-
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
EPA730-N-01-005
JUN I 9 200!
- OFFICE OF
PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Fax-on-Demand
Telephone: (202) 401-0527
Item No.:
Pesticide Registration (PR) Notice 2001-5
NOTICE TO MANUFACTURERS, FORMULATORS, PRODUCERS AND
REGISTRANTS OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTS
ATTENTION: Persons Responsible for Registration of Pesticide Products
SUBJECT: Guidance for Pesticide Registrants on Pesticide Resistance Management
Labeling
#
The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) of the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) announces purely voluntary pesticide resistance management labeling guidelines
based on mode/target site of action for agricultural uses of herbicides, fungicides, bactericides,
insecticides, and acaricides. This document provides acceptable schemes of classification of
pesticides according to their mode/target site of action (Appendices I-III), a standard format for
showing group identification symbols on the end-use product labels, and examples of resistance
management labeling in the use directions. These guidelines are the result of a joint effort of the
U.S. and Canada under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
I. Scope
The mode/target site of action symbols and pesticide resistance management labeling
statements described in this Pesticide Registration (PR) notice are voluntary. This PR Notice is
directed to Registrants of herbicide, fungicide, bactericide, insecticide, and acaricide products
that are intended for general agricultural use, including both new products and old (existing)
products and is not mandatory. EPA does not expect to require the use of this labeling in any
individual licensing proceeding. However, EPA believes that this approach to resistance
management is sound and would be highly beneficial to pesticide manufacturers and pesticide
users. EPA is hopeful that Registrants will embrace this approach and work with EPA to
implement it for all relevant products. EPA believes this approach is an important element of
international harmonization.
Internet Address (URL) • http://www.epa.gov
Recycled/Recvciable 'Printed with Vegetable Oil Based inte on Recycled Pape' (Minimum 30-c Postconsumen
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II. Introduction
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management
Regulator}' Agency of Canada (PMRA) are committed to long-term pest resistance management
through pesticide resistance management and alternative pest management strategies. Under the
auspices of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the U.S. and Canada have
joined together to develop and publish guidelines for voluntary pesticide resistance management
labeling for implementation in North America. The development of these guidelines is part of
the activities of the Risk Reduction Subcommittee of the NAFTA Technical Working Group on
Pesticides. A uniform approach across North America will help reduce the development of pest
resistance and support joint registration decisions by providing consistency in resistance
management labeling being considered for approval in any or all of the NAFTA countries.
Pesticide resistance is defined for the purposes of this document as an heritable and .
significant decrease in the sensitivity of a pest population to a pesticide that is shown to reduce
the field performance of pesticides. Pests covered by this initiative include insects, mites, weeds,
and fungi and bacteria which cause plant disease. The management of pesticide resistance
development is an important part of sustainable pest management and this, in conjunction with
alternative pest management strategies and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, can
make significant contributions to reducing risks to humans and the environment. In support of
these goals, the purpose of this document is to provide guidance on resistance management
labeling based on mode/target site of action to Registrants. A consequence of this PR notice will
be to provide guidance to users about pesticide resistance management strategies based on
mode/target site of action.
Pesticides are important pest management tools. Many pesticides have gradually lost
their effectiveness due to the development of resistance by pests they once controlled. An
important pesticide resistance management strategy is to avoid the repeated use of a particular
pesticide, or pesticides that have a similar target site of action as the pest control mechanism in
the same field. Mode/target site of action refers to the biochemical mechanism by which the
pesticide acts on the pest and should not be interpreted to imply that these chemicals share a
common mechanism for purposes of cumulative human health risk assessment under the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and Federal Food Drug and Cosmetics Act
(FFDC A) as amended by the Food Quality and Protection Act of August 3,1996'. One pest
control strategy is rotating pesticides and/or using tank mixtures or premixes with different
mode/target sites of action. This will delay the onset of resistance, as well as slow the
development and subsequent buildup of resistance, without resorting to increased rates and
'Common mechanism of toxicity for purposes of cumulative human health risk assessment under FFDCA
is described in detail in EPA's guidance document "Guidance for identifying pesticide chemicals and other
substances that have a common mechanism of toxicity" located at http:/Avww epa eov/fedrc-str/EPA-
PEST/1999.''February/Day-05/6055.Pdf. r •& 0
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frequency of application, and ultimately, will prolong the useful life of many pesticides.
A resistance, management strategy should also consider cross-resistance between
pesticides with different modes/target sites of action. Pests may develop cross-resistance to
.pesticides based on mode/target site of action. This voluntary labeling initiative will provide
pesticide users with easy access to important information regarding pesticide mode/target site of
action, the cornerstone of most resistance management programs.
To ensure consistency in pesticide grouping and labeling, and to contribute to the
management of the pesticide resistance problem, the following guidelines have been developed
for agricultural uses of herbicides, fungicides, bactericides, insecticides, and acaricides. The
following classification schemes are based on mode/target site of action.
III. Presentation and Format of Resistance Management Information on Pesticide
Labels
The use of target site of action symbols and pesticide resistance management statements
in this PR Notice is voluntary. Canada and Australia have adopted color schemes that are
consistent across target site of action groupings. The Canadian system is voluntary and is
analogous to the guidelines presented by EPA. The Australian system is mandatory. If the
approach described here is used, the following format and presentation are recommended.
A. Mode/Target Site of Action Grouping and Identification Symbol
Herbicides, fungicides, bactericides, insecticides, and acaricides are separately grouped
according to their mode/target site of action by various technical/research committees consisting
of representatives of the pesticide industry, researchers, extension specialists and regulatory
officials. The Agency based its mode/target site of action groupings on those previously defined
by the following industry technical committees: Herbicide Resistance Action Committee
(HRAC), Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC), and Insecticide Resistance Action
Committee (IRAC). Information on each of these organizations, the mode/target site of action
groups, and recommended resistance management strategies may be found at the following web
site: http://www.gcpf.org. Additional guidance for herbicides was provided by the Weed Science
Society of America (WSSA). The WSSA and HRAC have sponsored Dr. Ian Heap to set up a
web site dedicated to ongoing surveys of herbicide resistance world-wide:
http://www.weedscience.com. This web site includes information on identifying mode/target site
of action for each herbicide using both the HRAC alphabetic classification system and the WSSA
numerical classification system that is currently in use by Canada and will be used by EPA. The
target site of action groups plus the identifier numbers for herbicides, fungicides/bactericides,
and insecticides/acaricides are located in Appendix I, II and III, respectively
If used, the target site of action identification symbol should be shown on all end-use
product labels (except products for homeowner/residential uses) in a standard format as outlined
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below, and should:
1. be located in the upper right quadrant of the front panel surrounded by a
black (or suitable color) rectangle, but should not conflict with the
required placement of any other front panel element;
2. be in black and on a white background (or other suitable contrasting
colors) except the target site of action number(s) which should be white on
a black background with a clear white gap (or other suitable-contrasting
colors) between the target site of action numbers; and
3. include the words "GROUP" and "HERBICIDE" (or "FUNGICIDE" or
"INSECTICIDE") in capital letters, and between these words the
number(s) representing the target site of action group(s) of each active
ingredient(s). Where a product has two or more active ingredients, and
these are represented by two or more sites of action, then two or more
appropriate target site of action identifier numbers should be used. For
products containing an active ingredient that has multiple sites of action,
the letter "M" should be used to represent the target site of action group.
Alternatively, if sites of action are known, the label should specify each.
target site of action by the appropriate number.
Example 1: Product containing one active ingredient represented by one target
site of action.
Example 2:
GROUP
HERBICIDE
Product containing two or more active ingredients represented by two
or more target sites of action.
GROUP
HERBICIDES
Example 3: Pre-mixture of a fungicide and an insecticide.
GROUP
GROUP
FUNGICIDE
INSECTICIDE
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B. Resistance Management Statements
Use of the resistance management statements described below is voluntary. If used, these
statements should be included in the general use directions for end-use products (except products
for homeowner/residential uses) for the control of weeds, plant pathogens (diseases), insects and
mites under the heading "Resistance Management Recommendations." The section "Resistance
Management Recommendations" should be segregated under the "General" portion of the "Use
Directions" and preferably boxed to distinguish these statements from mandatory statements on
the pesticide label.
The examples of standard resistance management labeling statements listed below
provide a general framework of actions that have been noted to be useful in mitigating pest
resistance and should be used as appropriate. The development and use of specific resistance
management strategies and labeling statements should be developed on the basis of scientific
data on a product/class specific basis based on the pesticide product/class, crop, and pest(s)
combination and the use history for the pesticide and crop/pest(s) combination. These strategies
and labeling statements should be included in any product-specific literature. Efforts should be
made to include all appropriate active ingredients and products. In addition to known pest
resistance to (a) pesticide(s), appropriate resistance management labeling language should be
provided for situations in which pest resistance has not occurred to a given pesticide product or
to a given pesticide class, but is part of a good pesticide stewardship program to delay the onset
of pest resistance.
1. Herbicides
The following general herbicide resistance management labeling
statements may be applicable.
"(Name of product) is a Group (target site of action group number) herbicide.
Any weed population may contain or develop plants naturally resistant to (name
of product) and other Group (target site of action group number) herbicides.
Weed species with acquired resistance to Group (target site of action group
number) may eventually dominate the weed population if Group (target site of
action group number) herbicides are used repeatedly in the same field or in
successive years as the primary method of control for targeted species. This may
result in partial or total loss of control of those species by (name of product) or
other Group (target site of action group number) herbicides."
"To delay herbicide resistance consider:
• Avoiding the consecutive use of (name of product) or other target
site of action Group (target site of action group number) herbicides
• that have a similar target site of action, on the same weed species.
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Using tank-mixtures or premixes with herbicides from different
target site of action Groups as long as the involved products are all
registered for the same use, have different sites of action, and are
both effective at the tank mix or prepack rate on the weed(s) of-
concern.
Basing Jierbicide use on a comprehensive IPM program.
Monitoring treated weed populations for loss of field efficacy.
Contacting your local extension specialist, certified crop advisors,
and/or manufacturer for herbicide resistance management and/or '
integrated weed management recommendations for specific crops
and resistant weed biotypes."
If available to company, consider including:
"For further information or to report suspected resistance, you may
contact (company representatives) at toll free number: or
at Internet site: _ »
Note: The above are general statements for products containing one or more
active ingredients from the same target site of action group, e.g., tank
mixes and premix products. For products containing two or more active
ingredients from different target site of action groups, the following
general statements may be applicable. For example:
"(Name of product) is both a Group (target site of action group
number) and a Group (target site of action group.number)
herbicide. Any weed population may contain or develop plants
naturally resistant to Group (target site of action group number)
and/or Group (target site of action group number) herbicides.
Weed species with acquired resistance to Group (target, site of
action group number) and/or Group (target site of action group
number) herbicides may eventually dominate the weed population
if Group (target site of action group number) and/or Group (target
site of action group number) herbicides are used repeatedly in the
same field or in successive years as the primary method of control
for targeted species. This may result in partial or total loss of
control of those species by (name of product) or other Group
(target site of action group number) and/or Group (target site of
action group number) herbicides." [Follow with resistance
management labeling statements.]
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2. Fungicides and Bactericides
The following general fungicide/bactericide resistance management
labeling statements may be applicable.
"(Name of product) contains a Group (target site of action group number)
(fungicide/bactericide). Fungal isolates/bacterial strains with acquired resistance
to Group (target site of action group number) may eventually dominate the
fungal/bacterial population if Group (target site of action group number)
fungicides/bactericides are used repeatedly in the same field or in successive years
as the primary method of control for targeted species. This may result in partial
or total loss of control of those species by (name of product) or other Group
(target site of action group number)." '
"To delay fungicide/bactericide resistance consider:
Avoiding the consecutive use of (name of product) or other target
site of action Group (target site of action group number)
fungicides/bactericides that have a similar target site of action, on
the same pathogens.
Using tank-mixtures or premixes with fungicide/bactericides from
different target site of action Groups as long as the involved
products are all registered for the same use and are both effective at
the tank mix or prepack rate on the pathogen(s) of concern.
Basing fungicide/bactericide use on a comprehensive IPM
program.
Monitoring treated fungal/bacterial populations for loss of field
efficacy.
Contacting your local extension specialist, certified crop advisors,
and/or manufacturer for fungicide/bactericide resistance
management and/or IPM recommendations for specific crops and
resistant pathogens."
If available to company, consider including:
• "For further information or to report suspected resistance, you may
contact (company representatives) at toll free number: . or
at Internet site: '- ____." •
Note: The above are general statements for products containing one or more
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active ingredients from the same target site of action group, e.g., tank
mixes and premix products. For products containing two or more active,
ingredients from different target site of action groups, the following
general statements may be applicable. For example:
"(Name of product) contains both a Group (target site of action.
group number) and Group (target site of action group number)
fungicide/bactericide. Fungal isolates/bacterial strains with
acquired resistance to Group (target site of action group number)
and/or Group (target site of action group number) may eventually
dominate the fungal/bacterial population if Group (target site of
action group number) and/or Group (target site of action group
number) fungicides/bactericides are used repeatedly in the same
field or in successive years as the primary method of control for
targeted species. This may result in partial or total loss of control
of those species by (name of product) and/or Group (target site of
action group number) and/or Group (target site of action group
number) fungicides/bactericides." [Follow with resistance
•management labeling statements.]
3. Insecticides and Acaricides
The following general insecticide/acaricide resistance management
labeling statements may be applicable.
"(Name of product) contains a Group (target site of action group number)
insecticide (or acaricide). Insect/mite biotypes with acquired resistance to Group
(target site of action group number) may eventually dominate the insect/mite
population if Group (target site of action group number) insecticides/acaricides
are used repeatedly in the same field or in successive years as the primary method
of control for targeted species. This may result in partial or total loss of control
of those species by (name of product) or other Group (target site of action group
number)."
"To delay insecticide (or acaricide) resistance consider:
Avoiding the consecutive use of (name of product) or other group
(target site of action group number) insecticides/acaricides that
have a similar target site of action, on the same insect/mite species.
Using tank-mixtures or premixes with insecticides/acaricides from
a different target site of action Group as long as the involved
products are all registered for the same use and have different sites
8 .."'-'
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of action.
Basing insecticide/acaricide use on a comprehensive IPM program.
Monitoring treated insect/mite populations for loss of field
efficacy.
Contacting your local extension specialist, certified crop advisors,
and/or manufacturer for insecticide/acaricide resistance
management and/or IPM recommendations for the specific site and
resistant pest problems."
If available to company, consider including:
"For further information or to report suspected resistance, you may
contact (company representatives) at toll free number: or
at Internet site: __."
Note: The above are general statements for products containing one or more
active ingredients from the same group, e.g., tank mixes and premix
products. For products containing two or more active ingredients from
different groups, the following general statements may be applicable. For
example:
"(Name of product) contains both a Group (target site of action
group number) and Group (target site of action group number)
insecticides/acaricides. Insect/mite population(s) with acquired
resistance to Group (target site of action group number) and/or
Group (target site of action group number) may eventually
dominate the insect/mite population if Group (target site of action
group number) and/or Group (target site of action group number)
insecticides/acaricides are used repeatedly in the same field or in
successive years as the primary method of control for targeted
species. This may result in partial or total loss of control of those
species by (name of product) or Group (target site of action group
number) and/or Group (target site of action group number)."
[Follow with resistance management labeling statements.]
4. Pesticides of Unspecified Groups or Pesticides Without History of
Resistance
Some herbicides, fungicides, bactericides, insecticides, and acaricides
have not been assigned to any particular target site of action group, or are not on
the lists in this document because of the lack of clear understanding of their target
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site of action or the absence of a history of resistance development for the
product, e.g., nematicides. Also, in general, herbicides with an unknown target
site of action and/or multiple sites of action historically have been less prone to
the development of weed resistance.
Registrants are encouraged to establish the appropriate group
identifications for their products in consultation with representatives of the
pesticide industry, technical working groups such as the WSSA, IRAC, FRAC,
HRAC, researchers, extension specialists, crop consultants, and regulatory
officials. Appropriate resistance management statements for the product, i.e.,
herbicides, fungicides, bactericides, insecticides, and/or acaricides, should be
developed similar to those described above.
IV. Addition or Changes to Target Site of Action Lists
The pesticide lists will be updated from time to time (approximately annually) to include
product names and/or new/revised target site of action classification. This will be done in
consultation with WSSA, IRAC, HRAC, and FRAC and other appropriate organizations
Updated lists will be posted on the Office of Pesticide Program's home page. Hard copies will
be made available from the Agency upon request.
V. Implementation .
The implementation of this program is purely voluntary by the pesticide industry and is
part of a NAFTA labeling harmonization effort on pesticide resistance management with Canada
Canada's guidelines, Regulatory Directive DIR99-06, for voluntary pesticide resistance
management labeling were finalized, October 6, 1999. Canada has set a target date of January 1,
2004 for implementation of its pesticide resistance management labeling guidelines. As part of'
the Agency's harmonization efforts on pesticide resistance management labeling with Canada
Registrants are encouraged to add the resistance management grouping symbols and statements
to product labels in a similar time .frame. Registration and reregistration approval will not be
contingent on inclusion of either the resistance management labeling statements or the
mode/target site of action classification. However, in view of the importance of resistance
management to a long-term pest management strategy, the EPA will evaluate the industry's
implementation of resistance management labeling. The process for how to change labels is
described in Section VI.
Resistance management strategies are not requirements for the user, even if the product
bears resistance management statements or the mode/target site of action classification. Failure
to follow the recommended resistance management strategies on the labeling is not regarded by
EPA as a misuse of the product.
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VI. How to Change Labels
No registrant will be required to add resistance management statements or appropriate
mode/target site of action classification to the product label. Because pesticide resistance
management is important, though, EPA encourages Registrants to include both the resistance
management statements and the mode/target site of action classification on the product label
whenever submitting new or revised labeling to the Agency for registration or reregistration. In
order to make it easy for Registrants to add resistance management statements and the target site
of action classification to their product labels, and because so many products may be affected,
EPA will permit the statements and the target site of action classification to be added by
notification.
Registrants who wish to add the appropriate mode/target site of action classification and
the resistance management statements may do so by notification to the Agency, provided that:
1. The statements as worded and the appropriate mode/target site of action classification
as stated in this notice are used. The resistance management statements and mode/target site of
action classification system in this notice have been developed in conjunction with international
efforts including industry/academic technical working groups, and Registrants are urged to
consider adopting it as written.
OR
2. Similarly worded statements are used. EPA recognizes that Registrants may wish to
use wording of their own development or more specific resistance management strategies.
Therefore, EPA will permit the addition of similarly worded statement also by notification.
Wording may be varied to accommodate the needs of the individual products. However, the
following information is considered important to user understanding, and EPA strongly
encourages Registrants to include the following points in their statements (in addition to the
mode/target site of action Group classification on the front panel):
a.; The product is classified in one or more listed mode/target site of action Groups;
b. The target pest species may develop natural resistance to the pesticide product and
resistant species may become dominant in any given field situation if the product is used
repeatedly;
c. If resistance develops, the product may lose effectiveness in controlling the pest
species.
d. Effective resistance management can delay resistance:
Avoid repeated or sequential use of products in the same Group;
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Use tank mixes or premixes from a different Group;
Use an effective IPM program;
Monitor [pest, weed, insect, etc.] populations for loss of efficacy;
Contact your extension specialist, certified crop consultant, or manufacturer for
the latest resistance management information;
Contact the producer to report loss of efficacy.
EPA emphasizes that the recommended resistance management statements and
mode/target site of action Group classification number are not mandatory for users, but provide
information and guidance that will benefit users. Registrants are strongly encouraged to use the
mode/target site of action classification system and to use a heading such as "Resistance
Management Recommendations" and to clearly segregate the information from mandatory use
instructions by presentation, such as by boxing the statements. This will ensure that users are
fully informed about resistance management, while making clear that compliance is not required.
EPA will work with existing pesticide education efforts that will be used to implement
the guidance of this PR notice such as the WSSA extension committee, State Pesticide
Applicator Training Programs, federal and state extension programs, IRAC, HRAC and FRAC
to demonstrate how effective resistance management strategies benefit users, the agricultural
community, and environmental groups. EPA intends to develop a Fact Sheet about effective
resistance management strategies that will provide more extensive information about our efforts.
U.S. Postal Service Deliveries
The following official mailing address must be used for all correspondence or data
submissions sent to OPP by mail:
Document Processing Desk (NOTIFICATION), (AMEND), or (APPL), as applicable
Office of Pesticide Programs (7504C)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460-0001
j
Personal/Courier Service Deliveries
The following address must be used for all correspondence or data submissions that are
hand-carried or sent by courier service Monday through Friday, from 8:00 AM to 4-30 PM
excluding Federal holidays:
Document Processing Desk (NOTIFICATION), (AMEND), or (APPL), as applicable
Office of Pesticide Programs (7504C)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Room 266A, Crystal Mall 2
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
Arlington, Virginia 22202
VII. Scope of Policy
This PR Notice provides guidance to EPA, to pesticide Registrants and applicants, and to the
public. As a guidance document, this notice is not binding on either EPA or pesticide Registrants,
and EPA may depart from the guidance provided in individual circumstances and without notice.
For the matters covered by this particular PR Notice, EPA does not expect to require that any
Registrant adopt the labeling set forth here as part of any individual licensing decision or action.
However, if any Registrant seeks to use the language set forth here in the manner and circumstances
described here, EPA does generally expect to find such language acceptable in any licensing
proceeding. However, EPA believes that the approach to resistance management described in this
PR Notice is sound and would be highly beneficial to pesticide manufacturers and pesticide users.
EPA is hopeful that Registrants will embrace this approach and work with EPA to implement it for
all relevant products. EPA believes this approach is an important element of international
harmonization.
VIII. For Further Information
If you have general questions about this PR Notice, or about resistance management
labeling, please contact:
Sharlene R. Marten, Ph.D., Biologist
Microbial Pesticides Branch
Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division (7511C)
Office of Pesticide Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington D. C. 20460
Telephone: 703-605-0514. •
FAX: 703-308-7026
e-mail: matten.sharlene@epa.gov
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If you have specific product questions, contact the Labeling Team (703-308-9068/69), the
appropriate Product Manager (Registration Division and AntimicrobiatDivision) or Regulatory
Action Leader (Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division) for your product.
.*/"
Marcia E. Mtftkey1, Director //
Office of Pesticide Programs/ /
(/'
Attachments: -
Appendix I: Herbicide Groups Based on Target Site of Action
Appendix II: Fungicide/Bactericide Groups Based on Activity Group/Target Site of Action
Appendix III: Insecticide and Acaricide Groups Based on Target Site of Action
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Appendix I: Herbicide Groups Based on Target Site of Action1
GROUP
1
2
TARGET SITE OF
ACTION
Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase
(ACCase)
Inhibition of acetolactate synthase
ALS) and also called aceto-
hydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)
CHEMICAL
FAMILY
Aryloxyphenoxy
propionates
Cyclohexanediones
Sulfonylureas
midazolinones
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
clodinafop-propargyl
diclofop-methyl
fenoxaprop-ethyl
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl
fluazifop-p-butyl
fluazifop-butyl
quizalofop-ethyl
quizalofop-p-ethyl
clethodim
sethoxydim
tralkoxydim
)ensulfuron
chlorimuron
chlorsulfuron
ethametsulfuron-methyl
lalosulfuron-methyl -
metsulfuron-methyl
nicosulfuron
primisulfuron
>rosulfuron
imsulfuron
ulfometuron
ulfosulfuron
lifensulfuron-methyl
triasulfuron
ribenuron-methyl
triflusulfuron-methyl
mazamethabenz
mazamox
mazapyr
mazaquin
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Appendix
GROUP
•3
4
5
TARGET SITE OF
ACTION
Microtubule assembly inhibitors
Synthetic auxins
(action like indoleacetic acid)
Inhibition of IAA action
Inhibitors of photosynthesis at
photosystem II Site A
CHEMICAL
FAMILY
Pyrimidinylthio-
benzoate
Triazolopyrimidirne
Dinitroanilines
Pyridazine
Benzoic acid
Phenoxy carboxylic
acids
Benzoic acids
Pyridine carboxylic
acids
Quinoline
carboxylic acid
Semicarbazone
Triazines
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
imazethapyr^
pyrithiobac sodium
fiumetsulam
cloransulam-methyl
benefin
benfluralin
ethalfluralin
oryzalin
pendimethalin
trifluralin
dithiopyr
thiazopyr
chlorthal-dimethyl (DCPA)
2,4-D
2,4-DB
dichlorprop (2,4-DP)
MCPA
MCPB
mecoprop (MCPP)
dicamba
clopyralid
fluroxypyr
picloram
triclopyr
quinclorac
diflufenzopyr
ametryn
atrazine
cyanazine
prometon
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Appendix I
GROUP
6
7
8
TARGET SITE OF
ACTION
Similar to group 5, but different
Dinding behavior
Inhibitors of photosynthesis at
photosystem II Site B
nhibition of lipid synthesis - not
ACCase inhibition
CHEMICAL
FAMILY
Triazinones
Uracils
Pyridazinone
Phenylcarbamates
Nitriles
Benzothiadiazoles
Phenylpyridazine
Ureas
Amide
Thiocarbamates
Benzofuran
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
prometryn
propazine
simazrne
hexazinone
metribuzin
bromacil
terbacil
pyrazon
desmedipham
phenmedipham
bromoxynil
ioxynil
jentazon
pyridate
diuron
fluometuron
inuron
metobromuron
monolinuron
siduron
ebuthiuron
propanil
sutylate
cycloate
EPTC
molinate
3ebulate
tiiobencarb
triallate
vernolate
bensulide
17
-------
Appendix
GROUP
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
TARGET SITE OF
ACTION
Unknown
Inhibitors of EPSP synthase
Inhibitors of glutamine synthetase
Bleaching: Inhibitors of carotenoid
biosynthesis (unknown target)
Bleaching: Inhibitors of carotenoid
biosynthesis at the phytoene
desarurase step (PDS)
Bleaching: Inhibition of all diterpenes
Inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen
oxidase (PPO)
nhibition of cell division
CHEMICAL
FAMILY
None generally
accepted
Glycines
Phosphinic acids
Triazole
Pyridazinone
Nicotinanilide
Others
Isoxazolidinone
Diphenylethers
Nf-phenyl-
phthalimides
Oxadiazole
Triazolinone
Chloroacetamides
Acetamides
Jenzthiozole
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
difenzoquat
glyphosate sulfosate
glufosinate-ammonium
amitrole
norflurazon
diflufenican
fluridone
flurochloridone
flurtamone
clomazone
acifluorfen
fomesafen
lactofen
oxyfluorfen
fluthiacet-methyl (thiadiazole)
rlumiclorac-pentyl
oxadiazon
carfentrazone-ethyl
sulfentrazone
acetochlor
alachlor
3utachlor
metolachlor
s-metolachlor
pronamide (propyzamid)
)ropachlor
demethenamid
diphenamid
napropamide
mefenacet
18
-------
Appendix I
GROUP
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
*'
28
TARGET SITE OF
ACTION
Unknown
Unknown
Inhibits DHP (dihydropteroate)
synthase step
Inhibits indoleacetic acid action
Inhibits cell wall synthesis Site A
Inhibits cell wall synthesis Site B
Photosystem I electron diverters
Inhibitors of mitosis
Uncoupling (ATP) membrane
disrupters
Unknown
Inhibition of lipid sysnthesis - not
ACCase inhibition
Unknown
' >
Bleaching inhibition of 4-hydroxy-
phenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (4-
HPPD)
CHEMICAL
FAMILY
Oxyacetamides
Carbonic acid
Organoarsenicals
Carbamate .
Phthalamate
Nitrile
Benzamide
Bipyridyliums
Carbamates
Dinitrophenol
Arylamino-
propionic acid
Chlorocarbonic
acid
Cineole
[soxazole
Pyrazole
Triketone
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
flufenacet
ethofumesate
Arsenic, present as disodium salt
of methanearsonic acid (DSMA)
Arsenic, present as monosodium
salt of methanearsonic acid
(MSMA)
asulam
naptalam
dichlobenil
isoxaben
diquat
paraquat
chlorpropham
propham
dinoseb2
flamprop-methyl
trichloroacetic acid (TCA)
sromobutide
cinmethylin
dymron
ilupoxam
isoxaflutole
jyrazolynate
sulcotrione
1. This list is based on the Herbicide Classification of the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) (Weed
Technology, 1997, 11:3,84-393) in consultation with the specialist technical working group, Herbicide
Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) of the Global Crop Protection Federation (GCPF) (see
http://www. gcpf.org ). HRAC and WSSA both have mode of action classification systems for herbicides.
The HRAC uses an alphabetic classification system and the WSSA uses a numerical classification system.
See http:/'''www. weedscience.com fora side-by-side comparison. Microbial herbicides are not included. In
general, herbicides with an unknown target site of action and/or multiple sites of action, have been less
19 .
-------
Appendix
prone to the development of weed resistance. Herbicides with known resistance world-wide are identified
on the following web site: http://www.weedscience.com.
"2. There are no active registered uses for dinoseb in the U.S.
20
-------
Appendix II: Fungicide/Bactericide Groups Based on Activity Group/Target Site of Action1
GROUP
1
2
3
ACTIVITY GROUP/ TARGET
SITE OF ACTION
Inhibition of tubulin formation
Affect cell division, DNA & RNA
synthesis, & metabolism
DMI (Demethylation Inhibitor): .
Inhibition of sterol synthesis
CHEMICAL GROUP
Benzirnidazoles
Dicarboximides
Imidazoles
Piperazine
Pyridine
Pyrimidines
Triazoles (includes
conazoles)
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
benomyl
carbendazim
fuberidazole
thiabendazole
thiophanate
thiophanate-methyl
iprodione
procymidone
vinclozolin
imazalil
jerfurazoate
jrochloraz
triflumizole
triforine2
)yrifenox
enarimol
nuarimol
bitertanol
bromuconazole
yproconazole
iclobutrazol
ifenoconazole
iniconazole
poxiconazole
enbuconazole
uquinconazole
usilazole
utriafol
icxaconazole
ictconazole
lyclobutanil
21
-------
Appendix II
GROUP
ACTIVITY GROUP/ TARGET
SITE OF ACTION
Phenylamides-
Affect UNA
synthesis
Morpholines
Phosphorothiolate
Oxathiin: Affect mitochondria!
transport chain
S Hydroxyprimidine
CHEMICAL GROUP
Acylamines
Oxazolidinones
Butyrolactones
Morpholines
Piperidine
Spiroketalamine
Organophosphorous
Anilide (Oxathiin)
Pyrimidinol
ACTIVE INGREDIENT 1
paclobutrazol
penconazole
propiconazole
tebuconazole
tetraconazole
triadimefon
triadimenol
triticonazole
benalaxyl
furalaxyl
metalaxyl
/w-metalaxyl
oxadixyl
ofurace
aldimorph
fenpropimorph
tridemorph
fenpropidin
spiroxamme
edifenphos
iprobenfos (IBP)
isoprothiolane
pyrazophos
bendodanil
carboxin
flutolanil
mepronil
oxycarboxin
bupirimate
dimethirimol
ethirimol
22
-------
Appendix II
GROUP
'- 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
ACTIVITY GROUP/ TARGET
SITE OF ACTION
Anilinopyrimidine
N-Phenyl-carbamates
Quinone Outside Inhibitors (QOI)
Phenylpyrroles
Quinolines
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Cinnamic acids
Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors (MBI)
Hydroxyanilide
Antibiotics
Polyoxins
Phenylurea
CHEMICAL GROUP
Anilinopyrimidine
Diethofencarb
Strobilurins:
Methoxyacrylate
Oximinioacetate
Non-Strobilurins:
Oxazolidinedione
Imidazolinone
Phenylpyrroles
Quinoline
Chlorophenyls
Cinnamic acid
ieductase inhibitors
Dehydratase inhibitor
lydroxyanilide
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
cyprodinil
mepanipyrim
pyrimethanil
diethofencarb
azoxystrobin
trifloxystrobin
kresoxim-methyl
famoxadone
fenamidone
fenpiclonil
fludioxonil
quinoxyfeii
chloroneb
dicloran (DCNA)
quintozene
tecnazene
tolclofos-methyl
siphenyl
etridiazole
dimethomorph
fthalide
>yroquilon
tricyclazole
carpropamid
"enhexamid
oxytetracycline
streptomycin
polyoxin
)encycuron
23
-------
Appendix II
GROUP
21
U3
M4
ACTIVITY GROUP/ TARGET
SITE OF ACTION
Plant host defense inducers
Unknown
Miscellaneous
Multi-site activity
CHEMICAL GROUP
Benzothiadiazole (BTH)
Amino acid amide
Carbamate
Cyano-acetamide oxime
Organotins
Phosphonates
Inorganics
)ithiocarbamates and
relatives
Chloroalkythios
Chloronitrile
ulphamides
Guanidines
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
acibenzolar-S-methyl
carpropamid
fosetyl-aluminum
probenazole
iprovalicarb
iodocarb
propamocarb
cymoxanil
tri-phenyl tins
dinocap
fenfuram
fosetyl-aluminum
phosphorous acid
arsenates
copper (plus salts)
sulphur
erbam
mancozeb
maneb
metiram
>ropineb
tiiram
zineb
iram
aptafol
aptan
olpet
hlorothalonil
ichlofluanid
olyfluanid
odine
uazatine
24
-------
Appendix II
GROUP
ACTIVITY GROUP/ TARGET
SITE OF ACTION
CHEMICAL GROUP
• ' • . ,'.•:•'•
Anilazine
Quinone
Phenylpyridinamine '
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
iminoctadine
anilazine
dithianon
fluazinam
1.
This list is based on the fungicide listing compiled by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC).
FRAC is a specialist technical working group of the Global Crop Protection Federation (GCPF) (see
http://www.0cpf.org ). Microbial fungicides, e.g. Bacillus subtilis, or Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 and
Kl026, are not included.
There are no active registered uses for triforine in the U.S.
The Unknown group, designated by symbol "U," comprises a set of miscellaneous compounds for which
that biochemical mode of action may or may not be known, but are not able to placed with certainty in any
other groupings.
The Multifile activity grouping, designated by symbol "M," comprises a collection of various chemicals
that act as general toxophores with several sites of action. These sites may differ between group members.
25
-------
Appendix III: Insecticide and Acaricide Groups Based on Target Site of Action1
GROUP
1A2
IB2
TARGET SITE OF ACTION
Acetyl choline esterase inhibitors
Inhibition of the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase, interrupting the
transmission of nerve impulses.
CHEMICAL GROUP
Carbamates
Organophosphates
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
aldicarb
aminocarb
bendiocarb
carbaryl
carbofuran
formetanate hydrochloride
methiocarb
methomyl
oxamyl
pirimicarb
propoxur
acephate
azamethiphos
azinphos-methyl
chlorfenvinphos.
chlorpyrifos
coumaphos
diazinon
dichlorvos/DDVP
dicrotophos
dimethoate
disulfoton
ethion
Eenitrothion
Eensulfothion
fenthion
fonofos
malathion
methamidophos
methidathion '
naled
oxydemeton-methyl
26
-------
Appendix III
GROUP
TARGET SITE OF ACTION
CHEMICAL GROUP
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
parathion
phorate
phosalone
phosmet
pyrazophos
sulfotep
tebupirimfos
temephos
terbufos
tetrachlorvinphos
trichlorfon
2A2
IAEA-gated chloride channel
antagonists: Interferes with GABA
receptors of insect neurons, leading
to repetitive nervous discharges
Chlorinated Cyclodienes
indosulfan
indane
methoxychlor
2B2
GABA-gated chloride channel
antagonists: Interferes with GABA
•eceptors of insect neurons, leading
o repetitive nervous discharges-
Iprole site.
'henylpyrazoles
ipronil
Sodium channel modulators: Acts as
in axonic poison by interfering with
tie sodium channels of both the
leripheral and central nervous
ystem stimulating repetitive nervous
discharges, leading to paralysis.
lynthetic Pyrethroids
.llethrin
d-cis-trans allethrin
f-trans allethrin
yfiuthrin
eta-cyfluthrin
swWa-cyhalothrin
ypermethrin
/p/za-cypermethrin
eto-cypermethrin
'zete-cypermethrui
eta-cypermethrin
eltamethrin
enpropathrin
envalerate
27
-------
Appendix HI
GROUP
4A2
4B2
4C2
5
6'
7A!
7B2
7C2
7D2
8A2
SB2
9A2
9B=
10
11A12"
TARGET SITE OF ACTION
Acetylcholine receptor
agonists/antagonists 3inds to
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,
disrupring nerve transmission
Acetylcholine receptor modulators:
Induces acetylcholine-like activity
Chloride channel activators:
Interferes with the GABA nerve
receptor of insects.
Juvenile hormone mimics (Insect
growth regulator): Mimic juvenile
hormones which prevent moulting
from the larval to the adult stage.
Unknown or Non- specific target site
of action (funngants)
Compounds of unknown or non-
specific target site of action (feeding
disrupters)
Compounds of unknown or non-
specific target site of action (mite
growth inhibitors)
Microbial disrupters of insect midgut
membranes (includes Cry proteins
expressed in transgenic plants)
Organism has protein inclusions that
are released in the gut of the target
pest resulting in gut paralysis and a
cessation of feeding.
CI >nCAL GROUP
Pyrethrins
Chloronicotines
(Nitroguanidines)
Spinosyns
Avermectin
Milbemycin
Juvenile hormone
analogues
•
Fumigant
Feeding Disrupters
Mite Growth Inhibitors
(Ovicide)
Bt Microbials (Biological
insecticide/larvicide) -
Dipteran specific - Bacillus
t.hwingiensis var.
israelensis
\CTIVE INGREDIENT
fi..._ thrinate
taH-fluvalinate
permethrin
resmethrin
tefluthrin
tetramethrin
rf-tetramethrin
pyrethrins
imidacloprid
nicotine
cartap
bensultap
spinosyns
abamectin
emamectin benzoate
milbemycin
fenoxycarb
hydroprene
methoprene
pyriproxifen
methyl bromide
aluminum phosphide
cryolite
pymetrozine
clofentezine
tiexythiazox
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
israelensis strain
-------
Appendix IE
GROUP
11A22&3
J1B12&3
11B22&3
11C2&3
12 A2
12B2
13
14
15
16
17
18
19.,
20
21
TARGET SITE OF ACTION
Inhibition ofoxidative
phosphorylation at the site of
dinitrophenol uncoupling (disrupt
A TP formation)
Uncoupler ofoxidative
phosphorylation (disrupt H proton
gradient formation)
Inhibit magnesium- stimulated
ATPase
Inhibit chitin biosynthesis
Inhibit chitin biosynthesis type 1 -
Homopteran
Inhibit chitin biosynthesis type 2-
Dipteran
Ecdysone agonist/ disruptor
Disrupts insect molting by
antagonizing the insect hormone
ecdysone
Octopaminergic agonist
Site II electron transport inhibitors
Site I electron transport inhibitors
CHEMICAL GROUP
Bt Microbials (Biological
insecticide/larvicide) -
Dipteran specific -
Bacillus sphaericus
Bt Microbials (Biological
insecticide/larvicide) -
Lepidopteran specific -
Bacillus thuringiensis var.
aizawai
Bt Microbials (Biological
insecticide/larvicide) -
Lepidopteran specific -
Bacillus thuringiensis var,
kurstaki
Bt Microbials (Biological
insecticide/larvicide) -
Coleopteran specific
Organotin miticide
Pyrrole compound (Broad
spectrum contact and
stomach poison)
Sulfite ester miticide
Substituted benzoylurea
Thiadiazine
Triazine
Benzoic acid hydrazide
Triazapentadiene
SJone
Botanical
r'yridazinone
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
Bacillus sphaericus strain
Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai
strain
Bacillus thuringiensis. aizawai,
encapsulated delta endotoxin
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki
strain
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki
encapsulated delta endotoxin
Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis
Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis
encapsulated delta endotoxin
diafenthiuron
fenbutatin oxide
chorfenapyr4
propargite
diflubenzuron
buprofezin
cyromazine
tebufenozide
amitraz
dicofol
lydramethylnon
rotenone
Dyridaben
29
-------
Appendix III
GROUP
22
TARGET SITE OF ACTION
Voltage dependent sodium channel
blacker
CHEMICAL GROUP
Oxadiazine
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
indoxacarb
4.
The classification scheme was developed in consultation with the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
(IRAC) (see http://www.gcpf.org). IRAC is a specialist technical working group of the Global Crop
Protection Federation (GCPF). It is recognized that resistance of insects and mites to insecticides and
acaricides can also result from enhanced metabolism, reduced penetration or behavioral changes that are
not linked to any target site of action classification, but are specific for individual chemicals or chemical
groups. All members of a class may not be cross-resistant based merely on mode/target site of action.
Most biological insecticides are not included in this Appendix because they are thought not to pose as great
a concern for resistance development. Microbial products involving Cry delta-endotoxins from Bacillus
sp. are included as well as certain biochemical products.
Not all members of this class have been shown to be cross-resistant. Different resistance mechanisms that
are not linked to target site of action, such as enhanced metabolism, are common for this group of
chemicals. Alternation of compounds from different subgroups within this class may be an acceptable part
of an integrated pest management program. . -
Products containing multiple toxins would be differentiated from those containing single toxins only. This
would be done by adding a suffix of "m" for multiple toxin products and "s" for single toxin products.
Products containing spores would be differentiated from those without spores by adding "+" for spore-
containing products and "-" for those products which do not contain spores. For example, B. thuringiensis
subsp. kurstaki product containing multiple toxins and spores could be designated as Group 1 lDm+, while
the same product without spores and expressing only one toxin would be designated as Group 1 IDs-.
There are no U.S. registered uses of chlorfenapyr.
30
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