOUT = 0.0
TCIN = 0.0
DO 100 I=1,MAXLAP
TN(I) = FUNDTS(I)*PRTHRU(I)
IF (TN(I).EQ.O.O) TN(I) = FUNDTS(I)
TSTEP = MIN(TSTEP,TN(I))
100 CONTINUE
C subtract tstep's; if ripe, CONVCT & CONDCT
105 IF (TIME+TSTEP.LT.ENDTIM) THEN
TSTEP = RELBIG
1 DO 110 I=1,MAXLAP
TSTEP = MIN(TSTEPrTN(I))
110 CONTINUE
C FIND MINIMUM TIME TO NEXT MOVE
DO 130 I=1,MAXLAP
TN(I) = TN(I)-TSTEP
IF (TN(I).LE.1.0E-20) THEN
C IF I=MAXLAP INCLUDE FLUXES
IF (I.EQ.MAXLAP) THEN
C ADD FLUX
DO 115 II=1,MAXCOL
TCIN = TCIN+FLUX(II)
115
C AVERAGE CONC
CONTINUE
IF (MAXLAY.NE.l) CALL DSPER
120
TCSTOR =0.0
DO 120 JJ=1,MAXLAY
DO 120 II=1,MAXCOL
AVEC(JJ,II) =
TCSTOR = TCSTOR+T(JJ,II)*DD(.JJ)
CONTINUE
ELSE
A.15
-------
C CONVECT APPROPRIATE ROW
TCOUT = T(I,MAXCOL)*DD(I)+TCOUT
DO 125 K=MAXCOL,2,-1
125 CONTINUE
C INCOMING WATER IS PURE I.E. T=0
T(I,1) = 0.0
ENDIF
C REASSIGN TIME TO NEXT MOVE TO FUNDEMENTAL TIME STEP
TN(I) = FUNDTS(I)
ENDIF
130 CONTINUE
C WRITE SIMULATION TIME
CALL WCLOCK (TIME+TSTEP)
C UPDATE CLOCK
TIME - TIME+TSTEP
GOTO 105
ELSE
DO 135 I=1,MAXLAP
TN(I) = TN(I)-(ENDTIM-TIME)
PRTHRU(I) = 1.0-TN(I)-/FUNDTS(I)
135 CONTINUE
TIME - ENDTIM
CALL WCLOCK (TIME)
ENDIF
C PRINT OUTPUT
WRITE
WRITE
WRITE
WRITE
IOECHO,*) 'Mass balance error',(TCIN-TCOUT-TCSTOR)/TCIN
IOECHO,*) 'Mass IN (grains) ',TCIN
IOECHO,*) 'Mass OUT
IOECHO,*) 'Mass STORED.
',TCOUT
'.TCSTOR
141
WRITE (IOECHO,*) 'Ocean concentrations in micrograms/1Her/unit em
&iss1on:'
NTIMES - INT(MAXCOL*0.19999)+!
I = 1
DO 140 J=l,NTIMES
Jl = (J-l)*5+l
J2 = J*5
DO 141 K=1,MAXLAY
WRITE (IOECHO,145) K,J1,J2,(T(K,II)*1000.0,II=J1,J2)
CONTINUE
A.16
-------
140 CONTINUE
CALL SLINE (1)
RETURN
145 FORMAT ('LAYER:',12,' COL',12,'TO',I2,5(1X,E10.2))
END
A.17
-------
SUBROUTINE DRYMAX (USTAR.WIND.VD)
C SUBPROGRAM ABSTRACT: DRYMAX / VER 02-18-86
C THE SUBROUTINE DRYMAX PROVIDES AN UPPER
C VALUE FOR THE DRY DEPOSITION VELOCITY BASED ON
C THE MOMENTUM FLUX THROUGH' AIR
C JG DROPPO VERSION
VD « USTAR*USTAR/WIND
RETURN
END
A. 18
-------
SUBROUTINE DSPER ******
c ***************************************************************
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC1
J = 2
TSTEPI = 3600. 0/J
DELTCI = 1.0/TSTEPI
C set up B vector in matrix
DO 100 I=1,MAXLAY
RHS(I) = -DELTCI*DD(I)
100 CONTINUE
C decomposition
1 = 1
ALPHAI (1) = 1.0/6(1)
105 IF (I.GT.MAXLAY-1) GOTO .110
BETA(I) = C(I)*ALPHAI(I)
I = 1+1
ALPHAI(I) = 1.0/(B(I)-A(I)*BETA(I-1))
GOTO 105
C solver
110 DO 145 I1=1,MAXCOL
DO 115 K=l, MAXLAY
YC(K) = T(K,I1)
115 CONTINUE
DO 135 IL=1,J
DO 120 I=lfMAXLAY
YC(I) = YC(I)*RHS(I)
120 CONTINUE
C YC(1) = YC(1)-TEMPT*A(1)
C YC(MAXLAY) = YC (MAXLAY) -TEMPB*C (MAXLAY)
C forward substitution
YC(1) = YC(1)*ALPHAI(1)
DO 125 I =2, MAXLAY
YC(I) = (YC(I)-A(I)*YC(I-1))*ALPHAI(I)
125 CONTINUE
C back substitution
DO 130 I-MAXLAY-1,1,-1
YC(I) = YC(I)-BETA(I)*YC(I+1)
130 CONTINUE
135 CONTINUE
C for steady state
DO 140 K=l, MAXLAY
T(K,ID = YC(K)
140 CONTINUE
145 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
A.19
-------
SUBROUTINE EPRINT
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC1
CHARACTER*78 LINE
C PRINT ECHO FILE
CLOSE (UNIT=IOECHO)
OPEN (UNIT=IOECHO,FILE=FILE2,STATUS*'OLD')
OPEN (UNIT=IOPRNT,FILE=FILE1)
100 READ (IOECHO,110,END=105) LIJIE
WRITE (IOPRNT.110) LINE
GOTO 100
105 CLOSE (UNIT=IOECHO)
CLOSE (UNIT=IOPRNT)
OPEN (UNIT=IOECHO,FILE=FILE2,STATUS='UNKNOWN')
RETURN
110 FORMAT (A78)
END
A.20
-------
100
INTEGER FUNCTION INDEXR(STR1,STR2)
CHARACTER*78 STR1
CHARACTER*! STR2
DO 100 1=1,78
IF (STR1(I:I).EQ.STR2) THEN
INDEXR = I
RETURN
ENDIF
CONTINUE
INDEXR = 0
RETURN
END
A.21
-------
INTEGER FUNCTION IREAD (STRING)
C THIS ROUTINE WRITES THE STRING 'STRING' AND PROMPTS THE
C USER FOR AN INTEGER. THE ENTIRE SEQUENCE IS ECHOED TO
C LOGICAL UNIT IOECHO, IF LECHO IS TRUE.
CHARACTER*78 ANS
CHARACTER*43 STRING
CHARACTER*! IOKAY(10)
EXTERNAL INDEXR
DATA lOKAY/'lVZVSV^VS', '6V71, '8V9V01/
100 CALL PROMPT (STRING, ANS,. FALSE.)
NTERMS * INDEXR (ANS,1 ')
II - 1
IF (ANS(1:1).EQ.'-') II = 2
DO 110 1=11, NTERMS
DO 105 J=l,10
IF (lOKAY(J).EQ.ANS(I:!)) THEN
IREAD = IREAD*10+(ICHAR(ANS(I:I))-48)
GOTO 110
ENDIF
105 CONTINUE
IF (ANS(I:I).EQ.' ') GOTO 115
CALL OUT (' INPUT ERROR, TRY AGAIN (1nteger)$')
GOTO 100
110 CONTINUE
115 IF (ANS(1:1).EQ.'-') IREAD = -IREAD
END
A.22
-------
SUBROUTINE LIST (10)
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC'
CHARACTER*! CSTAB
C LIST PARAMETERS
WRITE (*,100)
WRITE (10,100)
WRITE (*,105) TITLE
WRITE (10,105) TITLE
C SHIP PARAMETERS
IF (RICASE.EQ.O.) THEN
WRITE
WRITE
ELSE
WRITE
(Mio)
(10,110)
(*,115) SSPD/0.5148,XLENG*0.001
WRITE (10,115) SSPD/0.5148,XLENG*0.001
ENDIF
C INCINERATOR PARAMETERS
WRITE (*,120) NSS,HPP,VSP,TSP,DP,SPDMIN
WRITE (10,120) NSS,HPP,VSP,TSP,DP-,SPDMIN
C ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS
CSTAB = CHAR(INT(RKS)+64)
WRITE (*,125) CSTAB,WSPD,TEMP-273.0,HL,SCAVC,DEPVEL,YE
WRITE, (10,125) CSTAB ..WSPD.TEMP^S.O.HL.SCAVC.DEPVEL, YE
C OCEAN PARAMETERS
WRITE (*,130) DRIFT,DIFFUS,DISPER,RLAT,REACH*0.001,CGRID
WRITE (10,130) DRIFT(DIFFUS,DISPER,RLAT,REACH*0.001,CGRID
! RETURN
100 FORMAT (1H1)
105 FORMAT (//,20X,'PARAMETER LIST1,/,10X,'TITLE: ',A40,/,' **********
£********* SHIP PARAMETERS *********************')
110 FORMAT (' POInt source1)
115 FORMAT (' LINe source',/,1 SHIp speed1,T35,F3.0,T45,'KNOTS',/,' PA
&Th length of line source',T35,F4.1,T45,'KILOMETERS')
120 FORMAT (' **************** INCINERATOR PARAMETERS ****************
&*',/,' NUMber of incinerators',T35,12,/' HEIght of stack',T35,F4.1
&.T45,'METERS',/1 VELocity of stack emission1,T35,F6.0,T45,'METERS/
A.23
-------
&SEC1,/1 TEMperature of stack emissionV,T35,F5.0,T45,'DEGREES C1,/
&' DIAmeter of stack',T35,F4.1,T45,'METERS1,/' MINimum air speed pa
&st stack',F6.1,T45,'METERS/SEC')
125 FORMAT (' ***************** ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS ***************
&*',/,' STAbility class1,T35,Al,/,' WINd speed',T35,F5.1,T45,'METER
&S/SEC1,/' AIR temperature',T35,F5.0,T45,'DEGREES C',/' Mixing heig
&ht' ,T35,F5.0,T45, 'METERS',/' WET scavenging coefficient',T35,G8.2,
&T45,'I/SEC1,/1 DRY deposition velocity1,T35,G8.2,T45,'METERS/SEC',
&/' OFFset from plume center!ine',T35,F5.0,T45,'METERS')
130 FORMAT (' ******************** OCEAN PARAMETERS ******************
&**',/,' REGional current velocity',T35,G7.2,T45,'METERS/SEC',/' DI
&Ffusion coefficient',T35,G7.2,T45,'SQ. METERS/SEC',/' DISpersivity
&',T35,67.2,T45,'METERS',/1 LATitude ',T35,F3.0,T45,'DEGREES',/' LE
SNgth of ocean simulated',T35,F3.0,T45,'KILOMETERS',/,' 6RId spacin
&g',T35,A12)
END
A.24
-------
SUBROUTINE LOG
r ******************************************************************
C ROUTINE PROMPTS USER FOR: (1) NUMBER OF LAYERS; (2) THICKNESS OF
C EACH LAYER;
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC'
LOGICAL SAME,LREAD,MORE
EXTERNAL LREAD,IREAD.RREAD
.CGRID = 'USER DEFINED1 *
100 ;MAXLAY = ABS(IREAD('NUMBER OF HORIZONTAL LAYERS IN OCEAN GRID$'))
MAXLAP = MAXLAY+1
IF (MAXLAP.GT.MXXLAY) THEN
CALL OUT ('NUMBER OF LAYERS EXCEEDS MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE$')
GOTO 100
ENDIF
C get thickness of each layer
,SAME = LREAD('SAME THICKNESS FOR ALL LAYERS$')
IF (SAME) THEN
105 TEMPX = ABS(RREAD('THICKNESS IN METERS$'))
IF (TEMPX.LE.0.0) THEN
CALL OUT ('INPUT ERROR, THICKNESS > 0$')
GOTO 105
ENDIF
DO 110 I=1,MAXLAY
DD(I) = TEMPX
110 CONTINUE
ELSE
DO 120 I=1,MAXLAY
115 WRITE (*,140) I
WRITE (IOECHO,140) I
DD(I) = ABS(RREAD('THICKNESS IN METERS$'))
IF (DD(I).LE.O,,0) THEN
CALL OUT ('INPUT ERROR, THICKNESS > 0$')
GOTO 115
ENDIF
120 CONTINUE
ENDIF
C WRITE THICKNESSES
125
DO 125 I=1,MAXLAY
WRITE (*,135) 1,DD(I)
CONTINUE
130 MAXCOL = IREADCNUMBER OF VERTICAL COLUMNS IN OCEAN GRIDS')
IF (MAXCOL.GT.MXXCOL) THEN
CALL OUT ('NUMBER OF COLUMNS EXCEEDS MAXIMUM$')
GOTO 130
ENDIF
A.25
-------
135
140
RETURN
FORMAT (' LAYER ',12,' THICKNESS '.F5.2,' METERS')
FORMAT (' LAYER ',12)
END
A.26
-------
LOGICAL FUNCTION LREAD(STRING)
C THIS ROUTINE WRITES THE STRING 'STRING1 AND PROMPTS THE
C USER FOR A BOOLEAN. THE ENTIRE SEQUENCE IS ECHOED TO
C LOGICAL UNIT IOECHO, IF LECHO IS TRUE.
100
CHARACTER*78 ANS
CHARACTER*43 STRING
CALL PROMPT (STRING,ANS,.TRUE.)
IF (ANS(l:l).EQ.'Y'.OR.ANS(l:l).EQ.'y1) THEN
LREAD = .TRUE.
RETURN
ENDIF
IF (ANSUzD.EQ.'N'.OR.ANSUtD.EQ.'n1) THEN
LREAD = .FALSE.
RETURN
ENDIF
CALL OUT ('INPUT ERROR, TRY AGAIN (Y/N)$')
GOTO 100
END
A.27
-------
FUNCTION MATCH (STRING,LIST,NFILL)
C THIS ROUTINE WRITES THE STRING 'STRING1 AND PROMPTS THE
C USER FOR A LITERAL AND THEN FINDS WHICH ELEMENT OF LIST
C 'LIST1 THE STRING IS.
CHARACTER*3 LIST(NFILL),TEST
CHARACTER*78 ANS
CHARACTER*43 STRING
100 CALL PROMPT (STRING,ANS, .FAL'SE.)
C MAKE UPPER CASE
DO 105 1=1,3
IT - ICHAR(ANS(I:I))
IF (IT.GE.97) ANS(I:I) = CHAR(IT-32)
105 CONTINUE
C CHECK NAME
TEST - ANS(1:3)
DO 110 MATCH=1,NFILL
IF (TEST.EQ.LIST(MATCH)) RETURN
110 CONTINUE
CALL OUT ('INPUT ERROR, TRY AGAIN$')
GOTO 100
END
A.28
-------
SUBROUTINE OUT (STRING)
***************************************************************
C THIS ROUTINE WRITES THE STRING
$ INCLUDE: 'IOUNIT.INC1
EXTERNAL INDEXR
CHARACTER*78 STR1
CHARACTER*78 STRING
STR1 = ' ' ,
NN = INDEXR (STRING, '$')-!
STR1(1:NN) - STRING(1:NN)
WRITE (*,100) STR1
WRITE (IOECH0.100) STR1
RETURN
100 FORMAT (1H ,A78)
END
'STRING1
A. 29
-------
SUBROUTINE PAUSE (SEGMNT)
C PAUSE FOR USER RESPONSE
CHARACTERS SEGMNT
CHARACTER*! KEY
WRITE (MOO) SEGMNT
READ (*,105) KEY
RETURN
105 FORMAT (Al)*' ' ^^ to
END
',A4,/)
A.30
-------
SUBROUTINE PGSI6 (X,XY,KST,SY,SZ)
C D. B. TURNER, ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS BRANCH
C METEOROLOGY LABORATORY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
C RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N C 27711
C (919) 549 - 8411, EXTENSION 4565
C VERTICAL DISPERSION PARAMETER VALUE, SZ DETERMINED BY
C SZ = A * X ** B WHERE A AND B ARE FUNCTIONS OF BOTH STABILITY
C AND RANGE OF X.
DIMENSION XA(7), XB(2), XD(5), XE(8), XF(9), AA(8), BA(8), AB(3),
&BB(3), AD(6), BD(6), AE(9), BE(9), AF(10), BF(10)
DATA XA 7.5,.4,.3,.25,.2,.15,.17
DATA XB /.4,.27
DATA XD 730.,10.,3.,!.,.37
DATA XE /40.,20.,10.,4.,2.,lo,.3,.l/
DATA XF 760.,30.,15.,7.,3.,2.,!.,.7,.27
DATA AA /453.85,346.75,258.89v217.41t179.52,170.22,158.08,122.8/
DATA BA 72.1166,1.7283,1.4094,1.2644,1.1262,1.0932,1.0542,.94477
DATA AB 7109.30,98.483,90.6737
DATA BB 71.0971,0.98332,0.931987
DATA AD 744.053,36.650,33.504,32.093,32.093,34.4597
DATA BD 70.51179,0.56589,0.60486,0.64403,0.81066,0.869747
DATA AE 747.618,35.420,26.970,24.703,22.534,21.628,21.628,23.331,
S24.267
DATA BE 70.29592,0.37615,0.46713,0.50527,0.57154,0.63077,0.75660,
&0.81956,0.8366/
DATA AF 734.219,27.074,22.651,17.836,16.187,14.823,13.953,13.953,
&14.457,15.2097
DATA BF 70.21716,0.27436,0.32681,0.41507,0.46490,0.54503,0.63227,
&0.68465,0.78407,0.815587
GOTO (100,115,130,135,140,155,170), KST
C STABILITY A (10)
100 TH = (24.167-2.5334*ALOG(XY))/57.2958
IF (X.GT.3.11) GOTO 185
DO 105 ID-1,7
IF (X.GE.XA(ID)) GOTO 110
105 CONTINUE
ID = 8
110 SZ = AA(ID)*X**BA(ID)
GOTO 195
C STABILITY B (40)
115 TH = (18.333-1.8096*ALOG(XY))/57.2958
IF (X.GT.35.) GOTO 185
DO 120 ID=1,2
IF (X.GE.XB(ID)) GOTO 125
120 CONTINUE
ID = 3
125 SZ = AB(ID)*X**BB(ID)
GOTO 190
C STABILITY C (70)
130 TH = (12.5-1.0857*ALOG(XY))/57.2958
SZ = 61.141*X**0.91465
GOTO 190
A.31
-------
C D DAY TIME
135 TH = (8.3333-0.72382*AL06(XY))/57.2958
SZ = 30.9057*X**0.8273
GOTO 190
C STABILITY D (80)
140 TH - (8.3333-0.72382*ALOG(XY))/57.2958
DO 145 ID=1,5
IF (X.GE.XD(ID)) GOTO 150
145 CONTINUE
ID * 6
150 SZ - AD(ID)*X**BD(ID)
GOTO 190
C STABILITY E (110)
155 TH = (6.25-0.54287*ALOG(XY))/57.2958
DO 160 ID=1,8
IF (X.GE.XE(ID)) GOTO 165
160 CONTINUE
ID - 9
165 SZ - AE(ID)*X**BE(ID)
GOTO 190
C STABILITY F (140)
170 TH - (4.1667-0.36191*ALOG(XY))757.2958
DO 175 ID=1,9
IF (X.GE.XF(ID)) GOTO 180
175 CONTINUE
ID = 10
180 SZ = AF(ID)*X**BF(ID)
GOTO 190
185 SZ = 5000.
GOTO 195
190 IF (SZ.GT.5000.) SZ = 5000.
195 SY = 465.116*XY*SIN(TH)/COS(TH)
C 465.116 = 1000. (M/KM) / 2.15
RETURN
END
A.32
-------
SUBROUTINE PLMRS (KST.U.PL.HANE.DELH.H)
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC1
IOPT =1
VS = VSP
TS = TSP
D = DP
C MODIFY WIND SPEED BY POWER LAW PROFILE IN ORDER TO TAKE INTQ
C ACCOUNT THE INCREASE OF WIND SPEED WITH HEIGHT.
C ASSUME WIND MEASUREMENTS ARE REPRESENTATIVE FOR HEIGHT=HANE.
C THT IS THE PHYSICAL STACK HEIGHT
THT = HPP
C POINT SOURCE HEIGHT NOT ALLOWED TO BE LESS THAN 1 METER.
IF (THT.LT.l.) THT = 1.
C U - WIND SPEED AT HEIGHT 'HANE'
C PL - POWER FOR THE WIND PROFILE ;
C UPL - WIND AT THE PHYSICAL STACK HEIGHT
UPL = U*(THT/HANE)**PL
C WIND SPEED NOT ALLOWED TO BE LESS THAN 1 METER/SEC. .
IF (UPL.LT.l.) UPL =1.
BUOY - 2.45153*VS*D**2
C TEMP- THE AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE FOR THIS HOUR
DELT = TS-TEMP
F = BUOY*DELT/TS
C CALCULATE H PRIME WHICH TAKES INTO ACCOUNT STACK DOWNWASH
C BRIGGS(1973) PAGE 4
HPRM = THT
C IF IOPT=0, THEN NO STACK DOWNWASH COMPUTATION
IF (IOPT.EQ.O) GOTO 100
DUM = VS/UPL
IF (DUM.LT.1.5) HPRM == THT+2.*D*(DUM-1.5)
C 'HPRM1 IS BRIGGS1 H-PRIME
IF (HPRM.LT.O.) HPRM =0.
100 CONTINUE
C CALCULATE PLUME RISE AND ADD H PRIME TO OBTAIN EFFECTIVE
C STACK HEIGHT.
C PLUME RISE CALCULATION
IF (KST.GT.5) GOTO 110
C PLUME RISE FOR UNSTABLE CONDITIONS
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
IF (TS.LT.TEMP) GOTO 115
IF (F.GI
.GE.55.) GOTO 105
DETERMINE DELTA-T FOR BUOYANCY-MOMENTUM CROSSOVER(F<55)
FOUND BY EQUATING BRIGGS(1969) EQ 5.2, P 59 WITH
COMBINATION OF BRIGGS(1971) EQUATIONS 6 AND 7, P 1031
FOR F<55.
DTMB = 0.0297*TS*VS**().33333/D**0.66667
IF (DELT.LT.DTMB) GOTO 115
DISTANCE OF FINAL BUOYANT RISE(0.049 IS 14*3.5/1000)
BRIGGS(1971) EQUATION 7,F<55, AND DIST TO FINAL RISE IS
3.5 XSTAR DISTF IN KILOMETERS
DISTF = 0.049*F**0.625
COMBINATION OF BRIGGS(1971) EQUATIONS 6 AND 7, P 1031 FOR
F<55.
.A. 33
-------
DELH = 21.425*F**0.75/UPL
GOTO 125
C DETERMINE"DELTA-T FOR BUOYANCY-MOMENTUM CROSSOVER(F>55)
C FOUND BY EQUATING BRIGGS(1969) EQ 5.2, P 59 WITH
C COMBINATION OF BRIGGS(1971) EQUATIONS 6 AND 7, P 1031
C FOR F>55.
105 DTMB = 0.00575*TS*VS**0.66667/D**0.33333
IF (DELT.LT.DTMB) GOTO 115
C DISTANCE OF FINAL BUOYANT RISE (0.119 IS 34*3.5/1000)
C BRIGGS(1971) EQUATION 7, F>55, AND DIST TO FINAL RISE
C IS 3.5 XSTAR. DISTF IN KILOMETERS
DISTF - 0.119*F**0.4
C COMBINATION OF BRIGGS(1971) EQUATIONS 6 AND 7, P 1031
C FOR F>55.
DELH = 38.71*F**0.6/UPL
GOTO 125
C PLUME RISE FOR STABLE CONDITIONS.
110, DTHDZ =0.02
IF (KST.GT.6) DTHDZ = 0.035
S * 9.80616*DTHDZ/TEMP
IF (TS.LT.TEMP) GOTO 120
C DETERMINE DELTA-T FOR BUOYANCY-MOMENTUM CROSSOVER(STABLE)
C FOUND BY EQUATING BRIGGS(1975) EQ 59, PAGE 96 FOR STABLE
C BUOYANCY RISE WITH BRIGGS(1969) EQ 4.28, PAGE 59 FOR
C STABLE MOMENTUM RISE.
DTMB = 0.019582*TEMP*VS*SQRT(S)
IF (DELT.LT.DTMB) GOTO 120
C STABLE BUOYANT RISE FOR WIND CONDITIONS.(WIND NOT ALLOWED
C LOW ENOUGH TO REQUIRE STABLE RISE IN CALM CONDITIONS.)
C BRIGGS(1975) EQ 59, PAGE 96.
DELH = 2.6*(F/(UPL*S))**0.333333
C COMBINATION OF BRIGGS(1975) EQ 48 AND EQ 59. NOTE DISTF
C IN KM.
DISTF = 0.0020715*UPL/SQRT(S)
GOTO 125
UNSTABLE-NEUTRAL MOMENTUM RISE
BRIGGS(1969) EQUATION 5.2, PAGE 59 NOTE: MOST ACCURATE
WHEN VS/U>4; TENDS TO OVERESTIMATE RISE WHEN VS/U<4
(SEE BRIGGS(1975) P 78, FIG 4.)
C
C
C
C
115
DELH = 3.*VS*D/UPL
DISTF =0.
GOTO 125
C STABLE MOMENTUM RISE
120 DHA = 3.*VS*D/UPL
C BRIGGS(1969) EQUATION 4.28, PAGE 59
DELH - 1.5*(VS*VS*D*D*TEMP/(4.*TS*UPL))**0.333333/S**0.166667
IF (DHA.LT.DELH) DELH = DHA
125 H = HPRM+DELH
RETURN
END
A.34
-------
SUBROUTINE PROMPT (STRING,ANS,LOGPMT)
C THIS ROUTINE WRITES STRING AND READS RESPONSE.
$ INCLUDE: 'IOUNIT.INC1
CHARACTER*78 ANS
CHARACTER*43 STRING
CHARACTER*! BLANK
CHARACTER*45 PSTR
LOGICAL LOGPMT
EXTERNAL INDEXR
C PUT APPROPRIATE PROMPT IN PSTR
BLANK = ' '
PSTR = '
NN = INDEXR(STRING,'$')-!
PSTR(1:NN) = STRING
IF (LOGPMT) THEN
PSTR(40:45) = '(Y/N)>'
ELSE
PSTR(45:45) = '>'
ENDIF
C BLANK OUT INPUT BUFFER
ANS = ' '
C WRITE PROMPT
100 WRITE (*,120) PSTR
WRITE (IOECH0.120) PSTR
C READ RESPONSE INTO INPUT BUFFER
READ (*,125,END=100) ANS
WRITE (IOECH0.125) ANS
C MOVE FIRST NON-BLANK RESPONSE TO FIRST ENTRY OF INPUT BUFFER
DO 115 1=1,30
IF (ANS(1:1).EQ.BLANK) THEN
DO 105 J=l,29
ANS(J:J) = ANS(J+1:J+1)
105 CONTINUE
ANS(30:30) = BLANK
ELSE
ANS(1:4).EQ.'QUIT') GOTO 110
ANS(1:4).EQ.1quit1) GOTO 110
ANS(1:4).EQ.'BYE ' GOTO 110
GOTO 110
GOTO 110
IF
IF
IF
IF (ANS(l:4).EQ.'bye
IF (ANS(1:4).EQ.'EXIT1
A.35
-------
IF (ANS(1:4
IF (ANS(1:4
IF CANS(1:4
RETURN
110 CLOSE (UNIT=IOECHO)
STOP
ENOIF
115 CONTINUE
C IF BLANK RESPONSE RETRY
GOTO 100
120 FORMAT (1X,A45,\)
125 FORMAT (A30)
EDO
.EQ.'STOP1) GOTO 110
.EQ.'exIt') GOTO 110
.EQ.'stop1) GOTO 110
A.36
-------
REAL FUNCTION RREAD(STRING)
C THIS ROUTINE WRITES THE STRING 'STRING' AND PROMPTS THE '
C USER FOR A REAL. THE ENTIRE SEQUENCE IS ECHOED TO LOGI-
C CAL UNIT IOECHO, IF LECHO IS TRUE.
CHARACTER*78 ANS
CHARACTER*43 STRING
CHARACTER*! IOKAY(10)
LOGICAL LBDP,LADP,LAEX,LTEST,LSIGN,LBDF
DATA lOKAY/'lVZVSVAVSVe'.'ZVSVQVO1/
100 CALL PROMPT (STRING,ANS,.FALSE.)
RREAD =0.0 .
EXP = 0.0
LBDP = .TRUE.
LADP = .FALSE.
LAEX = .FALSE.
LTEST = .TRUE.
RTENTH =0.10
LSIGN = .FALSE.
LBDF = .TRUE.
II = 1
IF (ANS(1:1).EQ.1-'.OR.ANS(1;1).EQ.'+I) II = 2
DO 120 1=11,30
C BEFORE DECIMAL POINT
IF (LBDP) THEN
DO 105 J=l,10
IF (IOKAY(J).,EQ.ANS(I:I)) THEN
RREAD = RREAD*10+(ICHAR(ANS(I:I))-48)
GOTO 120
ENDIF
105 . CONTINUE
IF (ANS(I:I).EQ,.'.') THEN
LBDP = .FALSE.
LADP = .TRUE,,
GOTO 120
ELSEIF (ANS(I:I).EQ.'E'.OR.ANS(I:I).EQ.'e') THEN
LAEX = .TRUE,
LADP = .FALSE.
LBDP = .FALSE.
GOTO 120
ELSEIF (ANS(I:I).EQ.' ') THEN
GOTO 125
ELSE
CALL OUT ('INPUT ERROR, TRY AGAIN (real)!1)
GOTO 100
ENDIF
ENDIF
C AFTER DECIMAL POINT
A.37
-------
IF (LADP) THEN
DO 110 J=l,10
IF (lOKAY(J).EQ.ANS(I:!)) THEN
RREAD = RREAD+(ICHAR(ANS(I:I))-48)*RTENTH
RTENTH = RTENTH*0.10
GOTO 120
ENDIF
110 CONTINUE
IF (ANSUr^.EQ.'E'.OR.ANSCiaJ.EQ.'e1) THEN
LADP = .FALSE.
LAEX = .TRUE.
GOTO 120
ELSEIF (ANS (I: I). EQ. ' ') THEN
GOTO 125
ELSE
CALL OUT (' INPUT ERROR, TRY AGAIN (0..9, E, e$')
GOTO 100
ENDIF
ENDIF
C AFTER EXPONENTIAL
IF (LAEX) THEN
IF (LTEST) THEN
LTEST = .FALSE.
IF (ANSCltlJ.EQ.' + '.OR.ANSCl^.EQ.1-1) THEN
IF (ANS(I:I).EQ.'-') LSIGN = .TRUE.
GOTO 120
ENDIF
ENDIF
DO 115 J=l,10
IF (lOKAY(J).EQ.ANS(I:!)) THEN
EXP = EXP*10+(ICHAR(ANS(I:I))-48)
GOTO 120
ENDIF
115 CONTINUE
IF (ANS(I:I).EQ.' ') THEN
GOTO 125
ELSE
CALL OUT (' INPUT ERROR, TRY AGAIN (Exx ?)$')
GOTO 100
ENDIF
ENDIF
120 CONTINUE
125 IF (ANS(1:1).EQ.'-') RREAD = -RREAD
IF (LSIGN) THEN
RREAD = RREAD*10.0**(-EXP)
ELSE
RREAD = RREAD*10.0**(EXP)
ENDIF
RETURN
END
A. 38
-------
SUBROUTINE RUN
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC1
VFP = VSP*PI*0.25*DP*DP
KS = RKS
ICASE = RICASE
NSS » RNSS
DO 100 J=1,MAXLAY
DO 100 I=1,MAXCOL
AVEC(J.I) = 0.0
100 CONTINUE
IF (TIME.EQ.0.0) THEN
DO 105 I=1,MAXCOL
DO 105 J=1,MAXLAY
T(J,I) = 0.0
105 CONTINUE
TDIS = 0.0
, CALL DEBUG ('DEPT')
CALL VELOCI
CALL DEBUG ('VELO')
C CLOCK PARAMETERS
DO 110 I=1,MAXLAY
IF (VEL(I)+DRIFT.GT.O.O) THEN
FUNDTS(I) = REACH/(MAXCOL*(VEL(I)+DRIFT))
FUNDTS(I) = RELBIG
ENDIF
PRTHRU(I) = 0.0
110 CONTINUE
FUNDTS(MAXLAP) = 3600.0
IF(FUNDTS(l).LT.3600.0) THEN
CALL OUT('SURFACE LAYER MOVES MORE FREQUENTLY THAN$')
CALL OUT('ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITIONS')
CALL OUT('THIS MAY BIAS RESULTS$')
ENDIF
ISTEP = 3600
CALL DEBUG ('CLOC')
C DEFINE DISPERSION TERMS
IF (MAXLAY.NE.l) THEN
DO 115 I=1,MAXLAY
DISP(I) = DISPER*VEL(I)+DIFFUS
115 CONTINUE
DO 120 I=2,MAXLAY-1
120
&
= 2*SQRT(DISP(I)*DISP(I-1)/(DD
-------
= 2*SQRT(DISP(2)*DISP(1)/(DD(1)*DD(2)))
ENDIF
CALL DEBUG ('DISP')
CALL AIRLWV
LNEW - .FALSE.
CALL OUT ('START SIMULATION::$')
ELSE
CALL OUT ('CONTINUE SIMULATION::$')
ENDIF
CALL DRIVER
RETURN
END
A.40
-------
SUBROUTINE SHIPLV
INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC'
GHARACTER*13 RR,RL
RR = ' MOVING RIGHT1
RL = ' MOVING LEFT '
IF(ICASE.EQ.l) THEN
SET LINE SOURCE PARAMETERS
IF(DIRC.EQ.l.O) THEN
SHIP MOVES TO LEFT
HE = HEL
WIND = WINDL
IF (ITIME.EQ.O) WRITE(IOECHO,105) RL
ELSE
SHIP MOVES TO RIGHT
HE = HER
WIND = WINDR
IF (ITIME.EQ.OO WRITE(IOECHOt105) RR
ENDIF
ELSE
: IF (ITIME.EQ.O) WRITE(IOECHO,105)
ENDIF
Deposition Computation . . .
FRAC =1.0
XSTP = DIST(2)-DIST(1)
DREM = 0
DO 100 ID = l.MAXCOL
GDIS = DIST(ID)/1000.
FRAL = FRAC
COMPUTE FOR DISTANCES OF 200 M OR GREATER
IF (GDIS.GE.0.200) THEN
CALL PGSIG (CDIS,CDIS,KSK,SYTrSZT)
HL8 = .8*HL
IF (SZT.GE.HL8) SZT = HL8
YFAC = EXP(-0.5*YE*YE/(SYT*SYT))
XTEST = -0.5*HE*HE/(SZT*SZT)
IF (XTEST.GT.-35.) THEN
ZFAC = EXP(-0.5*HE*HE/(SZT*SZT))
ELSE
ZFAC = 0.0
ENDIF
A.41
-------
100
105
110
IF (ID.EQ.l) THEN
DREM = CDIS*1000./SZT*ZFAC
ELSE
DREM = DREM+XSTP/SZT*ZFAC
ENDIF
FWET = (EXP(-SCAVC*DIST(ID)/WIND))
FDRY = (EXP(-.7979*DREM*DEPVEL/WIND))
FRAC = FDRY*FWET
CONSUR = FRAL*SOUR*CON1/(SZT*SYT*WIND)*ZFAC*YFAC
DEP(ID) = (FRAL*SCAVC*SOUR/(CON1*SYT*WIND)*YFAC
+ +CONSUR*DEPVEL)*AIRTME
DEPTOT(ID) - DEP(ID)
IF (ITIME.EQ.O) WRITE(IOECHO,110)
+ DIST(ID),CONSUR,DEPTOT(ID),FDRY,FWET,FRAC
ELSE
WRITE (*,*)' CHECK GDIS IN SHIPLV
ENDIF
CONTINUE
RETURN
FORMAT(' Table of Atmospheric Values:',A
+/' DIST(M) SURC(6/M3) D(G/M2/HR) DRYF WETF TOTAL1)
FORMAT(1X,3611.4,3F7.4)
END
C
$
100
105
SUBROUTINE SLINE (N)
r'l--i"4--l'-l"4'-4"4"
f3f^^««««^«
INCLUDE: 'IOUNIT.INC1
IF (N.LT.1.0R.N.GT.10) N
DO 100 1=1,N
WRITE (*,105)
WRITE (IOECH0.105)
CONTINUE
RETURN
FORMAT (70('*'))
END
A.42
-------
Q ***************************************************************
SUBROUTINE SPACE (N)
£ ***************************************************************
$ INCLUDE: 'IOUNIT.INC'
DO 100 I=1,N
WRITE (*,105)
WRITE (IOECH0.105)
100 CONTINUE
RETURN
105 FORMAT (/)
END
A.43
-------
SUBROUTINE TPRINT
C INSEA VERSION 041186
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA. INC'
LOGICAL CONTIN
CHARACTER*20 NAME
CHARACTER*70 STITLE
CHARACTER*/ TYP(2)
TYP(2) - 'CHRONIC1
TYP(l) = ' ACUTE '
C PRINT TABLE OF ALLOWABLE FEED RATES
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
FEEDRA
ICALL
CFACT
RMAXC
RMAXAC
TOTALD
RREAD(' Enter Incinerator Feed Rate (l/m1n)$')
1.0E9/FEEDRA/60./24.
0.0
0.0
0.0
CALL OUT ('Specify Water Concentration as:$')
CALL OUT (' 1 Average of Entire Doma1n$')
CAL1 OUT (' 2 Maximum Surface$')
CALL OUT (' 3 Average Surface*1)
CALL OUT (' 4 User Spec1f1ed$')
ICASE = IREADC Enter Selection*1)
IF (ICASE. LE.O. OR. ICASE. GE. 5) GOTO 105
TOTALD =0.0
IF (ICASE. EQ. 2) THEN
DO 110 I=1,MAXCOL
RMAXAC = MAX(RMAXAC,AVEC(1,I))
CONTINUE
ELSEIF (ICASE. EQ. 3) THEN
DO 115 I=1,MAXCOL
RMAXAC = AVEC(1,I)+RMAXAC
CONTINUE
RMAXAC = RMAXAC/MAXCOL
ELSEIF (ICASE. EQ.l) THEN
DO 120 I=1,MAXLAY
TOTALD = TOTALD+DD(I)
CONTINUE
DO 125 J=1,MAXLAY
FACT = DD(J) /TOTALD
DO 125 I=1,MAXCOL
RMAXAC = RMAXAC+AVEC(J,I)*FACT
CONTINUE
RMAXAC = RMAXAC/MAXCOL
ELSE
ML = IREAD(' NUMBER OF LAYERS TO AVERAGE OVER$')
MC = IREADC 'NUMBER OF COLUMNS TO AVERAGE OVERS')
DO 130 J=1,ML
TOTALD = TOTALD+DD(J)
CONTINUE
DO 135 J=1,ML
FACT = DD(J) /TOTALD
DO 135 1=1, MC
A.44
-------
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
RMAXAC = RMAXAC+AVEC(J,I)*FACT
CONTINUE
RMAXAC = RMAXAC/MC
ENDIF
IF (RMAXAC.EQ.0.0) THEN
CALL OUT ('NOTABLE; ZERO CONCENTRATIONSS')
RETURN
ENDIF
ICASEP = ICASE
CALL OUT ('CRITERIA TO BE USED$')
CALL OUT (' 1 ACUTES1)
CALL OUT (' 2 CHRONICS')
ICASE = IREADC SELECTIONS')
IF (ICASE.LE.O.OR.ICASE.GT.2) GOTO 140
:OPEN (UNIT=IOSTNDIFILE=FILE4,STATUS='OLDI)
OPEN (UNIT=IOPRNT,FILE=FILE1,STATUS='UNKNOWN')
IF (ICALL.EQ.O) CALL LIST (IOPRNT)
ICALL =1
READ (IOSTND,155) STITLE
WRITE (IOPRNT,160) TITLE
WRITE (IOPRNT,165) TYP(ICASE)
1 = 0
READ (IOSTND,170,END=15Q) NAME,STANDA,STANDC,DESTRC
I = 1+1
QMXA = (STANDA/(RMAXAC*(1.0-DESTRC/100.0)))*0.0000864
QMXC = QMXA*STANDC/STANDA
IF (ICASE.EQ.l) WRITE (IOPRNT,175) NAME,STANDA,QMXA*CFACT,DESTRC
IF (ICASE.EQ.2) WRITE (IOPRNT,175) NAME,STANDC,QMXC*CFACT,DESTRC
GOTO 145
WRITE (IOPRNT,180)
IF ICASEP.EQ.l WRITE (IOPRNT,*
IF ICASEP.EQ.2 WRITE (IOPRNT,*
IF ICASEP.EQ.3 WRITE (IOPRNT,*
IF ICASEP.EQ.4) WRITE (IOPRNT,*)
IF ICASE.EQ.l) WRITE (IOPRNT,185)
IF (ICASE.EQ.2) WRITE (IOPRNT,185)
WRITE (IOPRNT,*) ' ',STITLE
IF (YE.GT.0.0) THEN
WRITE (IOPRNT.190)
& distance of ',YE,' m1
ELSE
, WRITE (IOPRNT,190)
& terline'
ENDIF
CLOSE (UNIT=IOSTND)
CLOSE (UNIT=IOPRNT)
CONTIN = LREADCANOTHER TABLES')
IF (CONTIN) GOTO 100
RETURN
FORMAT (A70)
FORMAT ('1TITLE: ',A40)
FORMAT (' 1,60(1-')/,27X,A,4X,'MAXIMUM',/'
Average over entire domain'
Maximum surface concentration1
Average surface concentration1
Average over specified domain1
acute',FEEDRA
chronic',FEEDRA
Based on deposition computed at an offset
Based on deposition computed at plume cen
CONTAMINANT',14X,'STAN
A.45
-------
&DARD FEED CONC',2X,'DESTRUCTION1,/,1 NAME1,19X,'(ug/1)',6X,
&'(mg/l) EFFICIENCY1,/,1 '.SO^'))
170 FORMAT (A20.3F10.0)
175 FORMAT (2X.A20,' ',611.3,' ',611.3,' '.F7.4)
180 FORMAT (' '.SOC'-1))
185 FORMAT (' Computed using ',A,' criteria and feed rate of ',G10.4,
&' 1/min')
190 FORMAT (A.F7.0.A)
END
A.46
-------
SUBROUTINE VELOCI
C ROUTINE TO CALCULATE VELOCITY PROFILES IN A WATER COLUMN
C DUE TO WIND SHEAR -
$ INCLUDE: 'INSEA.INC'
EQUIVALENCE (ZA.ANHGT)
EQUIVALENCE (WSPEED.WSPD)
;EQUIVALENCE (TAU.SHR)
PARAMETER (AMU = 1.768E-5)
PARAMETER (ARHO = 1.3534)
;PARAMETER (WRHO = 1025.75)
PARAMETER (WMU = 1.6E-3)
: PARAMETER(OMEGA=0.729E-04)
C CALCULATE SHEAR STRESS AT WATER'SURFACE
C IF WIND SPEED IS LESS THAN 6 M/SEC, SOLVE FOR SURFACE SHEAR
C USING VON KARMAN EXPRESSION. OTHERWISE, SOLVE USING EKMAN
C EXPRESSION.
C VON KARMAN EXPRESSION IS SOLVED ITERATIVELY USING NEWTON'S
C METHOD. INITIAL VALUE OF SURFACE SHEAR USED IS 0.001 KG/M-SEC**2.
C 100 ITERATIONS ARE ALLOWED FOR SOLUTION.
IF (WSPEED.NE.0.0) THEN
IF (WSPEED.LT.6.0) THEN
C VON KARMAN SOLUTION FOR SHEAR
C INITIAL VALUES FOR ITERATIVE SOLUTION
SHR1 - 0.001
BB = ZA*ARHO/AMU
Al = SQRT(SHR1/ARHO)
C LOOP THROUGH ITERATIVE SOLUTION
DO 100 1=1,100
VI = 5.5*A1+(5.75*A1*ALOG10(A1*BB))
C CHECK FOR CONVERGENCE. SOLUTION GOOD IF LESS THAN 0.1% DIFFERENCE
IF (ABS((WSPEED-V1)A/SPEED).LT.0.001) THEN
SHR = ARHO*A1**2.
GOTO 105
ENDIF
VIPRM = 8.0H-5.75*(ALOG10(BB)+ALOG10(A1))
A2 = ((WSPEED-V1)/VIPRM)+A1
Al = A2
100 CONTINUE
C IF THROUGH LOOP THEN SOLUTION NOT REACHED. WRITE OUT ERROR
A.47
-------
C MESSAGE
CALL OUT ('*VEL DID NOT CONVERGE AFTER 100 ITERATIONS$')
GOTO 105
ELSE
C EKMAN SOLUTION
SHR = 2.6E-03*ARHO*WSP*EED*WSPEED
ENDIF
105 CONTINUE
C CHECK FOR ERROR AND STOP IF ERROR
IF (TAU.EQ.O.) THEN
CALL OUT ('TAU = 0.0$')
STOP
ENDIF
C WRITE OUT SHEAR RESULTS
IF (WSPEED.LT.6.) THEN
WRITE (IOECHO,*) 'WIND SHEAR CALCULATED USING METHOD OF VON
& KARMAN'
ELSE
WRITE (IOECHO,*) 'WIND SHEAR CALCULATED USING METHOD OF EKMA
& N$'
ENDIF
C A IS EDDY VISCOSITY. CALCULATE 2 WAYS DEPENDING ON WIND SPPEED
IF (WSPEED.LT.6.) AA = 0.1*1.02*WSPEED**3.
IF (WSPEED.GE.6.) AA = 0.1*4.3*WSPEED*WSPEED
C CALCULATE WATER VELOCITY AT SURFACE DUE TO WIND SHEAR
VO = TAU/(SQRT(WRHO*AA*2.*OMEGA*SIN(RLAT*0.017453293)))
C D IS DEPTH OF FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE
DFR = PI*SQRT(AA/(WRHO*OMEGA*SIN(RLAT*0.017453293)))
C LOOP THROUGH DEPTH OF WATER COLUMN AND CALCULATE
C WATER VELOCITY
DTOT = DD(1)*0.5
DO 110 I-l.MAXLAY
IF (DTOT.GT.DFR) THEN
VEL(I) = 0.0
ELSE
A.48
-------
VEL(I) = VO*EXP(-PI*DTOT/DFR)
DTOT = DTOT+DD(I+1)
ENDIF
110 CONTINUE
ELSE
DO 115 I=1,MAXLAY
VEL(I) = 0.0
115 CONTINUE
ENDIF
RETURN
END
A.49
-------
100
SUBROUTINE WCLOCK (SCLKS)
INCLUDE: 'IOUNIT.INC'
PARAMETER (SECDY=86400.0)
PARAMETER (SECHR=3600.0)
PARAMETER (SECMN=60.0)
S ^ SCLKS
IDAY = INT(S/SECDY)
S - MOD(S,SECDY)
IHR - INT(S/SECHR)
S - MOD(S,SECHR)
IMIN - INT(S/SECMN)
S = MOD(S,SECMN.)
WRITE (*,100) ID'AY, IHR, IMIN, S
RETURN
FORMAT (1H+, ' SIMULATION TIME: ',16,' days ',12,' hrs ',12,' m
&1n ',F5.2,' sec1)
END
A.50
-------
SUBROUTINE WINDC (KS,U,ANHGT,USTAR,ZO)
C SUBPROGRAM ABSTRACT: WINDC / VER 02-18-1986
C THIS SUBROUTINE WITH WINDP ALLOWS
C COMPUTATION OF THE WIND SPEED FOR VARIOUS
C HEIGHTS OVER A WATER SURFACE. WINDP DOES A
C WIND HEIGHT CORRECTION BASED ON USTAR AND ZO
C COMPUTED IN THIS ROUTINE, JG DROPPO
C NOTE: U is wind speed at 10m.
DIMENSION OV(6),PM(3)
DATA 0V/ -.6,-.28,-.03,0.0,.12,.37
DATA PM/ 0.2,0.4,0.77
NIR = 10
C Define intial values for turbulence parameters
USTAR = U*(.0012)**.5
ZO = .0144*USTAR*USTAR/9.8
OVRL = OV(KS)
C Compute new wind speed
IF (KS.LT.4) THEN
PHIM = PM(KS)
Ul = -2*ALOG(.5*(1+1/PHIM))
U2 = -1*ALOG(.5*(1+1/PHIM/PHIM))
U3 = 2*ATAN(1/PHIM)-3.1415/2
DO 100 1=1,NIR
UNEW = USTAR/.4*(ALOG(ANHGT/ZO)+U1+U2+U3)
STAR = USTAR*(1+(U-UNEW)/(U+UNEW)*2)
IF (STAR.LE.0.0) THEN
USTAR = USTAR*0.9
ELSE
USTAR = STAR
ENDIF
ZO = .0144*USTAR*USTAR/9.8
100 CONTINUE
ELSE
DO 105 1=1,NIR
UNEW = (USTAR/.4)*(ALOG(ANHGT/ZO)+5.0*ANHGT*OVRL)
STAR = USTAR*(1+(U-UNEW)/(U+UNEW)*2)
IF (STAR.LE.0.0) THEN
; . USTAR = USTAR*0.9
ELSE
USTAR = STAR
ENDIF
ZO = .0144*USTAR*USTAR/9.8
105 CONTINUE
ENDIF
RETURN
END
fer
A.51
-------
c
c
c
c
c
SUBROUTINE WINDP (KS,UNEW,PHGT,USTAR,ZO)
SUBPROGRAM ABSTRACT: WINDP / VER 02-18-1986
WINDP IS A SUBROUTINE FOR COMPUTING THE
WIND SPEED FOR AS A FUNCTION OF HEIGHT
OVER A WATER SURFACE. THIS USES WIND HEIGHT
CORRECTION BASED ON USTAR AND ZO, JG DROPPO
DIMENSION OV(6),PM(3)
DATA OV/ -.6,-.28,-.03,0.0,.12,.3/
DATA PM/ 0.2,0.4,0.77
OVRL = OV(KS)
Compute new wind speed
IF (KS.LT.4) THEN
PHIM = PM(KS)
Ul = -2*ALOG(.5*(1+1/PHIM))
U2 - -1*ALOG(.5*(1+1/PHIM/PHIM))
U3 - 2*ATAN(1/PHIM)-3.1415/2
UNEW = USTAR/.4*(ALOG(PHGT/ZO)+U1+U2+U3)
CLL.O t
UNEW = (USTAR/.4)*(ALOG(PHGT/ZO)+5.0*PHGT*OVRL)
ENDIF
RETURN
END
A.52
-------
APPENDIX B
ECHO.FIL FILE
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
ECHO.FIL FILE
The ECHO.FIL file provides a copy of the Interactive session. This provides
the user the ability to clearly document their modeling activities. The
following file was generated by the example run discussed 1n Section 2.3.
INSEA - INCINERATION AT SEA MODEL
TITLE OF RUN
DEFAULT CASE MENU
>example
CASE 1 Point Source,
CASE 2 Point Source,
CASE 3 Point Source,
CASE 4 Point Source,
CASE 5 Line Source,
CASE 6 Line Source,
CASE 7 Line Source,
CASE 8 Line Source,
Center!ine Values, Precipitation Conditions
Centerline Values, Non-precipitation Conditions
Offset From Centerline Values, Precipitation Condit
Offset From Centerline Values, Non-precipitation Co
Centerline, Precipitation Conditions
Centerline, Non-precipitation Conditions
Offset From Cehterline Values, Precipitation Conditi
Offset From Centerline Values, Non-precipitation Con
SELECT CASE NUMBER
>3
PARAMETER LIST
TITLE: example
******************* SHjp PARAMETERS *********************
POInt source
**************** INCINERATOR PARAMETERS
NUMber of incinerators 3
HEIght of stack 12.0
VELocity of stack emission 15,
TEMperature of stack emissions 1429.
DIAmeter of stack 3.2
MINimum air speed past stack 1.5
*****************
METERS
METERS/SEC
DEGREES C
METERS
METERS/SEC
***************** ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS ****************
STAbility class
WINd speed
AIR temperature
Mixing height
WET scavengi ng coeffi ci ent
1.5
10.
500.
.15E-03
METERS/SEC
DEGREES C
METERS
I/SEC
B.I
-------
DRY deposition velocity .30E-01 METERS/SEC
OFFset from plume centerline 100. METERS
******************** OCEAN PARAMETERS ********************
REGIonal current velocity
DIFfuslon coefficient
DISpers1v1ty
LATHude
LENgth of ocean simulated
GRId spacing
CHANGE PARAMETERS
Enter Parameter Keyword (or HELP)
WIND SPEED IN METERS/SEC
CHANGE ANOTHER PARAMETER
.00
.50E-03
.00
26.
10.
DEFAULT
(Y/N)>y
METERS/SEC
SQ. METERS/SEC
METERS
DEGREES
KILOMETERS
>w1nd
>2.0
(Y/N)>n
PARAMETER LIST
TITLE: example
******************* SHIP PARAMETERS *********************
POInt source
**************** INCINERATOR PARAMETERS
NUMber of Incinerators 3
HEIght of stack 12.0
VELocity of stack emission 15.
TEMperature of stack emissions 1429.
DIAmeter of stack 3.2
MINImum air speed past stack 1.5
***************** ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS
STAbility class D
WINd speed 2.0
AIR temperature 10.
Mixing height 500.
WET scavenging coefficient .15E-03
DRY deposition velocity .30E-01
OFFset from plume centerline 100.
******************** OCEAN
REGIonal current velocity
DIFfusion coefficient
DISpersivity
LATItude
LENgth of ocean simulated
GRId spacing
NUMBER OF COLUMNS IN OCEAN GRID
NUMBER OF LAYERS IN OCEAN GRID
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
1 THICKNESS OF LAYER
2 THICKNESS OF LAYER
3 THICKNESS OF LAYER
4 THICKNESS OF LAYER
PARAMETERS
.00
.50E-03
.00
26.
10.
DEFAULT
70
= 14
METERS
METERS
METERS
METERS
*****************
METERS
METERS/SEC
DEGREES C
METERS
METERS/SEC
****************
METERS/SEC
DEGREES C
METERS
I/SEC
METERS/SEC
METERS
********************
METERS/SEC
SQ. METERS/SEC
METERS
DEGREES
KILOMETERS
5 THICKNESS OF LAYER
6 THICKNESS OF LAYER
7 THICKNESS OF LAYER
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
METERS
METERS
METERS
8 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS
B.2
-------
LAYER 9 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS
LAYER 10 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS
LAYER 11 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS
LAYER 12 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS
LAYER 13 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS
LAYER 14 THICKNESS OF LAYER 1.00 METERS
NUMBER OF HOURS TO BE SIMULATED >240
DEBUG DATA DEPTH
LAYER 1 DEPTH
LAYER 2 DEPTH
LAYER 3 DEPTH
LAYER 4 DEPTH
LAYER 5 DEPTH
LAYER 6 DEPTH
LAYER 7 DEPTH
LAYER 8 DEPTH
LAYER 9 DEPTH
LAYER 10 DEPTH
LAYER 11 DEPTH
LAYER 12 DEPTH
LAYER 13 DEPTH
LAYER 14 DEPTH
WIND SHEAR CALCULATED USING METHOD
DEBUG DATA VELOCITY
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
DEBUG
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
1 VELOCITY
2 VELOCITY
3 VELOCITY
4 VELOCITY
5 VELOCITY
6 VELOCITY
7 VELOCITY
8 VELOCITY
9 VELOCITY
10 VELOCITY
11 VELOCITY
12 VELOCITY
13 VELOCITY
14 VELOCITY
)ATA CLOCK
1 FUNTS
2 FUNTS
3 FUNTS
4 FUNTS
5 FUNTS
6 FUNTS
7 FUNTS
8 FUNTS
9 FUNTS
10 FUNTS
11 FUNTS
12 FUNTS
13 FUNTS
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
OF VON KARMAN
2.019621E-002
1.652817E-002
1.352632E-002
1.106966E-002
9.059187E-003
7.413855E-003
6.067347E-003
4.965394E-003
4.063577E-003
3.325549E-003
2.721562E-003
2.227271E-003
1.822753E-003
1.491704E-003
7073.4610000
8643.2510000
10561. -4200000
12905.2800000
15769.3100000
19268.9400000
23545.2400000
28770.5600000
35155.5100000
42957.4600000
52490.8700000
64140.0000000
78374.3900000
B.3
-------
14 FUNTS
DISPERSION
95767.7600000
LAYER
DEBUG DATA
LAYER 1 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 2 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 3 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 4 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 5 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 6 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 7 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 8 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 9 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 10 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 11 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 12 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 13 DISP: 5.000000E-004
LAYER 14 DISP: 5.000000E-004
Combined air/sea deposition velocity = .142E-02
for friction velocity, U* = .546E-01 m/s
and roughness length, zo = .439E-05m.
Table of Atmospheric Values:
m/s
200.0
342.9
485.7
628.6
771.4
914.3
1057.
1200.
1343.
1486.
1629.
1771.
1914.
2057.
2200.
2343.
2486.
2629.
2771.
2914.
3057.
3200.
3343.
3486.
3629.
3771.
3914.
4057.
4200.
4343.
4486.
4629.
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.1401E-44
.3934E-39
.9349E-35
.2952E-31
.2107E-28
.4879E-26
.4737E-24
.2319E-22
.6563E-21
.1191E-19
.1499E-18
.1393E-17
.1004E-16
.5589E-16
.2461E-15
.9383E-15
.3158E-14
.9529E-14
.2613E-13
.6587E-13
.1540E-12
.3371E-12
.6950E-12
.1359E-11
.2531E-11
.3676E-10 1
.9695E-05 1
.2591E-03 1
.9265E-03 1
.1671E-02 1
.2250E-02 1
.2625E-02 1
.2833E-02 1
.2924E-02 1
.2939E-02 1
.2904E-02 1
.2840E-02 1
.2758E-02 1
.2667E-02 1
.2571E-02 1
.2475E-02 1
.2380E-02 1
.2287E-02 1
.2198E-02 1
.2113E-02 1
.2031E-02 1
.1954E-02 1
.1880E-02 1
.1810E-02 1
.1744E-02 1
.1681E-02 1
.1622E-02 1
.1565E-02 1
.1511E-02 1
.1460E-02 1
.1412E-02 1
.1366E-02 1
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000.
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.9876
.9789
.9702
.9616
.9531
.9447
.9363
.9280
.9198
.9116
.9036
.8956
.8876
.8798
.8720
.8643
.8566
.8490
.8415
.8341
.8267
.8194
.8121
.8049
.7978
.7907
.7837
.7768
.7699
.7631
.7563
.7496
.9876
.9789
.9702
.9616
.9531
.9447
.9363
.9280
.9198
.9116
.9036
.8956
.8876
.8798
.8720
.8643
.8566
.8490
.8415
.8341
.8267
.8194
.8121
.8049
.7978
.7907
.7837
.7768
.7699
.7631
.7563
.7496
B.4
-------
4771. .4516E-11 .1322E-02
4914. .7746E-11 .1280E-02
5057. .1282E-10 .1240E-02
5200. .2054E-10 .1202E-02
5343. .3195E-10 .1166E-02
5486. .4837E-10 .1132E-02
5629. .7142E-10 .10.98E-02
5771. .1031E-09 .1067E-02
5914. .1456E-09 .1036E-02
6057. .2018E-09 .1007E-02
6200. .2747E-09 .9794E-03
6343. .3676E-09 .9526E-03
6486. .4845E-09 .9269E-03
6629. .6293E-09 .9022E-03
6771. .8066E-09 .8785E-03
6914. .1021E-08 .8557E-03
7057. .1277E-08 .8337E-03
7200. .1580E-08 .8125E-03
7343. .1936E-08 .7922E-03
7486. .2348E-08 .7725E-03
7629. .2823E-08 .7536E-03
7771. .3366E-08 .7353E-03
7914. .3981E-08 .7176E-03
8057. .4673E-08 .7006E-03
8200. .5447E-08 .6841E-03
£^43. .6307E-08 .6682E-03
8486. .7257E-08 .6527E-03
8629. .8301E-08 .6378E-03
8771. .9441E-08 .6234E-03
8914. .1068E-07 .6094E-03
9057. .1202E-07 .5959E-03
9200. .1347E-07 .5828E-03
9343. .1502E-07 .5701E-03
9486. .1667E-07 .5577E-03
9629. .1843E-07 .5458E-03
9771. .2030E-07 .5341E-03
9914. .2228E-07 .5229E-03
.1006E+05 .2429E-07 .5119E-03
Stationary operation with 500.
Wind speed at plume height = 2
1.0000 .7,430
1.0000 .7364
1.0000 .7299
1.0000 .7234
1.0000 .7170
1.0000 .7107
1.0000 .7044
1.0000 .6981
1.0000 .6920
1.0000 .6858
1.0000 .6798
1.0000 .6737
1.0000 .6678
1.0000 .6619
1.0000 .6560
1.0000 .6502
1.0000 .6444
1.0000 .6387
1.0000 .6331
1.0000 .6275
1.0000 .6219
1.0000 .6164
1.0000 .6110
1.0000 .6055
1.0000 .6002
1.0000 .5949
1.0000 .5896
1.0000 .5844
1.0000 .5792
1.0000 .5741
1.0000 .5690
1.0000 .5640
1.0000 .5590
1.0000 .5540
1.0000 .5491
1.0000 .5442
1.0000 .5394
1.0000 .5346
m plume r
.41 m/s
.7430
.7364
.7299
.7234
.7170
.7107
.7044
.6981
.6920
.6858
.6798
.6737
.6678
.6619
.6560
.6502
.6444
.6387
.6331
.6275
.6219
.6164
.6110
.6055
.6002
.5949
.5896
.5844
.5792
.5741
.5690
.5640
.5590
.5540
.5491
.5442
.5394
.5346
Ise.
Wind speed at 10 m = 2.00 m/s
9.312927E-002 3.675564E-011 9
1.671293E-003 2.250367E-003 2
2.938808E-003 2.904311E-003 2
2.571013E-003 2.474691E-003 2
2.112748E-003 2.031308E--003 1
1.744108E-003 1.681278E-003 1
1.460484E-003 1.412029E-003 1
1.240472E-003 1.202478E-003 1
1.066707E-003 1.036348E-003 1
9.269082E-004 9. 022229 E-004 8
8.125443E-004 7.921617E-004 7
.694654E-006 2
.624593E-003 2
.839843E-003 2
.379662E-003 2
.953817E-003 1
.621684E-003 1
.365944E-003 1
.166205E-003 1
.007258E-003 9
.784925E-004 8
.725130E-004 7
.590923E-004
.832879E-003
.757876E-003
.287216E-003
.880209E-003
.565140E-003
.322081E-003
.131549E-003
.793657E-004
.556669E-004
.535618E-004
9
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
9
8
7
265162E-004
924382E-003
666522E-003
198110E-003
810359E-003
511465E-003
280300E-003
098413E-003
526032E-004
8.336988E-004
7.352742E-004
B.5
-------
7.176186E-004
6.378359E-004
5.700560E-004
5.119345E-004
START SIMULATION::
7.005650E-004
6.234046E-004
5.577230E-004
6.840855E-004
6.094298E-004
5.457590E-004
6.681538E-004
5.958924E-004
5.341489E-004
6.527450E-004
5.827736E-004
5.228788E-004
Ocean concentrations in micrograms/liter/unit emission:
LAYER: 1 COL 1TO 5
LAYER: 2 COL 1TO 5
LAYER: 1 COL 6T010
LAYER: 2 COL 6T010
LAYER: 1 COL11T015
LAYER: 2 COL11T015
LAYER: 1 COL16T020
LAYER: 2 COL16T020
LAYER: 1 COL21T025
LAYER: 2 COL21T025
LAYER: 1 COL26T030
LAYER: 2 COL26T030
LAYER: 1 COL31T035
LAYER: 2 COL31T035
LAYER: 1 COL36T040
LAYER: 2 COL36T040
LAYER: 1 COL41T045
LAYER: 2 COL41T045
LAYER: 1 COL46T050
LAYER: 2 COL46T050
LAYER: 1 COL51T055
LAYER: 2 COL51T055
LAYER: 1 COL56T060
LAYER: 2 COL56T060
LAYER: 1 COL61T065
LAYER: 2 COL61T065
"kie'jcieic'kieic'Jeieieicieic'kicieie'&'Jc'Jt'k
PRINT FEED RATE TABLE
Enter Incinerator Feed
.27E-07
.22E-07
.25E+01
.22E+01
.65E+01
.60E+01
.94E+01
.91E+01
.12E+02
.11E+02
.14E+02
.13E+02
.15E+02
.15E+02
.16E+02
. 16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.15E+02
.14E+02
.14E+02
.12E+02
.12E+02
.11E+02
. 10E+02
*********
.71E-02
.58E-02
.34E+01
.30E+01
.71E+01
.67E+01
.99E+01
.96E+01
.12E+02
.12E+02
.14E+02
.14E+02
.16E+02
.15E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.15E+02
.15E+02
.14E+02
.14E+02
.12E+02
.12E+02
.10E+02
.10E+02
***********
.19E+00
.16E+00
.42E+01
.38E+01
.77E+01
.73E+01
.10E+02
.10E+02
.13E+02
.12E+02
.14E+02
.14E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.15E+02
.15E+02
.13E+02
.13E+02
.12E+02
.11E+02
.99E+01
.98E+01
***********
.76E+00
.64E+00
.50E+01
.46E+01
.83E+01
.79E+01
.11E+02
.11E+02
.13E+02
.13E+02
.15E+02
.14E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.15E+02
.15E+02
.13E+02
.13E+02
.11E+02
.11E+02
.96E+01
.95E+01
***********
.16E+01
.14E+01
.58E+01
.53E+01
.89E+01
.85E+01
.11E+02
.11E+02
.13E+02
.13E+02
.15E+02
.15E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.16E+02
.14E+02
.14E+02
.13E+02
.12E+02
.11E+02
.11E+02
.94E+01
.93E+01
! «1««1« !!
(Y/N)>y
Rate (1/min)
>175
Specify Water Concentration as:
1 Average of Entire Domain
2 Maximum Surface
3 Average Surface
4 User Specified
Enter Selection
CRITERIA TO BE USED
1 ACUTE
2 CHRONIC
SELECTION
ANOTHER TABLE
PRINT ECHO FILE
PLOT AQUATIC CONCENTRATION DATA
CONTINUE SIMULATION
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
>1
>2
>n
>n
>n
(Y/N)>n
B.6
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APPENDIX C
STANDARD.DAT FILE
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APPENDIX C
STANDARD.DAT FILE
The STANDARD.DAT File contains the names, chronic standards, acute standards,
and destruction efficiencies for each constituent of concern. By using an
editor this file can be modified to add, delete, or alter the present
standards data.
CRITERIA PROVIDED BY
Al um1 num
Arsenic
Cadmi urn
Chlorine
Chromium III
Chromium VI
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thai 1 i urn
Tin
Zinc
Cyanide
Dioxin
DDT
PCBs
Dichloroethane
Trichloroethane
Tetrachl oroethane
Hexachl oroethane
Chlorobenzenes
Halomethanes
EPA
1500.
69.
43.
16300.
10300.
1100.
2.9
140.
2.1
140.
410.
2.3
2.13
0.7
170.
1.0
.01
.13
10.
113000.
31200.
9020.
940.
160.
12000.
Carbon Tetrachl orideSOOOO.
Hexachl orobutadi ene
Phenol
32.
5800.
200.
36.
9.3
16300.
10300.
50.
2.9
5.6
0.025
7.1
54.
0.023
0.02
0.7
58.
0.01
0.00001
0.001
0.03
1130.
312.
90.
9.4
130.
6400.
500.
.32
58.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
99.9999
99.99
99.9999
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
C.I
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APPENDIX D
DEFAULT.DAT FILE
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APPENDIX D
DEFAULT.DAT FILE
The DEFAULT.DAT File contains the names and parameter values for each of the
default cases. This file can be tailored to the user's specific area of
Interest. The data 1s read in the following manner. For each case read
o default case descriptor format(a65)
o default case parameters - free formmatted read of following
variables
1 - dispersivity
2 - diffusion coefficient
3 - not used
4 - not used
5 - length of ocean simulated
6 - latitude
7 - ship speed
8 - not used
9 - wind speed
10 - offset distance from center!ine
11 - minimum speed of air past stack
12 - stability class (1-6)
13 - height of stack
14 - velocity of stack emissions
15 - temperature of stack emissions
16 - -not used
17 - height of mixing layer
18 - 0 = point source 1 = line source
19 - path length of Hne source
20 - number of incinerators
21 - air temperature
22 - scavenging coefficient
23 - deposition velocity
24 - diameter of stack
Point Source, Center! ine Values, Precipitation Conditions
0. OE-5, 5. OE-4, 0.5, 1.1, 10000., 26, 1.5, 0.1, 1.5, 0.0, 1.5, 4. 0,12. 0,15. 2, 1429.,
1.0,500,0.0,5000,3,283,1.5E»4,0.03,3.2 .
Point Source, Centerline Values, Non-precipitation Conditions
0. OE-5 ,5. OE-4, 0.5, 1.1, 10000., 26, 1.5, 0.1, 1.5, 0.0, 1.5, 4. 0,12. 0,15. 2, 1429.,
1.0,500,0.0,5000,3,283,0.0,0.03,3.2
Point Source, Offset From Centerline Values, Precipitation Conditions
0. OE-5, 5. OE-4, 0.5, 1.1, 10000., 26, 1.5, 0.1, 1.5, 100, 1.5,4. 0,12. 0,15. 2, 1429.,
Point Source, Offset From Centerline Values, Non-precipitation Conditions
0. OE-5, 5. OE-4, 0.5, 1.1, 10000., 26, 1.5, 0.1, 1.5, 100, 1.5, 4. 0,12. 0,15. 2, 1429.,
1.0,500,0.0,5000,3,283,0.0,0.03,3.2
Line Source, Centerline, Precipitation Conditions
0. OE-5, 5. OE-4, 0.5, 1.1, 20000., 26, 1.5, 0.1, 1.5, 0.0, 1.5, 4. 0,12. 0,15. 2, 1429.,
1. 0,500, 1.0, 5000, 3, 283, 1.5E-4, 0.03,3. 2
D.I
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Line Source,
O.OE-5, 5. OE-
1.0,500,1.0,
Line Source,
O.OE-5, 5. OE-
1.0,500,1.0,
Line Source,
O.OE-5, 5. OE-
1.0,500,1.0,
Centerline, Non-precipitation Conditions
4, 0.5, 1.1, 20000., 26, 1.5, 0.1, 1.5, 0.0, 1.5, 4. 0,12. 0,15. 2, 1429.,
5000,3,283,0.0,0.03,3.2
Offset From Centerline Values, Precipitation Conditions
4, 0.5, 1.1, 20000., 26, 1.5, 0.1, 1.5, 100, 1.5, 4. 0,12. 0,15. 2, 1429.,
5000,3,283,1.5E-4,0.03,3.2
Offset From Centerline Values, Non-precipitation Conditions
4, 0.5, 1.1, 20000., 26, 1.5, 0.1, 1.5, 100, 1.5, 4. 0,12. 0,15. 2, 1429.,
5000,3,283,0.0,0.03,3.2
D.2
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. APPENDIX E
GRID.DAT FILE
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APPENDIX E
GRID.DAT FILE
The GRID.DAT contains the default specifications for the grid spacing data.
This file can be modified to alter the defualt specifications. The file is
free formatted with the following variables:
* number of columns, in the ocean grid
* number of layers in the ocean grid
* thickness of each ocean layer
The following is the current GRID.DAT file.
70,14,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,4,
E.I
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APPENDIX F
CONFIG.FIL FILE
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APPENDIX F
CONFIG.FIL FILE
The CONFIG.FIL file contains the name of the devices used In INSEA. By
editing this file you can reconfigure the program for your hardware. For
Instance, If your plotter 1s connected to the COM2 port, simply change the
COM1 1n the CONFIG.FIL file to COM2.
PRN
ECHO.FIL
COM1
STANDARD.DAT
GRID.DAT
DEFAULT.DAT
PRINTER
ECHO FILE
PLOTTER
AQUATIC CRITERIA STANDARDS FILE
GRID SPACING FILE
DEFAULT CASES DEFINITION FILE
F.I
*U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1987: 716-002/60668
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