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Introduction to Energy
Conservation and Production at
Waste Cleanup Sites
ENGINEERING FORUM ISSUE PAPER
Michael Gill* and Katarina Mahutova**
Section
1.0 Abstract 1
2.0 Background 1
3.0 Classification of Remedies 3
4.0 Data on Energy Production and Conservation
at Waste Cleanup Sites 5
5.0 Summary 15
6.0 Acknowledgments and Contacts 16
7.0 References 17
Appendix A: Example of Audit Protocol.... A-l
Appendix B: Resources B-l
1.0 Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has always worked to improve management of
hazardous waste cleanup projects. Net energy
savings through conservation and energy produc-
tion is one strategy for improvement. Presidential
Executive Order 13123, "Greening the Government
Through Efficient Energy Management," states that
each federal agency shall strive to expand the use
of renewable energy within its facilities and in its
actions by implementing renewable energy
projects.(1)
* U.S. EPA Region 9 / SFD-84
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
** U.S. EPA Region 10
1200 6th Ave(OEA-095)
Seattle, WA 98101
EPA has prepared this issue paper to raise
awareness and help project managers recognize the
need to consider energy conservation and produc-
tion during the design and operation and mainten-
ance (O&M) of waste cleanup projects. These
include projects initiated underthe Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act (CERCLA) commonly known as
Superfund, the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA), and by EPA's Under-
ground Storage Tank (UST) and Brownfields waste
clean up programs.
Although energy conservation is an important
priority, meeting remediation goals is the most
important. However, with more than one way to
reduce energy use, the ability to meet remediation
goals and operate cleanup projects efficiently can
be accomplished.
2.0 Background
This issue paper was developed by EPA's
Engineering Forum, with support from the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE), to help EPA
and other project managers consider ways to
conserve and produce energy at waste cleanup
sites. The Engineering, Federal Facilities, and
Ground Water Forums, established by EPA profes-
sionals in the ten regional offices, are committed to
identifying and resolving scientific, technical, and
engineering issues impacting the remediation of
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(5102G)
EPA 542-S-04-001
May 2004
www.epa.gov/tio/tsp
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Superfund and RCRA sites. The forums are
supported by and advise OSWER's Technical
Support Project, which established Technical
Support Centers in laboratories operated by the
EPA Office of Research and Development, Office
of Radiation Programs, and the Environmental
Response Team. The centers work closely with the
forums, providing state-of-the-science technical
assistance to EPA project managers.
EPA's Engineering Forummembers recognized the
need to consider energy reduction and energy
production during the design and O&M of Super-
fund, RCRA, UST, and Brownfields waste site
cleanup systems. This issue paper describes four
case studies that highlight two methods of energy
generation and two methods of energy conserva-
tion: 1) landfill gas directed to operate microtur-
bines as an example of a distributed electrical
system; 2) landfill generated methane gas used to
fuel four internal combustion engines providing
3200 kW (gross) power generating capacity; 3) an
energy savings realized through control of lump
sum O&M contracts; and 4) energy saving oppor-
tunities through reusing system components, reduc-
tion of space heating requirements, and redesign of
the system to accommodate continuous extraction
and treatment.
This issue paper also introduces an energy check-
list that was developed as a tool to aid the project
manager in conducting energy audits on their
cleanup system designs. A sample energy checklist
has been tested at two of the Superfund sites used
as case studies.
This issue paper covers all waste programs and
complies with the "One Cleanup Program" philoso-
phy of the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response (OSWER).(2) The goal of the One
Cleanup Program is "to manage all waste programs
so that resources, activities, and results are more
effectively coordinated and easily communicated to
the public." This paper also supports the Resource
Recovery Challenge Program, or RCC.(3) The
RCC is a major national effort to find flexible,
more protective ways to conserve our valuable
resources through waste reduction and energy
recovery activities that improve public health and
the environment. Conserving energy at waste sites
supports one of the three primary goals of the RCC,
which broadly states "conserve energy by using
better materials and design, and recover energy
from things now viewed as waste."
Many systems implemented to clean up waste sites
may be using energy for decades (e.g., groundwater
pump-and-treat, soil vapor extraction). Stakehol-
ders involved in the system design and O&M may
want to consider energy use as a parameter for
optimization and cost savings. In addition, some
waste sites are capable of actually generating
energy. These include landfills that produce
methane gas and sites with open space that could
accommodate, for example, photovoltaic arrays or
wind turbines to produce electricity. These
potentials should be considered during design,
construction, and O&M as energy is used during all
phases of a system's life cycle. This paper concent-
rates on the design, construction, and O&M
portions of the life cycle.
Selecting a remedy for a site cleanup involves a
number of criteria; for example, effectiveness,
safety, cost and community acceptance. Energy,
either used or produced, is not a specific criterion,
but could be inherent in others. Relative energy
needs for each choice can be broad. For example,
a system such as a permeable reactive barrier might
require much less energy than most thermal
technologies (six-phase heating, steam injection,
etc.). The need to minimize the remediation
timeframe (typically shorter for thermal technolo-
gies) can be balanced with energy use. Some
remedies may not seem energy intensive (such as
groundwater plume control), but, operated for
decades, can become so. For the most energy
intensive technologies (such as most thermal
technologies), even small increases in energy
efficiency or conservation can have large effects.
Another example of energy considerations influen-
cing remedy selection is using an internal combus-
tion engine to treat petroleum hydrocarbon vapors.
In this treatment system, the contaminant actually
serves as fuel for its own treatment system
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operation (or transfer, in this case). Because UST
sites are the largest category of hazardous waste
sites in terms of the number of sites, increased use
of this treatment system might result in substantial
nationwide energy savings.
The idea of energy savings at waste cleanup sites
has gained momentum since the energy crisis in the
western United States in 2001, with its unexpected
rolling blackouts and price hikes. In the summer of
2001, a combination of decreased availability,
corporate error, and other factors caused consumers
in some western U.S. states to face power losses
and higher electricity prices. This situation led to
some successful conservation, but also made
industry and consumers aware of the need to
continue this practice. Prior to that, Executive
Order 13123 (Greening the Government Through
Efficient Energy Management), global climate
change issues and the principles of sustainable
development brought energy saving issues to the
forefront. Section 204 of the Executive Order reads
in part as follows:
"Renewable Energy. Each agency shall strive to
expand the use of renewable energy within its
facilities and in its activities by implementing re-
newable energy projects and by purchasing
electricity from renewable energy sources."
Section 404 of the Executive Order further states:
"Agencies shall incorporate energy-efficient
criteria consistent with ENERGY STARฎ and other
Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP)-
designated energy efficiency levels into all guide
specifications and project specifications developed
for new construction and renovation, as well as into
product specification language developed for Basic
Ordering Agreements, Blanket Purchasing Agree-
ments, Government Wide Acquisition Contracts,
and all other purchasing procedures."
One tool that this issue paper proposes to help
project managers conserve energy use is a
checklist, such as the generic checklist or "audit
protocol" in Appendix A. Such a checklist, whether
generic or technology-specific, would help the
project manager determine potential energy savings
during the design phase, O&M, and each follow-on
five-year review. The five-year review is a site-
specific reporting tool that determines whether a
remedy is protective of human health and the
environment through an evaluation of its imple-
mentation and performance. These periods are the
appropriate times for this evaluation as well as for
other optimization efforts.
The checklist in Appendix A is not customized for
all types of sites; for instance, a landfill, mine or
groundwater cleanup site presents different oppor-
tunities for energy savings or production. The list
of cleanup technologies used today is fairly
extensive and energy needs vary, but this generic
checklist is intended to illustrate possible savings
opportunities from some of these sites. The goals
of this issue paper are to:
Raise awareness of the need to consider energy
saving and energy production opportunities at
waste sites.
Identify resources that may provide energy
saving and production opportunities at sites.
Provide an example of an energy saving check-
list for remediation systems, such as the
USAGE has done for groundwater pump-and-
treat systems using Remedial System Evalua-
tion (RSE) checklists. A number of RSE
checklists are available from USAGE, inclu-
ding those on pump-and-treat systems, landfill
gas collection, and soil vapor extraction
systems. These checklists do not explicitly
address ways to increase energy efficiency or
conservation, but do offer suggestions for
reducing energy requirements.
Present findings of case studies (checklist use,
etc) and ways project managers can save or
produce renewable energy at their sites.
3.0 Classification of Remedies
Federally mandated waste cleanup programs
include Superfund, RCRA, UST, and Brownfields.
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The Superfund program was
established to clean up
abandoned hazardous waste
sites; RCRA to make sure
operating sites handle waste
properly; the UST program to
manage the storage in under-
ground storage tanks and
releases of hazardous sub-
stances from them; and
Brownfields to help communi-
ties identify, cleanup, and
reuse contaminated properties.
Environmental remediation
technologies have been used
for decades to clean up
contaminated media at these
sites. The number of cleanup
technologies used today is
fairly extensive and their
energy requirements vary
widely. Energy audits (check-
lists), which need to be site-
specific, are affected by
factors such as equipment and
operational procedures used.
These factors vary by
technology and the state of its
development. Therefore,
checklists should be optimized
for the type of site under
consideration.
A generic checklist for a
No Decision
(158)11%
No Action or No
Further Action
6%
No ROD (158)
11%
Non-Treatment
Groundwater Remedy
Only (48)
3%
Other Source Control
Containment
and Other
(410)27%
(72)
5%
Containment or Off-
Site Disposal of a
Source (202)
13%
Treatment of Both a
Source and
Groundwater (365)
24%
Treatment (931) 62%
Treatment of a Source
Only(176)
12%
Treatment of
Groundwater Only
ROD = Record of Decision (390)
Includes information from an estimated 70% of FY 2002 RODs. 26%
(a) NPL sites include current sites and former NPL sites that were deleted or removed from the NPL between FY 1982 and 2002.
FIGURE 1 - Superfund Remedial actions: actual remedy types on the National Priorities List
(FY82-02). Total sites = 1,499.
Sites with Pump-and-Treat, In Situ Treatment, or Monitored Natural
Attenuation Selected as Part of a Groundwater Remedy (Total Site s = 851)
P&TandMNA(64)
8%
P&T Orty (556)
65%
P&TandlnSitu(63)
7%
In Situ Only (31)
4%
P&T, In Situ, and MNA
(30)
4%
h Situ and MNA(11)
1%
MNA Only (96)
11%
Includes information from an estimated 70% of FY 2002 RODs.
FIGURE 2 - Superfund remedial actions: groundwater treatment remedies
Superfund fund-lead site
(cleanup paid for by EPA) is
included in Appendix A. Project managers might
also use the checklist to suggest to potentially res-
ponsible parties (PRPs) how they can incorporate
energy saving measures at enforcement-lead sites
where PRPs pay for the cleanup.
The checklist in Appendix A was written as part of
a groundwater pump-and-treat optimization task
undertaken by OSWER's Office of Superfund
Remediation and Technology Innovation at two
Superfund fund-lead sites, and much of the infor-
mation is geared towards groundwater pump-and-
(FY 82-02)
treat systems. Questions applicable to other
specific remedies need to be developed for use at
other sites. USAGE RSE checklists provide
additional questions on specific remedies.(4)
Figures 1, 2, and 3, taken from Treatment Tech-
nologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report,
show statistics on types of waste cleanup technolo-
gies used at Superfund sites. (5) These techno-
logies also can be used at RCRA, UST, and Brown-
fields sites. Figure 1 shows types of remedy used at
Superfund sites; Figure 2 is a breakdown of
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Bioremediation (54)
6%
Thermal Desorption (69)
Chemical Treatment
(10)
1%
Incineration (off-site)
(104)
12%
Ex situ
Technologies
499 (58%)
groundwater remedies used at
Superfund sites. Source control
treatment technologies (physical,
chemical, and bio logical) applied to
soil and groundwater are presented
in Figure 3.
4.0 Data on Energy Production
and Conservation at Waste
Cleanup Sites
Energy production at waste sites
can be accomplished in a number of
ways. Wind-generated power, geo-
thermal power, and photovoltaic
cells are a few examples. Collec-
tion of methane gas from landfills
offers what may be the most widely used method of
energy production at waste sites. This will be
discussed in more detail in Section 4.1. Power from
photovoltaic cells has been used to operate irriga-
tion, drinking water, and groundwater extraction
wells, and at desalination facilities.
Incorporating energy generation into waste cleanup
systems facilitates operation of cleanup systems in
remote areas (such as mining sites) and may even
offer an opportunity for operators to sell power
back to a distribution system, advancing the goals
set forth in section 204 of Executive Order 13123.
Information in this section is based on data and
experiences from the U.S. and Europe. Some of
these sites (as the case studies show below) will be
able to sell enough energy to cover O&M expenses.
Additional information sources and websites are
listed in Appendix B.
4.1 Energy Generation at Two Landfill Sites
Some waste sites can actually serve as energy
sources. For example, electricity (so-called "green
power") can be generated by combustion of
naturally produced methane emitted at many land-
fills. More information on energy recovery from
landfill gas is available from USAGE.(6)
Incineration (on-site) Physical Separation
(43) ^ (20)
5%
Soil Vapor Extraction
(213)
25% In situ
Technologies
364 (42%)
Bioremediation (48)
Solidification/
Stabilization (48)
Flushing (16)
Other (in situ) (27)
3%
Chemical Treatment
(12)
'Includes information from an estimated 70% of FY 2002 RODs.
FIGURE 3 - Superfund remedial actions: source control treatment projects (FY 82-02)
4.1.1 Case Study 1: Microturbine Use at
Operating Industries Inc. (Oil) Landfill,
Monterey Park, CA
The Operating Industries Inc. Landfill in Monterey
Park, California, is a closed 190-acre landfill
divided into north and south parcels by the Pomona
Freeway. It operated from 1948 to 1984 and was
listed as a Superfund site in 1986. It contains an
estimated 3 8 million cubic yards of municipal solid
waste and more than 330 million gallons of liquid
industrial waste. The remedy for the South Parcel
includes a cap and a landfill gas collection system
that extracts high BTU-value methane at a rate of
2,500 cubic ft/min for treatment and use as fuel to
power a microturbine system that generates
electricity.
Pretreatments are required for landfill gas. Typical-
ly, landfill gas is run through an air/water separator
and a particulate filter before it is introduced into
systems such as microturbines. The off-gas from
microturbine systems also needs to be treated to
remove sulfur-containing compounds.
Microturbines are an example of a distributed
electrical generation facility, which means that it
does not need to be hooked up to the grid to be
useable. They can operate on many types of fuel,
including landfill gas. Microturbines are presently
available in 30kW, 70kW, 80kW, and lOOkW
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units. For more information on microturbines, see
the EPA website "Inside The Greenhouse."(7)
Such systems offer many benefits:
Tolerance of lower methane content fuels (35
percent methane, perhaps less).
Low nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions (lower
than one tenth of the NOx emissions of recip-
rocation engines).
Government grants, such as EPA's Landfill
Methane Outreach Program (LMOP), may be
available for microturbine application.(8)
Microturbine Costs
Capital costs for a microturbine are about $2500
per kW of capacity. The long-term nonfuel opera-
tion and maintenance costs are between 1.5 and 2
cents per kWh. This compares favorably with the
15 cents perkWh charged to commercial/industrial
customers in California. Note that utility costs in
the United States will vary with location. Accor-
ding to the ENERGYSTAR website, the national
average cost is 8.47 cents per kWh.(9)
Construction Costs
Construction costs totaled $1.05 million plus utility
interconnection costs of $105,000 to install the
system of six microturbines. Projected O&M costs
are 2 cents per kWh. Annual estimated cost savings
in excess of $400,000 are anticipated.
The landfill operators shared a number of lessons
learned from the implementation of their micro-
turbine system:
Brief stakeholders early in the process. This
includes local utilities, any land use contacts
(in this case the state transportation agency,
CalTrans), and federal, state, and local
environmental agencies.
Obtain a "power interconnection" application
(to sell power back to the grid) from the utility
first, as this is a critical path item. The local
electrical utility may not want to purchase back
excess power, or even allow hook up to the
grid if extra, supplemental power is needed.
Ensure that the microturbine system can accept
the fuel that the landfill can provide to operate
their turbines. Not all microturbines accept all
mixtures of fuels.
Research the microturbine manufacturer that
you plan to use. Often, experience is limited to
the equipment and support stops once the sale
is made. Operators should also be concerned
with hookup, testing, operation and mainten-
ance, etc. A turnkey operation, which provides
a completely operational product upon
delivery, is most desirable.
USAGE recommends getting a service contract
for the microturbine system, which details the
costs and time for implementation of the
system.
4.1.2 Case Study 2: Power From Landfill Gas,
Douglas County Landfill, Omaha, Nebraska
The Omaha Public Power District (OPPD) installed
an energy recovery system at the Douglas County
landfill near Elk City, Nebraska. Though it is not a
Superfund or RCRA subtitle C corrective action
site, but rather a licensed county landfill, it can
provide useful case study information for a
Superfund or RCRA site. OPPD was one of four
national winners of an EPA award under the
Landfill Methane Outreach Program.
The landfill currently generates 1150 cubic feet per
minute (cfm) of gas with a composition of 51
percent methane, 46 percent carbon dioxide, 2
percent nitrogen, and Ipercent oxygen. The landfill
gas is fuel for four Caterpillar 800 kW internal
combustion (1C) engines that provide a total of
3200 kW (gross) and 3056 kW (net) power
generating capacity. A gas chromatograph provides
continuous monitoring and periodic recording of
landfill gas compositions. Automatic shutdown and
remote alarms prevent engine damage or air
emission violations. The gas generation is expected
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to peak in the year 2038 with the potential to
generate 18 MW of electricity. Landfill gas produc-
tion is expected to decrease in 2058. A minimum
methane concentration of 45 to 47 percent is
needed to run the engines. Gas wells on the landfill
are spaced at 300-foot centers with 10 inches of
water vacuum at the well-head, 25 to 30 inches of
water vacuum at the inlet to the blower on the
landfill, and 5 inches of water at the exit of the
blower. A positive displacement blower in the
generator building raises the gas pressure before it
enters the 1C engines. The only pretreatment of the
gas is condensate removal in knockout tanks on the
landfill and in the generator building. Neither
production rate nor gas composition show seasonal
differences.
New Source Performance Standards require that 98
percent of the nonmethane organic chemicals in the
gas be removed. To meet this requirement initially,
landfill gas was flared while the power station was
under constructed. The flare has a 750 to 3000 cfm
capacity. The completed generating facility does
not use all available gas, and the flare is maintained
to burn the excess. The gas is conveyed from the
landfill to the generating building in buried 18-inch
HDPE pipes. Condensate is trucked to the landfill
and discharged into a shallow reinfiltrate sump on
the landfill. The 1C engines run continuously with
an online utilization factor of nearly 100 percent.
An operator is at the site 40 hours per week, with
one on call the rest of the time. Engine oil is
changed every 600 hours; cylinder head overhaul is
done annually; and engine rebuilding is done every
five years. An additional facility may be built near
this one in the future to use the additional gas
generated from landfill sections receiving wastes.
The energy recovery facility is owned by OPPD
and operated and maintained by Waste Manage-
ment, Inc. (WMI), which also operates the landfill.
1C engines-generators are in a 30- by 150-foot
generator building. The switching gear and office/
maintenance area are in separate parts of the
building. Electricity generated, part of the OPPD
base load, goes underground to a pole 300 feet
from the building and then to an above ground line
where it enters the distribution system.
Findings
Landfill operators incorporate green power produc-
tion into their operations for these reasons:
Energy generation is an alternative to landfill
off-gas treatment, thereby eliminating the need
for an additional air pollution permit.
Energy generation may provide energy self-
sufficiency at the site.
Energy production is in compliance with
Executive Order 13123, Section 204 (Renew-
able Energy).
This operation makes the purchaser of green
power eligible for the Green Power Energy
Award, by the Department of Energy, through
its Federal Energy Management Program .(10)
Such incentives for green power purchase are
tightly linked with the local demand for green
power.
4.2 Energy Conservation at Pump-and-Treat
Remediation Sites
The following energy-saving case studies were
derived from a process funded by EPA aimed at
optimizing O&M of groundwater pump-and-treat
remedial systems at Superfund sites. Although
these two cases describe groundwater pump-and-
treat systems, the process also is applicable to other
cleanup technologies. EPA researched only two
sites in the study; therefore the reported findings
are limited by the small sample size.
4.2.1 Case Study 3: Groveland Wells Visit
(5/1/02)
This site in Massachusetts was the location of a
plastics and metal parts manufacturing business.
Between 1969 and 1984, contaminants were
released from the site as a result of discharges and
spills. Two municipal drinking water wells were
closed as a result of the contamination. Cleanup
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remedies include ultraviolet (UV)/oxidation treat-
ment of volatile organic compound (VOC)-con-
taminated ground water and monitored natural
attenuation for the "lower concentration" portions
oftheVOCplume.(ll)
Energy-intensive UV/oxidation techno logy, which
completely destroys the contaminants, was chosen
for the cleanup in part to alleviate community
concerns expressed during the public comment
period. Contaminant destruction, not just transfer
to another media, was preferred.
The UV lamps in these systems typically use a lot
of power. For example, a 350 gallon per minute
(gpm) groundwater pump-and-treat system may
need 3250 kWh of power to run 24 hours a day
with a UV/H2O2 system. In this case, actual
groundwater contamination concentrations were far
lower than the system was designed to remediate.
As such, the system may have been over-designed
for this particular application.
The contractor designed the remediation system to
specification at a fixed price cost, which included
a building, equipment, redundancies, monitoring,
sampling, and analysis. Energy was not explicitly
addressed in contracts, O&M procedures, or
directives. Energy consumption and costs might
have been controlled through a lump sum O&M
contract rather than the contractual method used at
this site.
In this case, fundamental remedy changes would
require reopening the Record of Decision (ROD),
but would save energy by replacing the UV/
oxidation system with an alternative VOC treat-
menttechnology. Any additional benefits of energy
conservation or production options would require
changes in the overall site management strategy,
but a less energy intensive system probably would
not have been accepted by this community, which
specifically wanted a contaminant destruction tech-
nology implemented rather than a transfer tech-
nology. Cost sharing is another consideration: at
this site, EPA pays for the first 10 years of O&M,
after which the state assumes responsibility.
4.2.2 Case Study 4: Bog Creek Farms Site Visit
(6/19/02)
This site in semirural Monmouth County, New
Jersey, contains elevated levels of VOCs and other
contaminants in groundwater. A four-acre disposal
area was located on the 12-acre Bog Creek Farm
site, which contained a pond, bog, and trench. In
1973 and 1974, organic solvents and paint residues
were dumped around a trench in the eastern part of
the property. Waste sampling revealed a wide
variety of VOCs and heavy metals. The source of
the waste was believed to be offsite and was
transported and disposed in onsite trenches.
Remedies for the site included excavation, re-
grading, and groundwater pump-and-treat. Pump-
and-treat includes extraction, multistage treatment,
and reinjection. Multistage treatment involved an
oil/water separator, equalization tank, pH adjust-
ment tank, chemical addition coagulation/floccula-
tion tanks, Lamella clarification/thickening system,
Dynasand up-flow filter, two air strippers, two
liquid stream carbon adsorbers, three air stream
carbon adsorbers, two effluent holding tanks, one
plate filter press, chemical feed systems, and other
support systems and equipment.
A number of energy saving opportunities were
observed. The treatment system was incrementally
designed and installed. System components from
the source control phase (during which bog and
groundwater were treated) were reused. Structures
were added in 1996. A batch treatment system was
used and there appeared to be many redundancies
in the treatment train.
Operational delays, including power interruptions,
have occurred. Space heating for equipment and
operators in separate buildings is a significant
energy use.(12) Heated buildings are insulated but
"natural" infiltration (open doors and louvers) is
used to operate the treatment equipment and
control vapors from open-top tanks. The treatment
plant building was sized to house the tanks and
equipment to treat ground water at a flow rate up to
160 gpm.
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The treatment system operates five days per week,
with extraction continuing the other two days, until
the 78,000 gallon equalization tank reaches
capacity. The system was designed for semi-
continuous treatment, rendering the design flow
rate much higher than that required for continuous
extraction and treatment. If the system was
redesigned for continuous extraction and treatment,
the design flow rate could be reduced to about 50
gpm, which would significantly reduce the energy
and space requirements for the treatment building.
Another, more obvious energy saving opportunity
involves reducing space heating demand.
Findings
EPA found that incremental energy saving and
production opportunities could result if certain
measures were taken. These measures included:
Implementing recommended changes from the
earlier RSE may have reduced energy con-
sumption and costs at both sites.
Automation of treatment equipment, though
some space conditioning (i.e., temperature
control) may still be required.
Elimination of natural infiltration in main
treatment building of Bog Creek Farms site
(cold air in the winter months).
Using distributed energy resources (DER),
defined as: "small-scale power generation
technologies (typically in the range of 3 to 10
kW) located close to where energy is used
(e.g., a home or business) would provide an
alternative to or an enhancement of traditional
electric power system."(13)
Heat generation using geothermal heat pumps
(GHPs) could be profitable (with a 4- to 5-year
payback derived from low cost and mainten-
ance). A geothermal source needs to be close
to the site to make it economically viable.
GHPs use the Earth as a heat sink in the
summer and a heat source in the winter, relying
on the relative warmth of the Earth for heating
or cooling. Through a system of underground
(or underwater) pipes, GHPs transfer heat from
the warmer earth or water source to the
building in the winter, and take the heat from
the building in the summer and discharge it
into the cooler ground or water source. As
such, GHPs do not generate heat, but move it
from one area to another. In the end, they use
25 to 50 percent less electricity than conven-
tional heating or cooling systems.(14)
Generic Audit Protocol
A generic energy audit protocol is shown in.
Appendix A. This generic checklist can be used as
a boilerplate for more technology-specific check-
lists. Figure 4 presents a quick look at some types
of energy saving items (specifically for ground-
water pump-and-treat systems) that are considered
in Appendix A.
Ground Water Extraction for Treatment
Well
No.
Pumping Rate (gpm)
Design
Actual
Mrs. pumping
per day
Dist. To Treat.
Unit (ft.)
Elevation Change to
Treatment Unit (ft.)
FIGURE 4(a) Energy saving items to be considered in audit checklists.
-------
Pumps, Motors & Other Equipment Used
Major
Component
Type
Wells
Served
Make/
Model
Capacity/
Size
No. Units
Power
Requirement/
Output
Mrs. Used/
day
FIGURE 4(b) Energy saving items to be considered in audit checklists.
4.3 Example of Cost Effectiveness at Pump and
Treat Sites
Mechanical and electrical components comprise a
cleanup system at a groundwater pump-and-treat
site. Among them are pumps, blowers, air compres-
sors, and other equipment. Many have motors with
different power requirements. The power is
measured as horsepower (hp) and the use depends
on the amount of air or water they must move and
how high they must move it. In some cases,
oversized motor-loads (pumps, blowers, etc.) may
have been used.
For example, assuming 75 percent motor efficiency
and $0.10/kilowatt-hour (kWh), 1 horsepower =
$70/month with the system running 24 hours/day
and 7 days/week.
Savings from replacing a 50-hp blower
with a 15-hp blower
50 hp x $70/month/hp $ 3,500/month
15 hp x $70/month/hp ( 1.050/monfli)
$2,450/month
Payoff time is less than one year, assuming a
capital cost of $25,000 to replace the blower. If you
use the average rate for power in California ($0.151
kWh), the operational cost would be greater. But
the savings would also be greater and the payoff
time even shorter than the example above (because
the equipment cost is constant).
Although a 50-hp motor running at only a 15-hp
rate would be inefficient compared to just using a
15-hp motor, the inefficiency would not likely
result in a savings as great as indicated above. You
may need to compare efficiency curves for the two
motors to see if the economics justify replacing the
50-hp motor with a 15-hp motor. The illustration is
added here to show the difference in cost to run the
two motors at full capacity.(15)
Findings
The following steps can be taken regularly to
reduce the use of oversized motors:
Inventory all motors.
Note their power requirements (in horse-
power).
Use manuals and O&M data to compare
specifications to the actual task.
Conduct a cost-benefit analysis of replacing
oversized equipment or installing a variable
speed drive that will allow an operator to
control its power usage.
Replace with equipment that demonstrates
significant cost savings (i.e., compare the cost
of replacement in a few years).
10
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4.4 Energy Saving Performance Contracts
According to the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE), more than 90 energy-saving performance
contract (ESPCs) delivery orders have been
awarded.(16) ESPCs, which are agreements with
energy service companies (ESCOs), also are widely
used in Europe for identifying and evaluating
energy-saving opportunities on projects.
Under an ESPC, an ESCO will identify and
evaluate energy-saving opportunities and then
recommend a package of improvements to be paid
for through savings. The ESCO will guarantee that
savings meet or exceed annual payments to cover
all project costs, usually over a contract term of 7
to 10 years. If savings do not materialize, the
ESCO pays the difference. To ensure savings, the
ESCO offers staff training and long-term mainten-
ance services. This service, often used for energy
use in buildings, may have an application to waste
cleanup sites and could be investigated on a case-
by-case basis.
Many types of energy saving improvements can be
funded through existing budgets, as illustrated in
Figure 5. This particular illustration, from DOE,
shows various cost savings that can be realized in
the overall budget once these ESCO contracting
techniques are implemented.
ESPCs Reallocate the Federal Customer's Payments
for Energy and Energy-Related Operations A Maintenance
Expenses (E + O&M)
Before
ESPC Contract
During
After
ESPC Contract
FIGURE 5 Energy Related Expense Illustration
ESPC = Energy Saving Performance Contract
ESCO = Energy Service Company
Source: www.eren.doe.gov/femp/fmancing/espc/how.html
Rarely is a waste cleanup site project's design and
construction contract associated with its O&M
contract. This can be the weak link in trying to save
money over the life of the project because the
design has no connection to long-term operation.
Findings
DOE's Federal Energy Management Program
(FEMP) can help to secure financing for energy
efficiency improvements through Super Energy
Saving Performance Contracts (Super ESPCs).
Through ESPCs, federal agencies can improve
energy efficiency at their facilities without
depending on congressional appropriations for
capital improvements. ESPCs also help meet these
agencies meet energy, water, and emissions-
reduction goals.(10)
Project managers can take a screening test to find
out if an ESPC may help. Based on experience
from more than 90 ESPC projects at federal
properties (see www.eren.doe.gov/femp/financing/
espc/how.html), FEMP's technical and project
financing experts can provide:
Help to determine which contracting mechan-
ism best fits your need.
Education and advisory support to agency staff
on legal, technical, financial, and contractual
issues.
Training for agency acquisition teams.
User-friendly guidance documents.
Help in developing requests for initial propo-
sals and task or delivery orders.
Help in reviewing price and technical propo-
sals.
Experienced proj ect facilitators to guide you in
developing and implementing a project.
4.5 Incorporating Energy Audits Into Remedial
Systems Evaluation (RSE) Checklists
Two specific groundwater remedy case studies are
11
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presented in Section 4.2. In this section, energy-
saving questions are proposed for other waste
cleanup technologies. USAGE has helped EPA
develop checklists for project managers to use for
optimizing various remediation systems. As
mentioned above, these are called "RSE checklists"
and provide useful information for this issue paper.
RSE checklists look at savings through manpower
reduction, reduced energy needs (usually reduction
in electrical use), and reduced chemical use. Ways
to reduce energy at waste cleanup sites are
included in these checklists. Energy production
from using landfill gas or installing photovoltaic
solar arrays on the site are normally not considered
during RSE inspections. Although RSE checklists
do not address energy savings during the design
phase, they could be considered.
One suggestion for the most effective direction for
energy conservation and production at waste
cleanup sites is to create tailored checklists that
apply to individual technologies. Energy efficiency
items extracted from the USAGE RSE checklists
are included in the following sections.
General
Determine if the treatment operation is still
necessary or whether influent concentrations
have decreased such that operation can be
terminated.
Are more cost-effective treatment alternatives
available to meet treatment requirements? Any
modifications should be based on present
worth analysis compared to operating cost of
the current system.
Electrical rates are often based on peak loads.
The higher the peak load, the higher the
electrical rate per kWh. Thus, reducing the
peak load may reduce electrical energy costs.
Contact the electrical utility for rates. Peak
loads can be reduced by sequencing motor
startups, doing high energy batch operations
separately, using variable frequency motor
drives on wells that start at low frequencies
and increasing frequency slowly to reduce
peak load during startup, starting up large
pumping wells separately, shutting down
pumping wells during peak load hours if the
cone of depression can be maintained without
operating the wells 100 percent of the time or
by pumping more during off-peak hours each
day, lowering building lights in unoccupied
process areas, and monitoring building air for
compliance with OSHA standards to see if air
exchanges in the building can be reduced.
Metals Precipitation
Are mixing rates the same as those in the
design specifications? Perform mixing calcula-
tions to see if mixing energy can be reduced
and still meet treatment requirements. During
some RSE inspections, metals precipitation
units were treating only iron and/or calcium to
prevent fouling of downstream equipment. In
these situations, bypassing the unit completely
or installing a less expensive method of
removing or sequestering the iron and calcium
may be evaluated.
Activated Carbon Adsorption Units
If spent carbon is regenerated on site, can
energy be saved? Are the inlet gas flow rates
the same as those in the design specifications?
For vapor phase granular activated carbon
(GAC), calculate the gas loading rate and
verify that it is less than 80 cfm/sq ft (prefer-
ably between 20 and 60 cfm/sq ft). For liquid
phase GAC, calculate the liquid loading rate
(normally 1-7 gpm/cu ft). (Higher loading
rates will cause high pressure drop and high
energy use.)
How are the carbon beds monitored for
contaminant breakthrough to determine when
regeneration is necessary? (Changing carbon
beds before they break through will require
more energy to regenerate them or more energy
to manufacture new carbon. Accurate monitor-
ing and estimation of carbon bed breakthrough
12
-------
should be part of the system, so as to get full
use out of the beds).
Have concentrations in the influent to the bed
dropped enough to allow the beds to be shut
down?
When two GAC vessels are configured in
series, the lead vessel can usually be allowed
to breakthrough, as the lag vessel will prevent
unacceptable levels of contaminants from
being released in the effluent.
Air Stripping
Determine if the air stripper operation is still
necessary, or whether the influent concentra-
tions decreased so that the operation can be
terminated.
Are the liquid and vapor flow rates the same as
those in the design specifications? Perform air
stripper design calculations and check the
manufacturers design information to see if the
air rate can be reduced and still meet the
desired treatment requirements. The air rate
can often be reduced if the water flow rate has
decreased.
Compare the present air emissions to the
regulatory limits to determine if the off-gas
treatment (carbon, thermal oxidation, etc.) can
be reduced or discontinued.
Vapor/Off-Gas Blower and Piping System
A poor match of blower capacity and required
flow rate will affect process efficiency and
performance. O&M costs of a blower and
associated off-gas treatment may require a
significant long-term financial commitment.
Are the flow rates appropriate for effective
remediation in the current circumstances?
Check the submissions to verify that the
blowers or fans are appropriate for the
conditions.
Are any blowers throttled down to nearly shut-
off to achieve the required flow rate? (Severely
throttled blowers operate less efficiently and
may require more maintenance.)
Vapor Extraction Subsurface Performance
Are monitoring points distributed adequately
to determine vacuum distribution, flow paths,
or containment? Incorrectly distributed vacuum
wells may result in more air flow than is
needed for adequate vapor capture.
Filtration System Performance
Have contaminants or contaminant concentra-
tions in the water stream changed to the extent
that other treatment alternatives are more
energy efficient?
Groundwater Extraction System Subsurface Perfor-
mance
Is the pumping properly distributed to capture
the plume with minimum total volume of water
for treatment? (Poorly distributed pumping
may result in more energy use than is needed
to contain the plume.)
If the cleanup objectives have not yet been
met, but an asymptote reached, has mass
removal been sufficient to allow the extraction
system to be turned off and monitored natural
attenuation used to achieve the cleanup
objective?
Bioventing Subsurface Performance
Are the pressure/vacuum distributions consis-
tent with design predictions? Does the pres-
sure/vacuum distribution (in three dimensions)
indicate good oxygen delivery and prevention
of migration to potential receptors? Is the air
injection or extraction properly distributed
among the wells to optimally treat the target
zone effectively? Improving the distribution
may increase the amount of energy needed.
13
-------
Has the system been evaluated to determine if
blowers can be replaced by a passive bio-
venting system? The Department of Defense,
under the Environmental Security Technology
Certification Program, funded a demonstration
of such a system where natural pressure drives
the system.(17)
Landfill Off-Gas Treatment
If the landfill gas supplied to the thermal oxi-
dation unit is approaching the lower operating
limit for methane concentration or if the gas
generation rate has decreased significantly,
consider the following to reduce energy use:
vent the landfill gas to the atmosphere, if
permissible; replace the thermal oxidizer with
a smaller or more efficient unit; determine if
retrofit and replacement of the burner with a
small unit is feasible; determine if the carbon
units are still required, or if the flare unit alone
can provide the required destruction efficiency.
Is there enough landfill off-gas to capture and
use as a fuel? Is there a market to make energy
production economically viable? Would the
future land use for the site allow for siting of
photovoltaic arrays for possible energy genera-
tion? (See case study in Section 4.1).
In-Situ Air Sparging Subsurface Performance
Has the system reached its cleanup objectives?
Is the operation still necessary or have the
concentrations decreased so that the operation
can be terminated?
If the cleanup objectives have not yet been
met, but an asymptote reached, can the system
be turned off and monitored natural attenuation
be allowed to achieve the cleanup objective?
Is the air flow unevenly distributed among the
various wells in amultiwell system? Improving
the distribution may decrease the amount of
energy needed. Uneven distribution may be
due to incorrect flow control valve settings,
differences in depth of water in various wells,
well clogging, inconsistent well construction,
or significantly different pressure drops in
certain piping legs.
Advanced Oxidation Technologies
Can any of the UV lamps be turned off without
reducing treatment efficiency?
Do any of the lamps need to be replaced?
Lamp life varies based on the type of lamp
used. The low-wattage lamps typically have a
useful life of one year. Medium-pressure and
medium-pressure doped lamps have a useful
life of less than six months. Although the
lamps may still be operable, they may lose the
ability to emit light at the wavelengths neces-
sary to oxidize the contaminants.
Extraction. Inj ection. and Monitoring Wells Perfor-
mance
Poor well performance can result in increased
energy costs. This poor performance can be
caused by poor selection of well location or
screened interval, poor screen design, selection
of inappropriate well construction materials,
poor construction, ineffective development,
and inappropriate pump selection.
Vapor Thermal Oxidation Performance
Evaluate replacing a simple thermal oxidizer or
flare with a catalytic reactor if the vapor treat-
ment will continue for a long time. This per-
mits oxidation at a lower operating temperature
and uses less auxiliary fuel. Initial costs are
high, so the advantages and disadvantages
must be evaluated carefully before replacing
the existing unit.(18)
4.6 Analyzing Energy Related Problems
In Europe, graphical tools called "Sankey Diag-
rams" are widely used to visualize energy balances.
In other words, they are used to display energy
flows and quantitative process relationships. The
purpose of the diagram is twofold:
14
-------
To show how much relative quantities of
energy are being used by the system, and
To provide the user with potential oppor-
tunities for making energy-saving
changes by concentrating on the most
energy intensive activities.
The end result is a thorough understanding of
all the process steps and their interrelation-
ship. Sankey diagrams have proven to be an
outstanding tool in environmental technology
projects for analyzing material and energy
related problems.
Sankey diagrams help to easily identify where
energy needs originate, where the maximum
consumption is directed, and where the place
for changes with maximum impact in the
system exists.
The flows can also be partitioned according
to their end use. At each partition, some of
the resource flow may be lost as waste or
leakage. The ratio between the input resource
flow and the useable output is a measure of
the primary efficiency of the resource system.
When resources are partitioned into end-uses,
calculating a secondary or "eco-efficiency" is
possible. This refers to the ratio of useable
input to the total use value (or service)
provided by the system. Use-value is reduced by
waste or leakage; it is increased to the extent that
the resource flows incorporate looping or
cascading of flows (/'. e., the recycling or reuse of
the resource by the same or other end uses).
Software is available to help draw a Sankey
diagram. It can be one of the tools used by the
project manager to analyze the energy flows at
waste cleanup sites. Sankey diagrams allow you to
visualize cost information as well. The Sankey
diagram in Figure 6 could represent a complete
treatment system and its power needs. It illustrates
the small and large flows of energy resources or
cost, according to the functional input (e.g., well
motors, air strippers, lighting, etc), and can be
100% (5,928 GJ/y, 177,500 nf/y)
energy content of natural gas (20% energy savings)
70.7% (4,188 GJ/y = 125,000 rrWy)
all other sources
30.5% (1,807
40.2% (4,188 GJ/y) GJ/y)
Co-generation Units heating units &
(CgU) recuperation
19.4%
(1,152
GJ/y)
energy
from CgU
29.3%
(1,740 GJ/y,
52,000 mVy)
technology
24.9%
(1,480 GJ/y)
technology
19.7%
(1.174
GJ/y)
>chnology
M
(257 GJ/y)/ /
4.4% (261 GJ/y) loss
from the heating unit
3.3% (195 GJ/y)
loss from the
technology pipeline
1.86% {110GJ/y) loss
from distribution
FIGURE 6 Example Sankey Diagram
usedto increase system conservation. By observing
the energy needs of the input and output
requirements from a top level view, a system
operator might be able to make appropriate changes
to the energy load to reduce energy needs without
affecting required outputs.(19)
5.0 Summary
Information and tools are available for successful
implementation of energy conservation and produc-
tion at waste cleanup sites. Four case studies were
presented, including three Superfund sites, to illus-
trate consideration of energy efficiency at remedial
sites. A number of findings were compiled.
15
-------
In addition to the energy saving opportunities
observed at the three visited sites, there also may
be a number of opportunities for energy production
at waste sites. Depending on the waste site charac-
teristics, these energy production opportunities
may include methane gas collection at landfills,
geothermal production, wind turbine generation, or
the use of waste cleanup site land (e.g., landfill
surface) for the staging of photovoltaic arrays.
5.1 Site Visit Findings
The site visit findings, which are qualitative, can be
summarized as follows:
Greater awareness and skill building for
improved performance will be required to
achieve improvements.
An integrated, life cycle perspective is needed.
The designer of a waste cleanup system should
work closely with the end-user or operator of
that system to ensure efficient energy use by
the system.
Energy use may not be the driver for cost
savings, but should be considered in a broader
evaluation. Although waste remediation sys-
tems can be quite costly, the energy piece
appeared to be "relatively small" at the two
groundwater sites.
As a result of case studies presented here, the
present state of considering energy production
or conservation at waste cleanup sites appears
underused. Energy efficiency at these sites may
be achieved by implementing various regula-
tory, communication, and economic measures.
6.0 Acknowledgments and Contacts
This paper has been written to help project
managers and others become aware of the need to
consider energy efficiency at waste cleanup sites.
It is a first step in conserving and possibly produ-
cing energy at waste cleanup sites.
Compiling this information was an effort for which
many people should receive credit. Mr. Ed Mead
brought ideas from USAGE on incorporating
energy audits into existing RSE checklists. Thanks
are also in order to members of the Superfund
Forums and especially to the Engineering Forum,
which accepted the original proposal. In particular,
thanks to the individuals from throughout U.S.
EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers who
took the time to review this issue paper, including
Jon Bornholm (Region 4), David Burden
(NRMRL-Ada), Charles Coyle (USAGE), William
Crawford (USAGE), Ed Finnerty (Region 2), Rene
Fuentes (Region 10), Derrick Golden (Region 1),
Timonie Hood (Region 9), Sven-Erik Kaiser
(OSWER), Ivars Licis (NRMRL-Cincinnati), Kelly
Madalinski (OSWER), Ed Mead (USAGE), Kendra
Morrison (Region 8), Martha Otto (OSWER),
Nancy Porter (OSWER), and Lance Richman
(Region 9).
Contacts
Michael Gill
ORD Hazardous Substances Technical Liaison
U.S. EPA Region 9 / SFD-84
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-972-3054
415-947-3520 (fax)
Gill.Michael@epa.gov
Katarina Mahutova
International Research Scientist
U.S. EPA Region 10
1200 6th Avenue (OEA-095)
Seattle, WA 98101
206-553-6287
206-5 5 3-0119 (fax)
mahutova.katarina@epa.gov
Ed Mead
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
12565 West Center Road
Omaha, NE 68144-3869
(402) 697-2576
(402) 697-2595 (fax)
s.ed.mead^.usace.army.mil
16
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7.0 References
1) U.S. Department of Energy. Presidential
Executive Order 13123, "Greeningthe Govern-
ment Through Efficient Energy Management."
June 3, 1999. Available at: www.eere.energy.
gov/femp/resources/exec 13123 .html.
2) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "One
Cleanup Program" website: www.epa.gov/
swerrims/onecleanupprogram/.
3) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
"Resource Recovery Challenge" (RCC). Avail-
able at: www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/
index.htm.
4) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers "Remedial
Systems Evaluation Checklists." Available at:
www.environmental.usace.army.mil/library/
guide/rsechk/rsechk.html.
5) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
"Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup :
Annual Status Report (11th Edition)." U.S.
EPA, EPA-542-R-03-009, February 2004,.
Available at: www.clu-in.org/products/asr.
6) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TL 1110-1-
160, "Engineering and DesignLandfill Off-
Gas Collection and Treatment Systems."
Available at: www.usace.army.mil/
publications/eng-tech-ltrs/etl 1110-1 -160/
toe .html.
7) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002.
EPA-430-N-02-002. "Inside The Greenhouse."
Available at: www.epa.gov/globalwarming/
greenhouse/greenhouse 17/benefits.html.
8) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Land-
fill Methane Outreach Program." Available at:
www .epa.gov/lmop.
9) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
"Energy Star." Available at: www.energystar.
gov/products/utilityyrates. shtml.
10) U.S. Department of Energy. "Federal Energy
Management Program.'
eere.energy.gov/femp.
Available at: www.
11) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
"Groveland Wells, MA Record of Decision."
Available at: cfpub.epa.gov/superrods/rodslist.
cfm?msiteid=0100750.
12) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Bog
Creek Farms, NJ Record of Decision." Avail-
able at: cfpub.epa.gov/superrods/rodslist.cfm?
msiteid=0200397.
13) State of California. "California Distributed
Energy Resource Guide." Available at: www.
energy.ca.gov/distgen.
14) U.S. Department of Energy. "Consumer
Energy Information: EREC Fact Sheet,
GeoThermal Heat Pumps." Available at: www.
eere.energy.gov/erec/factsheets/geo_heatpum
ps.html.
15) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002.
"Elements for Effective Management of
Operating Pump-and-Treat Systems." EPA
542-R-02-009.
16) U.S. Department of Energy. "Federal Energy
Management Program: Super ESPC Awarded
Contracts." Available at: www.eere.energy.
gov/femp/financing/e spc/awards .html.
17) Environmental Security Technology
Certification Program (ESTCP) Bioventing
Study, "Natural Pressure-Driven Passive
Bioventing." 1997. Available at: www.estcp.
org/projects/cleanup/199715o.cfm.
18) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992.
A.J. Buonicore and W.T. Davis (editors). "Air
Pollution Engineering Manual." EPA-456/R-
95-003. Air and Waste Management Associa-
tion, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY.
19) "Sankey Diagram of Energy Flow in
DeMiclen, Levice, Slovakia." 2000. Atom,
Prague, Czech Republic, Translated and
modified by Mahutova, K.
17
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18
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APPENDIX A: Example of Audit Protocol
Energy Conservation and Production at Waste Cleanup Sites
for Fund-Lead Superfund Sites
(Audit Protocol)
Background
Facility/Site Name:
Street Address:
City:
State, Zip:
Phone:
Total Site Size (acres):
Site Contact:
Position/Responsibility:
Employer:
RPMName:
Principal Contaminants Present:
Human Health/Environmental Threats:
Phone No.:
Summary of Site Conceptual Model:
System Goals and Exit Strategy.
General Remedial Strategies Employed
Source Control:
Groundwater Plume Capture:
Groundwater Treatment:
Effluent Management:
Air Pollutant Emissions Management:
Treatment Residue Management:
Monitoring:
Other:
Health & Safety Plan required?
A-l
-------
Site Visit
Visit Leader:
Affiliation: .
Day 1
Date:
Auditor Name:
Time of Arrival:
Weather Conditions:
Hazards Present?
Day 2
Site Visit Participants:
Name:
Affiliation:
Comments:
Initial Meeting Comments:
Walk-Through Observations:
General Site Conditions
Equipment is in good repair?
Access controls in place and effective?
Site free of trash and uncontrolled materials?
Site personnel appear to be knowledgeable of all major site
conditions/issues?
Equipment and processes are consistent with site
background documents and periodic reports?
Yes
No
Comments
Site Staffing and Operation
No. full-time remedial systems operators:
Daily commuting distance and travel mode(s):
Vehicle miles traveled/day:
Name(s):
No. part-time remedial systems operators:
Periodic commuting distance and travel mode(s):.
Vehicle miles traveled/month:
A-2
-------
Buildings and other Permanent Structures
Building No. / Name
Purpose(s)
No.
floors
Total
Area
(sq. ft.)
Year built/
renovated
Scheduled
Occupation
(days/hrs.)
Building Systems
Building/Structure No./Name:
System/Function
Building shell
(walls, roof,
insulation,
windows, doors)
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation
Lighting
Hot water
Potable water
Sanitary waste
Major
Components
Makes/
Models
Capacity/
Size
No.
Units
Power
Requirement/
Output
Energy/
Power
Source
Hrs.
Used/
day
Are ENERGY STAR products being used?.
Where and for what?
Are EO 13123 goals being considered/actively pursued?
Has an energy audit been performed?
Have energy efficient doors and windows been installed?
Do the buildings feel drafty? Stuffy?
Does the illumination seem adequate?
What is the approximate plug load of equipment & machines in each building1?
REMEDIAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION
Source Control
Are activities consistent with strategy?.
If not, explain:
Percent complete:
A-3
-------
Material Removal
Material Removed:
Off-site?
Moved
Rate
(tons/mo.)
Cumulative
(tons)
Material Movement/Transportation Methods & Equipment
Equipment
Type
Make/Model
Capacity
Engine
Size/Power
Hrs. Used/day
Off-Site Management
Material
Transported:
Name
Destination
(City/County)
Location
Distance
Required?
(miles)
Permit
On-Site Source Control Technologies
Strategy (circle one): SVE Soil Washing Stabilization Capping Run-On D
Major Component Type
Make/Model
Capacity/
Size
No. Units
iversion Other
Power
Requirement/
Output
Hrs.
Used/
day
A-4
-------
Groundwater Plume Capture
Strategy Employed:
Active / Passive (circle one) Stage of Implementation/Percent Complete.
Plume Containment through Groundwater Pumping
Well No.
Pumping Rate (gpm)
Design
Actual
Destination
Distance from
Well (ft)
Elevation
Change (ft)
Disposition of Extracted Water:
Other Containment System Components
Component Type
Make/Model
Capacity/Size
No. Units
Power
Requirement/
Output
Hrs.
Used/
day
Groundwater Extraction for Treatment
Well No.
Pumping Rate (gpm)
Design
Actual
Hrs. Pumping
per Day
Distance to
Treatment
Unit(ft)
Elevation Change to
Treatment Unit (ft)
A-5
-------
Pumps, Motors & Other Equipment Used
Major Component
Type
Wells
Served
Make/Model
Capacity/
Size
No.
Units
Power
Requirement/
Output
Hrs. Used/
day
Are valves throttled to control primary flow?
Are normally open pump bypass line(s) used for flow control or pump minimum flow protection?
Are multiple parallel pumps in place and number of operating pumps seldom changes?
Is a batch or cyclical start/stop system used with frequent pump cycling?
Is there significant cavitation noise at the pump or in the system?
Are system head or flow changes occurring? Should they?
Are variable speed drives installed? % of total
Are variable frequency motors installed to power the pumps?.
% of total
Groundwater Treatment
Description of Treatment Train:
Equipment Used
Major Component
Type
Wells
Served
Make/Model
Capacity/
Size
No.
Units
Power
Requirement/
Output
Hours
Used/Day
What is the rate/throughput limiting step or component? .
Which components are used in parallel?
Which are redundant/used for surge capacity or emergencies?.
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Effluent Management
Description of effluent management scheme:
Disposition
NPDES outfall
Reinjection
On-site use
Storage
(specify)
Other (specify)
Quantity
Design
Actual
Units
Discharge
Point
Distance to
Discharge
Point (ft.)
Elevation Change
to Discharge
Point (ft.)
Conveyance Equipment
Pumps, Motors & Other Equipment Used
Major Component
Type
Wells
Served
Make/
Model
Capacity/
Size
No.
Units
Power
Requirement/
Output
Hours
Used/day
Air Pollutant Emissions Management
Description of air emissions management scheme:
Control Method(s) (circle all that apply): Air Stripping GAC Filtration Cyclones Thermal
Oxidation Other (specify)
Component Type
Contaminant(s)
Removed
Make/Model
Capacity/
Size
No.
Units
Power
Requirement/
Output
Hrs. Used/
day
A-7
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What is the rate/throughput limiting step or component?
Which components are used in parallel?
Which are redundant/used for surge capacity or emergencies?
Are valves throttled to control primary air flow?
Is a batch or cyclical start/stop system used with frequent pump/compressor/fan cycling?
Are variable speed drives installed?
Are variable frequency motors installed?.
% of total.
% of total
Treatment Residue Management
Description of treatment residue management scheme:
Residue Name/
Type
Generation Point
Generation Rate
(tons/month)
Hazardous
Waste? (Yes/No)
Disposition on
Site? (Where?)
Residue Management Methods
Residue Name/Type
Method(s)
Purpose
Typical Impact
Residue Management Equipment
Equipment
Type
Make/Model
Capacity
Engine
Size/Power
Hrs. Used/day
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Off-Site Management
Material
Transported:
Name
Destination
(City/County)
Location
Distance
Required?
(miles)
Permit
Is interim storage used?
Location & Methods?
Duration?
Is material/energy recovered?
On-site disposal unit features.
Environmental Monitoring
Groundwater Monitoring
No. wells
Parameters evaluated
Shipping location, distance, and method for off-site lab analysis .
Frequency of Sampling.
Pumps, Motors & Other Equipment Used
Major Component
Type
Wells
Served
Make/
Model
Capacity/
Size
No.
Units
Power
Requirement/
Output
Hrs.
Used/day
Monitoring of Other Environmental Media
Medium
Parameters
Evaluated
Sampling
Method(s)
Sampling
Location(s)
Sampling
Frequency
Analysis
Method(s)
Powered equipment used:
Shipping location, distance, and method for off-site lab analysis:
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General Site Conditions and Practices
Process/Equipment Use and Interactions
Is heat recovery employed? Heat recovered from
Recovered heat used for at
Which processes/equipment are operated in batch mode?
Which processes/equipment are operated continuously? (24/7)
Which are operated?:
1st shift only:
Overnight/weekends
Instantaneously on demand.
When convenient
Operating Parameters and Costs
Are system components metered separately? If so, which ones? .
Has training on energy efficiency practices provided to designers & operators? .
Have energy performance/cost goals and metrics been established?
Are energy metrics normalized to throughput?
Are energy bills reviewed and analyzed?
Are energy consumption and cost trends monitored & investigated?.
Have equipment/system O&M schedules been developed?
Does documentation exist showing that they have been followed?
Is outsourced energy management (e.g., through a Super ESCO or UESC) available?.
Equipment Procurement Practices
All equipment purchased new? If not, note exceptions
Motor Master used to spec motors/ define operating conditions?
Other DOE OIT or other diagnostic tools used to specify equipment size/characteristics?
Energy Star or equivalent (top 25%) equipment specified?
Outsourced energy mgt. (Super ESCO/UESC) considered?
Performance Data
Operating hrs./mo. for overall treatment system:
No. of regulatory excursions:
Monthly electricity use (kWh):
Monthly gas use (cu. ft.):
Monthly energy costs ($):
No. of NOVs:
% of design optimum:
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APPENDIX B: Resources
Existing Relevant Data and References
Remedial Design/Remedial Action Handbook
U.S. EPA, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.
EPA 540-R-95-059, OSWER-9355.0-04B, 317 pp, June 1995.
www.epa.gov/superfund/whatissf/sfproces/rdrabook.htm
Comprehensive Five-Year Review Guidance
U.S. EPA, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.
EPA 540-R-01-007, OSWER Directive 9355.7-03B-P, 60 pp, June 2001
www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/5year/index.htm
Federal Government Websites
The following list of websites provide online, readily available sources of information and technical
assistance concerning energy efficiency and energy production technologies that may be of interest at all
waste cleanup sites. These websites were accurate as of January 26, 2004.
The listing provides for each site a brief description, specific features of interest, as appropriate, and an
indication of the site's overall utility for the purposes of energy efficiency at remedial sites.
Information is furnished on the following topics:
Federal agency energy efficiency/production programs
General interest energy efficiency industry and public sector programs, partnerships, and consortia
Technology-specific sites (solar, geothermal, wind, other)
Energy service companies and utility performance contractors
Relevant state and EPA regional energy-related web sites
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
www.epa.gov Main website for U.S. EPA
www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/ Website for EPA's Clean Energy Program. Basic information on
alternative energy resources, including solar, wind, biomass, geother-
mal, and hydropower, and links to relevant websites. Case studies of
federal facilities using or developing clean energy technologies.
www.epa.gov/chp This webpage described a voluntary EPA program called "Combined
Heat and Power" or CHP, a partnership which "seeks to reduce the
environmental impact of power generation by fostering the use of
CHP." CHP is described as "a more efficient, cleaner, and reliable
alternative to conventional generation."
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www.epa.gov/globalwarming/actions/waste/w-online.htm
EPA created this webpage, called "WARM", to help solid waste
planners and organizations track and voluntarily report greenhouse gas
emissions reductions and energy savings from several different waste
management practices. It employs a worksheet to describe the baseline
and alternative MSW management scenarios that can be compared.
You can enter material tonnage information and calculate landfill gas
emissions information.
www.epa.gov/mswclimate/greengas.pdf
This file is a solid waste management tool that is titled "A Lifecycle
Assessment of Emissions and Sinks."
U.S. Department of Energy
www.energy.gov
www.eren.doe.gov/
www.eren.doe.gov/femp
rredc.nrel.gov
www.eia.doe.gov
www.pnl.gov
Main website for U.S. Department of Energy
Website of DoE's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network
(EREN). Very comprehensive website covering energy efficiency and
renewable energy for all interested parties, broken down into individual
resource topics. Includes financing information for communities and
states, technology descriptions, links to other relevant technical and
government websites, and analytical tools.
Website for DoE's Federal Energy Management Program. Very
comprehensive website primarily targeting federal agencies. Large
section on technical assistance, including analytical tools, building
design, and energy guides. Includes information on the New Technical
Demonstration Program (NTDP), technologies index, and federal
facilities success stories.
Website for Renewable Resource Data Center (RReDC), supported by
DOE. Website includes information on biomass, geothermal, solar
radiation, and wind energy resources, as well as dynamic maps of
renewable energy resources that determine which energy technologies
are viable solutions throughout the United States. Each resource
section has software models, databases, and links to other relevant
sites.
Website of the Energy Information Administration. Website contains
official energy statistics about energy demand, use and production in
the United States from the U.S. government. Very useful when energy
use statistics are needed. Statistics grouped by geography, fuel, sector,
and price.
Website for the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Includes
information on innovative energy projects. Sections on energy and
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www.nrel.gov
eande.lbl.gov
www. sustainable. doe .gov
www.oit.doe.gov
www.eere.energy.gov/inventions/
Other Federal Websites
www.energystar.gov
www.gsa.gov
engineering, fuel cell technology, and the Decision Support for O&M
software program to determine equipment efficiency.
Website for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Very
comprehensive website with information on many energy resources.
Describes recent research projects and programs. Links to the Center
for Building and Thermal Systems, which has information on building
materials, geothermal, solar energy, test sites, publications access, and
computer models for energy analyses.
Website for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Energy and
Environment Division). Contains detailed information on the research
conducted at LBNL, as well as reports on energy use. Includes a
Building Technologies Program, which focuses on building
illumination and includes building energy analysis tools.
Website for DoE's Smart Communities Network website. Focuses on
sustainability. Topics covered include green buildings and financing,
including links to active funding opportunities throughout the country.
Includes many case studies of successful green buildings.
Website for DoE's Office of Industrial Technologies. They work in
partnership with U.S. industry to develop and deliver advanced
technologies that increase energy efficiency, improve environmental
performance, and boost productivity.
Also under DoE' s Office of Industrial Technologies, the Inventions and
Innovation (I&I) program provides financial assistance at two
levelsup to $40,000 (Category 1) or up to $250,000 (Category 2)
for conducting early development and establishing technical
performance of innovative energy saving ideas and inventions.
Website for the Energy Star Program. Energy Star products for home
and office applications are listed here. Includes products for lighting,
HVAC, windows, roofing.
Website for the GSA. Click through "Public Buildings" under
"Buildings" and "Energy Management" under "Services" to discover
a wealth of energy resources and resources available to public
facilities. Promotes cost-effective and environmentally friendly
utilities. Contact information provided, as well as links to related
websites, publications, policies, and recent news.
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www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/Library/Climate/ec.html
Website for the DoD's Defense Environmental Network and
Information Exchange (DENIX) for Energy Conservation. List of
relevant documents, presentations, and resources on DENIX.
www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codej/codeje/je_site/energy/about_energy.html
Website for NASA's Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation
(EEWC) Program. Promotes saving water and energy and reducing
costs. Site includes links to regulations, NASA policies, training
courses, agency contacts, and other energy links.
General Energy Websites
www.crest.org
Website for the Renewable Energy Policy Project and the Center for
Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology (REPP-CREST). Has
information about renewable energy, efficiency, and sustainable
development. Separate sections for policy, hydropower, bioenergy,
geothermal, wind, solar, hydrogen, and efficiency. Also contains links,
FAQs, policy reports, and discussion groups.
www.ems.org/energy_policy/recycling.html
This website from a non-profit that provides j ournalists with informa-
tion on environmental issues provides ideas on energy savings from
recycling.
www.ase.org
www.advancedbuildings.org
www.epn.com
www.efficientwindows.org
Website for the Alliance to Save Energy (ASE), a non-profit coalition
of business, government, environmental and consumer leaders. Targets
consumers and energy industry, among others. Website contains
technical papers and energy use checklists, as well as home and
business energy checkup software.
This website is supported by a consortium of government and private
organizations. Geared towards building professionals to improve the
energy and resource efficiency of buildings. This is a Canadian
website, but includes both American and Canadian manufacturers and
information sources.
Website of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Website
focuses on global energy customers. Details research projects and
project opportunities.
The Efficient Windows website, sponsored by DOE's Windows and
Glazing Program. Website provides information on and recommen-
dations for energy-efficient windows.
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Solar Energy Websites
www.solarenergy.net
www. solarbuzz. com
www.ases.org
www.solarenergy.org
Geothermal Energy Websites
geoheat.oit.edu
www .geoexchange. org
www.igshpa.okstate.edu
www .geothermal .marin. org
Wind Energy Websites
www.awea.org
www.nrel.gov/wind
www .nationalwind. org
Website for the Solar Energy Network. Website has links for solar
products, including pumps and electric systems.
Website for Solarbuzz, which is comprised of staff members of solar
energy companies. Website includes solar energy news, information on
solar products, financing and payback time calculators, and solar
energy research topics.
Website for the American Solar Energy Society (ASES). Website is
mainly a vehicle to purchase solar energy publications.
Website for Solar Energy International (SEI). Primary focus is
conducting workshops promoting solar energy.
Website for the Geo-Heat Center. Website contains a wealth of
information regarding geothermal resources, including maps, software,
articles, and a directory of equipment manufacturers.
Website for the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC), which is
a collaborative effort between the DoE, the EPA, and private sector
organizations. Website has residential and commercial geothermal case
studies and brochures, as well as installer information.
Website for the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association
(IGSHPA). Focuses on ground source heat pump technology. Includes
lists of installers, products, conference information, and FAQs.
Website for the Geothermal Education Office (GEO). Website focuses
on geothermal energy education. Includes worldwide map of geother-
mal resources. List of other geothermal websites.
Website for American Wind Energy Association. Website contains
wealth of information regarding wind energy, including maps, artick
and reports, and project lists.
a
Website for the National Wind Technology Center. Includes the Wind
Resource Assessment Handbook, wind maps, climatic data, case
studies, and standards.
Website for the National Wind Coordinating Committee (NWCC).
Website contains wind policy and technical papers, as well as technical
assistance.
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Other Renewable Energy Websites
www.fuelcells.org This website is an activity of the Breakthrough Technologies
Institute/Fuel Cells 2000. Website features a large amount of informa-
tion regarding the use of fuel cells.
Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) and Energy Service Performance Contractors (ESPCs)
www.eren.doe.gov/femp/fmancing/espc.html
This website is the starting point for federal facilities to learn more
about ESPCs. Website contains an overview of the program, FEMP
assistance programs, contract tools, and case studies.
www.eren.doe .gov/femp/financing/espc/doe_qualified_escos.html
This website contains a list of DOE-qualified ESCOs that is frequently
updated. The list contains contact information for all the ESCOs.
www.eren.doe .gov/femp/financing/espc/super_espc_escos.html
The energy service companies (ESCOs) that competed for the
indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) Super Energy Savings
Performance Contracts (Super ESPCs) are listed here, by region and by
technology.
State/EPA Regional Energy Websites
www.eren.doe .gov/state_energy/index.cfm
Website for DoE's EREN State Energy Incentives. Website looks at
each state's renewable energy resources, technologies, and policies.
Links to each state's energy office and regulatory commission.
www.naseo.org Website for the National Association of State Energy Officials.
Website includes links to every state government's energy office, and
highlights pertinent energy issues.
www.energyideas.org This website is a service of the Energy Ideas Clearinghouse (EIC).
Focuses on the northwestern US, but has a comprehensive list of
relevant websites, as well as research project information.
www.energy.iastate.edu Website for the Iowa Energy Center. Website contains some
educational articles. Mainly geared towards state residents. Very
comprehensive list of energy-related website links, including many
governmental sites.
www.energy.ca.gov Website for the California Energy Commission. Geared toward state
residents. Comprehensive list of state renewable energy programs.
Includes estimated equipment and operating costs of various energy
systems.
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www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Organics/Conversion
This webpage, from the State of California's Integrated Waste
Management Board, describes various biomass-to-energy and
conversion technologies.
www.ecw.org Website of the Energy Center of Wisconsin. Website has comprehen-
sive information packages for various energy resource topics.
www.state.sc.us/energy Website for the South Carolina Energy Office. Information on energy
projects in residential, commercial, and public sectors, including case
studies and financial assistance.
www.idwr.state.id.us/energy Website for Idaho Energy Division. Includes contact information for
alternative energy projects that includes technical assistance and loan
programs. Also has section on energy efficiency.
www.deq.state.mt.us/energy/index.asp
Website for Energize Montana. Includes sections on energy efficiency
for government entities, such as financing and utility cost savings, as
well as renewable energy financing and technical information.
www.energy.cted.wa.gov/ Website for Washington State Energy Policy Division. Includes techni-
cal publications as well as links to other state and regional energy
websites.
www.epa.gov/NE/topics/envpractice/eefficiency.html
Website for EPA Region 1 (New England) - Energy Efficiency. Links
to reports on energy efficiency from region and nation.
www.epa.gov/region02/p2/ Website for EPA Region 2 - Pollution Prevention. Includes links to
technical resources, proj ects, and grants in the region promoting energy
efficiency.
www.epa.gov/reg3p2p2/building.htm
Website for EPA Region 3 (Mid-Atlantic) - Green Buildings. Links to
other websites with green building information and products.
www.epa.gov/Region5/sue/index.htm
Website for EPA Region 5 - Sustainable Urban Environments. Links
to reports on funding opportunities and a green building resource
guide, which itself contains many links to energy efficiency sites.
www.epa.gov/Region7/p2/index.htm
Website for EPA Region 7 - Pollution Prevention. Links to the Green
Rider Pack, a document that provides information on EPA programs
that promote energy efficiency, as well as links to other federal
websites.
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www.epa.gov/Region8/conservation_recycling/index.html
Website for EPA Region 8 (Mountains and Plains) - Conservation,
Recycling, and Pollution Prevention. Mainly contains list of external
websites regarding energy efficiency.
www.epa.gov/region09/cross_pr/energy
Website for EPA Region 9 (Pacific Southwest) - Energy Issues in the
Pacific Southwest. Links to other websites with energy policy and
education issues.
yosemite.epa.gov/rlO/oi.nsf/0/3d5de9da58cceb7288256981007cd907?OpenDocument
Website for EPA Region 10 (Pacific Northwest) - Sustainability.
Contains information for various types of energy users and makes
suggestions to increase efficiency. Links to regional financing
programs, as well as successful case studies.
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