Sft


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       13
Pesticides Industry

Sales and Usage


1998 and 1999

Market Estimates

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Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
    1998 and  1999 Market Estimates
                        By
                   David Donaldson,
                   Timothy Kiely, and
                  Arthur Grube, Ph.D.
           Biological and Economic Analysis Division
                Office of Pesticide Programs
       Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances
             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                 Washington, DC 20460

                     August 2002

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                 	   Acknowledgments


        Acknowledgments

        For the first time, the report has been completed by someone other than Arnold Aspelin.  His knowledge and ex-
        perience cannot be replaced; however, he left behind an outstanding collection of pesticide sales and usage data,
        industry contacts, and report methodologies, so that the report could continue where he left off.

        The authors of this report would also like to acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by the following
        reviewers:
           •      Allen Jennings, United States Department of Agriculture;
           •      Merritt Padgitt, United States Department of Agriculture;
           •      Chuck Benbrook, Benbrook Consulting Services;
           •      Susan Kegley, Pesticide Action Network, North America;
           •      Ada Scott, California Department of Pesticide Regulation;
           •      John Wilkin, Greg Malcom, and Jenne Ahlgrim, Doane Marketing Research, Inc.;
           •   Dennis Fugate, Kline & Co., Inc.;
           •      Leonard Gianessi, National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy;
           •      Lawrence Norton, CropLife America;
           •      Norman Bennett, United States Department of Agriculture; and
           •      EPA reviewers David Widawsky and Jonathan Becker.
Page i—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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               	Contents



                                                Sections

1.  Introduction	Page 1

2.  1998 and 1999 Sales	Page 4

  2.1  World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures	Page 4

  2.2  Value of U.S. Pesticides: Producers	Page 5

  2.3  U.S. Pesticide Expenditures: Users	Page 6

  2.4  U.S. Pesticide and Farm Expenditures	Page 7

3.  1998 and 1999 Usage	Page 8

  3.1  World and U.S. Pesticide Amount Used	Page 8

  3.2  U.S. Pesticide Supply: Producer Level	Page 9

  3.3  U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Total	Page 10

  3.4  U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Conventional	Page 12

  3.5  Share of U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the
      Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sectors	Page 13

  3.6  Most Commonly Used U.S. Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
      in the Agricultural Market Sector	Page 14

  3.7  Most Commonly Used U.S. Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
      in the Non-Agricultural Sectors	Page 15

  3.8  U.S. Organophosphate Insecticides Amount Used	Page 16

  3.9  U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Other	Page 18

  3.10 U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Specialty Biocides and Chlorine/Hypochlorites	Page 19

4.  Producers and Users	Page 20

  4.1  Pesticide Producers and Users	Page 20

5.  Historical Data	Page 21

  5.1  Annual U.S. Expenditures on Pesticides: 1980 — 1999	Page 21

  5.2  Annual Amount of Pesticides Used: 1980 — 1999	Page 26

6.  Glossary	Page 32
                                                                1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page ii

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                  	Contents



                                                     Tables

    1.  Introduction

     Table 1.1   Key to Layout Changes in the 1998 and 1999 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report	Page 3

    2.  1998 and 1999 Sales

     Table 2.1   World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures: User Level
                by Pesticide Type, 1998 and 1999 Estimates	Page 4

     Table 2.2   Value of U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply of Pesticides at Producer Level	Page 5

     Table 2.3   U.S. User Expenditures for Pesticides
                by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates	Page 6

     Table 2.4   U.S. Farm Production Expenditures (Billions $)	Page 7

    3.   1998 and 1999 Usage

     Table 3.1   World and U.S. Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient (A.I.) at User Level
                by Pesticide Type, 1998 and 1999 Estimates	Page 8

     Table 3.2   U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply of Pesticides in Pounds Produced
                at the Producer Level	Page 9

     Table 3.3   Amount of U.S. Pesticide Usage
                by Pesticide Group,  1998 and 1999 Estimates	Page 10

     Table 3.4   U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient
                by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates	Page 12

     Table 3.5   Share  of U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient
                Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sector Shares, 1998 and  1999	Page 13

     Table 3.6   Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
                Agricultural Market Sector, 1999, 1997, 1993, and 1987 Estimates	Page 14

     Table 3.7a  Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
                Home and Garden Market Sector, 1999 and 1997	Page 15

     Table 3.7b  Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
                Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector, 1999 and  1997	Page 15

     Table 3.8a  U.S. Pounds of Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients, All Market Sectors, 1980 - 1999	Page 16

     Table 3.8b  Most Commonly Used Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients,
                All  Market Sectors,  1999 Estimates	Page 17

     Table 3.9   U.S. Pounds of Other Pesticides by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates	Page 18

     Table 3.lOa U.S. Pounds of Specialty Biocides by End Use Market, 1998 and 1999 Estimates	Page 19

     Table 3.10b U.S. Pounds of Chlorine/Hypochlorites by End Use Market, 1998 and 1999 Estimates	Page 19
Page iii—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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                                                                                    Contents
                                          Tables (Continued)

4.  Producers and Users

 Table 4. la  The Number of Pesticide Producers, Formulators, and Distributors	Page 20

 Table 4. Ib  Land in Farms, Farm Acres Harvested, the Number of Farms,
            and the Number of Farms Using Pesticides	Page 20

 Table 4. Ic  The Number of Commercial Pest Control Firms and Number of Certified Applicators	Page 20

 Table 4. Id  The Number of Households Using Pesticides	Page 20

Section 5.  Historical Data

 Table 5. la  U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
            by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, All Market Sectors	Page 22

 Table 5. Ib  U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
            by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, Agricultural Market Sector	Page 23

 Table 5. Ic  U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
            by Pesticide Type, 1980 -1999, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector	Page 24

 Table 5. Id  U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
            by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, Home and Garden Market Sector	Page 25

 Table 5.2a  U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
            by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, All Market Sectors	Page 27

 Table 5.2b  U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
            by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, Agricultural Market Sector	Page 28

 Table 5.2c  U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
            by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector	Page 29

 Table 5.2d  U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
            by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, Home and Garden Market Sector	Page 30

 Table 5.3   U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient,
            Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sector Shares, 1964 - 1999	Page 31
                                                               1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page iv

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                  	Contents



                                                     Figures

    2. 1998 and 1999 Sales

     Figure 2.1   World and U.S. Comparison of Pesticide Expenditures: User Level
                 by Pesticide Type, 1999 Estimates	Page 5

     Figure 2.2   U.S. User Expenditures for Pesticides
                 by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1999 Estimates	Page 7

    3.  1998 and 1999 Usage

     Figure 3.1   Comparison of World and U.S. Pesticide Pounds of Active Ingredient at User Level
                 by Pesticide Type, 1999 Estimates	Page 9

     Figure 3.2   Amount of U.S. Pesticide Usage by Pesticide Group, 1999 Estimates	Page 11

     Figure 3.3   U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient
                 by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1999 Estimates	Page 13

     Figure 3.4   Total U.S. Pounds of Insecticide Active Ingredients for Organophosphate
                 and All Other Insecticides, All Market Sectors, 1980-1999	Page 17

    Section 5.  Historical Data

     Figure 5. la  U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
                 by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, All Market Sectors	Page 22

     Figure 5. Ib  U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
                 by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, Agricultural Market Sector	Page 23

     Figure 5. Ic  U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
                 by Pesticide Type, 1980- 1999, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector	Page 24

     Figure 5. Id  U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
                 by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, Home and Garden Market Sector	Page 25

     Figure 5.2a  U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
                 by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, All Market Sectors	Page 27

     Figure 5.2b  U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
                 by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, Agricultural Market Sector	Page 28

     Figure 5.2c  U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
                 by Pesticide Type, 1980- 1999, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector	Page 29

     Figure 5.2d  U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
                 by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, Home and Garden Market Sector	Page 30
Page v—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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          	1.    Introduction
1. Introduction

Purpose of Report

        Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug,
and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), EPA, in cooperation with the states and other agencies, such as the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), is responsible for regulating the
production and use of pesticides in the United States.  This report provides contemporary and historical
economic information on the U.S. pesticide producing and using sectors covered by these state and federal
regulatory programs.  Economic profile information covers a variety of topics, particularly the pesticide market
with respect to dollar values and quantities of active ingredient. The EPA Pesticide Program has issued such
market reports since 1979.

        This report is intended only to present objective economic profile and trend information reflecting the
best available information on pesticide sales and usage.  It does not attempt to interpret, reach conclusions about,
or make inferences about the data. Detailed analysis of causal factors or implications, such  as potential impacts
on human health, the environment, or the economy, falls beyond the scope of this project.

        We caution the reader not to infer too much from changes in the amount of pesticides used from year to
year.  Changes in the amount of pesticides used are not necessarily correlated to changes in  the level of pest
control or changes in the human health and  environmental risks associated with pesticide use.

Data Sources

        Neither EPA nor any other agency has a program devoted specifically to estimating the overall pesticide
market in terms of dollars spent and quantity of active ingredient used on an annual basis. This report uses the
best available information from the public domain and proprietary sources. The numbers in the report represent
approximate values rather than precise values with known statistical properties.

        The Agency has a wide variety of public and proprietary information upon which to base estimates of
pesticide sales and usage. The Pesticide Data Center in the Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD)
of EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) maintains extensive files and library materials. These materials
cover different pesticide types and groupings in the agricultural market sector, which account for a majority of
the use of conventional pesticides, and in non-agricultural market sectors.  The Agency uses three national
database services for the agricultural sector, including those from the USDA and a number of more specific data
sources. Similar data sources cover the non-agricultural sector. EPA also uses proprietary data sources, with
vendor permission, to estimate agricultural and non-agricultural market sectors.  These proprietary data sources,
produced by well-known organizations, also serve pesticide registrants and other private sector firms analyzing
the U.S. pesticide market.

Overview of Contents/Scope of Report

        This report profiles the U.S. pesticide industry for the years 1998 and 1999. Data,  estimated using
several different parameters (e.g., pesticide  type, pesticide group, market sector), appear in table format.  The
scope of the report is largely inclusive of the U.S. pesticide industry and includes data on expenditures, volume,
imports, exports, firms, individuals involved in production and use of pesticides, number of pesticides, and
number of certified applicators, among other topics. The report includes graphic representations of the data
where useful.
                                                              1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 1

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                   	1.   Introduction
                 Although most of the information covers the years 1998 and 1999, this report also includes an historical
         section. This section contains re-estimated values for the amount of insecticides used and dollar expenditures on
         insecticides and, therefore, total pesticide amount used and expenditures for each market sector dating back to
         1980. The Agency made revisions to each market sector based on a reexamination of the data available.  Care
         should be taken to use the new values for 1997 and earlier years, rather than values published in prior editions of
         the report.

                 Following this Introduction (Section 1), Section 2 summarizes U.S. and world pesticide user
         expenditures in 1998 and 1999, and Section 3 summarizes U.S. and world pesticide amount used in 1998 and
         1999. Section 4 presents background information on pesticide market sectors. Finally, Section 5 presents
         historical data summarizing pesticide expenditures and amount used estimates since  1980.

         Changes Since Last Report

                 This report includes significant changes in format from previously published EPA Pesticide Industry
         Sales and Usage reports.  The majority of the information contained in the report is the same, but with
         reformatted content and additional pieces of information. Format changes include:
          •      brief discussions of tabular information appear throughout the document, replacing the Table Highlights
                 section;
          •      the current year (1998 and 1999) pesticide expenditures and amount applied estimates are separated into
                 two distinct sections;
          •      the historical data (pesticide sales, amount, and registration activities) appear in a separate section at the
                 end of the document; and
          •      information from Table 7, which contained miscellaneous background information on the pesticide
                 market sectors and pesticide registration and reregistration in previous reports, is distributed throughout
                 the document and presented with other relevant data.

         See Table 1.1 for links between data in the 1996 and 1997 and the 1998 and 1999 Pesticide Industry Sales and
         Usage reports. This year's publication includes Table 1.1 to assist report users in finding table data in the
         reorganized publication.

                 In addition to 1998  and 1999 updates to the sales and usage data, this report contains a discussion of the
         current and historical amount of organophosphate insecticides  used. The Agency chose organophosphate
         insecticides because they have been the focus of recent pesticide reregistration activities. This addition marks
         the first time the report has included class-specific pesticide information. We hope to include additional
         information specific to class or type of pesticide in future reports.

                 The writing of the 2000/2001 pesticide industry sales and usage report is scheduled to begin once all of
         the supporting pesticide sales and  usage data for 2001 are published (fall of 2002). If you have questions
         regarding this report or need further information, please contact the authors at the following address:

             Biological and Economic Analysis Division/Office of Pesticide Programs
             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
             Ariel Rios Building
             1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
             Washington, DC 20460

         or by e-mail (telephone): kiely.timothy@epa.gov (703-308-8112), and grube.arthur@epa.gov (703-308-8095).
Page 2—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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SEPA
4. Introduction
                           Table 1.1
    Key to Layout Changes in the 1998 and 1999 Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage Report
Old Tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 1 la.
Table lib.
Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
Table 16.
Old Table Titles
U.S. and World Pesticide Sales at User Level, 1997 Estimates (and
corresponding charts)
User Expenditures for Pesticides in the U.S. by Class and Sector,
1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart)
Volume of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in U.S. by Type, Class, and
Sector, 1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart)
U.S. Usage of Conventional and Other Types of Pesticides, 1996/1997
Estimates
Importance of Pesticide Expenditures to U.S. Farmers, 1995-1997 Estimates
U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply of Pesticides at Producer
Level, 1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart)
U.S. Pesticide Production, Marketing and User Sectors; Profile of Numbers
of Units Involved, 1996/1997 Estimates
Quantities of Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticides in U.S.
Agricultural Crop Production
Quantities of Pesticides Most Commonly Used in Non- Agricultural Sectors
of U.S.
U.S. Conventional Pesticide Usage, Total and Estimated Agricultural Sector
Share, 1964-1997 (and corresponding charts)
Number of Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under
FIFRA, by Type, 1967-1997 (and corresponding chart)
Number of Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under
FIFRA, by Classification: Safer (Reduced-Risk) or Other Pesticides, 1990-
1997
Number of Certified Applicators in the U.S., 1997 (October 30) (and
corresponding charts)
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Type, All Economic Sectors
Combined, 1979-1997 (and corresponding chart)
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1997
(and corresponding charts)
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Type, All Economic Sec-
tors Combined, 1979-1997 (and corresponding chart)
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-
1997 (and corresponding charts)
New Tables
Table 2. land Table
3.1
Table 2.3
Table 3. 4 and Table
3.9
Table 3. 3, Table 3. lOa,
and Table 3. lOb
Table 2.4
Table 2.2 and Table
3.2
Table 4. la through
Table 4. Id
Table 3.6
Table 3. 7a and Table
3.7b
Table 5.9
No equivalent table
No equivalent table
Table 4. Ic
Table 5.5
Table 5.6 through
Table 5.8
Table 5.1
Table 5.2 through
Table 5.4
                                    1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 3

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 SEPA
-2.    1998  and  1999  Sales
         2.1    World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures

                World pesticide expenditures totaled more than $33.5 billion in 1998 and 1999 (see Table 2.1).
         Expenditures on herbicides accounted for the largest proportion of total expenditures (more than 40%), followed
         by expenditures on insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides, respectively. Total expenditures were up
         slightly in 1999 due to increased spending on insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides.

                U.S. pesticide expenditures totaled more than $11 billion in 1998 and 1999, in proportions similar to
         that for world expenditures, with a relatively larger proportion of total U.S. expenditures on herbicides (see
         Figure 2.1).  U.S. expenditures accounted for approximately 33% of total world expenditures on pesticides, more
         than 40% of world expenditures on herbicides, 33% of world expenditures on insecticides, and more than 10%
         and 25% of world expenditures on fungicides and other pesticides, respectively.2 The Agency based its esti-
         mates of world and U.S. pesticide expenditures on the estimated pesticide expenditures and estimated changes in
         pesticide expenditures by type derived from public and proprietary EPA databases.  See Section 2.3 for a more
         detailed look at U.S. expenditures on pesticides in 1998 and 1999.
                                                   Table 2.1
                                   World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures
                           User Level by Pesticide Type, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year World Market
Type Mil $ %
1998
U.S. Market U.S. Percent of
Mil $ % World Market

Herbicides1 15,342 46 6,853 60 45
Insecticides 8,906 27 2,872 25 32
Fungicides 6,433 19 936 8 15
Other2 2,822 *
5 755 7 27
Total 33,503 100 11,416 100 34
1999
Herbicides1 14,645 44 6,368 57 43
Insecticides 9,110 27 3,046 27 33
Fungicides 6,682 20 910 8 14
Other2 3,156 9 831 7 26
Total 33,593 100 11,155 100 33
                 Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not cover wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/
                 hypochlorites.
                 Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America (formerly the American Crop Protection Association (ACPA))
                 annual surveys and EPA proprietary data.
                 1. "Herbicides" include herbicides and plant growth regulators.
                 2. "Other" includes nematicides, fiimigants, rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic and fish/bird pesticides, other
                   miscellaneous conventional pesticides, plus other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
Page 4—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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&ER&
   .    1998  and  1999 Sales
                                             Figure 2.1
                       World and U.S. Comparison of Pesticide Expenditures:
                            User Level by Pesticide Type, 1999 Estimates
              $40,000
              $35,000
              $30,000
            £ $25,000
            o
            Q
            o $20,000
            at
            c
            I $15,000
• World Market
DU.S. Market
                        Herbicides      Insecticides      Fungicides
                                                 Pesticide Type
                                                                  Other
                                                                               Total
       2.2    Value of U.S. Pesticides: Producers

              Table 2.2 summarizes the 1998 and 1999 average U.S. value of pesticides at the producer level, includ-
       ing production, import, export, and supply (total and net). Pesticide sales related to U.S. production and con-
       sumption of pesticides comprised $9.6 billion of domestic production, $1.0 billion of imports, $1.8 billion of ex-
       ports, and $8.8 billion of net supply at the producer level.

                                              Table 2.2
            Value of U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply of Pesticides1
                                          at Producer Level
Category
Production
Imports
Total Supply
Exports
Net Supply
Sales Value
(Billions of Dollars)
Average of 1998 and
9.6
1.0
10.6
1.8
8.8
1999





                   Note: Excludes industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
                   Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA Foreign Agricultural Trade of the
                   U.S. (FATUS) databases (http://www.ers.usda.gov/db/fatus/), and EPA proprietary sources.
                   1. Includes conventional and other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
                                                             1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 5

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 SEPA
-2.    1998  and  1999  Sales
         2.3    U.S. Pesticide Expenditures: Users

                U.S. expenditures at the user level on conventional and other pesticides totaled more than $ 11 billion in
         both 1998 and 1999 (see Table 2.3). The conventional and other pesticides comprising the expenditure estimates
         include herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, fumigants, sulfur, petroleum oil, and others.  The
         estimates exclude expenditures on specialty biocides, wood preservatives, and chlorine/hypochlorites.

                Reductions in spending in the agricultural sector on all pesticides, except other, more than offset in-
         creases in spending in the non-agricultural sectors in 1999, resulting in a decline in total  1999 expenditures. Ex-
         penditures in the agriculture sector accounted for more than two-thirds of total expenditures in both years. Her-
         bicide expenditures dominated in all sectors except the home and garden sector, where insecticides comprise
         nearly 60% of all expenditures (see Figure 2.2). The estimated expenditures rely on the estimated changes in
         pesticide expenditures by sector and type provided in public and proprietary EPA databases.
                                                   Table 2.3
                                    U.S. User Expenditures for Pesticides
                       by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year Herbicides / Plant
Growth Regulators
Market Sector Mil $ (%)
Insecticides / Fungicides
Miticides
Mil$ (%) Mil$ (%)
Other1 Total
Mil $ (%) Mil $
(%)
1998
Agriculture 5,632 82
Ind/Comm/Gov 728 11
Home & Garden 493 7
Total 6,853 100
1,427 50 695 74
425 15 215 23
1,020 36 26 3
2,872 100 936 100
514 68 8,268
77 10 1,445
164 22 1,703
755 100 11,416
72
13
15
100
1999
Agriculture 5,012 79
Ind/Comm/Gov 794 12
Home & Garden 562 9
Total 6,368 100
1,370 45 660 73
463 15 215 24
1,213 40 35 4
3,046 100 910 100
583 70 7,625
74 9 1,546
174 21 1,984
831 100 11,155
68
14
18
100
       Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not cover industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
       Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys and EPA proprietary data.
       See Tables 5.1 to 5.4 for 1980-1999 estimates.
       1. "Other" includes nematicides, fumigants, rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic and fish/bird pesticides, other miscellaneous conventional pesti-
       cides, plus other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
Page 6—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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&ER&
            1998 and  1999  Sales
                                           Figure 2.2
                               U.S. User Expenditures for Pesticides
                       By Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1999 Estimates
                7,000
                6,000 -
                5,000 -
              £ 4,000 -

              1
              o 3,000 -
                2,000 -
                 1,000 -
                     [] Agriculture
                     [] IhdiKtty/CbrrrnerciayGovernment
                     • Home & Garden
                       Herbicides
Insecticides        Fungicides
       Pesticide Type
Other
       2.4    U.S. Pesticide and Farm
             Expenditures

             Pesticides form an important component of
       total farm expenditures and are integral to farm
       budgeting and management. U.S. pesticide expendi-
       tures in 1998 and 1999 totaled 4.4% and 4.0% of total
       farm expenditures, respectively (see Table 2.4). Total
       farm expenditures increased slightly in 1999 while
       pesticide expenditures declined. Total farm expendi-
       tures are based on USDA estimates and pesticide ex-
       penditures from Table 2.3.
                           Table 2.4
                     U.S. Farm Production
                    Expenditures (Billions $)
Year
Total
Pesticides
Pesticides as %
of Total
1998
$188.6
$8.3
4.4%
1999
$192.1
$7.6
4.0%
                                                        Source: EPA Estimates (Table 2.3); USDA/
                                                        National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)
                                                        (http://www.usda.gov/nass).
                                                          1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 7

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 SEPA
                       1998  and  1999  Usage
         3.1    World and U.S. Pesticide Amount Used
                World pesticide amount used exceeded 5.6 billion pounds in 1998 and 1999 (see Table 3.1). Herbicides
         accounted for the largest proportion of total usage, followed by other pesticide usage, insecticide usage, and
         fungicide usage.  Total world pesticide amount used was up slightly in 1999, due mainly to an increase in the use
         of other pesticides.
                U.S. pesticide amount used in 1998 and 1999 exceeded 1.2 billion pounds, in proportions similar to that
         for world pesticide usage, with a larger proportion of total U.S. pesticide usage on herbicides and other
         pesticides (see Figure 3.1). U.S. pesticide amount used accounted for more than 20% of total world pesticide
         amount used, 26% of world herbicide amount used, less than 10% of world insecticide amount used, and
         approximately 15% and 30% of world fungicides and other pesticide amount used, respectively. The estimates
         of world and U.S. pesticide usage rely on estimated pesticide amount used and estimated changes in pesticide
         amount used by type derived from public and proprietary EPA databases.  Subsequent sections provide a more
         detailed analysis of U.S. pesticide amount used in 1998 and 1999.
                                                  Table 3.1
                 World and U.S. Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient (A.I.) at User Level
                                 by Pesticide Type, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
                Year
                Class
    World Market
Mil Ibs
 of a.i.
          U.S. Market
       Mil Ibs
        of a.i.
                U.S. Percent of
                World Market
                1998
                Herbicides1
                Insecticides
                Fungicides
                Other2
                Total
     2,148
     1,427
      553
     1,522
     5,650
 38
 25
 10
 27
100
 555
 103
  86
 462
1,206
 46
  9
  7
 38
100
26
 7
16
30
21
                1999
                Herbicides1
                Insecticides
                Fungicides
                Other2
                Total
     2,040
     1,417
      556
     1,666
     5,679
 36
 25
 10
 29
100
 534
 126
  79
 505
1,244
 43
 10
  6
 41
100
26
 9
14
30
22
                Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not cover wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/
                hypochlorites.
                Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass), and EPA
                proprietary data.
                1. "Herbicides" include herbicides and plant growth regulators.
                2. "Other" includes nematicides, fiimigants, rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic and fish/bird pesticides, other
                miscellaneous conventional pesticides, plus other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
Page 8—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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&ER&
 1998  and  1999  Usage
                                             Figure 3.1
          Comparison of World and U.S. Pesticide Pounds of Active Ingredient at User Level
                                  by Pesticide Type, 1999 Estimates
             6,000
                      Herbicides       Insecticides      Fungicides         Other
                                                    Pesticide Type
                                  Total
       3.2    U.S. Pesticide Supply: Producer Level

              Table 3.2 summarizes the 1998 and 1999 average U.S. distribution of pesticides at the producer level,
       including amount of production, amount of imports, amount of exports, and amount of supply (total and net).
       Pesticide amount related to U.S. pesticide production and consumption comprised 1.6 billion pounds of domestic
       production, 0.7 billion pounds of imports, 0.3 billion pounds of exports, and 1.2 billion pounds of net supply.

                                             Table 3.2
                U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply of Pesticides1
                             in Pounds Produced at the Producer Level
                                 Category
 Active Ingredient
(Billions of Pounds)
                                               Average of 1998 and 1999
                                 Production

                                 Imports

                                 Total Supply

                                 Exports

                                 Net Supply
       1.6

       0.3

       1.9

       0.7

       1.2
              Note: Excludes industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
              Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA Foreign Agricultural Trade of the U.S.
              (FATUS) databases (http://www.ers.usda.gov/db/fatus/), and EPA proprietary data.
              1. Includes conventional and other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
                                                             1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 9

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 SEPA
1998  and  1999  Usage
         3.3    U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Total
                Total pesticide amount used in the U.S. approximated 5 billion pounds in 1998 and 1999 (see Table
         3.3).  This estimate included the conventional, other, wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/
         hypochlorites pesticide groups. At more than 2.5 billion pounds used, usage of chlorine/hypochlorites exceeded
         all other pesticide groups combined (see Figure 3.2).  The estimates of usage by group rely on the estimated
         amount used and changes in estimated amount used by pesticide group derived from public and proprietary EPA
         databases. A discussion of the amount used of each pesticide group in 1998 and 1999 appears in subsequent sec-
         tions  (see footnotes to Table 3.3 for location).

                                                 Table 3.3
                                     Amount of U.S. Pesticide Usage
                              by Pesticide Group, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
                        Pesticide
                        Group
     Total (Millbs)
  1998
1999
                        Conventional Pesticides1
                        Other Pesticides2
                        Specialty Biocides3
                        Chlorine/Hypochlorites4
                        Wood Preservatives5
                        Total
        912
        294
        309
      2,532
        820
      4,867
      912
      332
      343
     2,609
      801
     4,997
                        1. See Table 3.4 (conventional pesticides) for additional details and specific source
                        information.
                        2. See Table 3.9 (other pesticides) for additional details and specific source information.
                        3. See Table 3.10a (specialty biocides) for additional details and specific source
                        information.
                        4. See Table 3.10b (chlorine/hypochlorites) for additional details and specific source
                        information.
                        5.  Source: American Wood Preservatives Institute (AWPI) and EPA proprietary data.
                        "Wood Preservatives" include creosote, pentachlorophenol, and chromated copper arsenate
                        (CCA).
Page 10—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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SEPA	3.  1998 and 1999 Usage
                                Figure 3.2
                         Amount of U.S. Pesticide Usage
                        by Pesticide Group, 1999 Estimates
                                             Conventional Pesticides (18%)
                        ^^^^^^^^^^    ^^^^^^ Other Pesticides (7%)
     Chlorine/Hypochlorites (52%)
                                                Wood Preservatives (16%)
                                         Specialty Biocides (7%)
                                           1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 11

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 SEPA
                                        1998  and  1999  Usage
         3.4     U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Conventional

                 Table 3.3 shows that conventional pesticide amount used in 1998 and 1999 totaled 912 million pounds.
         This category was second highest among all pesticide groups in the U.S. after chlorine/hypochlorites. Table 3.4
         shows the breakout of this usage by pesticide type and market sector. Pesticide types in this group include herbi-
         cides, plant growth regulators, insecticides, miticides, fungicides, nematicides, fumigants, and others.1 Although
         total usage estimates were the same in 1998 and 1999, usage by sector and type varied between the two years.
         The amount used in the agricultural sector accounted for the majority of the total amount used in both years, with
         the two non-agricultural sectors (industry/commercial/government and home & garden) cumulatively accounting
         for less than 25% of the total usage in each year (see Table 3.4). The amount used in the agriculture sector ac-
         counted for the majority of the total amount used by pesticide type in both years as well - more than 60% of the
         total amount used of each type, except for fungicides in 1999 (57%). Figure 3.3 graphs the distribution of usage
         by type and sector. The estimated usage relies on the estimated amount used and changes in amount used of
         conventional pesticides by sector and type derived from public and proprietary EPA databases.

                 A notable (35%) increase in insecticide amount used in agriculture occurred in 1999.  This increase is
         due in large part to an increase in the amount of malathion used on cotton as part of the USD A-sponsored Boll
         Weevil Eradication Program.  Additional information on this program, including the history and the states
         participating, can be found at the Web site: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/weevil/.
                                                    Table 3.4
                          U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient
                       by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
  Year
Herbicides / Plant
Growth Regulators
      Insecticides /
        Miticides
              Fungicides
                      Nematicide /
                       Fumigant
                              Other
                           Conventional1
                                        Total
  Sector
Millbs
 of a.i.
     Millbs
      of a.i.
            Millbs
            of a.i.
                     Millbs
                      of a.i.
                           Millbs
                            of a.i.
                                    Millbs
                                     of a.i.
  1998
  Agriculture

  Ind/Comm/Gov

  Home & Garden

  Total
    465

     41

     49

    555
 84

  7

  9

100
 69

 21

 13

103
 67

 20

 13

100
54

24

 8

86
 63

 28

  9

100
111

 24

  1

136
 82

 18

  1

100
25

 6

 1
78

19

 3
724

116

 72
79

13

 8
32   100
        912   100
  1999
  Agriculture

  Ind/Comm/Gov

  Home & Garden

  Total
    428

     52

     54

    534
 10

 10

100
 93

 19

 14

126
 74

 15

 11

100
45

24

10

79
 57

 30

 13

100
115

 24

  1

140
 82

 17

  1

100
25

 7

 1
76

21

 3
33   100
706    77

126    14

 80     9

912   100
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not cover industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, chlorine/hypochlorites, and other chemicals used as
pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass/), and EPA proprietary data.
See Tables 5.5 to 5.8 for 1980-1999 estimates.
1. "Other Conventional" pesticides include rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic and fish/bird pesticides, and other miscellaneous conventional pesticides.
Page 12—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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&ER&
1998 and  1999 Usage
                                             Figure 3.3
                       U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient
                        by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1999 Estimates
                 600
                 500
                 400
              'o 300
                 200
                                                              [] Agriculture
                                                              n Indus try/Conmercial/QoveniiiEnt
                                                              • Horns & Garden
                      Herbicides/Plant  Insecticides/
                      Growth Regula-   Miticides
                           tors
Fungicides
                                                 Pesticide Type
Fumigants/
Nematicides
                                                                              Other
       3.5    Share of U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the
              Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sectors

              Table 3.5 shows the agricultural and non-agricultural market share of total conventional pesticides
       consumed in 1998 and 1999. The agricultural sector accounts for more than 75% of the total amount of
       conventional pesticides used in both years. See Table 5.9 in the Historical Data section of this report for data
       covering the years 1964 through 1999.
                                             Table 3.5
                  Share of U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient:
               Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sector Shares, 1998 and 1999
Year
1998
1999
U.S.
Millbs
912
912
Agricultural Market Sector
Mil Ibs
724
706
% of U.S.
79
77
Non- Agricultural Market Sector
Millbs
%ofU.S
188 21
206 23
             Note: Conventional pesticides only, excluding sulfur, petroleum oil and other chemicals used as pesticides (e.g., sulfuric
             acid and insect repellents), wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
             See Table 5.9 for 1964-1999.
             Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass), and EPA
             proprietary data.
                                                           1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 13

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 SEPA
                                             1998 and  1999  Usage
3.6
               Most Commonly Used U.S. Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients Used
               in the Agricultural Market Sector
               Table 3.6 shows the 25 most commonly used conventional pesticide active ingredients in the
        agricultural sector in 1999 and selected earlier years. Atrazine was the most used active ingredient in 1999
        (between 74 and 80 million pounds). Fourteen of the top 25 active ingredients used are herbicides; three are fun-
        gicides; three are insecticides; four are fumigants; and one is a plant growth regulator. The rankings rely on the
        estimated volume of conventional pesticides used in the agricultural sector, taken from public and proprietary
        EPA databases.

                                               Table 3.6
                      Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
                      Agricultural Market Sector, 1999, 1997, 1993, and 1987 Estimates
                        (Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient)

Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1999
Active Ingredient Ty
Atrazine H
Glyphosate H

je Range
74-80
67-73
Metam Sodium Fum 60-64
Acetochlor H
30-35
Methyl Bromide Fum 28-33
2,4-D H
Malathion I
Metolachlor H
Trifluralin H
Pendimethalin H
28-33
28-32
26-30
18-23
17-22
Dichloropropene Fum 17-20
Metolachlor-s H
Chlorothalonil F
16-19
9-11
Chloropicrin Fum 8-10
Copper Hydroxide F
Chlorpyrifos I
Alachlor H
Propanil H
EPTC H
Dimethenamid H
Mancozeb F
Dicamba H
Terbufos I
8-10
8-10
7-10
7-10
7-9
6-8
6-8
6-8
5-7
Ethephon PGR 5-6
Cyanazine H
4-8
1997
Rank
1
5
3
7
4
8
NA
2
10
9
6
NA
15
25
13
14
12
22
18
20
17
16
19
NA
11
Range
75-82
34-38
53-58
31-36
38-45
29-33
NA
63-69
21-25
24-28
32-37
NA
7-10
5-6
10-13
9-13
13-16
6-8
7-10
6-9
7-10
7-10
6-9
NA
18-22
1993
Rank
1
11
8
NA
3
7
NA
2
9
10
6
NA
14
NA
14
13
4
15
12
NA
19
16
17
NA
5
Range
70-75
15-20
25-30
NA
49-57
25-30
NA
60-65
20-25
20-25
30-35
NA
10-15
NA
10-15
10-15
45-50
7-12
10-15
NA
4-7
6-10
5-8
NA
30-35
1987
Rank
1
17
15
NA
NA
5
NA
3
6
10
4
NA
19
NA
19
14
2
13
8
NA
21
23
11
NA
7
Range
71-76
6-8
5-8
NA
NA
29-33
NA
45-50
25-30
10-13
30-35
NA
5-7
NA
5-7
6-9
55-60
7-10
17-21
NA
4-6
4-6
8-10
NA
21-25
    Note: List is limited to conventional pesticides and does not include sulfur and petroleum oil usage (see Table 3.9 for estimates).
    H, indicates herbicide; I, insecticide; Fum rumigant; F, fungicide; and PGR, plant growth regulator. NA indicates that an estimate is not available.
    Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass) and EPA proprietary data.
Page 14—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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SEPA
          1998  and  1999  Usage
      3.7    Most Commonly Used
             U.S. Conventional
             Pesticide Active
             Ingredients in the Non-
             Agricultural Market
             Sectors

             Tables 3.7a and 3.7b show the
      ten most commonly used conventional
      pesticide active ingredients in the two
      non-agricultural sectors (home & gar-
      den and industry/commercial/
      government) in 1999 and 1997. In both
      sectors, 2,4-D was the most used active
      ingredient, with between seven and nine
      million pounds used in the home and
      garden sector (see Table 3.7a), and be-
      tween 17 and 20 million pounds used in
      the industry/commercial/government
      sector (see Table 3.7b). Six of the top
      ten in the home and garden sector are
      herbicides and four are insecticides.
      Six of the top ten in the industry/
      commercial/government sector are her-
      bicides, two are fungicides, and two are
      insecticides.  As indicated in the note to
      Table 3.7b, due to the fact that some
      applicators apply pesticide in both mar-
      kets,  there may be some usage reported
      in one market that may have occurred
      in the other.  The rankings rely on the
      estimated amount used of conventional
      pesticides in the non-agricultural sector
      taken from proprietary EPA databases.
                          Table 3.7a
Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
        Home and Garden Market Sector, 1999 and 1997
  (Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient)
1999
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Active Ingredient Ty
je Range
2,4-D H 7-9
Glyphosate H 5-8
MCPP H 3-5
Dicamba H 3-5
Diazinon
Chlorpyrifos ]
Carbaryl ]
2-4
2-4
2-4
Benefin H 1-3
Malathion
1-3
DCPA H 1-3
1997
Rank
1
2
4
o
J
5
6
7
8
NA
9
Range
7-9
5-7
3-5
3-5
2-4
2-4
1-3
1-3
NA
1-3
Note: Does not include moth controls: Paradiclorobenzene (30 - 35 million pounds
per year) and naphthaline (2-4 million pounds per year). Also does not include in-
sect repellent N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (5-7 millions pounds per year).
H indicates herbicide and I, insecticide.
Source: EPA proprietary data.
                          Table 3.7b
Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector, 1999 and 1997
  (Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient)
1999
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Active Ingredient
2,4-D
Glyphosate
Copper Sulfate
Pendimethalin
Chlorpyrifos
MSMA
Chlorothalanil
Diuron
Malathion
Triclopyr
Type
H
H
F
H
I
H
F
H
I
H
Range
17-20
11-14
5-7
3-5
3-5
2-4
2-4
2-4
1-3
1-3
1997
Rank
1
2
3
7
4
5
8
NA
9
NA
Range
16-18
9-12
5-7
2-4
4-7
4-5
2-4
NA
2-3
NA
                                            Note: Includes applications to homes and gardens by professional applicators. Does not in-
                                            clude sulfur or petroleum oil. H indicates herbicide; I, insecticide; and F, fungicide.
                                            Source: EPA proprietary data.
                                                               1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 15

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 SEPA
1998  and  1999 Usage
         3.8     U.S. Organophosphate Insecticide Amount Used

                Table 3.8a shows the total amount of organophosphate insecticide used in 1980, 1985, and annually
         since 1990.  The top ten active ingredients in this pesticide class include malathion, chlorpyrifos, terbufos,
         diazinon, methyl-parathion, phorate, acephate, azinphos-methyl, phosmet, and dimethoate (see Table 3.8b).
         Since the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in 1996, this class of conventional pesticides has
         been a primary focus of EPA reregistration activities. For more information on the active ingredients included in
         this pesticide class and their reregistration and registration status, go to the Office of Pesticide Programs Web
         site at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/.

                The amount of organophosphate insecticides used has declined 30% since 1980, from an estimated 131
         million pounds in 1980 to 91 million pounds in 1999. Since 1980, however, organophosphate usage as a percent
         of total insecticide usage has increased, from 58% in 1980 to 72% in 1999. The increase in usage in 1999 was
         due mainly to the increased amount of malathion used as part of the USD A-sponsored Boll Weevil Eradication
         Program. Malathion's use in this program has increased substantially over the past few years as the program has
         expanded to include most of the major cotton producing areas of the U.S.  Additional information on this USDA
         program can be found on the USDA Web site http://www. aphis, usda.gov/ppq/weevil/. The estimates of organo-
         phosphate insecticide usage rely on the estimated amount used and changes in the amount used of organophos-
         phates from public and proprietary EPA databases.
                                                Table 3.8a
                     U.S. Pounds of Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients,
                                     All Market Sectors, 1980 - 1999
Year All Insecticic
Mil Ibs of a.
1980 228
1985 161
1990 121
1991 114
1992 116
1993 115
1994 124
1995 125
1996 116
1997 112
1998 103
1999 126
es Organophosphates
i. Mil Ibs of a.i. % of All Insecticides
131 58
114 71
85 70
82 72
84 72
79 69
83 67
80 64
75 65
73 65
66 64
91 72
                        Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS
                        (http://www.usda.gov/nass/), and EPA proprietary data.
Page 16—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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                                    1998  and  1999 Usage
                               Figure 3.4
   Total U.S. Pounds of Insecticide Active Ingredients for Organophosphate and
            All Other Insecticides, All Market Sectors, 1980 -1999
  250
  200 -
£150
a
o
a.
  100
                                    Organophosphate Insecticide
    1980   1985  1990   1991  1992
1993   1994
    Year
1995   1996  1997   1998   1999
                               Table 3.8b
     Most Commonly Used Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients,
                    All Market Sectors, 1999 Estimates
         (Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient)
1999
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Active Ingredient
Malathion
Chlorpyrifos
Terbufos
Diazinon
Methyl Parathion
Phorate
Acephate
Azinphos-Methyl
Phosmet
Dimethoate

Range
30-38
13-19
5-7
4-7
2-4
2-3
2-3
1-2
1-2
1-2
               Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/
               NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass/), and EPA proprietary data.
                                            1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 17

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 SEPA
                    1998  and  1999  Usage
         3.9    U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Other

                Total amount of other pesticides used in the U.S. was slightly less than 300 million pounds in 1998, and
         more than 330 million pounds in 1999 (see Table 3.9). The pesticides in this group include sulfur and petroleum
         oil, and other chemicals used as pesticides, such as sulfuric acid, insect repellants (e.g., DEBT), moth control
         products (e.g., paradichlorobenzene), and others.1  Nearly all of the sulfur and oil usage (85%) is in the
         agricultural sector, while the usage of the other pesticides in this group is mainly in the agricultural and home
         and garden sectors (93%). The increase in the amount used in 1999 resulted mainly from an increase in the
         usage of sulfur and petroleum oil in the agricultural sector.  The amount of sulfur and petroleum oil and of the
         other pesticides in this group in the non-agricultural sectors did not change significantly between 1998
         and 1999. Nearly three-fourths of the total amount of sulfur, oil and other pesticides used was in the agricultural
         sector.  The estimated usage relies on the amount used and changes in the amount used of sulfur, oil, and other
         pesticides by  sector and type derived from public and proprietary EPA databases.
                                                   Table 3.9
                                       U.S. Pounds of Other Pesticides
                       by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
                    Year
                     Sector
   Sulfur & Oil
Mil Ibs
 of a.i.
          Other1
     Mil Ibs
      of a.i.
                    Total
               Mil Ibs
               of a.i.
                     1998
                    Agriculture
    160
 85
 52
 50
212
 72
                    Ind/Comm/Gov
     14
                             22
                    Home & Garden
     15
          45
          43
          60
          20
                    Total
    189
100
105
100
294
100
                     1999
                    Agriculture
    190
 87
 60
 53
250
 75
                    Ind/Comm/Gov
     14
                             22
                    Home & Garden
     15
          45
          40
          60
           18
                    Total
    219
100
113
100
332
100
                   Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table estimates do not include industrial wood preservatives,
                   specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
                   Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/
                   nass), and EPA proprietary data.
                   See Tables 5.5 to 5.8 for 1980-1999 estimates.
                   1. "Other" includes sulfuric acid, insect repellents, zinc sulfate, moth control chemicals (e.g., paradichloro-
                   benzene and napthaline), and other miscellaneous chemicals produced largely for nonpesticidal purposes.
Page 18—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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SEPA
1998  and  1999  Usage
        3.10   U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Specialty Biocides and Chlorine/Hypochlorites

               Tables 3. lOa and 3. lOb show the total amount of specialty biocides and chlorine/hypochlorites by end-
        use market in the U.S. in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Specialty biocides include water treatment chemicals,
        disinfectants and sanitizers, and products for other uses, such as in adhesives and sealants, leather, etc. More
        than two-thirds of the total amount of specialty biocides comprised water treatment chemicals. Chlorine/
        hypochlorites serve as water disinfectants, with 60% of their amount used in potable and waste water and 40% in
        recreational water.  The estimates of the amount used rely on EPA proprietary databases and industry projec-
        tions.
                    Table 3.10a
         U.S. Pounds of Specialty Biocides
   by End Use Market, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year
End Use IV
1998
Recreational and Industrial
Water Treatment1
Disinfectants and Sanitizers2
Other Specialty Biocides3
Total
Total
hi Ibs %

210 68
48 16
51 17
309 100
1999
Recreational and Industrial
Water Treatment1
Disinfectants and Sanitizers2
Other Specialty Biocides3
Total
230 67
62 18
51 15
343 100
      Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data.
      1.  "Recreational and Industrial Water Treatment" does not include
      hypochlorite or chlorine consumption, which is reported separately.
      2. "Disinfectants and Sanitizers" includes industrial/institutional
      applications and household cleaning products. Specialty biocides
      only. Does not include hypochlorite or chlorine consumption, which
      is reported separately.
      3. "Other Specialty Biocides" includes biocides for adhesives and
      sealants, leather, synthetic latex polymers, metalworking fluids,
      paints and coatings, petroleum products, plastics, and mineral
      slurries.
                   Table 3.10b
      U.S. Pounds of Chlorine/Hypochlorites
  by End Use Market, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year
End Use
1998
Disinfectant of Potable and
Waste Water
Disinfectant for Recrea-
tional Water
Total
Total
Millbs

1,520
1,012
2,532
%

60
40
100
1999
Disinfectant of Potable and
Waste Water
Disinfectant for Recrea-
tional Water
Total
1,566
1,043
2,609
60
40
100
                                                          Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data.
                                                               1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 19

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 SEPA
   4.   Producers  and  Users
       4.1    Pesticide Producers and Users

              Table 4. la lists estimates of the number of firms that are pesticide producers, formulators, and distribu-
       tors.  Table 4.1b lists estimates of farm land, acres harvested, and the number of farms using pesticides and
       fertilizers. Table 4. Ic lists estimates of the number of pest control firms and certified pesticide applicators.
       Table 4. Id lists estimates of the number of households using pesticides.
                      Table 4.1a
          The Number of Pesticide Producers,
             Formulators, and Distributors
                            Table 4.1c
             The Number of Commercial Pest Control
            Firms and Number of Certified Applicators
1. A. Major Basic Producers
B. Other Producers
2. A. Major National Formulators
B. Other Formulators
3. A. Major National Distributors
and Establishments
B. Other Distributors and
Establishments
18
100
150-200
2,000
250 - 350
16,900
1. Commercial Pest Control Firms 33,100
2. Private1 Certified Applicators 803,423
3 . Commercial2 Certified Applicators 3 84,092
Source: Estimates based on 1992 EPA National Home and Garden
Pesticide Use Survey and 1999 EPA estimates of the number of certi-
fied private and commercial pesticide applicators.
1 . Private certified applicators refers primarily to individual farmers.
2. Commercial certified applicators refers to professional
pesticide applicators.
        Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data.

                      Table 4.1b
        Land in Farms, Farm Acres Harvested,
       the Number of Farms, and the Number of
                Farms Using Pesticides
       1. Land in Farms

       2. Land Harvested
       3. Total Number of Farms

       4. Total Number of Farms with
       Cropland

       5. Total Number of Farms with Harvested
       Cropland

       6. Number of Farms Using Chemicals for:
        A. Insects on Hay/Crops
        B. Nematodes
        C. Diseases on Crops/Orchards
        D. Weed/Grass/Brush
        E. Defoliation/Fruit Thinning
        F. Any or all of the above

        G. Any or all of the above plus fertilizer
   932M

   309M
  1.912M

  1.661M


  1.411M



 366,000

  43,000

 112,000

 685,000

  51,000

 941,000

1,325,000
                            Table 4.1d
            The Number of Households Using Pesticides
1. Number of U.S. Households Using:

 A. Insecticides                    58 Million
 B. Fungicides                     14 Million

 C. Herbicides                     40 Million
 D. Repellents                     52 Million
 E. Disinfectants                   58 Million
 F. Any Pesticides                  77 Million
Note: In 1999 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the U.S.
population to be 272.7 million and 103.9 million households.
Source: EPA estimates based on 1992 EPA National Home and
Garden Survey and 1999 U.S. Census Bureau population
estimates.
       Source: 1997 Census of Agriculture (http://www.nass/usda.gov/
       Census).
Page 20—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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        	5.   Historical  Data
5.1    Annual U.S. Expenditures on Pesticides: 1980 - 1999

       The following four tables (Tables 5. la - 5. Id) summarize annual user expenditures on pesticides since
1980. Table 5. la summarizes user expenditures on pesticides in all markets combined, while Table 5. Ib, Table
5.1c and Table 5. Id summarize user expenditures in the agricultural, industry/commerical/government, and
home and garden markets, respectively. In each market, user expenditures on pesticides have increased in total
and by type since 1980, although the total amount has fluctuated from year to year.
                                                    1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 21

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Page 22—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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                                1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 23

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Page 24—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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SEPA
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                               1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 25

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                	5.   Historical  Data
        5.2    Annual Amount of Pesticides Used: 1980 - 1999

               The following four tables (Tables 5.2a - 5.2d) summarize annual pounds of pesticides used since 1980.
        Table 5.2a summarizes the amount of pesticides used in all markets combined, while Table 5.2b, Table 5.2c and
        Table 5.2d summarize the amount of pesticides used in the agricultural, industry/commercial/government, and
        home and garden markets, respectively. In each market, the amount of pesticides used has decreased in total
        since 1980, although the total amount has fluctuated from year to year.
Page 26—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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Page 28—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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-------
SEPA
•5.   Historical Data
                                          Table 5.3
                     U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient,
               Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sector Shares, 1964 - 1999
Year
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Total U.S.
Million Pounds of
Active Ingredient
617
658
682
712
742
763
760
793
843
882
964
1013
1041
1084
1106
1144
1121
1118
1084
1021
1061
1020
988
906
925
942
949
928
940
914
984
961
996
958
912
912
Agricultural Sector
Million Pounds of % of
Active Ingredient U
Non- Agricultural Sector
total Million Pounds of
S. Active Ingredient
366 59 251
396 60 262
414 61 268
429 60 283
457 62 285
491 64 272
499 66 261
528 67 265
575 68 268
607 69 275
688 71 276
729 72 284
753 72 288
794 73 290
813 74 293
843 74 301
826 74 295
831 74 287
804 74 280
745 73 276
794 75 267
767 75 253
739 75 249
666 74 240
690 75 235
712 76 230
720 76 229
708 76 220
723 77 217
698 76 216
776 79 208
765 80 196
803 81 193
767 80 191
724 79 188
706 77 206
  Note: Conventional pesticides only, excluding sulfur, petroleum oil and other chemicals used as pesticides (e.g., sulfuric acid and insect repellants),
  wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
  Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass), and EPA proprietary data.
  See Table 3.5 for 1998 and 1999.
                                                       1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 31

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                   	6.    Glossary
         ACTIVE INGREDIENT (A.I.): The chemical or substance component of a pesticide product intended to kill,
         repel, attract, mitigate, or control a pest, or that acts as a plant growth regulator, desiccant, or nitrogen stabilizer.
         The remainder of a formulated pesticide product consists of one or more "inert ingredients" (e.g., water, sol-
         vents, emulsifiers, surfactants, clay, and propellants), which are there for reasons other than pesticidal activity.

         AGRICULTURAL USER SECTOR (OR MARKET): Pesticides applied by owner/operators and custom/
         commercial applicators to farms and facilities involved in the production of raw agricultural commodities, prin-
         cipally food, fiber, and tobacco; includes non-crop and post-harvest use as well as crop and field applications.

         CERTIFIED APPLICATOR: A person who is authorized to apply "restricted-use" pesticides as a result of meet-
         ing requirements for certification under FIFRA-mandated programs.  Applicator certification programs are con-
         ducted by states, territories, and tribes in accordance with national standards set by EPA.  "Restricted use pesti-
         cides" may be used only by or under the direct supervision of specially trained and certified applicators.

         COMMERCIAL APPLICATOR: A person applying pesticides as part of a business applying pesticides for hire,
         or a person applying pesticides as part of his or her job with another (not for hire) type of business, organization,
         or agency. Commercial applicators often are certified, but need to be so only if they use restricted-use pesti-
         cides.

         CROPLIFE AMERICA: Formerly the American Crop Protection Association (ACPA), which publishes annual
         pesticide industry profile (ACPA Industry Profile).  The profile is a survey of pesticide sales provided by par-
         ticipating ACPA members.

         CONVENTIONAL PESTICIDES: Pesticides that are chemicals or other substances developed and produced
         primarily or only for use as pesticides.  The term is generally used in reference to active ingredients. An exam-
         ple is DDT, which was developed and used almost exclusively as a pesticide.

         ECONOMIC USER SECTORS (OR MARKETS): In this report, estimates of quantities used and user expendi-
         tures for pesticides are broken out separately for the three general economic user sectors (or markets) as follows:
         agriculture, industrial/commercial/governmental, and home/garden.  These three sectors/markets are defined
         elsewhere in this glossary.

         FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which is involved in regulation of pesticides in the U.S., particularly
         enforcement of tolerances in food and feed products.

         FFDCA: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the law that controls pesticide residues in food and feed.

         FIFRA:  Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, the law that generally controls pesticide sale and
         use.

         FQPA: The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Ro-
         denticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA).

         HOME AND GARDEN USER SECTOR (OR MARKET): Involves pesticides applied by homeowners to homes
         and gardens, including lawns and single- and multiple-unit housing.  Does not include pesticides for home/
         garden applications by professional applicators.

         INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL/GOVERNMENTAL USER SECTOR (OR MARKET):  Involves pesticides ap-
         plied by professional applicators (by owner/operators/employees and custom/commercial applicators) to indus-
         trial, commercial, and governmental facilities, buildings, sites, and land; plus custom/commercial applications to
         homes and gardens, including lawns. May also be referred to as "professional market" for pesticides.

         NON-AGRICULTURAL SECTORS: General term referring to a combination of home/garden and industrial/
         commercial/governmental sectors.
Page 32—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report

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          	6.    Glossary
OTHER PESTICIDES: Chemicals registered as pesticides but that are produced and marketed mostly for other
purposes, i.e., multi-use chemicals.  Notable examples are sulfur, petroleum products (e.g., kerosene, oils, and
distillates), salt, and sulfuric acid.

PESTICIDE: May be used to refer to an active ingredient (as defined above) or formulated pesticide product reg-
istered under FIFRA.

PESTICIDE USER EXPENDITURES: Dollar value of purchases by persons or businesses applying pesticides,
such as farmers, commercial pesticide applicators, and homeowners. Reported numbers are nominal values for
the years indicated, i.e., not adjusted or indexed for inflation.

PESTICIDE USAGE: Refers to actual applications of pesticides, generally in terms of quantity applied or units
treated.

PRIVATE APPLICATOR: A category of applicator certification for farmers and/or employees, such that they
can legally apply restricted-use pesticides or supervise others doing so who are not certified.

PROFESSIONAL MARKET: Sales of pesticides for application to industrial/commercial/governmental sectors,
and to homes and gardens, by certified/commercial applicators.

PROPRIETARY DATA: Pesticide industry market research data that EPA purchases from private data research
companies. These data are for EPA use only and cannot be  divulged without vendor consent.  Companies in-
clude Doane Marketing Research, Inc.; Kline and Company, Inc.; SRI, Inc.; Wood Mackenzie; and Mike Buk-
ley, Inc.

SAFER PESTICIDES: Pesticides designated as "safer" (or "reduced risk") by EPA exhibit favorable characteris-
tics affecting health or environmental risks, resistance management, and integrated pest management. Reduced-
risk pesticides may be conventional pesticides posing less risk, or biopesticides with unique modes of action, low
use volume, lower toxicity, target species specificity, or natural occurrence.

SPECIALTY BIOCIDES: This report provides estimates for end uses as follows:  swimming pools, spas, and
industrial water treatment (excluding chlorine/hypochlorites, which are reported separately); disinfectants and
sanitizers (including  industrial/institutional applications and household cleaning products); and other specialty
biocides (including biocides for adhesives and sealants, leather, synthetic latex polymers, metal-working fluids,
paints and coatings, petroleum products, plastics, and textiles).  These categories of end usage are covered by
FIFRA.  Other end uses of specialty biocides (e.g., hospital/medical antiseptics, food/feed preservatives, cosmet-
ics/toiletries) are regulated under FFDCA and are not covered in this report.

TOLERANCE: The maximum amount of a pesticide allowable in a food or feed product before it is considered
adulterated, usually specified in parts per million.

USDA/FATUS: The  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Trade  of U.S.  Publicly available data
on U.S. agricultural imports and exports (http://www.ers.usda.gov/db/fatus).

USDA NASS:  The U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service.  Publicly available
data on U.S. agricultural pesticide use (http://www.uda.gov/nass/).

WOOD PRESERVATIVES: Pesticide active ingredients used in treatment of wood to protect it from insects,
fungi, and other pests. This report presents total usage of wood preservative chemicals in industrial plants, the
bulk of which is for pressure treatment. The major categories of pesticide chemicals included in this report as
industrial wood preservatives are water-borne preservatives  (mainly CCA), oil-borne preservatives (e.g., copper
naphthenate and pentachlorophenol), creosote, creosote-coal tar, and creosote petroleum.
                                                             1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 33

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United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (7503C)
EPA-733-R-02-001
www.epa.gov/pesticides
August 2002

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