fared so
vvEPA
Freshwater Snails
(Mollusca: Gastropoda)
of North America
-------
EPA-600/3-82-026
April 1982
FRESHWATER SNAILS (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA) OF NORTH AMERICA
by
IB. Burch
Museum of Zoology
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Division of Biological Sciences
and
School of Natural Resources
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
CONTRACT NO. 68-034280
Project Officer
Donald J. Klemm
Aquatic Biology Section
Biological Methods Branch
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
ii
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or com-
mercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
FOREWORD
Environmental measurements are required to determine the quality of ambient water, the char-
acter of effluents, and the effects of pollutants on aquatic life. The Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory - Cincinnati conducts an Agency-wide quality assurance program to assure stan-
dardization and quality control of systems for monitoring water and wastewater and carries out re-
search to develop, evaluate, standardize, and promulgate analytical methods to:
* Measure the presence and concentration of physical, chemical, and radiological pollutants in
water, wastewater, bottom sediments, and solid waste.
* Concentrate, recover, and identify enteric viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms in water.
* Measure the effects of pollution on freshwater, estuarine, and marine organisms, including the
phytoplankton, zooplankton, periphyton, macrophyton, macroin vertebrates, and fish.
* Automate the measurement of physical, chemical, and biological quality of water.
The effectiveness of measures taken to maintain and restore the biological integrity of the Nation's
surface waters is dependent upon our knowledge of the changes in the taxonomic composition of
the aquatic life caused by discharges of toxic substances and other pollutants and upon the level of
our understanding of the complex relationships that prevail in aquatic ecosystems. Snails occur in
almost all types of freshwater habitats and are important components of aquatic food-webs. They
also may serve as carriers of parasitic diseases of man and other vertebrates. Snails respond to vari-
ous chemical and physical characteristics of the environment and are sensitive to changes caused by
urban and agricultural run off, industrial, thermal, and domestic pollution. Certain toxic substances
(heavy metals, pesticides, and radioactive materials) can concentrate in the tissues and shells of gas-
tropods even when present in trace amounts. The analysis of snails living in biotopes subjected to
these materials can indicate those types of pollutants occurring there. This report fills a long stand-
ing need for a comprehensive identification manual to the species of freshwater gastropods in North
America to assist biologists in analyzing samples and evaluating data collected during studies of the
effects of toxic substances and other pollutants on the communities of aquatic organisms.
Robert L, Booth
Acting Director
Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory - Cincinnati
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ABSTRACT
Freshwater gastropod mollusks are represented in North America (north of Mexico) by 15 families,
78 genera and, as treated in this manual, 499 species. They are grouped into two large subclasses,
the gill-breathing, operculated Prosobranchia and the lung-breathing, non-operculated Pulmonata.
The prosobranch snails are represented by 49 genera and 349 species, and the pulmonate snails by
29 genera and 150 species. Systematics are not well worked out in many groups, which makes a
definitive listing of species somewhat arbitrary at this time. The species Msted in some groups reflect
a conservative approach to the lower taxa; in other groups, some of the so-called species possibly
may represent merely forms resulting from intraspecific variation.
The main feature of this publication is a series of illustrated taxonomic keys for the identification
of the North American (north of Mexico) freshwater snails. Also presented are distributions for each
of the species, a generic synonymy and an extensive bibliography.
IV
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Acknowledgements vi
I. Introduction 1
II. Identification 7
III. Species List and Distribution Ranges , IS
IV. Keys to the Freshwater Gastropods of North America 64
Families and Higher Taxa 64
Family Neritinidae 67
Family Valvatidae (by William H. Heard) 67
Family Viviparidae (by J.B. Burch and Virginia A. Vail) 75
Family Ampullariidae , , 81
Family Bithyniidae 81
Family Micromelaniidae . 83
Family Hydrobiidae , 83
Family Pomatiopsidae 115
Family Thiaridae 117
Family Pleuroceridae 118
Family Acroloxidae 147
Family Lymnaeidae , 147
Family Physidae 160
Family Planorbidae 168
Family Ancylidae 188
Supplemental Notes 194
Generic Synonymy 210
Glossary 214
References 222
Index to Scientific Names 267
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express my appreciation to Janet White-Rudolph, whose skills in editing and composi-
tion have been indispensable in producing this manual. I am also grateful to Margaret S, Burch for
help with photographic work on the plates of figures, to C.M. Patterson for assembling the plates,
and to Paul H, Rudolph for constructing the index. The majority of the illustrations are by John L.
Tottenham, and once again the high quality of his work is clearly evident. Appreciation is also noted
to William H, Heard and Fred G, Thompson for their helpful comments on the manuscript, and to
the latter for use of illustrations from his publications on Hydrobiidae.
A note of special thanks is due Donald J. Klemm for his unfailing support and understanding
throughout the preparation of this manual. It is hoped that the quality and usefulness of this publi-
cation will justify his faith in sponsoring it.
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
The last manual on freshwater gastropods of North America was written over a hundred years ago
by W.G. Binney and published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1865. Many species and genera
have been named since that time, and many changes have been made in systematics and in nomen-
clature. So a new manual on North American freshwater snails is now timely.
Over the years since Binney's manual, a few regional handbooks or monographs have been pub-
lished on, or which have included, freshwater snails. Some of these are listed chronologically be-
low.
Augustus A. Gould, 1870. Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, Edited by W.G. Binney.
Wright and Potter, Boston.
R, Ellsworth Call. 1884. On the Quaternary and Recent Mollusca of the Great Basin, with descrip-
tions of new forms. Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey, No. 11.
R. Ellsworth Call. 1900. A descriptive illustrated catalogue of the Mollusca of Indiana, 24th An-
nual Report of the Department of Geology and Natural Resources of Indiana. (Revised [with-
out figures] by Calvin Goodrich & Henry van der Schalie, 1944.)
Frank Collins Baker. 1902. The Mollusca of the Chicago area. Part 2, The Gastropoda, Chicago
Academy of Science.
William H. Dall. 1905. Land and fresh water mollusks of Alaska and adjoining regions. Smith-
sonian Institution Harriman Alaska Expedition.
Harold Hannibal. 1912. A synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary freshwater Mollusca of the Cali-
fornia province, based upon an ontogenetic classification. Proceedings of the Malacological
Society of London, Vol. 10.
Junius Henderson. 1924. Mollusca of Colorado, Utah, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, University
of Colorado Studies, Vol. 13. (A supplement was published in 1936.)
Frank Collins Baker. 1928. The fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and
Natural History Survey, Bull. 70.
Ralph V. Chamberlin & David T. Joaes. 1929. A descriptive catalogue of the Mollusca of Utah.
Bulletin of the University of Utah, Vol. 19.
Junius Henderson. 1929. Non-marine Mollusca of Oregon and Washington. University of Colorado
Studies, Vol. 17. (A supplement was published in 1936.)
Calvin Goodrich. 1932. The Mollusca of Michigan. Museum of Zoology, The University of Michi-
gan.
Imogene C. S. Robertson & Clifford L, Blakeslee. 1948. The Mollusca of the Niagara Frontier
region. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Science, Vol. 19.
William J. Clench & Ruth D. Turner. 1956. Freshwater mottusks of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida
from the Escambia to the Suwannee River. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum (Biological
Science), Vol. 1.
A. Byron Leonard. 1959. Handbook of gastropods in Kansas, University of Kansas Museum of
Natural History Miscellaneous Publication, No. 20.
AurMe La Rocque. 1968. Pleistocene Mollusca of Ohio. Division of Geological Survey, Depart-
ment of Natural Resources, State of Ohio, Bull. 62. (Includes Recent species.)
Willard N. Harman & Clifford 0. Berg. 1971. The freshwater snails of central New York, with
illustrated keys to the genera and species. Search, Agriculture, Entomology (Ithaca) 2, Vol.
1.
1
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Arthur H, Clarke, 1973. The freshwater mollusks of the Canadian Interior Basin. Malacologia,
Vol.13.
Joseph C. Bequaert & Walter B. Miller. 1973. The mollusks of the arid Southwest, with an Ari-
zona check list. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
William K. Emerson & Morris K, Jacobson. 1976. Guide to shells, land, freshwater, and marine,
from Nova Scotia to Florida. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
Many of these, particularly the older publications, are now badly out-of-date, especially in regard
to zoological nomenclature.
Also since Binney's manual, various taxonomic groups of gastropods have been monographed,
either regionally or totally:
Frank Collins Baker. 1911. The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America, Recent and fossil.
Chicago Academy of Science.
Calvin Goodrich. 1917-44. [Numerous papers revising the large family Heuroceridae, mostly pub-
lished in the Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan and the Mis-
cellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,]
Elmer G. Berry. 1943. The Amnicolidae of Michigan: distribution, ecology, and taxonomy. Mis-
cellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, No. 57.
Frank Collins Baker. 1945. The molluscan family Planorbidae. University of Illinois Press, Ur-
bana.
Bengt Hubendick. 1951. Recent Lymnaeidae. Their variation, morphology, taxonomy, nomen-
clature, and distribution. KungUga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Vol. 3.
Paul F. Basch. 1963. A review of the Recent freshwater limpet snails of North America (Mollusca:
Pulmonata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. 129.
Fred G. Thompson. 1968. The aquatic mails of the family Hydrobiidae of peninsular Florida.
University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
George A. Te. 1975. Michigan Physidae, with systematic notes on PhyseUa and Physodon (Basom-
matophora: Pulmonata). Malacological Review, Vol. 8.
Fred G. Thompson. 1977. The hydrobiid snail genus Marstonia. Bulletin of the Florida State Mu-
seum (Biological Science), Vol. 21.
The taxonomic philosophies of the authors of the above have varied considerably, and the taxonomic
treatments in the older publications especially need revision. Nevertheless, these, as well as the first
list above, have been invaluable source material for the present manual, and may prove to be especi-
ally useful to current biologists who must deal with mollusks of the geographic areas or taxonomic
groups covered.
In addition to the major pubEcations listed above (and hundreds of more minor ones listed in the
References, pp. 222-266), an additional publication should be mentioned: Bryant Walker's (1918)
A synopsis of the classification of the freshwater Mollusca of North America, north of Mexico, and
a catalogue of the more recently described species, with notes, Miscellaneous Publications of the
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, No. 6. Although this publication is now out-of-date,
it has been one of the landmark publications on the classification of North American mollusks for
the past sixty years.
Below is a list of the higher taxa and genera of North American freshwater gastropods according
to the taxonomic scheme used in this manual. The genera are arranged alphabetically under their
tribes, subfamilies or families.
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Number of
North American Page Numbers
Species
Subclass Prosobranchia
Order Neritinacea
Superfamily Neritinoidea
Family NERITINIDAE
Genus Neritina 1 15,67
Order Mesogastropoda
Superfamily Valvatoidea
Family VALVATIDAE
Genus Valvata 11 15,68
Superfamily Ampullarioidea
Family VIVIPARIDAE
Subfamily Viviparinae
Genus Tulotoma 1 16,75
Genus Viviparus 3 16,76
Subfamily Bellamyinae
Genus Gpangopaludina 2 17,75
Subfamily Lioplaeinae
Genus Campeloma 8 17,78
Genus Lioplax 5 18,75
Family AMPULLARIIDAE
Genus Mffrfsz 1 18,81
Genus Pomacea 2 19,81
Family BITHYNIIDAE
Genus Bithynia 1 19,81
Superfamily Truncatelloidea
Family MIC ROME LANHDAE
Genus Antroselates 1 19,83
Family HYDROBIIDAE
Subfamily Hydrobiinae
Genus Aphaostracon 9 19,98
Genus Hoyia I 20,90
Genus ffyatopyrgus 2 20,98
Genus Litforidinops 2 20,90
GenmProbythinella 1 21,88
Genus Pyrgophorus 2 21,90
Genus Tryonia 5 21,90
Subfamily lithoglyphinae
Genus Antrobia 1 21,88
Genus Clappia 2 22,88
Genus Cochliopina 1 22,84
Genus Fluminicola 12 22,84
Genus Gillia 1 23,88
Genus Lepyrium 1 23,84
Genus Somatogynis
Subgenus Somatogyms s,s. 32 23,88
Subgenus Walkerilla 3 24,88
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Subfamily Nymphophjttnae
GenusBirgella 1 25,98
Genus Cincinnatia 14 25,110
Genus Fanteticetta
Subganus Fontdicetta s s. 6 26,110
Subgenus Microamnicola 1 26,110
SvbgenmNatricola 3 26,110
Genus Marstottia 8 27, 102
Genus Notogittia 2 27, 104
Genus Orygocems 1 27, 98
Genus Pyrgulopsis 5 27, 110
Genus Rhapinema 1 28,102
Genus Spilochtanys 3 28,104
Genus Stiobia 1 28,98
Subfamily AmnicoUnae
Genus Amnicola
Subgenus Amnicola ss, 11 28,115
Subgenus Lyogyrus 7 19,115
Genus Hauffenia 1 30,115
Genus Horatia 1 30,115
Subfamily Fontigentinae
Genus Fontigens 8 30,110
Ineertae Sedis 3 31
Family POMATIOPSIDAE
Genus Pomatiopds 6 31,115
Superfamily Vermetoidea
Family THIARIDAE
Genus Melanoides 1 31,117
Genus Thiara 1 32,118
Family PLEUROCERIDAE
Genus Elimia 83 32,123
Genus Gyrotoma 6 40,118
Genus/o 1 41,118
Genus Juga
Subgenus Jugas*. 3 41
Subgenus Calibasis 2 41
Subgenus Oreobasis 4 41
Genus Leptoxis
Subgenus Leptaxis s*. 16 42,120
Subgenus A theamia 1 44,120
Subgenus Mudalw 6 43,120
Genus Lithasia
Subgenus Lithasia s.s. 3 44,123
Subgenus Angitrema 1 44,123
Genus Plettrocera
Subgenus Pteurocera &s. 18 45
Subgenus Strephobesis 3 47
Subclass Pulmonata
Order Limnophila
Superfamily Acroloxoidea
Family ACROLOXIDAE
Genus Aeroloxus 1 48,147
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Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
Family LYMNAEIDAE
Subfamily Lymnaeinae
Genus Acella 1 48, 148
GenmBulimnea 1 48,149
Genus Fossaria
Subgenus Fossaria s.s. 11 48,149
Subgenus Bakerilymnaea 11 49,149
Genus Lymnaea 2 50,148
Genus Pseudosuccinea 1 50, 148
Genus Radix 1 51,148
Genus Stagnicola
Subgenus Stagnicala s.s. 21 51
Subgenus Hinkleyia 3 52
Subfamily Lancinae
Genus Fisherola 1 52,147
Genus Lanx
Subgenus Lanx s.s. 3 53,147
Subgenus Walkemla 1 53,147
Superfamily Ancyloidea
Family PHYSIDAE
Subfamily Physinae
Genus Physa 1 53, 160
Genus Physella
Subgenus Physella s,s, 16 53
Subgenus Costatella 14 55
Subgenus Petrophysa I 56, 168
Subfamily Aplexinae
Genus Aplexa 1 56,168
Genus Stenophysa 2 57, 160
Family PLANORBIDAE
Subfamily PJanorbinae
Tribe Planorbini
Genus Gymulm
Subgenus Gyraulm s.s. 1 57,172
Subgenus Armiger 1 57, 168
Subgenus Torquis 3 57, 172
Tribe Drepanotremini
Genus Drepanotrema
Subgenus Antillorbis 1 57, 171
Subgenus Fossulorbis 2 58,171
Tribe Biomphalariini
Genus Biomphalaria 2 58,173
Tribe Helisomini
Genus Helisoma
SubgenusHelhoma s.s. 2 58,174
Subgenus Carinifex 1 58,174
Genus Menetus
Subgenus Menetus s.s. 1 59,173
Subgenus Micromenetus 3 59,172
Genus Planorbella
Subgenus Planorbella ss. 1 59,175
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Subgenus Pierosoma 12 59,175
Subgenus Seminolina 2 61,175
Genus Planorbula 1 61,171
Genus Promenetus 2 61,173
Genus Vorticifex
Subgenus Paraphofyx 2 61,174
Subfamily Neoplanorbinae
Genus Amphigyra I 62,171
Genus Neoplanorbis 4 62,171
Family ANCYLIDAE
Subfamily Ancylinae
Geaus Rhodacmea 3 62,188
Subfamily Ferrissinae
Genus Ferrtssia 5 62,190
Subfamily Laevapeclnae
Genus Hebetancylus I 63,193
Genus Laevapex 2 63,193
The Recent freshwater gastropod fauna of North America is a very diverse one, comprising two
molluscan subclasses, three orders, eight superfamilies, 15 families, 78 genera and, as listed in this
manual, 499 species (plus an additional 143 subspecies and forms). This is a large fauna, and, since
systematists dealing with these mollusks over the years have not been many, systematics have not
been well worked out in many groups. Because of this, a definitive list of species can be made only
somewhat arbitrarily at this time.
While the treatment of various groups represents my own interpretation of species-level taxonomy,
in other groups I have simply followed the latest reviser. Because of the latter procedure, the over-
all treatment of the various groups may be a bit uneven. For example, within the Pleuroceridae, the
treatment of the genera Elimia and Pleurocera probably reflects a nomenclatural system partially
imposed on clinal variation, i.e., there is a liberal supply of latinized binomials and trinomials, while
in the Ancylidae, the species lists and keys may reflect an overly conservative approach to the lower
taxa. However, the purpose of this manual is not to present a major revision of the systematics of
North American freshwater gastropods — such an undertaking would require many years — but to
present a reasonable, current classification, a means to identify the species of North American gas-
tropods, and a generalized distribution of the included species.
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SECTION II
IDENTIFICATION
Characters of the shells of freshwater gastropods are very important in species recognition and
usually for generic and familial placement as well. Especially useful are the size and general form of
the shell. Among the many species, the shell may take various shapes, yet, for any one species, the
shell shape is usually quite constant (excepting, of course, minor clinal, populational and ecopheno-
typic variations exhibited by some species). The shells among the different species may vary from
very elongate, to globose, depressed and discoidal. The shell may be longer than wide, or wider than
long (the columella determining the antero-posterior (length/width) axis). Its coils (whorls) may
turn either to the left or to the right, be round, angular, shouldered or flattened, and have shallow
or impressed sutures. The shell may have few or many whorls, may lack an opening (umbilicus) at
its base, or may have either a narrow or wide opening. The columella or central axial column of the
shell may be either twisted or straight and may or may not end abruptly. The outer lip of the shell
may be either straight or variously curved and is sometimes turned back or reflected. The surface
of the shell may be marked in various ways, i.e., differentially colored or sculptured, or may be
simply unicolored and smooth. The outline of the shell aperture ("mouth") may take many forms
due to the shape and relation of the whorls to each other. The aperture may or may not be closed
by an operculum, which itself has important recognition characters. The operculum may be round,
oval or spindle-shaped, and concentric, paucispiral or multispiral, depending on the way in which it
is formed.
In some groups, aspects of soft anatomy are essential for identification, because the various taxa
in these groups have shells which are relatively uniform or have few distinctive characteristics. This
is true especially of the Hydrobiidae, where not only are many of the genera distinguished on the
basis of the characteristics of their terminal male genitalia, but the subfamilies are recognized in this
way also. This, of course, makes identification very difficult for species of such a family when only
empty shells are available. However, identification can be aided by careful inspection of the shell
illustrations and by taking into account the known distributions of the various species.
shell
head
j^a «-=£""
operculum
^ppr^^^v^
-foot opereulum
FIG. 1. An opcrculated snail, i.e., one which carries an operculum attached to its dorsal poste-
rior foot, a, Position of the operculum when the snail is active; b, position of the operculum
when the snail has withdrawn into its sheE.
-------
FIG. 2. Direction of coiling of gastropod shells, a, Shell coiled to the left, i.e., sinistral; b,
shell coiled to the right, i,e.,dextral.
mantle collar
pneumostome
male genital pore
( J!
sheQ
pseudotoranch
anus
pneumostome
mantle collar
male genital pore
foot
FIG. 3. a, A snail with sinistral organization of its body, i.e., respiratory, excretory and repro-
ductive openinp are on the left side; b, a snail with dextral organization of its body, i.e., re-
spiratory, excretory and reproductive openinp are on the right side.
right side of shell
ANTERIOR
head-foot
[foot
posterior end of shell
POSTERIOR
apex
posterior end
of shell
posterior
aperture
right side
; apex
(anterior
anterior end of shell -—1V aperture/
FIG. 4. Orientation of the shell.
nuclear or apical
/ whorls (protoconch)
spire
parietal callus
parietal wall
columellar fold
or plait
umbilicus /7 APERTURE j|\outer jjp
basal lip
central or columellar axis
FIG. 5. Shell terminology.
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spines
nodules
transverse or
growth lines
or striae
ribs or costae
spiral raised
lines or striae
spiral incised
lines or striae
lirae
carma
wrinkles
malleations
FIG. 6. Shell surface sculpture.
-------
FIG. 7. Shell sizes: up to 10 mm = small; 10-30 mm = medium; over 30 mm = large.
FIG. 8. Shell shapes, a, subglobose; b, oval; c, fusiform or spindle-shaped; d, turbini-
form; e, cylindrical.
FIG. 9. Shell shapes, a, narrowly conic; b, elongately conic; c, broidly (ovately) conic;
d, globosely conic; e, depressed conic.
10
-------
12
14
pallial
tentacle
6 copulatory
organ
gill
tentacle
> anterior lobe
5—of foot
FIG, 10. Method of counting whorls. This shell has 3% whorls. FIGS. 11-14. Shell terminol-
ogy. Fig. 11. a, Shell with well-rounded whorls and indented sutures; b, shell with flattened
whorls and shallow sutures; c, shell with shouldered whorls. Fig. 12. Planorbiform or dis-
coidal shell. Fig. 13. Ancyliform or limpet-shaped shell. Fig, 14. Neritiniform shell. FIG.
15. Types of opercula. a, Multispiral; b, paueispiral; c, concentric; d, concentric with spiral
nucleus. FIG. 16. A valvatid snafl, showing bipectinate gUl and pallial tentacle (from Harman
& Berg, 1971, as modified from F. C. Baker, 1928c).
11
-------
s
co £
Q
o
pi
O
—
21
H
03
<
RHIPIDOGLOSSA (=ZYGOBRANCHIA
+ASPIDOBRANCHIA, =DiOTOCARDIA)
All the Arehaeogastropoda [all marine]
except the limpets (i.e., except the
so-called Docoglossa:
Acmaeidae, Patellidae and
Lepetidae).
The Neritinacea [marine, freshwater
and land],
DOCOGLOSSA (=PATELLOIDEA)
The archaeogastropod limpets
[all marine].
Families Acmaeidae
Patellidae
Lepetidae
TAENIOGLOSSA
Contains most of the
mesogastropods [marine and
freshwater], and in North
American freshwaters all the
Prosobranchia except the
Neritinacea.
PTENOGLOSSA (=EPITONIOIDEA)
Contains the specialized Epitoniidae
(=Scalidae) and Janthinidae [both
marine].
RACHIGLOSSA
Contains many of the
neogastropods [all marine].
TOXOGLOSSA
Radula consists of only long
teeth (marginals). The name
refers to the poison gland
associated with the radula of
Conus.
Families Comdae
Cancellariidae
GYMNOGLOSSA
No radula; radula not needed because of parasitic existence.
Eulimidae - a mesogastropod [marine] family.
Pyramidellidae - an opisthobranch [marine] family.
FIG. 17. Prosobranch snail classification based on radulae. The Prosobranchia have been di-
vided in the past into a number of groups which take their names from the prevalent type of
radulae they possess. This classification generally separates assemblages that are also distinct
in their soft anatomy, but in most groups there are species that show anomalies. North Ameri-
can freshwater prosobranchs possess only the rhipidoglossate (in the Neritinidae) and the taeni-
oglossate (in the other prosobranch families) types of radulae.
I
12
-------
buccal mass---L -.
salivary gland
anus--.,
rectum .1
1 mm
intestine -
stomach—-f-JL'
radula
•—bucca]
atrium
liver
FIG. 18. The radula of a freshwater pulmonate snail (Biomphalaria) and its relation to the ali-
mentary system, a, The alimentary system, mainly dorsal view; b, longitudinal section through
the buccal mass, showing the orientation of the radula as viewed from the right side; c, right
side and dorsal views of the radula; d, four teeth from one transverse row of the radular rib-
bon, r = rachidian or central tooth, 1 = first tooth to the right of the central tooth (a lateral
tooth), 10, 11 = 10th and llth teeth to the right of the central tooth (marginal teeth). From
Barhosa et al. (1968), after Demian.
_ _-lateral
. — central cusp -- _
-ridge connecting
basal cusps
- - -- basal cusp
FIG. 19. Central or rachidian tooth of a gastropod (a truncatelloid pomatiopsid snail) show-
ing the arrangement of the cutting edges, a, Tooth from above; b, profile (side) view of tooth
(from Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927).
13
-------
SActic Drainage" \*W
1MHKX 1 4JT(i I t II in «*»r"i , . n \ . j*
^rS^SiHHHH Hudson Bay Drainage
Vi^?=Jr - -• -irj-Kr«r--_-^-i<4 -
llpRiverfill
s •*?&'&t£$fi
Interior Basin
.; Drainage-
?r'/fflf-^
Mississippi RiveriDraina
:5C^JColorado
FIG. 20. Major drainages of North America (north of Mexico).
14
-------
SECTION III
SPECIES LIST AND DISTRIBUTION RANGES
Family NERITINIDAE1
Genus Neritina Lamarck 1816
Neritina reclivata reclivata (Say 1822) [Figs. 21, 22]2
Florida to Mississippi. Also Cuba, northern Mexico and Venezuela (H. B. Baker,
1923).
Neritina reclivata sphaera Pilsbry 1931
Drainage canal draining Lake Okechobee, a few miles from the Atlantic, Ojus,
Florida (Pilsbry, 1931).
Neritina reclivata palmae Dall 1885
Brook near Palma Sola, Florida (Dall, 1885)
Family VALVATIDAE*
Genus Valvata MCiller 1774
Valvata bicarinata bicarinata Lea 1841 [Fig. 23]
Of discontinuous distribution: New Jersey and Pennsylvania; and Iowa, Illi-
nois, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina.
Valvata bicarinata morph normalis Walker 1902 [Fig. 24]
Distribution nearly as for V. bicarinata s.s., but not in Georgia and North Caro-
lina.
Valvata humeralis Say 1829 [Fig. 25]
Known from Montana south to Colorado, and west to British Columbia and
California.
Valvata lewisi lewisi Currier 1868 [Fig. 26]
Southern Canada from Quebec west to British Columbia, and northern U.S.A.
from New York west to Minnesota.
Valvata lewisi morph ontarioensis F.C. Baker 1931 [Fig. 27]
Northwestern Ontario in the region of Lake Superior drained by the head-
waters of the Attawapiskat, Albany and Severn river systems (Clarke, 1973).
Valvata mergetta Westerlund 1883 [Fig. 28]
Northwestern North America: Alaska to Washington.
1 Superscript numbers throughout the text refer to corresponding comments under Supple-
mental Notes, which appear on pp. 194-209.
*The species list and distributions for the Valvatidae is by William H. Heard.
15
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Valvata perdepressa Walker 1906 I Fig. 29]
V. perdepressa s.s. and V. perdepressa ?form walkeri F.C. Baker 1930: the
Great Lakes (Lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario).
Valvata piscmalis (Muller 1774) (?form obtusa Draparnaud 1801) [Fig. 30]
Introduced from Europe into the lower Great Lakes (Lake Ontario, and per-
haps tributaries near the lake).
Valvata sincera sincera Say 1824 [Fig. 31]
Maine west to Alberta, and south to South Dakota and Indiana.
Valvata sincera ?form danielsi Walker 1906 [Fig. 32]
Of discontinuous distribution; New Brunswick in eastern Canada, and Illinois,
Wisconsin and Minnesota in north central U.S.A.
Valvata sincera nylanderi Dall 1905
Quebec and Maine west to Ontario and Minnesota.
Valvata tricarinata (Say 1817) [Fig. 33] and its morphs: bakeri Fluck 1932,
basalts Vanatta 1915, infraearinata Vanatta 1915, mediocarinata F.C. Baker
1932, perconfusa Walker 1917, simplex Gould 1841, tricarinata s.s,, and uni-
carinata DeKay 1843
Quebec and New Brunswick west to Alberta, and south to Wyoming, Arkansas
and Virginia.
Valvata utahensis Call 1884 [Fig. 34]
V. utahensis s.s. and V. utahensis morph horati Baily & Baily 1951 are known
only from Idaho and Utah.
Valvata virens Tryon 1863 [Fig. 35]
California, Oregon and Nevada.
Valvata winnebagoensis F.C. Baker 1928 [Fig. 36}
Of sporadic occurrence in Michigan (Ottawa County), Wisconsin (Winnebago
and Oshkosh counties) and Minnesota (Rice County).
Family VIVIPARIDAE
Subfamily Viviparinae
*
Genus Tulotoma Haldeman 1840
Tulotoma magnifica (Conrad 1834) [Figs. 44,45]
Coosa-Alabama river system in Alabama (Clench, 1962a).
Genus Viviparus Montfort 1810
Viviparus georgianus (Lea 1834) [Figs. 46,47}
South central Florida, Georgia, Alabama and north, mainly in the Mississippi
River system, to Illinois and northwestern Indiana; it has invaded Ohio, Mi-
chigan, Wisconsin, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, New Eng-
land and Quebec since 1867 (Clench, 1962a; Clench & Fuller, 1965).
Viviparus intertextus (Say 1829) [Fig. 48]
The Houston ship channel system west of Houston, Harris County, and the San
Jacinto, Liberty and Neches river systems, Texas; the Bayou Teche system in
16
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Louisiana; the Mississippi River system in Louisiana, eastern Arkansas, north-
western Tennessee, Illinois, eastern Iowa, Minneapolis and White Bear Lake,
Minnesota; Pearl River system, Mississippi; Coosa-Alabarna river system, Ala-
bama; Altamaha River system, Georgia; Edisto and Santee river systems,
South Carolina; Rainy Lake, Koochiching County, Minnesota (Clench & Ful-
ler, 1965).
Viviparus subpurpureus (Say 1829) [Figs. 49-51]
Mississippi River system north to southeastern Iowa, northwestern Illinois and
northern Kentucky; Neches and Sabine river systems in eastern Texas and Sa-
bine and Atchafalaya river systems in western Louisiana; Pascagoula River
system in southeastern Mississippi (Clench & Fuller, 1965).
Subfamily Bellamyinae
Genus Cipangopaludina Hannibal 1912
Cipangapaludina chinensis malleata (Reeve 1863) [Fig. 52]
Widely introduced in the United States. Clench & Fuller (1965) list localities
in Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Indiana, Maine, Massachu-
setts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont and Washington. Originally from Asia,
Cipangopaludina japanica (Martens 1861) [Fig, 53]
Widely introduced in the United States (some reports may be confused with
C. chinensis malleata). Clench & Fuller (1965) list localities in Massachusetts,
Michigan and Oklahoma. Originally from Asia,
Subfamily Lioplacinae
Genus Campeloma Rafinesque 1819
Campeloma crassula Rafinesque 1819 [Figs. 42, 54, 55]
Midwestern United States in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence and Mississippi
drainages as far west as Iowa and south to Tennessee.
Campeloma decampi ('Currier' Binney 1865) [Fig. 56]
Jackson, Limestone and Madison counties, northern Alabama (Clench &
Turner, 1955).
Campeloma decisum (Say 1817) s.l. (includes forms such as C. brevispirum [Figs.
58,59], C, decisum s.s. [Fig. 57], C. exilis, C. gibbum [Fig. 60], C. integrum5
[Fig. 38], C. leptum, C, lewisi [Fig. 37], C. milesi [Fig, 39] and C. tannum
[Fig. 61]
Eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, southern Ontario and southern
Manitoba south to Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, northern Georgia
and Virginia.
Campeloma floridense Call 1886 [Fig. 62]
Eastern Florida; the upper St. John's River and its tributaries; Lake Jessup;
17
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Miami (?), Dade County.
Campeloma geniculum (Conrad 1834) [Figs. 63, 64]
Suwannee River, Florida, west to the Escambia River, Alabama (Clench &
Turner, 1956).
Campeloma limum (Anthony 1860) [Fig. 411
Atlantic drainage, from Georgia to North Carolina.
Campelomaparthenum Vail 1979 [Fig. 65]
Ochlockonee River drainage in Florida: Lake Talquin and the Little and Oeh-
lockonee rivers (Vail, 1979a).
Campeloma regulare (Lea 1841) [Figs. 40, 66]
Alabama-Coosa river system, Alabama.
Genus Lioplax Troschel 1857
Lioplax cyclostomaformis (Lea 1841) [Fig. 43]
Coosa-Alabama-Tombigbee river system from northwestern Georgia, south to
Selma, Dallas County, on the Alabama River, and Big Prairie Creek, Marengo
County, on the Tombigbee River in Alabama (Clench & Turner, 1955); Tensas
River, near Delhi, Madison County, Louisiana (Clench, 1962b).
Lioplax pilsbryi pilsbryi Walker 1905 [Fig. 67]
Chipola River, Florida.
Lioplax pilsbryi choctawhatchensis Vanatta 19356
Choctawhatchee, Escambia, Flint and Suwannee river systems, Florida and
Georgia.
Lioplax subcarinata (Say 1816)7 [Fig, 68]
Atlantic drainage. Cedar Lake near Litchfield (upper Susquehanna drainage)
and Albany (Hudson River drainage), New York, south to South Carolina
(Clench & Turner, 1955; Clench, 1965c; Vail, 1979b).
Lioplax sulculosa (Menke 1828)7
Mississippi drainage. Northwestern Wisconsin and eastern Minnesota south to
northwestern Arkansas and east to southwestern Ohio and northern Kentucky
(Clench & Turner, 1955; Vail, 1979b); Paint Rock River of the Tennessee
River system, near Paint Rock, Jackson County, Alabama (Clench, 1962b).
Lioplax talquinensis Vail 1979 [Fig. 69]
Ochlockonee River, Florida (Lake Talquin and upstream), and Yellow River
(northwestern Florida and southern Alabama) drainages (Vail, 1979b).
Family AMPULLARIIDAE
Genus Marisa Gray 1824
Marisa cornttarietis (Linnaeus 1758) [Figs. 70, 71]
Northern South America and southern Central America (H.B. Baker, 1930);
introduced into southern Florida (Hunt, 1958; Robins, 1970).
18
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Genus Pomacea Perry 1810
Pomacea bridged (Reeve 1856)
Brazil; introduced into Florida (Clench, 1966),
Pomacea paludom (Say 1829) [Figs, 72, 73]
Choctawhatchee, Econfina, St. Marks and Suwannee river systems, Florida,
and the Apalachicola River system in Georgia and Florida (Clench & Turner,
1956); Gantt, Covington County, Alabama (Hubricht, 1962).
Family BITHYNIIDAE
Genus Bithynia Leach (in Abel) 1818
Bithynia tentaculata tentaculata (Linnaeus 1758), introduced, and Bithynia ten-
taculata magnalacustris F.C. Baker 1928, native(?) [Fig. 74]
Great Lakes region from Albany, New York, west to Winnebago Lake, Calu-
met and Winnebago counties, Wisconsin; recorded from New York, Pennsyl-
vania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin (F.C. Baker, 1928a,c).
Family MICROMELANIIDAE
Genus Antroselates Hubricht 1963
Antroselates spiralis Hubricht 1963 [Fig. 108]
Springs and streams in caves in Crawford County, Indiana, and Edmonson
County, Kentucky (Hubricht, 1963b).
Family HYDROBIIDAE
Subfamily Hydrobiinae s.s.
Genus Aphaostracon Thompson 1968
Aphaostracon asthenes Thompson 1968 [Figs. 95, 109]
Blue Springs, three miles west of Orange City, Volusia County, Florida (Thomp-
son, 1968).
Aphaostracon chalarogyrus Thompson 1968 [Figs. 96, 110]
Magnesia Springs, 3.7 miles west of Hawthorne, Alachua County, Florida
(Thompson, 1968).
Aphaostracon hypohyalina Thompson 1968 [Figs. 97, 111, 112]
North central Florida in springs along the lower half of the Suwannee River and
its tributary, the Santa Fe River, and in a nearby landlocked spring (Thomp-
son, 1968).
Aphaostracon monas (Pilsbry 1899) [Figs. 98, 113, 114]
Wekiwa Springs, Florida, and the Wekiva River for about one mile below the
springs (Thompson, 1968).
19
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Aphaostracon pachynotus Thompson 1968 [Figs. 100, 115, 116]
Eastern Florida, from the upper half of the St. Johns River near Sanford,
south to the Miami region (Thompson, 1968).
Aphaostracon pycnus Thompson 1968 [Figs. 101, 117, 118]
Alexander Springs Run, Lake County, Florida (Thompson, 1968).
Aphaostracon rhadinus Thompson 1968 [Figs. 75, 99]
In small streams and sloughs in northeastern Florida draining into the St. Johns
River north of Palatka, and in an artificial lake near the coast in St. Johns
County (Thompson, 1968).
Aphaostracon theiocrenetus Thompson 1968 [Figs. 102, 119, 120]
Clifton Springs Run, about two miles north of Oviedo, Seminole County,
Florida (Thompson, 1968).
Aphaostracon xynoelictus Thompson 1968 [Figs. 103,121, 122]
Fenney Springs, two miles east of Coleman, Sumter County, Florida (Thomp-
son, 1968).
Genus Hoyia F.C. Baker 1926
Hoyia sheldoni (Pilsbry 1890) [Fig. 76]
Lake Michigan, off Racine, Wisconsin (Pilsbry 1890d; EC. Baker, 1928c).
Genus Hyalopyrgus Thompson 1968
Hyalopyrgus aequicostatus (Pilsbry 1889) [Figs. 77, 78, 83, 84, 104]
Lower half of the St. Johns River system and the Withlacoochee River system,
south to Tampa Bay and the Orlando area; also Lake Okeechobee (Thomp-
son, 1968).
Hyalopyrgus brevissimus (Pilsbry 1890) [Figs. 123, 124]
Orange, Seminole, Sumter and Volusia counties in central Florida (Thompson,
1968).
Genus Littoridinops Pilsbry 1952
Littoridinops monroensis (Frauenfeld 1863) [Figs. 80, 85, 86, 105]
Florida and Bahama Islands; in Florida it is generally distributed along both
coasts and the Florida Keys, primarily in brackish water, but it has invaded
marginal fresh water, and occurs throughout the St. Johns drainage system
(Thompson, 1968).
Littoridinops tenuipes Couper (in Haldeman) 1844 [Figs. 79, 87, 106, 125]
Streams draining into the Atlantic Ocean and the Inland waterway of east
Florida and Georgia, from Dade County, Florida, north to at least Mclntosh
County, Georgia (Thompson, 1968).
20
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Genus Probythinella Thiele 1928
Probythinella lacustris (F.C. Baker 1928)8 [Figs. 107, 129-131]
Canada: throughout Ontario and Manitoba, northern Saskatchewan, and in
the Northwest Territories south of the tree-line (Clarke, 1973); United States:
New York west to Iowa, south to Kentucky and Arkansas (F.C. Baker, 1928c);
also North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Missouri and Alabama (Hibbard
& Taylor, 1960).
Genus Pyrgophorus Ancey 1888
Pyrgophorus platyrachis Thompson 1968 [Figs. 88, 132]
Throughout the southern part of peninsular Florida from Lake Okeechobee
south, and along the coast as far north as southern Brevard County (Thomp-
son, 1968).
Pyrgophorus spinosus (Call & Pilsbry 1886) [Fig. 126]
Guadalupe River and its tributary, Comal Creek, Comal County, Texas (Call &
Pilsbry, 1886; Pilsbry, 1887b).
Genus Tryonia Stimpson 1865
Tryonia cheatumi (Pilsbry 1935) [Figs. 127, 128, 133]
Phantom Lake, near Toyahvale, Reeves County, Texas (Pilsbry, 1935a).
Tryonia dathmta Stimpson 1865 [Fig, 134]
Pahranagat Valley, southern Nevada (Taylor, 1966b).
Tryonia diaboti (Pilsbry & Ferriss 1906) [Fig. 135]
Devil's River, and Rio San Filipe, Val Verde County, Texas (Pilsbry & Fer-
riss, 1906).
Tryonia imitator (Pilsbry 1899)
San Francisco Bay to San Diego County, California, in brackish water (Taylor,
1966b); Quitobaquito Springs, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Pima
County, Arizona (Bequaert & Miller, 1973).
Tryonia protea (Gould 1855) [Figs. 136, 137]
Colorado Desert and Fish Springs, Imperial County, California (subfossil)
(Gould, 1855a; Taylor, 1966b); Santa Cruz River, Tucson. Pima County,
Aiizona (Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1915); near Buckeye, Maricopa County, Arizona
(Bequaert & Miller, 1973).
Subfamily Lithoglyphinae
Genus Antrobia Hubricht 1971
Antrobia culvert Hubricht 1972 [Fig. 138]
Stream in Tumbling Creek Cave, near Protem, Taney County, Missouri (Hu-
bricht, 1971).
21
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Genus Clappia Walker 19099
Clappia cahabensis Clench 1965
Cahaba River, Bibb County, Alabama (Clench, 1965b).
Clappia umbilicata (Walker 1904) [Figs. 139, 143, 144]
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1904a, 1909c).
Genus Cochliopina Morrison 1946
Cochliopina riograndensis (Pilsbry & Feniss 1906) [Fig. 140]
Lower Pecos River and Rio Grande valleys, Texas; coastal plain in Tamaulipas,
Mexico (Taylor, 1966b).
Genus Fluminicola Stimpson 1865
Fluminicola columbiana Hemphill (in Pilsbry) 1899 [Fig, 145]
Middle portions of Columbia River, Washington, and lower Snake River,
Washington and Idaho.
Fluminicola erythopoma Pilsbry 1899
Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada (Pilsbry, 1899a).
Fluminicola fusca (Haldeman (in Chenu) 1847) [Fig. 141]
"Oregon territory" (Haldeman, 1847).
Fluminicola hindsi (Baird 1863)
Upper Green River and tributaries, Wyoming; tributaries of Great Salt Lake,
Utah; upper Snake River and tributaries and Salmon River, Idaho; Spokane,
Little Spokane and Grande Ronde rivers, Washington (see Taylor, 1966a).
Fluminicola merriami Pilsbry & Beecher (in Pilsbry) 1892 [Fig. 146]
Pahranagat Valley, Nevada (Pilsbry, 1892a).
Fluminicola minutissima Pilsbry 1907 [Fig. 147]
Price Valley, Weiser Canyon, Washington County, Idaho (Pilsbry, 1907).
Fluminicola modoci Hannibal 1912
California: Fletcher's Spring, south end of Goose Lake; Fritter's Spring, head
of Willow Creek, Honey Lake basin; Troxel's Spring, Eagle Lake (Hannibal,
1912b).
Fluminicola nevadensis Walker 1916 [Fig. 148]
Cortez foothills, Humboldt Valley, Elko County, Nevada (Walker, 1916).
Fluminicola nuttalliana (Lea 1838) [Fig. 142]
Probably inhabits the entire Columbia Valley (Pilsbry, 1899a).
Fluminicola seminalis (Hinds 1842)
Sacramento, Pitt and Fall rivers and tributaries, and Surprise Valley, California;
Klamath River, Oregon (Pilsbry, 1899a).
Fluminicola turbiniformis (Tryon 1865) [Fig 152]
Upper Sacramento and Pitt rivers and various tributaries in northeastern Cali-
fornia, western Nevada and central southern Oregon (see Taylor, 1966a).
Fluminicola virens (Lea 1838)
Willamette, lower Columbia, upper Deschutes and Umpqua rivers, Oregon;
22
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Olympia and San Juan County, Washington; Vancouver Island (Pilsbry, 1899a).
Genus Gillia Stimpson 1865
Gillia altilis (Lea 1841) [Fig. 1911
Atlantic drainage from New Jersey to South Carolina (Walker, 1918a).
Genus Lepyrium Dall 1896
Lepyrium showalteri (Lea 1861) [Figs. 192, 193]
Cahaba and Coosa rivers, Alabama.
Genus Somatogyrus Gill 1863
Somatogyrus alcoviensis Krieger 1972
Alcovy and Yellow rivers, Georgia (Krieger, 1972).
Somatogyrus amnicaloides Walker 1915 [Fig. 149]
Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Arkansas (Walker, 1915c).
Somatogyrus aureus Tryon 1865 [Figs. 151, 194]
Tennessee River (Tryon, 1865i).
Somatogyrus biangulatus Walker 1906 [Fig, 153]
Tennessee River, Florence, Alabama (Walker, 1906a).
Somatogyrus constrictus Walker 1904 [Fig. 154]
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1904a).
Somatogyrus crassilabris Walker 1915 [Fig. 155]
North Fork of the White River, Norfolk, Arkansas (Hinkley, 1915).
Somatogyrus crassus Walker 1904 [Figs. 156, 157]
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1904a).
Somatogyrus currierianus (Lea 1863) [Fig. 158]
Huntsville, Alabama (Lea, 1863).
Somatogyrus decipiem Walker 1909 [Figs. 159, 160]
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1909c).
Somatogyrus depressus (Tryon 1862) [Fig. 195]
Mississippi River, Davenport, Iowa (Tryon, 1862); Wisconsin, Iowa and Illi-
nois (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
Somatogyrus excavatus Walker 1906 [Figs. 161, 162]
Shoal Creek, Florence, Alabama (Walker, 1906a).
Somatogyrus georgianus Walker 1904 [Fig. 163]
Chattanooga River, Georgia; Tennessee, Cahaba and Alabama rivers, Alabama
(Walker, 1904a).
Somatogyrus hendersoni Walker 1909 [Fig. 164]
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1909c).
Somatogyrus hinkleyi Walker 1904 [Figs. 165, 166]
Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, Alabama (Walker, 1904a).
Somatogyrus humerosus Walker 1906 [Fig. 167]
Tennessee River, Florence, Alabama (Walker, 1906a).
23
-------
Somatogyrus Integra (Say 1829)11
Ohio River and tributaries in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and eastern Illinois.
Somatogyrus nanus Walker 1904 [Fig. 168]
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1904a).
Somatogyrus obtusus Walker 1904 [Fig. 169]
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1904a).
Somatogyrus parvulus Try on 1865 [Figs. 170, 171]
Powells River, Tennessee (Tryon, 1865i).
Somatogyrus pennsylvanicus Walker 1904 [Figs. 172-174]
Columbia, Pennsylvania (Walker, 1904a); Potomac River, Harper's Ferry,
West Virginia (Walker, 1906a).
Somatogyrus pilsbryanus Walker 1904 [Fig. 175]
Tallapoosa River, Tallassee, Alabama (Walker, 1904a).
Somatogyrus pumilus (Conrad 1834} [Fig. 176]
Black Warrior River and Cahatehee Creek, Shelby, Alabama (Walker, 1906a).
Somatogyrus pygmaeus Walker 1909 [Fig. 177]
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1909c).
Somatogyrus quadmtus Walker 1906 [Fig. 178]
Tennessee River and Shoal Creek, Florence, Alabama (Walker, 1906a).
Somatogyrus sargenti Pilsbry 1895 [Fig. 179]
Mud Creek and tributary, tributaries of the Tennessee River, Alabama (Pilsbry,
1895a; Sargent, 1895).
Somatogyrus strengi Pilsbry & Walker 1906 [Fig. 180]
Tennessee River and Shoal Creek, Florence, Alabama; Bridgeport, Alabama
(Pilsbry & Walker, 1906a).
Somatogyrus substriatus Walker 1906 [Fig. 181]
Tennessee River, Florence, Alabama; Tombigbee River, Columbus, Mississippi
(Walker, 1906a); Uchee Creek, Fort Mitchell, Russell County, and Choctaw-
hatchee River, Dale County, Alabama (Clench & Turner, 1956).
Somatogyrus tennesseensis Walker 1906 [Fig. 182]
Shoal Creek, Florence, Tennessee (Walker, 1906a).
Somatogyrus trothis Doherty 1878
Ohio River, Campbell County, Kentucky (Doherty, 1878).
Somatogyrus tryoni Pilsbry & Baker 19279
Ashippun, Bark and Crawfish rivers, and Lake Michigan drainage, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin; Mitkwonago River and Creek, Waukesha County, Illinois (Pilsbry
&F.C. Baker, 1927),
Somatogyrus walkerianus Aldrich 1905 [Fig. 185]
Conecut River, Escambia County, Alabama (Aldrich, 1905).
Somatogyrus wheeleri Walker 1915 [Figs. 183, 184]
Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Arkansas (Walker, 1915c).
Subgenus Walkeritta Thiele 1928
Somatogyrus (Walkerttta) coosaensis Walker 1904 [Figs. 150, 186,196]
Coosa and Catawba rivers, Alabama (Walker, 1904a, 1906a),
Somatogyrus (Walkerilla) tenax Thompson 1969 [Figs. 89, 197, 201]
Broad River, Elbert County, Georgia (Thompson, 1969).
24
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Somatogyrus (Walkerttla) virginicm Walker 19049'l2 [Fig. 187]
Barnard's Ford, Rapidan River, Virginia (Walker, 1904a).
Subfamily Nymphophilime
Genus Birgella F.C. Baker 1926
Birgella subglobosa (Say 1825) [Figs. 188, 198,202]
Great Lakes; the river and creek form (isogona Say 1829) ranges from Ohio
west to Iowa, and from Michigan south to Alabama and Arkansas (EC. Baker,
1928c).
Genus Cincinnatia Pilsbry 1891
Cincinnatia dncinnatiensis (Anthony 1840)5 [Figs. 189, 199,203]
New York and Pennsylvania west to southern Manitoba, southern Saskatche-
wan, North Dakota, Utah and Texas (Clarke, 1973).
Cincinnatia comalensis (Pilsbry & Ferriss 1906) [Fig. 190]
Comal Creek, near New Braunfels, and the Guadelupe River, about four miles
above New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas (Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906),
Cincinnatia floridana (Frauenfeld 1863) [Figs. 204, 235]
Confined to Florida: from the Suwannee River south to Orlando and Hills-
borough County (Thompson, 1968).
Cincinnatia fraterna Thompson 1968 [Figs. 200, 205]
Creeks, small streams*and sloughs along the lower third of the St. Johns River,
Florida (Thompson, 1968).
Cincinnatia helicogyra Thompson 1968 [Figs. 206, 222]
Spring-fed lagoon on the south side of the head of the Crystal River, Citrus
County, Florida (Thompson, 1968).
Cincinnatia Integra (Say 1829)
Ohio River and tributaries in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and southeastern Illinois.
Cincinnatia mica Thompson 1968 [Figs. 207, 223]
Small spring along the west bank of the Ichetucknee River about one mile
northeast of U.S. Highway 27, Suwannee County, Florida (Thompson, 1968).
Cincinnatia monroemis (Dall 1885) [Fig. 208]
Brook flawing from Benson's Mineral Spring, Enterprise, Volusia County,
Florida (Dall, 1885; Thompson, 1968).
Cincinnatia parva Thompson 1968 [Figs. 209, 224]
Blue Springs, three miles west of Orange City, Volusia County, Florida (Thomp-
son, 1968).
Cincinnatia peracuta Pilsbry & Walker (in Pilsbry) 1889 [Fig. 225]
Spivey's Lake, Navarro County, Texas (Pilsbry, 1889).
Cincinnatia petrifons Thompson 1968 [Figs. 210, 226]
Rock Springs, 6.5 miles north of Apopka, Orange County, Florida (Thompson,
1968).
Cincinnatia pondemsa Thompson 1968 [Figs. 211, 227]
Sanlando Springs, 3,1 miles west of Longwood, Seminole County, Florida
25
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(Thompson, 1968).
Cincinnatia vanhyningi (Vanatta 1934) [Figs. 212, 236J
Seminole Springs, 3.4 miles northeast of Sorrento, Lake County, Florida
(Vanatta, 1934; Thompson, 3968).
Cincinnatia wekiwae Thompson 1968 (Figs. 213,228]
Wekiwa Springs, about five miles northeast of Apopka, Seminole County,
Florida (Thompson, 1968).
Genus Fontelicella Gregg & Taylor 1965
Subgenus Fontelicella s.s,
Fontelicella californiensis Gregg & Taylor 1965 [Fig. 229]
Southern California and northwestern Baja California (Gregg & Taylor, 1965).
Fontelicella deserta (Pilsbry 1916) [Fig. 237]
Washington County, Utah.
Fontelicella intermedia (Tryon 1865) [Fig. 238]
Owyhee River, Malheur County, Oregon (Tryon, 1865i; Gregg & Taylor,
1965).
Fontelicella neomexicana (Pilsbry 1916) [Fig. 239]
In warm springs at Socorro, New Mexico (Pilsbry, 1916a).
Fontelicella pilsbryana (Baily & Baily 1952)
Bear Lake Valley, southeastern Idaho-northeastern Utah (Baily & Baily, 1951;
Gregg & Taylor, 1965).
Fontelicella stearnsiana (Pilsbry 1899)
San Francisco Bay region eastward to the Sierra Nevada foothills, California
(Gregg & Taylor, 1965).
Subgenus Natrtcola Gregg & Taylor 1965
Fontelicella (Natricola) hendersoni (Pilsbry 1933) [Fig. 240]
Harney Lake basin, Harney County, Oregon (Gregg & Taylor, 1965).
Fontelicella (Natricola) idahoensis (Pilsbry 1933) [Figs. 241, 242]
Snake River, southwestern Idaho (Gregg & Taylor, 1965).
FonteUceUa (Natricola) robusta (Walker 1908) [Figs. 230, 243]
Snake River drainage of western Wyoming and southern Idaho; Harney Lake
basin, eastern Oregon (Gregg & Taylor, 1965).
Subgenus Microamnicola Gregg & Taylor 1965
Fontelicella (Microamnicola) micrococcus Pilsbry (in Steams) 1893 [Figs. 231,
244]
Amargosa River drainage, in southern Nye County, Nevada; eastern Inyo
County and northern San Bernardino County, California (Gregg & Taylor,
1965).
26
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Genus Marstonia F.C. Baker 192613
Marstonia agarhecta Thompson 1969 [Figs. 214, 2321
Bluff Creek, Pulaski County, Georgia (Thompson, 1969, 1977),
Marstonia arga Thompson 1977 [Figs. 215, 233)
Tennessee River in the vicinity of the Guntersville Reservoir in northeastern
Alabama and from Shoal Creek (Thompson, 1977).
Marstonia castor Thompson 1977 [Figs. 216, 234]
Cedar Creek, Crisp County, Georgia (Thompson, 1977).
Marstonia halcyon Thompson 1977 [Figs. 217, 249]
Lower half of theOgeechee River system in eastern Georgia (Thompson, 1977).
Marstonia lustrica (Pilsbry 1890)14 [Figs. 218, 219, 245, 246, 250, 251]
Canada: southern Quebec and Ontario; United States: Maine and New York
west through northwestern Pennsylvania, Ohio, northern Indiana and northern
Illinois to Iowa and Minnesota (Thompson, 1977).
Marstonia ogmorphaphe Thompson 1977 [Figs. 220, 252]
Owen Springs, Sequatchie, Marion County, Tennessee (Thompson, 1977).
Marstonia olivacea (Pilsbry 1895) [Fig. 247]
Big Spring Creek, Madison County, Alabama (Thompson, 1977).
Marstonia pachyta Thompson 1977 [Figs. 221, 253]
Limestone Creek and Piney Creek, Limestone County, Alabama (Thompson,
1977).
Genus Notogillia Pilsbry 1953
Notogillia sathon Thompson 1969 [Figs. 90, 254]
Small streams and springs draining into the Ocmulgee River in south central
Georgia (Thompson, 1969).
Notogillia wetherbyi (Dall 1885) [Figs. 255, 260]
Alabama: Decatur and Seminole counties (Clench & Turner, 1956); Florida:
northern half of the peninsula west of the St. Johns River and as far north as
the Suwannee River system; also in Jackson and Calhoun counties (Thomp-
son, 1968); Georgia: Barbour County (Hubricht, 1963c).
Genus Orygoceras Brusina 1882
Orygoceras sp. [Fig. 248]
Roaring Springs, Real County, Texas (Taylor, 1974).
Genus Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry 1886
Pyrgulopsis archimedis S.S. Berry 1947 [Fig. 274]
Upper Klamath Lake, near Algoma, Oregon (S.S. Berry, 1947).
Pyrgulopsis letsoni (Walker 1901)13 [Fig. 261 ]
Ontario, New York, Ohio and Michigan (F.C. Baker, 1928c; LaRocque,
1968).
27
-------
Pyrgulopsls nevadensis nevadensis (Steams 1883) [Figs. 256^.270-272]
Pyramid Lake and Walker's Lake, Nevada (Stearns, 1883b); Upper Klamath
Lake, Oregon (Hanna, 1930).
Pyrgulopsis nevadensis paiutica Baily & Baily 1951
Pyramid Lake, Nevada (Baily & Baily, 1951).
Pyrgulopsis ozarkemis Hinkley 1915s 3
North Fork of the White River, above Norfolk, Arkansas (Hinkley, 1915).
Pyrgulopsis scalariformis (Wolf 1869)13 [Fig. 273]
Shoal Creek, near Florence, Alabama; Illinois River, Tazewell County, and
Rock River, Rock Island County, Illinois, as Pleistocene fossils (Wolf, 1869;
F.C. Baker, I928c).
Genus Rhapinema Thompson 1969
Rhapinema dacryon Thompson 1969 [Figs. 91, 257, 262]
Chipola River drainage in Jackson County, Florida (Thompson, 1969).
Genus Spilochlamys Thompson 1968
Spilochlamys conica Thompson 1968 [Figs. 92, 258, 263]
River systems draining into the Gulf of Mexico in north central Florida, from
Levy County north and west to Jackson County (Thompson, 1968).
Spilochlamys gravis Thompson 1968 [Figs. 264, 275, 276]
North central Florida, in the St. Johns drainage system from Palatka south to
the Wekiva River (Thompson, 1968).
Spilochlamys turgida Thompson 1969 [Fig. 259]
Small streams and springs draining into the Ocmulgee River in south central
Georgia (Thompson, 1969).
Genus Stiobia Thompson 1978
Stiobia nana Thompson 1978 [Fip. 265, 297]
Cold water Spring Run, west of Oxford, Calhoun County, Alabama (Thomp-
son &McCaleb, 1978).
Subfamily Amnicolinae
Genus Amnicola Gould & Haldeman 184015
Subgenus Amnicola s.s.
Amnicola aldrichi aldrichi (Call & Beecher 1886)16 [Fig. 277]
Tributary of Black River, Reynolds County, Missouri (Call & Beecher, 1886).
Amnicola aldrichi antroecetes Hubrieht 1940
Caves in southwestern Illinois and in eastern and southeastern Missouri (Hu-
brieht, 1940a).
28
-------
Amnicola aldrichi insolita Hubricht 1940
Springs in southeastern Missouri (Hubricht, 1940a).
Amnicola bakeriana Pilsbry 191716
Oneida Lake, New York (Pilsbry, 1917c).
Amnicola clarkei Pilsbry 191716
Oneida Lake, New York (Pilsbry, 1917c).
Amnicola cora Hubricht 1979 [Fig, 285]
Stream in Foushee Case, three miles west of Locust Grove, Independence
County, Arkansas (Hubricht, 1979).
Amnicola dalti dalli (Pilsbry & Beeeher 1892) [Figs. 266, 298]
Throughout the northern half of peninsular Florida and west into the Florida
panhandle to Leon County (Thompson, 1968).
Amnicola dalli johnsoni Pilsbry 1899 [Figs. 93, 267, 278, 284]
Throughout the northern two-thirds of peninsular Florida, and near Tallahas-
see (Thompson, 1968),
Amnicola decisa Haldeman 184516 [Fig. 287]
Tributaries of the Susquehanna River and in the Schuylkill River (Haldeman,
1845),
Amnicola limosa limosa (Say 1817) [Fig. 268, 286, 288-290, 299]
From the Atlantic coast to as far west as Utah, and from Labrador to Florida
(E.G. Berry, 1943).
Amnicola limosa parva Lea 1841
Atlantic and Middle States, including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Missouri
(F.C. Baker, 1928c).
Amnicola missouriensis Pilsbry 189816
Carter County, Missouri (Pilsbry, 1898a).
Amnicola proserpina Hubricht 194016
Spring in St. Louis County and caves in St. Genevieve and Jefferson counties,
eastern Missouri (Hubricht, 1940a, 1942).
Amnicola rhombostoma Thompson 1968 [Figs. 269, 300]
In small sand-bottomed streams and rivers draining into the west side of the
St. Johns River in Clay and Putnam counties, Florida (Thompson, 1968).
Amnicola stygia Hubricht 1971 [Fig. 291]
Caves in Perry County, Missouri (Hubricht, 1971).
Subgenus Lyogyrus Gill 1863
Amnicola (Lyogyrus) browni Carpenter 1872 [Fig. 301]
Massachusetts and Rhode Island (see E.G. Berry, 1943).
Amnicola (Lyogyrus) grana (Say 1822) [Figs. 279, 302]
Atlantic drainage in southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey (Walker,
1918b); headwaters of the Pearl River, Mississippi (Hubricht, 1963a),
Amnicola {'Lyogyrus)greggi Pilsbry 1935 [Figs. 292, 303]
Cliff Creek canyon, a fork of Hoback canyon, about 29 miles south of Jack-
son, Wyoming, in the Snake River drainage (Pilsbry, 1935a); also in western
Montana and southeastern Idaho (Taylor, 1966b).
Amnicola (Lyogyrus) pitsbryi Walker 1906 [Figs. 293-296,304]
Wisconsin east to New Philadelphia, Ohio, and south to northern Illinois (F.C.
29
-------
Baker, 1928c).
Amnicola (Lyogyrus) pupoidea (Gould 1841) [Figs, 280, 305]
Canada, Maine, Connecticut, Massachusetts and the District of Columbia
(Binney, 1865d).
Amnicola (Lyogyrus) retromargo Thompson 1968 [Figs. 94, 281, 306]
Occurs in a narrow zone across the neck of the Florida peninsula from the
west side of the St. Johns River in Clay and Putnam counties west to Dixie
County (Thompson, 1968).
Amnicola (Lyogyrus) walked POsbry 1898 [Figs. 282, 307, 309]
St. Lawrence River and Great Lake drainages, upper Mississippi drainage, the
Canadian Interior basin in the Albany and Winnipeg river systems and in Lake
Winnipeg (Clarke, 1973).
Genus Hauffenia Pollonera 189817
Hauffenia micra (Pilsbry & Ferriss 1906 [Fig. 308]
Found in drift debris of the Guadalupe River, near New Braunfels, Texas
(Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906).
Genus Horatio. Bourguignat 188717
Horatia nugax (Pilsbry & Ferriss 1906) [Fig. 316]
Found in drift debris of the Guadalupe River, near New Braunfels, Texas
(Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906).
Subfamily Fontigentinae
Genus Fontigens Pilsbry 1933
I R
Fontigens binneyana (Hannibal 1912)
"Ohio" (Lea, 1841, for "Paludina" obtusa, preoccupied; renamed binneyana).
Fontigens cryptica Hubricht 1963 IFig. 315]
Small spring in Clarke County, Indiana (Hubricht, 1963b).
Fontigens hoMngeri Hubricht 1976 [Fig. 311]
Streams in caves in Randolph and Pocahontas counties, West Virginia (Hu-
bricht, 1976).
Fontigens nickliniana (Lea 1838) [Figs. 283, 319]
In cool, shallow springs from Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and from Ontario to
Alabama (E.G. Berry, 1943).
Fontigens orolibas Hubricht 1957 [Figs. 312, 313]
Springs in the Shenandoah National Park and along the Blue Ridge Parkway,
Virginia (Hubricht, 1957).
Fontigens tartarea Hubricht 1963 [Fig. 314]
Stream in Organ Cave, Greenbrier County, West Virginia (Hubricht, 1963b).
Fontigens tumtella Hubricht 1976 [Fig. 310]
Caves in Greenbrier County, West Virginia (Hubricht, 1976).
30
-------
Fontigens weberi Pilsbry 19501
West Lake, Cape Sable, Florida (Pilsbry, 1950a),
/ncertae Sedis
"Bythinella"hemphilti Pilsbry 1890 {Fig. 320]
Near Kentucky Ferry, Snake River, Washington (Pilsbry, 1890e)
"Cochliopa" texana Pilsbry 1935 [Fig. 317]
Phantom Lake, near Toyahvale, Reeves County, Texas (Pilsbry, 1935a).
"Paludestrina" bottimeri Walker 1925 [Fig. 318]
Glen Echo, Montgomery County, Maryland (Walker, 1925a).
Family POMATIOPSIDAE
Genus Pomatiopsis Tryon 1862
Pomatiopsis binneyi Tryon 1863 [Fig. 321]
Bolinas, Marin County, California (Tryon, 1863a); Mt. Tamalpais, Marin
County (Davis, 1967).
Pomatiopsis californica Pilsbry 1899 [Fig. 322]
San Francisco and Oakland, California (Pilsbry, 1899); Bolinas Bay, Marin
County, California (Davis, 1967).
Pomatiopsis chacei Pilsbry 1937
Near Klamath, Humboldt County, California (Pilsbry, 1937a); Crescent City,
Del Norte County, and Wilson Creek, California (E.G. Berry, 1947b).
Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Lea 1840) [Fig. 323]
Tennessee and southwest Virginia to southern Michigan, Illinois and Iowa
(Burch & Van Devender, 1980).
Pomatiopsis hinkleyi Pilsbry 189620 [Fig. 324]
The original localities (near Florence, Alabama) are now covered by the water
impounded by Wilson Dam; also found at a spring near Ashland City, Tennes-
see, and near Eberhardt, South Carolina (Hubricht, 1960).
Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say 1817) [Fig. 325]
Widely distributed in the eastern United States, with occasional occurrences
west to northern Texas and New Mexico (Burch & Van Devender, 1980),
Family THIARIDAE
Genus Melanoides Olivier 1904
Melanoides tuberculata (Miiller 1774) [Fig. 327]
Much of Africa and the eastern Mediterranean countries, throughout India,
Southeast Asia, Malaysia and southern China, north to the Ryukyu Islands of
Japan, south and east through many of the Pacific islands to northern Australia
and the New Hebrides (Pace, 1973); introduced into Florida, Texas and Ari-
zona (see Dundee, 1974; Murray, 1964, 1976).
31
-------
Genus Thiara Roding 1798
Thiara grant/era (Lamarck 1822) [Fig. 326]
Madagascar and India eastward throughout Malaysia and the Philippines to the
Society Islands and north to the Ryukyu Islands and Hawaii (Pace, 1973);
introduced into Florida (Abbott, 1952) and Texas (Murray, 1964).
Family PLEUROCERIDAE21' 22
Genus Elimia H. & A. Adams 185423
Elimia acuta group
Elimia acuta acuta (Lea 1831)
Tributaries of the Tennessee River in southern Tennessee and northern Ala-
bama (Goodrich, 1930a, 1941b).
Elimia acuta clavula (Lea 1868)
Tributaries of the Tennessee River in Madison County, Tennessee, and Jack-
son County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia comma (Conrad 1834)
Springs and spring branches of the Black Warrior River in Jefferson and Blount
counties, Alabama (Goodrich, 1941b),
Elimia boykiniana group
Elimia boykiniana boykiniana (Lea 1840) [Fig. 328]
Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, Georgia (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia boykiniana albanyemis (Lea 1864)
Flint River, Georgia, and tributaries; Uchee Creek, Russell County, Alabama
(Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia boykiniana viennaensis (Lea 1862) [Fig. 329]
Flint River and creeks of western Georgia; Uchee Creek, Russell County,
Alabama (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia clenchi (Goodrich 1924) [Fig. 330]
Tributaries of Choctawhatchee and Chipola rivers, Alabama and Florida;
branches of Conecuh River, Covington County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia ucheensis (Lea 1862) [Fig. 346]
Uchee and Little Uchee creeks, Russell County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia carinifera group
Elimia beltacrenata (Haldeman 1841) [Fig. 345]
Tributary springs, spring-fed brooks and creeks of the Cahaba River (Good-
rich, 1941c).
Elimia carinifera (Lamarck 1822) [Fig. 331 ]
Springs, brooks, creeks and occasionally rivers of the Alabama River drainage
32
-------
basin, from north Georgia to Monroe County, Alabama; parts of the Tennes-
see River system in the vicinity of Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee
(Goodrich, 1941b,c).
Hlimia catenaria group
Elimia arachnoidea arachnoidea (Anthony 1854) [Fig. 332]
Small streams of East Tennessee (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia arachnoidea spinella (Lea 1862) [Fig. 333]
Small streams of Lee and Scott counties, Virginia, and Claibome County, Ten-
nessee (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia athearni (Clench & Turner 1956)
Central part of the Chipola River system (Clench & Turner, 1956).
Elimia brevis (Reeve 1860) [Figs. 347, 348]
Middle and lower reaches of the Coosa River, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia capillaris (Lea 3861) [Fig. 334]
Coosa River, Floyd County, Georgia, to shoals of Chilton and Coosa counties,
Alabama; in the Etowah River, at Rome, Georgia, and creeks to Talladega
County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia catenaria catenaria (Say 1822) [Fig. 335]
Springs of eastern South Carolina, possibly in streams southward to the Savan-
nah River (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia catenaria dislocata (Reeve 1861) [Figs. 336, 349]
Streams of Durham, Burke, Franklin, Madison and Mecklenburg counties,
North Carolina; headstreams in South Carolina, Greenville County, Virginia
(Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia catenaria inclinans (Lea 1862)
Flint River and tributaries, Georgia (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia catenaria postelli (Lea 1858) [Fig. 337]
Altamaha, Ogeechee and Canoochee rivers, and possibly Savannah River,
Georgia (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia catenaria vanhyningiana (Goodrich 1921) [Fig. 338]
Lake, Marion and Orange counties, Florida (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia cochttaris (Lea 1868)
Found in springs and spring brooks of the Little Cahaba River in Bibb, Jeffer-
son and Tuscaloosa counties, Alabama (Goodrich, 1941c).
Elimia comalensis comalensis (Pilsbry 1890) [Fig. 339]
Drainage of Guadeloupe River, Texas; ? basin of Brazos River (Goodrich,
1942b).
Elimia comalensis fontinalis (Pilsbry & Ferriss 1906) [Fig. 350]
Comal Creek and its springs, New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas (Goodrich,
1942b).
Elimia crenatella (Lea 1860) [Fig. 340]
Coosa River Basin: in the Coosa River from St. Clair to Chilton County, Ala-
bama, and in creeks of St. Clair, Etowah and Talladega counties (Goodrich,
1944d).
Elimia edgariana (Lea 1841) [Fig. 341]
Streams of Cumberland, Duck and Elk rivers, Tennessee (Goodrich, 1940d).
33
-------
Elimia floridensis (Reeve 1860)
Upper reaches of the St. Johns and Hillsborough rivers in central Florida, north
and west to the Apalachicola River and the upper reaches of Holmes Creek
(Clench & Turner, 1956).
Elimia fttsiformis (Lea 1841) [Figs. 351,352]
Coosa River: Weduska Shoals. Shelby County, to Wetumpka. Elmore County,
Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia impressa (Lea 1841) [Fig. 342]
Coosa River: Leoto Shoals, St. Clair County, to rapids of Coosa County, Ala-
bama (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia nassula (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 353]
Springs and spring branches of Madison and Colbert counties, Alabama (Good-
rich, 1940d).
Elimia perstriata perstriata (Lea 1852)
Springs and small streams of north Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia perstriata crispa (Lea 1862)
Lawrence and Madison counties, Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia perstriata decampi (Lea 1863)24 [Fig. 343]
Madison County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia plicatastriata (Wetherby 1876)
Small branches of the Cumberland River, Tennessee and Kentucky; Big Rich-
land Creek of the Tennessee River, Humphreys County, Tennessee (Goodrich,
1940d).
Elimia porrecta (Lea 1863) [Figs. 368, 369]
Springs and streams of Claiborne County, Tennessee (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia pupaeformis (Lea 1864) [Fig. 354]
Coosa River, from the vicinity of Riverside, St. Clair County, to Wetumpka,
Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d),
Elimia striatula (Lea 1842) [Fig. 344]
In the Tennessee River system at springs in Monroe County and in a reservoir
near Cleveland, Bradley County, Tennessee (Goodrich, 1940d); in the Ala-
bama River system at Coahulla Creek, Whitfield County, Georgia (Goodrich,
1941b).
Elimia strigosa (Lea 1841) [Fig. 355]
Small streams near Knoxville, Knox County, Tennessee (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia teres (Lea 1841) [Fig. 356]
Small streams of Walden Ridge, Tennessee, flowing eastward (Goodrich,
1940d).
Elimia troostiana (Lea 1838) [Fig. 357]
Mossy Creek, Jefferson County, Tennessee (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia carinocostata group
Elimia bentoniensis (Lea 1862)
Coosa River Basin, in small streams of Calhoun, St. Clair and Talladega coun-
ties, Alabama (Goodrich, 1941b, 1944d).
Elimia carinocostata (Lea 1845)
Tributaries of Black Warrior River (Goodrich, 1941b); upper Cahaba River to
34
-------
Nunley Ford, Shelby County, and upper Little Cahaba River, Alabama (Good-
rich, 1941c); Coosa River Basin, in creeks from Whitfield County, Georgia, to
Elmore County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia curvicostata (Reeve 1861) [Fig, 358]
Streams of western Georgia and Florida; rivers and creeks of southeastern
Alabama (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia dickinsoni (Clench & Turner 1956) [Fig. 359]
Upper tributaries of the Chipola River in Florida and Alabama, and the tribu-
taries of the Choctawhatchee immediately to the west (Clench & Turner, 1956).
Elimia induta (Lea 1862)
Flint River basin, Crisp and Dooly counties, Georgia (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia ebenum group
Elimia ebenum ebenum (Lea 1841) [Fig. 370]
Cumberland River above the Falls; Smith's Shoals, Pulaski County, Kentucky;
springs and small streams of the river downstream to Dickson County, Tennes-
see (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia ebenum emery ensis (Lea 1864)
In branches of the Cumberland River in eastern Kentucky and Tennessee
(Goodrich, I940d).
Elimia gerhardti group
Elimia annettae (Goodrich 1941) [Fig. 360]
Cahaba River, Lily Shoals, Bibb County, Alabama (Goodrich, 194la).
Elimia cahawbensis cahawbensis (Lea 1861) [Fig. 371]
Headwaters and small streams and creeks of the Cahaba River; in a few tribu-
taries of the Black Warrior River; Waxahatchee Creek and branches of the
Coosa River basin (Goodrich, 1941b).
Elimia cahawbensis fraterna (Lea 1864)
A branch of the Cahaba River in Bibb County, and in the Black Warrior River
basin at Murphy's Creek, Blount County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1941c).
Elimia flava (Lea 1862) [Fig. 372]
Confined to the Tallapoosa River and its tributaries (Goodrich, 1941b).
Elimia gerhardti (Lea 1862) [Figs. 361, 362, 373]
Coosa River basin, from north Georgia to the lower tributaries of the Coosa
River (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia varians (Lea 1861)
Cahaba River, Bibb County, Alabama, from Pratt's Ferry to seven miles below
Centerville (Goodrich, 1941c).
Elimia hartmaniana group
Elimia hartmaniana (Lea 1861) [Fig. 363]
Coosa River; St. Clair to Elmore County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
35
-------
Elimia macglameriana (Goodrich 1936) [Fig, 374]
Coosa River: Yancy's Landing, Floyd County, Georgia, to Riddle's Bend, St.
Clair County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d),
Elimia pygmaea (Smith (in Goodrich) 1936) [Fig, 375]
Three Island Shoals, Coosa River, Talladega County, Alabama (Goodrich,
1944d).
Elimia haysiana group
Elimia alabamensis (Lea 1861) [Figs. 376, 377]
In middle sections of the Coosa River, and in creeks of Talladega County, Ala-
bama (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia clausa (Lea 1861) [Fig. 364]
Coosa River, in shoals of St. Clair County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia haysiana (Lea 1843) [Figs. 378, 379]
Lower part of the Coosa River (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia pupoidea (Anthony 1854) [Figs. 380, 381]
Cahaba and Black Warrior rivers, and in the vicinity of Selma, Alabama River,
Alabama (Goodrich, 194lc).
Elimia hydei group
Elimia hydei (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 365]
Confined to the Black Warrior River, Alabama, and its branches (Goodrich,
1941b).
Elimia laqueata group
Elimia costifera (Reeve 1861)
Tributaries of the Ohio River in Kentucky and Illinois (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia curreyana (Lea 1841)
Green River, Kentucky, and tributaries; streams of Cumberland River, middle
Tennessee (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia interveniens (Lea 1862)
Tributaries of the Tennessee River in north Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d),
Elimia laqueata laqueata (Say 1829) [Figs. 366,367, 391]
Green River and tributaries, Kentucky; tributaries of middle parts of Cumber-
land River, Tennessee; Duck River and branches, Tennessee; tributaries of the
Tennessee River, Tennessee and Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia laqueata castanea (Lea 1841) [Fig, 382]
Headwaters of the Duck River, Tennessee (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia laqueata costulata (Lea 1841) [Fig. 392]
Green River of Kentucky and branches; branches of the Duck River, Tennes-
see (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia laqueata tortum (Lea 1845)
Elk River drainage in Lynn Creek, Giles County, Tennessee, and Richland
36
-------
Creek, Lawrence County, Tennessee; headwaters of Big Creek, Lawrence
County, Tennessee (Goodrich, 1930a, 1940d),
Elimia paupercula (Lea 1862) [Fig. 383]
Creeks of northern Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia pybasi (Lea 1862)
Springs and streams of northern Alabama (Goodrich, 1941b).
Elimia livescens group
Elimia livescens livescens (Menke 1830) [Fig. 393]
St. Lawrence River drainage from the Great Lakes to Lake Champlain and
Quebec; tributaries of the Ohio River, east of Scioto River in Ohio; Wabash
River and branches, west to the Illinois River; through the Erie Canal it has
invaded the Hudson River basin (Goodrich, 1940d, 1945).
Elimia livescens gmeilior (Lea 1861)
Lakes of Summit and Stark counties, Ohio (Goodrich, 1939d).
Elimia livescens haldemani (Tryon 1865) [Fig. 384]
Lake Erie; ?Lake Champlain (Goodrich, 1939d).
Elimia mutabilis group
Elimia mutabilis mutabilis (Lea 1862) [Fig. 394]
Streams of western Georgia and Florida, and southern Alabama; also a few
creeks and springs of Alabama within the Alabama River system (Goodrich,
1942b).
Elimia mutabilis timidus (Goodrich 1942)
Spring two miles northwest of Hawkinsville, Pulaski County, Georgia, in the
basin of the Altamaha River (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia taitiana (Lea 1841) [Fig. 395]
Branch of Sepulga River, Conecuh County, Alabama; small streams of the
Alabama River system, Sumpter, Marengo, Monroe and Wilcox counties, Ala-
bama (Goodrich, 1942b).
Elimia olivula group
Elimia bettula (Lea 1861) [Fig. 396]
In the middle part of the Coosa River, and in Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby County,
and Choccolocco Creek, Talladega County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia chiltonensis (Goodrich, 1941) [Fig. 397]
Waxahatchee Creek of Chilton and Shelby counties, Alabama, and three of its
tributaries, and in Weguska Creek, Coosa County, Alabama (Goodrich, 194la).
Elimia cylindracea (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 398]
Tombigbee River from Columbus, Mississippi, to near its mouth, and in the
lower part of the Black Warrior River, Alabama (Goodrich, 1936).
Elimiagibbera (Smith 1936) [Fig. 399]
Coosa River, shoals of St. Clair County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
37
-------
Elimia lachryma (Reeve 1861) [Fig. 400]
Coosa River: Gilbert's Ferry, Etowah County, to near Childersburg, Talladega
County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia laeta (Jay 1839) [Fig. 401 ]
Coosa River, from Cherokee County to Elmore County, Alabama (Goodrich,
1944d).
Elimia olivula (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 402]
Alabama River and the lower Cahaba River (below the Falls Line), Alabama
(Goodrich, 1941c).
Elimia pilsbryi (Goodrich 1927)25 [Fig. 385]
Coosa River: Hall's Island, Talladega County, to mouth of Yellowleaf Creek
of Chilton County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia showalteri (Lea 1860) [Fig. 386]
Cahaba River, from Lily Shoals to two miles east of Harrisburg, Bibb County,
Alabama (Goodrich, 1941 c).
Elimia variata (Lea 1861) [Fig. 387]
Cahaba River and tributaries in Shelby and Bibb counties, Alabama; Little
Cahaba River, Jefferson County (Goodrich, 194 Ic).
Elimia semicarinata group
Elimia semicarinata (Say 1829)
Tributaries of Ohio River, Scioto River, Ohio, to Big Blue River, Indiana;
Licking River to Salt River in Kentucky; two creeks of Green River of Ken-
tucky (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia simplex group
Elimia aterina (Lea 1863) [Fig. 388]
Springs and small streams of Claiborne and Hancock counties, Tennessee
(Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia clavaeformis (Lea 1841) [Figs. 403-405]
Tributaries of the upper Tennessee River in Virginia, Tennessee and North
Carolina (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia simplex (Say 1825) [Fig. 406]
Headwaters of the Tennessee River system in Virginia, Tennessee and North
Carolina; Beaver Fork of the Bluestone River, which is a tributary of the
Kanawha River in Mercer County, West Virginia (Goodrich, 1940d).
Elimia vanuxemiana group
Elimia buttula (Lea 1861) [Figs. 389, 390]
Coosa River, Cherokee County, Alabama, to near the Narrows, Coosa County,
and in five tributaries between these points (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia caelatura caelatura (Reeve 1860) [Fig. 407]
Coosa River Basin, from Georgia headwaters to side streams of Talladega
38
-------
County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
EHmia caelatura excellens (Goodrich, 1935) [Fig. 408]
Known from three streams in the Alabama River system of northwestern
Georgia and northeastern Alabama (Goodrich, 194Ib).
EHmia caelatura georgiana (Lea 1862) [Fig. 409]
Chattooga River, Georgia (Goodrich, 1941b).
Elimia caelatura infuscata (Lea 1862) [Fig. 415]
Small streams of the Alabama River system in Bartow, Floyd, Gordon and
Murray counties, Georgia, and Cherokee, Etowah and St. Clair counties, Ala-
bama (Goodrich, 1941b).
Elimia caelatura lecontiana (Lea 1841)
Creeks of the Alabama River system in northwestern Georgia to northeastern
Alabama (Goodrich, 1941b).
Elimia caelatura luteocella (Lea 1868) [Fig. 410]
Small streams of the Alabama River system in northwestern Georgia, north-
eastern Alabama and Talladega County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1941b).
Elimia caelatura stearnsiana (Call 1886) [Figs. 411,416]
Small streams of the Alabama River from north Georgia to Calhoun, Shelby
and Talladega counties, Alabama (Goodrich, 194Ib).
Elimia fascinans (Lea 1861) [Fig. 417]
Coosa River Basin, in creeks from Calhoun to Coosa County, and occasionally
in the Coosa River (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia jonesi (Goodrich 1936) [Fig. 418]
Coosa River: Ten Island Shoals, St. Clair County, to the Bar, Chilton County,
Alabama (Goodrich, 1944d).
EHmia vanuxemiana (Lea 1843) [Figs. 419-422]
Coosa River Basin: in the Coosa River at Etowah County and downstream,
and in the mouths of a few tributaries of the same range (Goodrich, 1944d).
Elimia virginica group
Elimia proximo (Say 1825) [Fig. 412]
Highlands of North and South Carolina, Elimia proximo may be a composite
group, those in the Atlantic drainage having been derived from E. symmetrica
and those in the Tennessee drainage from E, simplex (Goodrich, 1942b, 1950).
Say (1825) originally described E. proximo from specimens from three locali-
ties: a small brook which discharges into the Catawba River near Landsford,
South Carolina [Atlantic drainage], and in the warm springs and in the French
Broad River, both in Buncombe County, North Carolina [Tennessee drainage].
Elimia symmetrica (Haldeman 1841) [Figs. 423-425]
Southern Virginia; North Carolina (Goodrich, 1942b),
Elimia virginica (Say 1817) [Fig. 413]
Connecticut River, Massachusetts and Connecticut, to Virginia; ? also North
Carolina; westward through the Erie Canal to Monroe County, New York, in
the Great Lakes basin (Goodrich, 1942b).
39
-------
Elimia clara (group ?)
Elimia clara (Anthony 1854) [Fig. 414]
Cahaba River, Alabama, and its tributaries (Goodrich, 1941c).
Elimia ampla (Anthony 1854)26 [Fig. 426]
Cahaba River, Alabama, at Centerville and Lily Shoals (Goodrich, 1941c).
Elimia potosiensis (group ?)
Elimia potosiensis potosiensis (Lea 1841) [Fig. 427]
Upland streams of a few Missouri counties (Goodrich, 1939e),
Elimia potosiensis crandalli (Pilsbry 1890)
Known only from Mammoth Springs, Fulton County, Arkansas (Goodrich,
1939e).
Elimia potosiensis ozarkensis (Call 1886) [Fig. 458]
In springs of Shannon, Carter, Washington; Dent and Camden counties, Mis-
souri (Goodrich, 1939e),
Elimia potosiensis plebius (Gould 1850) [Figs. 459,460]
Common in rivers and creeks of the Ozarkian area of Missouri and Arkansas,
and in Oklahoma counties bordering Missouri (Goodrich, 1939e).
group ?
Elimia interrupta (Haldeman 1840) [Fig. 428]
Hiwassee River and its streams, North Carolina and eastern Tennessee (Good-
rich, 1940d).
(? hybrid)
Elimia ornata (Lea 1868)
Coosa River Basin, confined to a few miles of the Connesauga River, Georgia,
and nearby tributaries (Goodrich, 1944d).
Genus Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 184528'29
Gyrotoma excisum (Lea 1843) [Figs. 431-440]
Coosa River, Alabama, in Chilton, Coosa, Elmore, Shelby, St. Clair and Tal-
ladega counties.
Gyrotoma lewisi (Lea 1869) [Fig. 441 ]
Coosa River, Alabama: Fort William Shoals, Talladega County, and Three
Island Shoals, Wilsonville, Shelby County (Goodrich, 1924a, 1944d).
Gyrotoma pagodum (Lea 1845) [Figs. 442, 443]
Coosa River, Alabama: The Bar, Chilton County, to Wetumpka, Elmore
County (Goodrich, 1944d).
40
-------
Gyrotoma pumilum (Lea 1860) [Figs. 444,445]
Coosa River, Alabama; Fort William Shoals, Talladega County, and Weduska
Shoals, Shelby County, to Wetumpka (Goodrich, 1924a, 1944d).
Gyrotoma pyramidatum Shuttleworth 1845 [Fig. 446]
Coosa River, Alabama: Ten Island Shoals, St. Clair County, to the mouth of
Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby County (Goodrich, 1944d).
Gyrotoma walkeri Smith (in Goodrich) 1924 [Fig. 447]
Coosa River, Alabama: Weduska Shoals, Shelby County, to Butting Ram
Shoals, Coosa County (Goodrich, 1944d).
Genus/o Lea 1831
to fluviatts (Say 1825)30 [Figs. 429,430, 461-465]
Tennessee River and several of its main tributaries in western Virginia and
eastern Tennessee (Clinch, French Broad, Holston, Nolichucky and Powell
rivers).
Genus Juga H. & A. Adams 1854
Subgenus Juga s.s.
Juga hemphitti hemphitti (Henderson 1935) [Fig. 454]
Near Portland, Oregon (Henderson, 1935a).
Juga hemphilli dallesensis (Henderson 1935) [Fig. 455]
Mill Creek, The Dalles, Oregon (Henderson, 1935a).
Juga plicifera (Lea 1838) [Fig. 448]
Larger streams of Oregon and Washington (Goodrich, 1942d).
JugasWcula (Gould 1847) [Fig. 449]
Streams of Oregon and Washington (Goodrich, 1942d).
Subgenus Calibasis Taylor 1966
Juga (Calibasis) acutifilosa acutifilosa (Stearns 1890) [Fig. 450]
Shasta and Lassen counties, California (Goodrich, 1942d).
Juga fCalibasis} acutifllosa pittensis (Henderson 1935)
Fall River, Shasta County, California (Henderson, 1935a).
Juga (Calibasis) acutifilosa siskiyouensis (Pilsbry 1899)
Siskiyou County, California (Goodrich, 1942d).
Juga (Calibasis) occata (Hinds 1844) [Fig. 451 ]
Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, California (Goodrich, 1942d).
Subgenus Oreabasis Taylor 1966
Juga (Oreobasis) bulbosa (Gould 1847) [Fig. 452]
Lower Columbia River in Oregon and Washington and several of its tributaries
41
-------
(Deschutes and Owyhee rivers) (Pilsbry, 1899f)-
Juga (Oreobasis) interioris (Goodrich 1944) [Fig. 466]
Badger Creek, Bitner Ranch, Washoe County, and in the outlet of artesian
wells, nine miles west of Gerlach, Washoe County, Nevada (Goodrich, 1944a).
Juga (Oreobasis) laurae (Goodrich 1944) [Fig. 467]
Found in a spring west of Home Camp and in Boulder Springs, both in Long
Valley, Nevada, and in springs of Grasshopper Valley, Lassen County, Califor-
nia (Goodrich, 1944a).
Juga (Oreobasis) nigrina (Lea 1856) [Fig. 453]
Head streams and river tributaries of Oregon and northern California (Good-
rich, 1942d).
Genus Leptoxis Rafinesque 1819
Subgenus Leptoxis s.s.
Leptoxis ampla (Anthony 1855) [Figs, 456, 457]
Cahaba River, Alabama, and some of its tributaries (Goodrich, 1941b).
Leptoxis ctipeata (Smith (in Goodrich) 1922) [Fig. 468]
Coosa River, Alabama, from near Riverside, St. Clair County, to Butting Ram
Shoals (Goodrich, 1944d).
Leptoxis compacta (Anthony 1854) [Figs. 469, 470]
Mostly confined to the middle parts of the Cahaba River, but taken at two
upstream localities and in Buck Creek, Shelby County, Alabama (Goodrich,
1941b).
Leptoxis foreman! (Lea 1843) [Figs. 471, 472]
Coosa River, Alabama, from Three Island Shoals, Talladega County, to Butting
Ram Shoals (Goodrich, 1944d).
Leptoxis formosa (Lea 1860)
Coosa River, from the head streams in northwestern Georgia to Coosa County,
Alabama; Terrapin Creek, Cherokee County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1941b,
1944d).
Leptoxis ligata (Anthony 1860) [Fig. 473]
Coosa River, Alabama, from Weduska Shoals, Shelby County, to Wetumpka
(Goodrich, 1944d).
Leptoxis lirata (Smith (in Goodrich) 1922)33
Three Island and Fort William shoals, Coosa River, Talladega County, Ala-
bama (Goodrich, 1922).
Leptoxis melanoides (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 474]
Black Warrior River (Goodrich, 1922).
Leptoxis occultata (Smith (in Goodrich) 1922) [Fig. 475]
Coosa River, Alabama, confined to the shoals bordering Chilton and Coosa
counties (Goodrich, 1944d).
Leptoxis picta (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 476]
Alabama River from the Coosa River to Clairborne, Monroe County, Alabama;
in the Coosa River only as far up as the gravel bars below the last series of
rapids below Wetumpka (Goodrich, 1922, 1944d).
42
-------
Leptoxis plicata (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 477]
Headwaters of the Black Warrior River, and Valley Creek, Jefferson County,
Alabama (Goodrich, 1922, 194lb).
Leptoxis praerosa (Say 1821) [Figs. 478-482]
Ohio River, below Cincinnati, Ohio, to Elizabethtown, Illinois, together with
a few tributaries; Cumberland River and branches; Duck River, Coffee Coun-
ty, Tennessee, to its mouth; Tennessee River and the lower parts of its tribu-
taries (Goodrich, 1940d).
Leptoxis showalteri (Lea 1860) [Fig, 483]
Coosa River, Alabama, from Ten Island Shoals, St. Clair County, to Fort Wil-
liam and Peckerwood Shoals, Talladega County (Goodrich, 1944d).
Leptoxis taeniata (Conrad 1834) [Figs, 484-486]
Alabama River and the Coosa River and its tributaries, Alabama, and into the
Cahaba River for a short distance (Goodrich, 1922, 1944d).
Leptoxis umbilicata (Wetherby 1876) [Fig. 528]
Stone's River, Red River, and Ringgold Creek of the Cumberland River, all in
Tennessee; Elk River, Franklin County, Tennessee (Goodrich, 1940d).
Leptoxis vittata (Lea 1860) [Fig. 487]
Coosa River, Alabama, from The Bar, Chilton County, to Wetumpka (Good-
rich, 1922).
Subgenus Muda.Ua Haldeman 1840
Leptoxis (Mudalia) arkamensis (Hinkley 1915) [Fig. 488]
White River, Baxter County, Arkansas, and North Fork of the White River,
east of Richville, Douglas County, Missouri (Goodrich, 1939e).
Leptoxis(Mudalia) carinata carinata (Bruguiere 1792) [Figs. 489-492]
New York to North Carolina; ? also South Carolina (Goodrich, 1942b).
Leptoxis (Mudalia) carinata nickliniata (Lea 1841) [Fig. 493]
Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia (Goodrich, 1942b).
Leptoxis (Mudalia) dilatata (Conrad 1835) [Fig. 494]
Kanawha River, West Virginia; its head streams and branches (Goodrich,
1940d).
Leptoxis (Mudalia) minor (Hinkley 1912) [Fig. 495]
Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals, Lauderdale County, Alabama (Goodrich,
1940d).
Leptoxis (Mudalia) trilineata (Say 1829) [Figs. 496, 497]
Ohio River, Cincinnati, Ohio, to Louisville, Kentucky; Little Miami River,
Ohio, near its mouth; Five-mile Creek, Campbell County, Kentucky (Good-
rich, 1940d).
Leptoxis (Mudalia) virgata (Lea 1841) [Figs. 498-500]
Holston River and its forks, Sullivan County to Knox County, Tennessee;
Tennessee River, Knox County, Tennessee, to Jackson County, Alabama;
Hiwassee River, North Carolina (Goodrich, 1940d).
43
-------
Subgenus A theamia Morrison 1971
Leptoxis (Athearnia) crassa crassa (Haldeman 1841)34 [Fig. 501 ]
Eastern Tennessee: Powell River, near its mouth, and the Clinch River in
Anderson, Knox and Roane counties (Goodrich, 1940d),
Leptoxis (Athearnia) crassa anthonyi (Redfield 1854) [Fig, 502]
Tennessee River, Knox County, Tennessee, to Lauderdale County, Alabama;
lower French Broad and Clinch rivers, eastern Tennessee; Elk River, Alabama;
smaller tributaries of the Tennessee River from the Little Tennessee River,
Tennessee, to Limestone County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d),
Genus Lithasia Haldeman 1840
Subgenus Lithasia s.s,
Lithasia geniculata geniculata (Haldeman 1840) [Figs, 503, 504]
Cumberland River, above Bumside, Pulaski County, Kentucky, to points be-
low Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee; branches in Tennessee; Duck
River, Maury County to its mouth (Goodrich, 1940d),
Lithasia geniculata fuliginosa (Lea 1841) [Fig. 505]
Tennessee: Duck River, Bedford County, to below Maury County; Buffalo
River; Harpeth River; Red River, Robertson County (Goodrich, 1940d).
Lithasia geniculata pinguis (Lea 1852)35 [Fig. 506]
Tennessee: Caney Fork and branches; Duck River, Coffee County (Goodrich,
1940d).
Lithasia obovata (Say 1829)35 [Figs. 507-510)
Ohio River and tributaries, in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky
and Tennessee.
Lithasia mlebrosa salebrosa (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 511]
Tennessee River and Cypress Creek, Lauderdale County, Alabama; lower
Cumberland River, Montgomery County, Tennessee, to Trigg County, Ken-
tucky (Goodrich, 1940d).
Lithasia salebrosa florentiana (Lea 1841) [Fig, 512]
Tennessee River, Muscle Shoals, Alabama, and a near-by tributary; Elk River,
Tennessee and Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
Lithasia salebrosa subglobosa (Lea 1861) [Fig, 513]
Tennessee River, Muscle Shoals, Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
Subgenus Angitrema Haldeman 1841
Lithasia (Angitrema) armigera (Say 1821) [Fig. 514]
Lower Ohio River, lower Wabash River; Cumberland River from above Burn-
side, Pulaski County, Kentucky, to branches in Trigg County, Kentucky; Ten-
nessee River in the vicinity of Florence, Lauderdale County, Alabama (Good-
rich, 1940d).
Lithasia (Angitrema) curta Lea 1868 [Fig. 515]
Tennessee River, Muscle Shoals; Shoals Creek, Lauderdale County, Alabama
44
-------
(Goodrich, 1940d).
Lithasia (Angitrema) duttoniana (Lea 1841) [Fig, 516]
Tennessee: Duck River, Bedford County to Humphreys County; two tribu-
taries in Bedford County (Goodrich, 1940d),
Lithasia {Angitrema) hubrichti Clench 1956
Big Black River, Mississippi (Clench, 1965a).
Lithasia (Angitrema) jayana (Lea 1841) {Fig. 517]
Forks of Cumberland River; Caney Fork, Tennessee, near mouth.
Lithasia (Angitrema) lima (Conrad 1834) [Figs. 518, 519]
Elk River, Tennessee and Alabama; branch of Elk River in Franklin County,
Tennessee; Tennessee River, Alabama, Muscle Shoals and three near-by creeks
(Goodrich, 1940d).
Lithasia (Angitrema) venucosa (Rafinesque 1820) [Fig. 520]
Branch of Ohio River near Cincinnati to lower part of river: lower Wabash
River; lower parts of East Tennessee head streams of Tennessee River to Mar-
shall County, Kentucky; Black and Spring rivers, Arkansas (Goodrich, 1940d),
Genus Pleurocera Rafmesque 1818
Pleurocera acuta group
Pleurocera acuta acuta Rafinesque 1831 [Fig. 521]
Ohio River head streams and tributaries; Great Lakes and tributaries; Missis-
sippi River and westward to Nebraska and Kansas; through the Erie Canal in-
to the basin of the Hudson River; Cumberland and Duck rivers, Tennessee
(Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera acuta hinkleyi Goodrich 1921
Little Muddy River, Dubois, Washington County, Illinois (Goodrich, 1939e).
Pleurocera acuta lewisi (Lea 1862) [Fig. 522]
Illinois and Kankakee rivers, Illinois (Goodrich, 1939e, 1940d).
Pleurocera alveare group
Pleurocera alveare (Conrad 1834) [Figs. 523,529]
Lower parts of Ohio, Wabash and Green rivers, together with a few tributaries;
Cumberland River, above Burnside, Pulaski County, Kentucky, to tributaries
of the river in Trigg County, Kentucky; Tennessee River, Muscle Shoals, and
near-by creeks, Alabama; streams of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri
(Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera canaliculatum group
Pleurocera canaliculatum canaliculatum (Say 1821)
Ohio River from vicinity of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Illinois; Wabash River
and its tributaries; aberrantly in the Tennessee River system; Omaha, Nebraska
(Goodrich, 1940d).
45
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Pleurocem canattculatum alabamense (Lea 1862) [Fig. 524]
Tributaries of the Tennessee River in northern Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocem canaliculatum excumtum (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 530]
Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, and lower parts of a few near-by
tributaries; Cumberland River, Nashville, Tennessee, to parts of the river in
Kentucky; aberrant in Clinch and Wabash rivers (Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera canaliculatum fllum (Lea 1845) [Figs. 525, 531]
Upper Cumberland River to a point above Nashville, Davidson County, Ten-
nessee; Duck River, Coffee County, to near the mouth, Tennessee; aberrant
in Tennessee River (Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera canattculatum moriforme (Lea 1862) [Fig. 5321
Muscle Shoals, Tennessee River, Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d),
Pleurocera canaliculatum undulatum (Say 1829) [Figs. 526, 527, 533, 534]
Kentucky River, Kentucky (typical form); Ohio River and tributaries and
Cumberland and Tennessee rivers and branches (carinate or angled forms);
Rock River, Illinois (Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera gradatum (Anthony 1854) [Fig. 538]
Holston River, Washington County, southwestern Virginia (Tryon, 1873b).
Pleurocera nobile nobite (Lea 1845) [Fig. 550]
Tennessee River, Jackson County, to Marion County, Alabama; Sequatchie
River, Tennessee, near mouth; Flint Creek, Morgan County, Alabama (Good-
rich, 1940d).
Pleurocera nobile nodosa (Lea 1861) [Fig. 535]
Tennessee River above Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee (Goodrich,
1940d).
Pleurocem parvum (Lea 1862) [Fip. 536, 537]
Tributaries of the Tennessee River, East Tennessee; apparently extending into
South Carolina (Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera postelli (Lea 1862) [Fig. 539]
Small streams of northern Alabama in the vicinity of Muscle Shoals (Goodrich,
1940d).
Pleurocera pyrenellum group
Pleurocera brumbyi (Lea 1852) [Fig. 551 ]
Springs and streams of the Tennessee River in Madison, Limestone and Court-
land counties, Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera currierianum (Lea 1863)38 [Fig. 552]
Alabama: Florence, Lauderdale County; Swan Lake, near Decatur, Limestone
County; discharge of a spring in Madison County (Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera pyrenellum (Conrad 1834) [Figs. 540, 541, 553]
Tributaries of the Tennessee River in Morgan and Limestone counties, Ala-
bama, and Walker County, Georgia (Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera trochiformis (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 554]
Tennessee River, Bridgeport, Jackson County, to Florence, Lauderdale Coun-
ty, Alabama; tributaries in Walker County, Georgia, to those near Muscle
Shoals, Alabama (Goodrich, 1940d).
46
-------
Pleurocera viridulum (Anthony 1854)39 [Fig. 556]
Chickamauga Creek, Walker County, Georgia (Goodrich, 1940d),
Pleurocera unciale group
Pleurocera unciale unciale (Reeve 1861) [Figs. 542, 543, 5551
Upper tributaries of the Tennessee River in Virginia and eastern Tennessee
(Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera unciale hastatum (Anthony 1854) [Fig. 557]
North and South Fork of the Holston River, Sullivan County, Tennessee
(Goodrich, 1940d).
Pleurocera prasinatum group
Pleurocera annuliferum (Conrad 1834) [Figs, 544, 558]
Upper and middle parts of the Black Warrior River; also known from Village
Creek, Jefferson County, Alabama (Goodrich, 194Ib).
Pleurocera foreman! (Lea 1843) [Fig. 545]
Cahaba River and Coosa River basin from the Etowah River of Georgia down-
stream, and at the mouths of a few side streams (Goodrich, 1944d).
Pleurocera prasinatum (Conrad 1834) [Figs. 546, 547]
In quiet stretches in the middle and lower Cahaba and Coosa rivers and in the
Alabama River (Goodrich, 1941b,c, 1944d),
Pleurocera showalteri (Lea 1862) [Fig. 548]
Lower part of the main Coosa River headwaters and that part of the river
which is in Georgia (Goodrich, 1944d).
Pleurocera vestitum (Conrad 1834) [Figs. 549, 559]
Headwaters, creeks and springs from northern Georgia and Alabama to small
streams as far south as the first county above Mobile (Goodrich, 1941b).
Subgenus Strephobasis Lea 1861
Pleurocera (Strephobasis) corpulentum (Anthony 1854) [Fig. 560]
Tennessee River between Bridgeport and Florence, Alabama; Battle Creek at
Ketchall, Marion County, Tennessee (Goodrich, 1928a).
Pleurocera (Sirephobasis) cur turn curtum (Haldeman 1841) [Fig. 561]
Holston and Tennessee rivers from McMillan, Knox County, Tennessee, to the
Muscle Shoals area in Alabama, and probably below it; Cumberland River in
the vicinity of Nashville, Tennessee, and Caney Fork near Carthage, Tennessee;
Clinch, Little and Little Tennessee rivers a few miles above their mouths;
Paint Rock and Flint rivers, Alabama (Goodrich, 1928a).
Pleurocera (Strephobasis) curtum roanense (Lea 1864) [Fig. 562]
Emory River, Roane and Morgan counties, and the Little River, Blount Coun-
ty, Tennessee (Goodrich, 1928a).
Pleurocera (Strephobasis) walkeri Goodrich 1928 [Fig. 563]
Sequatchie and Little Sequatchie rivers, Marion County, Tennessee; Cumber-
47
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land River, Jackson County, the Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals and Shoals
Creek, Lauderdale County, Alabama (Goodrich, 1928a).
Family ACROLOXIDAE
Genus Acroloxus Beck 1837
Acroloxus coloradensis (Henderson 1930) [Fig. 564]
Isolated lakes high in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Montana and Alberta,
and a few pond and lake localities in northern Quebec and eastern Ontario
(Clarke, 1973).
Family LYMNAEIDAE
Subfamily Lymnaeinae °
Genus Acella Haldeman 1841
Acella haldemani ('Deshayes' W.G. Binney 1867) [Fig. 565]
Vermont and eastern Ontario west to northern Minnesota, south to northern
Illinois and Ohio (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
Genus Bulimnea Haldeman 1841
Bulimnea megasoma (Say 1824) [Fig. 566]
Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River drainage area, upper tributaries of the
Mississippi drainage area, parts of the Albany, Winnipeg and Nelson river sys-
tems in the Canadian Interior Basin (see Clarke, 1973).
Genus Fossaria Westerlund 188541
Subgenus Fossaria s.s.
Fossaria cyclostoma (Walker 1908) [Fig. 567]
New York to Michigan; a species of the Canadian region and of the Transi-
tion life zone (F.C. Baker, 191 la); Great Lakes region; Ontario (F.C. Baker,
1928c).
Fossaria galbana (Say 1825) [Fig. 568J
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin northward in the region west of James
Bay to the Attawapiskat and Severn river systems, and northwestward in the
boreal forest region to the vicinity of Great Slave Lake (Clarke, 1973, as given
for F. decampi, here considered a synonym of F. galbana),
Fossaria humitts (Say 1822) [Fig. 569]
Atlantic drainage area from southern New Jersey south to South Carolina (see
F.C. Baker, 191 la).
48
-------
Fossaria obrussa (Say 1825) group [Figs. 570, 573-5771
North America generally, except for the Atlantic drainage from southern Vir-
ginia south.
exigua Lea 1841 [Fig. 573]
Throughout the St. Lawrence River system, south to Alabama in the Missis-
sippi-Missouri river basin, north to the Hudson Bay lowlands in northern
Ontario, and west to the Red River and Lake Winnipeg region in Minnesota
and Manitoba (Clarke, 1973).
modicella Say 1825 [Fig. 574]
Eastern Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Jersey west to Vancouver Island,
Manitoba south to southern California, Arizona, Texas and Alabama (F.C.
Baker, 1928c); also Saskatchewan, Alberta and Northwest Territories
(Clarke, 1973).
obrussa Say 1825 [Figs. 570, 575]
From the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans, and from Mackenzie Territory,
Canada, south to Arizona and northern Mexico (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
penimulae Walker 1908 [Fig. 576]
Northern Maine west to Wisconsin; in Wisconsin and Michigan found in
streams flowing into Lake Superior (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
rustica Lea 1841 [Fig. 577]
New York west to Utah, Nebraska south to New Mexico (F.C. Baker, 1928c);
Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Northwest Territories
(Clarke, 1973).
Fossaria parva (Lea 1841) [Fig. 571]
Connecticut west to Idaho, James Bay and Montana south to Maryland, Ken-
tucky, Oklahoma, southern New Mexico and Arizona (F.C. Baker, 1928c); in
Canada, from eastern James Bay drainage to Alberta and north to the region
of Great Slave Lake (Clarke, 1973).
Fossaria tazewettlana (Wolf 1869) [Fig. 572]
Northeastern Illinois (Pleistocene); Iowa.
Fossaria truncatula (Mu'ller 1774) [Fig. 583]
Europe, northern Asia and portions of Alaska and Yukon Territory (F.C.
Baker, 191 la).
Subgenus Bakerilymnaea Weyrauch 1964
Fossaria (Bakerilymnaea) bulimoides (Lea 1841) group [Figs. 584-586]
United States west of the vicinity of the Mississippi River; also southern Sas-
katchewan and Alberta (chiefly in the prairie and Rocky foothill regions) and
southern British Columbia (Clarke, 1973).
alberta F.C. Baker 1919
Brazean Lake, Alberta, Canada (F.C. Baker, 1919e).
bulimoides Lea 1841 [Fig. 584]
Pacific Coast, from Vancouver Island south to southern California (F.C.
Baker, 191 la).
cockerelli Pilsbry & Ferriss 1906 [Fig. 585]
Sporadic over most of the United States west of the Mississippi River (Hib-
bard& Taylor, 1960).
49
-------
hendersoni F.C. Baker 1909
West of Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado (F.C. Baker, 1909a).
perplexa F.C. Baker & Henderson 1929
Park Lake, Grand Coulee, Washington (F.C. Baker & Henderson, 1 929).
techella Haldeman 1867 [Fig. 586]
Southwestern and south central United States to central Mexico; from
southern California through Utah, Colorado, southernmost Nebraska and
Kansas to Missouri and Alabama (Hibbard & Taylor, 1960).
vancouverensis F.C. Baker 1939
Southern part of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada (F.C. Baker,
1939a).
Fossaria (Bakerilymnaea) cubensis (Pfeiffer 1839) [Fig. 587]
Southern United States, from Florida to southern Texas (see F.C. Baker,
Fossaria ( Bakerilymnaea) dalli (F.C. Baker 1907) [Fig. 588]
Ohio to northern Michigan and Montana, south to Kansas and Arizona (F.C.
Baker, 1928c); in the Canadian Interior Basin from southern Manitoba to
Alberta (Clarke, 1973).
Fossaria (Bakerilymnaea) perpolita (Dall 1905)
Nushagak, Bristol Bay, Alaska (Dall, 1905).
Fossaria (Bakerilymnaea) sonomaensis Hemphill (in Pilsbry & Ferriss) 1906 (Fig.
589]
Sonoma County, California (Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906).
Genus Lymnaea Lamarck 179940
Lymnaea atkaensis Dall 1884 [Fig. 590]
Throughout most of Alaska and the Yukon Territory, in northern British
Columbia in the Liard and Yukon river systems, and along the Arctic Coast to
Cape Perry, Northwest Territory (Clarke, 1973).
Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say 1821 [Fig. 591]
Great Lakes-St, Lawrence River drainage area, northwest to the Mackenzie
and Yukon river drainage areas, west to the Rocky Mountains, south in the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in Illinois and Ohio in the Mississippi
drainage (Clarke, 1973).
Lymnaea stagnalis sanctaemariae Walker 1892 [Fig. 592]
Lake Superior drainage area and adjacent parts of the Lake Huron, Wisconsin
River and Winnipeg River drainage areas (Clarke, 1973).
GenusPseudosuccinea F.C. Baker 1908
Pseudosuccinea columella (Say 1817) [Fig, 593]
Eastern North America generally. Nova Scotia and Quebec west to Manitoba,
Minnesota and eastern Kansas, south to central Texas and Florida (F.C. Baker,
191 la).
50
-------
Genus Radix Montfort 1810
Radix auricularia (Linnaeus 1758) [Fig. 594]
Europe and northern Asia; widely introduced but of spotty occurrence in
North America.
Genus Stagnicola Leach (in Jeffreys) 183042'43
Subgenus Stagnicola s.s,
Stagnicola elodes group
Stagnicola elodes (Say 1821)42 [Figs. 600-606, 611]
New England west to Oregon and California, south to New Mexico; widely
distributed in the Canadian Interior Basin (see Clarke, 1973).
Stagnicola elrodiana F.C. Baker 1935 [Fig. 595]
Western Montana (Lakes Sin-yale-a-min and McDonald) (Elrod, 1902).
Stagnicola exilis (Lea 1834) [Figs. 596, 597]
Ohio to Kansas, northward to northern Minnesota and Michigan (F.C. Baker,
1928c).
Stagnicola mopalustris (F.C. Baker 1911) [Fig. 598]
Orange County, Virginia (F.C. Baker, 191 la).
Stagnicola traski (Tryon 1863) [Fig. 599]
California to Wyoming, north to southern Alberta (F.C. Baker, 191 la).
Stagnicola emarginata/catascopium group
Stagnicola apicina (Lea 1838)
Northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan west to western Washington;
Ontario south to southern Wyoming and South Dakota (F.C. Baker, 191 la).
Stagnicola arctica (Lea 1864) [Fig. 607]
Newfoundland to the vicinity of Hudson Bay, north and northwest in subarc-
tic and arctic Canada to Ungava, southern Victoria Island, the Mackenzie River
Delta and the vicinity of Point Barrow, Alaska (Clarke, 1973).
Stagnicola bonnevittensis (Call 1884) [Fig. 608]
Wyoming (D.W. Taylor!).
Stagnicola catascopium (Say 1817) [Fip. 609, 610]
Eastern Canada and Nova Scotia west to North Dakota, Great Slave Lake south
to northern Iowa, northern Ohio and Maryland (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
Stagnicola contracta (Currier (in DeCamp) 1881) [Fig. 612]
Higgins Lake, Roscommon County, Michigan (DeCamp, 1881).
Stagnicola elradi (F.C. Baker & Henderson 1933) [Fig. 613]
Flathead Lake, Montana (F.C. Baker & Henderson, 1933).
Stagnicola emarginata (Say 1821) [Figs. 614-617]
Maine west to Minnesota and Wisconsin, Canadian Interior Basin south to
Michigan, Pennsylvania and New York (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
51
-------
Stagnicola gabbi (Tryon 1865) [Fig. 618]
California (see F.C. Baker, 191 la).
Stagnicola hinkleyi (F.C. Baker 1906) [Fig. 620]
Columbia River drainage, Idaho and Oregon (F.C. Baker, 1911a).
Stagnicola idahoense (Henderson 1931) [Fig. 619]
Little Salmon River, Idaho (Henderson, 193la).
Stagnicola mighelsi (Binney 1865) [Fig. 621]
Lakes in Maine (see F.C. Baker, 191 la).
Stagnicola oronoensis (F.C. Baker 1904) [Fig, 622]
Maine to eastern Ontario (F.C. Baker, 191 la).
Stagnicola petoskeyemis (Walker 1908) [Fig. 623]
Small spring-brook flowing into Little Traverse Bay, near Petoskey, Michigan
(Walker, 1908e).
Stagnicola utahensis (Call 1884) [Fig. 624]
Lake Utah, Utah (Call, 1884).
Stagnicola walkeriana F.C. Baker 1926 [Fig. 625]
Great Lakes (Michigan and Superior) (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
Stagnicola woodruffi (F.C. Baker 1901) [Figs. 626, 627]
Great Lakes (Huron, Michigan, Ontario); Lake Geneva, Wisconsin; Rainy
River system; Lake of the Woods (Clarke, 1973).
Subgenmfflnkleyia F.C. Baker 1928
Stagnicola (Hinkleyia) caperata (Say 1829) [Figs. 628, 629]
Quebec and Massachusetts west to California; Yukon Territory and James Bay
south to Maryland, Indiana, Colorado and California (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
Stagnicola (Hinkleyia) montanensis (F.C. Baker 1913) [Fig. 630]
Hays Creek near Ward, Montana; upper Snake River drainage in Idaho and
Wyoming; Beaver, Cache and Summit counties, Utah; Nye County, Nevada
(Taylor, Walter & Burch, 1963).
Stagnicola (Hinkleyia) pilsbryi (Hemphill 1890) [Fig. 631]
Fish Springs, Juab County, Utah (Russell, 197 Ib).
Subfamily Lancinae
Genus Fisherola Hannibal 1912
Fisherola nuttatti nuttalli (Haldeman 1841)45
Columbia River drainage (Pilsbry, 1925a); Snake River drainage, Idaho, and
Deschutes River and The Dalles, Oregon (Henderson, 1936c).
Fisherola nuttalli kootaniensis (Baird 1863)
Spokane River [eastern Washington] and Kootenai River, British Columbia
(Baird, 1863).
Fisherola nuttalli lancides Hannibal 1912 [Fig. 632]
Snake River basin (Hannibal, 1912b), - ? Spokane River (Henderson, 1936c).
52
-------
Genus Lanx Clessin 1882
Subgenus Lanx s.s.
Lanx aha (Tryon 1865) [Fig. 578]
Klamath River, California (Tryon, 1865J).
Lanx pateltoides (Lea 1856) [Figs. 580, 633]
Sacramento River, California (Lea, 1856).
Lanx subrotundata (Tryon 1865) [Fig. 579]
Umpqua River, Oregon (Tryon, 1865J); Umpqua River system, Oregon (Hen-
derson, 1929c, 1936c).
Subgenus Walkerola Hannibal 1912
Lanx (Walkerola) klamathensis Hannibal 1912 [Fig. 634]
Klamath system in basin of Klamath River, Oregon (Hannibal, 1912b).
Family PHYSIDAE46
Subfamily Physinae
Genus Physa Draparnaud 1801
Physa jennessi Dall 1919 [Fig, 635]
Alaska, Northwest Territories and British Columbia.
Physa skinneri Taylor 1954 [Fig. 636]
Canada from Quebec to Northwest Territories and British Columbia; south to
Washington, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, Ohio, Pennsylvania and
New England.
Physa skinneri, large unnamed morph [Fig. 637]
Canada from Ontario west to Saskatchewan; Massachusetts and Pennsylvania
west to Michigan.
Genus Physella Haldeman 1843
Physella ancillaria (Say 1825) [Fig. 666]
New Brunswick to Ontario, Canada, and New York and Pennsylvania east into
New England.
Physella boucardi (Crosse & Fischer 1881) [Figs, 581, 638]
Nevada and California south into Mexico.
Physella columbiana (Hemphill 1890) [Fig. 639]
Wyoming and Montana west to Washington.
Physella cooperi (Tryon 1865) [Fig. 640]
Wyoming west to California and east to Colorado.
Physella globosa (Haldeman 1841) [Fig. 667]
Kentucky, Ohio and Tennessee.
53
-------
Physellagyrina gyrina (Say 1821) [Fig. 647]
In Canada, Quebec to Ontario; south to Nebraska and east to New York.
Physella gyrina gyrina morph elliptica (Lea 1834) [Fig. 648]
Ontario south to Iowa and Missouri and east to New York.
Physella gyrina gyrina morph hildrethiana (Lea 1841) [Fig. 649]
Ontario south to Iowa and Missouri and east to New York.
Physella gyrina alba (Crandall 1901) [Fig. 650]
Eastern Canada to Ontario and northeastern United States.
Physella gyrina ampullacea Gould 1855 [Fig. 651]
In Canada from Manitoba west to British Columbia; south to California, east
to Arizona and north to Minnesota.
Physella gyrina athearni (Clarke 1973) [Fig. 652]
Alberta, Canada.
Physella gyrina aurea (Lea 1838) [Fig. 653]
New Jersey to Kansas, south to Arkansas and Florida.
Physella gyrina aurea morph albofllata ('Ancey' Sampson 1893) [Fig. 654]
Pennsylvania west to Kansas, south to Oklahoma and Alabama.
Physella gyrina bayfieldensis (Baker 1928) [Fig. 655]
Northwest Territories of Canada south to Kansas.
Physella gyrina cylindrica (Newcomb 1843) [Fig. 656]
Ontario and New York south to Virginia.
Physella gyrina gouldi (Clench 1935) [Fig. 657]
Northwest Territories south to Wisconsin and Colorado.
Physella gyrina hawni (Lea 1864) [Fig. 658]
Ohio west to Kansas and south to Texas and Alabama.
Physella gyrina microstoma (Haldeman 1840) [Fig. 659]
Virginia to Missouri and south to Arkansas and Alabama.
Physella gyrina sayi (Tappan 1838) [Fig. 660]
Quebec to Northwest Territories, south to Saskatchewan, the Dakotas and
New York.
Physella gyrina smithiana (Baker 1920) [Fig. 661]
Kansas to Texas, Wyoming and California.
Physella hardacea (Lea 1864) [Fig. 641 ]
British Columbia, Washington and Oregon.
Physella lordi (Baird 1863) [Fig. 642]
British Columbia south to Montana, Nevada and California.
Physella magnalacustm (Walker 1901) [Fig. 668]
Ontario south to the Great Lakes states and Indiana, east to Vermont and
Maine.
Physella microstriata (Chamberlain & E.G. Befty 1930) [Fig. 643]
Utah.
Physella parkeri parkeri (Currier (in DeCamp) 1881) [Fig. 669]
Michigan and Wisconsin.
Physella parkeri latchfordi (Baker 1928) [Fig. 670]
Quebec, Ontario, Wisconsin, Michigan and Maine.
Physella propinqua propinqua (Tryon 1865) [Fig. 662]
Montana and Washington south to Wyoming and California.
54
-------
Physella propinqua nuttalli (Lea 1864) [Fig. 663]
British Columbia south to Montana, Wyoming and California.
Physella propinqua nuttalli morph triticea (Lea 1856) [Fig. 664]
Idaho and Washington, south to California and Nevada.
Physella propinqua nuttalli morph venusta (Lea 1864) [Fig. 6653
Montana to Washington, south to California and northeast to Utah and Wyo-
ming.
Physella traski (Lea 1864) [Fig. 644]
Oregon and California.
Physella utahensis (Clench 1925) [Fig. 645]
Wyoming, Colorado and Utah.
Physella vinosa (Gould 1847) [Fig. 671]
Ontario, Canada, and the Great Lakes states.
Physella virginea (Gould 1847) [Fig. 646]
British Columbia south to California.
Subgenus Costatella Dall 1870
Physella (Costatdla) acuta Draparnaud 1805) [Fig. 678]
Europe, Mediterranean regions, and Africa; introduced into Australia, Hawaii
and perhaps parts of continental United States.
Physella (Costatella) bottimeri (Clench 1924) [Fig. 679]
New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas.
Physella (Costatella) conoidea (Fischer & Crosse 1886) [Fig. 582]
Texas.
Physella fCostatella) costata (Newcomb 1861) [Fig. 674]
California.
Physella (Costatella) cubensis cubensis (Pfeiffer 1839) [Fig. 672]
Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, West Indies, Honduras and Florida.
Physella (Costatella) cubensis peninsulae (Pilsbry 1899) [Fig. 673]
Florida.
Physella (Costatella) hendersoni hendersoni (Clench 1925) [Fig. 675]
West Virginia, Tennessee and Missouri, south to the Carolinas, Mississippi, and
Florida.
Physella (Costatella) hendersoni hendersoni morph ariomus (Clench 1925) [Fig.
676]
Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama.
Physella (Costatella) hendersoni ssp. [Fig. 677]
Virginia, North Carolina, Florida and Alabama.
Physella (Costatella) heterostropha heterostropha (Say 1817) [Fig. 680]
Nova Scotia to Ontario; New England to Ohio, Tennessee and the Virginias;
the Bahamas.
Physella (Costatella) heterostropha halei (Lea 1864) [Fig. 682]
Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas.
Physella (Costatella) heterostropha pomila (Conrad 1834) [Fig. 6813
Eastern United States to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and in Iowa.
Physella (Costatella) humerosa (Gould 1855) [Fig. 683]
California, Arizona and Colorado.
55
-------
Physella (Costatella) Integra Integra (Haldeman 1841) [Fig. 695]
Quebec to Manitoba, Canada, and the Great Lakes states, Iowa, South Dakota,
Tennessee, Kentucky and West Virginia.
Physella (Costatella) Integra Integra morph walkeri (Crandall 1901) [Fig. 696]
Quebec, Ontario and the Great Lakes states.
Physella (Costatella) Integra brevlspira (Lea 1864) [Fig. 697]
New York, Ohio, Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Physella (Costatella} johnsoni (Clench 1926) [Fig. 684]
Alberta, Canada, and Montana, Wyoming and Colorado.
Physella (Costatella) osculant (Haldeman 1841) [Fig. 685]
Colorado west to California and southeast to Arizona and into Mexico.
Physella (Costatella) spelunca (Turner & Clench 1974) [Fig. 686]
Wyoming.
Physella (Costatella) squalida (Morelet 1851) [Fig. 687]
Texas into Mexico, Central and South America, and in Costa Rica.
Physella (Costatella) virgata virgata (Gould 1855) [Fig. 688]
Nebraska west to California, east to Texas and into Mexico.
Physella (Costatella) virgata virgata morph parva (Lea 1864) [Fig. 689]
Iowa west to California, east to Texas and north to Kansas.
Physelta (Costatella) virgata anatina (Lea 1864) [Fig. 690]
Wisconsin and South Dakota southwest to Colorado and Nevada; Texas and
Arkansas north to Illinois and Nebraska.
Physella (Costatella) virgata berendti (Fischer & Crosse 1886) [Fig. 691 ]
Wyoming to California, southeast to Texas and Mexico and north to Kansas.
Physella (Costatella) virgata concolor (Haldeman 1841) [Fig. 692]
Manitoba and Wisconsin to Idaho.
Physella (Costatella) virgata concolor morph [Fig. 693]
Wyoming.
Physella (Costatella) virgata rhyssa (Pilsbry 1899) [Fig. 694]
California, New Mexico and Texas into Mexico.
Subgenus jPefrop/rysa Pilsbry 1926
Physella (Petrophym) zionis (Pilsbry 1926) [Fig. 698]
Utah.
Subfamily Aplexinae
Genus Aplexa Fleming 1820
Aplexa elongata (Say 1821) [Fig. 699]
Ontario to Saskatchewan, Canada, and Alaska; New England through the
Great Lakes states to Washington; south to Idaho, Utah and Wyoming.
Aplexa elongata morph tryoni (Currier 1867) [Fig. 700]
Ontario and Alberta, Canada; Michigan and Minnesota west to Washington;
also in Utah, Illinois and Indiana.
56
-------
Genus Stenophysa Martens 1898
Stenophysa marmomta (Guilding 1828) [Fig. 701]
Brazil, Guatemala, Uruguay, Venezuela and the West Indies. Introduced into
Texas (teste Te, 1978),
Stenophysa maugeriae (Gray 1837) [Fig. 702]
Mexico. Introduced into Texas (teste Te, 1978).
Family PLANORBIDAE
Subfamily Planorbinae
Tribe Planorbini
Genus Gyraulm 'Agassiz' Charpentier 1837
Subgenus Gyraulm s.s.
Gyraulus deflectus (Say 1824) [Fig. 705]
Along the Atlantic Coast from Prince Edward Island south to Virginia, west to
Ohio, Illinois, Alberta and Idaho (Miller, 1966); north to near the Arctic Coast
in the Ungava, Coppermine River and Mackenzie River districts (Clarke, 1973).
Subgenus Armiger Hartmann 1840
Gyraulus (Armiger) crista (Linnaeus 1758) [Fig. 706]
Holarctic. In North America from Ontario and Maine to Minnesota, north-
western Northwest Territories and Alaska (Clarke, 1973).
Subgenus Torquis Ball 1905
Gyraulus (Torquis) circumstriatm (Tryon 1866) [Fig. 707]
Connecticut north to Quebec, west to Alberta and south in the Rocky Moun-
tains to New Mexico (Clarke, 1973).
Gyraulus (Torquis) hornensis F.C. Baker 193448 [Fig. 708]
Mackenzie River region west of Great Slave Lake; western Ontario, Wisconsin
and North Dakota (F.C. Baker, 1934).
Gyraulus (Torquis) parvus (Say 1817) [Fig. 709]
North America, from Alaska and northern Canada to Cuba and from the At-
lantic to the Pacific Coast (Taylor, 1960).
Tribe Drepanotremini49
Genus Drepanotrema Fischer & Crosse 1880
Subgenus A ntillorbis rfarry & Hubendick 1964
57
-------
Drepanotrema (Antillorbis) aeruginosum (Morelet 1851) [Fig. 710]
Southern Texas and southern Arizona, Mexico, Guatemala and Antilles (Be-
quaert & Miller, 1973),
Subgenus Fosmlorbis Pilsbry 1934
Drepanotrema (Fossulorbis) clmex (Moricand 1839) [Fig, 715]
Southern Texas, Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Brazil and the Greater
Antilles (Harry & Hubendick, 1964).
Drepanotrema (Fossulorbis) kermatoides (d'Orbigny 1835) [Fig. 711]
Florida, Texas, Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil and the Les-
ser Antilles (Harry & Hubendick, 1964).
Tribe Biomphalariini
Genus Biomphalaria Preston 1910
Biomphalaria glabrata (Say 1818) [Fig. 712]
West Indies, Venezuela, Surinam, French Guiana and Brazil (Barbosa et al.,
1968); introduced to Florida.
Biomphalaria havanensis (Pfeiffer 1839) [Fig. 713]
Florida, Louisiana and Texas (Malek, 1969); Arizona, Mexico, Central Ameri-
ca (Bequaert & Miller, 1973); also Puerto Rico and Cuba.
Tribe Helisomini
Genus Helisoma Swainson 1840
Subgenus Helisoma s.s.
Helisoma anceps anceps (Menke 1830) [Fig. 714]
Throughout North America from James and Hudson bays south to Georgia,
Alabama, Texas and northwestern Mexico, west to southwestern Northwest
Territories, Alberta and Oregon (see Walker, 1909e; Clarke, 1973).
Helisoma anceps royaleme (Walker 1909)
Isle Roy ale, Lake Superior, and the adjacent portion of Ontario north and
west of Lake Superior in parts of the Albany, Attawapiskat and Winnipeg river
systems (Clarke, 1973).
Helisoma eucosmium (Bartsch 1908)50
Greenfield Pond near Wilmington, North Carolina; Burks Place, Louisiana
(form or subspecies vaughani) (Bartsch, 1908).
Subgenus Carinifex W.G. Binney 186551
Helisoma fCarinifex) newberryi newberryi (Lea 1858) [Figs. 720, 721 ]
Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Oregon and California.
58
-------
Helisoma (Carinifex) newbenyi jacksonense Henderson 1932 [Figs. 716, 717]
Jackson Lake, Wyoming (Henderson, 1932a).
Helisoma fCarinifex) newberryi occidentals Hanna 1924 [Figs. 718, 719]
Eagle Lake, Lassen County, California (Hanna, 1924).
GenusMenetus H, & A. Adams 1855
Subgenus Afenefws s.s.
Menetus opercularis (Gould 1847) [Figs. 722, 723]
Alaska south to Alberta and southern California.
SubgenmMicromenetus F.C, Baker 194553-54>55
Menetus (Micromenetus) bragniartianus (Lea 1842) [Fig. 725]
Near Cincinnati, Ohio (Lea, 1842b); Woodville, Alabama (Pilsbry, 1895b;
for alabamensis),
Menetus (Micromenetus) dilatatus (Gould 1841) [Figs. 724, 726]
Eastern United States, from Maine west to Iowa, south to Texas and Florida,
Menetus (Micromenetus) sampsoni 'Ancey' Sampson 1885 [Fig. 727]
Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas (Sampson, 1913).
Genus Planorbella Haldeman 1842
Subgenus Planorbella s.s.5
Planorbella campanulata campanulata (Say 1821) [Fig. 728]
Vermont west to North Dakota, south to Ohio and Illinois, northward to Great
Slave Lake (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
Planorbella campanulata collinsi (F.C. Baker 1939)
Northwestern Ontario in the headwaters of the Albany, Winnipeg and Severn
river systems (Clarke, 1973).
Planorbella multivolvis (Case 1847) [Fig. 729]
Howe Lake, Marquette County, Michigan (Walker, 1907d).
Subgenus Pierosoma Dall 1905
Planorbella (Pierosoma) ammon (Gould 1855) [Fig. 730]
Cienaga Grande, or Colorado Low Desert (Gould, 1855a; Henderson, 1936d);
Sacramento and San Joaquin river drainages and near Watsonviile, California
(Henderson, 1934a).
Planorbella (Pierosoma) binneyi (Tryon 1867)
California to British Columbia in the Pacific drainage area and British Colum-
bia and Alberta in the headwaters of the Peace and North Saskatchewan river
systems (Clarke, 1973).
59
-------
Planorbella (Pierosoma) columbiensis (F.C, Baker 1945)
Lac La Hache, Cariboo District, British Columbia (F.C. Baker, 1945),
Planorbella (Pierosoma) corpulenta corpulenta (Say 1824)
Western Ontario, eastern Manitoba and northern Minnesota in the Winnipeg
River system; upper Mississippi River system in northern Minnesota (Clarke,
1973).
Planorbella (Pierosoma) corpulenta vermittommis (F.C. Baker 1929)
Vermilion Lake, St. Louis County, Minnesota (F.C. Baker, 1929b).
Planorbella (Pierosoma) corpulenta whiteavesi (F.C. Baker 1932)
Greenwater Lake and Lac des Mille Lacs, Thunder Bay District, Ontario (Clarke,
1973).
Planorbella (Pierosoma) magniflea (Pilsbry 1903) [Fig. 732]
Greenfield Pond, near Wilmington, North Carolina (Bartsch, 1908).
Planorbella (Pierosoma) occidentalis (Cooper 1870) [Fig. 733]
Lakes, rivers, creeks, ditches, sloughs and swamps in California, Oregon and
Washington (see Henderson, 1936c).
Planorbella (Pierosoma) oregonensis (Tryon 1865)
Pueblo Valley, Oregon (Tryon, 1865J); Tooele County, Utah (F.C. Baker,
1945).
Planorbella (Pierosoma) pilsbryi (F.C. Baker 1926) [Fig. 731]
Massachusetts west to Minnesota, northern New York and central Wisconsin
northward (F.C. Baker, 1928c) [form pilsbryi s.s.]; St. Lawrence River drain-
age area in Georgian Bay and the St. Lawrence River and Rideau River; Canadi-
an Interior Basin from eastern Ontario to central Saskatchewan (Clarke, 1973)
[form infracarinata]; Vilas County, Wisconsin (F.C. Baker, 1928c) [form
winslowi].
Planorbella (Pierosoma) tenuis (Dunker 1850) [Fig. 735]
Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, southern California and Mexico (Bequaert &
Miller, 1973).
Planorbella (Pierosoma) traski (Lea 1856)
California: Kern Lake (Lea, 1856), Stockton (Henderson, 1934a), Bakersfield,
Kern County, and Buena Vista Lake (F.C. Baker, 1945).
Planorbella (Pierosoma) trivolvis trivolvis (Say 1817) [Fig. 736]
Northern North America east of the Rocky Mountains, south to Nebraska,
northern Illinois, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Planorbella (Pierosoma) trivolvis lenta (Say 1834)
Central United States from Kansas and central Illinois to (?) Texas and Louisi-
ana.
Planorbella (Pierosoma) trivolvis subcrenata (Carpenter 1857) [Fig. 734]
California to British Columbia and Yukon Territory and east to Utah, Colorado,
Minnesota and Manitoba (Clarke, 1973).
Planorbella (Pierosoma) trivolvis turgida (Jeffreys 1830)
From Long Pine Key, in the southern Everglades, throughout peninsular
Florida and north along the coast to Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina (Pilsbry,
1934a) and Delaware and Maryland, west to Alabama, Arkansas and (?) Texas.
Planorbella (Pierosoma) truncata (Miles 1861) [Fig. 737]
Michigan, northern Illinois, and Wisconsin (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
60
-------
Subgenus Seminolina Pilsbry 1934
Planorbellat Seminolina) duryi (Wetherby 1879) [Figs. 738, 739]
Northern to southern Florida (see Pilsbry, 1934a).
Planorbdla (Seminolina) scalaris (Jay 1839) [Fig. 740]
Southern Florida (see Pilsbry, 1934a).
Genus Planorbula Haldeman 1840
Planorbula armigera armigera (Say 1821) [Figs. 741, 742]
New Brunswick west to southeastern Ontario, west to Saskatchewan, north-
west to the Mackenzie River system (Clarke, 1973); south to Georgia and
Louisiana and west to Nebraska (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
Planorbula armigera wheatleyi (Lea 1858)57 [Figs. 743, 744]
Alabama and Florida.
Planorbula campestris (Dawson 1875) (Fig. 7451
Southern Manitoba and North Dakota, south to Utah and New Mexico, west
to British Columbia, and north to the Mackenzie River system (Clarke, 1973),
Genus Promenetus F.C. Baker 193558
Promenetus exacuous (Say 1821) [Fig. 746]
United States east of the Rocky Mountains, north to Alaska and the Mackenzie
River, south to New Mexico (F.C. Baker, 1928); in Canada absent from Que-
bec, but widely distributed west of James and Hudson bays, mainly south of
the tree-line (Clarke, 1973).
Promenetus umbiticatellus (Cockerell 1887)59 [Fig. 747]
Alaska south to Oregon, northern Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and eastern
Oklahoma, east to eastern Ohio, western New York; in Canada, in Alberta,
Saskatchewan and Manitoba (Hibbard & Taylor, 1960); also Texas, if P. caws
(Pilsbry & Ferriss) is a synonym of P. umbilicatellus.
Genus Vorticifex Meek (in Dall) 187060
Subgenus Paraphofyx Hanna 1922
Vorticifex (Paraphofyx) effusa (Lea 1856) [Fig. 748]
Rivers and lakes in California and Oregon.
Vorticifex fParaphofyx) solida Dall 1870)61 [Fig, 751 ]
Lakes in Nevada and California.
61
-------
Subfamily Neoplanorbinae
Genus AmpMgyra Pilsbry 1906
Amphigyra alabamemis Pilsbry 1906 [Fig. 749]
Coosa River, Alabama (Pilsbry, 1906b).
Genus Neoplanorbis Pilsbry 190662
Neoplanorbis carinatus Walker 1908 [Fig, 752]
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1908c).
Neoplanorbis smithi Walker 1908 [Fig. 753 j
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1908c),
Neoplanorbis tantillus Pilsbry 1906 [Fig. 750]
Coosa River, Alabama (Pilsbry, 1906b).
Neoplanorbis umbilicatus Walker 1908 [Fig. 754]
Coosa River, Alabama (Walker, 1908c).
Family ANCYLIDAE
Subfamily Ancylinae
Genus Rhodacmea Walker 1917
Rhodacmea elatior (Anthony 1855) {Fig. 756]
Tennessee and Cahaba river systems (Basch, 1963).
Rhodacmea filosa (Conrad 1834) [Figs. 757, 759]
Black Warrior and Coosa rivers, Alabama, and tributaries; ? also in Tennessee
River system (Basch, 1963).
Rhodacmea hinkleyi (Walker 1908) [Fip, 758, 760]
Coosa River, Alabama, and the Tennessee River drainage, extending irregularly
northward to the southern borders of Illinois and Indiana (Basch, 1963).
Subfamily Ferrissinae
Genus Ferrissia Walker 1903
Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon 1863) [Figs. 764, 765]
"Among the most widely distributed of North American freshwater snails"
(Basch, 1963); New York to Michigan, California and Texas.
Ferrissia mcneili Walker 1925 [Fig. 766]
Mobile area, Alabama (see Basch, 1963).
Ferrissia parallelus (Haldeman 1841)
In Canada and the northern United States from the Atlantic coast westward
(Basch, 1963); Nova Scotia and New England west to Manitoba, Minnesota
62
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and Illinois in the Atlantic, St. Lawrence River, Hudson Bay and upper Missis-
sippi River drainage areas (Clarke, 1973).
Ferrissia rivularis (Say 1817) [Figs. 761, 767]
Throughout most of North America; it extends northward into the Hudson
Bay lowlands and northwestward to at least central Saskatchewan; south to
North Carolina and New Mexico and west to California and Oregon (see Clarke,
1973).
Ferrissia walkeri (Pilsbry & Ferriss 1907) [Fig. 768]
Arkansas, Michigan and southern California (Basch, 1963).
Subfamily Laevapecinae
Genus Hebetancylus Pilsbry 1914
Hebetancylus excentricm (Morelet 1851) [Figs. 762, 769]
Central America; Georgia, Florida and Texas (Basch, 1963).
Genus Laevapex Walker 1903
Laevapex diaphanus (Haldeman 1841) [Fig. 770]
Delaware, Illinois, Ohio, Holston and Tennessee rivers (Walker, 1903b); Geor-
gia and Alabama (Walker, 1908d, for L. hemisphaericus).
Laevapex fuscus (C.B. Adams 1841) [Figs. 763, 771]
United States and Canada, generally east of the Great Plains; Great Lakes area,
Florida and southeastern states; generally absent from mountainous areas
(Basch, 1963); west to Iowa, Kansas and Oklahoma (Clarke, 1973),
63
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SECTION IV
KEYS TO THE FRESHWATER GASTROPODS OF NORTH AMERICA
* * *
FAMILIES AND HIGHER TAXA
1 Animal with an operculum (which seals the shell aperture when the snail's body is
withdrawn into the shell) (Fig. i); respiration by gills; mantle opening facing
anteriorly. Subclass Prosobranchia 2
Animal without an operculum to seal its shell aperture when withdrawn; respira-
tion by the vaseularized lining of the mantle cavity (true gills are lacking) or by
a pseudobranch (false gill) outside the mantle cavity (Fig. 3a); mantle opening
directed to the side (to the right or left, depending on whether the animal is
dextral [right coiled] or sinistral {left coiled] (Fig. 3a,b)). Subclass Pulmonata,
Order Lymnophila 11
2(1) Shell globose, subspherical or hemispherical (Fig. 21), solid, with a very low spire;
aperture semi-circular or half-moon shaped, with "teeth" or tubercles on the
parietal columellar margin of the aperture; operculum calcareous, paucispiral,
with a pair of projecting processes on the inner columellar side (Fig. 22); shell
usually with a pattern of pale variegations on a greenish-olive background;
adult shell of medium size, its height about 20 mm; shell with three to four
whorls, the last one making up most of the shell; gill bipectinate or feather-
like, i.e., with gill laminae on both sides of the gill axis; radula rhipidoglossate
(Fig. 17), with many marginal teeth. Florida and southern Georgia
Family NERITINIDAE [Order Neritinacea, Superfamily Neritinoidea] (page 67)
Shell of various shapes and sizes, but if neritiniform (see above, Neritinidae;
Fig. 14) the shell is small (no more than 5 mm in height); operculum without
a projecting process on the inner side; shell color patterns variable, but not
of the variegated kind (see above, Neritinidae); gill monopectinate (except in
the Valvatidae), i.e., with gill laminae only on one side of the gill axis (which
is adnate along its entire length to the pallial wall); radula taenioglossate (Fig.
17), with few (two) marginal teeth. Order Mesogastropoda 3
3(2) Shell small (8 mm or less in diameter), spire generally depressed, some species
with carina; operculum multispiral (Fig. 15a); giE bipectinate or feather-like,
protruding from the mantle cavity when the snail is active (Fig. 16); pallial
tentacle (Fig. 16) present. Superfamily Valvatoidea .... Family VALVATIDAE (page 67)
64
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Shell small to large, spire depressed to elongate; operculum multispiral (Fig,
15a), paucispiral (Fig. 15b) or concentric (Fig. 15c,d); gill monopectinate;
pallial tentacle absent 4
4(3) Operculum multispiral or paucispiral (Fig. 15a,b), the distal margins not
concentric 5
Operculum concentric (although the nucleus may be paucispiral) (Fig. 15c,d).
Superfamily Ampullarioidea (Viviparoidea) 9
5(4) Adult shells usually less than 5 mm in length (but a few species reach this
length or exceed it by 1 or 2 mm, and the shell of one hydrobiid species
(Fluminicola nuttalliana Lea) reaches 10 mm in length); males possess a
verge (see Figs. 83, 85-92). Superfamily Truncatelloidea (Rissooidea) 6
Adult shells of medium to large size (usually more than 15 mm in length,
but some shells are smaller, to 10 mm in length, and in several species the
adult shells are no longer than 6-9 mm); males lack a verge. Superfamily
Vermetoidea (Cerithioidea)
6(5) Shell globose-conic, sculptured with numerous spiral epidermal ridges; central
radular tooth lacks basal denticles (Fig. 8la). Inhabits streams in caves in
Indiana and Kentucky Family MICROMELANIIDAE (page 83)
Shell of various shapes, usually smooth, but if sculpturing is present it does not
consist of spiral epidermal ridges; central radular tooth with one or more
basal denticles or cusps on each side (Fig. 81 b, c) 7
7(6) Shell high-spired, turriform; the head-foot region of the body is subdivided on
each side by a longitudinal groove; central radular tooth with two or more
basal cusps, which are situated on antero-posterior ridges (Fig. 81c); eyes in
prominent swellings on the outer bases of the tentacles; amphibious or
terrestrial in habit Family POMATIOPSIDAE (page 115)
Shell high-spired to depressed; head-foot region not subdivided by a longi-
tudinal groove; central radular tooth with 1-10 basal cusps attached to a
thickened ridge along the lateral angle (Fig. 81b), not on antero-posterior
ridges; eyes at the outer bases of the tentacles, but not on prominent
swellings; totally aquatic in habit Family HYDROBIIDAE (page 83)
8(5) Mantle edge smooth; males always present, reproduction dioecious; females
lay eggs, having an egg-laying sinus on the right side of the foot
. Family PLEUROCERIDAE21 (page 118)
Mantle edge papillate; males generally absent (parthenogenetic reproduction
common, often the rule); females brood their young in an adventitious
("subhaemocoelic"; not uterine) brood pouch in the postero-dorsal head-foot
region. Introduced sporadically in the southernmost United States from
Florida to Texas Family THIARIDAE (page 117)
65
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9(4) Shells of adults medium to large, more than 20 mm in shell length (in some
species reaching more than 50 or 60 mm); operculum corneous . 10
Shells of adults smaller, less than 15 mm in length; operculum calcareous.
Great Lakes and St, Lawrence regions from Wisconsin to Pennsylvania and
New York Family BITHYNIIDAE (page 81)
10(9) Shell globose and large (height often up to or exceeding 60 mm), or shell
planate (discoidal, with sunken spire), its width exceeding 40 mm; ends of
labial palps whip-like; in males the penis arises from the right side of the
mantle edge; females lay calcareous (Pomacea) or gelatinous (Marisa) eggs.
Alabama, Florida and Georgia Family AMPULLARIIDAE (page 81)
Shell subglobose to turreted, medium to large; ends of labial palps blunt,
not whip-like; in males the right tentacle is modified as a penis sheath;
females ovoviviparous. Found throughout the United States and Canada ........
Family VIVIPARIDAE (page 75)
11(1) Shell coiled 12
Shell an uncoiled, obtuse cone (limpet- or cap-shaped) (Fig. 13) 14
12(11) Animal and shell dextral (coiled to the right) (Figs. 2b, 3b). Superfamily
Lymnaeoidea, in part , . Family LYMNAEIDAE, in part (page 147)
Animal and shell sinistral (coiled to the left) (Figs. 2a, 3a). Superfamily
Ancyloidea, in part 13
13(12) Shell with a raised spire; blood (haemolymph) nearly colorless (the respiratory
pigment is haemocyanin); animal without pseudobranch (false gill); mantle
margin digitate or lobed Family PHYSIDAE (page 160)
Shell discoidal, with a sunken spire (Figs. 12,704) (in some species the smaller
(older) shell coils protrude on the umbilical side ("ultrasinistral" or pseudo-
dextral shells)); blood (haemolymph) in nearly all species is red (contains
haemoglobin); a pseudobranch (false gill) is situated near the pneumostome
or anus (Fig. 3a); mantle margin simple Family PLANORBIDAE (page 168)
14( 11) Adult shell relatively large (up to 12 mm in length), apex nearly central, not dis-
tinctly to the right or left of the median line; animal dextral. Pacific drainage.
Superfarnily Lymnaeoidea, in part . Family LYMNAEIDAE, in part (page 147)
Adult shell smaller (7 mm or less in length), apex may be nearly central but
often to the right or left of the median line; animal dextral or sinistral 15
15(14) Animal and shell dextral (Fig. 755a). Several lakes in the Rocky Mountains,
northeastern Ontario and northcentral Quebec. Superfamily Acroloxoidea ......
Family ACROLOXIDAE (page 147)
66
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Animal and shell sinistral (Fig. 755b). Generally distributed throughout North
America, Superfamily Ancyloidea, in part Family ANCYLIDAE (page 188)
FAMILY NERITINIDAE
The Neritinidae1 are largely marine and are well represented throughout the world, especially in
tropical and subtropical regions. There has been a tendency for various lineages of neritinids to in-
vade estuarine habitats, and freshwater and terrestrial ones as well. Only one species occurs in the
United States, Neritina reclivata (Say) (Figs. 21, 22). It is found from Florida to Mississippi. Dall
(1885) named a subspecies (palmae) from near Palma Sola, Florida, and Pilsbry (1931) named a sub-
species (sphaera) from Ojus, Florida. Both of these may be simply "forms" of N. reclivata.
The shells of neritinids are usually subglobose or hemispherical, have few whorls, very reduced
spires and very large body whorls. These characteristics, together with the generally thickened shell
with heavily calloused and expanded parietal apertural margin, produce a rather typical shape, re-
ferred to as neritiform (Burch, 1968) or neritiniform. The shell is generally smooth, often polished,
and its columellar margin is toothed. The operculum (Fig. 22) is paucispiral, calcified, and contains
a pair of projections, or apophyses, on the inner columellar side.
The shell of Neritina reclivata palmae Dall is "quite small [maximum length 1 cm], . . . black,
with a cerous labrum, but the light zigzag lines, characteristic of some color varieties of reclivata,
[are] beautifully clear by transmitted light" (Dall, 1885).
The shell of Neritina reclivata sphaera Pilsbry "is less elevated than Ar. reclivata, the spire ex-
tremely short, rising very little, the last whorl strongly convex above the periphery, not flattened
and sloping as in reclivata. Color grape green, densely marked with fine black lines and with a black
line following the suture, as in reclivata" (Pilsbry, 1931).
FAMILY VALVATIDAE
By William H. Heard
The Valvatidae comprise a total of about 20 extant species inhabiting permanent standing and
flowing fresh waters in the Northern Hemisphere. Except for Borysthenia naticina (Menke) of the
Danube River drainage in eastern Europe, the family is represented by species of the genus Valvata
Miiller. The animals of Valvata are oviparous hermaphrodites. A single bipectinate gill is directed
to the left, and a pallial tentacle occurs on the right side of the mantle cavity (Fig. 16).
The shells of North American Valvata are comparatively small (diameter up to 5 mm), have up to
4!/2 whorls, are dextral, and vary in form from discoid to high-turbinate. The nuclear whorls possess
both axial and spiral sculpture; the rest of the shell contains lamellate to obsolete axial sculpture
and is either spirally angulated, carinated or smooth. Several species are polymorphic in shell form
and sculpture. The operculum is corneous, thin, flattened but slightly concave, circular in outline
and multispiral (Fig. 15a).
Shell features are used to identify North American species of Valvata, several of which are poly-
morphic. For example, the "kinds" of V. tricarinata s.lat. are characterized by differing numbers
and locations of spiral carinae or angulations. A single population usually contains several of these
variants, which have often been treated taxonomically as subspecies. However, these variants are
neither geographical races nor environmental forms (ecophenotypes), and they are treated as morphs
here. V. lewisi morph ontarioemis (Fig. 27), which often comprises monomorphic populations, does
67
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have a distinctive range, but it is called a morph because of its peculiar shell form. The nature of the
variation in some other species is not understood, at this time, and several variants are thus treated as
possible forms.
The extensive polymorphism in some species has not precluded the construction of a dichoto-
mous key comprised of two alternative choices per couplet, hut has in four places provided for a
more convenient choice among three alternatives (see "couplets" 2, 3, 5 and 8, below). Extremely
rare, atypical variations (e.g., disjunctly coiled Valvata sincera s.str. and V, tricarinata s.str., and also
tetracarinate V. tricarinata s.str.) are not included here.
Identification Key for the Valvatidae
1 Shell with one to three postnuclear spiral carinae or angulations 2
Shell lacking postnuclear spiral carinae or angulations 9
2(1) Shell with one spiral carina or angulation 3
Shell with two spiral carinae or angulations 5
Shell with three spiral carinae or angulations 8
3(2) Carina or angulation in dorsal location on the body whorl 4
Carina or angulation in peripheral location on the body whorl. Quebec and
New Brunswick west to Alberta, and south to Wyoming, Arkansas and
Virginia Valvata tricarinata morph medtocarinata F.C. Baker
Carina or angulation in ventral location on the body whorl. Quebec and
New Brunswick west to Alberta, and south to Wyoming, Arkansas and
Virginia Valvata tricarinata morph infracarinata Vanatta
4(3) Angulation incomplete, becoming obsolete toward the outer lip of the
aperture (Fig. 34). Idaho and Utah Valvata utahensis utahemis Call
Carina or angulation complete, continuing to the outer lip of the aperture.
Quebec and New Brunswick west to Alberta, and south to Wyoming,
Arkansas and Virginia Valvata tricarinata morph unicarinata DeKay
5(2) Carinae or angulations in dorsal and peripheral locations on the body whorl.
Quebec and New Brunswick west to Alberta, and south to Wyoming,
Arkansas and Virginia . Valvata tricarinata morph basalis Vanatta
Carinae or angulations in peripheral and ventral locations on the body whorl.
Quebec and New Brunswick west to Alberta, and south to Wyoming,
Arkansas and Virginia Valvata tricarinata morph bakeri Fluck
Carinae or angulations in dorsal and ventral locations on the body whorl 6
68
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FIGS, 21-25. SheUs of Neritinidae (Figs. 21, 22) and Valvatidae (Figs. 23-25). FIG. 21.
Neritina reclivata reclivata, shell. FIG. 22. N. reclivata reclivata, operculum; external view
(onleft) and internal view (on right). FIG. 23. Valvata bicarinata, spire, apertural and umbili-
cal views 0eft to right). FIG. 24. V. bicarinata morph normalis. FIG. 25. K humeralis. Mea-
surement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters. Figs, 21-25 are from Burch & Totten-
ham (1980).
69
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6(5) Shoulder on the body whorl sloping upward from the dorsal carina or
angulation to the suture , 7
Shoulder on the body whorl sloping downward from the dorsal carina to the
suture (Fig. 23). Discontinuously distributed in eastern United States from
New Jersey south to Alabama and west to Iowa Valvata bicarinata bicarinata Lea
7(6) Dorsal angulation incomplete, becoming obsolete on the body whorl. Idaho
and Utah .,,.....,. Valvata utahemis morph horati Baily & Baily
Dorsal carina or angulation complete, continuing to the outer lip of the
aperture. Quebec and New Brunswick west to Alberta, and south to
Wyoming, Arkansas and Virginia Valvata tricarinata morph perconfusa Walker
8(2) Shoulder of the body whorl sloping downward from the dorsal carina to the
suture (Fig. 24). Discontinuously distributed in eastern United States from
New Jersey south to Alabama and west to Iowa
, Valvata bicarinata morph normalis Walker
Shoulder of the body whorl sloping upward from the dorsal carina or angula-
tion to the suture (Fig. 33). Quebec and New Brunswick west to Alberta,
and south to Wyoming, Arkansas and Virginia Valvata tricarinata tricarinata (Say)
Shoulder of the body whorl sloping upward from the dorsal carina nearly to
the suture, then turning downward (Fig. 36). Michigan, Minnesota and
Wisconsin Valvata winnebagoensis F. C. Baker
9(1) Shell partly uncoiled with the body whorl broadly separated from the penulti-
mate whorl (Fig. 27). Ontario in the region of Lake Superior drained by the
headwaters of the Attawapiskat, Albany and Severn river systems
Valvata lewisi morph ontarioensis F.C. Baker
Shell not disjunctly coiled 10
10(9) Shell of discoid shape. Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan and Ontario
Valvata perdepressa ?form walkert F.C. Baker
Shell with spire elevated above the body whorl 11
11(10) Shoulder of the body whorl flattened, sloping slightly upward toward
the suture; often with a very faint angulation in dorsal location (and
rarely also in peripheral locations). Quebec and New Brunswick west
to Alberta, and south to Wyoming, Arkansas and Virginia
Valvata tricarinata rnorph simplex Gould
Body whorl evenly convex, not flattened above (or elsewhere) 12
70
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Reproduced from
best available copy.
FIGS. 26-30. Shells of Valvatidae. FIG. 26. Valvata lewisi, spire, apertural and umbilical
views (left to right). FIG. 27, V, lewisi morph ontarioemis. FIG. 28. V. mergella. FIG. 29.
V. perdepressa. FIG. 30. V. piscinalis ?form obtusa. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Figs. 26-30
are from Burch & Tottenham (1980).
71
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12(11) Shell depressed-turbinate, spire but little elevated 13
Shell high-turbinate or subconical, spire markedly elevated 16
13(12) Shell diameter exceeding 5 mm 14
Shell diameter less than 5 mm 15
14(13) Axial striae lamellate; luster of shell dull (Fig. 26). Southern Canada from
Quebec west to British Columbia, and northern United States from New
York west to Minnesota Valvata lewisi lewisi Currier
Axial striae obsolete; shell with a high gloss (Fig, 28). Alaska to Washington
state Valvata mergella Westerlund
15(13) Color of the apical whorls of the shell usually dull purple, or violet or pink;
luster of shell dull (Fig. 29). Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan and Ontario
Valvata perdepressa perdepressa Walker
Color of the apical whorls of the shell pale green to white; shell glossy (Fig.
25). Montana south to Colorado, west to British Columbia and California
and south into Mexico Valvata humeralis Say
16(12) Shell high-turbinate 17
Shell subconical 19
17(16) Apex of shell flattened, appearing truncated (Fig. 30). Lower Great Lakes .......
Valvata piscinalis ?form obtusa Draparnaud
Apex of shell acute 18
18(17) Shell color pale green; shell diameter greater than 5 mm (Fig. 32). Eastern
Canada and north central United States Valvata sincera ?form danielsi Walker
Shell color dark to often brilliant green; shell diameter less than 5 mm (Fig.
35). California, Nevada and Oregon Valvata virens Tryon
19(16) Axial striae lamellate. Quebec and Maine west to Ontario and Minnesota
Valvata sincera nylanderi Dall
Axial striae fine (Fig. 31). Maine west to Alberta, and south to South Dakota
and Illinois Valvata sincera sincera Say
72
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FIGS. 31-35. Shells of Valvatidae. FIG, 31. Valvata sincem sincere, spire, apertural and um-
bilical views (left to right). FIG. 32. K sincere Ifoimdanielsi. FIG. 33. V. tricarinara. FIG.
34. V. utahemis. FIG. 35. V. virens. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into milli-
meters. Figs. 31-35 are from Burch & Tottenham (1980).
73
Reproduced from
best available copy.
-------
41
FIGS. 36-43. Shells of Valvatidae (Fig, 36) and Viviparidae (Ooplacinae) (Fip. 37-43).
FIG, 36. Valvata wnnebagoensis, splie, apertural and umbilical views (left to right), FIG, 37.
Campeloma lewisi= C, decisum. FIG. 38. C. integrum = C. decisum. FIG. 39. C, mile$i =
C, decision, FIG. 40. C. regulars. FIG. 41. C. limum. FIG. 42, C. crassula, oparculum.
FIG. 43. Lioplax cyclostomaformis. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into milli-
meters. Figs. 36-43 are from Burch & Tottenham (1980).
74
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FAMILY VIVIPARIDAE
By IB, Burch and Virginia A. Vail
The Viviparidae are nearly world-wide in distribution and in North America occur throughout
the eastern United States and Canada. Campelama, Lioplax and Tulotoma are endemic to (i.e., re-
stricted to) North America. Viviparus has a Holarctic distribution, and Cipangopaludina is an Asian
genus. Campelama, Lioplax and Viviparus are relatively common and have wide distributions.
Tulotoma is confined to the Coosa-Alabama river system in Alabama and is rare, perhaps now nearly
extinct. The two introduced species of the Asian Cipangopaludina have rather wide although spo-
radic distributions in the United States.
The Viviparidae are all "live-bearers", i.e., are ovoviviparous, giving birth to young crawling snails,
rather than laying eggs that hatch in the external environment. It is this reproductive trait which
has provided the family with its name.
The sexes are separate in the Viviparidae, the males being readily distinguishable by their modi-
fied right tentacle, which serves as a copulatory organ. This modified tentacle in the males is shorter
and thicker than the left tentacle or either of the bilaterally symmetrical tentacles of the females.
Some populations of Campelotna are parthenogenetic, consisting entirely of females.
Identification Key for the Viviparidae
1 Shell large, adults over 35 mm and up to 50 mm in length; shell relatively
thin; whorls not shouldered. Genus Cipangopaludina 2
Shell medium to large, generally less than 35 mm in length, but if large, the
shell is thick and ponderous, and the whorls are generally shouldered , 3
2(1) Shell with acute spire and usually with spiral angulations or low carinae on
the whorls; not malleated (Fig. 53). Sporadically but widely distributed
in the United States Cipangopaludina japonica (Martens)
Shell with obtuse spire and without spiral angulations or low carinae;
generally with surface malleations (Fig. 52). Sporadically but widely
distributed in the United States Cipangopaludina chinemis malleata (Reeve)
3( 1) Shell with or without one or two spiral rows of nodules; outer margin of
shell aperture concave (when observed from an angle parallel to the plane
of the aperture) and its oblique margin to the shell axis quite exaggerated
(Fig. 772); columellar margin of operculum reflected inward; restricted to
the Coosa-Alabama river system in Alabama Tulotoma magniflca (Conrad)3
Shell without rows of spiral nodules; outer margin of shell aperture not
concave (when observed from an angle parallel to the plane of the aper-
ture) and its oblique angle to the shell axis not exaggerated (Fig. 772);
columellar margin of operculum not reflected inward 4
4(3) Operculum concentric, but with spiral nucleus; whorls commonly with a
median spiral angle or low ridge or a spiral subsutural sulcus. Genus Lioplax 5
75
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Qpereulum entirely concentric, including its nucleus; whorls without spiral
angles, ridges or sulci 10
5(4) Shell attenuate, compressed; whorls rarely angular (Fig. 43). Coosa-
Alabama-Tombigbee river system in Georgia and Alabama, and Tensas
River, Alabama Lioplax cyclostomaformis (Lea)
Shell subglobose, not attenuate and compressed; at least some of the whorls
are generally angular or with a spiral subsutural sulcus 6
6(5) Shell large for the genus, adults up to 30 mm in length, dark olive-green to
nearly black (Fig. 67). Chipola River, Florida Lioplax pilsbryi pilsbryi Walker
Shell smaller, adults less than 25 mm in length and seldom more than 20 mm,
horn to pale or occasionally dark olive-green in color 7
7(6) Atlantic drainage and Gulf drainage 8
Mississippi drainage (Minnesota to Arkansas and Ohio)7 Lioplax sulculosa (Menke)
8(7) Atlantic drainage (New York to South Carolina)7 (Fig. 68) Lioplax subcarinata (Say)
Gulf drainage 9
9(8) Whorls generally with a spiral subsutural sulcus, which tends to constrict
the posterior aperture (Fig. 69). Ochlockonee and Yellow river systems,
Florida and Alabama Lioplax talquinemis Vail
Whorls without a spiral subsutural sulcus; aperture rounded posteriorly.
Choctawhatchee, Escambia, Flint and Suwannee river systems, Florida
and Georgia Lioplax pilsbryi choctawhatchensis Vanatta6
10(4) Shell with or without spiral color bands; width and length of aperture
usually nearly equal, making it round, or nearly so; lateral and marginal
radular teeth with prominent cusps. Genus Viviparus 11
Shell without spiral color bands; length of aperture noticeably greater
than width; lateral and marginal teeth simple with very fine, difficult-to-
distinguish cusps. Genus Campeloma4 13
11(10) Shell dark yellowish-green to (usually) dark olivaceous-green, without spiral
color bands; shell broadly ovate, whorls globosely rounded, spire obtuse
(Fig. 48). Minnesota south to Louisiana, mainly in the Mississippi river
drainage; Gulf drainage from Texas to Alabama; Atlantic drainage in
Georgia and South Carolina Viviparus intertextus (Say)
76
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FIGS. 44-53. Shells of Viviparidae (Viviparinae and Bellamyinae). FIG. 44. Tulotoma mag-
niflca. FIG. 45. T, angulata 1 = T. magnified. FIG. 46. Viviparus georgtanus. FIG. 47. V.
georgtanus. FIG. 48. V. intertextus, FIG. 49. V. subpurpureus, FIG. 50. V. subpurpureus.
FIG. 51. V. subpurpureus. FIG. 52. Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, FIG. 53. C. ja-
ponica. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters. Figs. 44-53 are from Burch & Totten-
ham (1980).
77
Reproduced from
best available copy.
-------
Shell pale olivaceous-green to olivaceous-brown, with or without spiral
color bands, ovate but not broadly so, whorls flattened to well rounded
but not globosely rounded, spire relatively acute , 12
12(11) Shell yellowish-brown or olivaceous-brown; color bands, when present,
three in number; shell rather heavy; whorls often flat-sided (Figs. 49-51).
Mississippi river drainage from Iowa to Louisiana; Gulf drainage in Texas
and Mississippi VMparus mbpurpurem (Say)
Shell yellowish-green or olivaceous-green; color bands, when present,
usually four in number; shell relatively thin, but sturdy; whorls usually
well rounded (Figs, 46,47), Alabama, Florida and Georgia north to
Illinois and Indiana; northern states from Wisconsin to New England and
Quebec Viviparus georgianm (Lea)
13(10) Inside of shell aperture deep reddish-brown or brown (Fig. 62); shell of
newborn young uniformly dark brown. Eastern Florida .... Campeloma floridense Call
Inside of shell aperture white, bluish or faintly pinkish; shell of newborn
young opaque white or light translucent beige 14
14(13) Shell whorls generally with angled shoulders. Southern in distribution 15
Shell whorls unshouldered or with rounded shoulders 16
15(14) Shell broadly ovate (Figs. 63, 64). Northwestern Florida, southwestern
Georgia and southeastern Alabama Campeloma geniculum (Conrad)
Shell narrowly ovate (Fig. 41). Atlantic drainage from North Carolina to
Georgia Campeloma limum (Anthony)
16(14) Shell narrow, relatively thin, generally with prominent raised spiral lines
(Fig. 56). Northern Alabama Campeloma decampi Binney
Shell broader, relatively thin to thick and ponderous, spiral lines on adult
shells when present are not prominent 17
17(16) Spire typically depressed and obtuse, body whorl large and often cylindrical
(Figs. 40,66). Alabama-Coosa drainage . Campeloma regulars (Lea)
Spire elongate, seldom depressed, body whorl rounded 18
18(17) Shell large, heavy and ponderous (Figs. 42,54,55). Midwestern United
States in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence and Mississippi drainages
Campeloma crassula Rafinesque
Shell medium or a little larger, relatively thin to strong, but not very large
or heavy and ponderous 19
78
-------
FIGS. 54-63, Shells of Viviparidae (Lioplacinae). FIG. 54. Campeloma subsolidum ~ C.
crassula. FIG. 55. C obesum = C. crassuia. FIG, 56, C. decampi. FIG. 57. C. decisum.
FIGS. 58, 59. C, brevispirum = C. decisum. FIG. 60. C. gibbum - C. decisum. FIG. 61. C.
tannum = C. decisum. FIG. 62. C. florideme, FIG. 63. C. geniculum. Measurement lines
are divided into millimeters. Figs. 54-63 are from Burch & Tottenham (1980).
79
Reproduced from
best ava\lable_copy.
-------
71
67. p pS^ s.st ia 68
^ansa cornuarietis, apertural fleft
figure) *ews. FIG'. TrSiSS
meters. Fip. 64-71 are from Bur
. 70,
HG
'
- '
£" faleJ»i"ensis, FIG 70
d ^^ ^ bo«°™
""
80
Reproduced from
best available copy.
-------
19(18) Widely distributed, from southern Canada to Texas, Louisiana,Mississippi, Ala-
bama, northern Georgia and Virginia. Figs. 37-39, 57-61 .... Campeloma decisum (Say)
Ochlockonee river drainage in southern Georgia and northern Florida. Fig.
65 ,. Campeloma parthenum Vail
FAMILY AMPULLARIIDAE
The family Ampullariidae contains the "apple snails", many of which are very large and globose
or subglobose in shape. The family is represented world-wide in the tropics. They are mostly am-
phibious snails which can survive for long periods out of water, including during the dry season when
they burrow into the mud. Their mantle cavity is divided into two compartments, the left one con-
taining a gill for aquatic respiration and the right compartment serving as a lung for air-breathing.
From the left side a long siphon extends, by which the snail can admit air to the pulmonary chamber
when immersed.
Pomacea paludosa (Say) is the largest freshwater gastropod found in North America, its height
and width commonly exceeding 60 mm. Its color is dark to light olive green with a dozen or more
reddish or brownish spiral bands. The operculum is concentric, thin and corneous. Pilsbry (1899e)
gave the name miamiemis to a small, reddish-brown population from the vicinity of Miami, Florida,
but according to Clench & Turner (1956) this is a synonym of paludosa Say. A Brazilian species, P.
bridgesi (Reeve), recently has been introduced to Florida (Clench, 1966).
Marisa cornuanetis is also a large snail, and its shell also has an olive color with spiral reddish or
brown bands. However, the shell is peculiar in that its spire is sunken below the body whorl and the
umbilicus is very wide.
Identification Key for the Ampullariidae
1 Shell subglobose in shape. Alabama, Florida and Georgia. Genus Pomacea ......... 2
Shell discoidal or planispiral in shape (Figs. 70,71). Southern Florida
Marisa cornuanetis (Linnaeus)
2(1) Shell large, often up to 60 mm or more in length, whorls with only weak
or without shoulders, body whorl very wide, spire depressed, aperture
narrowly oval (Figs. 72,73). Alabama, Florida and Georgia .... Pomacea paludosa (Say)
Shell smaller, less than 50 mm in length, whorls more strongly shouldered,
body whorl narrower, spire projecting and turreted, aperture more broadly
oval. Florida Pomacea bridgesi (Reeve)
FAMILY BITHYNIIDAE
The Bithyniidae are found throughout Europe and Asia, and in Africa, Indonesia, the Philippines
and Australia. The European Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus) was introduced long ago by man into
81
-------
Reproduced from
best available copy.
FIGS. 72-80. Shells of Ampullariidae (Figs. 72,73) and Hydrobiidae (Hydrobiinae) (Figs. 74-
80). FIG. 72. Pomacea paludosa, apertural (left figure), spire (right top figure) and umbilical
(right bottom figure) views. FIG. 73. P, paludosa, operculum, FIG. 74. Bithynia tentaculata
magnalacustris. FIG. 75. Aphaostmcon rhadinus. FIG. 76. Hoyw sheldoni. FIG. 77. Hyalo-
pyrgus aequicostatus, female. FIG. 78. H. aequicostatw, male. FIG. 79. Littoridinops
tenuipes. FIG. 80. L. monroensis. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
82
-------
North America and has spread widely. However, B. tentaculata has been reported in Pleistocene
deposits in Chicago, so it may already have been living in the Western Hemisphere when Europeans
first arrived. F. C. Baker (1928c) gave the varietal name magnalacustris to the supposedly North
American form, which he considered to have "more rounded whorls with deeper sutures and an
apex that stands well above the second whorl."
The Bithyniidae traditionally have been included in the family Hydrobiidae, However, Taylor
(1966b) has recently argued that the bithyniids should be separated from the hydrobiids and trans-
ferred to the Viviparoidea (Ampullarioidea). Viviparoid characters of Bithynia are its size (adult
shells are more than 10 mm long), calcareous operculum with paucispiral nucleus and concentric
edges, nuchal lobes of the head-foot, relatively long, flexible and acute tentacles, yellow and orange
skin pigment granules, spirally constructed fecal pellets, use of the ctenidium in food gathering, pal-
lial innervation of the penis, and dimorphic sperm.
Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus) has a broadly conic or narrowly ovate shell (Fig. 74). It is larger
than any of the Hydrobiidae, the shells of many adults measuring more than 12 mm in length. The
color of the shell ranges from yellowish to greenish, and is covered by a thin brownish periostracum.
Surface sculpture consists of fine transverse growth lines and fine incised spiral lines. In contrast to
most hydrobiids, the concentric operculum just fits the outer aperture, and does not go past the
peritreme when the animal withdraws its head-foot into the shell.
Bithynia tentaculata occurs in the Great Lakes region from Albany, New York, to Winnebago
Lake, Wisconsin.
FAMILY MICROMELANIIDAE
The Micromelaniidae are a family of hydrobiid-like snails which lack basal denticles on their cen-
tral radular teeth. They are found mainly in the ancient lakes Baical (Siberia) and Ohrid (Macedonia
and Albania), the Caspian Sea, southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and eastern India. Emmericiella
occurs in Mexico, and the monotypic Antroselates occurs in caves in southern Indiana and west-
central Kentucky. The latter was transferred to the Micromelaniidae by Taylor (1966b) because of
its radular characters.
Antroselates spiralis Hubricht has a small, solid, globosely conic, turbinate, narrowly perforate or
rimate shell (Fig. 108). Its sculpture consists of numerous spiral periostracal threads. The opercu-
lum is paucispiral and hyaline. The animal is white. Males have a simple, long, slender, tapering
verge. The central and lateral teeth have many small cusps of uniform size (Hubricht, 1963b).
FAMILY HYDROBIIDAE
The Hydrobiidae are one of the most common and widely distributed gastropod families, occur-
ring in temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout much of the world. The family is a
large one, comprising some 103 genera (Taylor & Sohl, 1962). Most hydrobiid species live in fresh
water, although some are associated with brackish water. Only the North American freshwater spe-
cies are dealt with in this manual.
Shells of hydrobiids are small (many are minute), generally elongate, dextral (Fig. 2b), nearly
always drab and unicolored, and generally have relatively few whorls. The shells of most species are
plain, but some species have prominent surface sculpture, and one species in North America (north
of Mexico), Cochttopina riograndensis (Pilsbry & Ferriss) has spiral color bands (Fig. 140). The shell
aperture is closed by an operculum, which is generally paucispiral (Fig. 15b), but some species have
83
-------
round, multispiral opercula (Fig. 15a). Like most North American freshwater prosobranch snails,
the sexes are separate in the Hydrobiidae, and the shells of some genera exhibit sexual dimorphism.
Because of the similarity of the shells of many species occurring in different genera and subfami-
lies, reliance must be placed on anatomical characters, especially those of the verge (male copulatory
organ), in making identifications and for assigning species to genera and genera to subfamilies (Fig.
82), Since the anatomical characteristics of some species (and even genera) are not known, their
taxonomic placement in this manual is presumptive. Further studies may change their systematic
status.
Since so few hydrobiids have been studied anatomically in any great detail, a subfamilial classifi-
cation based entirely on the male verge may be proven eventually to be inadequate or inaccurate.
However, from a standpoint of practicality for presenting a workable classification for this identifi-
cation manual, the hydrobiid genera are grouped according to the major characters of the verges of
their species and these groups assigned to previously named subfamilies. While this possibly may not
represent the true systematic and phylogenetic relationships of the various genera, it is a useful sys-
tem at present.
Identification Key for the Hydrobiidae
1 Males with single-ducted verges (Fig. 82a,b,c) , 2
Males with two- or three-ducted verges (Fig. 82d, e).., 52
2(1) Males with simple verges, lacking accessory lobes and glandular apical and
subapical crests (Fig. 82a), Subfamily Lithoglyphinae ....,., 3
Males with verges bearing accessory lobes or glandular apical and subapical
crests (Fig. 82b, c) 13
3(2) Shell neritiniform (Figs. 14,192,193). Cahaba and Coosa rivers, Alabama .......
Lepyrium showalteri (Lea)
Shell conical, subglobose or heliciform , 4
4(3) Shell depressed, heliciform, with spiral brown bands (Fig. 140). Texas
Cochliopina riograndensis (Pilsbry & Ferriss)
Shell conical to subglobose, without spiral color bands 5
5(4) Shell imperforate or narrowly perforate 6
Shell umbilicate 11
6(5) Western in distribution, in the Pacific drainage (Figs. 141,142,145-148,
152) Genus Fluminicola63
Eastern in distribution, in the Mississippi, Gulf and Atlantic drainages 7
84
-------
FIG, 81. Central radular tooth of truncatelloid snails, a. A micromelaniid, without basal
cusps; b, a hydrobiid, with basal cusps on a thickened ridge along the lateral angle of the
tooth; c, a pomatiopsid, with basal cusps on the anterio-posterior ridges, b = basal cusp.
FIG. 82- Basic types of verges of North American hydrobiid snails, a, Simple verge with a
single duct (Lithoglyphinae); b, verge with a single duct and accessory lobes (Hydrobiinae);
c, verge with a single duct and glandular apical and subapical crests (Nymphophilinae); d,
verge with two ducts (Arnnicolinae); e, verge with three ducts (Fontigentinae).
mantle collar
embryo
FIGS. 83-86. Animals of hydrobiid snails (Hydrobiinae), with shells removed. FIG, 83.
Hyalopyrgus aequicostatus, male, dorsal view. FIG. 84. H. aequicostatus, female, dorsal
view. FIG. 85. Littoridinops monroensis, male, dorsal view with mantle and viscera removed.
FIG. 86. L. monroemis, male, right lateral view. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Figs. 83-86 are
from Thompson (1968),
85
-------
verge
tentacle
verge
mantle collar
90
FIGS, 87-94. Animals of hydrobild snails (Hydrobiinae, lithoglyphinae, Nymphophilinae and
Amnicolinae), with shells removed. FIG, 87. Littoridinops tenuipes, male, right lateral view.
FIG. 88. Pyrgophorus platyrachis, male, dorsal view. FIG. 89. Somatogyrus (Walkerilla}
fenax, male. FIG. 90. Notogiflia sathon, male. FIG. 91. Rhapinemadacryon,male. FIG,
92. Spilochlamys conica, male. FIG. 93. Amnicoladallijohnsoni, female. FIG. 94. Amni-
cola (Lyogyrusj retromargo, female. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Figs. 87-94 are from Thomp-
son (1968,1969).
86
-------
105 '
FIGS. 95-107. Verges of hydrobiid snails (Hydrobiinae). FIG. 95. Aphaostmcon mthenes.
FIG. 96. A. chalarogyrus. FIG. 97. A. hypohyalina. FIG. 98. A. monas. FIG. 99. A. rhadi-
nus. FIG. 100. A. pachynotm. FIG. 101, A. pycnus. FIG. 102. A. theiocrenetus. FIG.
103. A. xynoelictus. FIG. 104. Hyalopyrgus aequicostatus. FIG. 105. Littoridinopsmon-
roensis. FIG. 106. L. tenuipes. FIG. 107. Probythimlh lacustris. Measurement lines = "%.
mm. Figs. 95-106 are from Thompson (1968); Fig. 107 is from E.G. Berry (1943).
87
-------
7(6) Shell generally thick and solid, columella thickened. Mississippi and Gulf of
Mexico drainage (except for S. pennsylvanicus and S. virginicus). Genus
Somatogyrus 8
Shell rather thin, columella not thickened (Fig. 191). Atlantic drainage
from New Jersey to South Carolina Gillia altitis (Lea)
8(7) Shell with spirally striate apical whorls, Subgenus Walkerilla^ 9
Shell without spirally striate apical whorls (Figs. 149, 151,153-185,194,
195). Widely distributed in eastern North America in the Midwest and
South Subgenus Somatogyrus s.s.65
9(8) Spire very depressed (Figs. 150,186,196). Catawba and Coosa rivers,
Alabama Somatogyrus (Walkerilla) coosaensis Walker
Spire not depressed. Georgia and Virginia 10
10(9) Shell perforate (Figs. 89, 197, 201). Broad River, Georgia
Somatogyrus (Walkerilla) tenax Thompson
Shell imperforate (Fig. 187). Rapidan River, Virginia
Somatogyrus (Walkerilla) virginicus Walker
11(5) Shell small (less than 2.5 mm in length), aperture round, columella thin
(Fig. 138). Missouri Antrobia culvert Hubricht
Shell larger (3.0-3.5 mm in length), aperture ovate, columella thickened.
Alabama. Genus Clappia 12
12(11) Shell aperture more elongate, spire less attenuate, umbilicus larger, animal
black (Figs. 139, 143,144). Coosa River, Alabama Clappia umbilicata (Walker)
Shell aperture broader, less elongate, spire relatively attenuate, umbilicus
smaller, animal white. Cahaba River, Alabama Clappia cahabensis Clench
13(2) Males with verges bearing accessory lobes (Fig. 82b). Subfamily Hydrobiinae66 ....... 14
Males with verges bearing glandular apical crests (Fig. 82c). Subfamily
Nymphophilinae 27
14(13) Top of shell spire truncated. The first several spire whorls coiled in the
same plane (Figs. 107, 129-131). Widely distributed in eastern North
America Probythinella lacustris (F. C. Baker)
Top of shell spire not truncated, the first several spire whorls coiled in a
descending spiral 15
88
-------
115
FIGS. 108-118. Shells of Micromekniidae (Fig. 108) and Hydrobifdae (Figs. 109-118). FIG.
108. Antroselates spiralis. FIG. 109. Aphaostmcon asthenes. FIG. 110. A. chalamgyrus.
FIG. 111. A. hypahyaitna, female. FIG. 112. A. fiypohyaliw,maSe. FIG. 113. A. mows,
female. FIG. 114. A. mo«as,male, FIG. 115. A. pochynotus, female. FIG. 116. A. pachy-
notus, male. FIG. 117. A. pycnus, female. FIG. 118. A. pycnus, male. Measurement lines =
14 mm. Fig. 108 is after Hubricht (1963b); Figs. 109-118 are from Thompson (1968).
89
-------
15(14) Northern in distribution (Fig. 76). Lake Michigan, Wisconsin
Hoyia sheldoni (Pilsbry)67
Southern and western in distribution 16
16(15) Western in distribution. Texas, Arizona, Nevada and California. Genus
Tryonia6* 17
Southern in distribution. Georgia and Florida 22
17(16) Found in Texas 18
Further western in distribution, Arizona, Nevada and California 20
18(17) Shell minute, that of adults with four to five whorls less than 1.5 mm in
shell length; umbilicus small but distinct (Fig. 135). Texas
Tryonia diaboli (Pilsbry & Ferriss)
Shell larger, that of adults with about five whorls more than 3 mm;
imperforate 19
19(18) Shell surface smooth, except for fine transverse growth lines (Figs. 127,128,
133). Texas Tryonia cheatumi (Pilsbry)
Shell surface sculptured with revolving striae or carinae which are commonly
modified into spines (Fig. 126). Texas Pyrgophorus spinosus (Call & Pilsbry)
20(17) Shell surface smooth, except for fine transverse growth lines. California
(in brackish water), Arizona Tryonia imitator (Pilsbry)
Shell surface sculptured with transverse ribs and sometimes with spiral
lirae also 21
21 (20) Shell narrowly conic, ribbed, with or without lirae, ribs not angular except
where crossed by lirae (Figs. 136,137). California (subfossil), Arizona
Tryonia protea (Gould)
Shell elongately conic, ribbed, but without lirae, ribs angular (Fig. 134).
Nevada Tryonia clathmta Stimpson
22(16) Periphery of whorls flattened, sutures shallow; verge with 7-50 papillae
along its right margin, 1-4 papillae along the distal third of the left margin
and with or without papillae about the base. Genus Littoridinops 23
Periphery of whorls inflated, sutures impressed; verge with 1-7 papillae
along the right margin and usually with one or two papillae on the left
margin either at the base or distal end 24
90
-------
128
FIGS. 119-128. Shells of Hydrobiidae (Hydrobiinae). FIG. 119. Aphaostracon theiocrene-
tus, female. FIG. 120. A. theiocrenetus.male. FIG. 121. A. xynoelictus, female. FIG. 122.
A. xynoe/icftu, male. FIG. 123. Hyalopyrgus brevissimus, female. FIG. 124. H.brevissimus,
male. FIG. 125. Littoridinops tenuipes, FIG. 126. Pyrgopharus spinosm. FIG. 127. Try-
onia cheatumi. FIG. 128. T. cheatumi. Measurement lines = & mm. Figs. 119-124 are from
Thompson (1968); Fig. 126 is from Call & Pilsbry (1886); Fig. 127 is from Pilsbty (1935a).
91
-------
FIGS 129-142. Shells of Hydrobiidae (Hydrobiinae and Lithoglyphinae). FIG. 129. Pro-
bythinella lacustris. FIG. 130. Pr. lacustris. FIG. 131. Pr. lacustris. FIG. 132. Pyrgophorus
phtvrachu. FIG. 133. Tryonia cheatumi. FIG. 134. T. ctithmta. FIG. 135. T. diaboti.
FIG 136 T.protea. FIG. 137. T. protect. FIG. 138. Antrobia culvert. FIG. 139. Oappia
clappi=C.umbilicata. FIG. 140. Cochliopina riograndensis. FIG. 141. FlumMcola jusca,
FIG. 142. F. nuttolliana. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
92
Reproduced from
best available copy.
-------
150
152
FIGS, 143-152. Sheik of Hydrobiidae (lithoglyphinae). FLG, 143, Clappia clappl = C um-
biticata. FIG. 144. C, umbilicata. FIG. 145. Fluminicola columbiana. FIG. 146. E mem-
ami. FIG. 147. F. mimttissima. FIG. 148. F. nevadensis. FIG. 149, Somatogyrus amnico-
loides. FIG. ISO. S. aMrichi = S. (Wdkerilla) caosaensis. FIG. 151. 5. aureus. FIG. 152. F.
turbiniformis. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Figs. 143, 144 and 148-150 are from Walker
(1904a, 1906a, 1909c, 1915c, 1916); Figs. 145 and 146 are from Stearns (1901b); Fig. 147
is from Pilsbry (1908a); Figs. 151 and 152 are from Try on (1865i).
93
-------
FIGS. 153461. Shells of Hydrobiidae (Lithoglyphmae). FIG. 153. Somatogyms biangulatw.
FIG. 154. S. comtrictus. FIG. 155. S, crossHabris. FIG. 156. S. crassus. FIG. 157. S.
crassus, immature. FIG. 158. 5. cumerianus. FIG. 159. S. decipiens, immature. FIG. 160.
S, decipiens. FIG, 161. S, excavatus. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Figs. 153-161 are from
Walker (1904a, 1906a, 1909c, 1915c).
94
-------
171
FIGS. 162-171. Shells of Hydrobiidae (lithoglyphinae). FIG. 162. Somatogyrus excavatus,
FIG. 163. S. georgianus. FIG. 164. S. hendersoni, FIG, 165. S. hinkleyi. FIG. 166. S.
hinkleyi, immature. FIG. 167. S.humerasus* FIG. 168. S. nanus. FIG. 169. S. obtusus,
FIG. 170. S, parvulus. FIG. 171. S. parvulus. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Figs. 163-170
are from Walker (1904a, I906a, 1909c); Fig. 171 is from Tryon (18651).
95
-------
178
FIGS. 172-180. Shells of Hydrobiidae (lithoglyphinae). FIG. 172. Somatogyrus pennsyl-
vanicus. FIG, 173. S, pennsylvanicus. FIG. 174. S. pennsylwnicus. FIG. 175. S. pilsbry-
anus. FIG. 176. S.pumtim, FIG. 177. S. pygmaeus. FIG. 178. S. quadrants, FIG. 179. S.
sargenti, FIG. 180. S. strengi. Measurement Macs = 1 mm. Figs. 172-180 are from Walker
(1904a, 1906a, 1909c).
96
-------
183
189
FIGS. 181-190. Shells of Hydrobiidae (llthoglyphinae and Nymphophilinae). FIG. 181,
Somatogyrus substriatus. FIG. 182. S. tennesseensis. FIG. 183. S. wheeleri, apex. FIG.
184. S. wheeieri. FIG. 185. S. wa/Aerfanus. FIG. 186. S. (Walkerilla) coowemis. FIG. 187.
S. (W.j virginicus. FIG, 188. Birgdta wbglobosa. FIG. 189. Cincitmatia judayi = C. tincin-
natiensis. FIG. 190. C. comalemis. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
Figs. 181-184,186 and 18? are from Walker (1904a, 1906a, 191Sc); Fig. 185 is from Aldrieh
(1905); Fig. 190 is from PUsbry & Ferriss (1906).
97
-------
23(22) Verge with a single row of 7-15 papillae along the right margin and 3-10
papillae around the base (Figs. 79, 87, 106,125). Atlantic drainage of
Florida and Georgia Littondinops tenuipes Couper
Verge with 17-50 papillae arranged in three to five rows along the right
margin, and no papillae at the base (Figs. 80,85,86,105), Florida ,,,.
Littondinops monroensis (Frauenfeld)
24(22) Shell sculptured with fine spiral lines; verge with 1-7 papillae along the
right margin and papillae along the left margin 25
Shell without fine spiral sculpturing; verge with 0-6 papillae along the
right margin, no other papillae present (Figs. 75,95-103,109-122).
Florida Genus Aphaostracon69
25(24) Spiral sculpturing consisting of raised threads; verge with 3-7 papillae along
the right margin, left margin usually with a papilla near the base and 1-4
papillae on a projection near the distal end (Figs. 88,132). Southern
Florida Pyrgophorus platymchis Thompson
Spiral sculpturing consisting of fine incised striations; verge with one large
papilla on the right margin near the base, and one or two smaller papillae
on the left margin near the distal end. Genus Hyalopyrgus 26
26(25) Shell elongated conical, rimate or imperforate; verge with two papillae and
an apical protrusion on the left margin (Figs. 77, 78,83,84,104). Florida .......
Hyalopyrgus aequicostatus (Pilsbry)
Shell ovate, openly umbilicate; verge with one papilla on the left margin
(Figs. 123,124). Central Florida Hyalopyrgus brevissimus (Pilsbry)
27(13) Shell almost completely uncoiled (Fig. 248). Texas Genus Orygoceras
Shell coiled 28
28(27) Shell relatively large (that of adults to nearly 10 mm in length), subglobose
(Figs. 188,198,202). Widely distributed in central United States from
the Great Lakes to Alabama and Arkansas Birgella subglobosa (Say)
Shell smaller (that of adults generally less than 5 mm in length), globosely
conic to broadly conic and rarely elongately conic, or subglobose, ovate
or turbiniform 29
29(28) Shell turbiniform, minute (that of adults 1.2-1.4 mm long) (Figs. 265,
297). Alabama river system Stiobia nana Thompson
Shell conic, subglobose or ovate 30
98
-------
FIGS. 191-200. Shells of Hydrobiidae (Lithoglyphinae and Nymphophilinae). FIG. 191. Gil-
liaaltilis. FIG. 192. Lepyrium showalteri. FIG. 193. L. showalteri, operculum, FIG. 194.
Somatogyrus aureus, FIG. 195. S. depressus, FIG. 196. S. (Walkerilla} coosaensis. FIG. 197.
S. (WJ tenax. FIG. 198. Birgella subglobow. FIG. 199. Cincinnatia cincinnatiensis. FIG.
200. C, fratema. Measurement lines = 1 mm.
99
Reproduced from
best available copy.
-------
vas deferens
201
202
203
204 l
verge
vas deferens
apical crest
penis
205
206
207
208
209
210
FIGS. 201-210, Verges of hydrobiid snails (Uthoglyphinae and Nymphophilinae). FIG. 201.
Somatogyrus (Wdkerilla) tenax. FIG. 202. Birgella mbglobom. FIG. 203, Gncinnatia
cincinnatiensis, FIG. 204. C. flortdans. FIG. 205. C fratema. FIG. 206. C. helicogym.
FIG. 207. C, mica, FIG. 208, C, monroensis. FIG, 209. C. parva. FIG, 210, C. petrifom.
Measurement lines = 1 mm. Flp. 201 and 204-210 are from Thompson (1968); Figs. 202
and 203 are from E.G. Berry (1943).
100
-------
apical crest
212
214 L
216 l
FIGS. 211-221. Verges of hydrobiid snails (Nymphophillnae). FIG. 211. Cincinnatia pon-
derosa. FIG. 212. C. vanhyningi, FIG. 213. C. wekiwae. FIG. 214. Marstonia agarhecta.
FIG. 215. M. arga. FIG. 216. M. castor. FIG. 217. M. ha!cyon, FIG. 218. M. Imtrica.
FIG. 219. M. Imtrica. FIG. 220. M. agmorphaphe, FIG. 221. M.pachyta. Measurement
lines = !4 mm. Figs. 211-218,220 and 221 are from Thompson (1968,1969,1977); Fig. 219
is from E.G. Berry (1943).
101
-------
30(29) Verge with a relatively simple glandular pattern 31
Verge with elaborate patterns of many glands 39
31(30) Shell elongate (conic or ovate); verge with a short terminal penis. Widely
distributed in eastern North America. Genus Marstonia10 32
Shell subglobose; verge with a long, slender flagellar penis (Figs. 91,257,
262). Chipola river drainage, Florida70 Rhapimma dacryon Thompson
32(31) Shell minute, that of adults (with four or more whorls) less than 2.7 mm
in length; verge with an elongate apical lobe, penis large and robust 33
Shell larger, that of adults (with 4% or more whorls) 3.5 mm long; verge
with a squarish apical lobe, penis short and slender 35
33(32) Shell thin, fragile, transparent, conical, with an incomplete peristome
across the parietal margin; verge with a single gland on the apical lobe
(Figs. 214,232). Ocmulgee river system, Georgia Marstonla agarhecta Thompson
Shell thick, solid, nearly opaque, ovate-conical; peristome complete across
the parietal margin; verge with two glands, one near the base and one on
the apical lobe 34
34(33) Shell broadly ovate, 0.70-0.80 times as wide as high, whorls strongly
shouldered, flattened at the shell periphery, umbilicus wide, suture
descending in lateral profile (Figs. 217, 249). Ogeechee river system,
Georgia Marstonia halcyon Thompson
Shell ovately conical, 0.66-0.73 times as wide as high, whorls rounded,
not strongly shouldered, umbilicus narrow, suture not descending to the
aperture in lateral profile (Figs. 216,234). Flint river system, Georgia
Marstonia castor Thompson
35(32) Shell thick, solid, nearly opaque, umbilicus closed or narrowly rimate 36
Shell thinner, transparent or translucent, openly umbilicate . 37
36(35) Shell ovately conical in shape, spire convex in outline, outer lip straight in
lateral profile, sutures shallow, whorls not shouldered; verge with two
small glands on the apical lobe and a small raised gland near the base of
the verge (Figs. 221,253). Creeks in Limestone County, Alabama
Marstonia pachyta Thompson
Shell nearly conical, spire straight-sided, outer lip strongly curved in lateral
profile, whorls shouldered, suture deep; verge with a single large gland
on the apical lobe (Figs. 215,233). Tennessee River, Alabama ...............
Marstonia arga Thompson
102
-------
232
FIGS. 222-234, Shells of Hydrobiidae (Nymphophilinae). FIG. 222. Cincinnatia helicogym.
FIG. 223. C. mica, FIG. 224, C. parva. FIG. 225. C, pemcuta. FIG. 226. C. petrifom,
FIG. 227. C. ponderosa. FIG. 228, C. wdawae, FIG. 229. Fontelicella californiemh. FIG.
230. F. (Natricola) robusta. FIG. 231. F. (Microamnicola) micrococcus. FIG. 232. Mar-
stoniaagarhecta. FIG. 233. M. arga. FIG. 234. M. castor. Measurement lines = 1 mm.
103
Reprodyced from
best available copy.
-------
37(35) Shell sutures deep, whorls shouldered, outer lip arched slightly forward
in lateral profile (Figs. 220,252). Marion County, Tennessee
, Marstonia ogmorphaphe Thompson
Shell sutures shallow, whorls not shouldered, outer lip straight in lateral
profile 38
38(37) Northern in distribution: southern Canada, Maine west to Minnesota and
Iowa (Figs. 218,219, 245,246,250,251) Marstonia lustrica (Pilsbry)
Southern: Madison County, Alabama (Fig. 247) Marsionia olivacea (Pilsbry)
39(30) Shell subglobose or broadly ovate, imperforate. Alabama, Florida and
Georgia. Genus Notogillia 40
Shell conic or ovate, but if subglobose or broadly ovate then it is umbilicate 41
40(39) Shell subglobose, relatively small (that of adults is 4.0-4.5 mm in length),
periostracum greyish white (Figs. 90,254). Southcentral Georgia
Notogillia saihon Thompson
Shell broadly ovate, larger (that of adults is 4.5 -7.5 mm in length), perios-
tracum olivaceous-brown (Figs. 255,260). Alabama, Florida and Georgia ......
Notogillia wetherbyi (Dall)
41(39) Distribution east of the Continental Divide 42
Distribution west of the Continental Divide 48
42(41) Penis relatively large, spatulate, and having a long narrow gland running
along each margin from the base to near its tip. Georgia and Florida.
Genus Spilochlamys 43
Penis small, slender, conical 45
43(42) Shell subglobose, spire depressed (Fig. 259). Tributaries of the Ocmulgee
River, Georgia Spilochlamys turgida Thompson
Shell ovate, spire prominent. Florida 44
44(43) Shell solid, thick (Figs. 275,276); apex of the accessory lobe of the verge
without a terminal glandular crest (Fig. 264). St. Johns river drainage,
Florida Spilochlamys gravis Thompson
Shell thin or only moderately thick (Fig. 258); apex of the accessory lobe
of the verge with an apical glandular crest (Figs. 92,263). Gulf of Mexico
drainage in northcentral Florida Spilochlamys cornea Thompson
104
-------
FIGS, 235-241. Shells of HydrobMae (NymphophUinae). FIG. 235. Cincinnatia wgustina
= C fioridma. FIG. 236. C vanhyningi. FIG. 237. Fontettcella deserta, FIG, 238. F. inter-
media. FIG. 239. F. neomexicana. FIG. 240. F, (Natricola)hendersoni. FIG. 241. E/JV,;
idahoensis. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Fig. 235 is from Walker (1906a); Fig. 236 is from
Vanatta (1934); Figs. 237 and 239-241 are from Pflsbry (1916a); Fig. 238 is from Tryon
(1865i).
105
-------
FIGS, 242-248, Shells of Hydrobiidae (Nymphophilinae). FIG. 242. FontelicellafNatricoIaj
idahoensis, FIG. 243. F. (N.) robusta. FIG. 244. F, (Microamnicola) micrococcus. FIG.
245. Marstonia winkleyi mozleyi = M. lustrica, female. FIG, 246. M. mnldeyi mozleyi = M.
htstrica, male. FIG. 247. M. olivacea. FIG. 248. Orygoceras sp., dorsal and lateral views.
Measurement lines = I mm. Fip, 242 and 243 are from PUsbry (1933); Fig. 244 is from
Steams (1893); Figs. 245 and 246 are from Walker (192Sa>, Fig. 247 is from Thompson
(1977); Fig, 248 is after Taylor (1974).
106
-------
257
FIGS. 249-259. Shells of Hydrobiidae (Nymphophilinae). FIG- 249. Marstonia halcyon.
FIG. 250. M. lustrica. FIG. 251. M. lustrica. FIG. 252. M. ogmorphaphe. FIG. 253. M
pachyta. FIG. 254. Notogillia sathon. FIG. 255. N. wetherbyi. FIG. 256. Pyrgulopsis
nevadensis. FIG. 257. Rhapinema dacryon. FIG. 258. Spilochlamys conica. FIG. 259. S.
turgida. Measurement lines = 1 mm.
107
-------
apical crest
260 .
penis
262
265 ,
264
flagellum
vas deferens
penis
267
266
268
269
FIGS. 260-269. Verges of hydrobiid snails (Nymphophilinae and Amnicolinae). FIG. 260.
Notogillia wetherbyi. FIG. 261. Pyrgulopsis letsoni, FIG. 262. Rhapinema dacryon. FIG.
263. Spilochlamys conica. FIG. 264, Sp. gravis. FIG. 265. Stiobia mm. FIG. 266. Am-
nicoladallidallt. FIG. 267. A, dattifohnsoni. FIG. 268. A. limosa, FIG. 269. A, rhombo-
stotna. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Figs. 260, 262-267 and 269 are from Thompson (1968,
1969) and Thompson & McCaleb (1978); Figs. 261 and 268 are from E.G. Berry (1943),
108
-------
FIGS, 270-278, Shells of Hydrobiidae (Nymphophilinae and Amnicolinae). FIG. 270. Pyrgu-
lopsis nevadensis nevadensis. FIG. 271. P. nevadensis nevadensis. FIG. 272. P. nevadensis
nevadensis, FIG. 273. P. scalariforrnis. FIG. 274. P. archimedis. FIG, 275. Spilochlamys
gravis. FIG. 276. S. gravis. FIG. 277. Amnicolaaldrtchialdrichi. FIG. 278. A. dallijohn-
soni. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Fig. 270 is from Stearns (1883b); Fig. 271 is from Call &
Pilsbry (1886); Figs. 272 and 274 are from S.S. Berry (1947); Fig. 273 is from Wolf (1869);
Figs. 275, 276 and 278 are from Thompson (1968); Fig. 277 is from Call & Beecher (1886),
109
-------
45(42) Shell elongately conical. Genus Pyrgulopsis, in part. Widely distributed , 46
Shell broadly conical, globosely conical or ovate. Widely distributed (Figs.
189,190,199,200,203-213,222-228,235,236) GenusCincinnatia11
46(45) Shell umbilicate (Fig. 261). Ontario and Michigan to New York
Pyrgulopsis letsoni (Walker)
Shell imperforate. Alabama and Arkansas 47
47(46) Whorls flat-sided, periphery angular or carinate (Fig. 273). Alabama
Pyrgulopsis scalariformis (Wolf)
Whorls rounded, periphery rounded. Arkansas Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Hinkley
48(41) Shell elongately conical, whorls wholly or nearly flat-sided, or concave,
usually angulate or carinate. Genus Pyrgulopsis, in part 49
Shell conical, narrowly ovate to globosely conic, whorls rounded, not
angulate or carinate. Genus Fontelicella SO
49(48) Periphery of body whorl concave (Fig. 274). Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon
Pyrgulopsis archimedis S. S. Berry
Periphery of body whorl flat-sided (Figs. 256,270-272). Pyramid and
Walker's lakes, Nevada Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Steams)
50(48) Shell conical or narrowly ovate 51
Shell globosely conic, minute (that of adults is less than 2 mm in length)
(Figs. 231,244), Subgenus Meroamnico/a. California and Nevada
Fontelicella (Microamnicola) mlcrococcus Pilsbry (in Stearns) 1893
51(50) Shell relatively small (that of adults is 5 mm or less in length); the terminal
lobe of the verge is usually a little longer than the penis (Figs. 229, 237-239).
California, Idaho, New Mexico, Oregon and Utah ......... Subgenus Fontelicella s.s.71
Shell relatively large (that of adults is up to 8 mm in length); terminal lobe
of the verge is about twice as long as the penis (Figs. 230,240-243). Idaho,
Oregon and Wyoming Subgenus Natricola11
52(1) Males with two-ducted verges (Fig. 82d). Subfamily Amnicolinae 53
Males with three-ducted verges (Fig. 82e). Subfamily Fontigentinae (Figs.
283,310-315,319). Widely distributed in eastern North America ... Genus Fonttgens11
110
-------
282
283
FIGS, 279-283. Verges of hydrobiid snails (Amnicolinae and Fontigentinae), FIG. 279, Am-
nicola (Lyogyrus) grana. FIG. 280. A. (L.) pupoidea. FIG. 281. A. (L.) retromargo. FIG.
282. A, (L.) walked. FIG. 283. Fantigens nickliniana. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Figs.
279-281 are from Thompson (1968); Figs. 282 and 283 are from E.G. Berry (1943).
FIGS. 284-287. Shells of Hydrobiidae (AmnicoHnae). FIG. 284. Amnkota dalli johnsoni,
FIG. 285. A. com. FIG. 286. A.timosa. FIG. 287. A. decisa. Measurement lines = 1 mm.
Fig. 284 is from Thompson (1968); Fig. 285 is from Hubricht (1979); Figs. 286 and 287 are
from Haldeman (1845).
Ill
-------
294
FIGS. 288-296. Sheik of Hydrobiidae (Amnicolinae). FIG. 288. Amnicola pattida = A. K-
mosa, FIG. 289. A, porata = A. limosa, FIG. 290. A, porata-A. limosa. FIG. 291. A,
stygia. FIG. 292. A. (Lyogyrus) greggi. FIG. 293. A. (L.)pUsbryi. FIG. 294. A. (L.}pils-
bryi, FIG. 295. A. (L.) pihbryi, FIG. 296. A. (L.) pilsbryi. Measurement lines = 1 mm.
Figs. 288 and 289 are from Haldeman (1845); Fig. 291 is from Hubricht (1971); Fig. 292 is
from Pilsbry (1935a); Figs. 293 and 294 are from Walker (1906a).
112
-------
FIGS. 297-308, Shells of Hydrobiidae (Nymphophilinae and Amnicolinae). FIG. 297. Stiobia
nana. FIG. 298. Amnicola datti dalli. FIG. 299. A, limosa limosa. FIG. 300. A. rhombo-
stoma, FIG. 301. A. (Lyogyrus) browni, FIG. 302. A. (L.)gram. FIG. 303, A.fLJgreggi.
FIG. 304. A. (L.)pQsbryi. FIG. 305. A. (L.)pupoidea. FIG. 306. A. (L.)retromargo. FIG.
307. A. (L.) walkeri. FIG, 308. Hauffenia micro. Measurement lines = 1 mm.
113
Reproduced from
best ava'ilable copy.
-------
318
FIGS, 309-318. Shells of Hydrobiidae (Nymphophilinae and Amnicolinae), FIG, 309. Amni-
cola (Lyogynts) walked. FIG. 310. Fontigem turritella. FIG. 311. £ holsingeri. FIG. 312.
Eorolibas. FIG. 313. F. orolibas. FIG. 314. F. tartarea. FIG. 315. F, cryptica. FIG. 316.
Horatta nugax. FIG. 317. "Cochltopa" texana. FIG. 318. "Pdudestrina" bottimen. Mea-
surement lines = &mm. Fig. 309 is from Walker (1906a); Figs. 310-315 are from or after
Hubricht (1957, 1963b, 1976); Fig. 316 is after Pilsbry & Ferriss (1906); Fig. 317 is from
Klsbry (1935a); Fig. 318 is from Walker (192Sa),
114
-------
53(52) Shell ovate or turbinate to globosely conic. Widely distributed. Genus
Amnicola . . 54
Shell discoidal or subdiscoidal, Texas (? also Alabama) 55
54(53) Nuclear whorl of shell relatively large (0.38-0.48 mm in diameter); mantle
heavily mottled with black; penis and flagellum relatively stout (Figs. 93,
266-269, 277, 278,284-291,298-300). Widely distributed in eastern
North America Subgenus Amnicola s.s.72
Nuclear whorl of shell small (0.29-0.36 mm in diameter); mantle diffusely
shaded with pigment; penis and flagellum relatively slender and elongate
(Figs. 94, 279-282, 292-296, 301-309). Widely distributed in North
America Subgenus Lyogyrus1^
55(53) Shell discoidal, spire hardly raised above the body whorl (Fig. 308). Texas
Hauffenia micro (Pilsbry & Ferriss)73
Shell subdiscoidal, spire noticeably raised above the body whorl (Fig. 316).
Texas Horatia nugax (Pilsbry & Ferriss)73
FAMILY POMATIOPSIDAE
The Pomatiopsidae are represented in North America by six species, three in the east and three in
California. Their general appearance is that of a hydrobioid, and in the past they frequently have
been included in the Hydrobiidae as a subfamily (see Davis, 1967, for a review of familial classifica-
tion). For the most recent diagnoses of the families Pomatiopsidae and Hydrobiidae, see Davis
(1979).
Because of their obvious close systematic relationship to the medically important Oriental genus
Oncomelania, North American Pomatiopsis, especially P. cincinnatiensis (Lea) and P. lapidaria (Say),
have received considerable attention.
The genus Pomatiopsis comprises a group of amphibious species which inhabit river banks or
moist areas near streams. In contrast, the hydrobiids live in the water of springs, streams, pools and
lakes.
Identification Key for the Pomatiopsidae
1 Eastern in distribution 2
Restricted to California 4
2(1) Shell elongate, with relatively flattened whorls and oval aperture 3
Shell more depressed, broadly conical, with rounded whorls and aperture
(Fig. 323). Tennessee and southwestern Virginia to southern Michigan,
Illinois and Iowa Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Lea)
115
-------
328
331
FIGS. 319-332. Shells of Hydrobiidae (Figs. 319, 320), Pomatiopsidae (Figs. 321-325),
Thiaridae (Figs. 326, 327) and Pleuroceridae (Figs. 328-332). FIG. 319. Fontigem nicklini-
ana. FIG. 320. "Bythinella" hemphilli. FIG. 321. Pomatiopsis binneyi, FIG. 322. P. call-
fomica. FIG. 323. P. cincinnatiemis. FIG. 324. P. hinkleyi. FIG. 325. P, tapidaria. FIG.
326. Thiaragmnifem. FIG. 327. Melanoides tuberculata. FIG. 328. Elimia boykiniana boy-
kiniana. FIG. 329. E. boykiniana viennaensis. FIG. 330. E. clenchi, FIG. 331, E. carinifera,
FIG. 332. E. arachnoidea arachnoidea. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into milli-
meters.
116
-------
3(2) Spire more acute, body whorl proportionately smaller, aperture broadly
oval, umbilicus wider, more open (Fig. 325). Widely distributed in the
eastern United States, with occasional occurrences west to northern Texas
and New Mexico Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say)
Spire more obtuse rbody whorl proportionately larger, aperture narrowly
oval, umbilicus nearly closed (Fig, 324). Found in several localities in
Alabama, South Carolina and Tennessee Pomatiopsis Mnkleyi Pilsbry20
4(1) Shell quite small, that of adults with four to five whorls about 3 mm in
length, light horn in color, imperforate (Fig. 321). Marin County, California
Pomatiopsis binneyi Tryon
Shell larger, that of adults more than 4 mm in length, brownish-olive or
chestnut brown in color 5
5(4) Shell chestnut brown in color (Fig. 322). San Francisco area ,
Pomatiopsis californica Pilsbry
Shell brownish-olive in color. Northeastern California Pomatiopsis chacei Pilsbry
FAMILY THIARIDAE
The Thiaridae and the Pleuroceridae contain various genera with very similar shells, and because
of this they were long considered to all belong to one and the same family, traditionally called the
Melaniidae. The latter name is based on the genus Melania Lamarck 1799, a synonym of Thiara
Roding 1798. Morrison (1954) used biological characters to separate the various melanoid/eerithi-
oid families, and separated the Thiaridae and the Pleuroceridae as follows:
Thiaridae: Reproduction parthenogenetic, without males; brood pouch not uterine, but
adventitious (subhaemocoelic) in the neck region, with opening on right side of
neck.
Pleuroceridae: Reproduction dioecious, with males present; females with egg-laying sinus
on right side of foot; lays numerous eggs of small size.
A feature distinguishing Thiara and Melanoides from the pleurocerids is their mantle edge, which
in the thiarids has a number of fleshy protuberances or papillae. The mantle edge of the Pleuroceri-
dae is smooth.
Identification Key for the Thiaridae
Shells with rounded whorls which are sculptured with spiral threads and
grooves, and transverse lines which commonly develop into low costae;
this type of sculpture sometimes produces a reticulate or nodular pattern
where the spiral and transverse elements intersect (Fig. 327). Florida,
Texas and Arizona Melanoides tuberculata (Muller)
117
-------
Shell with flattened whorls, especially those of the spire; sculpturing of
spiral rows of beads and nodules which are generally aligned in transverse
rows (Fig. 326), Florida and Texas Thiara granifera (Lamarck)
FAMILY PLEUROCERIDAE
The Pleuroceridae are widely distributed, occurring not only widely in North America, but in
Central and South America, Africa and Asia as well. But, it is in North America that the family has
reached its greatest development. Morrison (1954) has characterized the family as being dioecious,
with the females having an egg-laying sinus on the right side of the foot. The types of eggs vary be-
tween some of the species, and attempts have been made to use egg-mass characteristics in generic
taxonomy (see Dazo, 1965, for review). Unfortunately, egg-mass characters have been described for
very few species. The generic groups traditionally have been distinguished on shell characters, and
the classification of these groups as based on shells is not entirely satisfactory. Nevertheless, shell
characters are useful in recognizing the genera and are essential for species identification.
As presented in this manual, the Pleuroceridae comprise seven nominal generic groups, several of
which have subgroups. Many of the species within these groups exhibit considerable variation in
shell characters, and in some cases this variation seems to be clinal. In other cases it may be ecologi-
cal, lo is the only genus in which geographic variation has been carefully investigated, in a remark-
able study by C. C. Adams (1915), which did much to clarify systematics within the genus.
The shells of pleurocerids are thick and solid and vary in shape from elongately conical to sub-
globose. The aperture is frequently entire and in many species it is canaliculated anteriorly. The
operculum is paucispiral and corneous.
Identification Key for the Pleuroceridae
1 Shell large, fusiform, periphery of whorls angulated or inflated, periphery
commonly with elongated spines (although some forms are smooth);
anterior end or "base" of aperture prolonged into a long canal (Figs. 429,
430,461-465). Tennessee River and several of its main tributaries in
western Virginia and eastern Tennessee ,. fo fluviatts (Say)30
Shell large to small, conical to subglobose*, surface smooth or sculptured,
with or without short spines, nodules, lirae, carina and costae; anterior
end or "base" of aperture without a long canal (a short canal may be
present or the canal may be absent altogether) , 2
2(1) Terminal whorl with a posterior slit along the sutural juncture, Coosa
River, Alabama, Genus Gyrotoma^' 3
Terminal whorl without a posterior slit along the sutural juncture 8
*Shell shape refers to undecolkted shells.
118
-------
3(2) Shell sculptured with numerous and closely spaced lirae, nine or more on
the body whorls of adults , 4
Shell relatively smooth or sculptured with eight or less lirae on the body
whorls of adults . 5
4(3) Lirae fine and numerous, 20 or more on the body whorl; color bands 8-10
(Fig. 441), Coosa River in Shelby and Talladega counties, Alabama
Gyrotoma lewisi (Lea)
Lirae coarser and less numerous, 9-12 on the body whorl; color bands
seven or less (Figs. 444,445). Coosa River, from Fort William Shoals to
Wetumpka, Alabama Gyrotoma pumilum (Lea)
5(3) Spire with a single, very accentuated lira (sometimes a second lower lira is
present) on the spire whorls, giving the shell a pagoda-like appearance
(Figs. 442,443). Coosa River, from The Bar to Wetumpka, Alabama
Gyrotoma pagodum (Lea)
Spire not pagoda-like 6
6(5) Whorls flattened, tapering and lumpy, giving the shell a pyramidal shape
(Fig. 446). Coosa River in Shelby and St. Clair counties, Alabama
Gyrotoma pyramidatum Shuttleworth
Whorls not both flattened and tapering, or if so, not lumpy 7
7(6) Small, decollated adult shells rarely over 16 mm long; sutural fissure very
shallow (Fig. 447). Coosa River in Coosa and Shelby counties, Alabama
Gyrotoma walkeri Smith
Larger, decollated adult shells usually more than 20 mm long; sutural fissure
moderate to deep, not exceedingly shallow (Figs. 431-440). Coosa River
in Chilton, Coosa, Elmore, Shelby, St. Clair and Talladega counties,
Alabama Gyrotoma excisum (Lea)
8(2) Lateral radular teeth with broad, bluntly rounded or cleaver-like median
cusps; shell medium to small, subglobose, globosely or broadly conic, or
ovate. Genus Leptoxis , 9
Lateral radular teeth with narrow, pointed, spade-shaped or triangular
median cusps; shell large to small, generally elongately or narrowly conic,
but several species are broadly conic, ovate or cylindrical 34
9(8) Shell with an elongated or short spire, body whorl generally tapering and
usually without prominent surface sculpture, although several species have
spiral striae, carinae or small shoulder nodules; aperture broadly ovate, its
anterior end nearly always rounded 10
119
-------
Shell with a very short spire and a nearly cylindrical body whorl with
relatively large bumps or nodules on the shoulders; aperture pyriform,
its anterior end pointed (Figs. 501,502). Tennessee River and tributaries
in Alabama and Tennessee. Subgenm Atheamia
Leptoxis (Atheamia) crassa (Haldeman)34
10(9) Shell generally thick and solid. Ohio and Alabama river drainages. Sub-
genus Leptoxis s,s.32> 74 11
Shell commonly relatively thin. Ohio river and Atlantic drainages and
White River, Arkansas. Subgenus,M«dafta75 28
11(10) Ohio river drainage, including the Tennessee, Cumberland, Duck and Elk
river drainages 12
Alabama river drainage ......,.,..., 13
12(11) Base of adult shell without an umbilicus (Figs. 478-482). Cumberland, Duck,
Ohio and Tennessee rivers and some of their drainages Leptoxis praerosa (Say)
Base of adult shell with an umbilicus (Fig. 528). Elk, Red and Stone's
rivers, Tennessee, and in Ringgold Creek of the Cumberland River
Leptoxis umbilicata (Wetherby)
13(11) Species inhabiting the Alabama River proper and very short distances up
the Cahaba or Coosa rivers from their mouths 14
Species confined to tributaries of the Alabama River 15
14(13) Operculum ovate, loosely paucispiral (Fig. 476). Alabama and Coosa
rivers, Alabama Leptoxis picta (Conrad)
Operculum elongate, tightly paucispiral (Figs. 484-486). Alabama and
Cahaba rivers and the Coosa River and tributaries Leptoxis taeniata (Conrad)76
15(13) Species confined to the Coosa River and its tributaries 16
Species confined to the Cahaba and Black Warrior rivers and their tributaries 25
16(15) Shell strongly lirate 17
Shell smooth to spirally striate or weakly lirate, but not strongly lirate 19
17(16) Carinae may be well developed, but not highly accentuated (Fip. 484-486).
Alabama and Cahaba rivers and the Coosa River and tributaries
Leptoxis taeniata (Conrad)76
120
-------
Cannae high, accentuated 18
18(17) Shell relatively large (that of adults 15-22 mm in length), spire rather
depressed, body whorl and aperture wide (Fig. 483), Coosa River,
Alabama ,...,,.,...,.....,, Leptoxis showalteri (Lea)
Shell relatively small (that of adults 10-13 mm in length), high-spired, body
whorl and aperture narrow. Coosa River, Alabama Leptoxis tirata (Smith)33
19(16) Shell relatively large (that of adults more than 13 mm in length) 20
Shell relatively small (that of adults less than 12 mm in length) 24
20(19) Margin of operculum relatively smooth, without regular serrations 21
Margin of operculum serrated regularly either on the right or at the anterior
("base") 23
21(20) Operculum tightly paucispiral (Figs. 484-486). Alabama and Cahaba rivers
and the Coosa River and tributaries Leptoxis taeniata (Conrad)76
Operculum loosely paucispiral 22
22(21) Shell surface with widely spaced spiral striae (incised lines). Coosa River in
Alabama and Georgia, and in Terrapin Creek, Cherokee County, Alabama
Leptoxis formosa (Lea)77
Shell surface smooth (Fig. 468). Coosa River, Alabama . Leptoxis clipeata (Smith)
23(20) Right margin of operculum serrated regularly, anterior or "basal" margin
smooth (Figs. 471,472). Coosa River, Alabama Leptoxis foreman! (Lea)
Right margin of operculum smooth, anterior or "basal" margin serrated
regularly (Fig. 473). Coosa River, Alabama Leptoxis ligata (Anthony)
24(19) Shells of adults 8 mm or less in length, with a noticeable spire (Fig. 487).
Coosa River, Alabama Leptoxis vittata (Lea)
Shells of adults 10 mm or more in length, spire greatly depressed (Fig. 475).
Coosa River, Alabama Leptoxis occultata (Smith)
25(15) Species confined to the Cahaba River 26
Species confined to the Black Warrior River 27
121
-------
26(25) Shell with depressed spire and subglobose body whorl (Fip. 456,457).
Cahaba River, Alabama, and tributaries Leptoxis ampla (Anthony)
Shell with elevated spire and elongated body whorl (Figs. 469,470). Cahaba
River and Buck Creek, Alabama Leptoxis compacta (Anthony)
27(25) Shell ovate, relatively large (that of adults more than 13 mm in length) (Fig.
477). Black Warrior River and Valley Creek, Alabama Leptoxis plicata (Conrad)
Shell broadly conic, relatively small (that of adults less than 13 mm in length)
(Fig. 474). Black Warrior River, Alabama Leptoxis melanoides (Conrad)
28(10) In streams of the Atlantic drainage 29
In streams of the Mississippi river drainage 30
29(28) Shell of adults medium, 13 or more mm in length, commonly with one or
several carinae (Fip. 489-492). New York to North Carolina
Leptoxis (Mudalia) carinata carinata (Bruguiere)
Shells of adults small, about 10 mm in length, elongately conic, without
carinae (Fig. 493). Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia
Leptoxis (Mudalia) cannata nickliniata (Lea)
30(28) In streams of the Ohio river drainage 31
In the White River, Arkansas, and its North Fork, in Missouri; shell typi-
cally covered with thick whitish calcium deposits (Fig. 488)
Leptoxis (Mudalia) arkamensis (ffinkley)
31(30) Shell small (that of adults 8 mm or less in length), periphery with a single
angulation or carina (Fig. 495). Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals,
Alabama Leptoxis (Mudalia) minor (Hinkley)
Shell medium in size (that of adults 10 mm or more in length), periphery
smooth or with one, two or three angulations or carinae 32
32(31) Shell relatively large (that of adults 15 mm or more in length), high-spired,
ovately conic, nearly always without color bands and carinae (Fig. 494).
Kanawha River and tributaries, West Virginia ..... Leptoxis (Mudalia) dilatata (Conrad)
Shell smaller (that of adults 10-13 mm in length), ovately or globosely
conic to subglobose, with or without color bands and carinae 33
33(32) Shell subglobose, generally with one to several carinae, usually without
color bands (Figs. 496,497). Ohio River in western Ohio and northern
Kentucky and tributaries Leptoxis (Mudalia) trilineata (Say)
122
-------
Shell subglobose, without carinae, with spiral color bands (Figs, 498-500),
Upper Tennessee River and tributaries Leptoxis (Mudalia) virgata (Lea)
34(8) Shell medium (except for one large species, Lithasia lima), elongately conic,
subglobose, ovate, or cylindrical, surface of most species sculptured with
obtuse spines or prominent nodules (one species is smooth and several
nodulate species have smooth forms); columellar margin of the aperture
thickened, meeting the anterior or "basal" lip with a channel or strong
angle (except for L. obovata and L, geniculata pinguis^); a calloused
thickening usually occurs on the parietal wall at the posterior end of the
aperture. Genus Lithasia . . 35
Shell large to small, narrowly or elongately conic, or cylindrical; surface
smooth, carinate, lirate, costate, or occasionally with nodules; anterior
or basal end of aperture either rounded and smooth or produced into a
short canal; columellar margin of the aperture and posterior parietal wall
without a thickening . 36
35(34) The most prominent spiral row of nodules or tubercles is along the shoulder
of the whorls (Figs. 503-513). Ohio and Tennessee rivers and their tribu-
taries Subgenus Lithasia s.s.78
The most prominent spiral row of nodules, tubercles or spines is along or
near the median periphery of the whorls (Figs, 514-520). Ohio and
Tennessee rivers and their tributaries; Black and Spring rivers, Arkansas;
Big Black River, Mississippi , Subgenus Angitrema79
36(34) Anterior or "basal" end of aperture prolonged into a short canal, producing
an auger-shaped base to the shell (Figs, 521-527, 529-563). Mississippi
river and Great Lakes drainages, and through the Erie Canal into the basin
of the Hudson River Genus Pleurocera7®
Anterior or "basal" end of aperture not channeled or auger-shaped 37
37(36) Eastern in distribution, east of the Continental Divide, occurring in drainages
of the Mississippi River, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic slope, the Great
Lakes-St. Lawrence River or Hudson Bay (Figs. 323-428,458-460) Genus Elimiain
Western in distribution, west of the Continental Divide, occurring in the
drainages of the Great Basin or the Pacific slope (Figs. 448-455, 466,
467) Genus Juga1B
123
-------
333
334
336
335
337
338
340
339
342
341
344
FIGS. 333-344. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 333. Elimia arachnoideaspinella. FIG, 334.
E. capiltaris, FIG. 335. E. catenaria catenarto. FIG. 336. E. catenaria dislocata. FIG. 337.
E. catenaria postelli. FIG, 338. E. catenaria vanhyningiana. FIG. 339. E. comalensis coma-
lensis. FIG. 340. E. crenateUa. FIG. 341. E. edgariana. FIG. 342. E. impressa. FIG. 343.
E, pentriata decampi. FIG. 344. E, striatuh. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters.
124
-------
346 347
345 v 348
353
352
FIGS. 345-354. ShelJs of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 345. Elimia bellacrenata. FIG. 346. E.
ucheemis. FIG. 347. E. brevis. FIG. 348. E. brevis. FIG. 349. E. catenaria dislocata. FIG.
350. E. comalensis fontinatis. FIG. 351. E. jusiformis. FIG. 352. E. fiisi/brmis. FIG. 353.
E. nassula. FIG. 354. E. pupaeformis. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters. Figs.
345-347, 349, 351 and 353 are from Tryon (1865-66, 1873b); Figs. 348, 352 and 354 are
from Goodrich (1936); Fig. 350 is from Msbry & Ferriss (1906).
125
-------
355
358
359
362
364
367
366 V
FIGS. 355-367. Shells of Pleuroeeridae, FIG. 355, Elimia strigosa. FIG. 356, E. teres,
FIG. 357. E. troosttana. FIG. 358. E. curvicostata, FIG. 359. E. dickinsoni. FIG. 360, E.
annettae. FIG. 361, E. gerhardti, FIG. 362. E. murrayensis = E. gerhatdti. FIG, 363. E.
hartmaniana. FIG. 364. E. clwsa, FIG. 365. E. hydei. FIG. 366. E. laqueata laqueata.
FIG. 367, E. laqueata laqueata. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters.
126
-------
376
377
FIGS. 368-378. Shells of Heuroceridae. FIG. 368. Elimiaporrecta. FIG. 369. £1 rubella =
IE. porrecta. FIG. 370. E. ehenumebenum. FIG. 371. /T. cahawbensis cahawbensis, FIG.
372.E.flava. FIG. 373. £1 gerhardti. FIG. 374. £". macglameriana. FIG. 375. £. pygmaea.
FIG. 376. £1 alabamemis. FIG. 377, £1 alabamensis. FIG. 378. £". haysiana. Measurement
lines are divided into millimeters. Figs. 368-373, 376 and 378 are from Tryon (1865-66);
Figs. 374, 375 and 377 are from Goodrich (1936).
127
-------
387
FIGS. 379-390. Shells of Heuroceridae, FIG. 379. Elimiah^siana. FIG. 380. E. pupoidea.
FIG. 381. E. pupoidea. FIG. 382. E. loqueata castanea. FIG. 383. E. paupercula. FIG.
384. E. livescens haldemani. FIG. 385. E. pilsbryi, FIG. 386. E, showalteri. FIG, 387. E.
variata. FIG. 388. E. aterina. FIG. 389. E. bullula. FIG. 390. E. buttula. Measurement
lines are divided into millimeters. Figs. 379, 380, 382-384,386-389 are from Tryon (1865-
66,1873b); Figs. 381,385 and 390 are from Goodrich (1936).
128
-------
392
393
391 \
394
399
FIGS. 391-402. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 391. Elimia mutata = B. laqueata laqueata.
FIG. 392. E. laqueata costulata, FIG. 393. E. livescens Hvescens. FIG. 394. E. mutabilis
mutabilis. FIG. 395. E. taitiana. FIG. 396. £1 bettuk. FIG. 397. E. chiltonensis, FIG.
398. E. cylindracea. FIG. 399. E. gibbera. FIG. 400. E. lachryma. FIG. 401. E. laeta.
FIG. 402, E. olivula. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters.
129
-------
411
FIGS. 403-414. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 403. Elimia clavaeformis. FIG. 404. E. acuto-
carinata = 1E. clavaeformis, FIG. 405. E, acutocarinata = IE, clavaeformis. FIG. 406. E.
simplex. FIG. 407. E. caelatura caelatum. FIG. 408. E. caelatura excelletts. FIG. 409. E.
caelatura georgiana. FIG. 410. E. caelatura tuteocella. FIG. 411, E, caelatura steamswna.
FIG. 412. E. proximo, FIG. 413, E. virginica. FIG. 414. E. clara. Measurement lines are
divided Into millimeters.
130
-------
422
FIGS. 415-425. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 415. Eltmto caelarwa infuscata. FIG. 416. E.
caelatura steamsiana. FIG. 417, E.fascinans. FIG. 418. E, janesi. FIG. 419. E. vanuxemi-
ana. FIG. 420. E. vanuxemiana. FIG. 421. E. vanuxemiana. FIG. 422. E. vanuxemiana.
FIG. 423. E. symmetrica, FIG. 424. E. symmetrica. FIG. 425, E. symmetrica. Measure-
merit lines are divided into millimeters. Figs. 415,417,419,423-425 are from Tryon (1865-
66,1873b); Fig. 416 is from Call (1886c); Figs. 418 and 420-422 are from Goodrich (1936).
131
-------
432
FIGS. 426-434. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 426. Elimiaampla. FIG. 427. E. potommsis
potosiensis. FIG. 428. E. interrupts, FIG. 429. lofluviatis, FIG, 430, /. fluvialis form
angitremoides, FIG. 431. Gyrotoma erasum, apertural and right lateral views. FIG. 432. G,
excisum, FIG. 433. G, excisum, operculum. FIG. 434. G, excisum, right lateral view of the
shell in Fig. 432. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
132
-------
\
439
FIGS, 435-440. Shells of Pleuroceridae, apertural and right lateral views. FIG. 435, Gyrotoma
alabamensis = 1 G. excisum. FIG. 436. G.amplum = lG. excisum, FIG. 437. G. carinifentm
= 1G. excisum. FIG. 438. G. incisum = 1G. excisum. FIG. 439. G. laciniatum = ?G. exci-
sum. FIG. 440. G. sptilmani -1G. excisum. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters.
133
-------
445
FIGS. 441-446. Shells of Heuroeeridae, apertural and right lateral views. FIG. 441. Gyro-
tomalewsi. FIG. 442. G. pagodum. FIG. 443, G. pagodum. FIG. 444. G. pumitum, FIG,
445. G. hender$oni = ?G. pumilum, FIG. 446. G. pyramidatum. Measurement lines are di-
vided into millimeters.
134
-------
r
454 ^
455
FIGS. 447-457. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 447. Gyrotoma walkeri, apertural and right
lateral views. FIG. 448. Juga plicifera. FIG. 449. / silicula. FIG.45Q, J. (Calibasis)acuti-
flhsa. FIG. 451. /, (C)occata. FIG. 452. / (Oreobam) bulbosa. FIG. 453. J, fOJnigrina,
FIG. 454. J, hemphilU hemphilli. FIG. 455. J. hemphtili dallesewu, FIG. 456. Leptoxis
ampla. FIG, 457. £. arnpla. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters.
135
-------
FIGS. 458-467. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 458. Elimia potosiensis ozarkemis. FIG, 459.
E. potosiemis plebius. FIG. 460. E. potosiensis ptebius. FIG. 461. lo fluvialis form turrita.
FIG. 462. /. fluvialis form vemtcosa, FIG. 463. /. fluvialis form recta. FIG. 464. I. fluvialis
form brevis. FIG. 465. /. fluvialis form spinosa, FIG. 466. Juga (Oreobasis) interioris. FIG.
467. / (O.) laurae. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters. Fig. 458 is from Call
(1886b); Figs. 459-465 are from Tryon (1873b); Figs. 466 and 467 are from Goodrich
(1944a).
136
-------
476
FIGS. 468-477. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 468, Leptoxis dipeata. FIG. 469, L. com-
pacta. FIG. 470. L. compacta. FIG. 471, L. foremani, FIG. 472, L. downiei = L. fore-
man!. FIG. 473. L.ligata. FIG. 474. Z,. mektnoides. FIG. 475, L occultata, FIG, 476. L.
picta. FIG. 477. L. plicata. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
137
-------
486
FIGS. 478-487. Shells of Heuroceridae. FIG. 478. Leptoxis praerosa. FIG. 479. L prae-
rosa. FIG. 480. L. mbglobosa ~ L praerow. FIG. 481. L gibbosa - L, pmerosa, FIG. 482.
L. tintinabulum = L. praerasa. FIG. 483. L. showalteri. FIG. 484. L. coosaensis = L. taeni-
ata, FIG. 485. L, brevispim = L. taeniata, FIG. 486. L tamiata. FIG. 487. L. vittata,
Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
138
-------
494
497
FIGS. 488-497. Shells of Pleuroeeridae. FIG. 488. Leptoxis (Mudalia) arkamensis, FIG.
489, L. (M.) carinaia carinata, FIG. 490. L. (M.) carinata carinata. FIG, 491. L. (MJ cari-
nata carinata. FIG, 492, L. (M.) corpulenta - L. (M.) carinata. FIG. 493. L. (M.) carinata
nickliniata. FIG. 494. L. (M.) dilatata. FIG. 495. L.(M.)minor. FIG. 496. L. (M.)triline-
ata. FIG. 497. L. (M,) trilineata. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
139
-------
504
505
FIGS. 498-506. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 498. Leptoxis (Mudaliaj virgata, FIG. 499.
Le. (M.} virgata. FIG. 500. Le, (M.) virgata. FIG. 501. Le. (Atheamia}cra$sacras$a, FIG-
502. Le. (A.) crassa anthonyt. FIG. 503. Liihasia geniculata geniculata. FIG. 504. Li. geni-
culata geniculata. FIG. 505. Li geniailata fuliginosa. FIG. 506. Li. geniculata pinguis.
Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
140
-------
514
FIGS. 507-516. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 501. Lithasia obovata, FIG. 508. L. obovata
foimdepygis. FIG. 509. L, obovata form pennsyhanica. FIG. 510. L, obovata form sor-
dida. FIG. 511. L. salebrosa salebrosa. FIG. 512. L. salebross florentiana. FIG. 513, L.
salebrosa subglobosa. FIG. 514. L, (Angitrema) armigera. FIG. 515. £. (A.) cum, FIG.
516. L, (Ajduttoniana. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters.
141
-------
FIGS. 517-527. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 517. LithasiafAngitremajjayana. FIG. 518.
L. (A.j lima. FIG. 519. L. (A.) lima form. FIG. 520. L. (A.) verrucosa. FIG. 521. Pleuro-
cera acuta acuta, FIG. 522. P. acuta lewisi, FIG. 523. P. alveare. FIG. 524. P. striatum =
P. canaliculatum alabamense. FIG. 525. P. canaliculatum fllum. FIG. 526. P. canaliculatum
undulatum, FIG, 527. P. canaliculatum undulatum. Measurement lines are divided into mil-
limeters.
142
-------
534
535
537
FIGS, 528-537. Shells of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 528, Leptoxisumbilicata. FIG. 529, Pleuro-
cera atveare. FIG. 530. P, canaliculatum excumtum, FIG. 531. P. canaliculatum fllum. FiG,
532. P. canaliculatum moiiforme. FIG. 533. P. canaliculatum wdulatum. FIG. 534. P. pon-
derosum = P. canaliculatum undulatum. FIG. 535. P, moniliferum = P. nobile nodosa, FIG.
536. P.parvum. FIG. 537. P. modestum-P. parvum. Measurement lines are divided into
millimeters. Figs. 529-537 are from Tryon (1865-66).
143
-------
546
FIGS. 538-549. Shells of Heuroceridae, FIG. 538. Pleurocemgradatum, FIG. 539. P. pos-
tetti, FIG. 540. P. pyrenellum. FIG. 541. P. planogyrum = P. pyrenettum. FIG. 542. P.
unciale unciale, FIG. 543. P. esterbrooki = P. unciale, FIG. 544. P. anmiliferum, FIG. 545.
P. foremani. FIG. 546. P. prasinatum, FIG. 547. P. prasmatum. FIG. 548. P. showalteri.
FIG. 549. P. vestitum. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters. Figs. 538-549 are
from Tryon (1865-66).
144
-------
550 \ i
551
552
553
554
556
557
558
559
561
FIGS, 550-561. Sheik of Pleuroceridae. FIG. 550. Plewocem nobile nobile. FIG. 551. P.
brumbyi. FIG, 552. P. cumerianum. FIG. 553. P. pyrenellum. FIG. 554. P. trochiformis.
FIG. 555. R unciale uncials. FIG. 556. P. mridulum. FIG. 557. P, unciale hastatum. FIG.
558. P. annutiferum, FIG. 559. P. vestitum. FIG. 560. P. (Strephobasis) corpulentum, FIG.
561. P. (S.j curtum curtum. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters.
145
-------
569
FIGS. 562-572, Shells of Pleuroceridae (Figs. 562, 563), Acroloxidae (Fig. 564) and Lyra-
naeidae (Lymnaeinae) (Figs. 565-572). FIG. 562, Pleurocera (Strephobasis) curtum roanense.
FIG. 563. P. (S.) walkeri, FIG. 564. Acroloxus coloradensis. FIG. 565. Acella haldemant.
FIG. 566. Bulimnea megasoma. FIG. 567, Fossaria cyclostoma. FIG. 568. F. galbana, FIG.
569. F. humilis. FIG. 570. F. obrussa. FIG. 571. F. parva. FtG. 572. F. tazewellima,
Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
146
-------
FAMILY ACROLOXIDAE
The family Acroloxidae is mainly a Eurasian one of ancient lakes (Baikal and Ohrid), although one
species, Acroloxus lacustris (Linnaeus), is the common, widespread pond and lake limpet of Europe.
One species occurs in North America, A. coloradensis (Henderson), which has a spotty, probably
relic, distribution. It is known from three localities in the Rocky Mountains, and from a few ponds
and lakes in northern Quebec and eastern Ontario.
Acroloxus is peculiar for a freshwater limpet because its body has a dextral organization (Fig.
755a). The common freshwater limpets, members of the Ancylidae, are all sinistral (Fig. 755b).
The consequences of this right- and left-handedness can be seen in the reduced and very simplified
patelliform shells of the two families. In Acroloxus the apex is inclined to the left, and in the Ancy-
lidae it is inclined to the right.
Acroloxus coloradensis has a small, depressed shell with a striate, projecting apex (Fig. 564).
Shells which reach 5 mm in length are only about 1 mm high. The shell surface is covered with deli-
cate radial striae and fine, regular growth lines.
FAMILY LYMNAEIDAE
The Lymnaeidae are world-wide in distribution, but their greatest diversity is found in the north-
em United States and central Canada. Their shells range in shape from the coiled, needle-like Acella
haldemani (Binney) (Fig. 565) to the uncoiled, limpet-shaped Lanx (Figs. 578-580, 633, 634) and
Fisherola (Fig. 632). Those with coiled shells are easily distinguished from the Physidae by their
dextral shells (the lone exception in the Lymnaeidae is the sinistral Pseudisidora producta (Mighels),
which is restricted to Hawaii). No lymnaeids have planispiral shells, which immediately distinguishes
them from the North American Planorbidae. The patelliform Lancinae, which occur only in the
Pacific drainage region, can be distinguished from the Ancylidae by their much larger size and by
their anterior rather than posterior shell apex.
The tentacles of lymnaeids are broad, flat and triangular (see Fig. 4), rather than being long, thin
and filamentous as in the Physidae, Planorbidae and Ancylidae. Also, in contrast to the three latter
families, all Lymnaeidae lack a respiratory pseudobranch (see Fig. 4).
Identification Key for the Lymnaeidae
1 Shell cap-shaped (ancyliform, limpet-shaped), not coiled. Western North
America, in stream systems draining into the Pacific Ocean. Subfamily
Lancinae4 2
Shell coiled. Common throughout North America. Subfamily Lymnaeinae 4
2(1) Apex subcentral. Genus Lanx 3
Apex close to the anterior end (Fig. 632). Columbia river drainage
Fisherola nuttatti (Haldeman)
3(2) Entire shell or at least its apex elevated (Figs. 578-580,633). Klamath and
Sacramento rivers, California; Umpqua river system, Oregon Subgenus Lanx s.s.79
Shell and apex depressed (Fig. 634). Subgenus Walkerola. Klamath system
in basin of Klamath River, Oregon . Lanx (Walkerola) klamathensis Hannibal
147
-------
4(1) Adult shell with large, globose body whorl, without spiral striations (Fig.
594). Widely distributed, but of spotty occurrence ....... Radix auricularia (Linnaeus)
Adult shell with narrow or globose body whorl, but if globose, the shell is
well sculptured with microscopic spiral striations 5
5(4) Shell attenuate, very narrow, almost needle-like (Fig. 565). Southern
Ontario; north central United States to Vermont Acetta haldemani (Binney)
Shell thicker, not especially narrow 6
6(5) Shell succiniform, i.e., thin and fragile, with a large, oval aperture and body
whorl, and small spire; surface sculptured with microscopic, raised, spiral
periostracal threads (Fig. 593). Eastern North America generally .
Pseudosuccinea columella (Say)
Shell not succiniform, aperture may or may not be large and oval, but if so,
the shell is not thin and fragile and is not sculptured with microscopic,
raised, spiral periostracal threads 7
7(6) Shell large, that of adults more than 35 mm in length 8
Shell smaller, that of adults less than 35 mm in length 13
8(7) Shell with a relatively narrow body whorl. Genus Stagnicala, in part43' 79 13
Shell with a wider, expanded, elongately oval to globose body whorl 9
9(8) Shell with a narrow, pointed spire. Genus Lymnaea*® 10
Shell with a relatively wider spire 12
10(9) Shell rimate, i.e., with a narrowly open umbilicus partially covered by the
flare of the columellar lip (Fig. 590). Alaska and northwestern Canada ........
Lymnaea atkaensis Dall
Shell imperforate 11
11(10) Shell with a large, subglobose body whorl (Fig. 592). Lake Superior,
northern Lake Huron, Wisconsin river and Winnipeg river drainages
Lymnaea stagnalis sanctaemariae Walker
Shell with an ample but not broad and subglobose body whorl (Fig. 591).
Throughout much of Canada; in the northern United States and south to
Colorado in the Rocky Mountains Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say
148
-------
12(9) Shell spire rather depressed, whorls shouldered (Fig. 621), Lakes in Maine
Stagnicola mighelsi (Binney)
Shell spire more elongated, whorls riot shouldered (Fig. 566). Great Lakes
and St. Lawrence river drainage area and parts of the Canadian Interior
Basin Bulimnea megasoma (Say)
13(7,8) Adult shell medium to large, generally more than 13 mm (but occasionally
13 mm or less) in length; surface sculptured with microscopic spiral stri-
ations; columella usually with a well-developed twist or plait (Figs. 595-
631). Widely distributed in North America . Genus Stagnicola43'19
Adult shell small, generally less than 13 mm (but occasionally up to 15 or
16 mm) in length; spiral sculpture usually absent, very weak when present;
columella generally without a twist or plait. Genus Fossaria41 14
14(13) Lateral teeth of the radula tricuspid (i.e., with three prominent cusps)80.
Subgenus Fossaria s.str. 15
[The genus Fossaria contains the small lymnaeids, very few specimens of which have shells
more than 12 or 13 mm in length, most being smaller. The spiral striations of the shell, char-
acteristic of most other members of the family, are absent or poorly developed. The colu-
mella is most commonly smooth, without a twist or plait.
The type species of Fossaria is the Holarctic (but mainly Eurasian) F. truncatula (Mul-
ler)81. Galba Schrank 1803 is another name sometimes used for the genus, especially in
Europe, but the type species (Galba pusilla Schrank) on which the name is based is unidenti-
fiable (Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927). Other synonyms are Simpsonia EC. Baker 1911, preoc-
cupied by Simpsonia Rochebrune 1905, and Pseudogalba F, C. Baker 1913, a replacement
name for Simpsonia Baker.
Some 40 species or subspecies of North American fossarias have been named, but the
majority of these will prove to be synonyms. Hubendick (1951) recognized only three spe-
cies ("Lymnaea" bulimoides, "£." cubemis and "L." humilis), but that amount of 'lump-
ing" seems excessive. A definitive determination of the Fossaria species must await careful
and detailed biological/morphological/conchological studies.]
Lateral teeth of the radula bicuspid (i.e., with only two prominent cusps)80.
Subgenus Bakerilymnaea 21
[The main distinguishing feature of the subgenus Bakerilymnaea is the bicuspid lateral teeth
of the radula, in contrast to the tricuspid lateral teeth of Fossaria s.str. Also, the species of
Bakerilymnaea are mostly more globose and larger, and frequently more glossy. Because of
their bicuspid lateral radular teeth, F.C. Baker (1928c) grouped the bakerilymnaeas (as the
subgenus Nasonia, preoccupied by Nasonia Ashmead 1904) with Stagnicola. However, they
are more closely allied to Fossaria.]
15(14) Adult shell (with about five whorls) very small, less than 7 mm in length
(Fig. 571). Widely distributed, absent from eastern Canada, most of New
England, and the Gulf and South Atlantic states Fossaria parva (Lea)
Adult shell larger, more than 8 mm in length 16
149
-------
16(15) Shell thickened, commonly whitish; spire generally obtuse, but it may be
elongated; whorls usually strongly shouldered, especially at the aperture
lip; outer apertural lip flattened. Inhabitant of northern cold-water lakes
and streams (Fig. 568) Fosmria galbana (Say)
Shell generally relatively thin, but it may be solid; spire elongate; whorls
not shouldered, or with only weak or moderate shoulders; outer apertural
lip rounded, sometimes compressed, but not flattened 17
17(16) Shell spire elongate and generally narrow, its length noticeably larger than
the aperture length. Northern, from New York to Michigan and Iowa;
southwestern Yukon and southern Alaska 18
Shell spire broad to narrow, but in shells with narrow spires, the spire
length is not much greater than the aperture length 20
18(17) Body whorl tumid, globular; aperture subcircular (cyclostomoid) (Fig.
567). New York to Michigan Fossaria cyclostoma (Walker)
Body whorl elongate-oval; aperture oval 19
19(18) EasternNorth America, from New York to Iowa (Fig. 572) ... Fossaria tazeweltiana (Wolf)
Southwestern Yukon and southern Alaska (Fig. 583) Fossaria truncatula (Miiller)81
20(17) Whorls regularly increasing in size, terminating in a tumid, ovate body
whorl; whorls evenly convex; spire broad; aperture ovate. Eastern and
southeastern United States in distribution (Fig, 569) Fossaria humilis (Say)
Whorls regularly or irregularly increasing in size, terminating in an elongate-
ovate, sometimes narrow body whorl; whorls convex to flattened; spire
broad to narrow; aperture elongate-oval. Widely distributed in North
America, but absent from the southeastern United States (Figs. 570,573-
577) , Fossaria obrussa (Say) group
[Shells of the Fossaria obrussa group are rather variable, and about 15 forms have been de-
scribed as "new" species. However, there are probably only several species in this group, and
these are not defined by constantly different shell characters. Names that are in common
use, in addition to obrussa, are exigua Lea, modicella Say, penimulae Walker and rustica Lea.
F.C. Baker (1928c) characterized these forms as follows:
obrussa [Figs. 570, 575] - "... one of the most widely distributed ... [and] ... most
variable, of the American Lymnaeas, .. . Typically, obrussa may be known by its pointed
spire, compressed body whorl and elongated and shouldered aperture, which is also strongly
effuse at the anterior end; the inner lip is appressed to the body whorl about the middle of
the aperture. The shape of the shell, of the aperture and of the inner lip is quite different
from modicella, the shell being larger and more elongated, the last whorl not so convex; the
aperture is longer and narrower and much more effuse, besides forming a distinct shoulder at
its junction with the body whorl; the inner lip is more compressed in the middle where it
joins the parietal wall, to shells of the same size, modicella has five whorls, while obrussa
has four whorls; in form the young obrussa somewhat approach modicella. The shell is,typi-
cally, much larger than modicella, parva and the other members of the humilis group."
150
-------
exigua [Fig. 573] — "... appears quite separable from obrussa. The spire is usually long
and the whorls flatly rounded, the body whorl more or less compressed; the most noteworthy
feature appears to be the very deep suture, which is almost channelled in some specimens,
causing the whorls to be turban-shaped. This feature is present in the majority of the speci-
mens examined. The aperture is also more regularly ovate than in obrussa, and the inner lip
is peculiarly flattened near the umbilical region, giving rise to a pseudoplait. Some specimens
resemble modicelia rustica, but in that race the spire is acutely conical, the whorls regularly
increase in size, the body whorl is not compressed in the middle, and the aperture is roundly
ovate, while in exigua the spire is broadly turreted, the whorls are more or less disproportion-
ate in size and the body whorl is very cylindrical."
modicelia [Fig. 574] - "... closely related to the humilis of the southeastern part of the
United States, differing in its narrower shell and longer aperture, and more or less impressed
inner lip where it joins the parietal wall. ... Obrussa is larger and more elongated and the
inner lip is notably compressed and bent inward at its junction with the parietal wall."
peninsulae [Fig. 576] — "... differs from typical obrussa in being more slender, with a
longer, more turreted spire, deeper sutures and a more oval aperture. The body whorl is
more cylindrical than in the typical form [obrussa]."
rustica [Fig. 577] - "... appears to be a modification of the modicelia type of shell,
characterized principally by its long, very acute spire and ovate aperture. Its long, pointed
spire will distinguish it from any form of modicelia. It is liable to be confounded with forms
of exigua, but in that species the aperture is longer and narrower and inclined to be squarish,
while in rustica it is more acutely rounded at the extremities. The spire in rustica is longer
and more acute than in exigua, the spire whorls being less inflated. Half-grown specimens of
obrussa are similar in general form, but differ in the form of the aperture, which is longer and
narrower and forms a distinct shoulder at the junction of the outer lip with the body whorl,
while in rustica this part of the lip is gracefully curved. The aperture is sometimes almost
round and the spire varies much in height. Rustica is evidently more nearly related to modi-
celia than to obrussa and may be considered a variety of the former."]
21(14) Shell ovate, dark amber in color, very highly polished. Southwestern
Alaska Fossaria (Bakerifymnaea) perpolita (Ball)
Shell globose, subglobose, ovate or conic, hom, pale yellowish, light to
dark brown or pearl gray in color, generally moderately glossy, but may
be dull 22
22(21) Shell globose, thin and fragile, whorls rapidly expanding, producing a very
small spire and an obese body whorl; umbilicus small to perforate (Fig.
589). Sonoma County, California
Fossaria fBakerifymnaea) sonomaemis (Hemphill (in Pilsbry & Ferriss) 1906)82
Shell ovate to conic, umbilicus relatively large to practically imperforate 23
23(22) Adult shell (with above five whorls) moderately small to very small, less
than 10 mm in length 24
Adult shell larger, nearly always more than 10 mm in length, generally 11-
13 mm (occasionally up to 15 or 16 mm). Alabama west to northern
Mexico and southern California, north to southern Canada from British
Columbia to Saskatchewan (Figs. 584-586)
Fossaria ( Baker ilymnaea) bulimoides group
151
-------
[Shells of the Fossaria (Bakerilymnaea) bulimoides group are quite variable, and several forms
have been recognized as species, subspecies or morphs. The best known of these are cockerelli
Pilsbry & Ferriss and techella Haldenian. Hibbard & Taylor (1960) believed cockerelli to be
specifically distinct from bulimoides s,str, and bulimoides' subspecies techella. Cockerelli
and techella, as well as alberta and perplem, were considered to be only "morphs" of buli-
moides by Clarke (1973). Taylor (1975) lists perplexa with Fossaria s.str. All of these taxt
must be studied much more thoroughly before their exact systematic status can be deter-
mined. Described characteristics of these forms, along with those of hendersoni and van-
couverensis, are given below:
bulimoides [Fig. 584] — "Bulimoides may be distinguished from techella and other races
by its more regularly ovate shape, less globose body-whorl, more elongate-ovate aperture and
by the different manner in which the inner lip is oppressed to the columellar region. There is
considerable variation in the rotundity of the whorls and in the length and acuteness of the
spire. The inner lip also varies greatly, in some specimens being rolled or folded over into the
umbilical region while in others it is expanded, approaching the techella form. Bulimoides
somewhat resembles cubenm, differing in its nearly closed umbilical chink, folded inner lip,
shorter and broader spire and its ovate shell. The whorls of cubensis are also rounder and
more distinctly shouldered than are those of bulimoides" (F. C. Baker, 1911a: 213),
alberta — "... may be ... recognized by its elongate-ovate outline, strong spiral stria-
tion, and smooth, folded inner lip" (F.C. Baker, 1919e: 538)83.
cockerelli [Fig. 585] — "Shell subglobose, pale yellowish-corneous. . .. Spire very short,
last whorl and aperture very large. Aperture short-ovate, its length three-fifths to two-thirds
that of the shell. Columella broadly expanded, not folded. Umbilicus large. ... This form
differs from L. bulimoides and L, techella by its more globose shape and shorter spire. ...
L, ... sonomaensis Hemphill [Fig. 589], from Sonoma county, California, approaches
cockerelli, but differs by the more rapidly expanding last whorl, narrower flat eolumella and
narrower umbilicus, which is like that of typical bulimoides" (Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906: 162-
163).
hendersoni — "Globose, very thin and fragile; periostracum light yellowish or brownish
horn; ... spire very short, depressed. ... The only Lymnaeid likely to be confounded with
hendersoni is sonomaensis^ which differs in the form of the spire [higher] and the inner lip
[not rolled over as much].... The outMne of the shell is ... more ovate than in sonomaen-
sis and the aperture is not expanded" (F.C. Baker, 191 la: 223,224). "Lymnaea hendersoni
Baker is within the range of variation of S. ["Stagnicola"] cockerelli as considered here.
Two paratypes (USNM 570386) are smaller than usual for S. cockerelli, but can be matched
by lots from Colorado and elsewhere. They probably were exposed to acid water, for the
first one or two whorls have been etched; hence, on the low spire of these shells the effect
is that of a truncate shell. This is an environmental, adventitious effect; the whorls are not
'coiled in the same plane' as Baker thought" (Hibbard & Taylor, 1960: 92).
perplexa - "... resembles both parva and dalli. It appears to stand midway between
these species, being larger than dalli and smaller than parva. Its brown color of shell and aper-
ture, deep sutures, fine, regular lines of growth without spiral lines, and its flattened and wide
inner lip will distinguish it from related species" (F.C. Baker & Henderson, 1929: 104)84.
techella [Fig. 586] — "Shell obese, with acutely conic spire, of five or six convex whorls;
pale yellowish or light brown, finely striate and usually malleated . .. Last whorl very ventri-
cose, umbilicus large. Aperture short-ovate, about three-fifths the total length; basal Mp ex-
panded, columellar lip broadly dilated, without a fold. ... Cubensis has a more triangular
and less broadly developed columellar expansion" (Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906: 163,164).
vancouverensis — "Shell differing from typical bulimoides in its larger size, more ovate
and widely expanded aperture, wider inner lip which is less triangular than in typical buli-
moides, and coarser sculpture which is almost rib-striate in some specimens" (F.C. Baker,
1939a: 144),]
24(23) Adult shell (with about five whorls) very small, less than 6 mm in length............ 25
152
-------
580
582
FIGS. 573-582, Shells of Lymnaeidae (Lymnaeinae and Lancinae) (Figs. 573-580) and Physi-
dae (Figs. 581, 582), FIG. 573. Fossaria exigua, FIG. 574. E modicella. FIG. 575. F. ob-
russa, FIG. 576. E peninsulae. FIG. 577. E rustica. FIG. 578. Lanx aha, FIG. 579. L.
wbrotunda. FIG. 580. Lanx hanni -?£. patelloides. FIG. 581. Physella boucardi. FIG.
582. P. (Costatella) conaidea. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Figs. 578 and 579 are from Tryon
(1865i). Fig. 580 is from Walker (1925b).
153
-------
FIGS, 583-592. Shells of Lymnaeidae (Lymnaeinae), FIG. 583. Fossaria truncatula, FIG.
584. F. fBakerilymnaea) bulimoides. FIG. 585. E (B.) cockerelli. FIG. 586. F. (B.) techella.
FIG. 587. F. (B.) cubensis. FIG. 588. F. (B.) datti, FIG. 589. F. (B.) sonomaenm. FIG,
590. Lymnaea atkaensis, FIG, 591, L, stagnalis appressa, FIG. 592. L. stagnalis sanctae-
martae. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
154
-------
FIGS, 593-602. Shells of Lymnaeidae (Lymnaeinae). FIG, 593. Pseudosuccinea columella,
FIG. 594. Radix auricularia, FIG. 595. Stagnicola elrodiana, FIG. 596. S. exilis. FIG. 597.
S, exilis, FIG, 598. S, neopalustris. FIG. 599. 5. traski. FIG. 600, 5. elodes. FIG. 601. S.
jolietemis = S. elodes, FIG. 602. S, alpenensis = S. elodes. Measurement lines are divided
into millimeters.
155
-------
610
FIGS. 603-613. Shells of Lymnaeidae (Lymnaeinae). FIG, 603. Stagnicola impedita = 1S.
elodes. FIG. 604. S. newfoundlandensi$ = IS. elodes. FIG. 605. S. elodes form reflexa,
FIG. 606. S. Wyomingensis = ?S. elodes. FIG. 607. S, arctica, FIG. 608. S. bonnevillemis.
FIG. 609. S. catascopium. FIG. 610. S. 1 catascopium. FIG. 611. S. laurentiana -IS.
elodes. FIG. 612. S. contracts. FIG. 613. 5. elrodi. Measurement lines are divided into
millimeters.
156
-------
620
FIGS, 614-623, Shells of Lymnaeidae (Lymnaeinae). FIG. 614. Stagnicola emarginata.
FIG. 615. S. emarginata form serrata. FIG. 616. S. emarginara form canadensis. FIG. 617.
S. emarginata form nashotahensis. FIG. 618. S. gabbi. FIG. 619. S. ulahoeme, FIG. 620.
S. htnkleyi. FIG. 621. S. mighelsi. FIG. 622. S. oronoenm. FIG. 623. S. petoskeyensis.
Measurement lines are divided into millimeters.
157
-------
FIGS. 624-632, Shells of Lymnaeidae (Lymnaeinae and Lancinae), FIG. 624. Stagnicola
kingi = S. utahensis. FIG. 625. S. walkeriana. FIG. 626. S. woodruff!. FIG. 627. S. nasoni
= ?5. woodruffi. FIG. 628. S. {ffinkleyia) caperata. FIG. 629. S. (H.)caperata, periostracal
ridges on body whorl. FIG. 630. S. (H.) montanensis. FIG, 631. S. (HJpilsbryi. FIG. 632.
Fisherob nuttalli lancides, top 0eft f%ure) and ri^it lateral (right figure) views. Measurement
Unes = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
158
-------
640
FIGS, 633-640. Shells of Lymnieidae (Lancinae) (Figs. 633, 634) and Physidae (Physinae)
(Figs. 635-640). FIG. 633. Lanx patelloides. FIG. 634. L. (Walkerola) klamathemis. FIG.
635. Physa jennessi. FIG. 636. Physa skinneri. FIG. 637. Physa skinnerit large unnamed
morph. FIG. 638. Physella boucardi, FIG. 639. Physella columbiana. FIG, 640. Physella
cooperi. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
159
-------
Adult shell moderately small, 7 to 9 mm in length (Fig. 587). Southern
United States from Florida to Texas , Fossaria (Bakerilymnaea) cubensis (Pfeiffer)
25(24) Shell pale brown. Southern Manitoba and southern Alberta, western
region of the Great Lakes system, upper Mississippi drainage, and south
in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona (Fig. 588)
Fossaria (Bakerilymnaea) dalli (F. C, Baker)
Shell dark brown. Found sporadically in Washington, California, Montana,
Utah, Nevada and Arizona
Fossaria (Bakerilymnaea) bulimoides form perplexa (F. C. Baker)84
FAMILY PHYSIDAE
The Physidae are mainly a New World family, with only a few species occurring in Eurasia and
Africa. In North America, the physids are readDy recognized by a combination of several characters.
Their lack of an operculum distinguishes them from all of the Prosobranchia, Their high-spired shell
separates them from the Planorbidae and Ancylidae, and their sinistral (left coiled) shell marks them
as being different from the Lymnaeidae.
In North America, the Physidae are the most abundant and wide-spread of the freshwater gastro-
pods. They may be found in all types of habitats, and some species seem to be the most resistant to
pollution of all the freshwater mollusks. In addition to being highly adaptable, the physids have
undergone considerable diversification, much of which is not clearly exhibited in their shells. Many
of the species are not easy to identify on shell characters alone.
Identification Key for the Physidae85
1 Mantle edge digitate (with finger-like projections) 2
Mantle edge without digitations; mantle edge may or may not be serrated 3
2(1) Digitations occur on both sides of the mantle; tip of shell spire rounded
(Fip. 635-637). Canada and northern United States Genus Phym*5
Digitations occur only on the parietal side of the mantle (Figs. 581,582,
638-698). Widely distributed and common throughout North America
Genus PhysellaBS
3(1) Mantle edge smooth; mantle does not extend beyond the edge of the shell
apertural lip 5
Mantle edge serrated and extending beyond the edge of the shell apertural
lip, partly overlapping the shell. Texas. Genus Stenophysa*1 4
160
-------
644
642
646
643
645
647
648
FIGS. 641-648. Shells of Physidae (Physinae). FIG. 641. Physella hordacea. FIG. 642. jR
lordi. FIG. 643. P. microstriata. FIG. 644, P. traski. FIG. 645. P. utahensis. FIG. 646. P.
virginea, FIG. 647. P. gyrina gyrina. FIG. 648. P, gyrirta gyrina moiph elliptica. Measure-
ment lines = 1 mm or are divided Into millimeters.
161
-------
658
FIGS. 649-658. Shells of Physidae (Physinae). FIG. 649. Physella gyrinagyrina morph hil-
drethiana, FIG. 650. P. gyrina alba, FIG. 651. P, gyrina amputtacea. FIG. 652. jR gyrina
utheomi, FIG. 653. P. gyrina ourea, FIG. 654. P. gyrina aurea morph albofilata. FIG. 655.
P. gyrina bayfieldensis. FIG. 656. P, gyrina cylindrica. FIG. 657, P. gyrina gouldi, FIG. 658.
P. gyrina hawnii. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
162
-------
659
662
660
666
664
665
667
FIGS. 659-667. Shells of Physidae (Physinae). FIG. 659. Physella gyrina microstoma, FIG.
660. P. gyrina sayi. FIG. 661. P. gyrina smithiana. FIG. 662. P. propinqua propinqua. FIG.
663. P. propinqua nuttalli. FIG. 664. P. propinqua nuttalli morph triticea. FIG. 665. P.
propinqua nuttalli morph venusta. FIG. 666. P. ancillaria. FIG. 667. P. globosa. Measure-
ment lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
163
-------
676
FIGS. 668-676. Shells of Physidae (Physinae). FIG, 668. Physella magnalaatstris, FIG.
669. P. parkeri parkeri. FIG. 670. P, parkeri Jatchfordi, FIG. 671. P, vinoto, FIG. 672. P.
(Coatatelta} cubensis cubensis. FIG. 673. P, (C.) cubensis peninmtae. FIG. 674. P. (C.)
costata. FIG. 675. P, (C.) hendersoni hendersoni. FIG. 676. P, (C,) hendersoni hendersoni
morph ariomus. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
164
-------
677
678
680
681
682
684
685
FIGS. 677-685. Shells of Physldae (Physinae). FIG. 677. Physella (Costatella) hendersoni
ssp. FIG. 678. P.fCJacuta. FIG. 679. P. (C.) hottimeri. FIG. 680. P. {C. I heterostropha
heterostropha. FIG. 681. P. (C.) heterostropha pomila. FIG. 682. P. 1C.) heterostropha
halei. FIG. 683. P. (C.) humemsa. FIG. 684. P, (CJjohnsoni. FIG. 685. P. fCJosculans.
Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
165
-------
686
687
688
689
690
692
693
694
FIGS. 686-694. Shells of Physidae (Physinae). FIG. 686. Physella (Costatelta) spelunca.
FIG. 687. P. (C.) squalida. FIG. 688. P. (C.) virgata virgata. FIG. 689. P. (C.) virgata virgata
morph parva. FIG. 690. P. (C.) virgata anatina. FIG. 691. P. (C.) virgata berendti. FIG.
692. P. (C.) virgata concolor. FIG. 693. P. (C.) virgata concolor morph. FIG. 694. P, (C.j
virgata rhyssa. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
166
-------
696
699
700
701
702
FIGS. 695-702, Shells of Physidae (Physinae and Aplexinae). FIG. 695. Physella (Costa-
tella) Integra Integra. FIG. 696. P. (C.) Integra Integra morph wdkeri. FIG. 697. P. (C.)in-
tegra brevispira. FIG. 698. P. (Petrophym) zionis. FIG. 699. Aplexa elongata. FIG. 700.
A. elongata morph tryoni, FIG. 701. Stenophysa marmorata. FIG. 702. S, maugeriae.
Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
167
-------
4(3) Shell relatively small, less than 16 mm in length, horn to light or dark tan
in color, usually translucent, seldom variegated (Fig. 701), Texas
Stenophysa marmorata (Guilding)
Shell relatively large, up to 30 mm or more in length, tan to chestnut
brown in color, opaque, commonly variegated (Fig. 702). Texas ..............
. Stenophysa maugeriae (Gray)
5(3) Shell elongate, nearly spindle-shaped; shell surface glossy; spire long (Figs.
699, 700). Canada and northern United States Aplexa elongata (Say)86
Shell subglobose, globular; shell surface dull; spire very short (Fig. 698).
Utah Physetta (Petrophysa) zionis (Pilsbry)
FAMILY PLANORBIDAE
The Planorbidae in North America range in size from minute to relatively large (i.e., from about
1 mm in diameter to over 30 mm), but with few exceptions their shells are all discoidal, i.e., coiled
in one plane. The animals are all sinistral, i.e., coiled to the left or in a counter-clockwise manner
and having respiratory, excretory and reproductive systems terminating on the left side (Fig. 703).
However, their shells do not always appear to be sinistral; those of many species seem to be dextral.
This is because such shells tip to the left side in life and the type of apertural margin which develops
in such cases is correspondingly slanted. In shells tipped to the left in such a fashion, the lower side
(left side) is the spire side and the upper side (right side) is the umbilical side (Fig. 704). Such dex-
tral-appearing shells on a sinistral animal are termed "pseudodextral" or "ultrasinistral".
A secondary gill (a pseudobranch) is situated on the left side of the animal, near the pneumo-
stome and in close proximity to the anus (Fig. 703). The pseudobranch aids the mantle cavity in
respiration.
A striking characteristic of nearly all planorbid snails is that the respiratory pigment of the blood
or haemolymph is haemoglobin. This gives a reddish appearance to the animal, if the color is not
masked by melanin pigments of the skin. Albino snails, and those with little pigment, appear bright
red. (The genus Drepanotrema apparently lacks red haemolypph.)
The Planorbidae appear to be closely related to the Ancylidae, and some authors (e.g., Staroboga-
tov, 1970) have combined the two as a single family.
Identification Key for the Planorbidae
1 Shell small, that of adults less than 8 mm in diameter 2
Shell larger, that of adults more than 8 mm and up to or more than 30 mm
in diameter 23
2(1) Shell costate (Fig. 706). Canada and northern United States
Gyraulus (Armiger) crista (Linnaeus)
Shell not costate 3
168
-------
O\
tentacle
mouth
mantle border
stomach mantle
kidney
sole
foot
pseudobranch
heart albumen gland \votestis
liver
intestine
renal vein
pulmonary vein
FIG. 703. Planorbid (Biomphalaria) with shell removed to show aspects of anatomy (left side) (from Barbosa et al., 1968, after Demian).
-------
ANTERIOR
spue
width or
diameter
"^ left (spire) side
/ of shell
/ POSTEWOR
ANTERIOR
umbilicus
base
right (umbilical) side of shell
POSTERIOR
height
anterior
aperture
posterior
aperture
width or _
diameter
umbilicus
spire [ \
POSTERIOR
base
base umbilicus
spiral
sculpture
transverse sPire
sculpture
ANTERIOR
FIG. 704. Terminology of a planorbid shell.
170
-------
3(2) Shell minute, that of adults 2 mm or less in diameter. Coosa River,
Alabama 4
Shell larger, that of adults more than 2 mm in diameter 8
4(3) Shell crepidulaform in shape, i.e., limpet-like with a small coil at the apex
(Fig. 749). Coosa River, Alabama Amphigyra alabamensis Pilsbry
Shell planorboid. Genus Neoplanorbis62' 87 5
5(4) Shell umbilicate, columella dentate 6
Shell perforate, columella smooth 7
6(5) Shell periphery carinate, umbilicus narrow (Fig. 752). Coosa River,
Alabama Neoplanorbis carinatus Walker
Shell periphery obtusely angled, umbilicus wider (Fig. 754). Coosa River,
Alabama Neoplanorbis umbilicatus Walker
7(5) Shell spirally striate, periphery carinate (Fig. 750). Coosa River, Alabama
Neoplanorbis tantillus Pilsbry
Shell without spiral striae, periphery rounded (Fig. 753). Coosa River,
Alabama Neoplanorbis smithi Walker
8(3) Shell very compressed, body whorl relatively flattened; aperture or body
whorl without "teeth" or lamellae 9
Shell higher, body whorl moderately high; inside aperture or body whorl
with "teeth" or lamellae. Genus Planorbula, in part 22
9(8) Shell either extremely flattened and multi-whorled or with numerous, low,
close-set spiral ridges (lirae). Florida, Texas and southern Arizona. Genus
Drepanotrema 10
Shell flattened, but not extremely so; not multi-whorled; without spiral
ridges (lirae) 12
10(9) Shell extremely flattened; multi-whorled; without spiral ridges (lirae).
Subgenus Fossulorbis , 11
Shell not extremely flattened; with fewer, more rapidly enlarging whorls;
sculptured with numerous, low lirae. Subgenus Antillorbis. (Fig. 710).
Southern Arizona and southern Texas
Drepanotrema (Antillorbis) aeruginosum (Morelet)
171
-------
11(10) Shell periphery strongly keeled (Fig. 711), Florida, Texas ,.,..,
Drepanotrema (Fossulorbis) kermatoides (d'Orbigny)
Shell periphery rounded or obtusely angular (Fig. 715). Southern Texas
Drepanotrema fFossulorbis) cimex (Moricand)
12(9) Spire pit (on left side of shell) shallow and wide 13
Spire pit (on left side of shell) relatively deep and narrow 17
13(12) Height of body whorl relatively rapidly increasing toward the aperture
(Fig. 727), Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas
Menetus (Micromenetus) sampsoni (Sampson)53'54< 5S
Height of body whorl nearly equal from one side to the other. Genus
Gyraulus . , 14
14(13) Adult shells 4 to 7 mm in diameter, variable, with the body whorl not
evenly rounded or with a peripheral keel or with a hirsute periostraeum
or a malleated surface or with any combination of these features.88
Subgenus Gyraulus s.s. (Fig. 70S). Canada and northern United States
from Maine to Virginia and west to Idaho Gyraulus deflectus (Say)
Adult shells 3 to 5 mm in diameter, variable, with the body whorl evenly
rounded or with upper lateral surface slightly flattened; without a periph-
eral keel or a hirsute periostraeum or malleated surface.88 Subgenus
Torquis 15
15(14) Shell relatively high (Fig. 708). Canada, North Dakota and Wisconsin
, Gyraulus {Torquis} homensis F.C. Baker48
Shell relatively flattened ..., 16
16(15) Shell whitish or yellowish, semi-transparent, entirely or nearly planispiral,
appearing almost the same from both sides. Characteristic of aquatic
habitats that are subject to periodic drying88 (Fig. 707). Canada and
northern United States, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico
Gyraulus (Torquis) circumstriatus (Tryon)
Shell brownish, translucent but not transparent, not planispiral but with
apical and umbilical aspects clearly different. Characteristic of permanent
and (occasionally) temporary aquatic habitats88 (Fig. 709). Widely dis-
tributed throughout North America Gyraulus (Torquis) parvus (Say)
17(12) Shell with carinate periphery 18
Shell with rounded, subangular or angular periphery 20
172
-------
18(17) Western in distribution. Alaska south to Alberta and southern California
(Figs. 722, 723) Menetus opercularis (Gould)5
Found east of the Rocky Mountains . 19
19(18) Relative height of body whorl rapidly increasing toward the aperture (Fig.
725). Ohio, Alabama Menetus (Micromenetus) bragniartianus (Lea)53> 54< 55
Relative height of body whorl nearly equal from one side to the other (Fig.
746). Widely distributed in North America Promenetus exacuous (Say)
20(17) Relative height of body whorl rapidly increasing toward the aperture (Figs,
724, 726). Widely distributed in the eastern United States
. Menetus (Micromenetus) dilatatus (Gould)53-54> 55
Relative height of body whorl nearly equal from one side to the other 21
21 (20) Periphery of body whorl more or less angular or subangular (Figs. 722,723).
Alaska south to Alberta and southern California ......... Menetus opercularis (Gould)
Periphery of body whorl rounded (Fig. 747). Widely distributed in Canada,
the western United States, and east to Oklahoma, Ohio and New York
Promenetus umbilicatellus (Cockerell)58' 59
22(8) Lamellae in last whorl prominent but not especially large; lower palatal
lamella relatively short and straight or only slightly curved (Figs. 741,742).
Widely distributed in eastern North America Planorbula armigera armigera (Say)
Lamellae in last whorl especially large; lower palatal lamella long, promi-
nently curved (Figs. 743, 744). Alabama and Florida
Planorbula armigera wheatleyi (Lea)57
23(1) Shell thin, often rather fragile, body whorl relatively depressed 24
Shell thicker, usually rather solid, body whorl may or may not be relatively
depressed, often high , 26
24(23) Southern in distribution (Florida to Texas and Arizona). Genus Biomphalaria 25
Distribution northern and in the western mountains (Canada and North
Dakota, south to New Mexico in the Rocky Mountains) (Fig. 745) .
Planorbula campestris (Dawson)
25(24) Shell medium in size, that of adults with five or more whorls larger than
15 mm in diameter (Fig. 712). Florida Biomphalaria glabrata (Say)
Shell small, that of adults with five or more whorls less than 10 mm in diam-
eter (Fig. 713). Florida to Texas and Arizona Biomphalaria havanemis (Pfeiffer)
173
-------
26(23) Body whorl containing lamellae or "teeth" (Figs. 741,742). Widely dis-
tributed in eastern North America , . Planorbula armigera armigera (Say)
Body whorl without lamellae or "teeth" 27
27(26) Shell with few, rapidly increasing whorls; body whorl disproportionately
large. Genus Vorticifex, subgmmParapholyx.6® Western in distribution 28
Shell with more than a few, often many whorls, that do not increase espe-
cially rapidly in size; body whorl not disproportionately large 29
28(27) Whorl angular or subangular around the concave columellar area (Fig. 751).
Lakes in Nevada and California Vorticifex (Pamphofyx} solida (Dall)61
Whorl not angular or subangular around the basal columellar area (Fig. 748),
Rivers and lakes in California and Oregon Vorticifex (Pamphofyx) effusa (Lea)
29(27) Shell spire (left side) strongly inverted, with a more or less deep conical
depression; spire side of body whorl with or without a strong keel. Genus
Helisoma 30
Shell spire (left side) not strongly inverted, with a shallow depression, no
depression or exverted (raised above body whorl); spire side of body
whorl rounded or angular. Genus Planorbella 35
30(29) Shell concave on both sides. Subgenus Helisoma s.s 31
Shell concave on the left side, convex on the right side. Western in distri-
bution. Subgenus Carinifex 33
31(30) Shell smaller, less than 7 mm in diameter, umbilical (basal, right) side with
two chestnut-brown spiral bands. Isolated localities in North Carolina
and Louisiana Helisoma eucosmium (Bartsch)50
Shell larger, adults more than 7 mm in diameter, umbilical (basal, right)
side without spiral color bands 32
32(31) Shell with basal (right) carina variously developed, but not close to the
shoulder; transverse sculpture moderate to fine (Fig. 714). Widely
distributed in most of North America Helisoma anceps anceps (Menke)50
Shell with basal (right) carina very accentuated and at or close to the lower
basal peripheral angle; transverse sculpture coarse. Lake Superior and
Albany, Attawapiskat and Winnipeg river systems, Ontario
Helisoma anceps royalense (Walker)50
174
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33(30) Widely distributed and quite variable (Figs, 720. 721), California, Idaho,
Nevada, Oregon and Utah Helisoma (Carinifex) newberryi newberryi (Lea)51
Restricted to either Jackson Lake, Wyoming, or Eagle Lake, California 34
34(33) Shell smaller (that of adults less than 12 mm in diameter), buff or tan in
color (Figs, 716, 717). Jackson Lake, Wyoming
Helisoma (Carinifex) newberryi jacksonense Henderson
Shell larger (that of adults up to 13.5 mm in diameter), white or horn in
color (Figs. 718, 719). Eagle Lake, California
Helisoma (Carinifex) newberryi occidental Hanna
35(29) Body whorl at shell aperture campanulate (flared). Subgenus Planorbetta s.s.56' 89 .... 36
Body whorl at shell aperture straight, not campanulate 38
36(35) Shell spire (left side) conically raised above body whorl (Fig. 729). Howe
Lake, Michigan Planorbella multtvolvis (Case)
Shell spire (left side) either slightly inverted, flat or obtusely raised above
body whorl 37
37(36) Shell spire (left side) slightly inverted, flat or very slightly raised above the
body whorl (Fig. 728). Widely distributed in northern United States and
Canada Planorbella campanulata campanulata (Say)
Shell spire (left side) obtusely raised above body whorl. Northwestern
Ontario . Planorbella campanulata collinsi (F. C. Baker)
38(35) Shell surface usually dull, usually rough in texture, with raised transverse
thread-like striae. Widely distributed in North America. Subgenus
Pierosoma9® . 39
Shell surface usually glossy, relatively smooth, without raised transverse
thread-like striae (Figs. 738-740). Florida. Subgenus Seminolina91 48
39(38) Species of western North America , 40
Species of central and eastern North America 42
40(39) Shell small, specimens with four whorls about 10 mm in major diameter.
Southeastern Oregon and northwestern Utah
Planorbella (Pierosoma) oregonensis (Tryon)
Shell larger, adults 15-30 mm in major diameter 41
175
-------
41(40) Greatest height of adults exceeding 12 mm; greatest width of shell less
than twice the greatest height (Figs, 730, 733), Widely distributed in
western North America Planorbella (Pierosoma) ammon (Gould) group92
Greatest height of adults 10-12 mm; greatest width of shell generally more
than twice the greatest height (Fig. 734). Widely distributed in western
North America Planorbella (Pierosoma) trivolvis subcrenata (Carpenter)93
42(39) Carinae or strong angulations present on the outer edges of both the right
(umbilical) and left (spire) side of the body whorl of the shell 43
Carinae absent, although a rather strong angulation may be present on the
upper surface of the body whorl of the spire 46
43(42) Shells larger, those of adults more than 18 mm in greatest diameter; spire
may be flat or sunken into a bowl-like depression 44
Shells smaller, those of adults less than 18 mm in greatest diameter; spire flat,
not inverted or sunken into a bowl-like depression (Fig. 737). Michigan,
northern Illinois and Wisconsin Planorbella (Pierosoma) truncata (Miles)
44(43) Carinae cord-like, strong and acutely angled; body whorl flat or concave
abaxially. Northern Minnesota
Planorbella (Pierosoma) corpulenta vermittonensis (F.C. Baker)94
Carinae not cord-like 45
45(44) Upper surface of shell almost entirely flat; maximum height at aperture
14 mm or more; ratio of greater height to greater diameter more than
0.75 in many specimens. Headwaters of Rainy River system, western
Ontario Planorbella (Pierosoma) corpulenta whiteavesi (F.C. Baker)94
Body whorl higher than penultimate whorl, causing spire to be sunken;
maximum height at aperture less than 14 mm; ratio of greater height to
greater diameter less than 0.75. Western Ontario, Minnesota and Manitoba
Planorbella (Pierosoma) corpulenta corpulenta (Say)95
46(42) Shell height up to 24 mm or more; surface glossy, growth lines fine (Fig.
732). Lower Cape Fear River, North Carolina
Planorbella (Pierosoma) magniflca (Pilsbry)
Shell more compressed, less than 16 mm in height; surface dull, growth
lines pronounced 47
47(46) Inverted portion of shell spire relatively wide, concavely smooth-sided and
bowl-like (Fig. 731). Canadian Interior Basin and northern United States
from Massachusetts west to Minnesota . .. Planorbella (Pierosoma) pilsbryi (F. C. Baker)96
176
-------
709
FIGS, 705-709. Shells of Planorbidae (Planorbinae, Planorbini). FIG. 705. Gyraulm de-
flectus, umbilical, apertural and spire views (left to right). FIG, 706. G. (Artnjger) crista.
FIG. 707. G, (Tarquis) circumstriatus. FIG. 708. G. (T.) homensis. FIG. 709. G. (T.)
parvus. Measurement lines = 1 mm.
177
-------
W /**\ y
f f \ h
FIGS. 710-714. Shells of Planorbidae (Planorbinae, Drepanotremini, Biomphalariini and Heli-
somini). FIG. 710. Drepanatrema (Antillorbis) aeruginosum, umbilical, apertural and spire
views (left to right). FIG. 711. D. (Fossulorbis} kerniatoides. FIG. 712. Biomphalarta gla-
brata. FIG. 713. B. havanemis, FIG. 714. Helisoma anceps anceps. Measurement lines = 1
mm or are divided into millimeters.
178
-------
FIGS, 715-719, Shells of Hanorbidae (Planorbinae, Drepanotremini and Helisomini). FIG.
715. Drepanotrema(Fo$sulorbi$)cimex, umbilical, apertural and spire views (left to right).
FIG. 716. Helisoma (Carinifex} newberryi jacksonense, FIG, 717. H. (CJ newberryi jack-
sonense. FIG. 718. H. (C.) newberryi occidentale. FIG. 719. H. fC.) newbenyi occiden-
tals. Measurement lines = 1 mm or ire divided into millimeters. FIG. 715 is from Barbosa
et d. (1968).
179
-------
FIGS. 720-724. Shells of Planorbidae (Hanorbinae, Helisonuni). FIG. 720. Helisoma(Cari-
nifex) newberryi newberryi, umbilical, apertural and spire views (left to right). FIG. 721. H,
(C.) newberryi newberryi form ponsonbyi, FIG. 722. Menetus opercularis. FIG. 723. M.
operations ?form callioglyptus, FIG. 724. M. (Micromenetus)dilatatus. Measurement lines
= 1 mm or are divided into millimeters.
180
-------
FIGS, 725-727. Shells of Hanorbidae (Planorbtaae, Helisomini). FIG. 725. Menetus (Micro-
menetus) brogniartianus, umbilical, spertural and spire views (left to right). FIG. 726. Me,
(Ml.)dilatatus. FIG. 727. Me. {Mijsampsom. Measurement lines = 1 mm.
181
-------
FIGS. 728-731. Shells of Planorbidae (Planorbinae, Helisomini). FIG. 728, Planorbella cam-
panulata campanulata, umbilical apertural and spire views (left to right), FIG. 729. P. multi-
volvis. FIG. 730. PL (Pierosomaj ammon. FIG. 731. PL (Pi.} pttsbryi infracarinats. Mea-
surement lines are divided into millimeters.
182
-------
FIGS. 732-735. Shells of Planorbidae (Planorbinae, Helisomini). FIG. 732. Planorbella
(Kerosoma) magnified, umbilical, apertural and spire views (left to right). FIG. 733. PL (Pi.)
occidentalism FIG.734. PI. (K.)trivalvissubcrenata. FIG. 735. PI. (PL) tenuis. Measurement
lines are divided into millimeters.
183
-------
FIGS. 736-740, Shells of Planorbidae (Hanorbinae, Helisomini). FIG. 736. Planorbella
(Pierosoma) trivolvfs trivoMs, umbilical, apertural and spire views (left to right). FIG. 737.
PL (PiJ truncata. FIG. 738. PI. (Seminolinaj duryi. FIG. 739. PI. {S.} duryi form seminolm,
FIG. 740. PI (S.) scalaris. Measurement lines are divided into millimeters.
184
-------
FIGS. 741-745. SheUs of Planorbidae (Ranorblnae, Helisomini). FIG. 741. Planorbula
armigem armigem, umbilical, apertural and spire views (left to right). FFG. 742. P. jenksii =
P. armigera armigera. FIG. 743. P. armigera wheatleyi. FIG. 744. P. armigera wheatleyi,
showing lamellae in body whorl. FIG. 745. P. campestris. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are
divided into millimeters.
185
-------
FIGS. 746-750. Shells of Planorbidae (Planorbinae (Helisomini) and Neoplanorbinae). FIG.
746. Promenetus exacuous, umbilical, apertural and spire views (left to right). FIG. 747. P.
umbSicatellus. FIG. 748. Vorticifex (Parapholyx) effusa. FlG.749.Amphigyraalabamen-
sis. FIG. 750. Neoplanorbis tantillus. Measurement lines = 1 mm or are divided into milli-
meters.
186
-------
\
751
FIGS. 751-754, Shells of Planorbidae (Hanorbinae (Helisornini) and Neoplanorbinae). FIG,
751. Vorticifex (Paraphofyx) sotida form optima. FIG. 752. Neophmorbis carinatus. FIG.
753. N. smithi. FIG, 754. N. urnbilicatus. Measurement lines = 1 mm. Figs. 752-754 are
from Walker (1908c).
187
-------
Inverted portion of shell spire narrower, generally not smooth-sided or
bowl-like (Figs. 734, 736). Found throughout North America
, Planorbella (Pierosoma) trivolvis (Say)93'97
48(38) Shell either planate, with an inverted spire, or physoid, i.e., with an everted,
raised spire; physoid individuals wider, usually more widely umbilicate
and generally with the anterior aperture margin protruding more than
the posterior shell margin (when viewed from the spire end) (Fig. 772),
Northern to southern Florida Planorbella (Seminolina) duryi (Wetherby)98
Shell physoid only, narrower, usually more narrowly umbilicate and
generally with the posterior aperture margin protruding more than the
anterior shell margin (when viewed from the spire end) (Fig. 774).
Southern Florida Planorbella (Seminolina) scalaris (Jay)
FAMILY ANCYLIDAE
The Ancylidae are another of the gastropod families with a world-wide distribution. In North
America, they all have small cap-shaped (patelliform, ancyliform, limpet-shaped) shells hi which the
apices are on the right side, or tilted toward the right (Fig. 755b). Among freshwater limpets, such
a shell has been derived from ancestors with sinistrally coiled shells, and in the Ancylidae the arrange-
ment of the body morphology is always sinistral, i.e., the "gill" (pseudobraneh), and the pulmonary,
reproductive and excretory openings are all on the animal's left side. The two other North Ameri-
can freshwater snail families with members having patelliform shells, the Acroloxidae and the Lym-
naeidae (Lancinae), are dextral in organization.
The Ancylidae seem to be closely related to the Planorbidae, but they differ from the latter in
one conspicuous way: all ancylids have haemocyanin as their blood pigment rather than haemo-
globin (which gives the planorbids their red body color). Within the Ancylidae, the North American
genus Rhodacmea is most closely related to the Eurasian and North African genus Ancylus.
Among the ancylid subfamilies, the Ferrissinae have the widest distribution, both naturally and
artificially. Pond species seem to be easily transported through human activities; riverine species
are less tolerant.
Identification Key for the Ancylidae"
1 Shell elevated, apex in midline, tinged with pink or red inside and out,
radially striate, with a notch-shaped depression evident in unworn speci-
mens. Apertural lip broad and flat. Radular teeth in rows about 30
microns apart, with prominent inner cusps (Fig. 775)100. Penis simple,
without a flagellum. In rivers in the southeastern states. Genus Rhodacmea 2
Shell elevated or depressed, apex in midline or to the right, the same color
as the rest of the shell, finely radially striate or smooth. Apertural lip
arched or flat, broad or narrow. Radular teeth in rows about 6-10 microns
apart, without prominent inner cusps (Fig. 775)100. Penis with or with-
out a flagellum. Widely distributed in running or standing water 4
188
-------
anterior
slope
apex
posterior
slope
radial
sculpture
apex
FIG, 755, Shell terminology of freshwater limpets, a, A dextral sheE (note that the apex is
directed to the left); b, a sinistral shell (note that the apex is directed to the right). "Radial"
sculpture on ancyliform shells corresponds to "spiral" sculpture on coiled shells. "Concen-
tric" sculpture on ancyliform shells corresponds to "transverse" sculpture on coiled shells;
on freshwater limpets it usually consists only of growth lines.
758
FIGS. 756-758. Shells of Ancylidae (Ancylinae). FIG. 756. Rhodacmea cahawbensis = R.
eiatior. FIG. 757. R. fllosa. FIG. 758. R. rhadacme = R. hinkleyi. Measurement lines = 1
mm. Fig. 756 is from Walker (1917b).
189
-------
2( 1) Shell more or less ribbed with strong radiating lines extending from the
apex to the apertural lip (Figs. 757, 759) ,, Rhodacmea fllosa (Conrad)
Shell smooth, or nearly so 3
3(2) Shell moderately elevated, apex usually conspicuous in older specimens.
Posterior slope straight or slightly concave; anterior slope straight or
slightly convex (Figs. 758,760) Rhodacmea hinkleyi (Walker)
Shell very elevated, apex usually eroded in older specimens. Posterior
slope straight or slightly convex, anterior slope clearly convex (Fig.
756) Rhodacmea elatior (Anthony)
4(1) Shell usually elevated, but variable. Apex with fine radial striae, often
eroded in older specimens. Aperture narrow to broadly ovate, entirely
open or with a horizontal shelf-like septum closing the posterior part.
Pseudobranch of one lobe, flat. Penis with a flagellum. Widely distributed
in streams and standing water. Genus Ferrissia 5
Shell usually depressed. Apex smooth, with no trace of radial striae.
Aperture ovate to subcircular, always open. Penis with or without a
flagellum. Pseudobranch of two lobes, the lower of which is elaborately
folded. In standing water, principally in eastern states and south 9
5(4) Shell thin, fragile, very much depressed, often a glossy red-brown color.
Apex fairly prominent as a rounded bump in the right posterior quadrant.
Length of shell to about 5 mm (Fig. 766). In streams in southern Alabama
Ferrissia mcneili Walker
Shell not as above, usually more elevated, color variable from straw-yellow
to dark gray. Apex prominent to obtuse, in the midline or to the right.
Length from 2 to 10 mm. Widely distributed in various habitats 6
6(5) Shell robust, to 7 mm long, elevated, aperture elliptical. Apex in midline
or slightly to the right; anterior slope convex, posterior slope gently con-
cave, lateral slopes approximately straight. Calcareous material often
thick inside the shell (Figs. 761, 767). Many populations are smaller,
especially those west of the Rocky Mountains. Widely distributed in
North America in rivers and streams Ferrissia rivularis (Say)
Shell not as above; habitat in standing water 7
7(6) Shell large, elevated, very narrow, length to 9 mm. Apex obtuse, in the
midline; posterior slope flat or gently concave; lateral slopes straight or
faintly concave. Apertural lip often arched. Canada and adjacent states,
on vegetation in lakes Ferrissia parattelus (Haldeman)
Shell in standing water, but not as above 8
190
-------
FIGS, 759-763. Shells of Ancylidae (AncyUnae, Ferrissinae and Laevapecinae), FIG. 759.
Rhodacmea filosa. FIG. 760. R. rhodacme = R. hinkteyi, FIG. 761. Ferrissia riwlaris, FIG.
762. Hebetancylm excentricus. FIG. 763. Laevapexfmcus. Measurement lines = 1 mm.
191
-------
FIGS. 764-771. Shells of Ancylidae (Ferrissinae and Lae¥apecinae). FIG. 764, Ferrissia cali-
fomica = F. fragilis, FIG, 765, E shimeki = F. fragilh, FIG, 766. F. mcneili, FIG. 767. F,
rivularis. FIG. 768, F, walkert, FIG. 769. Hebetancyhts exeentricus. FIG. 770. Laevapex di-
aphanus, FIG. 771. L./uscus, Measurement lines = 1 mm. Fig. 766 is from Walker (i92Sb);
Fig. 768 is from Pilsbry & Ferriss (1907).
192
-------
8(7) Shell depressed or moderately elevated, less than 4 mm long, rarely exceeding
3.5 mm, with or without a shelf-like septum across the posterior part of the
aperture. When non-septate, the aperture is distinctly oval, wider anteriorly.
When septate, the shell is evenly elliptical. Secondary growth may be
present (Figs. 764, 765). Widely distributed in eastern United States in
ditches and other small bodies of standing water, often temporary, and
usually stagnant . Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon)
Shell to 6 mm long, usually depressed; aperture clearly oval, wider anteriorly,
septum never present. Apex subacute, often far in the right posterior
quadrant. Anterior and left slopes convex, posterior and right slopes con-
cave (Fig. 768). Widely distributed, reported from Arkansas, Michigan
and southern California on vegetation and debris in ponds
Ferrissia walkeri (Pilsbry & Ferriss)
9(4) Apex subacute, distinctly eccentric, to the right of the midline (Figs. 762,
769). Penis with a long glandular flagellum terminating in a bulbous tip;
preputium without pigment. Tentacles colorless. In southern Florida,
and perhaps Texas, in canals, etc. Hebetancylus excentricus (Morelet)
Apex very obtuse, almost in the midline of the shell. Penis without a
flagellum; preputium flecked with pigment spots. Tentacles with a
central core of black pigment. Principally east of the Mississippi in ponds
and river backwaters; occasionally in streams in south-central states.
Genus Laevapex . 10
10(9) Shell ovate, smooth or with fine raised ribiets usually on the anterior
slope. Apex behind the center of the shell (Figs. 763, 771). Widely
distributed in eastern North America in still water on submerged vege-
tation or debris, typically in the backwater areas of rivers or in lakes
Laevapex fuscus (Adams)
Shell subcircular, smooth, often encrusted with dark material. Apex about
in the middle of the shell (Fig. 770). In slowly flowing streams, south-
central and eastern states Laevapex diaphanus (Haldeman)
193
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SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES*
The name Neritidae has been credited consistently to Rafinesque (1815). However, the family name he used was
Neritinia [=Neritinidae] ("Les Neritines"). In this family he listed two subfamilies and a number of generic names,
which included Neritina wdNerita (both under "Famile. Neritinia").
2The following figures are by John L. Tottenham; Figs. 21-80, 125, 128-142, 188, 189,191-200,222-234,249-
259, 290, 295-308, 319-344, 355-367, 391-414, 426-457, 468-527, 550-572, 581-702, 705-714, 716-724, 728-
750, 759-763. Figs. 1-15,17,20,81,82, 528, 573-577,704,725-727,751, 755, 757,758, 764, 765,767,769-773,
775 were prepared by J. B. Burch. Most of the figures by Tottenham and by Burch are copyrighted in Burch & Totten-
ham (1980). The remaining figures were taken from various published sources, and in each case credit is given in the
legends beneath the figures. Figs. 83-106, 109424, 201, 204-218, 220, 221, 247, 260, 262-267, 269, 275, 276,
278-281 and 284 are used with permission of the University of Florida Press.
Shells of the genus Tulotoma are unique among North
American Viviparidae by their usual nodular appearance,
and by their oblique apertures with concave margins (Fig.
772).
Only one species of Tulotoma is recognized here, T,
magnifica (Conrad), although a second species, T, angulata
(Lea), is occasionally recognized, as well as a third, T.
coosaensis (Lea). A fourth species has been named, T.
bimonilifera (Lea), but it is clearly a synonym of T. mag-
nifica. According to Goodrich (1944b), T, coosaensis is
the smooth upstream form; T. angulsta is transitional
between it and the tuberculate T, magnifica. Although in
museum collections T. angulata seems to Lntergrade com-
pletely with T, magnifica, the relationship between the
two nominal species may not be so simple. Patterson
(1965) found T. angulata to have one pair of chromo-
somes more than Pollister & PolUster (1940, 1943) re-
ported for T, magnifica.
FIG. 772. Viviparid shells. Tulotoma is on the left.
the columellai axis; b = the plane of the aperture.
4dench (1962a: 277-280) listed 49 names for Campeloma, 34 of which he considered as synonyms of the 14 names
he did not synonymize (one species listed (Paludina humerow Anthony 1860) is not a viviparid, but a pleurocerid).
Although not claiming for them the status of species (or subspecies), the names Clench did not synonymize were
brevispimm F.C. Baker 1928, crassula Rafinesque 1819, decampi 'Currier' Binney 1865, decim Say 1816, exilis
Anthony 1860, florideme Call 1886, genicula Conrad 1834, giMa Currier 1867, Integra Say 1821, Upturn Mattox
1940, lima Anthony 1860, mtiesi Lea 1863, regularis Lea 1841 and tannum Mattox 1940. Clarke (1973:220)con-
sidered "Campeloma leptum and C. tannum [to] differ from C, decisum and C. integrum by trivial characters only.
They are certainly not distinct species but are simply slightly aberrant populations of C. integrum (and probably of
C, decisum)" Further, Clarke (/oc. eif.) suggested that C. integrum, as well as C milesi, are the same as C, decisum.
Campeloma parthenum Vail 1979 may be merely the southeastern form of C. decisum,
The name Paludina Integra Say 1821 has been applied commonly to a viviparid (as Campeloma integrum (Say
*The comments in this section refer to the superscript numbers located at various places in the text.
194
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1821)) and to a hydrobioid (as Ciminnatia Integra (Say 1821)). The shell length given by Say ('length ¥* inch") is
undoubtedly a typographical error (? for 1% inch), since in his description Say compared Integra to [Campeloma]
decision (cf. Say, 1821; Binney, 186Sd; F.C. Baker, 1928c; Clarke, 1973). "Amnicola Integra (Say)" of authors is
Gncinnatia cincwnatiemis (Anthony).
Vanatta (1935) distinguished Liopiax pilsbryi choctawhatchensis "from the typical form [L, pilsbryi Walker] by be-
ing smaller, but with similar sculpture. It is about the size of L. subcarinata Say, but is without the two spiral angles
on the last whorl. It is smaller than L. s. occidentalis Pils. L, cyclostomatiformis Lea is narrower and smoother."
Of Liopiax subcarinata and L, sulculosa, Clench & Turner (1955: 10) said, "This eastern species [L. subcarinata] of
Liopiax is exceedingly close in its relationship to L. sulculosa Menke, the western form. Their characters differ main-
ly in degree. The shells of L. subcarinata Say are usually somewhat thinner and are proportionately i little more
attenuate. It appears also that Liopiax subcarinata Say on the average is somewhat smaller, though selected examples
of the largest specimens of both species are about equal in size. In addition, the umbilical opening off,, sulculosa
is much Larger."
Q
Probythinella lacustris (F.C. Baker) has gone under the name emarginata Kflster 1852 (Paludina), but the latter
apparently was based on the name Lymnaeus [Stagnicola] emarginatus Say 1821 (a lymnaeid), even though Kuster
described and figured a hydrobioid species. Kuster's hydrobioid species did not receive a valid name until F.C. Baker
(I928c) described the subspecies lacustris. Morrison (1947b) designated Probythinella lacustris limafodens Morrison
1947 as type species of Probythinella Tbiele 1928.
'According to Morrison (1940a), Somatogyrus tryoni Pilsbry & F.C. Baker 1927 and 5. virginicus (Walker 1904)
should be transferred to Qappia.
10 According to Pilsbry (1934b), there is no difference in the shell between the American genus Fluminicola Stimp-
son 1865 and the European Lithoglyphus Hartman 1821 [type species: Paludina naticoides C. Pfeiffer 1828], the
distinction between the two genera "being in the form of the verge." Pilsbry saw "no advantage in recognizing Litho-
glyphus in America, since its presence does not seem demonstrable" [at that time]. Taylor (1966a,b) combined the
two genera, mentioning having examined the verge in most American species, but as yet none of the anatomical data
have been published. Until it is shown conclusively that the European and American species are indeed congeneric,
it would seem best to retain the well-known American name, Fluminicola.
"p.C. Baker (1928c), H.B. Baker (1964) and La Rocque (1968) placed Say's (1829) Melania Integra in the genus
Somatogyrus.
Somatogyrus virginicus Walker is placed in the subgenus WalJcerilla following Thompson (1969).
Pyrgulopsis letsoni (Walker), P. ozarkensis Hinkley, P. scalariformis (Wolf) and P. wabashensis Hinkley may be-
long to the genusMarstonia (Thompson, 1977).
Marstonm lustrica (Pilsbry 1890) is used here in the expectation that the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature will rule favorably on H.B. Baker's (1960c) petition to suppress Say's (1821) Paludina lustrica. Other-
wise, Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry 1890 is preoccupied by Amnicola lustrica (Say 1821), should the latter (actually a
nomen dubium) be considered a member of the genus Amnicola.
1 Amnicola Gould & Haldeman, as listed in Haldeman (1840, p. 3 and on inside back cover), has as its type species
(by subsequent designation by Haldeman, 1840) Paludina lustrica Say 1821. Gould (1841a) gave the first detailed
description of the genus and of the species Amnicola porata (Say 1821), and mentioned as included in the genus
Paludina limosa Say 1817 and Paludina lustrica Say 1821, although the latter species was considered as only doubt-
fully belonging to Amnicola (H.B. Baker, 1960c). Later, Haldeman (1845) accepted Amnicola as described by Gould
(184la) (not as listed by Haldeman (1840)), placed the previous Amnicola histrica" Haldeman (not of Say) in the
synonymy of Amnicola limosa (Say) and recognized Amnicola lustrica (Say) as a distinct species "closely allied to
A. lapidaria [Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say 1817)], of which it may possibly be the young." A year later, Herrmannsen
(1846) designated Say's (1821) Paludina porata as type species for Amnicola Gould 1841, apparently being unaware
of Haldeman's (1840) earlier introduction of Amnicola and designation of Paludina lustrica Say as its type species.
195
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Since 1846, Amnicola has been used almost entirely as though A. porata (Say) were its type species, although, in
fact, A. lustrica, which is a nomen dubium (and a nomen oblitum as well, according to H,B, Baker (1964)), is the
wildly designated type species. Unfortunately, the type specimen of Say's Paludina lustrica has been lost. To end
the nomenclatoral controversy which surrounds Amnicola, H.B. Baker (1960c) requested that the International Com-
mission on Zoological Nomenclature use its plenary powers to suppress the specific name Paludina lustrica Say 1821,
and to place Amnicola Gould & Haldeman 1840, with Paludina porata Say 1821 as its type species, on the Official
list of Generic Names in Zoology. (The Commission has not yet made a decision on this request.) Subsequently,
Clarke (1973) selected a "neotype" far Paludina lustrica Say, which is also the same specimen H.B. Baker (1964) des-
ignated as the lectotype of Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry 1898. In my 1978 outline, I followed that system. Although
such a procedure would provide a belated identity for "Amnicola lustrica (Say)" (i.e., it then would be the same as
A. walkeri), apparently A. walkeri actually belongs to the subgenus Lyogyrus Gil 1863 (see Thompson, 1968), not
to Amnicola s.s, as it has been perceived for some 130 years. Thus, Lyogyrus would become a junior subjective syn-
onym of Amnicola ss. and would contain the group of A, walkerifpupoidea, and the poup of A. porata/limosa
would be left without a subgeneric name (unless the European Marstoniopsis should be shown to be congeneric).
Therefore, it seems best to retain the customary concept of Amnicola (with Paludina porata Say 1821 as type spe-
cies) in hope that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature will adopt H.B. Baker's (1960c) pro-
posal. F.G. Thompson, who has done the most intensive recent work on North American Hydrobiidae (Thompson,
1968,1969,1977,1979) has written (1974) in support of Baker's proposal.
The reproductive anatomy has not been described, to my knowledge, of aldrichi Call & Beecher (and its subspe-
cies), bakeriana Pilsbry, clarkei Pilsbry, decisa Haldeman, mmouriensis Pilsbry and proserpina Hubricht, so their
placement in the genus Amnicola is presumptive. Subsequent studies may alter the generic placement of these
species.
From drift debris of the Guadalupe River near New Braunfels, Texas, Pilsbry & Ferriss (1906) named "Valvata"
micra and "Valvata" micra nugax, mentioning that they might prove to be "amnicoloid" snails comparable to Horatia
Bourguignat or Daudebardiella Boettger in the Palaearctic fauna. Pilsbry (1916d) referred micra and nugax to the
subgenus Hauffenia of the genus Horatia. Bole (1970) raised Hauffenia to the status of an independent genus, al-
though still close to Horatia. Taylor (1975) placed micra in the genus Hauffenia and nugax in the genus Horatia.
Hubricht (1940b) reported finding specimens of "Horatia" in an artesian well at the U. S. fish hatchery at San Marcos,
Texas, and in a subterranean stream in Manitou Cave, near Fort Payne, Alabama.
18
Fontigens binneyana (=obtusa Lea 1841 (Paludina), preoccupied by Paludina obtusa Troschel 1837) may prove to
be a synonym of Fontigens nickliniana (Lea 1838).
19
Fontigens weberi may be extinct. "Fontigens weberi was described as a recent species from a *bone* specimen
from West Lake, Everglades National Park. This species does not occur in the region at present, although shells of
this species are common in Pliocene road fill near the lake" (Thompson, 1968: 12).
20Hubricht (1960) believes that Pomatiopsis hinkleyi Pilsbry is only a wet habitat form of P. lapidarta (Say).
21Following H.B. Baker (1963), 1 (1978, 1979) previously utilized the family name Paludomidae GUI 1871 instead
of the recently commonly used Pteuroceridae Fischer 1885, the previously commonly used Strepomatidae Halde-
man 1863 (based on an invalid manuscript name of Rafinesque), or PachychiMdae Troschel 1857 ("Of the S familial
names prior to Pleuroceridae Fischer, 1885, ah" apparently are "nornina oblita* except Paludominae Gill, 1871, which
was used by Pilsbry as late as 1956"). In spite of its illegal or at least questionable nomenclatural status, Starobogatov
(1970) used Pachychilidae Troschel, with Ceriphasiidae Gill 1863 and Pleuroceridae Fischer listed as synonyms, for
all the North American pleurocerids (Elimia, Gyrotoma, lo, Juga, Mudalia, Pleurocera, etc.). The family name Pachy-
chiMdae is based on the Middle American Pachychilus. Starobogatov restricted the Paludomidae to Afro-Asian genera.
On the other hand, Morrison (1954) placed the Asiatic Paludomus with the pleurocerids.
However, in spite of the above nomenclatural activity, there are as yet no really solid bases for adequately compar-
ing Pleurocera and its allies with Paludomus and its related taxa or Pachychilus and its relatives. Until the necessary
comparative studies have been completed and evaluated, perhaps it is best to retain the family name Pleuroceridae.
2?
A critical revision of the pleurocerids has not yet been made. The generic groups used here are based on classical
shell characters, even though it is realized that these characters mostly seem to intergrade at one point or another.
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Animal characteristics of value in pleurocerid systematic^ are currently so incompletely known that they cannot be
used to precisely characterize biological generic groups or to assign the great majority of species to definite nomenda-
tural generic groups. Pleurocem is used as though P. acuta were its type species, in the expectation that the Interna-
tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature will adopt the long-standing petition to preserve this usage. The iden-
tity of ElKpstoma gibbosa Rafinesque 1818 is too doubtful to give nomenclatural validity to Ettipstoma Rafinesque
1818,
7*3
Elimia H, & A. Adams 1854 (type species Melania acutocarinata Lea 1841 = Melania davaeformis Lea 1841) is
used in place of its better known synonym Goniobasis Lea 1862 (type species Goniobasis osculata Lea 1862).
The classification in the genus Elimia. presented here, and the distribution of the various recognized species and
subspecies, is that of Goodrich (1930a, 1936,1939d,e, 1940d, 1941a,b,c, 1942b, 1944d, 1945,1950). No attempt
has been made to assess the taxonomic validity of the species and subspecies.
Elimia perstriata decampi (Lea) is "possibly only an aberrant form" (Goodrich, 1940d: 16),
25
Goniobam (=Elimia) ptisbryi Goodrich is a replacement name for Melania (=Elimia) shawalteri Lea 1861, which
is not Lithasia (-Elimia) showalteri Lea 1860.
Goodrich (1941c: 20) said that Elimia ampJa (Anthony) "may simply be an enlarged and conic phase of the [E.]
clara of the transition zone."
Goodrich (1944d: 44) thought that Elimia onwta (Lea) is probably a hybrid of E. gerhardti (Lea) and E. caelatura
(Conrad).
28
The genus Gyrotoma is now undoubtedly extinct, due to the biological destruction of the Coosa River. Goodrich
(1924a) recognized 13 species in the genus, which he placed into five species groups. However, later (1944d: 46,47)
Goodrich was less certain about this arrangement. "In a study of this genus in 1924 with the unexampled H.H. Smith
collections as a basis, the shape and depth of the sutural fissure were relied upon for differentiation among the spe-
cies. The writer is not so sure, after twenty years, that the thirteen species then recognized by this standard are actu-
ally good species. For one thing, the range of the whole genus is only about one hundred and twenty miles of river.
The habitats are shoals and reefs over which the currents are heavy. In all the forms, the operculum is large, thick
and leatherly, the spiral lines nearly obsolete. The radulae, too, are alike. Considering how greatly a given species of
Goniobasis may vary, and a member of Pleurocera more so, it is reasonable to suppose that variation in Gyrotoma,
including its fissure, may be greater than was supposed in 1924. But in the absence of better information on the sub-
ject, the species are listed here as they were then recognized."
In general,! have disregarded the depth of the sutural fissure as a taxonomic character in Gyrotoma. Of the 13
species recognized by Goodrich, I have included six in the key: G. excisum (Lea), G, lewisi (Lea), G, pagodum (Lea),
G. pumilum (Lea), G. pyramidatum Shuttleworth and G, walkeri Smith. Gyrotoma hendersoni Smith, which has a
shallow fissure, is placed in the synonymy of G. pumilum (Lea), which has a deep fissure. Gyrotoma ahbamensis
(Lea), G. amplum (Anthony), G. cariniferum (Anthony), G. indsum (Lea), G, ladniatum (Lea) and G, spillmani
(Lea) are placed in the synonymy of G. excisum (Lea). Gyrotoma excisum have deep sutural fissures, as do G, ala-
bamensis, G. cariniferum and G. laciniatum. Gyrotoma amplum, G. incision and G. spillmani have shallow fissures.
These nominal species, here placed in synonymy, are illustrated in Figs. 435-440,445.
Distributions (all in the Coosa River basin of Alabama) given by Goodrich (1944d) for Gyrotoma species are as
follows:
G. alabamensis, Peckerwood Shoals, Talladega County, to Duncan's Riffle, Chilton County;
G. amplum, Talladega to Coosa County;
G, cariniferum, confined to a reef at Fort William Shoals, Talladega County, in swift water;
G. excisum, Three Island Shoals, Talladega County, to Wetumpka;
G. hendersoni, Fort William Shoals only;
G. indsum, Weduska Shoals to Wetumpka;
G. laciniatum, Fort William Shoals to Wetumpka;
G. lewisi, confined to two shoals of Talladega County;
G. pagodum, a lower river form; The Bar, Chilton County, to Wetumpka, Hmore County;
G. pumilum, Weduska Shoals, Shelby County, to Wetumpka;
G. pyramidatum, Ten Island Shoals, St. Clalr County, to the mouth of Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby County ("the
197
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first of the genus to appeal in the river");
G. spillmttni, known only from two shoals of Talladega County;
G. walkeri, Weduska Shoals to Butting Ram Shoals, Coosa County, a range of only a few miles,
29
Displacing the well-described and well-known Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 1845 by the obscure and long forgotten
"Apella 'Mighels' Anthony 1843" (e,g., see Turner, 1946; Clench, I959a; Davis, 1977) would certainly be an injus-
tice. Apella entered the literature in a sentence in a published (1843) letter from J.G, Anthony as follows. "I have,
within two months past, received one species of this genus ["Melatoma Swainson"*] from Dr. Mighels, of Portland,
Maine, under the name of ^Apella scissura*," In 1860, after rejecting Melatoma as pertaining to a North American
freshwater snail, Anthony stated, "In 1841 or 1842, Dr. J.W. Mighels sent me specimens of one species under the
name of Apella scissura; but his generic name was never published, and his species, if not identical with any which
Mr. Lea afterwards described seems to have been overlooked and forgotten." Anthony then adopted Shuttleworth's
name Gyrotoma, which has been the recognized name (with the exceptions of the use of Lea's preoccupied Schizo-
stoma, and of Turner's, Clench's and Davis* use of Apella) for the past 118 years. Apella scissura was and is still
both a nomen nudum and a nomen dubium.
lo fluvialis (Say) is the largest of the North American Heuroceridae. It varies in shell form from the smooth fluvi-
alis described by Say (1825), to spinose forms such as spinosa Lea and turrita Anthony. C.C. Adams (1915) treated
admirably the monotypic genus lo and its geographic variation. He recognized 14 races or population forms of /.
fluvialis: angitremoides C.C. Adams, brevis Anthony, ciinchensis C.C. Adams, fluvialis Say, loudonensis C.C. Adams,
lyttonensis C.C. Adams, nolichuckyensis C.C. Adams, paulensis C.C. Adams, powellemis C.C. Adams, recta Reeve,
spinosa Lea, turrita Anthony31, unakensis C.C. Adams and verrucosa Reeve. Several of these forms are illustrated
on p. 136 (from Try on, 1873b).
lo fluvialis form turrita Anthony was reported (Clench, 1928) in the Little River, but this "purported finding has
not been verified" (Goodrich, 1940d).
Leptoxis s.s. of the Alabama river drainage is a variable group. Goodrich's (1922) monograph of them was one of
his earliest publications on the Heuroceridae. In it, clear-cut differences between most of the recognized taxa are
not clearly expressed. Later (1941b, 1944d), Goodrich revised slightly his earlier concepts regarding a few of the
species, but it would seem that he still recognized too many taxa. However, the Alabama Leptoxis, mostly confined
to the Coosa river drainage, are undoubtedly now largely extinct, due to degradation of their habitats.
Leptoxis lirata may be only a form of L. showalteri (Goodrich, 1944d).
In shell characters, especially the nodulose shoulders, Leptoxis crassa seems closer to Lithasia s.s., and that is where
I placed it in my 1979 list (Burch, 1979). However, in this manual L. crassa is placed with Leptoxis on radular char-
acters (cf. Goodrich, 193la, 1932d). Leptoxis crassa and its form anthonyi commonly have been assigned to the
genus Eurycaelon on the belief that anthonyi was its type species. However, as pointed out by Morrison (1971),
Neville (1885) designated Goniabasis umbonata Lea 1864 (=Anculosa (Lithasia} geniculata Haldeman 1840, fide
Goodrich (1940d), Morrison (1971)) as the type species of Eurycaelon, which makes Eurycaelon a synonym of
Lithasia. Morrison (1971) proposed Atheamia (type species Anculosa anthonyi Redfield 1854) as a replacement
name, and this taxon is used here as one of the three subgenera of Leptoxis,
Although Leptoxis crassa anthonyi is given in the list of species (p. 44) as though it were a subspecies of L. crassa,
it may not deserve such nomenclatural status. Leptoxis crassa s.s. is probably only a localized race or form (in much
the same sense as those of lo, cf. C.C. Adams, 1915) of a much larger complex which customarily has gone under
the nomenclaturally junior name anthonyi. In L. crassa, the lumpiness of the shoulders is strongly emphasized, be-
coming strong, well-developed tubercles. In L. anthonyi, the spire is generally not so depressed as in crassa, and the
shoulder is often absent or not prominent and is commonly smooth or with only slight undulations. In both forms,
the lower columella terminates in a flange.
On shell characters, Lithasia obovata would seem to belong more naturally to the Elimia/Pleurocera group, and
L. geniculata pinguis to Leptoxis (Mudalia}. However, these two species are placed with Lithasia because of their
radular characters.
*Me1atoma Swainson 1840 is not the same zsMelatomu Anthony 1843 (Gray, 1847; Anthony, 1860).
198
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The variability seen in Lithasia salebrosa (Conrad) would seem to include L. geniculata (Haldeman). Goodrich
(1940d) separated the two, but (in 1941f) remarked that "the distinction between geniculata of the Cumberland
River system and salebrosa of that of the Tennessee River is chiefly that the latter commonly has two or more rows
of nodules." Specimens of salebrosa with but a single row of nodules do occur, but are not common. These have
the conchological characters of geniculata. Several specimens of the single lot labelled "Lithasia salebrosa" from the
'lower Cumberland River, Tennessee" in the Museum of Zoology collections (UMMZ 13247?) have only a hint of a
second row of nodules. The other specimens in this lot have only a single row at the shoulder of the whorls. Basi-
cally, they are L, geniculata.
Davis (1974) treated Lithasia salebrosa and L. geniculata as separate species, and listed the distribution of "lo"
salebrosa as the Cumberland River and Caney Fork, and the Duck and Tennessee rivers. Goodrich (1940d) did not
include the middle and upper Cumberland River, Caney Fork or the Duck River in the distribution of £, salebrosa;
he reported L. geniculata in these streams. According to Davis (1974), "The one population found in the Duck River
is not pure salebrosa as given in Fig. 45 by Tryon (1873). Two individuals were found in a population of over 200
snails where specimens reflected genetic mixtures of geniculata, fuliginom, geniculata x fuliginosa, fuliginosa x dut-
toniana. Pure salebrosa is probably extinct."
According to Tryon (1873b), "Generally but one row of tubercles is developed on this species [L. geniculata],
but occasionally a second and less prominent row is visible. The whorls are more shouldered, and the tubercles larger
and less numerous than in L. salebrosa, Conrad. ... Mr. Lea considers geniculata to be the same as salebrosa"
Curiously, some specimens of Lithasia salebrosa seem little different from L. vetrucosa (Rafinesque). Further, L,
salebrosa subglobosa (Lea) and some specimens of L. geniculata differ but little from Leptoxis (Atheamia) crassa
(Haldeman), the latter also a species of the Tennessee river drainage. [Because of this close similarity, I (1979) previ-
ously included Athearnia in the synonymy of Lithasia.] The essential conchological difference separating Leptoxis
fAtheamia/ crassa from the Lithasia salebrosa-geniculata complex is the flange of the lower columellar lip of the
aperture, perhaps a character of dubious generic value.
Davis (1974) treated pinguis Lea and fuliginosa Lea as headwaters and small rivers forms respectively of genicu-
lata. Goodrich (1934a, 1941f) also discussed variation in this complex of races and forms. "Lithasia geniculata and
salebrosa each has upstream or side-stream forms, distinguished by an elongation of the spire and an alteration of
proportions of altitude to diameter, together with the curious characteristic of a development of nodulous sculpture,
when that exists, at the periphery of the shell and not at the shoulder" (Goodrich, 194If).
The classification in the genus Pleurocera presented here, and the distribution of the various recognized species and
subspecies, is that of Goodrich (1917, 1924b, 1927,1928a,b, 1929b, 1930a, 1934c, 1935b, 1936,1939d,e, 1940d,
1941b,c, 1942b, 1944d). No attempt has been made to assess the taxonomic validity of the species and subspecies.
38
According to Goodrich (1940d), Pleurocera currierianum (Lea) is possibly only a depauperate form of P. brumbyi
(Lea).
•5Q
Goodrich (1940d) thought that Pleurocera viridulum (Anthony) might be only a fast water modification of P.
pyrenellum.
The genus Lymnaea Lamarck 1799 has been used variously to include nearly all members of the Lymnaeidae (e.g.,
see Hubendick, 1951; Walter, 1969; Harman & Berg, 1971) or only Lymnaea stagnalis, its varieties, and several very
closely related species (e.g., F.C. Baker, 1928c; Burch, 1979). In this latter system, the family contains a number of
species groups (genera) equal in rank to Lymnaea s.s. A third system, more or less a compromise between the previ-
ous two, uses Lymnaea as a large inclusive genus,but recognizes various subgeneric groups within it. These subgenera
correspond to the genera of the F.C. Baker scheme. As a convenience for species-group separation, the less conserva-
tive scheme is used here. Aside from convenience, there is some scientific justification for handling the lymnaeids in
this fashion (Burch, Lindsay & LoVerde, 1971; Burch & Lindsay, 1973a).
Fossaria Westerlund 1885 is used for the group of small lymnaeids rather than Galba auct. (which is only doubt-
fully the same as Galba Schrank 1803, type species Galba pusilla Schrank 1803 by monotypy; see Hesse, 1923;
Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927; F.C. Baker, 1928c; Clarke, 1973).
The genus Stagnicola Leach (in Jeffreys) 1830 is based on the European Buccinum palustre Muller 1774. The
work of Jackiewicz (1959) has shown that several distinct species have masqueraded under the name palustrts. Just
which anatomical type is represented by Muller's species is not known, and until that is settled, and it is determined
199
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that such a species does indeed occur in North America, then it seems advisable not to use S. palmtris here but the
first name applied specifically to a North. American pa/wsfra-like snail instead, i.e., Say's (1821) Lymneus elodes.
The largest group of Lymnaeidae in North America are the stagnicoline lymnaeids, members of the genus Stagni-
cola. Then taxonomy, based largely on shell shape, has always been troublesome. Conditions of the water in which
stagnicoliiie snails live can have some influence on the exact shape of their shells (ecophenotypic variation), whole
populations exhibiting the abnormal characters when they occur. However, other cases of constant population dif-
ferences seem to be due to small genetic differences between populations. The great problem in systematics of stag-
nicoline snails is in accurately assessing which characters are ecophenotypic and which are genetic, and of the genetic
differences which are great enough to conclude that any particular population(s) is (are) distinct enough to deserve a
binomial (or trinomial) name of its (their) own. Since there have been almost no experimental breeding studies to eval-
uate the taxonomic importance of any shell characters in Stagnicola, schemes for classifying the genus have all been
quite subjective. Accordingly, systematic interpretations have varied widely, from the "splitters" to the 'lumpers".
In reviewing North American Stagnicola, it seems to me that they fall into two general groups, the Stagnicola
elodes group and the Stagnicola catascopium/emarginata group. Typically, species of the Stagnicola elodes group
have an elongated, rather narrow, brown shell, and are inhabitants of quiet standing waters, such as ponds, pools,
ditches, marshes, swamps, etc. The Stagnicola catascopium/emarginata group typically have compressed spires and
subglobose body whorls, broader, light-colored shells, and are inhabitants of rivers and lakes.
Because of the fundamental uncertainties of their taxonomy, it is not easy to decide on a nomenclatural scheme
for the stagnicolas. The one adopted here reflects a rather conservative approach.
44
Hubendick (1951) recognized a separate subfamily, the Lancinae, for the limpet-shaped Lanx, in contrast to the
subfamily Lymnaeinae, which included all other lymnaeids. However, whether or not a pateUiform shell in the Lym-
naeidae is, per se, enough, to warrant the recognition of a subfamfly, or whether sets of peculiar anatomical character-
istics not related or only partially related to shell shape will eventually define subfamilies is not known at present.
Walter (cf. 1969) mentioned certain close anatomical similarities of Lanx to "Lymnaea catascopium Say" ^Stagni-
cola emarginata serrata Haldeman), However, the use of anatomical characters for showing relationships in the Lym-
naeidae needs to be reassessed (cf. Burch, Lindsay & LoVerde, 1971).
It may not be worthwhile to distinguish between Fisherola nuttafli nuttatti, F. nuttatti kootaniensis and E nuttalti
landdes, but a more detailed study of Fisherola Is needed to decide this. "Fisherola lancides is another subspecies of
the Snake River, in which the apex is a little more anterior, but some of the original lot before me run close to nut-
tallf (Rlsbry, 1925a). In describing Fisherola kmcides, Hannibal (1912) gave the locality as "Snake River (H. Hemp-
hill)." According to Henderson (1936c), "The Spokane River specimens obtained by HemphJH are doubtless the
ones afterwards described from his specimens as lancides."
"^Classification of the Physidae follows Te (1978). Subsequent to the preparation of this list, Te (1980) listed an
"unnamed species" of Physella {Physella), an "unnamed species" of Physella (Costatella), an "unnamed subspecies"
of Physella fPhysella) ancillaria (Say 1825), an "unnamed morph" of Physella f Costatella) osculam (Haldernan
1841), and introduced as a subspecies of Physella fCostatella} hendersoni (Clench 1925) the nomen nudum floridana
"Klsbry ms."
Species of the genus Stenophysa Martens 1898, native to Central America and Mexico, have been found in Texas
(Te, 1978).
££
The validity of Gyraulus (Torquis) homensis is open to some doubt. It was named by F.C. Baker (1934e) for
specimens that he had earlier (e.g., 1928c) called Gyraulus arcticus Beck (in Moller) 1842. Clarke (1973) placed
homensis in the synonymy of G, deflectus.
If Drepanotrema and the Brazilian Acrorbis Odhner 1937 (type species: Acrorbis petricola Odhner 1937) are
shown conclusively to belong to the same tribe, then apparently the earliest name for this taxon is Acrorbini Staro-
bogatov 1958, predating Zilch's (1959) Drepanotremeae and Harry's (1962) Drepanotrematinae. (Starobogatov
placed Drepanotrema in his Acrorbini (Starobogatov, 1970), and Harry (1962) placed Acrorbis in his Drepanotremati-
nae, but Zuch (1959) placed (questionably) Acrorbis in the tribe Segmentineae.)
Helisorna anceps (Menke) exhibits considerable variation over its wide range, which has resulted in many varietal
200
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names. An alphabetical list of names assigned to Helisoma s.s., with type localities in parentheses, follows: anceps
Menke 1830 (Virginia), anguistoma Haldeman 1844 (no locality given, not figured, and specimen lost), anguMta
Rackett 1821 [preoccupied] (near Lake Huron), angulatum Wood 1828 [preoccupied] (from Haldeman (1844); I
have not seen this reference), antrosum Conrad 1834 (Randon's Creek, near Clairborne, Alabama) (=anceps Menke
1830), aroostookeme Pilsbry 1895 (East branch of Salmon Brook, Woodland, Aroostook County, Maine), bartschi
F.C. Baker 1945 (Brook at Great Falls, Virginia), bicarinatum Say 1817 [preoccupied] (Delaware River), cahni F.C.
Baker 1927 (Big Muskallonge Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin), conugatum "Currier" Walker 1909 (Perch Lake, Kent
County, Michigan), enganatum Conrad 1835 (Albany, New York), idahoense F.C. Baker 1945 (Pend Oreille River,
Sand Point, Idaho), jordanense Winslow 1823 (South Arm of Pine Lake, about two miles north of East Jordan, Char-
levoix County, Michigan), latchfordi Pilsbry 1927 (Meach's Lake, Hull, Quebec), major Walker 1893 [preoccupied,
renamed percarinatum Walker 1909] (Crystal Lake, Benzie County, Michigan), minnesoteme F.C. Baker 1927 (Fron-
tenac, Minnesota), percarinatum Walker 1909 [new name for major Walker 1909] (Crystal Lake, Benzie County,
Michigan), potitum F.C. Baker 1945 (Honeywell Creek, Carleton County, Ontario, Canada),portagensis F.C. Baker
1908 (Portage Lake, on Fish River, Aroostook County, Maine), royalense Walker 1909 (Siskowit Lake, Isle Royale,
Lake Superior, Michigan), rushi EC. Baker 1939 (Toad Island, Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada), sayi F.C. Baker 1928
(Tomahawk Lake, Oneida County, Wisconsin), shettense F.C. Baker 1927 (Shell Lake, Washburn County, Wisconsin),
striamm F.C. Baker 1902 (Pleistocene fossil from sewer excavation, eight feet below the surface of the ground, Cold
Spring Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin), unicarinatum Haldeman 1844 (SchuylkiD River).
In Canada, Clarke (1973) recognized Walker's (1909e) variety royalense as a valid subspecies of Helisoma anceps.
He considered H. anceps rushi F.C. Baker to be a synonym of H. a. royalense. Clarke considered ten other "subspe-
cies" of H. anceps recorded from Canada: anticostiamtm F.C. Baker 1945 (a Pleistocene fossil), aroostookense,
cahni, latchfordi, percarinatum, politum, portagensis, sayi, striatum and unicarinatum. He concluded (p. 443) that
"it is probable that most of the 'subspecies* currently recognized [in the Canadian Interior Basin] are not geographi-
cally distinct and are taxonomically invalid but firm decisions on this must be deferred until analysis of more popu-
lations, including topotype populations can be made."
Helisoma eucosmium (Bartsch 1908) may be simply a form or juvenile of H, anceps anceps (Menke).
The generic name Carinifex was first presented by Binney (1863), in combination with Lea's (1858a) newbenyi
(Pkmorbis), as a name without description in a pamphlet ("Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 000") containing a
catalogue of North American Pubnonata. In 1865b, c, Binney described the genus and figured for the first time Lea's
species Carinifex newberryi. In 1864c, Lea "provisionally" introduced the generic name Megasystropha for new-
berryi. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 432 [1956] suppressed the generic
names Carinifex Binney 1863 and Megasystropha Lea 1864 in favor of Carinifex Binney 1865. Carinifex has been
used for many years as a generic name for the newbenyi group of North American planorbids. In subordinating it as
a subgenus of Helisoma, I am following Henderson (1931b) and D.W. Taylor (1966a).
Whether there are more than one species of Carinifex is doubtful. "This [Helisoma (Carinifexj newberryi] has
long been known as a very protean species, but conchologists have not been inclined to establish varietal names, as
the variations are very numerous and intergrade thoroughly. If one begins naming them it is difficult to see where
any lines may be satisfactorily drawn. It is doubtful whether the variations can be properly called even mutations.
The variation is chiefly in the amount of elevation of the spire above the last whorl and a marked tendency toward
scalariformity, with inevitable effect upon the general shape of the shell, and upon the width of the last whorl and
of the umbilicus. The variation is so great and the gradation so minute that it is almost impossible to determine just
what should be the normal form" (Henderson, 193 Ib). "I am disposed to look upon all of the described species and
varieties of Carinifex as subspecies of a widely spread stock ..." (Pilsbry, 1934a).
Ten nominal species or subspecies are associated with Menetus s.s. in addition to its type species, M, operations
Gould 1847. Two of the names are replacements for preoccupied names, multttineatus Vanatta 1899 for oregonemis
Vanatta 1895 {non oregonensis Tryon 1865) and cooperi F.C. Baker 1940 for planulattts J.G. Cooper (in W. Cooper)
1859 (non planulatus Deshayes 1824). The other six names are calliogtyptus Vanatta 1895, centervillensis Tryon
1871, crassilabris F.C. Baker 1945, labiatus F.C. Baker 1945, planospirus F.C. Baker 1945 and portlandsmis F.C.
Baker 1945. Whether any of these are more than forms or synonyms of opercularis is not presently known. The
subgenus needs critical study. Dall (1905) was of the opinion that there was only one species, and, from my own
limited observations, I agree. "The sculpture [of M, opercularis} is like that of [Promenetus] exacuous, the spiral
sculpture being faint and sometimes absent in southern specimens, and tending to be emphasized in northern ones. As
a rule the margin of the aperture is not thickened except in young specimens which have been overtaken by drought
or winter before maturity. The keel is generally, but not always, present in southern shells, but those from Oregon
and northward show a tendency to form a shell either without a noticable keel, or with the keel forming a margin to
201
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a plane upper surface, rather thin t median cirina. When compared with Cooper's types to the National Museum Mr.
Vanatta's/! ["Ptanorbis"] callioglyptus is seen to be identical. The variety oregonensis retains the typical form but
has stronger spiral sculpture. I regard P. centervillensis of Tryon as a P. pltmulatus with the keel obsolete. What ap-
pear to be intergradational forms are numerous in the large series in the National Museum; though it would seem
incredible to any one possessing only the extremes that they can belong to the same species" (Dall, 1905: 93).
F.C. Baker (1945) said the following about his subgenus Micromenetus. "The group here separated $& Micro-
menetus differs from typical Menetus in the size of the shell which is always much smaller, none exceeding 4 mm. in
diameter. The form of the shell is lenticular and there is usually a peripheral carina more or less well developed.
The penial gland has a duct which is almost three times as long as the gland and is attached to the inner wall of the
preputium for the peater part of its length ... In typical Menetus, this duct is short and enters the diaphragm direct-
ly without being attached to the wall of the preputium ... The pseudobranch in Micromenetus is also very long and
narrow while in typical Menetus it is short and wide .. .These are small differences, perhaps, but they appear con-
stant. Micromenetus differs from both Promenetus and Planorbula in the shape of the penial gland. As far as exam-
ined the radulae of the two groups differ in formulae, that of Menetus being 20-1-20 while in Micromenetus it is
15-1-15."
54
If it turns out that the eastern subgenus Micromenetus is represented by only one variable species, M. dilatatus
(ix,, if the nominal species M. brogntartianus and M, sampsoni fall within the normal variation of M dilatatus), as
the western Menetus s.s. is represented by only the variable M operations, then separating the two species each into
a separate subgenus does not seem justified.
How many species to recognize in the subgenus Micromenetus is difficult to decide without an intensive study of
the group. Eight names for Recent planorbids are associated with the subgenus. Menetus dilatatus (Gould 1841) is
the type species. Other names are alabamensis Pilsbry 1895, brogniartianus Lea 1842, buchanensis Lea 1841, flori-
densis F.C. Baker 1945, lem Lea 1838, lenticulsris Lea 1844, pennsylvanicus Pilsbry 1916 and sampsoni 'Ancey*
Sampson 1885. F.C. Baker (1945) listed buchanensis, floridensis and pennsylvanicus as subspecies of M. dilatatus.
However, whether these are true subspecies or simply forms or synonyms is not known, but judging from Baker's
'splitting' in other groups they probably do not justify recognition by latinized names. Lea's brogniartianus and
Klsbry's alabamensis are both earinate forms at present not separable by their descriptions. They may prove to be
only variations of dilatatus. From the specimens that I have observed, M. sampsoni differs from dttatatus by its
rounder, less flared aperture and wider, shallower umbilicus. Whether or not these are constant characters is not
known at present. Lea's lens (preoccupied) and lenticularis are synonyms of brogniartianus,
Twelve Recent nominal specific or subspeciflc names are associated with PUmorbella s.s.: beUa Lea 1841, cam-
panulata Say 1821, canadensis F.C. Baker &Cahn 1931, coffins F.C. Baker 1939, davhi Winslow I926,michiganen-
sis F.C. Baker 1927, minor Dunker 1850, multivolvis Case 1847, rideauensis F.C. Baker 1945, rudentU Dall 1905,
smithi F.C. Baker 1912 and wisconsinensis Winslow 1926. Say's campanulata is the type species of Planorbella,
Binney (1865c) inspected Lea's type specimen of bella, an immature shell, and placed it in the synonymy of P. cam-
panulata. F.C. Baker (1928c) synonymized minor with P. campanulata s.s. Clarke (1973) placed canadensis, davisi,
rudentis and wisconsinensis in the synonymy of P. campanulata s.s.
57Dall (1905) proposed the section Haldemanina for Lea's (1858) Planorbis wheatleyi. F.C. Baker (1945) was "dis-
posed to accept Haldemanina as a subpoup under Planorbula," and this arrangement was followed by Zilch (1959).
However, Pilsbry & Ferriss (1906) considered Haldemanina to be an absolute synonym of Planorbula, and, on in-
specting specimens of Planorbula wheatleyi in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I am inclined to
agree with them.
go
Names associated with the genus Promenetus are cams Pilsbry & Ferriss 1906, coloradoensis F.C. Baker 1945,
exacuous Say 1821, harni Tilsbry' Ham 1891, hudsonicus Pilsbry 1934, hyalina Lea 1838, megas Dall 1905, rubellus
Sterki 1894, umbilicatettm Cockerell 1887 and umbilicatus J.W. Taylor 1885. Haldeman (1842-45 [1844]) and sub-
sequent authors have considered hyalina to be a scalariform P. exacuous. Ham's (1891) hami is a nomen nudum,
which Pilsbry (1899d) synonymized with P. rubellus. CoekerelTs umbilicatettus is a replacement name for J.W. Tay-
lor's umbilicatus (non Planorbis umbilicatus Miller 1774). F.C. Baker (1945) described (posthumously) colorado-
ensis as a member of the genus Menetus. H.B. Baker (1946) placed it with Promenetus. Hibbard & Taylor (1960)
synonymized it, along with hudsonicus, megas and rubellus, with exacuous. In regard to differentiae as based on
shell characters, I agree with the synonymies above. I have not seen the type specimens of P. cams, but I anticipate
202
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that they will prove to be the same as P. umbilicatellus,
59D.W. Taylor (1960) erected a subgemis, Phreatomenetus, for Promenetus umbilicatellus (CockereU) (type species),
the Texan P. cams (Pilsbry & Ferriss) and the Central American and Caribbean P. circumlineatus (Shuttleworth).
However, because of the small number of species known from Promenetus s.l. (only two of which have been studied
anatomically), and the considerable variability which exists between species of Planorbidae, Clarke (1973) did not
consider it prudent to recognize subgenera in the genus Promenetus.
60The genus Vorticifex is based on the fossil species V. tryoni Meek (in Dall) 1870. Living species are included in
the subgenus Pampholyx. Separating the fossil species from the Recent ones by placing them in different subgenera
may not be desirable. "The variability of the species [of Vorticifex s.l.], and the intergradations of form,, are so
great that no subordinate groupings within the genus seem practicable at this time" (Taylor, 1966a).
61 Vorticifex (Pampholyx) solida (Dall) may not be specifically distinct from V. (P.) effusa (Lea).
£-J
Walter (1970) was of the opinion that all four species of Neoplanorbis are only variants of Amphigyra alabamensis
Pilsbry. I have not had time to investigate this.
fv""5
The species of Fluminicola are not dealt with in the identification key. A list of species with distributions can be
found on pp. 22-23.
In spite of the several publications which deal with the subgenus Walkeriila, it is still not well defined. For ex-
ample, in proposing the subgenus, Thiele (1928) mentioned that the radula of its type species, Somatogyrus (Walker-
ilia) coosaemis Walker, has a central tooth with a finely serrated cutting edge (in his fig. 25 he shows a central tooth
with a non-prominent central cusp flanked on each side by nine lateral cusps) and on each side a row of 8-10 basal
denticles. The central tooth of S, isogonus (Say) he illustrated as having a prominent central cusp flanked by four
lateral cusps, and a row of three basal cusps on each side. Yet Thompson (1969) illustrated S. (W.Jtenax Thompson
as having a relatively prominent central cusp flanked by six lateral cusps, and a row of three basal cusps on each side.
Thompson (1969) figured the verge of 5. (W.) tenax (it is a simple tapering structure with a single duct leading to its
apex) and indicated that this type of verge is subgenerically distinct from that of Somatogyrus s.s. The sculpture of
the apical whorls of S. fW.) tenax is also considered subgenerically distinct, and is described as "fine spiral striations
which begin on first quarter of whorl as minute punctations, then become more intense and coalesce into distinct
striations that terminate at the end of the apical whorl where the striations are slightly oblique."
The species of Somatogyrus s.s. are not dealt with in the identification key. A list of species with distributions
can be found on pp. 23-24.
Much of the key on the southern, especially Floridanian, Hydrobiinae is based on the detailed studies of Thomp-
son (1968, 1969).
The monotypic genus Hoyia is distinguished by its radula (F.C. Baker, 1926a). Its anatomy has not been studied,
so its subfamflial placement is presumptive. "The radula of [Hoyia} sheldoni is totally unlike that of any other
American amnicoloid observed or published. The teeth are all very small, about a third the size of those ofAmnicola
limosa, and the denticulations are very fine, all teeth beyond the central being multicuspid, with the cusps of equal
size" (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
68
Taylor (1966b) characterizes Tryonia as follows; "Shell turriform, with more whorls, a narrower outline, smaller
aperture, and a deeper suture than in most Pyrgophorus. The sculpture may consist only of growth line [s], or may
be coarsely lirate, plicate, or reticulate. Spines of the shoulder of the shell (characteristic of Pyrgophorus) are un-
known in Tryonia.
"Virtually all of the species are known by shell alone, so that no trenchant characterization of the genus is pos-
sible. Tryonia cheatumi is known to be ovoviviparous like Pyrgophorus (Pilsbry, 1935b [a])."
69
The species of Aphaostracon are not dealt with in the identification key. A list of species with distributions can
be found on pp. 19-20.
203
-------
The keys for the genera Marstonia and Rhapinema are from Thompson (1977).
The species of Cincinnatia, Fontelicella s.s., Natricola and Fontigens are not dealt with in the identification key.
lists of species with distributions are given on pp. 25-26, 30-31.
72
Distinguishing characters for Amnicola s.s. and Lyogyrus are from Thompson (1968). The species of neither of
these two subgenera are dealt with in the identification key. Lists of species with distributions can be found on pp.
28-30.
Msbry & Ferriss (1906) described small discoidal shells found in drift debris of the Guadalupe River in Texas
as Valvata micro and V. micra nugax, but called attention to similarities of the shells to the Palaearctic hydrobiids
Horatia Bourguignat and Daudebardiella Boettger. Rlsbry and Ferriss stated further that, until fresh specimens with
soft parts or opercula were found, the taxonomic position of these tiny mollusks would remain uncertain. In 1916,
Pilsbry placed them in the genus Horatia and the subgenus Hauffenia Pollonera. Bole (1970) separated Hauffenia as
a genus distinct from Horatia, using characters of the seminal receptacle and operculum to distinguish the two taxa.
Taylor (1975) placed micra in Hauffenia and nugax in Horatia. As yet, there are no published anatomical or oper-
cular data on the American species, so it is not known to which, if either, genus they belong.
There is considerable local variation in Leptoxis s.s., which has been responsible for the creation of many nominal
species and a large synonymy. "It is clear to the eye [that] the Anculosa [= Leptoxis s.s.] of the main parts of the
Cumberland and Tennessee rivers [are] higher in proportion to diameter than are shells of headwaters and tribu-
taries. ... In Anculosa [=Leptoxis s^.], environmental polymorphism... is less simple than in the lithasias that
have been studied. The main river anculosae follow the rule of having shorter spires than the upriver and tributary
colonies. There is also another environmental modification. The body whorls of main river anculosae are higher in
proportion to diameter than those of head and tributary waters. ... The changes are irregularly progressive" (Good-
rich, 1934a: 12, IS). "A. subglobosa Say is the headstream representative in the Tennessee River system. It is re-
placed downstream by A. [Leptoxis] praerosa Say in the main river, and those forms of Anculosa [Leptoxis} which
penetrate the lower tributaries are, with only one or two exceptions, either this species or obvious offshoots of it.
The group can be spoken of as the wbglobosa-praerosa complex" (Goodrich, 1938:4-6).
75Goodrieh (1940d: 19) mentions that the radula of Mudalia ["Nitocris"} is distinctly different from that of Lep-
toxis s.s. ["the true Anculosa"}. As yet, I have not been able to confirm this. Any future study of the generic/sub-
generic relationships of these two groups should include an inspection of their radulae with the scanning electron
microscope.
*7#»
The shell of Leptoxis taeniata is quite variable in regard to spiral sculpturing, ranging from completely smooth to
lirate. In the past, populations with lirate forms have been called L, griffithlma (Lea).
77Smooth shells may occur in various populations of Leptoxis formosa, but spiral striae are characteristic of the
species.
78
The species of Etimia, Juga, Lithasia s.s., Angitrems and Pleurocera are not dealt with in the identification key.
lists of species with distributions can be found on pp. 32-42,44-48.
The species of Stagnicola and Lanx s.s. are not dealt with in the identification key. A list of species with distribu-
tions can be found on pp. 51-53.
80Various lymnaeids are characterized by having radulae £~f) /w^^dj O |w^id)
with either bicuspid or tricuspid lateral teeth. In the ' ' ' - • ' III A
genus Fossaria, members of the subgenus Fossarm s.s. have / \ \ / v \ / \ \ As \
tricuspid lateral teeth (Fig. 773a), whereas members of • J *^—3 ' ' V
the subgenus Bakenlymnaea have bicuspid laterals (Fig. * b
773b). Because of possession of bicuspid lateral teeth FIG m LymnasU tadldat teeth if. gmtal tooth mA
(characteristic of North American Stagnicola), Oaken- a tricuspid 1st lateral tooth; b, a central tooth and a W-
lymnaea was previously placed with the stagnicolas. cuspid 1st lateral tooth.
204
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1
The relationships of the Alaskan representatives of the Holarctic Fossaria truncatula to Eurasian members of the
species, as well as to the more eastern American fossarias, has not been critically studied.
82
The shape of the shell of Fossaria (Bakeritymnaea) hendersoni from Colorado is quite similar to that of F, (B.)
sonomaensis. Hibbard & Taylor (1960) considered the shell of F. (B.) hendersoni to fall within the range of varia-
tion of F. (B.) cockerelli. F. (B.) sonomaensis also may prove to be merely a morph of cockerefli, or of bulimoides,
as suggested by Clarke (1973).
83
The strong spiral striation of "Galba" alberta F.C. Baker suggests that this morph or species may belong to Stagni-
cola rather than to Fossaria (Bakerifymnaea).
The distinction between Fossaria datii and F, perplexa seems a bit dubious. The latter has been reported from
Washington (F.C. Baker & Henderson, 1929) and (as a morph of bulimoides) from California,Montana,Utah, Nevada
and Arizona (Clarke, 1973).
QC
The Physidae are taken to genera in this key, except for Aplexa and Stenophysa, which are keyed to species, lists
of species with distributions can be found on pp. 53-57.
fift
North American snails of the genus Aplexa have generally been referred to the Eurasian species A. hypnonim
(linnaeus). Starobogatov & Streletzkaja (1967) and Te (1978, 1980) recognized the Western Hemisphere Aplexa
%$A. elongata (Say). Starobogatov & Streletzkaja reported A. elongata also in eastern Siberia.
87Couplets 5,6 and 7 are from Walker (1908c).
88From Clarke (1973).
89
F.C. Baker (1945) recognized only two species of Planorbella s.s., P. campanulata (Say) and P. muMvolvis (Case),
but for campanulata he recognized the nine subspecies [as Helisoma (Planorbella) campamtlatum] listed below. [I
have ommitted three subspecies known only as fossils.]
P, campanulata campanulata (Say 1821). Vermont west to North Dakota, south to Ohio and Illinois, north-
ward to Great Slave Lake (F.C. Baker, 1928c).
P. campanulata wisconsinemis (Winslow 1926). Wisconsin, Michigan, and probably Quebec, Ontario and Mani-
toba (Window, 1926; F.C. Baker, 1928c).
P. campanulata davisi (Winslow 1926). Michigan and Wisconsin (F.C. Baker, 1928c); New Hampshire (F.C.
Baker, 1942c).
P. campanulata canadensis (F.C. Baker & Cahn 1931). Lakes of northern Ontario (F.C. Baker & Cahn, 1931).
P. campanulata coltimi (F.C. Baker 1939). Lake of the Woods District, western Ontario (F.C. Baker, 1939b).
F. campanulata michiganensis (F.C. Baker 1927). Mud Lake, Roscommon County, Michigan (F.C. Baker,
1927e).
P, campanulata rudentis (Dall 1905). Knee Lake, on Hayes River, Keewatin, northern Manitoba, Canada (Dall
1905; F.C. Baker & Cahn, 1931).
P campanulata smithi (F.C. Baker 1912). Douglas Lake, Michigan; ? also northern Wisconsin (F.C. Baker,
1928c).
F. campanulata rideauensis (F.C. Baker 1945). Rideau River, Ottawa, Canada (F.C. Baker, 1945).
Clarke (1973) placed rudentis Dall, wisconsinemis Winslow, davisi Winslow and canadensis F.C. Baker & Cahn in
the synonymy of campanulata s.s. He recognized collinsi F.C. Baker and also apparently multivohis Case as sub-
species of campanulata.
QA
Most of the nominal taxa within the subgenus Pierosoma are not critically enough defined, especially in regard to
geographic, microgeographic and ecophenotypic variation, to present more than a very tentative taxonomy at this
time. F.C. Baker (1945: 149) recognized [as "Helisoma {Pierosoma)"] 17 species plus an additional 10 subspecies
for North America north of Mexico: ammon (Gould), binneyi (Tryon), chautauquensis F.C. Baker, corpulenta cor-
pulenta (Say), corpulenta vermilionensis F.C. Baker, homi (Tryon), magnifica (PUsbry), multicostata multicostata
F.C. Baker, multicostata whiteavesi F.C. Bakei,occidentalis occidental (Cooper), occidentalis depressa F.C. Baker,
oregonensis (Tiyon),pUsbryipilsbryi(F.C. Baker),ptisbryi infraearinata (F.C. Baker), plexata (Ingersoll), subcrenata
205
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subcrenata (Carpenter), subcrenata disjecta (Cooper), tenuis califomiensis F.C. Baker, tenuis sinuosa (Bonnet), traski
(Lea), trivolvis trivolvis (Say), trivolvis fallax (Haldeman), trivolvis lenta (Say), trivolvis macrastoma (Whiteaves),
trivolvis turgida (Jeffreys), truncata (Miles) and winslowi (F.C. Baker). Baker (pp. at.) included P. homi and P.
plexata as subspecies of subcrenata on plates 90,92 and 93. He named additional taxa later in the same work: ran-
dolphi (a variety of binneyi), columbiensis, kennicatti, preblei (a variety of pilsbryi),perdi$juncta (a variety of sub-
crenata) and marshaltt (a variety of trivolvis),
Clarke (1973) placed fallax Haldeman and macrostoma (Whiteaves) in the synonymy of trivolvis (Say), homi
(Tryon) and plexata (Ingersoll) in the synonymy of subcrenata (Carpenter), kennicotti F.C. Baker and preblei F.C.
Baker in the synonymy of pilsbryi mfmcannata F.C. Baker, and muMcostata EC. Baker in the synonymy of cor-
pulenta (Say). He (op. cit.) considered subcrenata to be a subspecies of trivolvis.
nt
The subgenus Seminolina was named by Pilsbry (1934a) to include "Helisoma" scalare (Jay 1839) (the type spe-
cies), "Helisoma" duryi (Wetherby 1879) and its subspecies and forms, and the Pliocene "Helisoma" conanti (Dall
1890) and "Helisoma" disstoni (Dall 1890). He (p. 31) characterized them as, "Helisomas in which the external
duct from penial gland to upper sac is short and adnate. Shell shaped Eke Pierosoma or with the spire produced on
the left side and scalar, Physa-shaped. The smooth or malleate surface is not thread-striate, usually glossy." F.C.
Baker (1945: 130,134) further characterized the subgenus: "Shell... Large; sinistral, physa-shaped or planorboid,
with every padation between these forms, usually widely or deeply umbilicated; surface smooth, usually glossy,
without the thread-like striae of Pierosoma. ... Seminolina is a notable group of the subfamily Helisomatinae and
one of the most variable genera as regards species. The physoid aspect of its type species, Paludina scalaris Jay, led
the older conchologists to include it in Physa and the genus Ameria of the family [sicj Bulinidae. The largest spe-
cies, [sic] Helisoma duryi (Wetherby), is perhaps more variable than any other species found in America, its extremes
being from typical Physa-shaped to flatly discoidal shell. The elongation of the spire always produces a physoid
aspect. The races of duryi blend into each other and often three forms will occur in the same lot, as normals, inter-
calare, and duryi"
, scalaris
1
o
tu
on
duryi duryi
duryi normalis
duryi seminolis
duryi eudiscus
f (T~~~"^ ) duryi preglabmta
duryi intercalaris
scalaris
, disstoni
conanti
w
B3
8
*—M
Bu
FIG. 774. Diagram showing relations of Florida forms of Planorbella of the subgenus SeminoMna (from PUstay, 1934a).
206
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The Planorbella (Pierosoma) ammon (Gould) group includes the nominal species ammon Gould 1855, traski Lea
1856, binneyi Tryon 1867, occidentalis Cooper 1870 and columbiensis F.C. Baker 1945, "H, binneyi, H. ammon,
H. occidentals, and H. traskii are all closely related and may be found to belong to 1 species when the problem is
investigated thoroughly" (Clarke, 1973: 465).
Henderson (1934a) discussed and figured the latter four nominal species. Of P. ammon he said, "An important
character is the strong slope of the lateral outline, giving the sheE somewhat the shape of a truncated cone. This is
shared by most Helisoma species, but is more marked than usual in this species. Many much depressed specimens of
similar diameter from California might easily be assigned to ammon, and there seem to be some interpades, but I
am inclined to believe there is no close relationship between them." Regarding P, traski, Henderson said, "The re-
semblance of this species to binneyi is notable, but it is more nearly barrel shaped, considerably higher proportion-
ally, and the sculpture less pronounced, especially on the last whorl, where the striae are very fine, but just in front
of the aperture they are coarser, and the apical whorls are deeply sunken. Young specimens of ammon from the
same region much resemble traskii, but they soon begin to lose their barrel shape and take on the truncated cone
shape of ammon, the carina is not so sharp and the apex not so deeply sunken." Henderson (op. ciY.) selected a
neotype for P, occidentalis from Klamath Lake, Oregon. "The neotype measures 27.5 mm. in diameter and 15 mm.
in altitude just back of the slightly everted lip, approximating Cooper's maximum measurements. The last whorl is
not carinate, but is shortly rounded above and more broadly below. ... Though somewhat resembling//, binneyi
(Tryon) in the strap-like whorls, occidentalis differs markedly in the less pronounced sculpture and the disappear-
ance of the carina at an early stage of growth."
"Helisoma columbieme shows relationship to the binneyi group in its sculpture and the carination of its whorls.
It differs from the members of that group in that it is of smaller size, has less relative axial height, its rib striae are
less widely spaced and the whorls are usually more angulate. It differs from the mbcrenatum group in having more
regular and less widely spaced rib striae, in its angulated base and spire depression, and in the shape of the aperture"
(F.C. Baker, 1945: 223).
A second nominal species will also fit the diagnosis provided by the second halves of key couplets 40 and 46,
Planorbella (Pierosoma) tenuis (Fig. 735). It is not clear to me just which shell features can be used to separate it
from P, (P.) trivolvis mbcrenata. My general impression is that temris is usually smaller and more finely sculptured
than typical subcrenata. F.C. Baker (1934a) named a subspecies from Santa Clara County, California, Helisoma
tenue califomiense, "This race is widely distributed in California from Santa Clara County southward. Helisoma
tenue is widely distributed in California and does not differ materially from the species as found in Mexico and Ari-
zona." F.C. Baker (1945) figured "Helisoma tenue sinuosum (Bonnet)" from Arizona, Texas, New Mexico and
Mexico.
^Key couplets 44 and 45 are from Clarke (1973).
A second nominal species or subspecies will also fit the diagnosis provided by the second half of key couplet 44,
Planorbella (Pierosoma) winslowi (F.C. Baker 1926). It is not clear to me just which shell features can be used to
separate it from P. (P.) corpulenta corpulenta, F.C. Baker (1926b) named it originally as "a very distinct variety of
trivolvis. It resembles pilsbryi in some respects, but is smaller, only about half the size of adult individuals of that
variety, and the body whorl is sharply angulated and more flat-sided. It was first thought to represent a distinct spe-
cies, but the presence of individuals varying toward trivolvis in the type lot, as well as in nearby waters, indicate a
relationship to this large planorbid." Further, the shell characteristics of P, (P.) winslowi merge into P. (P,) pilsbryi
infracarinata, which merge with P, (P.) pilsbryi s.s., which in turn seem to merge into P, (P.) trivolvis. (See note 96.)
n£
Clarke (1973: 459 ff.) recognized the subspecies Helisoma [= Planorbella] (Pierosoma) pilsbryi infracarinatum
F.C. Baker 1932, but not without some hesitation. "Since reliable criteria are lacking for any new evaluation of the
biological relationship between this taxon and the more southern Helisoma [=Planorbella] pilsbryi Baker, the most
recent opinion (Baker, 1945: 138) is followed and the name H. p. infracarinatum is used. ... Baker [1936b] . ..
commented on the 'perplexing variation' in this subspecies. The variation is so great, in fact, that one is initially
tempted to consider it analogous to the variation exhibited by Gyraulm deflectus and to regard Helisoma [=Planor-
bella (Pierosoma)} pilsbryi infracarinatum as a frequently occurring morphological variant of H. trivolvis (Say). . ..
It is also possible that Helisoma pilsbryi infracarinatum is a morph which is intermediate between H. corpukntum
(s, str,) and H. trivolvis ($. sir.) derived from sporadic Introgressive hybridization or representing a surviving parental
stock from which H. corpulentum arose. The status of H, p. infracarinatum as a separate taxon requires additional
research" (Clarke, 1973: 461-462).
207
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Clarke (1973) placed Helisoma ketmicotti F.C. Baker 1945 and Helisoma pilsbryipreblei RC. Baker 1945 in the
synonymy of Planorbella (Pierosoma) pilsbryi infracarinata (F.C. Baker).
From a comparison of authentic material of pilsbryi (paratypes, ANSP 140269) and infracarinata (paratypes,
ANSP 158589), as well as wnslaw F.C. Baker 1926 (paratypes, ANSP 158596), and considering variation seen in
other museum lots and presented in the literature, I can see no compelling reason to separate the three forms taxo-
nomically with latinized names. Further, I suspect that Planorbella pilsbryi is not taxonomically distinct from P.
trivolvis,
The spire carinae !n the form infracarinata have a tendency to be better developed than in pilsbryi; these earinae
are rather prominent in the form winslowi, the shell of which also has well-developed basal carinae.
97
F.C. Baker's opinions regarding Planorbella (Pierosomaj trivolvis (Say) changed over the years. In his final (1945)
publication, he recognized the eight subspecies [as Helisoma (Pierosoma) trivolvis} listed below and gave various
localities.
P. trivolvis trivolvis (Say 1817). "This type of shell is abundantly distributed in the northeastern part of the
United States from Maine westward to Nebraska. The southward extension of the typical form appears to
be northern Illinois and Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey" (F.C. Baker, 1936b). In 1945, Baker
mentioned New York, Michigan and Wisconsin.
P. trivolvis fallax (Haldeman 1844). Massachusetts, Maine.
P. trivolvis lenta (Say 1834). Central Illinois, Tennessee, Louisiana, Texas.
P. trivolvis macrostoma (Whiteaves 1863). Southern Canada, northern Wisconsin.
P, trivolvis turgida (Jeffreys 1830) (=intertexta Sowerby 1878). South Carolina?, Florida, Alabama, Texas,
Arkansas.
P. trivolvis marshalli (F.C. Baker 1945). New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Virginia.
P. trivolvis chautauquensis (F.C. Baker 1928). Chautauqua River, New York.
P. trivolvis holstonensis (F.C. Baker 1945). Holston River, southwestern Virginia.
Clarke (1973) added subcrenata Carpenter 1857 as a subspecies of Planorbella ["Helisoma"} trivolvis, giving its
distribution as California to British Columbia and Yukon Territory and east to Utah, Colorado, Minnesota and Mani-
toba. He placed fallax Haldeman and macrostoma Whiteaves in the synonymy of trivolvis s.s., and homi Tryon 1865
and plexata Ingersoll 1876 in the synonymy of subcrenata.
I doubt if it is advisable at this time to recognize varieties or subspecies of Planorbella trivolvis, at least untfl a
careful study is undertaken and completed on this common and wide-spread complex of North American planorbid
snails. However, if geographic subspecific names fit a need, then perhaps four can be tentatively adopted: P, trivolvis
s.s. (northern North America east of the Rocky Mountains, south to Nebraska, northern Illinois, Pennsylvania and
New Jersey), P. trivolvis lenta (central U.S.A. south of Nebraska and central DUnois to Texas (?) and Louisiana), P.
trivolvis turgida (southeastern U.S.A., south of Pennsylvania and west to Alabama, Arkansas and possibly Texas),
and P. trivolvis subcrenata (Rocky Mountain and Pacific states and provinces, possibly east in the north to Manitoba
and Minnesota).
Pilsbry (1934a) recognized six races of Planorbella fSeminolinaj dtuyt: duryi $s,, intercalaris Pilsbry 1887, pre-
glabrata Marshall 1926, eudiscus Pilsbry 1934, normalis Pilsbry 1934 and seminolis Pilsbry 1934. These, along with
P. (S.) scalaris, are illustrated in Fig. 774.
Planorbella (Seminolina) duryi seminolis is the subspecies which is characterized by an everted spire of varying
degrees. Higher spired individuals are very similar in appearance to P, (SJ scalaris, but the latter is narrower and
generally less widely umbilicate. Also, in/! (S.) duryi seminolis, the "lower [i.e., anterior] margin of [thej aperture
is generally advanced beyond [that of] the upper [i.e., posterior]" margin (except in exceptionally long individuals)
(Pilsbry, 1934a: 35), whereas in P, (S.j scalaris the upper (posterior) margin of the aperture (when viewed from the
spire end of the shell) projects further than the lower (anterior) margin.
"The identification key for the Ancylidae is adapted from Basch (1963).
208
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100The lateral teeth ofRhodacmea are distinct from other
North American ancylids by the possession of an "enor-
mous mesocone, the blade-like cusp extending beyond the
base, the ectocone is back of the mesocone, entirely sepa-
rated from it and has several small cusps; there is no endo-
cone" (Walker, 1918b) [Fig. 775].
central tooth
1st lateral tooth
/
FIG. 775. Central and 1st radular teeth of aneylid limpets.
Rhodacmea is on the left.
209
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GENERIC SYNONYMY
Acroluxus Keep 1887 = misspelling of Acroloxus Beck 1837. ("Acroluxus Nuttalli, Hald." in Keep
(1887) = Fisherola nuttalli (Haldeman 1841).)
Atteghenya Clench & Boss 1967 = Mudalia Haldeman 1840.
Amarula Sowerby 1842 = Thiara Roding 1798.
Amblostoma Rafinesque (in Binney) 1865 = Ambloxis Raflnesque 1818, which is an unidentifiable
name. Both names have the same type species, A. ebumea Rafinesque (in Binney) 1865,
Ambloxis Rafinesque 1818 = an unidentifiable name; occasionally mentioned as possibly being the
same as Campeloma Rafinesque 1819.
Ambloxm Rafinesque 1831 = Thiara Roding 1798,
Ameria Dall 1870, preoccupied = Seminottna Pilsbry 1934.
AmpuUaria Lamarck 1799 = Pila Roding 1798, a genus of Africa and Asia. In the earlier literature,
species of Pomacea were erroneously assigned to the genus AmpuUaria.
Ampullarius Montfort 1810 = /*omacea Perry 1810.
Anaplocamus Dall 1895 =Mudalia Haldeman 1840.
Anculosa Say 1821 = Leptoxis Rafinesque 1819.
Anculotus Say 1825 = emendation of Anculosa Say 1821 = Leptoxis Rafinesque 1819.
Ancylotus 'Say' Herrmannsen 1846 = emendation of Anculosa Say 1821 = Leptoxis Rafinesque
1819.
Ancylus Miiller 1774= a genus of the Palaearctic and Ethiopian regions. In the earlier literature,
many or most ancylid species of the Western Hemisphere, as well as the patelliform Lymnaei-
dae, were erroneously assigned to the genus Ancylus.
Apella 'Mighels* Anthony 1843 = Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 1845. Apella is an invalid name based on
an unknown species.
Aphella "'Mighels' Anthony" Hannibal 1912 = misspelling of Apella 'Mighels' Anthony 1843 =
Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 1845.
Armigerus Clessin 1884 = Biomphalaria Preston 1910, See Opinion 735 [ 1965] of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Australorbis Pilsbry 1934 = Biomphalaria Preston 1910.
Bithinia Gray 1824 = Bithynia Leach (in Abel) 1818,
Bovillina Dall 1924 = Orygoceras Brusina 1882.
Bulimnaea 'Haldeman' Hubendick 1951 = misspelling of Bulimnea Haldeman 1841.
Bulimula Dall 1885 = Bithynia Leach (in Abel) 1818.
Bulimus Scopoli 1777, suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
Opinion 475, 1957 = Bithynia Leach (in Abel) 1818.
Bulinus Miiller 1781 = a planorbid genus of Africa, the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, and
some of the Indian Ocean islands. In the earlier literature, it was occasionally used erroneously
for members of the Physidae, including North American Aplexa,
Bythinella Moquin-Tandon 1856 = a European genus; it is not known to occur in North America.
Bythinia MacGillivray 1843 = Bithynia Leach (in Abel) 1818.
Cattina Hannibal 1912 = Viviparus Montfort 1810.
Carnifex Keep 1893 = misspelling of Carinifex W.G. Binney 1865.
Ceratodes Guilding 1828 = Marisa Gray 1824.
Ceriphasia Swainson 1840 = Pleurocera Rafinesque 1818,
Chilocydus Gill 1863 = Pomatiopsts Tryon 1862.
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Cincinna Hiibner 1810= Valvata Miiller 1774.
Cochliopa Stimpson 1865 = a genus of Panama; not found in North America (see Morrison, 1946),
Conchytium Cuvier 1816 = Pomacea Perry 1810.
Costella Meek 1876 = Costatella Dall 1870.
Cyclemis Rafinesque 1819, undeterminable = ? Viviparus Montfort 1810.
Cyclostoma Lamarck 1799 = Epitonium Roding 1798, a marine snail; Cyclostoma Draparnaud
1801 = Pomatias Studer 1789, a land snail. Some North American freshwater truncatelloid
snails have previously been erroneously assigned this generic name.
Dentatus 'Beck'Gray 1847 = Planorbula Haldeman 1840.
Discus Haldeman 1840, preoccupied = Planorbula Haldeman 1840.
Elttpstoma Rafinesque 1818 = an unidentifiable name.
Euamnicola Crosse & Fischer 1891 = Amnicola Gould & Haldeman 1840.
Eurycaelon Lea 1864 = Lithasia Haldeman 1840.
Galba Schrank 1803 = a nomen dubium, based on an unidentifiable species (Galba pusilla Schrank
1803). In the past, Galba has been used unfortunately sometimes in place of Fossaria or Stag-
nicola.
Glottella Gray 1847 =Angitrema Haldeman 1841.
Goniobasis Lea 1862 = Eltmia H. & A. Adams 1854. The type species of Goniobasis is Goniobasis
osculata Lea 1862, selected by Hannibal (1912), which he said is the same as Melanin olivula
Conrad 1834. However, Goodrich (1936, 1941c) considered Lea's osculata to be a synonym
of Melania {"Goniobasis"} alabamemis Lea 1861 and Conrad's olivula to be a distinct species.
Both belong to the genus Etimia,
Gundlachia Pfeiffer 1849, type G, ancytiformis Pfeiffer 1849, by monotypy = a powth variant of
Ancylus havanensis Pfeiffer 1839, which is a synonym of Ancylus radiatm Guilding 1829 (fide
Harry & Hubendick, 1964). Not known to occur in the continental U.S.A. or Canada. Septate
ancylids of North America (north of Mexico) are referable to the genus Ferrissia.
Haldemania Clessin 1880, preoccupied - Ferrissia Walker 1903.
Haldemania Tryon 1862 = Lioplax Troschel 1856.
Haldemanina Dall 1905 = Planorbula Haldeman 1840.
Helicosoma Agassiz 1846 = Helisoma Swainson 1840.
Hydrobia Hartmann 1821 = a genus of Europe; it does not occur in North American fresh waters.
In the earlier literature, many species of freshwater truncatelloid snails of the Western Hemi-
sphere were assigned erroneously to this genus.
Hydrognoma Gistel 1848 = Thiara Roding 1798.
Hypsogyra Lindholm 1927 = Planorbella Haldeman 1842.
Ibicomu Dall 1924 = Orygoceras Brusina 1882.
Incilicornu Dall 1924 = Orygoceras Brusina 1882.
Kincaiditta Hannibal 1912 = Ferrissia Walker 1903.
Laphrostoma Rafinesque 1815, nomen nudum = Neritina Lamarck 1816.
Lecythoconcha Annandale 1920 = Cipangopaludina Hannibal 1912.
Leptolimnea Swainson 1840, type species Buccinum glabra Miiller 1774 = a European species,
Limnaea Blainville 1824 = Lymnaea Lamarck 1799.
Limnea Link 1807 = Lymnaea Lamarck 1799,
Limneus Draparnaud 1801 = Lymnaea Lamarck 1799.
Limnophysa Fitzinger 1833 = Stagnicola Leach (in Jeffreys) 1830.
Lithoglyphus Hartman 1821 =a European genus, possibly congeneric with the North American
Fluminicola Stimpson 1865 (see note 10, p. 195).
Lithoparches Gistel 1848 = Thiara Roding 1798.
Lutetta Haldeman 1840 = Bithynia Leach (in Abel) 1818.
Lymnaeus Cuvier 1817 = Lymnaea Lamarck 1799.
Lymneus Brard 1810 = Lymnaea Lamarck 1799.
Lymnula Rafinesque 1819 = Lymnaea Lamarck 1799.
211
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Lymnulus Rafinesque (in Binney) 1865 =Ambloxis Rafinesque 1818, which is an unidentifiable
name. Both names have the same type species,/!, ebumea Rafinesque (in Binney) 1865.
Lymnus Montfort 1810 = Lymnaea Lamarck 1799.
Lythasia 'Lea' H. & A. Adams 1854 = spelling variation of Lithasia Haldeman 1840.
Macrolimen Lea 1862 = Elimia H. & A. Adams 1854.
Megara H. & A. Adams 1854 - Angitrema Haldeman 1841.
Megastropha Walker 1918 = misspelling of Megasystropha Lea 1864.
Megasystropha Lea 1864= Carinifex Binney 1865. See Opinion 432 [1956] of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Melacantha Swainson 1840 = Thiara Roding 1798.
Melafusus Swainson 1840 = fo Lea 1831.
Melania Lamarck 1799 = Thiara Roding 1798.
Melanidia Rafinesque 1815 = Melania Lamarck 1799 = Thiara Roding 1798.
Melantho Bowdich 1822 = Campeloma Rafinesque 1819.
Melas Montfort 1810 = Thiara Roding 1798.
Melasma H. & A. Adams 1854 = Elimia H. & A. Adams 1854.
Melatoma Anthony 1843 (not Melatoma Swainson 1840)= Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 1845.
Melatoma Swainson 1840 = a marine group.
Meseschiza Lea 1864 = Angitrema Haldeman 1841.
Meseshiza Lea 1876 = spelling error of Meseschiza = Angitrema Haldeman 1841.
Nasonia F.C, Baker 1928, preoccupied = Bakerilymnaea Weyrauch 1964.
Nauta Leach (in Turton) 1831 =Aplexa Fleming 1820.
Nautilus Linnaeus 1758 = a tetrabranch cephalopod. Used for Gyraulus (Armiger) crista (Linnaeus
1758) in the original species description.
Nerita Linnaeus 1758 = a marine genus, not found in North American fresh waters.
Nitocris H. & A. Adams 1854 =Mudatta Haldeman 1840.
Omphemis Rafinesque 1819, undeterminable = ? Viviparus Montfort 1810.
Omphiscola Rafinesque 1819 = an unidentifiable name.
Oxytrema Rafinesque 1819 = nomen dubium.
Paludestrina Orbigny 1839 = Hydrobia Hartmann 1821, a genus of Europe; it does not occur in
North American fresh waters. In the earlier literature, many species of freshwater snails of the
Western Hemisphere were listed under both of these generic names.
Paludina Lamarck (in Ferussac) 1812 = Viviparus Montfort 1810.
Paradines Dall 1924 = Vorticifex Meek (in Ball) 1870.
Phreatomenetus Taylor 1960 = ? Promenetus F.C. Baker 1935.
Physina Rafinesque 1815 = Physa Draparnaud 1801.
Physodon Haldeman 1843 = Physetta Haldeman 1843.
Planorbina Haldeman 1842 = Biomphalaria Preston 1910. See Opinion 735 [1965] of the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Planorbis Miiller 1774 = a genus of the Palaearctic and Ethiopian regions. In the earlier literature,
many or most planorbid species of the Western Hemisphere were assigned erroneously to the
genus Planorbis.
Planorbutina Martens 1899, preoccupied = Planorbula Haldeman 1840.
Pleurovalvata Haas 1939 = Valvata Miiller 1774.
Pompholycodea Lindholm 1927 = Paraphotyx Hanna 1922.
Pompholyx Lea 1856, preoccupied = Parapholyx Hanna 1922.
Pomus H. & A. Adams 1856 = Pomacea Perry 1810.
Potamopyrgus Stimpson 1865 = a New Zealand genus; P. jenkinsi (Smith) has been introduced to
and is widely distributed in Britain and Europe, but as yet no species of Potamopyrgus is known
to occur in North America. North American species previously referred to Potamopyrgus
are now assigned to other genera.
Pseudogalba F.C. Baker 1913 = Fossarta Westerlund 1885.
212
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Pyrgula Cristofori & Jan 1832 = a genus of Europe; it does not occur in North American fresh
waters. In earlier literature, some species of North American truncatelloid snails were assigned
erroneously to this genus,
Rhodocephala Walker 1917 = Rhadacmea Walker 1917.
Scaphe 'Klein'Morch 1852 = Vitia Morch 1852, the North American subgenus of freshwater Neritinia,
Schizochilus Lea 1853 = Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 1845.
Schizostoma Lea 1843, preoccupied = Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 1845.
Segmentina Fleming 1817 = a genus of the Palaearctic region. In the earlier literature, species of
Planorbula sometimes erroneously were assigned to the genus Segmentina.
Simpsonia EC. Baker 1911, preoccupied = Pseudogalba EC. Baker 1913 = Fossaria Westerlund
1885.
Spirodon 'Anthony* Tryon 1873 = Mudalia Haldeman 1840.
Stimpsonia Clessin 1878, preoccupied = Fontigens Pilsbry 1933.
Strepoma 'Rafmesque ms.' Haldeman 1863 = Pleurocera Rafinesque 1818.
Taphius H. & A. Adams 1855 = Biomphalaria Preston 1910. See Opinion 735 [1965] of the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Telescopetta Gray 1847 = Pleurocera Rafinesque 1818.
Thomsonia Ancey 1886, preoccupied = Seminolina Pilsbry 1934.
Tiara Herrmannsen 1849, preoccupied = Thiara Roding 1798.
Tropidina H. & A. Adams 1854 = Valvata Miiller 1774.
Trypanostoma Lea 1862 = Pleurocera Rafinesque 1818.
Tylotoma 'Haldeman* Fischer 1885 = emendation for Tulotoma Haldeman 1840.
Vandeavia EC. Baker 1930 = Probythinella Thiele 1928.
Velletea Haldeman 1841 = spelling variation of Velletia Gray (in Turton) 1840 = Acroloxus Beck
1837. (Ancylus (Velletea) nuttallii Haldeman 1841 = Fisherola nuttalll (Haldeman 1841).)
Vivipara Sowerby 1813= Viviparus Montfort 1810.
Viviparella Rafinesque 1815 = Viviparus Montfort 1810.
213
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GLOSSARY
Abaxial. Directed away from the shell axis (i.e., the central line or central column of a coiled gas-
tropod shell) outward.
Aeroloxid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Acroloxidae.
Acute. Sharp at the end.
Anipullariid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Ampullariidae.
AncyUd, A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Ancylidae.
Ancyliform. Limpet-shaped; patelliform; shaped like an obtuse cone (see Fig. 13).
Angular, angulate. Having an angle (or having the tendency to form an angle), rather than a round
contour.
Angulation. Edge along which two surfaces in different planes meet at an angle.
ANSP. Abbreviation, usually associated with museum specimen catalogue numbers, for Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Aperture. The opening or "mouth" of a snail shell through which the head-foot protrudes when the
snail is active.
Attenuate. Slender; elongated; long and narrow.
Auctorum (abbr. auct.). Of authors.
Auger-shaped. Shaped like an auger, i.e., with a flattened base terminating in a sharp, pointed twist.
Axial. Parallel to the axis or columella of a shell, i.e., transverse to the direction of the shell's spiral
coil.
Base. The part of the shell opposite the apex. When a shell is held with the apex directed upward,
the base is the "bottom" part of the shell. In regard to the natural position of the sheE as carried
by the snail, the "base" is the anterior end.
Bithyniid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Bithyniidae.
Body whorl. The last complete whorl or volution of a spiral snail shell, measured from the outer lip
back to a point immediately above the outer lip (Fig. 5). It is normally the largest whorl of the shell,
and is called the body whorl because it encloses the greatest part of the snail's body.
Callus. A layer of calcareous material on a shell secreted by the snail's mantle.
214
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Campanulate, Flared at the end; bell-shaped,
Canaliculate. Bearing a channel or groove,
Carina (pi. carinae). A sharp spiral edge, ridge or "keel" on the outer shell surface (see Fig, 6).
Carinate. Having one or more sharp spiral edges, ridges or keels on the outer shell surface,
Central tooth. The median or raehidian tooth of a transverse row of radular teeth. It is flanked by
lateral teeth (see Fig. 772).
Channeled. Bearing a channel or groove.
Clavate. Club-shaped; growing gradually thicker toward one end.
Cleaver-like. Shaped like a butcher's cleaver, i.e., like a short, flat, broad cutting instrument.
Color bands. Revolving spiral stripes of a darker hue or different color from the ground or back-
ground color which occur on some species of gastropod shells.
Columella. The internal column around which the whorls revolve; the axis of a spiral shell.
Columellar lip. The apertural margin at the columellar region of a coiled gastropod shell (see Fig. 5).
Compressed. Refers to the spire of a gastropod shell which is relatively flattened, i.e., is not elon-
gated,
Concentric. Having the same center, e.g., the nucleus, and expanding outward in parallel (i.e., equi-
distant) lines, as in the lines of growth of an operculum (Fig. 15c).
Continental Divide. The highland which divides the North American continent into two very large
drainage regions, one in which the streams flow generally eastward into the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic
Ocean, Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean, and the other in which the streams flow generally west-
ward into the Great Basin, the Gulf of California, the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.
Corneous. Horn-like.
Costa (pi. costae). A transverse rib or rounded ridge of considerable size on the surface of a shell
(see Fig. 6).
Costate. Refers to a shell in which the surface is sculptured with heavy, regular transverse ridges or
ribs.
Crassate. Gross; thick; coarse; neither thin nor Fine.
Crepidulaform. Shaped like Crepidula, i.e., limpet-like with a small, coiled apex.
Ctenidium. The characteristic respiratory appendage or gill of mollusks.
Cusp. The cutting blade or blades projecting from each tooth of the molluscan radula (see Fig. 72).
Cylindrical. Shaped like a cylinder; round in cross-section with nearly parallel sides (Fig. 8e).
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Decollate. Cut off, i.e., as with the shell of some snails where the top several whorls of the spire
break off or erode away.
Depauperate. Condition in which an individual, colony or race exhibits the outward manifestation
of disease, accident or malnutrition, or a reaction to adverse environment. See depauperization.
Depauperization. The outward manifestation of disease, accident or malnutrition, or a reaction to
inimical environment. It affects individual mollusks fairly frequently, but also it sometimes involves
whole colonies and races. Symptoms of depauperization are dwarfing, lack of nacreous material (in
certain bivalves), loose coiling and simplification of shell characters (Goodrich, 1939a).
Depressed. Flattened dorso-ventrally or postero-anteriorally, as the spire of a shell.
Elongate. Lengthened; extending length-wise; especially higher than wide.
Entire. Refers to the lip or peritreme of a shell that forms a continuous circle or oval, i.e., it is not
broken by a space where it meets the parietal wall of the body whorl.
Fissure. A narrow slit.
Fusiform. Spindle-shaped, i.e., with a relatively thick middle and tapered to a point at each end
(Fig. 8c).
Geniculate. Having a joint or bend.
Gibbous. Very convex or swollen; tumid.
Gradate. Arranged in steps, as a spire with shouldered whorls.
Growth lines. Minute lines on the outer shell surface indicating minor rest periods during growth
(see Fig. 6). Not to be confused with the major "rest marks" or varices, caused by prolonged growth
arrest (as during winter).
Helieiform. Shaped like Helix, i.e., with the characteristic shape of the majority of land snails, which
have a somewhat depressed spire and whorls that increase regularly in diameter.
Hydrobiid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Hydrobiidae.
Hyaline. Glassy; glossy and translucent or nearly transparent.
Imperforate. Refers to a spiral gastropod shell which has no opening or external cavity at its base.
In such a case, the inner sides of the coiled whorls are appressed, leaving no cavity, or, if they are
not appressed and a cavity is formed, then its opening is completely covered by a callus or the re-
flected columellar apertural lip.
Incised. Grooved; engraved (see Fig. 6).
Inflated. Refers to snail shells or individual whorls which are bulbous or swollen in appearance.
Labrum. The outer part of the apertural lip of a coiled gastropod shell, as opposed to the parietal
or umbilical lip and the basal (anterior) lip.
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Lateral teeth. The teeth on each side of the central or rachidian tooth in a transverse row of radular
teeth (see Fig. 772).
Lira (pi, lirae). A ridge, specifically a spiral ridge on the outer surface of a snail shell (see Fig. 6).
Lirate. Refers to a shell with spiral ridges on its external surface.
Longitudinal. Refers to shell sculpturing that is at right angles to the spiral direction of the shell's
coil; transverse (see Fig. 6).
Lymnaeid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Lymnaeidae.
Malleated. Dented as if hit by a hammer (see Fig. 6).
Marginal teeth. The longitudinal rows of teeth at each edge of the molluscan radula.
MCZ. Abbreviation, usually associated with museum specimen catalogue numbers, for Museum of
Comparative Zoology (Harvard University).
Median cusp. The middle cusp of a molluscan radular tooth, generally flanked by smaller lateral
cusps.
Median tooth. The central or rachidian tooth of a transverse row of radular teeth. It is flanked by
lateral teeth (see Fig. 772).
Micromelaniid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Micromelaniidae.
Multispiral. Refers to an operculum in which there are numerous, very slowly enlarging spirals, coils
or whorls (Fig. 15a).
Neritinid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Neritinidae.
Neritiniform. Shaped like Neritina, Le., subglobose or hemispherical, with few rapidly enlarging
whorls, very reduced spire, and a heavily calloused and expanded parietal apertural margin (Fig. 14).
Nodule. A small knot, lump or irregularly shaped mass, such as the projections occurring on the
shell surface of some freshwater snails (see Fig. 6).
Nomen dubium (pi. nomina dubia), A dubious name; one that cannot be applied with certainty to
any known taxon.
Nomen nudum (pi. nomina nuda). A newly introduced species name without sufficient description
to justify its acceptance in the zoological literature.
Nomen oblitum (pi. nomina oblita). A forgotten name. A name that has not been used as a senior
synonym in the primary zoological literature for more than 50 years. Such a name has no validity
in zoological nomenclature.
Nuchal lobe. One of the two right and left lobes at the anterior head-foot margin on either side of
the mouth.
Nucleus. The first-formed (earliest) part of beginning of a shell or operculum (e.g., see Fig. 15d).
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Oblique, Slanting; greater or less than aright angle; neither parallel with nor perpendicular to.
Obsolete. Obscure; indistinct; very rudimentary.
Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end, not acute or pointed,
Operculum (pi. opercula). A corneous or calcareous plate borne on the dorsal posterior foot of pro-
sobranch snails which closes the aperture when the snail withdraws into its shell (Fig. 1).
Oval, ovate. In the shape of the longitudinal section of a hen's egg, i.e., oblong and curvilinear, with
one end narrower than the other (Fig. 8b).
Ovoviviparus, Condition in which the young snails are formed within an egg, but hatch while still
inside the mother snail, from which they emerge as young crawling snails.
Pagoda-like. Shaped like a pagoda, i.e., with a tapering, tower-like, storied, carinate shell spire (see
Fig. 443).
Patelliform. Limpet-shaped; ancyliform; shaped like an obtuse cone (see Fig. 13).
Parietal. Pertains to the inside wall of the shell aperture (see Fig. 5).
Paucispiral. Refers to an operculum in which there are few rapidly enlarging spirals, coils or whorls
(Fig. ISb).
Perforate, Refers to a spiral gastropod shell which has a very narrow perforation at its base, formed
where the inner sides of the coiled whorls do not join.
Periostracum. The thin proteinaceous external layer covering most mollusk shells.
Periphery. The edges of a shell as seen in outline.
Peritreme, The peristome, apertural "lip" or apertural margin of a gastropod shell (does not include
the parietal wall in shells without an entire (continuous) apertural margin).
Physid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Physidae.
Physoid. Shaped like the shell of a member of the family Physidae, i.e., sinistral and with a raised
spire.
Planispiral. Coiled in one plane (Fig. 12).
Planorbid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Planorbidae.
Pleurocerid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Pleuroceridae.
Plica (pi. plicae). A transverse or "vertical" ridge or "rib" on the outer shell surface.
Plicate. Bearing plicae, which are transverse or "vertical" ribs on a shell.
Plicate-striate. Refers to a shell having longitudinal (transverse) folds or ribs on its surface that are
crossed by raised spiral lines.
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Pomatiopsid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Pomatiopsidae.
Ponderous. Very heavy; very thick.
Pseudobranch. A "false" or secondarily derived gill; a vascularized, fleshy outgrowth near the open-
ing to the pulmonary cavity (pneumostone) of aquatic pulmonate snails which aids in respiration
(see Fig. 3a), Not a true ctenidium.
Pyriform. Pear-shaped, i.e., large and round at one end and tapering at the other end.
Radula (pi. radulae). A rasp-like structure in the anterior end of the digestive tract of all mollusks
except pelecypods which is used to scrape off food during feeding. The radula consists typically of a
number of longitudinal and transverse rows of minute sharp "teeth", each with one or more cutting
blades or "cusps" (see Fig. 18).
Revolving lines. A term sometimes used for spiral striae (see Fig. 6); occasionally also called
"spirals".
Rimate. Refers to a coiled gastropod shell that has at its base a narrow "umbilical" opening that is
partially closed by the expansion of the anterior columellar lip.
Rounded. Having a more or less evenly curved contour, in contrast to being angular.
Scalar. Pertaining to or like a flight of steps, i.e., a shell with elevated spire formed of right-angular
whorls.
Scalariform. Shell form, usually pathologically produced, in which the whorls are disjoined or tend
to become so.
Sculpture. The natural surface markings, other than those of color, usually found on snail shells,
and often furnishing identifying marks for species recognition (see Fig. 6).
Sensu lato (abbr. s.lat. or s.l,). In the broad sense.
Sensu stricto (abbr. s.str. or s.s.). In the strict sense.
Shouldered. Refers to the appearance (in outline) of the posterior outer peripheral part of a whorl
that is sharply rounded in contrast to the more even curvature of the rest of the shell (Fig. 1 Ic).
Sic. Thus (to indicate exact transcription).
Sinuous. Wavy or S-shaped.
Spade-shaped, Shaped like a spade, i.e., like a broad, flat blade tapering rapidly at one end.
Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula, i.e., broad and oblong at one end, tapering rapidly near the center,
and continuing as a narrower elongation at the other end.
Spindle-shaped. Fusiform; shaped like a spindle, i.e., with a relatively thick middle and tapered to
a point at both ends (Fig. 8c).
Spiral. Winding, coiling or circling around a central axis; winding around a fixed point and continu-
ally receding from it; the form of the shell of most snails.
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Spiral sculpture. Surface markings of a snail shell which pass continuously around the whorls more
or less parallel to the suture (see Fig. 6).
Spire, The whorls of a snail shell, excepting the last or body whorl (Fig, 5), The spire is measured
as the distance (parallel to the columella) from the suture where the apertural lip meets the body
whorl to the shell apex.
Stria (pi. striae). A slight superficial spiral groove or furrow on the outer shell surface, or a fine
spiral threadlike line or streak (see Fig. 6). Commonly used also, in a less precise sense, for raised
spiral ridges on the shell surface.
Striate. Refers to a shell having spiral incised lines on its surface (see Fig. 6). Also used, less pre-
cisely, to describe shells with spiral raised lines, or for shells covered with fine transverse lines.
Subglobose. Nearly globular or spherical in shape (Fig. 8a).
Succiniform, Succinea-like, i.e., with a thin and fragile shell, which has a large oval aperture and
body whorl and a small spire.
Suture. The line on the shell surface where two adjoining whorls meet (see Fig. 5).
Taxon (pi. taxa). Any taxonomic group, e.g., a race, subspecies, species, genus, family, order, etc.
Thiarid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Thiaridae.
Transverse. At right angles to the spiral direction of the whorls; parallel to the columella or axis of
the shell; in the same direction as (i.e., parallel to) the growth lines of a snail shell (see Fig. 6).
Truneatelloid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the superfamily Truncatelloidea.
Tuberculate. Covered with tubercles or rounded knobs.
Tubercle. A nodule (see Fig. 6) or small eminence, such as a solid elevation occurring on the shell
surface of some gastropods.
Tumid. Swollen or enlarged.
Turbinate, turbiniform. Shaped like a turban; refers to a shell in which the whorls decrease rapidly
in diameter and taper broadly from a circular base to the apex (Fig. 8d).
Umbilicate. Refers to a spiral gastropod shell which has an opening or cavity at its base, and more
specifically to one in which the opening is more than a very narrow perforation. This cavity is
formed in those shells in which the inner sides of the coiled whorls do not join.
UMMZ. Abbreviation, usually associated with museum specimen catalogue numbers, for the Uni-
versity of Michigan Museum of Zoology (sometimes incorrectly cited as MZUM).
USNM. Abbreviation, usually associated with museum specimen catalogue numbers, for the United
States National Museum (National Museum of Natural History).
Valvatid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Valvatidae.
220
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Viviparid. A common-name adjective referring to a member of the family Vivipariidae.
Whorl (spelled "whirl" in early literature). One complete turn or coil of a spiral gastropod shell (see
Fig. 5).
221
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19(5): 51-53.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1905f. Notes on the genitalia of Lymnaea. Am. Nat., 39(465): 665-679.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1906a. A new locality for Planorbis nautileus linne. Nautilus, 19(10): 120.
BAKER, Frank CoUins. 1906b. Lymnaea hinkleyin.sp. Nautilus, 19(12): 142-143.
BAKER, Frank CoUins. 1906c. Application of De Vries's mutation theory to the moUuscs. Am. Nat., 40(473):
327-334.
BAKER, Frank Collins.
Notes on Planorbis truncatus Miles. Trans. Acad, Sci. St. Louis, 14(3): 107-110.
New American lymnaeas. II. Nautilus, 18(6): 62-63.
Critical notes on the smaUer lymnaeas. Nautilus, 18(11): 125-127.
New species of Lymnaea. Nautilus, 18(12): 141-142.
The molluscan fauna of McGregor, Iowa. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 15(3): 249-
Trans.
1906d, Notes on a coUection of moUusks from the vicinity of Alpena, Michigan.
Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 16(2): 1-15, pi. 1.
BAKER, Frank CoUins. 1906e. Lymnaea danielsi n, sp. Nautilus, 20(5): 55-56.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1906f. A catalogue of the MoUusca of Illinois. Bull. III. State Lab. nat. Hist., 7(6): 53-136,
map, errata and addendum.
BAKER, Frank CoUins. 1907a. Descriptions of new species of Lymnaea. Nautilus, 20(11): 125-127.
BAKER, Frank CoUins. 1907b. Two new species of Lymnaea. Nautilus, 21(5): 52-55.
BAKER, Frank Collins.
BAKER, Frank Collins.
943.
BAKER, Frank CoUins.
BAKER, Frank CoUins.
BAKER, Frank Collins.
BAKER, Frank CoUins.
BAKER, Frank CoUins.
1908a. Note on Lymnaea desidiosa Say. Nautilus, 22(2): 20-23.
1908b. Suggestions for a natural classification of the family Lymnaeidae. Science, 27: 942-
1908c. Anew American Planorbis. Nautilus, 22(4-5): 45.
1909a. A new species of Lymnaea. Nautilus, 22(12): 140-141.
1909b. Note on Planorbis binneyi Tryon. Nautilus, 23(3): 41-42.
1909c. Range of Lymnaea umbilicata. Nautilus, 23(6): 80.
1909d. Mollusks from Kansas and Oklahoma. Nautilus, 23(7): 91-94.
BAKER, Frank CoUins. 1910a. The ecology of the Skokie Marsh area, with special reference to the Mollusca. Bull.
III. State Lab. nat. Hist., 8(4): 437-499, pis. 6-24.
224
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BAKER, Frank Collins. 1910b, A new variety of Lymnaea stagnalis. Nautilus, 23(9): 112-113; 23(10): 125-126.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1910c, The ecology of the Skokie Marsh area with, special reference to the Mollusea. Trans,
HI. State Acad. Sci., 3: 106-108.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1910d. Description of a new Lymnaea. Nautilus, 24(5): 58-60.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 19IOe. Mollusks of Unionville, Connecticut. Nautilus, 24(6): 68-69.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 191 la. The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America, Recent ami fossil. Chicago Acad.
Sci., Spec. Pub. 3, pp. i-xvi, 1-539, pis. 1-58.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 191 Ib. Mollusks of Wellesley Island and vicinity, St. Lawrence River. Nautilus, 25(6): 66-
67.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 191 lc. The molluscan fauna of Tomahawk Lake, Wisconsin. Trans. Ms. Acad. Sci., Arts
Lett,, 17(1): 200-246, pis. 11-17.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1912a. A mm Planorbis from Michigan. Nautilus, 25(10): 118-120.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1912b. Recent additions to the catalogue of Illinois Mollusca. Trans. III. State Acad. Sci.,
5: 143-145.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1913a. A new Lymnaea from Montana. Nautilus, 26(10): 115-116.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1913b. Pseudogalba, new name for Simpsonia. Nautilus, 26(10): 120.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1913c. Notes on post-glacial MoJlusca. I. Emmet County, Michigan. Nautilus, 27(1): 7-8.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1913d. GalbafemtgineainQtegon. Nautilus, 27(2): 24.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1913e. Mollusca of Wyoming County, N.Y. Nautilus, 27(5): 54.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1913f. Notes on post-glacial Mollusca. II. Waukesha County, Wisconsin. Nautilus, 27(6):
68.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1914a. Mollusks from Magician Lake, Cass and Van Buren counties, Michigan. Nautilus,
28(1): 8-10.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1914b. Northern Idaho shells. Nautilus, 27(9): 104-106.
1915a. On the classification of the Lymnaeidae, Nautilus, 29(2): 20-24.
1915b. Campeloma lewisii Walker in Illinois. Nautilus, 29(3): 36.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1915c. Mollusks from Berrien County, Michigan. Nautilus, 29(4): 47.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1916a. The fresh-water Mollusca of Oneida Lake, New York. Nautilus, 30(1): 5-9.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1916b. The relation of mollusks to fish in Oneida Lake. N.Y. State CoU. Ear. Syracuse
Univ., Tech, Pub., (4): 1-366,1 map.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1916c. Further notes on the post-glacial biota of Glacial Lake, Chicago. Trans. M. State
Acad. Sci., 7: 74-78.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1917. Notes onAcelia haldemani (Desh.) Binney. Nautilus, 30(12): 135438.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1918a. Further notes on the Mollusca of Oneida Lake, New York; the molusks of lower
South Bay. Nautilus, 31(3): 81-93,
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1918b. Notes on nidification in Gillia andAmnicola. Nautilus, 32(1): 19-23.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1918c. The productivity of invertebrate fish food on the bottom of Oneida Lake, with
special reference to mollusks. N.Y. State Coll. For. Syracuse Univ., Tech. Pub., (9): 1-264,2 unpaginated figs.,
7 unpaginated tables.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1918d. Post-glacial Mollusca from the marls of central Illinois. / Geol, 26(7): 659-671.
BAKER, Frank Collins, 1918e. The relation of shellfish to fMi in Oneida Lake, New York. N.Y. State Coll For.,
Circ, 21,17(27): 1-34,12 pis.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1919a. Description of a new species and variety of Planorbis from post-glacial deposits.
Nautilus, 32(3): 1-3, pi. 7, figs. 4-6.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1919b, Mollusks infested with parasitic worms. Nautilus, 32(3): 97-98.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1919c. The ecology of North American Lymnaeidae. Science, 49(1274): 519-521.
1919d. A new species of Physa from New York State. Nautilus, 33(1): 11-13.
1919e. Fresh-water Mollusca from Colorado and Alberta. Butt. Am. Mm. nat.Hist., 41(13):
BAKER, Frank Collins.
BAKER, Frank Collins.
1920s. Animal life and sewage in the Genesee River, New York. Am. Nat., 54(631): 152-
BAKER, Frank Collins.
BAKER, Frank Collins.
527-539.
BAKER, Frank Collins.
161.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1920b. A new Planorbis from Illinois. Nautilus, 33(4): 123-125.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1920c. Physa smithiana, new name for Physa smithtt. Nautilus, 33(4): 142,
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1920d. Notes on a small collection of shells from Alaska. Nautilus, 34(2): 67-68.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1920e. The effect of sewage and other pollution on animallife of rivers and streams. Trans.
HI State Acad. ScL, 13: 271-279.
BAKER, Frank Collins, 1922a. The importance of ecology in the interpretation of fossil faunas. Ecology, 2(4):
225
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277-280.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1922b. New species and varieties of Mollusca from Lake Wtanebago, Wisconsin, with new
records for this state. Nautilus, 35(4): 130-133; 36(1): 19-21.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1922c. New lymnaeas from Wisconsin and Minnesota, with notes on shells from the latter
state. Nautilus, 36(1): 22-25.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1922d. The molluscan fauna of the Big Vermilion River, Illinois, with special reference to
its modification as the result of pollution by sewage and manufacturing wastes. Ill, biol. Monogr,, 7(2): 1-126,
pis. 1-15.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1922e. Stream pollution. Ecology, 3(4): 340-341.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1923a. Description of a new Lymnaea from Yellowstone Park. Nautilus, 36(4): 125-126.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1923b. The use of molluscan shells by the Cahokia mound builders. Tram, III. State Acad.
Sci., 16: 328-334.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1924a. A new Physa from California. Nautilus, 38(1): 15.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1924b. The fauna of the Lake Winnebago region. A quantitative and qualitative survey
with special reference to the Mollusca. Trans, Mi Acad. Sci., Arts Lett,, 21: 109-146.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1924c. Bottom and shore fauna in relation to fisheries. [Review.] Ecology, 5(4): 416-418.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1926a. Nomenclatorial notes on American fresh-water Mollusca. Trans. Ms. Acad. ScL,
Arts Lett, 22: 192-205.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1926b. New forms of Planorbis and Lymnaea with notes on other forms. Nautilus, 39(4):
116-121.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1926c. Fresh-water MoUusca from White Lake, Oakland County, Michigan. Nautilus, 40(2):
49-52.
BAKER, Frank Collins. I927a. New varieties of Stagnicola from Wisconsin and Wyoming. Nautilus, 40(3): 82-85.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1927b. New varieties of Helisoma antrosa from Wisconsin and Minnesota. Nautilus, 40(3):
85-87.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1927c. Description of a new species of Lymnaea from British Columbia. Nautilus, 41(1):
23-24.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1927d. Molluscan associations of White Lake, Michigan: a study of a small inland lake
from an ecological and systematic viewpoint. Ecology, 8(3); 353-370, pi. 4.
BAKER, Frank Collins, 1927e, Anew variety of Helisoma campanulata from Michigan. Nautilus, 41(2): 49-51.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1927f. The influence of a changed environment in the formation of new species and varie-
ties. Science, 66(1714): 432.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1928a. The American Bithynia not wholly an introduced species. Trans. HI. State Acad.
Sci., 20: 56-62,1 pi.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1928b. Influence of a changed environment in the formation of new species and varieties.
Ecology, 9(3): 271-283.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1928c. The fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Ms. geol not. Hist. Surv,, Bull. 70, Pt. 1,
pp. i-xx, 1-507, pis. 1-28,
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1928d. The Mollusca of Chautauqua Lake, New York, with descriptions of a new variety
of Ptychobranchm and of Helisoma. Nautilus, 42(2): 48-60.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1929a. Certain anatomical features of the fresh-water mollusc, Helisoma corpulenta Say.
Trans. Am. microsc. Sac., 48(1): 44-47, pi. 8.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1929b. Mollusca from Vermilion and Pelican lakes, Minnesota, with the description of a
new variety of Helisoma corpulenta. Nautilus, 42(3): 95-97; 42(4): 131-136.
BAKER, Frank CoEins. 1930a. The use of animal life by the mound-building Indians of Illinois. Trans, III State
Acad. Sci., 22:41-64, 5 pis.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1930b. The molluscan fauna of the southern part of Lake Michigan and its relationship to
old glacial Lake Chicago. Trans. HI. State Acad. Sci., 22: 186-194.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1930c. On genus and species making. Science, 72(1854): 37-39.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1930d. The variation of molluscan life during the Pleistocene and Recent time. Nautilus,
44(1): 21-24.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1931a. Description of a new variety of Valvata lemsii Currier. Nautilus, 44(4): 119-121.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 193 Ib. The classification of the large planorbid snails of Europe and America. Proc, zool.
Soc. Land., 1931(2): 575-592, pis. 1-6.
226
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BAKER, Frank Collins. 193Ic. Ecological relationship of the genus Pomatiopsis with special reference loPomati-
opsis lapidaria. Ecology, 12(3): 489-496.
BAKER, Frank CoEins. 1932a. Stagnicola apicina and Stagnicola walkeriana. Nautilus, 45(4): 139-140.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1932b. The ecology of Say's Limnaew elodes. Ecology, 13(3): 286-289.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1932c. New species and varieties of Helisoma and Gymulus from Canada. Nautilus, 46(1):
6-9.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1933a. The ecology of Say's Limnaeus elodes. Nautilus, 46(4): 139.
BAKER, Frank CoEins. 1933b. Self fertilization and nidiflcation in Physahalei. Nautilus, 47(1): 35.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1933c. Studies on the bottom fauna of fresh-water lakes. Science, 78(2018): 190-191.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1933d. New species of Lymnaeidae from British America. /. Wash, Acad, Sci, 23(11):
520-523.
BAKER, Frank Collins, 1934a. Two new races and a new species of Helisoma from California. Nautilus, 47(4):
140-142.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1934b. Two new Canadian lymnaeas. Can. Field-Nat., 48(4): 69-70.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1934c. The molluscan fauna of the great river valleys of Illinois. Trans. Itt. State Acad.
Sci., 26(3): 129.
BAKER, Frank CoEins. 1934d. New Lymnaeidae from the United States and Canada: I. California, Oregon, and
other western states. Nautilus, 48(1): 17-20.
BAKER, Frank CoEins. 1934e. A new species of Gymulus from Canada. Can. Field-Nat., 48(8): 135.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1935a. Land and freshwater Mollusca from North Star Lake and vicinity, Itasca County,
Minnesota. Am. midl.Nat, 16(3): 257-274.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1935b. The generic position of Planorbis umbilicatellm with the description of a new group
of Planorbidae. Nautilus, 49(2): 46-48.
BAKER, Frank Collins. I935c. Stagnicola elroduma, new name for Limnaea montana Elrod. Nautilus, 49(2): 64.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1936a. The generic position of PlanorbisobstructusMoKlet. Nautilus, 59(3): 104.
BAKER, Frank Collins, 1936b. The freshwater mollusc Helisoma corpulentum and its relatives in Canada. Natl.
Mus. Can. Bull, (79): 1-37.
BAKER, Frank Collins, 1936c. New Lymnaeidae from the United States and Canada. 11, Michigan, Minnesota, and
Montana. Nautilus, 49(4): 127-140, pi. 7, figs. 7-9.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1936d. The relationship of Paraphotyx. Nautilus, 50(1): 30-31.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1937. Mollusca from Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan, Nautilus, 50(4): 113-117,
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1939a. Stagnicola bulimoides vancouverensis nov. var. Nautilus, 52(4): 144.
BAKER, Frank Collins, 1939b. Land and freshwater MoEusca from western Ontario. Can. J. Res., 17(D,4): 87-
102.
BAKER, Frank CoEins. 1940a. A new species of Drepanotrema and some preoccupied planorbid names. Nautilus,
54(3): 96-97, pi, 8.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1940b. A new anatomical classification of the Planorbidae, Am. malacol. Union 10th annu.
Meet. 1940, (11): 4-5.
BAKER, Frank CoEins. 1941. A new race of Paraphotyx effusa. Nautilus, 55(1): 16-17.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1942a. Lymnaea stagnalis and Lymnaea (Radix)auricularia. Nautilus, 55(3): 105-106.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1942b. Collecting and preserving fresh water snails. Am. malacol. Union llth annu. Meet.
1941, (12): 5-9.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1942c. Land and fresh water Mollusca of New Hampshire. Am. midl. Nat, 27(1): 74-85.
BAKER, Frank Collins. 1945. The molluscan family Planorbidae. Univ. Illinois Press, Urbana. 530pp.
BAKER, Frank Collins & BROOKS, Stanley T. 1935. New species and races of Lymnaeidae from Newfoundland.
Nautilus, 49(1): 10-13.
BAKER, Frank CoEins & CAHN, A,R. 1931. Freshwater Mollusca from central Ontario. Natl Mus. Can. Bull.,
(67): 41-64, pi. 2.
BAKER, Frank Collins & HENDERSON, Junius. 1929. Fosmria perplexa F.C. Baker and Junius Henderson, Nauti-
lus, 42(3): 103-104.
BAKER, Frank Collins & HENDERSON, Junius. 1933. A new Stagnicola from Montana. Nautilus, 47(1): 30-32.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1909. Key to the genera of Gastropoda of Michigan. Eleventh Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci.t 1909,
pp. 134-140.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1910. Variation in Lymnaea reflexa Say, from Huron County. Twelfth Rep. Mich, Acad.
Sci., 1910, pp. 60-63.
227
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BAKER, H, Burrington. 1922. The Mollusca of Dickinson County, Michigan. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool Univ. Mich.,
(Ill): 1-44, Imap.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1923. Notes on the radula of the Neritidae. Proc. Acad. not. Sd. PhiJs., 75:117-178, pis.
9-16.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1925. Anatomy of Lanx, a limpet-like lymnaeid mollusk. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser.,
14(8): 143-169, pis. 11-14.
BAKER, H. Bunington. 1930. The Mollusca collected by the University of Michigan -Williamson Expedition in
Venezuela. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool Univ. Mich., (210): 1-94, pis. 1-33.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1931. Notes on Physidae with descriptions of new species. By Wm. J. Clench (Occ. Papers
Boston Soc.nat. Hist., 5: 301-315,4 figs). [Review.] Nautilus, 44(3): 106.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1942. Goniobasis livescens in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Nautilus, 56(1): 33-34.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1946. Index to F.C. Baker's "The molluscan family Ranorbidae." Nautilus, 59(4): 127-
141.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1947. Amnicola and Euamnicoia, Nautilus, 60(3): 105-106.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1956. Familial names for land operculates. Nautilus, 70(1): 28-31.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1959. Measurements by C.B. Adams. Nautilus, 72(3): 106.
BAKER, H. Burrington. I960a. Hydrobiidae or TrancateDidae? Nautilus, 74(1): 34-35.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1960b. Planorbina (1843) vs. Australorbis (1934) vs. Biomphalaria (1910) TO. Taphius
(1854). Nautilus, 74(1): 35-37.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1960c. Lustrica (Paludina) Say, 1821 (Gastropoda): Proposed suppression under the ple-
nary powers. Z.N.(S.)730. Bull. zool. Nomencl., 18(1/3): 146-148.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1963. Paludomidae (Pleuroceridae). Nautilus, 77(1): 34-35.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1964. Type land snails in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Part III. LM-
nophile and thalassophile Pulmonata. Part IV. Land and fresh-water Prosobranchia. Proc. Acad. nat. Sd.
Phila., 116(4): 149-193.
BAKER, H. Burrington. 1967a. Nitocris. Nautilus, 80(3): 108.
BAKER, H. Burrington, 1967b, Mudalia. Nautilus, 81(1): 35.
BAKER, H. Burlington. 1967c. Juga w&Melasma. Nautilus, 81(1): 36.
BARBOSA, Frederico S., BERRY, Elmer G., HARRY, Harold W., HUBEND1CK, Bengt, MALEK, Emile A.,
PARAENSE, Wladimir Lobato, CHAMBERLAYNE, Earl C. & OLIVIER, Louis J. 1968. A guide for the iden-
tification of the snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in the Americas. Pan Am. health Organ., Pan Am.
saru't. Bur., Washington, B.C., Sci. Publ. No. 168, pp. i-ix, 1-122.
BARNES, D.W. 1823. On the genera Unio and Alasmodonta; with, introductory remarks. Am. J. Sci, 6(1): 107-
127; 6(2): 258-280, pis. 1-8,11-13. [Reprinted in Sterkiana, 1962, (6): 40-51; (7): 7-21, pis. 1-6.]
BARNHART, M. Christopher. 1978. Three introduced gastropods in Iowa. Nautilus, 92(3): 106-107.
BARTSCH, Paul. 1938. Goniobasis breeding. Rep. Am. malacol. Union 1937, (6): 3-5.
BARTSCH, Paul. 1949. Molluscan genetics: the role of hybridization, mutation, isolation, fixation and speciation
in relation to taxonomy. News Bull. annu. Rep. Am. malacol. Union 1948, (15): 2-3.
BARTSCH, Paul. 1955. Hybridization among moEusks. Annu. Rep. Am. malacol. Union 1954, (21): 4.
BASCH, Paul F, 1959a. Gundlachia in Michigan. Annu. Rep. Am. malacol. Union 1958, (25): 13-14.
BASCH, Paul F. 1959b. Study on Ancylidae. Annu. Rep. Am. malacol. Union 1958, (25): 15.
BASCH, Paul F. 1959c. Status of the genus Gundlachia (Pulmonata, Ancylidae). Occ. Pap, Mus. Zool Univ. Mich.,
(602): 1-9.
BASCH, Paul F. 1959d. The anatomy of Laevapex fuscus, a freshwater limpet (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Misc. Pub.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., (108): 1-56.
BASCH, Paul F. 1959e. Studies on the development and reproduction of the fresh-water limpet, Ferrissia shimekii
(Pilsbry). Trans. Am. microsc. Soc., 78(3): 269-276.
BASCH, Paul F. 1960a. The Coosa revisited. Annu. Rep. Am. malacol. Union 1959, (26): 17.
BASCH, Paul F. 1960b. Anatomy of Rhodacmea cahawbensis Walker, 1917, a river limpet from Alabama, Nautilus,
73(3): 79-95.
BASCH, Paul F. 1962a. Radulae of North American ancylid snails. I. Subfamily Rhodacmeinae. Nautilus, 75(3):
97-101.
BASCH, Paul F. 1962b. Radulae of North American ancylid snails. II. Subfamily Neoplanorbinae. Nautilus, 75(4):
145-149.
BASCH, Paul F. 1962c. Radulae of North American freshwater limpet snails. III. Ferrissia and Laevapex. Nautilus,
76(1): 28-33.
BASCH, Paul F. 1963. A review of the Recent freshwater limpet snails of North America (MoEusca: Pulmonata),
228
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Bull. Mus. comp. Zool Han. Coll, 129(8): 399-461.
BASCH, Paul F., BAINER, PhiJip & WILHM, Jerry. 1961. Some ecological characteristics of the molluscan fauna of
a typical grassland situation in east central Kansas. Am. midl. Nat., 66(1): 178-199.
BEASLEY, Clark W. & FULLINGTON, Richard W. 1978, Gastropods of Taylor County, Texas. Sterkiana, (69/70):
1-2.
BEAUCHAMP,Wm.M. 1887. Erosion of fresh-water shells. Conchol. Exc., 1(9/10): 49.
BEAUCHAMP.Wm.M. 1891. Notes on familiar mollusks. Nautilus, 5(5): 52-53.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1954. Terrestrial and aquatic mollusks of Albany County, Wyoming. Nautilus, 67(4): 121-129.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1957. The MoEusca of Teton County, Wyoming. Nautilus, 71(1): 12-22.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1960a. Noteworthy records of Wyoming Mollusea. Nautilus, 73(4): 155-157,
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1960b. Some mollusks from Manitoba, Canada. Nautilus, 74(2): 84.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1960c. Additional molluscan records for Albany County, Wyoming. Nautilus, 74(2): 84, Mi.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1961a. Mollusea of the Big Horn Mountains. Nautilus, 74(3):; 95-102,
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1961b. A checklist of Wyoming Recent Mollusea. Sterkiana, (3): 1-9.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1962. Additions to Teton County, Wyoming, Mollusca. Nautilus, 76(2): 74.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1965. Molluscan fauna of some small ponds in Grand Teton National Park. Nautilus, 78(4):
125-130.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1968. Laevapex jragilis on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Nautilus, 81(3): 107.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1970. A photographic record of snail activity. Sterkiana, (39): 1-8.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1973a. Physa acuta in Virginia. Nautilus, 87(1): 28.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1973b. Fresh-water mollusks from coastal Virginia. Nautilus, 87(1): 29.
BEETLE, Dorothy E. 1973c. A checklist of the land and freshwater mollusks of Virginia. Sterkiana, (49): 21-35.
BELL, Robert. 1859. On the natural history of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the distribution of the Mollusea of
eastern Canada. Can. Nat. Geol., 4: 197-220. [Pages on freshwater and land mollusks (pp. 212-216,219-220)
reproduced in Sterkiana, 1963, (10): 50-53.]
BELL, Robert. 1861. List of Recent land and fresh-water shells collected around lakes Superior and Huron in 1859-
60. Can. Nat. Geol, 6: 268-270. [Reprinted in Sterkiana, (8): 49-51.]
BEQUAERT, Joseph C. & MILLER, Walter B. 1973. The mollusks of the arid Southwest, with an Arizona check
list. The Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, xvi, 271 pp.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1904. A new Floridian Amnicola. Nautilus, 17(10): 113-114.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1905a. Planorbis alabamensis and dilatatus in the Floridian Pliocene. Nautilus, 19(3): 34.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1905b. Is Cochliopa roweffi a Califomian shell? Nautilus, 19(8): 91-92.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1905c. Land and ftesh-water mollusks of Alaska and adjoining regions. [Review.] Nautilus,
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1906a. Shells of Grant, Valencia Co., New Mexico. Nautilus, 19(11); 130.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1907. A new species of Fluminicota. Nautilus, 21(7): 75-76, pi. 11, fig. 4.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1908b. Valvata humeralis califomica n. subsp. Nautilus, 22(8): 82.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1911. The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America, Recent and fossil. [Review.] Nautilus,
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1912a. A new species of Amnicola. Nautilus, 26(1): 1, pi. 1, figs. 9,10.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1915. Gundlachia or NaviceHal Nautilus, 28(11): 132.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1916b. Goniobasis in western Pennsylvania. Nautilus, 30(1): 4-5.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1916c. New subspecies of Viviparus and Campeloma. Nautilus, 30(4): 41-43.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1916d. Note on Valvata micro Pils. and Ferr. Nautilus, 30(7): 83-84.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1916e. Planorbis dttatatus and P. sampsoni. Nautilus, 30(8): 95-96.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1917a. Rafinesque's genera of fresh-water snails. Nautilus, 30(10): 109-114.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1917b. A new Hemphillia and other snails from near Mt. Hood, Oregon. Nautilus, 30(10):
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1917c. Amnicolidae from Oneida Lake, N.Y. Nautilus, 31(2): 44-46. [Reprinted in Univ.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1923. Mollusea, In; Bishop, S.C. & Clarke, N.T., A scientific survey of Turner's Lake, Isle-au-
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1925a. The family Lancidae distinguished from the Ancylidae. Nautilus, 38(3): 73-75.
252
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1925b [1926]. A fresh-water snail, Physa zionis, living under unusual conditions. Proc, Acad.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1926. What constitutes publication? A question concerning nomenclature. Science, 64(1654):
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1927a. A new subspecies of Planorbis. Nautilus, 40(3): 79-80.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1927b. Genetic experiments with pond snails Lymnaea and Physa. [Review.] Nautilus, 40(4):
141.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1927c. On Pomacea Perry (Ampullariidae). Nautilus, 41(2): 63-64.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1931. A new race of Neritina reclivata Say. Nautilus, 45(2): 67-68, pi. 3, fig. 3.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1932a. Physa humerow interioris Ferriss, 1920. Nautilus, 45(4): 139, pi. 11, fig. 12.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1932b. Carinifex newberryi subrotunda, n. subsp. Nautilus, 45(4): 139.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1932c. Bithynia tentaculata (L.) in the Potomac. Nautilus, 46(2): 69.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1933. Amnicolidae from Wyoming and Oregon. Nautilus, 47(1): 9-12, pi. 2, figs. 1-10.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1934a. Review of the Planorbidae of Florida, with notes on other members of the family. Proc.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1935b. Lioplax subcarinata occidental®, new subspecies. Nautilus, 48(4): 143-144.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1937a. A Californian Pomatiopsis. Nautilus, 50(3): 84-85.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1943. The type of Ewmnicola Crosse and Fischer. Nautilus, 57(2): 68-69.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1944. Snails from Taylor County, Texas. Nautilus, 58(2): 69.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1950a. New fountain snails from Florida. Nautilus, 64(2): 37-39, pi. 3, figs, 1-7.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1950b. Helisoma anceps (Menke), 1830. Nautilus, 64(2): 68, pi. 4, fig. 44.
PILSBRY, Henry A. 1951, New species of Amnicola and Streptostyla. Nautilus, 64(4): 119-120, pi. 9, figs. 1-3.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1952b. Les types de la collection Lamarck au Mus6um de Geneve, HI, by G. Mermod. [Re-
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PILSBRY, Henry A. 1953. The case of Paludina multilineata Say. Nautilus, 67(2): 58-61.
PILSBRY, Henry A. & BAKER, Frank Collins. 1927. Description of a new species of Somatogyrus from Wisconsin.
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PILSBRY, Henry A. & BEQUAERT, Joseph C. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographi-
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INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Acella, 5,48,146,147,148
haldemani, 48, 146,147, 148
Acmaeidae, 12
Acroloxidae, 4,48, 66, 146,147,188
Acroloxoidea, 4,66
Acmloxm, 4,48,146,147, 210
coloradensis, 48,146,147
lacustris, 147
Acroluxus, 210
Acrorbini, 200
Acmrbis, 200
petricola, 200
acuta acuta, Elimia, 32
acutaacuta, Pleurocera, 45, 142
acuta davula, Elimia, 32
acuta, Costatella, 55,165
acuta, Elimia, 32
acuta, Elimia acuta, 32
acuta hinkleyi, Pleurocera, 45
acuta lewisi, Pleurocera, 45, 142
acuta, Physella, 55,165
acuta, Pleurocera, 45, 197
acuta, Pleurocera acuta, 45,142
acutifllosa acutifllosa, Calibasis, 41
acutifllosa acutifllosa, Juga, 41
acutifllosa, Calibasis, 135
acutifllosa, Calibasis acutifllosa, 41
acutifllosa, Juga, 135
acutifllosa, Juga acutifllosa, 41
acutifllosa pittensis, Calibasis, 41
acutifllosa pittensis, Juga, 41
acutifllosa siskiyouensis, Calibasis, 41
acutifllosa siskiyouensis, Juga, 41
acutocarinata, Elimia, 130
acutocarinata, Melania, 197
aequicostatus, Hyalopyrgus, 20,82,85, 87,98
aeruginosum, Antillorbis, 58, 171, 178
aeruginosum, Drepanotrema, 58,171, 178
agarhecta, Marstonia, 27, 101,102,103
alabamense, Pleurocera canaliculatum, 46,142
alabamensis, Amphigyra, 62,171,186, 203
alabamemis, Elimia, 36,127, 211
alabamensis, Goniobasis, 211
alabamensis, Gyrotoma, 133, 197
alabamensis, Melania, 211
alabamensis, Menetus, 202
alabamensis, Micromenetus, 202
alba, Physella gyrina, 54,162
albanyensis, Elimia boykiniana, 32
alberta, Bakerilymnaea, 49, 152, 205
alberta, Fossaria, 49, 152, 205
alberta, Galba, 205
albofilata, Physella gyrina aurea, 54,162
alcoviensis, Somatogyrus, 23
aldrichi aldrichi, Amnicola, 28,109
aldrichi, Amnicola, 196
aldrichi, Amnicola aldrichi, 28,109
aldrichi antroecetes, Amnicola, 28
aldrichi insolita, Amnicola, 29
aldrichi, Somatogyrus, 93
Alleghenya, 210
alpenensis, Stagnicola, 155
sfrs, Xarac, 53,153
altilis, Gillia, 23,88,99
alveare, Pleurocera, 45,142, 143
Amanda, 210
Amblostoma, 210
eburnea, 210
Amhloxis, 210
eburnea, 210
Ambloxus, 210
Ameria, 206,210
ammon, Hettsoma, 205,207
ammon, Pierosoma, 59, 176,182,205, 207
ammon, Planorbella, 59,176, 182, 205, 207
Amnicola, 4,28-30,86,108,109, 111-115,195, 196,
203,204
aldrichi, 196
aldrichi aldrichi, 28, 109
aldrichi antroecetes, 28
aldrichi insolita, 29
bakeriana, 29,196
, 29,113
i, 29,196
, 29, 111
-------
limosa parva, 29
lustrtca, 195,196
missouriensis, 29,196
pallida, 112
pikbryi, 29,112, 113
porata, 112,195,196
proserpina, 29, 196
pupoidea, 30, 111, 113, 196
retromargo, 30, 86,111,113
rhombostoma, 29,108,113
sty pa, 29, 112
walkeri, 30,111,113,114, 196
Amnicolinae, 4, 28,85,86,108-114
amnicoloides, Somatogyrus, 23,93
Amphigyra, 6, 62,171,186, 203
alabamensis, 62,171,186,203
ampla, Elimia, 40,132,197
ampla, Leptoxis, 42, 122,135
amplum, Gymtoma, 133,197
ampullacea, Physella gyrina, 54,162
Amputtaria, 210
AmpuUariidae, 3,18,66,80-82
Ampuilarioidea, 3,65,83
Amputtarius, 210
Anaplocamus, 210
anatina, Costatella virgata, 56,166
anatina, Physella virgata, 56,166
anceps anceps, Helisoma, 58,174,178,201
anceps anticostianum, Helisoma, 201
anceps aroostookense, Helisoma, 201
anceps cahni, Helisoma, 201
anceps, Helisoma, 200-201
anceps, Helisoma anceps, 58,174,178, 201
anceps latchfordi, Helisoma, 201
anceps percarinatum, Helisoma, 201
anceps politum, Helisoma, 201
anceps portagensis, Helisoma, 201
anceps royalense, Helisoma, 58,174,201
anceps rushi, Helisoma, 201
anceps sayi, Helisoma, 201
anceps striatum, Helisoma, 201
anceps unicarinatum, Helisoma, 201
ancillaria, Physella, 53,163,200
Anculosa, 198,204,210
anthonyi, 198
geniculata, 198
praerosa, 204
subglobosa, 204
Anculotus, 210
Ancylidae, 6,62,67,147,160,168,188,189, 191,
192,208
ancyliformis, Gundlachia, 111
AncyMnae, 6,62,189,191
Ancyloidea, 5,66,67
Ancylotus, 210
Ancylus, 188,210,211,213
havanemis, 211
nuttallii, 213
radiatus, 211
Angitretna, 4,44,45,123,141, 142,199,204
armigem, 44, 141
curta, 44, 141
duttoniana, 45,141
hubrichti, 45
jayana, 45,142
ffma, 45,123,142
jwracosff, 45,142,199
angitremoides, to fluvialis, 132,198
anguistoma, Helisoma, 201
angulata, Helisoma, 201
angulata, Tulotoma, 77,194
angulatum, Helisoma, 201
annettae, Elimia, 35,126
annuliferum, Pleurocera, 47, 144,145
anthonyi, Anculosa, 198
anthonyi, Atheamia crassa, 44,140,198
anthonyi, Euryeaelon, 198
anthonyi, Leptoxis crassa, 44,140,198
anticostianum, Helisoma anceps, 201
Antillorbis, 5, 57, 58, 171,178
aeruginosum, 58,171,178
Antrobia, 3,21,88,92
culvert, 21,88,92
antroecetes, Amnicola aldrichi, 28
Antroselates, 3,19, 83, 89
spiralis, 19,83,89
antrosum, Helisoma, 201
^pe/fo, 198,210
scissura, 198
Aphaostracon, 3,19,20,82,87, 89,91,98,203
asthenes, 19,87, 89
chalarogyms, 19, 87, 89
hypohyalina, 19,87, 89
mows, 19, 87, 89
pachynotus, 20,87, 89
pycnus, 20,87, 89
rhadinus, 20,82,87
theiocrenetus, 20,87, 91
xynoelictus, 20,87, 91
Aphella, 210
apicina, Stagnicola, 51
^iptoa, 5,56,167,168,205
elongata, 56,167,168, 205
elongate tryoni, 56,167
hypnorum, 205
Aplexinae, 5, 56,167
appressa, Lymnaea stagnalis, SO, 148,154
arachnoidea arachnoidea, Elimia, 33,116
arachnoidea, Elimia arachnoidea, 33,116
arachnoidea spinella, Elimia, 33,124
Archaeogastropoda, 12
archimedis, Pyrgulopsis, 27,109,110
arctica, Stagnicola, 51,156
arcticus, Gyraulus, 200
268
-------
arga, Marstonia, 27,101-103
ariomus, Costatella hendersonihendersoni, 55, 164
ariomus, Physella hendersoni hendersoni, 55,164
arkansensis, Leptoxis, 43,122, 139
arkamensis, Mudalia, 43,122,139
Armiger, 5,57,168, 177
ens fa, 57, 168,177
armigera, Angitrema, 44, 141
armigeraarmigera, Planorbula, 61,173,174, 185
armigera, Lithasia, 44,141
armigera, Planorbula armigera, 61,173,174, 185
armigera wheatleyi, Planorbula, 61,173,185
Armigerus, 210
aroostookense, Helisoma, 201
aroostookense, Helisoma anceps, 201
Aspidobranchia, 12
asthenes, Aphaostmcon, 19, 87, 89
aterina, Elimia, 38, 128
atheami, Elimia, 33
athearni, Physella gyrina, 54,162
Athearnia, 4,44, 120,140,198, 199
crassa, 120, 198,199
crassaanthonyi, 44,140, 198
crassa crassa, 44,140
atkaemis, Lymnaea, 50,148, 154
augustina, Gncinnatia, 105
aurea alboftlata, Physella gyrina, 54,162
aurea, Physella gyrina, 54,162
aureus, Somatogyrus, 23,93,99
auricularia, Radix, 51,148,155
Australorbis, 210
bakeri, Valvata tricarinata, 16,68
bakeriana, Amnicola, 29,196
Bakerilymnaea, 5,49,50,149,151, 152,154,160,
204,205
alberta, 49,152,205
bulimoides, 49, 149,151,152, 154,205
bulimoides perplexa, 160,205
cockeretli, 49,152,154,205
cubemis, 50, 149,152,154, 160
dalli, 50,152,154,160,205
hendersoni, 50,152,205
perplexa, 50,152,205
perpolita, 50,151
sonomaensis, 50,151,152,154,205
techella, 50,152,154
vancouverensis, 50,152
bartschi, Helisoma, 201
basalis, Valvata tricarinata, 16, 68
bayfieldensis, Physella gyrina, 54,162
bella, Helisoma, 202
bella, Planorbella, 202
bellacrenata, Elimia, 32, 125
BeEamyinae, 3,17, 77
bellula, Elimia, 37,129
bentoniensis, Elimia, 34
berendti, Costatella virgata, 56,166
berendti, Physella virgata, 56,166
biangulatus, Somatogyrus, 23,94
bicarinata bicarinata, Valvata, 15,70
bicarinata morph normalis, Valvata, 15, 69, 70
bicarinata, Valvata, 69
bicarinata, Valvata bicarinata, 15,70
bicarinatum, Helisoma, 201
binneyana, Fontigens, 30,196
binneyi, Helisoma, 205,207
binneyi, Pierosoma, 59, 205, 207
binneyi, Planorbella, 59, 205,207
binneyi, Pomatiopsis, 31,116,117
binneyi randolphi, Helisoma, 206
binneyi randolphi, Pierosoma, 206
binneyi randolphi, Planorbella, 206
Biomphalaria, 5,13, 58,169,173, 178
glabrata, 58,173,178
havanensis, 58,173,178
Biomphalariini, 5,58,178
Birgella, 4,25,97-100
subglobosa, 25,97-100
subglobosa isogona, 25
Bithinia, 210
Bithynia, 3,19,81-83
tentaculata, 81,83
tentaculata magnalacustris, 19,82, 83
tentaculata tentaculata, 19
Bithyniidae, 3,19, 66, 81,83
bonnevillensis, Stagnicola, 51, 156
Borysthenia, 67
naticina, 67
bottimeri, Costatella, 55,165
bottimeri, Paludestrina, 31, 114
bottimeri, Physella, 55,165
boucardi, Physella, 53,153,159
Boviltina, 210
boykiniana albanyensis, Elimia, 32
boykiniana boykiniana, Elimia, 32,116
boykiniana, Elimia, 32
boykiniana, Elimia boykiniana, 32,116
boykiniana viennaemis, Elimia, 32,116
brevis, Elimia, 33,125
brevis, lofluvialis, 136,198
brevispira, Costatella Integra, 56,167
brevispira, Leptoxis, 138
brevispira, Physella integra, 56,167
brevispirum, Campeloma, 17, 79,194
brevissimus, Hyalopyrgus, 20, 91,98
bridgesi, Pomacea, 19, 81
brogniartianus, Menetus, 59,173,181,202
brogniartianus, Micromenetus, 59,173,181,202
browni, Amnicola, 29,113
brownt, Lyogyrus, 29,113
brumbyi, Pleurocera, 46, 145,199
Buccinum, 199,211
glabra, 211
palustre, 199
269
-------
buchanensis, Menettts, 202
buchanensis, Menetus dilatatus, 202
buchanensis, Micromenetus, 202
bulbosa, Juga, 41,135
bulbosa, Oreobasis, 41,135
Bulimnaea, 210
Bulimnea, 5,48,146,149
megasoma, 48,146,149
bulimoides, Bakerifymnaea, 49,149,151,152,154,
205
bulimoides, Fossaria, 49,149,151,152,154,205
bulimoides, Lymnaea, 149, 152
bulimoides perplexa, Bakerifymnaea, 160,205
bulimoides perplexa, Fossaria, 160,205
Bulimula, 210
Bulimus, 210
Bulinidae, 206
Bulinus, 210
bullula, Elimia, 38,128
Bythimlla, 31,116,210
hemphilli, 31,116
Bythinia, 210
caelatura caelatura, Elimia, 38,130
caelatum, Elimia, 197
caelatura, Elimia caelatum, 38,130
caelatura excellent, Elimia, 39,130
caelatura georgiana, Elimia, 39,130
caelatura infuscata, Elimia, 39,131
caelatura lecantiana, Elimia, 39
caelatura luteocella, Elimia, 39, 130
caelatura steamsiana, Elimia, 39,130,131
cahabensis, Clappia, 22,88
cahawbensis cahawbensis, Elimia, 35,127
cahawbensis, Elimia cakawbensis, 35,127
cahawbensis fratema, Elimia, 35
cahawbensis, Rhodacmea, 189
cahni, Helisoma, 201
cfl&m, Helisoma anceps, 201
Calibasis, 4,41,135
acutifllosa, 135
acutifllosa acutifilosa, 41
acutifilosa pittensis, 41
acutifllosa siskiyouensis, 41
occata, 41,135
califomica, Ferrissia, 192
calif arnica, Pomatiopsis, 31,116,117
califomiense, Helisoma tenue, 206,207
californiensis, Fontelicella, 26,103
califomiensis, Pierosoma tenuis, 206,207
califomiensis, Planorbella tenuis, 206,207
CMfrur, 210
calliogfyptus, Menetus, 201,202
calliogfyptus, Menetus opercularts, 180
calliogfyptus, Planorbis, 202
campanulata campanulata, Planorbella, 59,175, 182,
205
campanulata canadensis, Planorbella, 202,205
campanulata coffins/, Planorbella, 59,175,202,205
campanulata davM, Planorbella, 202,205
campanulata michiganensis, Planorbella, 202,205
campanulata minor, Planorbella, 202
campanulata multivolvis, Planorbella, 205
campanulata, Planorbella, 202,205
campanulata, Planorbella campanulata, 59,175,182,
205
campanulata rideauensis, Planorbella, 202, 205
campanulata rudentis, Planorbella, 202,205
campanulata smithi, Planorbella, 202,205
campanulata wiseansinensis, Planorbella, 202,205
campanulatum campanulatum, Helisoma, 205
campanulatum, Helisoma, 202,205
campanulatum, Helisoma campanulatum, 205
campanulatum canadense, Helisoma, 202,205
campanulatum collinsi, Helisoma, 202,205
campanulatum davisi, Heltsoma, 202,205
campanulatum michiganense, Helisoma, 202,205
campanulatum minor, Helisoma, 202
campanulatum multivolvis, Helisoma, 205
campanulatum rideaueme, Helisoma, 202,205
campanulatum rudentis, Helisoma, 202,205
campanulatum smithi, Helisoma, 202,205
campanulatum wisconsinense, Helisoma, 202,205
Campeloma, 3,17,18, 74-76,78-81,194,195
brevispirum, 17,79,194
crassula, 17, 74,78,79,194
decampi, 17, 78,79, 194
decisum, 17, 74, 79,81,194,195
««7fc, 17, 194
fiorideme, 17,78,79,194
geniculum, 18,78-80,194
giMuOT, 17,79,194
integrum, 17, 74,194
leptum, 17,194
tewisi, 17, 74
ffmwm, 18,74,78,194
mi/esi, 17, 74,194
obesum, 79
parthenum, 18, 80, 81,194
reiw/sre, 18, 74,78,80,194
subsolidum, 79
tannum, 17, 79,194
campestris, Planorbula, 61,173,185
canadense, Helisoma campanulatum, 202,205
canadensis, Planorbella campanulata, 202,205
canadensis, Stagnicola emarginata, 157
canaliculatum alabamense, Pleurocera, 46,142
canaliculatum canaliculatum, Pleurocera, 45
canaliculatum excuratum, Pleurocera, 46,143
canaliculatum filum, Pleurocera, 46,142,143
canaliculatum man/forme, Pleurocera, 46,143
canaliculatum, Pleurocera, 45
canaliculatum, Pleurocera canaliculatum, 45
canaliculatum undulatum, Pleurocera, 46,142,143
Cancellaiildae, 12
270
-------
caperata, Hinkleyia, 52, 158
caperata, Stagnicola, 52,158
capHlaris, Elimia, 33, 124
carinata carinata, Leptoxis, 43,122,139
carinata carinata, Mudalia, 43,122,139
carinata, Leptoxis, 139
carinata, Leptoxis carinata, 43,122, 139
carinata, Mudalia, 139
carinata, Mudalia carinata, 43,122,139
carinata nickliniata, Leptoxis, 43,122,139
carinata nickliniata, Mudalia, 43,122, 139
carinatus, Neoplanorbis, 62,171,187
carinifem, Elimia, 32,116
cariniferum, Gyrotoma, 133, 197
Carinifex, 5,58,59,174, 175, 179,180,201
newberryi, 201
newberryi jacksonense, 59,175,179
newberryi newberryi, 58,175,180
newberryi newberryi ponsonbyi, 180
newberryi occidentals, 59,175,179
carinocostata, Elimia, 34
Camifex, 210
cams, Promenetus, 61,202, 203
castanea, Elimia laqueata, 36,128
castor, Marstonia, 27, 101-103
catascopium, Lymnaea, 200
catascopium, Stagnicola, 51,156, 200
catenaria catenaria, Elimia, 33,124
catenaria dislocata, Elimia, 33,124,125
catenaria, Elimia, 33
catenaria, Elimia catenaria, 33,124
catenaria inclinans, Elimia, 33
catenariapostelli, Elimia, 33,124
catenaria vanhyningiana, Elimia, 33, 124
centervillensis, Menetus, 201, 202
centervillensis, Planorbis, 202
Ceratodes, 210
Ceriphasia, 210
Ceriphasiidae, 196
Cerithioidea, 65
ehacei, Pomatiopsis, 31,117
chalarogyms, Aphaostracon, 19,87,89
chautauquense, Helisoma, 205
chautauqueme, Helisoma trivolvis, 208
chautauquemis, Pierosoma, 205
chautauquemis, Pierosoma trivolvis, 208
chautauquensis, Planorbella, 205
chautauquemis, Planorbella trivolvis, 208
cheatumi, Tryonia, 21590r92,203
Chilocydus, 210
chiltonensis, Elimia, 37,129
chinensis malleata, Cipangopaludina, 17, 75,77
choctawhatchensis, Lioplax pilsbryi, 18, 76,195
cimex, Drepanotrema, 58,172,179
cimex, Fossulorbis, 58,172,179
Cincinna, 211
Cincinnatia, 4,25,26,97, 99-101, 103,105,110,
195,204
augustina, 105
dncinnatiensis, 25, 97, 99,100,195
comalensis, 25,97
floridana, 25,100,105
fraterna, 25,99,100
helicogyra, 25,100,103
/«f«gra, 25,195
fudayi, 97
mica, 25, 100, 103
monroensis, 25,100
parwz, 25,100,103
peracuta, 25,103
petrifom, 25,100, 103
ponderosa, 25, 101,103
vanhyningi, 26,101,105
vvdWwae, 26,101,103
dncinnatiensis, Cincinnatia, 25,97, 99,100,195
dncinnatiensis, Pomatiopsis, 31,115, 116
Cipangopaludina, 3, 17, 75,77
chinensis malleata, 17, 75,77
japonica, 17, 75, 77
circumlineatus, Promenetus, 203
circumstriatus, Gyraulus, 57,172, 177
circumstriatus, Torquis, 57,172,177
clappi, Clappia, 92,93
aappw, 3, 22,88,92,93,195
cahabensis, 22, 88
f/app/, 92,93
umbilicata, 22,88,92,93
ctora, £?zmw, 40,130,197
clarkei, Amnicola, 29, 196
dathrata, Tryonia, 21,90,92
clausa, Elimia, 36,126
clavaeformis, Elimia, 38,130
clavaeformis, Melania, 197
clavula, Elimia acuta, 32
clenchi, Elimia, 32,116
clinchensis, lo fluvialis, 198
clipeata, Leptoxis, 42, 121,137
cochilaris, Elimia, 33
Cochliopa, 31,114,211
texana, 31, 114
Cochliopina, 3, 22, 83, 84, 92
riograndensis, 22, 83,84,92
cockerelli, Bakerilymnaea, 49,152, 154,205
cockerelli, Fossaria, 49, 152, 154,205
cockerelli, Stagnicola, 152
collinsi, Helisoma campmulatum, 202,205
collinsi, Planorbella campanulata, 59, 175,202, 205
coloradensis, Acroloxus, 48,146,147
coloradoensis, Promenetus, 202
columbiana, Fluminicola, 22,93
columbiana, Physella, 53,159
columbiense, Helisoma, 206,207
columbiensis, Pierosoma, 60, 206, 207
columbiensis, Planorbella, 60,206,207
271
-------
columetta, Pseudosuccmea, 50,148,155
comalensis, Gncinnatia, 25,97
comalensis comalensis, Elimia, 33,124
comalensis, Elimia comalensis, 33,124
comalensis fontinalis, Elimia, 33,125
comma, Elimia, 32
compacta, Leptoxis, 42,122,137
conanti, Helisoma, 206
conanti, Planorbella, 206
conanti, Seminolina, 206
Conchylium, 211
concolor, Costatella virgata, 56,166
concolor, Physella virgata, 56,166
conica, Spilochlamys, 28,86,104,107, 108
Conidae, 12
conoidea, Costatella, 55,153
conoidea, Physella, 55,153
comtrictus, Somatogyms, 23,94
contracta, Stagnicola, 51,156
Conus, 12
cooperi, Menetus, 201
cooperi, Physella, 53,159
cooperi planospirus, Menetus, 201
coosaensis, Leptoxis, 138
coosaensis, Somatogyms, 24,88,93,97, 99,203
coosaensis, Tulotoma, 194
coosaensis, Walkerilla, 24,88,93,97, 99,203
con, Amnicola, 29, 111
comuarietis, Marisa, 18,80,81
corpulenta corpulenta, Pierosoma, 60, 176,205, 207
corpulenta corpulenta, Planorbella, 60, 176,205,207
corpulenta, Leptoxis, 139
corpulenta, Mudalia, 139
corpulenta, Pierosoma, 206,207
corpulenta, Pierosoma corpulenta, 60,176,205,207
corpulenta, Planorbella, 206,207
corpulenta, Planorbella corpulenta, 60,176,205,207
corpulenta vermilionensis, Pierosoma, 60,176,205
corpulenta vermilionensis, Planorbella, 60,176,205
corpulenta whiteavesi, Pierosoma, 60,176
corpulenta whiteavesi, Planorbella, 60, 176
corpulentum corpulentum, Helisoma, 205,207
corpulentum, Helisoma, 206,207
corpulentum, Helisoma corpulentum, 205,207
corpulentum, Pleurocera, 47, 145
corpulentum, Strephobasis, 47,145
corpulentum vermilionense, Helisoma, 205
comtgatum, Helisoma, 201
costata, Costatella, 55,164
costata, Physella, 55,164
Costatella, 5,55, 56, 153,164-167, 200
acuta, 55,165
bottimeri, 55,165
conoidea, 55,153
costata, 55,164
cubensis cubensis, 55,164
cubensispeninsulae, 55,164
hendersoni, 55,165
hendersoni floridana, 200
hendersoni hendersoni, 55,164
hendersoni hendersoni ariomus, 55,164
heterostropha halei, 55,165
heterostropha heterostropha, 55,165
heterostrophapomila, 55,165
humerosa, 55,165
integra brevispim, 56,167
Integra Integra, 56,167
integra integra walkeri, 56,167
johnsoni, 56,165
osculans, 56,165,200
spelunca, 56,166
sQualida, 56,166
virgata anatina, 56, 166
virgata berendti, 56,166
virgata concolor, 56,166
virgata rhyssa, 56,166
virgata virgata, 56,166
virgata virgata parva, 56,166
Costetta, 211
costifera, Elimia, 36
costulata, Elimia laqueata, 36,129
crandalli, Elimia potosiensis, 40
crassa anthonyi, Atheamia, 44,140,198
crassa anthonyi, Leptoxis, 44,140,198
crassa, Atheamia, 120,199
crassa, Atheamia crassa, 44,140
crassa crassa, Atheamia, 44,140
crassa crassa, Leptoxis, 44,140
crassa, Leptoxis, 120,198,199
crassa, Leptoxis crassa, 44,140
crassilabris, Menetus, 201
crassttabris, Somatogyms, 23,94
crassula, Campeloma, 17,74, 78,79, 194
crassus, Somatogyms, 23,94
crenatetta, Elimia, 33,124
crisps, Elimia perstriata, 34
crista, Armiger, 57, 168,177
crista, Gyraulus, 57, 168,177
crista. Nautilus, 212
cryptica, Fontigens, 30,114
cubensis, Bakerilymnaea, 50,149,152,154,160
cubensis, Costatella cubensis, 55, 164
cubensis cubensis, Costatella, 55,164
cubensis cubensis, Physella, 55,164
cubensis, Fossaria, 50,149,152,154,160
cubensis, Lymnaea, 149
cubensis peninsulae, Costatella, 55,164
cubensis peninsulae, Physella, 55,164
cubensis, Physella cubensis, 55,164
culvert, Antrobia, 21, 88,92
curreyana, Elimia, 36
cum'erianum, Pleurocera, 46,145,199
currierianus, Somatogyms, 23,94
curta, Angitrema, 44,141
272
-------
curta, Lithasia, 44,141
curtum curium, Pleuncera, 47, 145
curtum curtum, Strephobasis, 47, 145
curtum, Pteurocera curtum, 47, 145
curtum roanense, Pleurocera, 47, 146
curtum roanense, Strephobasis, 47, 146
curtum, Strephobasis curtum, 47, 145
curvicostata, Elimia, 35,126
Cyclemis, 211
Cyclostoma, 211
cyclostoma, Fossaria, 48,146,150
cyclostomaformis, Lioplax, 18, 74,76,195
cylindracea, Elimia, 37, 129
cylindrica, Physetta gyrtna, 54, 162
dacryon, Rhapimma, 28,86,102,107, 108
dallesensis, Juga hemphilli, 41, 135
dalli, Amnicola dalli, 29,108,113
dalli, Bakerilymnaea, 50, 152,154,160, 205
daUi dalli, Amnicola, 29,108,113
dalli, Fossaria, 50,152,154, 160, 205
dalli johnsoni, Amnicola, 29, 86, 108,109, 111
danielsi, Valvata sincera, 16,72,73
Daudebardiella, 196,204
davisi, Helisoma campanulatum, 202, 205
davisi, Planarbella campanulata, 202,205
decampi, Carnpdoma, 17, 78,79,194
decampi, Elimia perstriata, 34,124,197
decampi, Fossaria, 48
decipiens, Somatogyrus, 23,94
decisa, Amnicola, 29, 111, 196
decisum, Campeloma, 17, 74,79,81,194,195
deflectus, Gyrwlus, 57,172,177, 200,207
Dentatus, 211
depressa, Pierosoma occidentatts, 205
depressa, Planorbella occidentalis, 205
depressum, Helisoma occidentals, 205
depressus, Somatogyrus, 23,99
depygis, Lithasia obovata, 141
deserts, Fontelicella, 26,105
diaboli, Tryonia, 21,90,92
diaphanus, Laevapex, 63,192,193
dickinsani, Elimia, 35,126
dilatata, Leptoxis, 43,122,139
dilatata,Mudaiia, 43,122, 139
dilatafus buchanensis, Menetus, 202
dilatatus buchanensis, Micromenetus, 202
dilatatus floridensis, Menetus, 202
dilatatus floridensis, Micromenetus, 202
dilatatus, Menetus, 59,173,180,181,202
dilatatus,Micromenetus, 59, 173,180,181,202
dilatatus pennsylvanicus, Menetus, 202
dilatatus pennsylvanicus, Micromenetus, 202
Diotocardia, 12
Discus, 211
disjecta, Pierosoma subcrenata, 206
disjecta, Planorbella subcrenata, 206
disjectum, Helisoma subcrenatum, 206
dislocata, Elimia catenaria, 33,124,125
disstoni, Helisoma, 206
disstoni, Planorbella, 206
disstoni, Seminolina, 206
Docoglossa, 12
downiei, Leptoxis, 137
Drepanotrema, 5, 57, 58,168,171,172,178,200
aeruginosum, 58,171,178
cimex, 58,172,179
kermatoides, 58,172,178
Drepanotrematlnae, 200
Drepanotremeae, 200
Drepanotremini, 5, 57, 178,179
duryi duryi, Helisoma, 206, 208
duryi duryi, Ptanorbella, 206, 208
duryi duryi, Seminolina, 206, 208
duryi eudiscus, Helisoma, 206, 208
duryi eudiscus, Planorbella, 206,208
duryi eudiscus, Seminolina, 206,208
duryi, Helisoma, 206, 208
duryi, Helisoma duryi, 206,208
duryi intercalare, Helisoma, 206,208
duryi intercalaris, Planorbella, 206, 208
duryi intercalaris, Seminolina, 206,208
duryi narmale, Helisoma, 206,208
duryi normalis, Planorbella, 206, 208
duryi normalis, Seminolina, 206, 208
duryi, Planorbella, 61,184,188,206, 208
duryi, Planorbella duryi, 206, 208
duryi preglabrata, Planorbella, 206, 208
duryi preglabrata, Seminolina, 206,208
duryi preglabratum, Helisoma, 206, 208
duryi seminole, Helisoma, 206, 208
duryi, Seminolina, 61,184,188,206,208
duryi, Seminolina duryi, 206,208
duryi seminolis, Planorbella, 184,206, 208
duryi seminolis, Seminolina, 184,206, 208
duttoniana, Angitrema, 45, 141
duttoniana, Lithasia, 45,141
ebenum ebenum, Elimia, 35,127
ebenum, Elimia, 35
ebenum, Elimia ebenum, 35,127
ebenum emeryensis, Elimia, 35
ebumea, Amblostoma, 210
eburnea, Ambloxis, 210
eburnea, Lymnulus, 212
edgariana, Elimia, 33, 124
effusa, Parapholyx, 61,174,186,203
effusa, Vortieifex, 61,174, 186,203
ehtior, Rhodacmea, 62, 189,190
Elimia, 4,6,32-40,116,123-132,136,196-198,204,
211
acuta, 32
acutu acuta, 32
acuta clavula, 32
acutocarinata, 130
alabamensis, 36, 127, 211
273
-------
ampla, 40,132,197
annettae, 35,126
arachnoidea arachnoidea, 33,116
amchnoidea spinella, 33,124
aterina, 38,128
athearni, 33
bellacrenata, 32,125
bellula, 37,129
bentoniensis, 34
boykiniana, 32
boykiniana albanyensis, 32
boykiniana boykiniana, 32,116
boykiniana viennaensis, 32,116
brevis, 33,125
bullula, 38, 128
caelatura, 197
caelatura caelatura, 38,130
caelatura excellens, 39,130
caelatum georgiana, 39, 130
caelatura infuscata, 39, 131
caelatum lecontiana, 39
caelatura luteocella, 39,130
caelatura steamsiana, 39,130,131
cahawbensis cahawbensis, 35,127
cahawbensis fmtema, 35
capillaris, 33, 124
carinifera, 32,116
carinocostata, 34
catenaria, 33
catewria catemria, 33, 124
catenaria dislocata, 33,124,125
catenaria inclinans, 33
catenaria postelli, 33,124
catenaria vanhyningiana, 33, 124
chiltonensis, 37,129
c/ara, 40,130,197
c/au&z, 36,126
clavaeformis, 38, 130
clenchi, 32,116
cochilaris, 33
comaJensis comalemis, 33,124
comalemisfontinalis, 33,125
comma, 32
costifera, 36
crenatella, 33,124
curreyana, 36
curvicostata, 35,126
cylindracea, 37, 129
dickinsoni, 35,126
ebenum, 35
ebenum ebenum, 35,127
ebenum emeryensis, 35
edgartona, 33, 124
fastinans, 39,131
/Java, 35,127
floridensis, 34
fusiformis, 34, 125
gerhardti, 35, 126,127, 197
gibbera, 37, 129
hartmaniana, 35,126
haysiana, 36,127, 128
AjKfei, 36, 126
impresm, 34,124
induta, 35
interrupta, 40,132
interveniens, 36
/OTiesi, 39,131
lachryma, 38, 129
irera, 38, 129
laqueata, 36
laqmata castanea, 36,128
laqueata costulata, 36,129
laqueata laqueata, 36,126,129
laqueata tartum, 36
livescens, 37
livescens g-actiior, 37
livescens haldemani, 37, 128
livescens livescens, 37, 129
macglameriana, 36,127
murrayensis, 126
mutabilis, 37
mutabilis mutabilis, 37, 129
mutabilis timidus, 37
mutata, 129
nassula, 34,125
oft'vu/a, 37,38,129,211
omata, 40,197
osculata, 211
paupercula, 37, 128
perstriata crispa, 34
perstriata decampi, 34, 124,197
perstriata perstriata, 34
piMwy/, 38, 128,197
plicatastriata, 34
porrecta, 34,127
potosiensis, 40
potosiensis crandatti, 40
potosiensis ozarkensis, 40,136
potosiensis plebius, 40,136
potosiensis potosiensis, 40,132
proxima, 39,130
pupaeformis, 34,125
pupoidea, 36,128
pyfca/, 37
pygmaea, 36,127
raibeffa, 127
semicarinata, 38
showalteri, 38, 128,197
simplex, 38,39,130
strtatula, 34, 124
strigosa, 34,126
symmetries, 39,131
taitiana, 37, 129
s, 34,126
274
-------
troostiana, 34, 126
ucheensis, 32,125
vanuxemiana, 38,39,131
variam, 35
variata, 38,128
virginica, 39,130
Ellipstoma, 197, 211
gibbosa, 197
elliptica, Physella gyrina gyrina, 54,161
elodes, Lymnaeus, 200
elodes reflexa, Stagnicola, 156
elodes, Stagnicola, 51,155,156,200
elongata, Aplexa, 56,167, 168, 205
elongate tryoni, Aplexa, 56,167
elrodi, Stagnicola, 51,156
elrodiana, Stagnicola, 51,155
emarginata canademis, Stagnicola, 157
emarginata nashotahensis, Stagnicola, 157
emarginata, Paludina, 195
emarginata serrata, Stagnicola, 157, 200
emarginata, Stagnicola, 51,157, 200
emarginatus, Lymnaeus, 195
emarginatus, Stagnicola, 195
emeryensis, Elimia ebenum, 35
Emmericiella, 83
engonatum, Helisoma, 201
Epitonildae, 12
Epitonioidea, 12
Epitonatm, 211
erythopoma, Fluminicola, 22
esterbrooki, Pleurocera, 144
Euamnicola, 211
eucosmium, Helisama, 58,174, 201
eucosmium vaughani, Helisoma, 58
eudiscus, Helisoma duryi, 206,208
eudiscus, Planorbdla duryi, 206,208
eudiscus, Seminolina duryi, 206, 208
Eulimidae, 12
Eurycaelon, 198,211
anthonyi, 198
exacuous, Promenetus, 61,173,186,201,202
excavatus, Somatogyrus, 23,94,95
excellem, Elimia caelatura, 39,130
excentricus, Hebetancylm, 63,191-193
excisum, Gyrotoma, 40,119,132,133,197
excuratum, Pleurocera canaliculatum, 46, 143
exigua, Fossaria, 49,150,151,153
exilis, Campeloma, 17, 194
exilis, Stagnicola, 51,155
fallax, Helisoma trivolvis, 206, 208
fallax, Pierosoma trivolvis, 206, 208
fallax, Planorbelh trivolvis, 206,208
faseinans, Elimia, 39,131
Ferrissia, 6,62,63,190-193
califomica, 192
fragitis, 62,192,193
mcneili, 62,190,192
parallelus, 62,190
rivularis, 63,190-192
shimeki, 192
walkeri, 63, 192,193
Ferrissinae, 6,62,188,191, 192
filorn, Rhodacmea, 62,189-191
filum, Pleurocera canaliculatum, 46,142,143
Fisherola, 5, 52, 147, 158,200,210, 213
lantides, 200
nuttatli, 147,200,210,213
nuttalli kootaniensis, 52, 200
nuttalli lancides, 52,158,200
nuttalli nuttalli, 52,200
flava, Elimia, 35,127
florentiana, Lithasia wlebrow, 44,141
floridana, Cincimatia, 25,100,105
floridana, Castatella hendersoni, 200
floridana, Physella hendersoni, 200
floridense, Campeloma, 17, 78, 79,194
floridemis, Elimia, 34
floridemis, Menetus, 202
floridemis, Menetus dilatatus, 202
floridemis, Micromenetus, 202
floridensis, Micromenetus dilatatus, 202
Fluminicola, 3, 22,65,84,92,93,195, 203
columbiana, 22,93
erythopoma, 22
fusca, 22,92
hindsi, 22
merriami, 22,93
minutissima, 22,93
modoci, 22
nevademis, 22,93
nuttalliana, 22,65,92
seminalis, 22
turbiniformis, 22,93
virens, 22
fluvialis angitremoides, lo, 132,198
fluvMis brevis, lo, 136,198
fluvialis clinchensis, lo, 198
fluvialis fluvialis, lo, 198
fluvialis, lo, 41,118,132,198
fluvialis, lo fluvialis, 198
fluvialis loudonensis, lo, 198
fluvialis tyttonensis, lo, 198
fluvialis nolichuckyensis, lo, 198
fluvialis paulensis, lo, 198
fluvialis powellensis, lo, 198
fluvialis recta, lo, 136,198
fluvialis spinosa, lo, 136,198
fluvialis turrita, lo, 136,198
fluvialis unakensis, lo, 198
fluvialis verrucosa, lo, 136,198
Fontettcella, 4,26, 103,105,106,110, 204
catifomiensis, 26,103
deserta, 26, 105
hendersoni, 26,105
275
-------
idahoemis, 26,105,106
intermedia, 26,105
micrococats, 26,103, 106,110
neomexicana, 26,105
pikbryana, 26
robmta, 26,103,106
steamsiana, 26
Fontigens, 4,30,31,110,111,114,116,196,204
binneyana, 30, 196
cryptica, 30,114
hoisingeri, 30,114
nicktmiana, 30,111,116,196
orolibas, 30, 114
tartarea, 30,114
tumtetta, 30, 114
weberi, 31,196
Fontigentinae, 4,30,85,110, 111
fontinatis, Elimia comalensis, 33,125
foremani, Leptoxis, 42, 121,137
foremani, Pleurocera, 47, 144
formosa, Leptoxis, 42,121,204
Fossaria, 5,48-50,146,149-154,160, 199,204,205
alberta, 49,152,205
bulimoides, 49,149, 151,152,154, 205
bulimoides perplexa, 160,205
cockerelli, 49,152,154,205
cubensis, 50,149,152, 154,160
cyclostoma, 48,146,150
dalli, 50,152,154,160,205
decampi, 48
exigua, 49,150,151,153
galbana,4S,, 146,150
hendersoni, 50,152, 205
humilts, 48,146,149-151
modicetta, 49,150,151,153
modicella rustica, 151
obrussa, 49, 146,150,151,153
parva, 49,146,149,150,152
peninsulas, 49,150,151,153
perplexa, 50,152,205
perpolita, 50, 151
rustica, 49,150,151, 153
sonomaensis, 50,151,152, 154,205
tazewelliaw, 49,146,150
techeUa, 50,152,154
tnmcatula, 49,149,150, 154,205
vancouverensis, 50, 152
Fossutorbis, 5,58,171,172,178,179
cimex, 58,172,179
kermatoides, 58,172,178
fragitis, Femssia, 62, 192, 193
fratema, Gncinnatia, 25,99,100
fratema, Elimia cahawbensis, 35
fuliginosa, Lithasia geniculata, 44,140,199
fusca, Fluminicola, 22,92
fuscus, Laevapex, 63,191-193
fusiformis, Elimia, 34,125
gabbi, Stagnicola, 52,157
Galba, 149, 199,205,211
alberta, 205
pusitta, 149, 199,211
galbana, Fossaria, 48,146,150
geniculata, Anculosa, 198
geniculata fuliginosa, Lithasia, 44,140,199
geniculata geniculata, Lithasia, 44,140
geniculata, fo, 199
geniculata, Lithasia, 198,199
geniculata, Lithasia geniculata, 44,140
geniculata pinguis, Lithasia, 44,123,140,198,199
geniculum, Campeloma, 18, 78-80, 194
georgiana, Elimia caelatura, 39,130
georgianus, Somatogyrus, 23,95
georgianus, Viviparus, 16, 77, 78
gerhardti, Elimia, 35,126, 127, 197
gibbera, Elimia, 37, 129
gibbosa, Ellipstoma, 197
gibbosa, Leptoxis, 138
gibbum, Campeloma, 17, 79, 194
Gittia, 3, 23, 88, 99
altilis, 23,88,99
giabra, Buccinum, 211
glabrata, Biomphalaria, 58,173,178
globosa, Physella, 53,163
Glattelia, 211
Goniobasis, 197, 198,211
alabamemis, 211
olivula, 211
oscukta, 197, 211
pilsbryi, 197
umbonata, 198
gouldi, Physella gyrtna, 54,162
gracilior, Elimia livescens, 37
gradatum, Pleurocera, 46,144
grana, Amnicola, 29, 111, 113
gra/ie, Lyogyrus, 29, 111,113
granifera, Thiara, 32,116, 118
gravis, Spilochlamys, 28, 104,108,109
greggi, Amnicola, 29,112,113
greggi, Lyogyrus, 29,112, 113
grifflthiana, Leptoxis, 204
Gundlachia, 211
ancyliformis, 211
Gymnoglossa, 12
Gyraulus, 5, 57, 168, 172,177, 200, 207
arcticus, 200
circumstriatus, 57, 172,177
crista, 51, 168,177
deflectus, 57, 172,177, 200, 207
hornensis, 57, 172,177, 200
parvus, 57, 172,177
gyrina alba, Physella, 54,162
gyrina ampullacea, Physella, 54, 162
gyrina athearni, Physella, 54,162
gyrina aurea albofilata, Physella, 54,162
276
-------
gyrina aurea, Physella, 54,162
gyrina bayfleldensis, Physella, 54, 162
gyrina cylindrica, Physella, 54,162
gyrina elliptica, Physella gyrina, 54,161
gyrina gouldi, Physella, 54,162
gyrina gyrina elliptica, Physella, 54,161
gyrina gyrina hildrethiana, Physella, 54,162
gyrina gyrina, Physella, 54,161
gyrina hawni, Physella, 54,162
gyrina hildrethiana, Physella gyrina, 54, 162
gyrina microstoma, Physella, 54,163
gyrina, Physella gyrina, 54,161
gyrina sayi, Physella, 54,163
gyrina smithiana, Physella, 54,163
Gyrotoma, 4,40,41,118,119,132-135,196-198
alabamemh, 133,197
amplum, 133,197
carinifenim, 133,197
excisum, 40,119,132,133,197
hendersoni, 134, 197
incisum, 133, 197
laciniatum, 133,197
lewisi, 40,119,134,197
pagodum, 40,119,134,197
pumilum, 41, 119,134,197
pyramidatum, 41,119,134, 197
spillmani, 133,197, 198
walkeri, 41,119,135,197, 198
halcyon,Marstonia, 27, 101,102,107
haldemani,Acella, 48, 146-148
haldemani, Elimia livescens, 37, 128
Haldemania, 202,211
Haldemanina, 211
halei, Costatella heterostropha, 55,165
halei,Physellaheterostropha, 55,165
hanni, Lanx, 153
hami, Promenetus, 202
hartmaniana, Elimia, 35,126
hastatum, Pleurocera unciale, 47, 145
Hauffenia, 4, 30, 113,115,196, 204
micro, 30,113,115,196,204
nugax, 196,204
havanensis, Ancylus, 211
havanemis,Biomphalaria, 58,173,178
hawni, Physella gyrina, 54,162
haysiana, Elimia, 36,127, 128
Hebetancylus, 6,63, 191-193
excentricus, 63,191-193
helicogyra, Qndnnatia, 25, 100,103
Helicosoma, 211
Helisoma, 5, 58, 59,174, 175,178,179,200-202,
205-208
arnmon, 205,207
anceps, 200, 201
anceps anceps, 58,174,178,201
anceps anticostianum, 201
anceps aroostookense, 201
anceps cahni, 201
anceps latchfordi, 201
anceps pericarinatum, 201
anceps politum, 201
anceps portagensis, 201
anceps royalense, 58,174, 201
anceps rushi, 201
anceps sayi, 201
anceps striatum, 201
anceps unicarinatum, 201
anguistoma, 201
angulata, 201
angulaturn, 201
antrosum, 201
aroostookense, 201
bartschi, 201
bella, 202
bicarinatum, 201
binneyi, 205,207
binneyi randolphi, 206
cahni, 201
campanulatum, 202,205
campanulatum campanulatum, 205
campanulatum canadense, 202,205
campanulatum collimi, 202,205
campanulatum davisi, 202, 205
campanulatum michiganense, 202, 205
campanulatum minor, 202
campanulatum multivolvis, 205
campanulatum rideauense, 202, 205
campanulatum rudentis, 202,205
campanulatum smithi, 202, 205
campanulatum wisconsinense, 202,205
chautauquense, 205
columbiense, 206,207
conanti, 206
corpulentum, 206,207
corpulentum corpulentum, 205, 207
corpulentum vemilionense, 205
corrugatum, 201
disstoni, 206
-------
major, 201
minnesotense, 201
multicostatum multicostatum, 205
multicostatum whiteavesi, 205
muMvolvis, 202,205
newberryi, 201
newberryi jacksonense, 59,175,179
newberryi newberryi, 58,175, 180
newberryi newberryi ponsonbyi, 180
newberryi occidentale, 59,175,179
occidentals, 207
occidentale depressum, 205
occidentale occidentale, 205
oregoneme, 205
percarinatum, 201
pilsbryi, 207, 208
pilsbryi infracarinatum, 205-208
pilsbryi pilsbryi, 205
pilsbryi preblei, 206,208
plexatum, 205,206, 208
politurn, 201
portagensis, 201
nisW, 201
soyz, 201
scafare, 206,208
shellense, 201
striatum, 201
subcrenatum, 207, 208
subcrenatum disjectum, 206
subcrenatum homi, 206
subcrenatum perdisjunctum, 206
subcrenatum plexatum, 206
subcrenatum subcrenatum, 205
fewue, 207
tenue califomieme, 206,207
fen«e sinuosum, 206,207
irasfef, 206,207
IrasM, 207
trivolvis, 206-208
trivolvis chautauqueme, 208
trivolvis fallax, 206,208
trivolvis hohtonense, 208
trivolvis lentum, 206,208
trivolvis macrostomum, 206,208
trivolvis marshatti, 206,208
trivolvis subcrenatum, 206-208
trivolvis trivolvis, 206,208
trivolvis turgidum, 206,208
truncatum, 206
unicarinatum, 201
winstowi, 206-208
Hellsomatinae, 206
Helisomini, 5,58,178-187
hemisphaericus, Laevapex, 63
hemphilli, Bythinella, 31,116
hemphilH dallesensis, Juga, 41, 135
hemphilli hemphilli, Juga, 41,135
hemphilli, Juga hemphilli, 41,135
hendersoni ariomus, Costatetta hendersoni, 55,164
hendersoni ariamus, Physella hendersoni, 55,164
hendersoni, Bakerilymnaea, 50,152,205
hendersoni, Costatella, 55,165
hendersoni, Costatella hendersoni, 55,164
hendersoni floridana, Costatetta, 200
hendersoni flortdana, Physella, 200
hendersoni, Fantelicella, 26,105
hendersoni, Fossaria, 50,152,205
hendersoni, Gyrotoma, 134,197
hendersoni hendersoni ariomus, Costatella, 55,164
hendersoni hendersoni ariomus, Physella, 55,164
hendersoni hendersoni, Costatella, 55,164
hendersoni hendersoni, Physella, 55,164
hendersoni, Lymnaea, 152
hendersoni, Natrtcola, 26,105
hendersoni, Physella, 55,165
hendersoni, Physella hendersoni, 55,164
hendersoni, Somatogyrus, 23,95
heterostropha, Costatella heterostropha, 55,165
heterostropha halei, Costatella, 55,165
heterostropha halei, Physella, 55,165
heterostropha heterostropha, Costatella, 55,165
heterostropha heterostropha, Physella, 55,165
heterostropha, Physella heterostropha, 55,165
heterostropha pomila, Costatella, 55,165
heterostrophapomtia, Physella, 55,165
hildrethiana, Physella gyrina gyrina, 54,162
hindsi, Fluminicola, 22
hinkleyi, Pleurocera acuta, 45
hinkleyi, Pomatiopsis, 31,116,117, 196
hinkleyi, Rhodacmea, 62,189-191
hinkleyi, Somatogyrus, 23,95
hinkleyi, Stagnicola, 52,157
Hinkleyia, 5,52, 158
caperata, 52,158
montanensis, 52,158
pUsbryi, 52,158
holsingeri, Fontlgens, 30,114
hohtonense, Helisoma trivolvis, 208
holstonensis, Pierosoma trivolvis, 208
holstonensis, Planorbella trivolvis, 208
horati, Valvata utahensis, 16,70
Horntia, 4,30, 114,115,196,204
micra, 196,204
nugax, 30,114,115,196,204
hordacea, Physella, 54,161
homensis, Gyraulus, 57, 172,177, 200
homensis, Torquh, 57, 172,177, 200
homi, Helisoma, 205,206,208
homi, Helisoma subcrenatum, 206
homi, Pierosoma, 205, 206,208
homi, Pierosoma subcrenata, 206
homi, Planorbella, 205,206, 208
homi, Planorbella subcrenata, 206
Hoyia, 3,20,82,90,203
278
-------
sheldoni, 20,82,90, 203
hubrichti, Angitrema, 45
hubrichti, Lithasia, 45
hudsonicus, Promenetus, 202
humeralis, Valvata, 15,69,72
humerosa, Costatella, 55,165
humerosa, Paludina, 194
humerosa, Physella, 55,165
fmmerosus, Samatogyrus, 23,95
humilis, Fossaria, 48, 146,149-151
humilis, Lymwea, 149
hvalina, Promenetus, 202
Hyalopyrgus, 3,20, 82, 85,87, 91,98
aequicostatus, 20,82,85,87, 98
bremsimus, 20,91,98
hydel, EUmia, 36,126
Hydmbia, 211
Hydrobiidae, 3,7, 19,65, 82-84, 89,91-97, 99,103,
105-107, 109,111-116,196
Hydrobiinae, 3,19,82, 85-88,91,92, 203
Hydrognoma, 211
hypnorum, Aplexa, 205
hypohyaUna, Aphaostracon, 19,87, 89
Hypsogyra, 211
Ibicomu, 211
idahoense, Hetisoma, 201
idahoense, Stagnicola, 52,157
idahoemis, Fontelicella, 26,105, 106
idahoemis, Natricola, 26,105,106
imitator, Tryonia, 21, 90
impedita, Stagnicola, 156
impressa, EUmia, 34,124
Incilicomu, 211
incisum, Gyrotama, 133,197
inctinans, EUmia catenaria, 33
induta, EUmia, 35
infracarinata, Pierosoma pilsbryi, 60,182, 205-208
infracarinata, Planorbella pilsbryi, 60,182,205-208
infracarinata, Valvata tricarimta, 16,68
infracarinatum, Helisoma pilsbryi, 205-208
infuscata, EUmia caelatura, 39, 131
insolita, Amnicola aldrichi, 29
Integra, Amnicola, 195
Integra brevispira, Costatella, 56,167
integra brevispira, Physella, 56,167
integra, Cincinnatia, 25,195
integra, Costatella Integra, 56,167
Integra Integra, Costatella, 56,167
Integra Integra, Physella, 56,167
Integra integra walkeri, Costatella, 56,167
Integra integra walkeri, Physella, 56,167
integra, Melania, 195
integra, Paludina, 194,195
integra, Physella integra, 56,167
integra, Somatogyrus, 24
integra walkeri, Costatella integra, 56,167
integra walkeri, Physella integra, 56, 167
integrum, Campeloma, 17, 74,194
intercalare, Helisoma duryi, 206,208
intercalaris, Planorbella duryi, 206, 208
intercalaris, Seminolina duryi, 206, 208
interioris, Juga, 42,136
interioris, Oreobasis, 42,136
intermedia, Fontelicella, 26,105
interrupta, EUmia, 40,132
intertextus, Viviparus, 16,76,77
interveniens, EUmia, 36
lo, 4,41,118,132,136,196,198,199
fluvialis, 41,118,132,198
flu vialis angitremoideSf 132,198
fluvialis brevis, 136,198
fluvialis clinchemis, 198
fluvialis fluvialis, 198
fluvialis loudonensis, 198
fluvialis lyttonensis, 198
fluvialis nolichuckyensis, 198
fluvialis paulemis, 198
fluvialis poweflensis, 198
fluvialis recta, 136,198
flu vialis spinosa, 136,198
fluvialis turrita, 136,198
fluvialis unakensis, 198
fluvialis verrucosa, 136,198
geniculata, 199
salebrosa, 199
isogona, Birgella subglobosa, 25
isogonus, Somatogyrus, 203
jacksonense, Carinifex newberryi, 59, 175,179
jacksonense, Helisoma newberryi, 59, 175,179
Janthinidae, 12
faponica, Cipangopaludina, 17, 75, 77
jayana, Angitrema, 45, 142
jay ana, Lithasia, 45,142
fenkinsi, Potamopyrgus, 212
fenksii, Planorbula, 185
fennessi, Physa, 53,159
fohnsoni, Amnicola dalli, 29, 86,108,109, 111
johnsoni, Costatella, 56,165
fohnsoni, Physella, 56,165
jolietensis, Stagnicola, 155
fonesi, Elimia, 39, 131
fordanense, Helisoma, 201
fudayi, Cincinnatia, 91
Juga, 4,41,42,123,135,136,196,204
acutifilosa, 135
acutifilosa acutifilosa, 41
acutifllosa pittensis, 41
acutifilosa siskiyouensis, 41
bulbosa, 41,135
hemphilli dallesensis, 41,135
hemphilli hemphitti, 41,135
interioris, 42,136
laurae, 42, 136
nigrina, 42.135
279
-------
occata, 41,135
plicifera, 41,135
silicuta, 41,135
kennicotti, Helisoma, 206,208
kennicotti, Pierosoma, 206,208
kennicot ti, Planorbella, 206,208
kermatoides, Drepanotrema, 58,172,178
kematoides, Fossulorbis, 58,172,178
Kincaiditta, 211
kingi, Stagnicola, 158
klamathensu, Lanx, 53,147, 159
klamathemis, Walkerola, 53,147, 159
kootaniensis, Fisherola nuttalli, 52,200
labiatus, Menetus, 201
lachryma, Elimia, 38, 129
laciniatum, Gyrotoma, 133,197
lacustris, Acroloxus, 147
lacustris limafodens, Probythinella, 195
lacustris, Probythinella, 21,87, 88,92,195
laeta, Elimia, 38,129
Laevapecinae, 6,63,191,192
Laevapex, 6,63,191-193
diaphanus, 63,192,193
fuscus, 63,191-193
hemisphaericus, 63
lancides, Fisherola, 200
tantides, Fisherola nuttalli, 52,158,200
Lancinae, 5,52,147, 153,158, 159,188,200
Lanx, 5,53,147, 153,159,200,204
a/fa, 53,153
hanni, 153
klamathemis, 53,147, 159
patelloides, 53,153,159
subrotundata, 53,153
Laphrostoma, 211
Japidaria, Amnicola, 195
lapidaria, Pomatiopsh, 31,115-117, 195,196
laqueata castemea, Elimia, 36,128
laqueata costutata, Elimia, 36,129
laqueata, Elimia, 36
laqueata, Elimia laqueata, 36,126,129
laqueata laqueata, Elimia, 36,126,129
laqueata tortum, Elimia, 36
latchfordi, Helisoma, 201
latchfordi, Helisoma anceps, 201
latchfordi, Physella parkeri, 54,164
laurae, Juga, 42,136
laurae, Oreobasis, 42,136
iaurentiana, Stagnicola, 156
lecantiana, Elimia caelatura, 39
Lecythoconcha, 211
lens, Menetus, 202
tens, Micromenetus, 202
ten/a, Pierosoma trivolvis, 60,206,208
tente, Planorbetta trivolvis, 60,206,208
lenticularis, Menetus, 202
lenticularis, Micromenetus, 202
lentum, Helisoma trivolvis, 206,208
Lepetidae, 12
Leptolimnea, 211
Leptoxis, 4,42-44,119-123,135,137-140,143,198,
199,204
ampla, 42,122,135
arkansensis, 43,122,139
brevispira, 138
carinata, 139
carinata carinata, 43,122,139
carinata nickliniata, 43,122,139
e/i>eafa, 42,121,137
compacta, 42,122,137
coosaensis, 138
corpulenta, 139
crasss, 120,198,199
crassa anthonyi, 44,140,198
crassa crassa, 44,140
d/toafa, 43,122,139
downiei, 137
foremani, 42,121,137
formosa, 42,121,204
gibbosa, 138
griffithiana, 204
, 42,121,137
, 42, 121,198
melanoides, 42,122,137
minor, 43,122,139
occultata, 42,121,137
picta, 42,120,137
plicata, 43,122,137
praerosa, 43,120,138,204
showalteri, 43,121, 138,198
subglobosa, 138,204
taeniata, 43,120,121,138,204
tintinabulum, 138
trilineata, 43,122,139
umbilicata, 43,120,143
vwyars, 43,123,140
vi^ara, 43,121,138
leptum, Campeloma, 17, 194
Lepyrium, 3,23, 84,99
showalteri, 23,84,99
letsoni, Pyrgulopm, 11, 108,110,195
lewiri, Campeloma, 17, 74
lewisi, Gyrotoma, 40,119,134,197
lewisi lewisi, Valvata, 15,72
lewisi morph ontarioensis, Valvata, 15,67, 70, 71
lewisi, Pleurocera acuta, 45,142
lewisi, Valvata, 71
lewisi, Valvata lewisi, 15,72
ligata, Leptoxis, 42,121,137
lima, Angitrema, 45,123,142
lima, Lithasia, 45,123,142
limafodens, Probythinella lacustris, 195
Limnaea, 211
Limnea, 211
280
-------
Limneus, 211
limnophila, 4,64
Limnophym, 211
limosa, Amnicola, 108,111,112,195,196,203
limosa, Amnicola limosa, 29,113
limosa limosa, Amnicola, 29,113
limosa, Paludina, 195
limosa parva, Amnicola, 29
limum, Campeloma, 18, 74,78,194
Lioplacinae, 3,17, 74,79,80
Lioplax, 3,18, 74,76,80,195
cyclostomaformis, 18,74,76,195
pilsbryi, 195
pilsbryi choctawhatchensis, 18,76,195
pilsbryi pilsbryi, 18,76,80
mbcarinata, 18,76,80,195
subcartnata occidental^, 195
mlculosa, 18,76,195
talquinensis, 18,76,80
lirata, Leptoxis, 42,121,198
Lithasia, 4,44,45,123,140-142,197-199,204
armigem, 44,141
curta, 44,141
duttoniana, 45,141
geniculata, 198, 199
geniculata futiginosa, 44,140,199
geniculata geniculata, 44,140
geniculata pinguis, 44,123,140,198,199
hubrichti, 45
fayana, 45,142
lima, 45,123,142
obovata, 44,123,141,198
obovata depygis, 141
obovata pennsylvanica, 141
obovata sordida, 141
salebrasa, 199
salebrosa florentiana, 44,141
salebrosa salebrosa, 44,141
salebrosa subglobosa, 44, 141,199
showalteri, 197
verrucosa, 45,142,199
lithoglyphinae, 3,21,84-86,92-97, 99,100
Lithoglyphus, 195,211
Lithoparches, 211
Littoridinops, 3,20,82, 85-87, 90,91,98
monroemis, 20, 82,85,87, 98
tenuipes, 20,82,86,87, 91,98
livescens, EHmia, 37
livescens, Etimia livescens, 37, 129
livescens gracilior, Elimia, 37
livescens haldemani, Elimia, 37, 128
livescens livescem, Elimia, 37, 129
lordi, Physella, 54,161
loudonensis, lo fluvMis, 198
tustrica, Amnicola, 195, 196
lustrica, Marstonia, 27, 101,104,106, 107, 195
lustrica, Paludina, 195,196
Lutella, 211
luteocella, Elimia caelatura, 39,130
Lymnaea, 5, 50,148,149,152,154, 199,200
atkaensis, 50,148, 154
bulimoides, 149,152
catascopium, 200
cubensis, 149
hendenoni, 152
humilis, 149
sonomaensis, 152
techella, 152
stagnate, 199
stagnalis appressa, 50,148,154
stagnalis sanctaemariae, 50, 148,154
Lymnaeidae, 5,48, 66,146,147, 153-160,188,199,
200
Lymnaeinae, 5,48,146,147, 153-158,200
Lymnaeoidea, 5,66
lymnaeus, 195,200,211
elodes, 200
emarginatus, 195
Lymneus, 211
Lymnula, 211
Lymnulus, 212
eburnea, 212
Lymnus, 212
Lyogyms, 4, 29,30, 86,111-115,196, 204
browni, 29, 113
grana, 29,111,113
greggi, 29,112,113
pilsbryi, 29,112,113
pupoidea, 30, 111,113
retromargo, 30, 86,111,113
walkeri, 30,111, 113,114
Lythasia, 212
lyttonensis, lo fluviatis, 198
macglamertana, Elimia, 36,127
Macrolimen, 212
macrostoma, Pierosoma trivolvis, 206,208
macrostoma, Planorbetta trivolvis, 206, 208
macrostamum, Helisoma trivolvis, 206,208
magbimonitifera, Tulotoma, 194
magnalacustris, Bithynia tentacuhta, 19,82, 83
magnalacustris, Physella, 54,164
magnifica, Pierosoma, 60,176,183,205
magniftca, Planorbelh, 60,176, 183,205
magnifica, Tulotoma, 16, 75, 77, 194
magnificum, Helisoma, 205
major, Helisoma, 201
malleata, Clpangopaludina chinemis, 17, 75, 77
Marisa, 3, 18,66,80,81
comuarietis, 18,80,81
marmorata, Stenophym, 57, 167, 168
marshalli, Helisoma trivolvis, 206, 208
marshalli, Pierosoma trivolvis, 206,208
marshalli, Planorbella trivolvis, 206,208
Marstonia, 4,27, 101-104, 106,107, 195,204
281
-------
agarhecta, 27, 101-103
arga, 27, 101-103
castor, 27, 101-103
halcyon, 27, 101,102,107
lustrica, 27, 101,104,106,107, 195
ogmorphaphe, 27, 101,104, 107
olivacea, 27, 104,106
pachyta, 27, 101,102, 107
winkleyi mozleyi, 106
Marstoniopsis, 196
maugeriae, Stenophysa, 57, 167, 168
mcneili, Feniwa, 62, 190,192
mediocarinata, Valvata tricarinata, 16, 68
Megara, 212
megas, Promenetus, 202
megasoma, Bulimnea, 48,146,149
Megastropha, 212
Megasystropha, 201,212
newberryi, 201
Melacantha, 212
Metefusus, 111
Melanin, 117, 195,197, 211,212
acutocarinata, 197
alabamensis, 211
clavaeformis, 197
Integra, 195
ofivwto, 211
showalteri, 197
Melanidia, 212
Melaniidae, 117
Melanoides, 4,31,116,117
tuberculata, 31, 116,117
melanoides, Leptoxis, 42,122,137
Melantho, 212
Me/as, 212
Melasma, 212
Melatoma, 198,212
Menelus, 5,59,172,173,180,181,201,202
alabamensis, 202
brogniartianm, 59,173,181, 202
buchanensis, 202
calliogtyptus, 201,202
centervillensis, 201, 202
coopert, 201
cooperi planospirus, 201
crassilabrts, 201
dttatatus, 59,173,180,181,202
dilatatus buchanensis, 202
dilatatus floridemis, 202
dilatatus Pennsylvania^, 202
floridensis, 202
labiatus, 201
tens, 202
lenticularts, 202
operations, 59,173,180,201,202
operations callioglyptus, 180
operations multilineatus, 201
operation's oregommis, 201, 202
pennsylvanicus, 202
planulatus, 201,202
portlandensis, 201
sampsoni, 59,172,181,202
mergella, Valvata, 15,71,72
merriami, Fluminicola, 22,93
Meseschize, 212
Meseshiza, 212
Mesogastropoda, 3,12,64
mmmiensis, Pomacea, 81
mica, Gncinnatia, 25,100,103
michiganense, Helisoma campanulatum, 202,205
michiganensis, Planorbella campanulata, 202, 205
micro, Hauffenia, 30,113,115,196,204
micro, Horatia, 196,204
micro nugax, Valvata, 196,204
m/cra, Valvata, 196,204
Microamnicola, 4,26,103,106,110
micrococcus, 26,103,106,110
micrococcm, Fontelicella, 26,103,106,110
micrococcus, Microamnicola, 26,103,106,110
Miciomelanudae, 3,19,65,83,89
Micromemtus, 5, 59,172,173, 180,181,202
alabamensis, 202
brogniartianus, 59,173,181,202
buchanensis, 202
cfr'/ateftis, 59,173,180,181,202
dilatatus buchanensis, 202
dilatatus floridensis, 202
dilatatus pennsylvanicus, 202
floridensis, 202
tens, 202
lenticularis, 202
pennsylvanicus, 202
sampsoni, 59,172,181,202
microstoma, Physetta gyrina, 54,163
microstriata, Physella, 54,161
mighehi, Stagnicola, 52, 149,157
mi/esi, Campeloma, 17, 74, 194
minnesotense, Helisoma, 201
minor, Helisoma campanulatum, 202
minor, Leptoxis, 43, 122,139
minor, Mudalia, 43,122,139
minor, Planorbella campanulata, 202
minutissima, Fhtminicola, 22,93
missouriensis, Amnicola, 29,196
modestum, Pleurocera, 143
modicella, Fossaria, 49, ISO, 151,153
modicella rustica, Fossaria, 151
modoci, Fluminicola, 22
monas, Aphaostracon, 19,87, 89
monttiferum, Pleurocera, 143
monroensis, Gncinnatia, 25,100
monroemis, Littoridinops, 20,82, 85,87, 98
montanensis, Hinkleyia, 52,158
montanensis, Stagnicola, 52,158
282
-------
mortforme, Pleurocem canaliculatum, 46, 143
mozleyi, Marstonia winkleyi, 106
Mudalia, 4,43,120,122,123,139,140,196,198, 204
arkansemis, 43, 122,139
carinata, 139
carinata carinata, 43, 122,139
carinata nickliniata, 43, 122,139
corpulenta, 139
dilatata, 43,122, 139
minor, 43,122,139
trilmeata, 43, 122, 139
virgata, 43,123,140
multicostata multicostata, Pierosoma, 205
multicostata multicostata, Planorbella, 205
multicostata, Pierosoma multicostata, 205
multicostata, Planorbella multicostata, 205
multicostata whiteavesi, Pierosoma, 205
multicostata whiteavesi, Planorbella, 205
multicostatum, Helisoma multicostatum, 205
multicostatum multicostatum, Helisoma, 205
multicostatum whiteavesi, Helisoma, 205
multitineatus, Menetus opercularis, 201
multivolvis, Helisoma, 202, 205
multivolvis, Helisoma campanulatum, 205
multivolvis, Planorbella, 59,175,182, 202,205
multivolvis, Planorbella campanulata, 205
murrayensis, Elimia, 126
mutabttis, Elimia, 37
mutabilis, Elimia mutabilis, 37, 129
mutabilis mutabttis, Elimia, 37, 129
mutabilis timidus, Elimia, 37
mutata, Elimia, 129
raw, Stiobia, 28,98,108,113
nanws, Somatogyrus, 24,95
nashotahensis, Stagnicola emarginata, 157
nasoni, Stagnicola, 158
Nasonia, 149,212
nassula, Elimia, 34, 125
naticina, Borysthenia, 67
naticoides, Paludina, 195
Natricola, 4, 26, 103,105,106,110,204
hendersoni, 26, 105 4,
idahoensis, 26, 105,106
robusta, 26,103,106
Afauto, 2)2
Nautilus, 212
crate, 212
Neogastropoda, 12
neamexicana, Fontelicella, 26,105
neopalustris, Stagnicola, 51, 155
Neoplanorbinae, 6, 62,186,187
Neoplanorbis, 6,62,171,186,187, 203
carinatus, 62,171,187
smithi, 62,171,187
tantillus, 62,171,186
umbilicatus, 62,171,187
Aferite, 194,212
Neritidae, 194
Neritina, 3,15,67,69,194
reclivata, 67
reclivata palmae, 15,67
reclivata reclivata, 15,69
reclivata sphaera, 15,67
Neritinacea, 3, 12, 64
Neritinia, 194,213
Neritinidae, 3, 12,15, 64, 67, 69, 194
Neritinoidea, 3,64
nevadensis, Fluminicola, 22,93
nevademis nevadensis, Pyrgulopsis, 28,109
nevadensis paiutica, Pyrgulopsis, 28
nevademis, Pyrgulopsis, 107, 110
nevademis, Pyrgulopsis nevadensis, 28,109
newberryi, Carinifex, 201
newberryi, Carinifex newberryi, 58,175,180
newberryi, Helisoma, 201
newberryi, Helisoma newberryi, 58, 175,180
newberryi jacksonense, Carinifex, 59,175, 179
newberryi jacksonense, Helisoma, 59, 175, 179
newberryi, Megasystropha, 201
newberryi newberryi, Carinifex, 58, 175,180
newberryi newberryi, Helisoma, 58, 175, 180
newberryi newberryi ponsonbyi, Carinifex, 180
newberryi newberryi ponsonbyi, Helisoma, 180
newberryi occidentale, Carinifex, 59,175, 179
newberryi occidentale, Helisoma, 59,175,179
newberryi, Planorbis, 201
newberryi ponsonbyi, Carinifex newberryi, 180
newberryi ponsonbyi, Helisoma newberryi, 180
newfoundlandensis, Stagnicola, 156
nickliniana, Fontigens, 30,111,116, 196
nickliniata, Leptoxis carinata, 43, 122, 139
nickliniata, Mudalia carinata, 43,122, 139
nigrina, Juga, 42,135
nigrina, Oreobasis, 42,135
Nitocris, 204,212
nobite nobile, Pleurocera, 46, 145
nobile nodosa, Pleurocera, 46,143
nobile, Pleurocem nobile, 46, 145
nodosa, Pleurocera nobile, 46,143
nolichuckyensis, lo fluvialis, 198
normals, Helisoma duryi, 206, 208
normalis, Planorbella duryi, 206, 208
normalis, Seminolina duryi, 206, 208
normalis, Valvata bicarinata, 15,69,70
Notogillia, 4,27, 86,104,107, 108
sathon, 27, 86,104,107
wetherbyi, 27, 104,107, 108
nugax, Hauffenia, 196, 204
nugax, Horatia, 30, 114,115,196,204
nugax, Valvata micro, 196,204
nuttalli, Fisherola, 147, 200, 210,213
nuttalli, Fisherola nuttalli, 52, 200
nuttalli kootaniensis, Fisherola, 52, 200
nuttalli lancides, Fisherola, 52, 158,200
283
-------
nuttalli nuttalli, Fisherola, 52,200
nuttalli, Physella propinqua, 55,163
nuttalli triticea, Physella propinqua, 55,163
nuttalli venusta, Physella propinqua, 55,163
nuttalluma, Fluminicola, 22,65,92
nu ttattii, A ncylus, 213
nuttattii, Velletea, 213
nylanden, Valvata sincera, 16, 72
Nymphophilinae, 4, 25,85,86, 88,97, 99-101,103,
105-109,113,114
obesum, Campeloma, 79
obovata depygis, Lithasia, 141
obovata, Lithasia, 44,123,141,198
obovata pennsylvanica, Lithasia, 141
obovata sordida, Lithasia, 141
obrusm, Fossana, 49,146,150,151,153
obtusa, Paludina, 196
obtusa, Valvata piscinalis, 16,71,72
obtusus, Somatogyrus, 24,95
occata, Calibasis, 41,135
occata,Juga, 41,135
occidentals, Carinifex newbenyi, 59,175,179
occidentals depressum, Helisoma, 205
occidental, Helisoma, 207
occidentale, Helisoma newbenyi, 59,175, 179
occidental, Helisoma occidentale, 205
occidentale occidentals, Helisoma, 205
occidentalis depresw, Pierosoma, 205
occidentalis depressa, Planorbella, 205
occidentalis, Lioplax subcarinata, 195
occidentalis occidentalis, Pierosoma, 205
occidentalis occidentalis, Planorbella, 205
occidentalis, Pierosoma, 60,183,207
occidentalis, Pierosoma occidentalis, 205
occidentalis, Planorbella, 60, 183, 207
occidentalis, Planorbetta occidentalis, 205
occultata, Leptoxis, 42,121, 137
ogmorphaphe, Marstonia, 27, 101, 104,107
olivacea, Marstonia, 27, 104,106
olivula, Elimia, 37, 38,129,211
olivula, Goniobasis, 211
olivula, Melania, 211
Omphemis, 212
Omphiscola, 212
Oncomelania, 115
ontarioensis, Valvata tewisi, 15,67,70,71
opercularis caltioglyptus, Menetus, 180
opercularis, Menetus, 59,173,180,201, 202
opercularis multilineatus, Menetus, 201
opercularis oregonensis, Menetus, 201,202
opercularis oregonensis, Planorbis, 202
optima, Parapholyx solida, 187
optima, Vorticifex solida, 187
oregonense, Helisoma, 205
oregonensis, Menetus opercularis, 201,202
oregonensis, Pierosoma, 60,175,205
oregonensis, Planorbella, 60,175,205
oregonensis, Planorbis opercularis, 202
Oreobasis, 4,41,42,135,136
bulbosa, 41,135
interioris, 42,136
faurae, 42, 136
nigrina, 42,135
omata, Elimia, 40,197
orolibas, Fontigens, 30,114
oronoensis, Stagnicola, 52,157
Orygoceras, 4, 27, 98, 106
osculans, Costatella, 56,165, 200
osculam, Physella, 56, 165, 200
osculata, Elimia, 211
osculata, Goniobasis, 197, 211
Oxytrema, 212
ozarkensis, Elimia potosiensis, 40, 136
ozarkensis, Pyrgulopsis, 28,110,195
Pachychflidae, 196
Pachychilus, 196
pachynotus, Aphaostracon, 20,87, 89
pachyta, Marstonia, 27, 101, 102,107
pagodum, Gyrotoma, 40,119, 134, 197
paiutica, Pyrgulopsis nevadensis, 28
pallida, Amnicola, 112
palmae, Neritina redivata, 15, 67
Paludestrina, 31, 114,212
bottimeri, 31,114
Paludina, 30, 194-196, 206, 212
emarginata, 195
humerosa, 194
in/e^ra, 194,195
limosa, 195
lustrica, 195, 196
naticoides, 195
obtusa, 30, 196
poraw, 195,196
scalaris, 206
Paludomidae, 196
Paludomus, 196
paludosa, Pomacea, 19,81,82
palustre, Buccinum, 199
palustris, Stagnicola, 199, 200
Paradines, 212
parattelus, Ferrissia, 62, 190
Parapholyx, 6, 61,174, 186,187, 203
e//«sa, 61,174,186,203
sofefo, 61,174,203
solida optima, 187
parkeri latchfordi, Physella, 54,164
parkeri parkeri, Physella, 54,164
parkeri, Physella parkeri, 54,164
parthenum, Campeloma, 18,80, 81,194
parva, Amnicola limosa, 29
parva, Cincinnatia, 25, 100,103
parva, Costatella virgata virgata, 56,166
parva, Fossana, 49, 146, 149, 150,152
parva, Physella virgata virgata, 56,166
284
-------
parvulus, Somatogyrus, 24, 95
parvum, Pleumcera, 46,143
parvus, Gyraulus, 57, 172,177
parvus, Torquis, 57, 172, 177
Patellidae, 12
Patelloidea, 12
patelloides, Lanx, 53, 153, 159
paulensis, la fluvMis, 198
paupercula, Elimia, 37, 128
peninsulae, Costatella cubensis, 55,164
peninmlae, Fossaria, 49, 150,151,153
peninsulae, Physella cubensis, 55, 164
penmylvanica, Lithasia obovata, 141
pennsylvanicus, Menetus, 202
pennsylvanicus, Menetus dilatatus, 202
pennsylvanicus, Micromenetus, 202
pennsylvanicus, Micromenetus dilatatus, 202
pennsylvanicus, Somatogyrus, 24,88,96
pemcuta, Gncinnatia, 25, 103
percarinatum, Helisoma, 201
percarinatum, Helisoma anceps, 201
perconfusa, Valvata tricarinata, 16, 70
perdepressa perdepressa, Valvata, 16,72
perdepressa, Valvata, 16,71
perdepressa, Valvata perdepressa, 16,72
perdepressa form walkeri, Valvata, 16,70
perdisjuncta, Pierosoma subcrenata, 206
perdisjuncta, Planorbella subcrenata, 206
perdisjunctum, Helisoma subcrenatum, 206
perplexa, Bakeritymnaea, 50,152, 205
perplexa, Bakerilymnaea bulimoides, 160, 205
perplexa, Fossaria, 50,152, 205
perplexa, Fossaria bulimoides, 160, 205
perpolita, Bakerilymnaea, 50,151
perpoiita, Fossaria, 50,151
perstriata crispa, Elimia, 34
perstriata decampi, Elimia, 34,124,197
perstriata, Elimia perstriata, 34
perstriata perstriata, Elimia, 34
petoskeyensis, Stagnicola, 52, 157
petricola, Acrorbis, 200
petrifom, Gncinnatia, 25, 100,103
Petrophysa, 5, 56,167, 168
zfcwi/s, 56,167, 168
Phreatomenetus, 203,212
J%VM, 5,53,159,160,206
fennessi, 53,159
skinneri, 53, 159
Physella, 5,53-56, 153,159-168,200
ffewte, 55,165
ancillaria, 53,163, 200
bottimeri, 55,165
boucardi, 53,153,159
columbiana, 53,159
conoidea, 55, 153
cooperi, 53, 159
costata, 55, 164
cubensis cubensis, 55,164
cubensis peninsulae, 55, 164
globosa, 53,163
gyrina alba, 54,162
gyrina ampullacea, 54, 162
gyrina atheami, 54,162
gyrina aurea, 54, 162
gyrina aurea albofilata, 54,162
gyrina bayfleldensis, 54,162
gyrina cylindrica, 54, 162
gyrina gouldi, 54, 162
gyrina gyrina, 54, 161
gyrina gyrina elliptica, 54,161
gyrina gyrina httdrethiana, 54, 162
gyrina hawni, 54,162
gyrina micros toma, 54,163
gyrina sayi, 54,163
gyrina smithiana, 54,163
hendersoni, 55, 165
hendersoni floridana, 200
hendersoni hendersoni, 55,164
hendersoni hendersoni ariomus, 55, 164
heterostropha halei, 55,165
heterostropha heterostropha, 55, 165
heterostropha pomila, 55, 165
hordacea, 54,161
humerosa, 55,165
integra brevispira, 56,167
integra integra, 56,167
integra integra walkeri, 56, 167
johnsoni, 56, 165
fore??, 54, 161
magnalacustris, 54,164
microstriata, 54,161
osculans, 56,165,200
parkeri latchfordi, 54,164
parkeri parkeri, 54, 164
propinqua nuttalli, 55,163
propinqua nuttatti triticea, 55,163
propinqua nuttalli venusta, 55, 163
propinqua propinqua, 54,163
spelunca, 56, 166
squalida, 56,166
O-asfaf, 55,161
utahensis, 55,161
vinosa, 55,164
virgata anatina, 56,166
virgata berendti, 56, 166
virgata concolor, 56,166
virgata rhyssa, 56,166
virgata virgata, 56,166
virgata virgata parva, 56,166
virginea, 55,161
rfoms, 56, 167, 168
Physidae, 5, 53,66,147, 153,159-167, 200,205
Physina, 212
Physinae, 5, 53, 159,161-167
285
-------
Physodon, 212
picta, Leptoxis, 42,120, 137
Pierosoma, 6, 59,60,175,176,182,183,188,205-
208
ammon, 59, 176,182,205,207
binneyi, 59,205, 207
binneyi randolphi, 206
chautauquensis, 205
columbiensis, 60,206,207
corpulenta, 206, 207
corpulenta corpulenta, 60,176,205,207
corpulenta vermitionensis, 60,176,205
corpulenta whiteavesi, 60,176
harm, 205,206,208
kennicotti, 206,208
magnifies, 60,176,183,205
multicostata multicostata, 205
multicostate whiteavesi, 205
occidentalis, 60, 183,207
occidentalis depressa, 205
occidentalis occidentalis, 205
oregonemis, 60,175, 205
/rfftdrtf. 60,176,207,208
pilsbryi mfracarinata, 60,182,205-208
pilsbryi pilsbryi, 60,205
pilsbryi preblei, 206,208
pilsbryi winslowi, 60
pteafa, 205,206,208
subcrenata, 207, 208
mbcrenata disjecta, 206
subcrenata homi, 206
subcrenata perdisjuncta, 206
subcrenata plexata, 206
subcrenata subcrenata, 205
fenuis, 60,183, 207
tentws califomiensis, 206,207
tenuis sinuosa, 206,207
mzs/W, 60,206, 207
trivolvis, 188,206-208
trivolvis chautauquensis, 208
trivolvis faltax, 206,208
trivolvis holstonensis, 208
trivolvis ten to, 60,206,208
trivolvis macrostoma, 206,208
trivolvis marshalli, 206,208
trivolvis subcrenata, 60, 176,183,206-208
trivolvis trivolvis, 60,184,206,208
trivolvis turgida, 60,206,208
truncata, 60,176,184,206
wins/owi, 206-208
-Pffo, 210
pihbryana, Fontelicella, 26
pihbryanm, Somatogyrus, 24,96
pilsbryi, Amnicola, 29,112,113
pilsbryi choctawhatchensis, Lioplax, 18,76,195
pilsbryi, Elimia, 38,128,197
pilsbryi, Goniobasis, 197
pilsbryi, Helisoma, 207, 208
pilsbryi, Helisoma pilsbryi, 205
pilsbryi, Hinkleyia, 52,158
pilsbryi infracarinata, Pierosoma, 60,182, 205-208
pilsbryi infracarinata, Planorbella, 60,182,205-208
pilsbryi infracarinatum, Helisoma, 205-208
pilsbryi, Lioplax, 195
pilsbryi, Lioplax pilsbryi, 18, 76, 80
piM/yf, iyogyras, 29,112,113
pilsbryi, Pierosoma, 60, 176,207, 208
pilsbryi, Pierosoma pilsbryi, 60,205
pilsbryi pilsbryi, Helisoma, 205
pilsbryi pilsbryi, Lioplax, 18,76, 80
pilsbryi pilsbryi, Pierosoma, 60,205
pilsbryi pilsbryi, Planorbella, 60,205
pilsbryi, Planorbella, 60,176,207, 208
pilsbryi, Planorbella pilsbryi, 60,205
pilsbryi preblei, Helisoma, 206,208
pilsbryi preblei, Pierosoma, 206,208
pilsbryi preblei, Planorbella, 206,208
pilsbryi, Stagnicola, 52,158
pilsbryi winslowi, Pierosoma, 60
pilsbryi winslowi, Planorbella, 60
pinguis, Lithasia geniculata, 44,123,140,198, 199
piscinalisfoimobtusa, Valvata, 16,71,72
pittensis, Calibasis acutifilosa, 41
pittensis, Juga acutifilosa, 41
planogyrum, Pleurocera, 144
Planorbella, 5, 59-61,174-176,182-184,188,202, 205-
208
ammo*, 59,176,182, 205, 207
bella, 202
binneyi, 59,205,207
binneyi randolphi, 206
campanulata, 202,205
campanulatacampanulata, 59,175, 182,205
campanulata canadensis, 202,205
campanulata cottinsi, 59,175,202,205
campanulata davisi, 202,205
campanulata michiganensis, 202,205
campanulata minor, 202
campanulata multivolvis, 205
campanulata rideauensis, 202,205
campanulata rudentis, 202,205
campanulata smithi, 202,205
campanulata wisconsinensis, 202,205
chautauquensis, 205
columbiensis, 60,206, 207
conanti, 206
corpulenta, 206,207
corpulenta corpulenta, 60,176,205, 207
corpulenta vermilionensis, 60,176,205
corpulenta whiteavesi, 60,176
disstoni, 206
duryi, 61,184,188,206,208
c?urw cfu/yr, 206, 208
' eudiscus, 206,208
286
-------
duryi intercalaris, 206,208
duryi normalis, 206,208
duryipreglabrata, 206,208
duryi seminolis, 184, 206, 208
homi, 205,206,208
kennicotti, 206,208
magni/ica, 60,176,183,205
multicostata multicostata, 205
multicostata whiteavesi, 205
multivoMs, 59, 175,182,202, 205
occidentalis, 60,183,207
occidentalis depressa, 205
accidentalis occidentalis, 205
oregonensis, 60,175, 205
pUsbryi. 60,176,207,208
pihbryi infracarinata, 60,182, 205-208
pikbryi pihbryi, 60,205
pihbryipreblei, 206,208
pilsbryi winslowi, 60
plexata, 205,206,208
scalaris, 61,184,188, 206,208
subcrenata, 207, 208
subcrenata disjecta, 206
subcrenata homi, 206
subcrenata perdisjuncta, 206
subcrenata plexata, 206
subcrenata subcrenata, 205
tenuis, 60,183,207
« califomiensis, 206, 207
& sinuosa, 206, 207
Zrasfci, 60, 206,207
trivolvis, 188, 206-208
trivolvis chautauquensis, 208
trivolvis fallax, 206,208
trivolvis holstonensis, 208
trivolvis lenta, 60, 206, 208
trivolvis macrostoma, 206,208
trivolvis marshalli, 206,208
trivolvis subcrenata, 60,176, 183,206-208
trivolvis trivolvis, 60, 184, 206, 208
trivolvis turgida, 60, 206, 208
truncata, 60,176,184, 206
wwtt/owi, 206-208
Hanorbidae, 5, 57, 66,147, 160, 168,177-188, 203
Planorbina, 212
Planorbinae, 5, 57, 177-187
Hanorbini, 5,57, 177
Planorbis, 201,202,212
caltiagfyptus, 202
centervillensis, 202
newberryi, 201
opercularis oregonensis, 202
planulatus, 202
umbilicatus, 202
wheatleyi, 202
Planorbula, 6,61,171, 173,174,185, 202
armigera armigera, 61,173, 174,185
amigera wheatleyi, 61, 173, 185
campestris, 61,173, 185
jenksii, 185
wheatleyi, 202
Ptanorbulina, 212
planospirus, Menetus cooperi, 201
planulatus, Menetus, 201,202
planulatus, Planorbis, 202
platyrachis, Pyrgophorus, 21, 86,92, 98
plebius, Etimia potosiensis, 40,136
Pleurocera, 4,6,45-47, 123,142-146, 196-199,204
flcwto, 45,197
acutaacuta, 45, 142
acuta hinkleyi, 45
acutalewisi, 45,142
alveare, 45, 142, 143
annuliferutn, 47, 144,145
brumbyi, 46,145,199
canaliculatum, 45
canaliculatum alabamense, 46, 142
canaliculatum canaliculatum, 45
canaliculatum excuratum, 46, 143
canaliculatum filum, 46, 142,143
canaliculatum rnoriforme, 46, 143
canaliculatum undulatum, 46, 142,143
corpulentum, 47, 145
currierianum, 46,145,199
curtum curtum, 47, 145
curium roanense, 47, 146
esterbrooki, 144
foreman!, 47, 144
gradatum, 46, 144
madestum, 143
moniliferum, 143
/e nobile, 46,145
nodosa, 46, 143
parvum, 46,143
planogyrum, 144
ponderosum, 143
postelli, 46,144
prasinatum, 47, 144
pyrenellum, 46, 144,145, 199
showalteri, 47, 144
striatum, 142
trochiformis, 46, 145
uncials, 47, 144
unciale hastatum, 47, 145
unciale unciale, 47, 144,145
vestitum, 47, 144,145
viridulum, 47, 145, 199
walkeri, 47, 146
Pleuroceridae, 4, 6, 32, 65,116-118,124-146,196,198
Pleurovalvata, 212
plexata, Pierosoma, 205, 206,208
plexata, Pierosoma subcrenata, 206
plexata, Planorbella, 205,206,208
plexata, Planorbella subcrenata, 206
287
-------
plexatum, Helisoma, 205,206,208
plexatum, ffelisoma subcrenatum, 206
plicata, Leptoxis, 43,122,137
plicatastriata, Elimia, 34
plicifera, Juga, 41,135
politum, Hetisoma, 201
poll turn, Helisoma anceps, 201
Pomacea, 3, 19,66,81,82
bridges!, 19,81
miamiensis, 81
paludosa, 19,81,82
Pomatias, 211
Pomatiopsidae, 4,31,65,115,116
Pomatiopsis, 4,31,115-117, 195,196
binneyi, 31,116,117
califomica, 31,116, 117
chacei, 31,117
cindnnatiensis, 31, 115,116
hinkleyi, 31,116,117, 196
Upidaria, 31,115417, 195,196
pomila, Costatella heterostropha, 55,165
pomila, Physella heterostropha, 55, 165
Pompholycodea, 212
Pompholyx, 212
Pomus, 212
ponderosa, Gncinnatia, 25,101,103
ponderosum, Pleurocera, 143
ponsonbyi, Carinifex newberryi newberryi, 180
ponsonbyi, Helisoma newberryi newberryi, 180
porsta, Amnicola, 112,195,196
porata, Paludina, 195,196
porrecta, Elimia, 34,127
portagemis, Helisoma, 201
portagemis, Helisoma anceps, 201
portiandemis, Menetus, 201
postelli, Elimia catenarw, 33,124
posteUi, Pleurocera, 46,144
Potamopyrgus, 212
jenkinsi, 111
potosiensis cmndalli, Elimia, 40
potosiensis, Elimia, 40
potosiensis, Elimia potosiensis, 40,132
potosiensis ozarkensis, Elimia, 40,136
potosiensis plebius, Elimia, 40,136
potosiensis potosiensis, Elimia, 40,132
powellensis, lo fluvialis, 198
praerosa, Anculow, 204
praerosa, Leptoxis, 43,120,138,204
prasinatum, Pleurocera, 47, 144
preblei, Helisoma pilsbryi, 206
preblei, Pierosama pihbryi, 206,208
preblei, Planorbella pilsbryi, 206,208
preglabrata, Planorbella duryi, 206,208
preglabrata, Seminolina duryi, 206,208
preglabratum, Helisoma duryi, 206,208
Probythinella, 3,21, 87, 88,92,195
lacustris, 21,87, 88,92,195
lacustris timafodens, 195
products, Pseudisidora, 147
Promenetus, 6, 61,173,186,201-203
cams, 61,202,203
circumlineatus, 203
coloradoensis, 202
s, 61,173,186, 201, 202
i, 202
hudsonicus, 202
hyalina, 202
me^zH, 202
nibellus, 202
umbiticatellus, 61,173, 186,202, 203
umbilicatus, 202
propinquanuttalli, Physella, 55,163
propinqua nuttalli triticea, Physella, 55,163
propinqua nuttalli venusta, Physella, 55, 163
propinqua, Physella propinqua, 54,163
propinqua propinqua, Physella, 54,163
proserpina, Amnicola, 29,196
Prosobrandm, 3,12, 64, 160
protea, Tryonia, 21,90,92
proximo, Elimia, 39,130
Pseudisidora, 147
producta, 147
Pseudogalba, 149,212
Pseudosuccinea, 5, 50,148,155
columella, SO, 148,155
Pteaoglossa, 12
Pulmonata, 4,64
pumilis, Somatogyrus, 24,96
pumilum, Gyrotoma, 41,119,134,197
pupaeformis, Elimia, 34, 125
pupoidea, Amnicola, 30, 111, 113,196
pupoidea, Elimia, 36,128
pupoidea, Lyogyrus, 30,111,113
pusitta, Galba, 149, 199,211
pybasi, Elimia, 37
pycnus, Aphaostracon, 20, 87, 89
pygmaea, Elimia, 36,127
pygmaeus, Somatogyrus, 24,96
pyramidatum, Gyrotoma, 41,119, 134,197
Pyramidellidae, 12
pyrenellum, Pleurocera, 46,144,145, 199
Pyrgophorus, 3,21, 86,90-92,98, 203
platyrachis, 21,86,92,98
spinosus, 21,90,91
Pyrgula, 213
Pyrgulopsis, 4,27, 28,107-110,195
archimedis, 27, 109,110
fetom, 27, 108,110, 195
nevadensis, 107, 110
nevadensis nevadensis, 28,109
nevadensis paiutica, 28
ozarkensis, 28,110,195
scalariformis, 28,109,110,195
wabashensis, 195
288
-------
quadratus, Somatogyrus, 24,96
Rachiglossa, 12
radiatus, Ancylus, 211
Radix, 5,51,148,155
auricularia, 50,148,155
mndolphi, Hetisoma binneyi, 206
randolphi, Pierosoma binneyi, 206
randolphi, Planorbella binneyi, 206
reclivata, Neritina, 67
reclivata, Neritina reclivata, 15, 69
reclivata palmae, Neritina, 15, 67
reclivata reclivata, Neritina, 15, 69
reclivata sphaera, Neritina, 15,67
recta, lo fluvialis, 136,198
reflexa,Stagnicolaelades, 156
regulare, Campeloma, 18,74,78, 80,194
retromargo, Ammcola, 30, 86, 111, 113
retromargo, Lyogyrus, 30, 86, 111, 113
rhadinus, Aphaostracon, 20,82, 87
Rhapinema, 4, 28,86, 102,107, 108,204
dacryon, 28,86,102,107, 108
Rhipidoglossa, 12
rhodacme, Rhodacmea, 189, 191
Rhodacmea, 6,62,188-191,209
cahawbensis, 189
elatior, 62,189,190
filosa, 62,189-191
hinkleyi, 62,189-191
rhodacme, 189, 191
Rhodocephala, 213
rhombastoma, Ammcola, 29, 108,113
rhyssa, Costatetta virgata, 56,166
rhyssa, Physella virgata, 56,166
rideauense, Hetisoma campanulatum, 202, 205
rideauensis, Planorbella campanulata, 202,205
riograndemis, Cochliopina, 22,83, 84,92
Rissooidea, 65
rivularis, Ferrissia, 63,190-192
roanense, Pleurocera curtum, 47, 146
roanense, Strephobasis curium, 47, 146
robusta, Fontelicella, 26,103,106
robusta,Natrtcola, 26,103,106
royalense, Helisoma anceps, 58,174,201
rubella, Elimia, 127
rubellus, Promenetus, 202
rudentis, Helisoma campanulatum, 202,205
rudentis, Planorbella campanulata, 202,205
rushi, Helisoma, 201
rushi, Helisoma anceps, 201
rustica, Fosmria, 49,150,151,153
rustica, Fossaria modicella, 151
salebrosa florentiana, Lithasia, 44,141
salebrosa, lo, 199
salebrosa, Lithasia, 199
salebrosa, Lithasia salebrosa, 44,141
salebrosa salebrosa, Lithasia, 44,141
salebrosa subglobosa, Lithasia, 44,141,199
sampsoni, Menetus, 59,172,181,202
sampsoni, Micromenetus, 59,172,181,202
sanctaemariae, Lymnaea stagnalis, 50,148, 154
sargenti, Somatogyrus, 24,96
sathon, Notogillia, 27, 86,104,107
sayi, Helisoma, 201
sayi, Hetisoma anceps, 201
sayi, Physella gyrina, 54,163
scalare, Helisoma, 206, 208
scalariformis, Pyrgulopsis, 28,109,110,195
scalaris, Paludina, 206
scalaris, Planorbella, 61,184,188,206, 208
scalaris, Seminatina, 61,184, 188,206, 208
Scalidae, 12
Scaphe, 213
Schizochttm, 213
Schizostoma, 198,213
scissura, Apella, 198
Segmentineae, 200
Segmentina, 213
semicarinata, Elimia, 38
seminalis, Fluminicola, 22
seminole, Helisoma duryi, 206, 208
seminolis, Planorbella duryi, 184,206,208
seminolis, Seminolina duryi, 184,206, 208
shellense, Helisoma, 201
Seminolina, 6,61,175,184,188, 206,208
conanti, 206
disstoni, 206
duryi, 61,184, 188,206, 208
duryi duryi, 206,208
duryi eudiscus, 206,208
duryi intercalaris, 206, 208
duryi normalis, 206, 208
duryi preglabrata, 206,208
duryi seminolis, 184,206,208
scalaris, 61,184, 188, 206, 208
serrata, Stagnicola emarginata, 157, 200
sheldoni, Hoyia, 20, 82,90,203
shimeki, Ferrissia, 192
showalteri, Elimia, 38,128, 197
showalteri, Leptoxis, 43,121,138, 198
showalteri, Lepyrium, 23, 84,99
showalteri, Lithasia, 197
showalteri, Melania, 197
showalteri, Pleurocera, 47, 144
sittcula, Juga, 41,135
simplex, Elimia, 38,39,130
simplex, Valvata tricarinata, 16,70
Simpsonia, 149,213
sincera foim daniehi, Valvata, 16,72,73
sincera nylanderi, Valvata, 16, 72
sincera sincera, Valvata, 16,68,72,73
sincera, Valvata sincera, 16,68,72,73
sinuosa, Pierosoma tenuis, 206,207
sinuosa, Planorbella tenuis, 206,207
sinosum, Helisoma tenue, 206,207
289
-------
siskiyomnsi$, Calibasis acutifilosa, 41
siskiyouensis, Juga acutifilosa, 41
skinneri, Physa, 53,159
smithi, Helisoma campanulatum, 202,205
smithi, Neoplanorbis, 62, 171,187
smithi, Planorbetta campanulata, 202,205
smithiana, Physdla gyrina, 54,163
solida optima, Paraphofyx, 187
solida optima, Vorticifex, 187
solida, Parapholyx, 61,174,203
solida, Vorticifex, 61,174,203
Somatogyrus, 3,23-25,86,88,93-97, 99,100,195,
203
alcoviemis, 23
aldrichi, 93
amnicoloides, 23,93
aureus, 23,93,99
biangulatus, 23,94
comtrictus, 23,94
coosaenas, 24,88,93,97, 99,203
crassilabris, 23,94
crassus, 23,94
currierianm, 23,94
decipiens, 23,94
depressus, 23,99
excavatus, 23,94,95
georgianus, 23,95
hendersoni, 23,95
hinkleyi, 23,95
humerosus, 23,95
integra, 24
isogonus, 203
nanus, 24,95
obtusus, 24,95
parvulus, 24,95
pennsylvanicus, 24,88,96
pilsbryanus, 24,96
pumttm, 24,96
pygmaeus, 24,96
quadra tus. 24,96
sargenti, 24,96
strengi, 24,96
substriatus, 24,97
ftrozx, 24, 86,88,99,100,203
tennesseenm, 24,97
trothis, 24
fryowi, 24,195
virginicus, 25,88,97, 195
walkerianus, 24,97
wheeleri, 24,97
sonomaemis, Bakerilymnaea, 50,151,152,154, 205
sonomaensis, Fossaria, SO, 151,152,154,205
sonomaensis, Lymnaea, 152
sordida, Lithasia obovata, 141
spelunca, Costatella, 56,166
spelunca, Physella, 56,166
sphaera, Neritina redivata, 15,67
spillmani, Gyrotoma, 133,197, 198
Spilochlamys, 4, 28,86,104,107-109
cornea, 28, 86,104, 107, 108
, 28,104,108,109
z, 28, 104,107
spinella, Elimia amchnoidea, 33,124
spinosa, lo fluvialis, 136,198
spinosus, Pyrgophonts, 21,90,91
spiralis, Antroselates, 19, 83,89
Spirodon, 213
squalida, Costatella, 56,166
squalida, Physella, 56,166
stagnalis appressa, Lymnaea, 50,148,154
stagnalis, Lymnaea, 199
stagnalis sanctaemariae, Lymnaea, 50,148, 154
Stagnicola, 5, 51, 52,148,149, 152,155-158,195,199,
200,204, 205
alpenensis, 155
apicina, 51
arctica, 51,156
bonnevillensis, 51,156
caperata, 52,158
catascopium, 51,156, 200
cockerelti, 152
contracta, 51, 156
rfo&s, 51,155,156,200
elodes reflexa, 156
e/rodi, 51,156
elrodians, 51,155
emarginata, 51,157, 200
emarginata canadensis, 157
emarginata nashotahensis, 157
emarginata serrata, 157, 200
emarginatus, 195
exi/zs, 51,155
#a£«, 52,157
hinkleyi, 52,157
idahoense, 52,157
impedita, 156
/olietensis, 155
W«g?, 158
laurentiana, 156
mighelsi, 52,149,157
montanensis, 52,158
nasoni, 158
neopalustris, 51,155
newfoundlandensis, 156
oronoensis, 52,157
palustris, 199,200
petoskeyensis, 52,157
p/MrFJ, 52,158
mjs&i", 51, 155
utahensis, 52,158
walkertana, 52,158
woodruffi, 52,158
wyomingensis, 156
steamsiana, Elimia caelatum, 39,130,131
290
-------
steamsiana, Fontelicella, 26
Stenoglossa, 12
Stenaphyw, 5,57, 160,167, 168,200,205
marmarata, 57, 167, 168
maugeriae, 57, 167, 168
Stimpsonia, 213
Stiobia, 4,28,98,108,113
nana, 28,98, 108,113
strengi, Somatogyrus, 24,96
Strephobasis, 4,47, 145,146
corpulentum, 47, 145
curtum curium, 47, 145
curtum roanense, 47, 146
walkeri, 47, 146
Strepama, 213
Strepomatidae, 196
stria tula, Elimia, 34, 124
striatum, Helisoma, 201
striatum, Helisotna anceps, 201
striatum, Pleurocera, 142
strigosa, Elimia, 34,126
stygia, Amnicola, 29,112
subcarinata, Lioplax, 18, 76,80, 195
subcarinata occidentalis, Lioplax, 195
subcrenata disjecta, Pierosoma, 206
subcrenata disjecta, Flanorbella, 206
subcrenata homi, Pierosoma, 206
subcrenata homi, Planorbella, 206
subcrenata perdisjuncta, Pierosoma, 206
subcrenata perdisjuncta, Planorbella, 206
subcrenata, Pierosoma, 207, 208
subcrenata, Pierosoma subcrenata, 205
subcrenata, Pierosoma trivolvis, 60,176,183, 206-208
subcrenata, Planorbella, 207, 208
subcrenata, Planorbella subcrenata, 205
subcrenata, Planorbella trivotvis, 60,176,183,206-
208
subcrenata plexata, Pierosoma, 206
subcrenata plexata, Planorbella, 206
subcrenata subcrenata, Pierosoma, 205
subcrenata subcrenata, Planorbella, 205
subcrenatum disjectum, Helisoma, 206
subcrenatum, Helisoma, 207, 208
subcrenatum, Helisoma subcrenatum, 205
subcrenatum, Helisoma trivolvis, 206-208
subcrenatum horni, Helisoma, 206
subcrenatum perdisjunctum, Helisoma, 206
subcrenatum plexatum, Helisoma, 206
subcrenatum subcrenatum, Helisoma, 205
subglobosa, Anculosa, 204
subglobosa, Birgetta, 25,97-100
subglobosa isogona, Birgella, 25
subglobosa, Leptoxis, 138,204
subglobosa, Lithasia salebrosa, 44,141,199
subpurpureus, Viviparus, 17, 77, 78
subrotundata, Lanx, 53,153
subsolidum, Campeloma, 79
substriatus, Somatogyrus, 24,97
sulculosa, Lioplax, 18, 76,195
symmetrica, Elimia, 39, 131
taeniata, Leptoxis, 43,120,121, 138, 204
Taenioglossa, 12
taitiana, Elimia, 37, 129
talquinensis, Lioplax, 18,76,80
tannum, Campeloma, 17, 79, 194
tantittus, Neoplanorbis, 62,171, 186
Taphius, 213
tartarea, Fontigens, 30, 114
tazewelliana, Fossaria, 49,146, 150
techella, Bakerilymnaea, 50,152, 154
techella, Fossaria, 50,152,154
techella, Lymnaea, 152
Telescapella, 213
renax, Somatogyrus, 24, 86, 88,99, 100,203
tenax, Walkerilla, 24, 86, 88,99,100, 203
tennesseensis, Somatogyrus, 24,97
tentaculata, Bithynia, 81, 83
tentaculata, Bithynia tentaculata, 19
tentaculata magnalacustris, Bithynia, 19,82, 83
tentaculata tentaculata, Bithynia, 19
renue califomiense, Helisoma, 206, 207
tenue, Helisoma, 207
tenue sinuosum, Helisoma, 206, 207
tenuipes, Littoridinops, 20, 82, 86,87, 91,98
tenuis califomiensis, Pierosoma, 206, 207
tenuis califomiensis, Planorbella, 206,207
ft»/ZM«, Pierosoma, 60,183, 207
tenuis, Planorbella, 60,183, 207
tenuis sinuosa, Pierosoma, 206, 207
rewHi'j sinuosa, Planorbella, 206,207
feres, Elimia, 34,126
texana, Cochliopa, 31,114
theiocrenetus, Aphaostracon, 20, 87, 91
IMwa, 4,32,116-118
granifera, 32, 116,118
Thlaridae, 4,31,65,116, 117
ttomsonia, 213
Tiara, 213
timidus, Elimia mutabilis, 37
tintinabulum, Leptoxis, 138
ror£?uw, 5, 57, 172,177, 200
circumstriatus, 57, 172,177
homensis, 57, 172,177, 200
pan/us, 57, 172, 177
tortum, Elimia laqueata, 36
Toxoglossa, 12
traski, Helisoma, 206,207
traski, Physella, 55,161
traski, Pierosoma, 60,206,207
traski, Planorbella, 60, 206,207
traski, Stagnicola, 51,155
traskii, Helisoma, 207
trtcarinata morph bakeri, Valvata, 16,68
tricarinata morph basalts, Valvata, 16,68
291
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tricarinata morph infmcarinata, Valvata, 16,68
tricarinata morph mediocarinata, Valvata, 16,68
tricarinata morph perconfusa, Valvata, 16,70
tricarinata morph simplex, Valvata, 16,70
tricarinata morph tricarinata, Valvata, 16,68,70
tricarinata morph unicarinata, Valvata, 16,68
tricarinata, Valvata, 16,67, 73
tricarinata, Valvata tricarinata, 16,68,70
trilineata, Leptoxis, 43,122,139
trilineata,Mudalia, 43, 122,139
trittcea, Physella propinqw nuttalli, 55,163
trivolvis chautauquense, Helisoma, 208
trivolvis chautauquensis, Pierosoma, 208
trivolvis chautauquensis, Planorbella, 208
trivolvis fallax, Helisoma, 206, 208
trivolvis fallax, Pierosoma, 206,208
trivolvis fallax, Planorbella, 206, 208
trivolvis, Helisoma, 206-208
trivolvis, Helisoma trivolvis, 206,208
trivolvis holstonense, Helisoma, 208
trivolvis holstonemis, Pierosoma, 208
trivolvis holstonensis, Planorbella, 208
trivolvis lenta, Pierosoma, 60,206,208
trivolvis lenta, Planorbella, 60,206, 208
trivolvis lentum, Helisoma, 206,208
trivolvis macrostoma, Pierosoma, 206,208
trivolvis macrostoma, Planorbella, 206,208
trivolvis macrostomum, Helisoma, 206, 208
trivolvis marshalli, Helisoma, 206,208
trivolvis marshalli, Pierosoma, 206, 208
trivolvis marshalli, Planorbella, 206, 208
trivolvis, Pierosoma, 188,206-208
trivolvis, Pierosoma trivolvis, 60,184,206,208
trivolvis, Planorbella, 188,206-208
trivolvis, Planorbella trivolvis, 60,184,206, 208
trivolvis subcrenata, Pierosoma, 60,176,183, 206-208
trivolvis subcrenata, Planorbella, 60, 176,183,206-
208
trivolvis subcrenatum, Helisoma, 206-208
trivolvis trivolvis, Helisoma, 206,208
trivolvis trivolvis, Pierosoma, 60,184,206,208
trivolvis trivolvis, Planorbella, 60,184,206,208
trivolvis turgida, Pierosoma, 60,206,208
trivolvis turgida, Planorbella, 60,206,208
trivolvis turgidum, Helisoma, 206, 208
trochiformis, Pleuracera, 46,145
troostiana, Elimia, 34,126
Tropidina, 213
trothis, Somatogyrus, 24
truncata, Pierosoma, 60,176,184,206
truncata, Planorbella, 60,176, 184,206
Truncatelloidea, 3,65
truncatula, Fossaria, 49,149, 150,154,205
truncatum, Helisoma, 206
tryoni, Aplexa elongata, 56,167
tryoni, Somatogyrus, 24,195
tryoni, Vorticifex, 203
Tryonia, 3,21,90-92,203
cheatumi, 21,90-92,203
clathrata, 21,90,92
diaboii, 21,90,92
imitator, 21,90
protea, 21,90,92
Trypanostoma, 213
tuberculata, Melanoides, 31,116,117
Tulotoma, 3, 16,75,77, 194
angulata, 77, 194
coosaensis, 194
magbimonilifera, 194
magniflca, 16,75,77, 194
turbiniformis, fluminicola, 22,93
turgida, Pierosoma trivolvis, 60, 206, 208
turgida, Planorbella trivolvis, 60,206,208
turgida, Spilochiamys, 28, 104,107
turgidum, Helisoma trivolvis, 206,208
Turridae, 12
turrita, lofluvialis, 136,198
turritella, Fontigens, 30,114
Tylotoma, 213
ucheensis, Elimia, 32,125
umbilicata, Clappia, 22, 88,92,93
umbilicata, Leptoxis, 43,120,143
umbilicatellus, Promenetus, 61,173,186,202,203
umbilicatus, Neoplanorbis, 62, 171,187
umbilicatus, Planorbis, 202
umbilicatus, Promenetus, 202
umbonata, Goniobasm, 198
unakensis, lo fluvialis, 198
unciale hastatum, Pleurocera, 47, 145
unciale, Pleurocera, 47, 144
unciale, Pleurocera unciale, 47, 144,145
unciale unciale, Pleurocera, 47, 144,14S
unduiatum, Pleurocera canaliculatum, 46,142, 143
unicarinata, Valvata tricarinata, 16, 68
unicarinatum, Helisoma, 201
unicarinatum, Helisoma anceps, 201
utahensis horati, Valvata, 16,70
utahensis, Physella, 55,161
utahensis, Stagnicola, 52,158
utahensis utahensis, Valvata, 16,68
utahensis, Valvata, 16, 73
utahensis, Valvata utahensis, 16,68
Valvata, 3,15,16, 67-74,196,^204
bicarinata, 69
bicarinata bicarinata, 15,1Q
bicarinata morph normalis, 15, 69, 70
humeralis, 15,69,72
lewisi, 71
lewisi lewisi, 15,72
lewisi morph ontarioensis, IS, 67, 70,71
mergella, 15,71,72
micro, 196,204
micro nugax, 196, 204
perdepressa, 16, 71
292
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perdepressa perdepressa, 16,72
perdepressa form walkeri, 16,70
piscinalis form obtusa, 16, 71, 72
sincera form danielsi, 16,72,73
sincera nylanderi, 16,72
sincera sincera, 16,68,72,73
tricarinata, 16,67, 73
tricarinata morph bakeri, 16,68
tricarinata morph basalts, 16,68
tricarinata morph infracarinata, 16,68
tricarinata morph mediocarinata, 16,68
tricarinata morph perconfitsa, 16,70
tricarinata morph simplex, 16,70
tricarinata morph tricarinata, 16,68,70
tricarinata morph unicarinata, 16,68
utahensis, 16,73
utahensis morph horati, 16, 70
utahensis utahensis, 16,68
virens, 16,72,73
winnebagoensis, 16,70,74
Valvatidae, 3,15,64,67-69,71,73,74
Valvatoidea, 3,64
Vancleavia, 213
vancouverensis, Bakerilymnaea, 50, 152
vancouverensis, Fossaria, 50,152
panhyningi, Cincinnatia, 26,101, 105
vanhyningiana, Elitnia catenaria, 33,124
vanuxemiana, Elimia, 38,39,131
variant, Elimia, 35
rartrtB, .Ownia, 38,128
vaughani, Helisoma eucosmium, 58
Velletea, 213
nuttallii, 213
Frfferia, 213
venusta, Physella propinqua nuttalli, 55,163
Vermetoidea, 4, 65
vermilioneme, Helisoma corpulentum, 205
vermilionensis, Pierosoma corpulenta, 60,176, 205
vermilionensis, Planorbella corpulenta, 60, 176,205
verrucosa, Angitrema, 45,142,199
verrucosa, la flu vialis, 136,198
verrucosa, Lithasia, 45.142,199
vestitum, Pleurocera, 47, 144,145
viennaensis, Elimia boykiniana, 32,116
vinosa, Physella, 55,164
virens, Fluminicola, 22
virens, Valvata, 16,72,73
virgata anafina, Costatella, 56, 166
virgata anatina, Physella, 56,166
virgata berendti, Costatella, 56,166
virgata berendti, Physella, 56, 166
virgata concolor, Costatella, 56, 166
virgata concolor, Physella, 56, 166
virgata, Costatella virgata, 56,166
virgata, Leptoxis, 43, 123, 140
virgata, Mudalia, 43,123,140
virgata parva, Costatella virgata, 56,166
virgata parva, Physella virgata, 56,166
virgata Physella virgata, 56,166
virgata rhyssa, Costatella, 56,166
virgata rhyssa, Physella, 56, 166
virgata virgata, Costatella, 56,166
virgata virgata parva, Costatella, 56,166
virgata virgata parva, Physella, 56, 166
virgata virgata, Physella, 56,166
virginea, Physella, 55,161
virginka, Elimia, 39,130
virginicus, Somatogynts, 25,88,97, 195
virginicus, Walkerilla, 25, 88,97
viridulum, Pleurocera, 47, 145,199
Vitta, 213
vittata, Leptoxis, 43,121,138
Vivipara, 213
Viviparella, 213
Viviparidae, 3,16,66, 74,75,77, 79,80,194
Viviparinae, 3,16,77
Viviparoidea, 65, 83
Viviparus, 3,16,17, 75-78
georgianus, 16, 77,78
intertextus, 16,76,77
subpurpureus, 17, 77, 78
Vortidfex, 6,61,174,186,187, 203
effusa, 61, 174,186,203
solida, 61,174,203
solida optima, 187
tryoni, 203
wabashensis, Pyrgulopsis, 195
walkeri, Amnkola, 30,111,113,114,196
walkeri, Costatella Integra integra, 56, 167
walkeri, Ferrissia, 63,192,193
walkeri, Gyrotoma, 41,119,135,197, 198
walkeri, Lyogyrus, 30,111,113,114
walkeri, Physella Integra integra, 56, 167
walkeri, Pleurocera, 47, 146
walkeri, Strephobasis, 47, 146
walkeri, Valvata perdepressa, 16,70
walkeriana, Stagnicola, 52,158
walkerianus, Somatogyrus, 24,97
Walkerilla, 3, 24, 25, 86,88,93,97, 99,100,195,203
coosaensis, 24,88,93,97, 99,203
tenax, 24,86, 88,99,100, 203
virginicus, 25,88,97
Walkerola, 5,53,147, 159
klamathensis, 53,147, 159
weberi, Fontigens, 31,196
wekiwae, Cincinnatia, 26,101,103
wetherbyi, NotogHlia, 27, 104,107, 108
wheatleyi, Planorbis, 202
wheatleyi, Planorbula, 202
wheatleyi, Planorbula armigera, 61,173, 185
wheeleri, Somatogyrus, 24,97
whiteavesi, Helisoma multicostatum, 205
whiteavesi, Pierosoma corpulenta, 60,176
whiteavesi, Pierosoma multicostata, 205
293
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whiteavesi, Planorbella corpulenta, 60,176
whiteavesi, Planorbella multicostata, 205
winkleyi mozleyi, Marstonia, 106
winnebagoemis, Valvata, 16,70,74
•wwsto-wi, Helisoma, 206-208
winslowi, Pierosoma, 206-208
winslowi, Pierosoma pilsbryi, 60
winslowi, Planorbella, 206-208
wmlowi, Planorbella pilsbryi, 60
wisconsinense, Helisoma campanulatum, 202,205
wisconsinensis, Planorbella campanulata, 202, 205
woodruffi, Stagnicoh, 52,158
wyomingemis, Stagnicola, 156
xynoelictus, Aphaostracon, 20, 87, 91
zionis, Petrophysa, 56,167, 168
zionis, Physella, 56,167, 168
Zygobranchia, 12
294
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