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13
Pesticides Industry
Sales and Usage
1998 and 1999
Market Estimates
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Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates
By
David Donaldson,
Timothy Kiely, and
Arthur Grube, Ph.D.
Biological and Economic Analysis Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
August 2002
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Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
For the first time, the report has been completed by someone other than Arnold Aspelin. His knowledge and ex-
perience cannot be replaced; however, he left behind an outstanding collection of pesticide sales and usage data,
industry contacts, and report methodologies, so that the report could continue where he left off.
The authors of this report would also like to acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by the following
reviewers:
• Allen Jennings, United States Department of Agriculture;
• Merritt Padgitt, United States Department of Agriculture;
• Chuck Benbrook, Benbrook Consulting Services;
• Susan Kegley, Pesticide Action Network, North America;
• Ada Scott, California Department of Pesticide Regulation;
• John Wilkin, Greg Malcom, and Jenne Ahlgrim, Doane Marketing Research, Inc.;
• Dennis Fugate, Kline & Co., Inc.;
• Leonard Gianessi, National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy;
• Lawrence Norton, CropLife America;
• Norman Bennett, United States Department of Agriculture; and
• EPA reviewers David Widawsky and Jonathan Becker.
Page i—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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Contents
Sections
1. Introduction Page 1
2. 1998 and 1999 Sales Page 4
2.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures Page 4
2.2 Value of U.S. Pesticides: Producers Page 5
2.3 U.S. Pesticide Expenditures: Users Page 6
2.4 U.S. Pesticide and Farm Expenditures Page 7
3. 1998 and 1999 Usage Page 8
3.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Amount Used Page 8
3.2 U.S. Pesticide Supply: Producer Level Page 9
3.3 U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Total Page 10
3.4 U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Conventional Page 12
3.5 Share of U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the
Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sectors Page 13
3.6 Most Commonly Used U.S. Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
in the Agricultural Market Sector Page 14
3.7 Most Commonly Used U.S. Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
in the Non-Agricultural Sectors Page 15
3.8 U.S. Organophosphate Insecticides Amount Used Page 16
3.9 U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Other Page 18
3.10 U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Specialty Biocides and Chlorine/Hypochlorites Page 19
4. Producers and Users Page 20
4.1 Pesticide Producers and Users Page 20
5. Historical Data Page 21
5.1 Annual U.S. Expenditures on Pesticides: 1980 — 1999 Page 21
5.2 Annual Amount of Pesticides Used: 1980 — 1999 Page 26
6. Glossary Page 32
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page ii
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Contents
Tables
1. Introduction
Table 1.1 Key to Layout Changes in the 1998 and 1999 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 3
2. 1998 and 1999 Sales
Table 2.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures: User Level
by Pesticide Type, 1998 and 1999 Estimates Page 4
Table 2.2 Value of U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply of Pesticides at Producer Level Page 5
Table 2.3 U.S. User Expenditures for Pesticides
by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates Page 6
Table 2.4 U.S. Farm Production Expenditures (Billions $) Page 7
3. 1998 and 1999 Usage
Table 3.1 World and U.S. Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient (A.I.) at User Level
by Pesticide Type, 1998 and 1999 Estimates Page 8
Table 3.2 U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply of Pesticides in Pounds Produced
at the Producer Level Page 9
Table 3.3 Amount of U.S. Pesticide Usage
by Pesticide Group, 1998 and 1999 Estimates Page 10
Table 3.4 U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient
by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates Page 12
Table 3.5 Share of U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient
Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sector Shares, 1998 and 1999 Page 13
Table 3.6 Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
Agricultural Market Sector, 1999, 1997, 1993, and 1987 Estimates Page 14
Table 3.7a Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
Home and Garden Market Sector, 1999 and 1997 Page 15
Table 3.7b Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector, 1999 and 1997 Page 15
Table 3.8a U.S. Pounds of Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients, All Market Sectors, 1980 - 1999 Page 16
Table 3.8b Most Commonly Used Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients,
All Market Sectors, 1999 Estimates Page 17
Table 3.9 U.S. Pounds of Other Pesticides by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates Page 18
Table 3.lOa U.S. Pounds of Specialty Biocides by End Use Market, 1998 and 1999 Estimates Page 19
Table 3.10b U.S. Pounds of Chlorine/Hypochlorites by End Use Market, 1998 and 1999 Estimates Page 19
Page iii—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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Contents
Tables (Continued)
4. Producers and Users
Table 4. la The Number of Pesticide Producers, Formulators, and Distributors Page 20
Table 4. Ib Land in Farms, Farm Acres Harvested, the Number of Farms,
and the Number of Farms Using Pesticides Page 20
Table 4. Ic The Number of Commercial Pest Control Firms and Number of Certified Applicators Page 20
Table 4. Id The Number of Households Using Pesticides Page 20
Section 5. Historical Data
Table 5. la U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, All Market Sectors Page 22
Table 5. Ib U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, Agricultural Market Sector Page 23
Table 5. Ic U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
by Pesticide Type, 1980 -1999, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector Page 24
Table 5. Id U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, Home and Garden Market Sector Page 25
Table 5.2a U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, All Market Sectors Page 27
Table 5.2b U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, Agricultural Market Sector Page 28
Table 5.2c U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector Page 29
Table 5.2d U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, Home and Garden Market Sector Page 30
Table 5.3 U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient,
Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sector Shares, 1964 - 1999 Page 31
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page iv
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Contents
Figures
2. 1998 and 1999 Sales
Figure 2.1 World and U.S. Comparison of Pesticide Expenditures: User Level
by Pesticide Type, 1999 Estimates Page 5
Figure 2.2 U.S. User Expenditures for Pesticides
by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1999 Estimates Page 7
3. 1998 and 1999 Usage
Figure 3.1 Comparison of World and U.S. Pesticide Pounds of Active Ingredient at User Level
by Pesticide Type, 1999 Estimates Page 9
Figure 3.2 Amount of U.S. Pesticide Usage by Pesticide Group, 1999 Estimates Page 11
Figure 3.3 U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient
by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1999 Estimates Page 13
Figure 3.4 Total U.S. Pounds of Insecticide Active Ingredients for Organophosphate
and All Other Insecticides, All Market Sectors, 1980-1999 Page 17
Section 5. Historical Data
Figure 5. la U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, All Market Sectors Page 22
Figure 5. Ib U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, Agricultural Market Sector Page 23
Figure 5. Ic U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
by Pesticide Type, 1980- 1999, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector Page 24
Figure 5. Id U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides,
by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, Home and Garden Market Sector Page 25
Figure 5.2a U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, All Market Sectors Page 27
Figure 5.2b U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
by Pesticide Type, 1980-1999, Agricultural Market Sector Page 28
Figure 5.2c U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
by Pesticide Type, 1980- 1999, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector Page 29
Figure 5.2d U.S. Annual Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient,
by Pesticide Type, 1980 - 1999, Home and Garden Market Sector Page 30
Page v—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Purpose of Report
Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug,
and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), EPA, in cooperation with the states and other agencies, such as the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), is responsible for regulating the
production and use of pesticides in the United States. This report provides contemporary and historical
economic information on the U.S. pesticide producing and using sectors covered by these state and federal
regulatory programs. Economic profile information covers a variety of topics, particularly the pesticide market
with respect to dollar values and quantities of active ingredient. The EPA Pesticide Program has issued such
market reports since 1979.
This report is intended only to present objective economic profile and trend information reflecting the
best available information on pesticide sales and usage. It does not attempt to interpret, reach conclusions about,
or make inferences about the data. Detailed analysis of causal factors or implications, such as potential impacts
on human health, the environment, or the economy, falls beyond the scope of this project.
We caution the reader not to infer too much from changes in the amount of pesticides used from year to
year. Changes in the amount of pesticides used are not necessarily correlated to changes in the level of pest
control or changes in the human health and environmental risks associated with pesticide use.
Data Sources
Neither EPA nor any other agency has a program devoted specifically to estimating the overall pesticide
market in terms of dollars spent and quantity of active ingredient used on an annual basis. This report uses the
best available information from the public domain and proprietary sources. The numbers in the report represent
approximate values rather than precise values with known statistical properties.
The Agency has a wide variety of public and proprietary information upon which to base estimates of
pesticide sales and usage. The Pesticide Data Center in the Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD)
of EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) maintains extensive files and library materials. These materials
cover different pesticide types and groupings in the agricultural market sector, which account for a majority of
the use of conventional pesticides, and in non-agricultural market sectors. The Agency uses three national
database services for the agricultural sector, including those from the USDA and a number of more specific data
sources. Similar data sources cover the non-agricultural sector. EPA also uses proprietary data sources, with
vendor permission, to estimate agricultural and non-agricultural market sectors. These proprietary data sources,
produced by well-known organizations, also serve pesticide registrants and other private sector firms analyzing
the U.S. pesticide market.
Overview of Contents/Scope of Report
This report profiles the U.S. pesticide industry for the years 1998 and 1999. Data, estimated using
several different parameters (e.g., pesticide type, pesticide group, market sector), appear in table format. The
scope of the report is largely inclusive of the U.S. pesticide industry and includes data on expenditures, volume,
imports, exports, firms, individuals involved in production and use of pesticides, number of pesticides, and
number of certified applicators, among other topics. The report includes graphic representations of the data
where useful.
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 1
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1. Introduction
Although most of the information covers the years 1998 and 1999, this report also includes an historical
section. This section contains re-estimated values for the amount of insecticides used and dollar expenditures on
insecticides and, therefore, total pesticide amount used and expenditures for each market sector dating back to
1980. The Agency made revisions to each market sector based on a reexamination of the data available. Care
should be taken to use the new values for 1997 and earlier years, rather than values published in prior editions of
the report.
Following this Introduction (Section 1), Section 2 summarizes U.S. and world pesticide user
expenditures in 1998 and 1999, and Section 3 summarizes U.S. and world pesticide amount used in 1998 and
1999. Section 4 presents background information on pesticide market sectors. Finally, Section 5 presents
historical data summarizing pesticide expenditures and amount used estimates since 1980.
Changes Since Last Report
This report includes significant changes in format from previously published EPA Pesticide Industry
Sales and Usage reports. The majority of the information contained in the report is the same, but with
reformatted content and additional pieces of information. Format changes include:
• brief discussions of tabular information appear throughout the document, replacing the Table Highlights
section;
• the current year (1998 and 1999) pesticide expenditures and amount applied estimates are separated into
two distinct sections;
• the historical data (pesticide sales, amount, and registration activities) appear in a separate section at the
end of the document; and
• information from Table 7, which contained miscellaneous background information on the pesticide
market sectors and pesticide registration and reregistration in previous reports, is distributed throughout
the document and presented with other relevant data.
See Table 1.1 for links between data in the 1996 and 1997 and the 1998 and 1999 Pesticide Industry Sales and
Usage reports. This year's publication includes Table 1.1 to assist report users in finding table data in the
reorganized publication.
In addition to 1998 and 1999 updates to the sales and usage data, this report contains a discussion of the
current and historical amount of organophosphate insecticides used. The Agency chose organophosphate
insecticides because they have been the focus of recent pesticide reregistration activities. This addition marks
the first time the report has included class-specific pesticide information. We hope to include additional
information specific to class or type of pesticide in future reports.
The writing of the 2000/2001 pesticide industry sales and usage report is scheduled to begin once all of
the supporting pesticide sales and usage data for 2001 are published (fall of 2002). If you have questions
regarding this report or need further information, please contact the authors at the following address:
Biological and Economic Analysis Division/Office of Pesticide Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
or by e-mail (telephone): kiely.timothy@epa.gov (703-308-8112), and grube.arthur@epa.gov (703-308-8095).
Page 2—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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SEPA
4. Introduction
Table 1.1
Key to Layout Changes in the 1998 and 1999 Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage Report
Old Tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 1 la.
Table lib.
Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
Table 16.
Old Table Titles
U.S. and World Pesticide Sales at User Level, 1997 Estimates (and
corresponding charts)
User Expenditures for Pesticides in the U.S. by Class and Sector,
1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart)
Volume of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in U.S. by Type, Class, and
Sector, 1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart)
U.S. Usage of Conventional and Other Types of Pesticides, 1996/1997
Estimates
Importance of Pesticide Expenditures to U.S. Farmers, 1995-1997 Estimates
U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply of Pesticides at Producer
Level, 1996/1997 Estimates (and corresponding chart)
U.S. Pesticide Production, Marketing and User Sectors; Profile of Numbers
of Units Involved, 1996/1997 Estimates
Quantities of Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticides in U.S.
Agricultural Crop Production
Quantities of Pesticides Most Commonly Used in Non- Agricultural Sectors
of U.S.
U.S. Conventional Pesticide Usage, Total and Estimated Agricultural Sector
Share, 1964-1997 (and corresponding charts)
Number of Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under
FIFRA, by Type, 1967-1997 (and corresponding chart)
Number of Active Ingredients Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under
FIFRA, by Classification: Safer (Reduced-Risk) or Other Pesticides, 1990-
1997
Number of Certified Applicators in the U.S., 1997 (October 30) (and
corresponding charts)
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Type, All Economic Sectors
Combined, 1979-1997 (and corresponding chart)
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1997
(and corresponding charts)
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Type, All Economic Sec-
tors Combined, 1979-1997 (and corresponding chart)
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-
1997 (and corresponding charts)
New Tables
Table 2. land Table
3.1
Table 2.3
Table 3. 4 and Table
3.9
Table 3. 3, Table 3. lOa,
and Table 3. lOb
Table 2.4
Table 2.2 and Table
3.2
Table 4. la through
Table 4. Id
Table 3.6
Table 3. 7a and Table
3.7b
Table 5.9
No equivalent table
No equivalent table
Table 4. Ic
Table 5.5
Table 5.6 through
Table 5.8
Table 5.1
Table 5.2 through
Table 5.4
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 3
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SEPA
-2. 1998 and 1999 Sales
2.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures
World pesticide expenditures totaled more than $33.5 billion in 1998 and 1999 (see Table 2.1).
Expenditures on herbicides accounted for the largest proportion of total expenditures (more than 40%), followed
by expenditures on insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides, respectively. Total expenditures were up
slightly in 1999 due to increased spending on insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides.
U.S. pesticide expenditures totaled more than $11 billion in 1998 and 1999, in proportions similar to
that for world expenditures, with a relatively larger proportion of total U.S. expenditures on herbicides (see
Figure 2.1). U.S. expenditures accounted for approximately 33% of total world expenditures on pesticides, more
than 40% of world expenditures on herbicides, 33% of world expenditures on insecticides, and more than 10%
and 25% of world expenditures on fungicides and other pesticides, respectively.2 The Agency based its esti-
mates of world and U.S. pesticide expenditures on the estimated pesticide expenditures and estimated changes in
pesticide expenditures by type derived from public and proprietary EPA databases. See Section 2.3 for a more
detailed look at U.S. expenditures on pesticides in 1998 and 1999.
Table 2.1
World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures
User Level by Pesticide Type, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year World Market
Type Mil $ %
1998
U.S. Market U.S. Percent of
Mil $ % World Market
Herbicides1 15,342 46 6,853 60 45
Insecticides 8,906 27 2,872 25 32
Fungicides 6,433 19 936 8 15
Other2 2,822 *
5 755 7 27
Total 33,503 100 11,416 100 34
1999
Herbicides1 14,645 44 6,368 57 43
Insecticides 9,110 27 3,046 27 33
Fungicides 6,682 20 910 8 14
Other2 3,156 9 831 7 26
Total 33,593 100 11,155 100 33
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not cover wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/
hypochlorites.
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America (formerly the American Crop Protection Association (ACPA))
annual surveys and EPA proprietary data.
1. "Herbicides" include herbicides and plant growth regulators.
2. "Other" includes nematicides, fiimigants, rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic and fish/bird pesticides, other
miscellaneous conventional pesticides, plus other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
Page 4—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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. 1998 and 1999 Sales
Figure 2.1
World and U.S. Comparison of Pesticide Expenditures:
User Level by Pesticide Type, 1999 Estimates
$40,000
$35,000
$30,000
£ $25,000
o
Q
o $20,000
at
c
I $15,000
• World Market
DU.S. Market
Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides
Pesticide Type
Other
Total
2.2 Value of U.S. Pesticides: Producers
Table 2.2 summarizes the 1998 and 1999 average U.S. value of pesticides at the producer level, includ-
ing production, import, export, and supply (total and net). Pesticide sales related to U.S. production and con-
sumption of pesticides comprised $9.6 billion of domestic production, $1.0 billion of imports, $1.8 billion of ex-
ports, and $8.8 billion of net supply at the producer level.
Table 2.2
Value of U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply of Pesticides1
at Producer Level
Category
Production
Imports
Total Supply
Exports
Net Supply
Sales Value
(Billions of Dollars)
Average of 1998 and
9.6
1.0
10.6
1.8
8.8
1999
Note: Excludes industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA Foreign Agricultural Trade of the
U.S. (FATUS) databases (http://www.ers.usda.gov/db/fatus/), and EPA proprietary sources.
1. Includes conventional and other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 5
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SEPA
-2. 1998 and 1999 Sales
2.3 U.S. Pesticide Expenditures: Users
U.S. expenditures at the user level on conventional and other pesticides totaled more than $ 11 billion in
both 1998 and 1999 (see Table 2.3). The conventional and other pesticides comprising the expenditure estimates
include herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, fumigants, sulfur, petroleum oil, and others. The
estimates exclude expenditures on specialty biocides, wood preservatives, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
Reductions in spending in the agricultural sector on all pesticides, except other, more than offset in-
creases in spending in the non-agricultural sectors in 1999, resulting in a decline in total 1999 expenditures. Ex-
penditures in the agriculture sector accounted for more than two-thirds of total expenditures in both years. Her-
bicide expenditures dominated in all sectors except the home and garden sector, where insecticides comprise
nearly 60% of all expenditures (see Figure 2.2). The estimated expenditures rely on the estimated changes in
pesticide expenditures by sector and type provided in public and proprietary EPA databases.
Table 2.3
U.S. User Expenditures for Pesticides
by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year Herbicides / Plant
Growth Regulators
Market Sector Mil $ (%)
Insecticides / Fungicides
Miticides
Mil$ (%) Mil$ (%)
Other1 Total
Mil $ (%) Mil $
(%)
1998
Agriculture 5,632 82
Ind/Comm/Gov 728 11
Home & Garden 493 7
Total 6,853 100
1,427 50 695 74
425 15 215 23
1,020 36 26 3
2,872 100 936 100
514 68 8,268
77 10 1,445
164 22 1,703
755 100 11,416
72
13
15
100
1999
Agriculture 5,012 79
Ind/Comm/Gov 794 12
Home & Garden 562 9
Total 6,368 100
1,370 45 660 73
463 15 215 24
1,213 40 35 4
3,046 100 910 100
583 70 7,625
74 9 1,546
174 21 1,984
831 100 11,155
68
14
18
100
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not cover industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys and EPA proprietary data.
See Tables 5.1 to 5.4 for 1980-1999 estimates.
1. "Other" includes nematicides, fumigants, rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic and fish/bird pesticides, other miscellaneous conventional pesti-
cides, plus other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
Page 6—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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1998 and 1999 Sales
Figure 2.2
U.S. User Expenditures for Pesticides
By Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1999 Estimates
7,000
6,000 -
5,000 -
£ 4,000 -
1
o 3,000 -
2,000 -
1,000 -
[] Agriculture
[] IhdiKtty/CbrrrnerciayGovernment
• Home & Garden
Herbicides
Insecticides Fungicides
Pesticide Type
Other
2.4 U.S. Pesticide and Farm
Expenditures
Pesticides form an important component of
total farm expenditures and are integral to farm
budgeting and management. U.S. pesticide expendi-
tures in 1998 and 1999 totaled 4.4% and 4.0% of total
farm expenditures, respectively (see Table 2.4). Total
farm expenditures increased slightly in 1999 while
pesticide expenditures declined. Total farm expendi-
tures are based on USDA estimates and pesticide ex-
penditures from Table 2.3.
Table 2.4
U.S. Farm Production
Expenditures (Billions $)
Year
Total
Pesticides
Pesticides as %
of Total
1998
$188.6
$8.3
4.4%
1999
$192.1
$7.6
4.0%
Source: EPA Estimates (Table 2.3); USDA/
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)
(http://www.usda.gov/nass).
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 7
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SEPA
1998 and 1999 Usage
3.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Amount Used
World pesticide amount used exceeded 5.6 billion pounds in 1998 and 1999 (see Table 3.1). Herbicides
accounted for the largest proportion of total usage, followed by other pesticide usage, insecticide usage, and
fungicide usage. Total world pesticide amount used was up slightly in 1999, due mainly to an increase in the use
of other pesticides.
U.S. pesticide amount used in 1998 and 1999 exceeded 1.2 billion pounds, in proportions similar to that
for world pesticide usage, with a larger proportion of total U.S. pesticide usage on herbicides and other
pesticides (see Figure 3.1). U.S. pesticide amount used accounted for more than 20% of total world pesticide
amount used, 26% of world herbicide amount used, less than 10% of world insecticide amount used, and
approximately 15% and 30% of world fungicides and other pesticide amount used, respectively. The estimates
of world and U.S. pesticide usage rely on estimated pesticide amount used and estimated changes in pesticide
amount used by type derived from public and proprietary EPA databases. Subsequent sections provide a more
detailed analysis of U.S. pesticide amount used in 1998 and 1999.
Table 3.1
World and U.S. Pounds of Pesticide Active Ingredient (A.I.) at User Level
by Pesticide Type, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year
Class
World Market
Mil Ibs
of a.i.
U.S. Market
Mil Ibs
of a.i.
U.S. Percent of
World Market
1998
Herbicides1
Insecticides
Fungicides
Other2
Total
2,148
1,427
553
1,522
5,650
38
25
10
27
100
555
103
86
462
1,206
46
9
7
38
100
26
7
16
30
21
1999
Herbicides1
Insecticides
Fungicides
Other2
Total
2,040
1,417
556
1,666
5,679
36
25
10
29
100
534
126
79
505
1,244
43
10
6
41
100
26
9
14
30
22
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not cover wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/
hypochlorites.
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass), and EPA
proprietary data.
1. "Herbicides" include herbicides and plant growth regulators.
2. "Other" includes nematicides, fiimigants, rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic and fish/bird pesticides, other
miscellaneous conventional pesticides, plus other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
Page 8—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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1998 and 1999 Usage
Figure 3.1
Comparison of World and U.S. Pesticide Pounds of Active Ingredient at User Level
by Pesticide Type, 1999 Estimates
6,000
Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other
Pesticide Type
Total
3.2 U.S. Pesticide Supply: Producer Level
Table 3.2 summarizes the 1998 and 1999 average U.S. distribution of pesticides at the producer level,
including amount of production, amount of imports, amount of exports, and amount of supply (total and net).
Pesticide amount related to U.S. pesticide production and consumption comprised 1.6 billion pounds of domestic
production, 0.7 billion pounds of imports, 0.3 billion pounds of exports, and 1.2 billion pounds of net supply.
Table 3.2
U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply of Pesticides1
in Pounds Produced at the Producer Level
Category
Active Ingredient
(Billions of Pounds)
Average of 1998 and 1999
Production
Imports
Total Supply
Exports
Net Supply
1.6
0.3
1.9
0.7
1.2
Note: Excludes industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA Foreign Agricultural Trade of the U.S.
(FATUS) databases (http://www.ers.usda.gov/db/fatus/), and EPA proprietary data.
1. Includes conventional and other chemicals used as pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 9
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SEPA
1998 and 1999 Usage
3.3 U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Total
Total pesticide amount used in the U.S. approximated 5 billion pounds in 1998 and 1999 (see Table
3.3). This estimate included the conventional, other, wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/
hypochlorites pesticide groups. At more than 2.5 billion pounds used, usage of chlorine/hypochlorites exceeded
all other pesticide groups combined (see Figure 3.2). The estimates of usage by group rely on the estimated
amount used and changes in estimated amount used by pesticide group derived from public and proprietary EPA
databases. A discussion of the amount used of each pesticide group in 1998 and 1999 appears in subsequent sec-
tions (see footnotes to Table 3.3 for location).
Table 3.3
Amount of U.S. Pesticide Usage
by Pesticide Group, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Pesticide
Group
Total (Millbs)
1998
1999
Conventional Pesticides1
Other Pesticides2
Specialty Biocides3
Chlorine/Hypochlorites4
Wood Preservatives5
Total
912
294
309
2,532
820
4,867
912
332
343
2,609
801
4,997
1. See Table 3.4 (conventional pesticides) for additional details and specific source
information.
2. See Table 3.9 (other pesticides) for additional details and specific source information.
3. See Table 3.10a (specialty biocides) for additional details and specific source
information.
4. See Table 3.10b (chlorine/hypochlorites) for additional details and specific source
information.
5. Source: American Wood Preservatives Institute (AWPI) and EPA proprietary data.
"Wood Preservatives" include creosote, pentachlorophenol, and chromated copper arsenate
(CCA).
Page 10—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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SEPA 3. 1998 and 1999 Usage
Figure 3.2
Amount of U.S. Pesticide Usage
by Pesticide Group, 1999 Estimates
Conventional Pesticides (18%)
^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ Other Pesticides (7%)
Chlorine/Hypochlorites (52%)
Wood Preservatives (16%)
Specialty Biocides (7%)
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 11
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SEPA
1998 and 1999 Usage
3.4 U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Conventional
Table 3.3 shows that conventional pesticide amount used in 1998 and 1999 totaled 912 million pounds.
This category was second highest among all pesticide groups in the U.S. after chlorine/hypochlorites. Table 3.4
shows the breakout of this usage by pesticide type and market sector. Pesticide types in this group include herbi-
cides, plant growth regulators, insecticides, miticides, fungicides, nematicides, fumigants, and others.1 Although
total usage estimates were the same in 1998 and 1999, usage by sector and type varied between the two years.
The amount used in the agricultural sector accounted for the majority of the total amount used in both years, with
the two non-agricultural sectors (industry/commercial/government and home & garden) cumulatively accounting
for less than 25% of the total usage in each year (see Table 3.4). The amount used in the agriculture sector ac-
counted for the majority of the total amount used by pesticide type in both years as well - more than 60% of the
total amount used of each type, except for fungicides in 1999 (57%). Figure 3.3 graphs the distribution of usage
by type and sector. The estimated usage relies on the estimated amount used and changes in amount used of
conventional pesticides by sector and type derived from public and proprietary EPA databases.
A notable (35%) increase in insecticide amount used in agriculture occurred in 1999. This increase is
due in large part to an increase in the amount of malathion used on cotton as part of the USD A-sponsored Boll
Weevil Eradication Program. Additional information on this program, including the history and the states
participating, can be found at the Web site: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/weevil/.
Table 3.4
U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient
by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year
Herbicides / Plant
Growth Regulators
Insecticides /
Miticides
Fungicides
Nematicide /
Fumigant
Other
Conventional1
Total
Sector
Millbs
of a.i.
Millbs
of a.i.
Millbs
of a.i.
Millbs
of a.i.
Millbs
of a.i.
Millbs
of a.i.
1998
Agriculture
Ind/Comm/Gov
Home & Garden
Total
465
41
49
555
84
7
9
100
69
21
13
103
67
20
13
100
54
24
8
86
63
28
9
100
111
24
1
136
82
18
1
100
25
6
1
78
19
3
724
116
72
79
13
8
32 100
912 100
1999
Agriculture
Ind/Comm/Gov
Home & Garden
Total
428
52
54
534
10
10
100
93
19
14
126
74
15
11
100
45
24
10
79
57
30
13
100
115
24
1
140
82
17
1
100
25
7
1
76
21
3
33 100
706 77
126 14
80 9
912 100
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not cover industrial wood preservatives, specialty biocides, chlorine/hypochlorites, and other chemicals used as
pesticides, e.g., sulfur and petroleum.
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass/), and EPA proprietary data.
See Tables 5.5 to 5.8 for 1980-1999 estimates.
1. "Other Conventional" pesticides include rodenticides, molluscicides, aquatic and fish/bird pesticides, and other miscellaneous conventional pesticides.
Page 12—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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&ER&
1998 and 1999 Usage
Figure 3.3
U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient
by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1999 Estimates
600
500
400
'o 300
200
[] Agriculture
n Indus try/Conmercial/QoveniiiEnt
• Horns & Garden
Herbicides/Plant Insecticides/
Growth Regula- Miticides
tors
Fungicides
Pesticide Type
Fumigants/
Nematicides
Other
3.5 Share of U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the
Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sectors
Table 3.5 shows the agricultural and non-agricultural market share of total conventional pesticides
consumed in 1998 and 1999. The agricultural sector accounts for more than 75% of the total amount of
conventional pesticides used in both years. See Table 5.9 in the Historical Data section of this report for data
covering the years 1964 through 1999.
Table 3.5
Share of U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient:
Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sector Shares, 1998 and 1999
Year
1998
1999
U.S.
Millbs
912
912
Agricultural Market Sector
Mil Ibs
724
706
% of U.S.
79
77
Non- Agricultural Market Sector
Millbs
%ofU.S
188 21
206 23
Note: Conventional pesticides only, excluding sulfur, petroleum oil and other chemicals used as pesticides (e.g., sulfuric
acid and insect repellents), wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
See Table 5.9 for 1964-1999.
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass), and EPA
proprietary data.
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 13
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SEPA
1998 and 1999 Usage
3.6
Most Commonly Used U.S. Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients Used
in the Agricultural Market Sector
Table 3.6 shows the 25 most commonly used conventional pesticide active ingredients in the
agricultural sector in 1999 and selected earlier years. Atrazine was the most used active ingredient in 1999
(between 74 and 80 million pounds). Fourteen of the top 25 active ingredients used are herbicides; three are fun-
gicides; three are insecticides; four are fumigants; and one is a plant growth regulator. The rankings rely on the
estimated volume of conventional pesticides used in the agricultural sector, taken from public and proprietary
EPA databases.
Table 3.6
Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
Agricultural Market Sector, 1999, 1997, 1993, and 1987 Estimates
(Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient)
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1999
Active Ingredient Ty
Atrazine H
Glyphosate H
je Range
74-80
67-73
Metam Sodium Fum 60-64
Acetochlor H
30-35
Methyl Bromide Fum 28-33
2,4-D H
Malathion I
Metolachlor H
Trifluralin H
Pendimethalin H
28-33
28-32
26-30
18-23
17-22
Dichloropropene Fum 17-20
Metolachlor-s H
Chlorothalonil F
16-19
9-11
Chloropicrin Fum 8-10
Copper Hydroxide F
Chlorpyrifos I
Alachlor H
Propanil H
EPTC H
Dimethenamid H
Mancozeb F
Dicamba H
Terbufos I
8-10
8-10
7-10
7-10
7-9
6-8
6-8
6-8
5-7
Ethephon PGR 5-6
Cyanazine H
4-8
1997
Rank
1
5
3
7
4
8
NA
2
10
9
6
NA
15
25
13
14
12
22
18
20
17
16
19
NA
11
Range
75-82
34-38
53-58
31-36
38-45
29-33
NA
63-69
21-25
24-28
32-37
NA
7-10
5-6
10-13
9-13
13-16
6-8
7-10
6-9
7-10
7-10
6-9
NA
18-22
1993
Rank
1
11
8
NA
3
7
NA
2
9
10
6
NA
14
NA
14
13
4
15
12
NA
19
16
17
NA
5
Range
70-75
15-20
25-30
NA
49-57
25-30
NA
60-65
20-25
20-25
30-35
NA
10-15
NA
10-15
10-15
45-50
7-12
10-15
NA
4-7
6-10
5-8
NA
30-35
1987
Rank
1
17
15
NA
NA
5
NA
3
6
10
4
NA
19
NA
19
14
2
13
8
NA
21
23
11
NA
7
Range
71-76
6-8
5-8
NA
NA
29-33
NA
45-50
25-30
10-13
30-35
NA
5-7
NA
5-7
6-9
55-60
7-10
17-21
NA
4-6
4-6
8-10
NA
21-25
Note: List is limited to conventional pesticides and does not include sulfur and petroleum oil usage (see Table 3.9 for estimates).
H, indicates herbicide; I, insecticide; Fum rumigant; F, fungicide; and PGR, plant growth regulator. NA indicates that an estimate is not available.
Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass) and EPA proprietary data.
Page 14—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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SEPA
1998 and 1999 Usage
3.7 Most Commonly Used
U.S. Conventional
Pesticide Active
Ingredients in the Non-
Agricultural Market
Sectors
Tables 3.7a and 3.7b show the
ten most commonly used conventional
pesticide active ingredients in the two
non-agricultural sectors (home & gar-
den and industry/commercial/
government) in 1999 and 1997. In both
sectors, 2,4-D was the most used active
ingredient, with between seven and nine
million pounds used in the home and
garden sector (see Table 3.7a), and be-
tween 17 and 20 million pounds used in
the industry/commercial/government
sector (see Table 3.7b). Six of the top
ten in the home and garden sector are
herbicides and four are insecticides.
Six of the top ten in the industry/
commercial/government sector are her-
bicides, two are fungicides, and two are
insecticides. As indicated in the note to
Table 3.7b, due to the fact that some
applicators apply pesticide in both mar-
kets, there may be some usage reported
in one market that may have occurred
in the other. The rankings rely on the
estimated amount used of conventional
pesticides in the non-agricultural sector
taken from proprietary EPA databases.
Table 3.7a
Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
Home and Garden Market Sector, 1999 and 1997
(Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient)
1999
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Active Ingredient Ty
je Range
2,4-D H 7-9
Glyphosate H 5-8
MCPP H 3-5
Dicamba H 3-5
Diazinon
Chlorpyrifos ]
Carbaryl ]
2-4
2-4
2-4
Benefin H 1-3
Malathion
1-3
DCPA H 1-3
1997
Rank
1
2
4
o
J
5
6
7
8
NA
9
Range
7-9
5-7
3-5
3-5
2-4
2-4
1-3
1-3
NA
1-3
Note: Does not include moth controls: Paradiclorobenzene (30 - 35 million pounds
per year) and naphthaline (2-4 million pounds per year). Also does not include in-
sect repellent N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (5-7 millions pounds per year).
H indicates herbicide and I, insecticide.
Source: EPA proprietary data.
Table 3.7b
Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients
Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector, 1999 and 1997
(Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient)
1999
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Active Ingredient
2,4-D
Glyphosate
Copper Sulfate
Pendimethalin
Chlorpyrifos
MSMA
Chlorothalanil
Diuron
Malathion
Triclopyr
Type
H
H
F
H
I
H
F
H
I
H
Range
17-20
11-14
5-7
3-5
3-5
2-4
2-4
2-4
1-3
1-3
1997
Rank
1
2
3
7
4
5
8
NA
9
NA
Range
16-18
9-12
5-7
2-4
4-7
4-5
2-4
NA
2-3
NA
Note: Includes applications to homes and gardens by professional applicators. Does not in-
clude sulfur or petroleum oil. H indicates herbicide; I, insecticide; and F, fungicide.
Source: EPA proprietary data.
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 15
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SEPA
1998 and 1999 Usage
3.8 U.S. Organophosphate Insecticide Amount Used
Table 3.8a shows the total amount of organophosphate insecticide used in 1980, 1985, and annually
since 1990. The top ten active ingredients in this pesticide class include malathion, chlorpyrifos, terbufos,
diazinon, methyl-parathion, phorate, acephate, azinphos-methyl, phosmet, and dimethoate (see Table 3.8b).
Since the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in 1996, this class of conventional pesticides has
been a primary focus of EPA reregistration activities. For more information on the active ingredients included in
this pesticide class and their reregistration and registration status, go to the Office of Pesticide Programs Web
site at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/.
The amount of organophosphate insecticides used has declined 30% since 1980, from an estimated 131
million pounds in 1980 to 91 million pounds in 1999. Since 1980, however, organophosphate usage as a percent
of total insecticide usage has increased, from 58% in 1980 to 72% in 1999. The increase in usage in 1999 was
due mainly to the increased amount of malathion used as part of the USD A-sponsored Boll Weevil Eradication
Program. Malathion's use in this program has increased substantially over the past few years as the program has
expanded to include most of the major cotton producing areas of the U.S. Additional information on this USDA
program can be found on the USDA Web site http://www. aphis, usda.gov/ppq/weevil/. The estimates of organo-
phosphate insecticide usage rely on the estimated amount used and changes in the amount used of organophos-
phates from public and proprietary EPA databases.
Table 3.8a
U.S. Pounds of Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients,
All Market Sectors, 1980 - 1999
Year All Insecticic
Mil Ibs of a.
1980 228
1985 161
1990 121
1991 114
1992 116
1993 115
1994 124
1995 125
1996 116
1997 112
1998 103
1999 126
es Organophosphates
i. Mil Ibs of a.i. % of All Insecticides
131 58
114 71
85 70
82 72
84 72
79 69
83 67
80 64
75 65
73 65
66 64
91 72
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS
(http://www.usda.gov/nass/), and EPA proprietary data.
Page 16—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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1998 and 1999 Usage
Figure 3.4
Total U.S. Pounds of Insecticide Active Ingredients for Organophosphate and
All Other Insecticides, All Market Sectors, 1980 -1999
250
200 -
£150
a
o
a.
100
Organophosphate Insecticide
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992
1993 1994
Year
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Table 3.8b
Most Commonly Used Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients,
All Market Sectors, 1999 Estimates
(Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient)
1999
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Active Ingredient
Malathion
Chlorpyrifos
Terbufos
Diazinon
Methyl Parathion
Phorate
Acephate
Azinphos-Methyl
Phosmet
Dimethoate
Range
30-38
13-19
5-7
4-7
2-4
2-3
2-3
1-2
1-2
1-2
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/
NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass/), and EPA proprietary data.
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 17
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SEPA
1998 and 1999 Usage
3.9 U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Other
Total amount of other pesticides used in the U.S. was slightly less than 300 million pounds in 1998, and
more than 330 million pounds in 1999 (see Table 3.9). The pesticides in this group include sulfur and petroleum
oil, and other chemicals used as pesticides, such as sulfuric acid, insect repellants (e.g., DEBT), moth control
products (e.g., paradichlorobenzene), and others.1 Nearly all of the sulfur and oil usage (85%) is in the
agricultural sector, while the usage of the other pesticides in this group is mainly in the agricultural and home
and garden sectors (93%). The increase in the amount used in 1999 resulted mainly from an increase in the
usage of sulfur and petroleum oil in the agricultural sector. The amount of sulfur and petroleum oil and of the
other pesticides in this group in the non-agricultural sectors did not change significantly between 1998
and 1999. Nearly three-fourths of the total amount of sulfur, oil and other pesticides used was in the agricultural
sector. The estimated usage relies on the amount used and changes in the amount used of sulfur, oil, and other
pesticides by sector and type derived from public and proprietary EPA databases.
Table 3.9
U.S. Pounds of Other Pesticides
by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year
Sector
Sulfur & Oil
Mil Ibs
of a.i.
Other1
Mil Ibs
of a.i.
Total
Mil Ibs
of a.i.
1998
Agriculture
160
85
52
50
212
72
Ind/Comm/Gov
14
22
Home & Garden
15
45
43
60
20
Total
189
100
105
100
294
100
1999
Agriculture
190
87
60
53
250
75
Ind/Comm/Gov
14
22
Home & Garden
15
45
40
60
18
Total
219
100
113
100
332
100
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table estimates do not include industrial wood preservatives,
specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/
nass), and EPA proprietary data.
See Tables 5.5 to 5.8 for 1980-1999 estimates.
1. "Other" includes sulfuric acid, insect repellents, zinc sulfate, moth control chemicals (e.g., paradichloro-
benzene and napthaline), and other miscellaneous chemicals produced largely for nonpesticidal purposes.
Page 18—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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SEPA
1998 and 1999 Usage
3.10 U.S. Pesticide Amount Used: Specialty Biocides and Chlorine/Hypochlorites
Tables 3. lOa and 3. lOb show the total amount of specialty biocides and chlorine/hypochlorites by end-
use market in the U.S. in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Specialty biocides include water treatment chemicals,
disinfectants and sanitizers, and products for other uses, such as in adhesives and sealants, leather, etc. More
than two-thirds of the total amount of specialty biocides comprised water treatment chemicals. Chlorine/
hypochlorites serve as water disinfectants, with 60% of their amount used in potable and waste water and 40% in
recreational water. The estimates of the amount used rely on EPA proprietary databases and industry projec-
tions.
Table 3.10a
U.S. Pounds of Specialty Biocides
by End Use Market, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year
End Use IV
1998
Recreational and Industrial
Water Treatment1
Disinfectants and Sanitizers2
Other Specialty Biocides3
Total
Total
hi Ibs %
210 68
48 16
51 17
309 100
1999
Recreational and Industrial
Water Treatment1
Disinfectants and Sanitizers2
Other Specialty Biocides3
Total
230 67
62 18
51 15
343 100
Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data.
1. "Recreational and Industrial Water Treatment" does not include
hypochlorite or chlorine consumption, which is reported separately.
2. "Disinfectants and Sanitizers" includes industrial/institutional
applications and household cleaning products. Specialty biocides
only. Does not include hypochlorite or chlorine consumption, which
is reported separately.
3. "Other Specialty Biocides" includes biocides for adhesives and
sealants, leather, synthetic latex polymers, metalworking fluids,
paints and coatings, petroleum products, plastics, and mineral
slurries.
Table 3.10b
U.S. Pounds of Chlorine/Hypochlorites
by End Use Market, 1998 and 1999 Estimates
Year
End Use
1998
Disinfectant of Potable and
Waste Water
Disinfectant for Recrea-
tional Water
Total
Total
Millbs
1,520
1,012
2,532
%
60
40
100
1999
Disinfectant of Potable and
Waste Water
Disinfectant for Recrea-
tional Water
Total
1,566
1,043
2,609
60
40
100
Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data.
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 19
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SEPA
4. Producers and Users
4.1 Pesticide Producers and Users
Table 4. la lists estimates of the number of firms that are pesticide producers, formulators, and distribu-
tors. Table 4.1b lists estimates of farm land, acres harvested, and the number of farms using pesticides and
fertilizers. Table 4. Ic lists estimates of the number of pest control firms and certified pesticide applicators.
Table 4. Id lists estimates of the number of households using pesticides.
Table 4.1a
The Number of Pesticide Producers,
Formulators, and Distributors
Table 4.1c
The Number of Commercial Pest Control
Firms and Number of Certified Applicators
1. A. Major Basic Producers
B. Other Producers
2. A. Major National Formulators
B. Other Formulators
3. A. Major National Distributors
and Establishments
B. Other Distributors and
Establishments
18
100
150-200
2,000
250 - 350
16,900
1. Commercial Pest Control Firms 33,100
2. Private1 Certified Applicators 803,423
3 . Commercial2 Certified Applicators 3 84,092
Source: Estimates based on 1992 EPA National Home and Garden
Pesticide Use Survey and 1999 EPA estimates of the number of certi-
fied private and commercial pesticide applicators.
1 . Private certified applicators refers primarily to individual farmers.
2. Commercial certified applicators refers to professional
pesticide applicators.
Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data.
Table 4.1b
Land in Farms, Farm Acres Harvested,
the Number of Farms, and the Number of
Farms Using Pesticides
1. Land in Farms
2. Land Harvested
3. Total Number of Farms
4. Total Number of Farms with
Cropland
5. Total Number of Farms with Harvested
Cropland
6. Number of Farms Using Chemicals for:
A. Insects on Hay/Crops
B. Nematodes
C. Diseases on Crops/Orchards
D. Weed/Grass/Brush
E. Defoliation/Fruit Thinning
F. Any or all of the above
G. Any or all of the above plus fertilizer
932M
309M
1.912M
1.661M
1.411M
366,000
43,000
112,000
685,000
51,000
941,000
1,325,000
Table 4.1d
The Number of Households Using Pesticides
1. Number of U.S. Households Using:
A. Insecticides 58 Million
B. Fungicides 14 Million
C. Herbicides 40 Million
D. Repellents 52 Million
E. Disinfectants 58 Million
F. Any Pesticides 77 Million
Note: In 1999 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the U.S.
population to be 272.7 million and 103.9 million households.
Source: EPA estimates based on 1992 EPA National Home and
Garden Survey and 1999 U.S. Census Bureau population
estimates.
Source: 1997 Census of Agriculture (http://www.nass/usda.gov/
Census).
Page 20—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
-------
5. Historical Data
5.1 Annual U.S. Expenditures on Pesticides: 1980 - 1999
The following four tables (Tables 5. la - 5. Id) summarize annual user expenditures on pesticides since
1980. Table 5. la summarizes user expenditures on pesticides in all markets combined, while Table 5. Ib, Table
5.1c and Table 5. Id summarize user expenditures in the agricultural, industry/commerical/government, and
home and garden markets, respectively. In each market, user expenditures on pesticides have increased in total
and by type since 1980, although the total amount has fluctuated from year to year.
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 21
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SEPA
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Page 22—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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SEPA
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1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 23
-------
SEPA
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Page 24—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
-------
SEPA
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1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 25
-------
5. Historical Data
5.2 Annual Amount of Pesticides Used: 1980 - 1999
The following four tables (Tables 5.2a - 5.2d) summarize annual pounds of pesticides used since 1980.
Table 5.2a summarizes the amount of pesticides used in all markets combined, while Table 5.2b, Table 5.2c and
Table 5.2d summarize the amount of pesticides used in the agricultural, industry/commercial/government, and
home and garden markets, respectively. In each market, the amount of pesticides used has decreased in total
since 1980, although the total amount has fluctuated from year to year.
Page 26—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
-------
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Page 28—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
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-------
SEPA
•5. Historical Data
Table 5.3
U.S. Pounds of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient,
Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sector Shares, 1964 - 1999
Year
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Total U.S.
Million Pounds of
Active Ingredient
617
658
682
712
742
763
760
793
843
882
964
1013
1041
1084
1106
1144
1121
1118
1084
1021
1061
1020
988
906
925
942
949
928
940
914
984
961
996
958
912
912
Agricultural Sector
Million Pounds of % of
Active Ingredient U
Non- Agricultural Sector
total Million Pounds of
S. Active Ingredient
366 59 251
396 60 262
414 61 268
429 60 283
457 62 285
491 64 272
499 66 261
528 67 265
575 68 268
607 69 275
688 71 276
729 72 284
753 72 288
794 73 290
813 74 293
843 74 301
826 74 295
831 74 287
804 74 280
745 73 276
794 75 267
767 75 253
739 75 249
666 74 240
690 75 235
712 76 230
720 76 229
708 76 220
723 77 217
698 76 216
776 79 208
765 80 196
803 81 193
767 80 191
724 79 188
706 77 206
Note: Conventional pesticides only, excluding sulfur, petroleum oil and other chemicals used as pesticides (e.g., sulfuric acid and insect repellants),
wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites.
Source: EPA estimates based on Croplife America annual surveys, USDA/NASS (http://www.usda.gov/nass), and EPA proprietary data.
See Table 3.5 for 1998 and 1999.
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 31
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6. Glossary
ACTIVE INGREDIENT (A.I.): The chemical or substance component of a pesticide product intended to kill,
repel, attract, mitigate, or control a pest, or that acts as a plant growth regulator, desiccant, or nitrogen stabilizer.
The remainder of a formulated pesticide product consists of one or more "inert ingredients" (e.g., water, sol-
vents, emulsifiers, surfactants, clay, and propellants), which are there for reasons other than pesticidal activity.
AGRICULTURAL USER SECTOR (OR MARKET): Pesticides applied by owner/operators and custom/
commercial applicators to farms and facilities involved in the production of raw agricultural commodities, prin-
cipally food, fiber, and tobacco; includes non-crop and post-harvest use as well as crop and field applications.
CERTIFIED APPLICATOR: A person who is authorized to apply "restricted-use" pesticides as a result of meet-
ing requirements for certification under FIFRA-mandated programs. Applicator certification programs are con-
ducted by states, territories, and tribes in accordance with national standards set by EPA. "Restricted use pesti-
cides" may be used only by or under the direct supervision of specially trained and certified applicators.
COMMERCIAL APPLICATOR: A person applying pesticides as part of a business applying pesticides for hire,
or a person applying pesticides as part of his or her job with another (not for hire) type of business, organization,
or agency. Commercial applicators often are certified, but need to be so only if they use restricted-use pesti-
cides.
CROPLIFE AMERICA: Formerly the American Crop Protection Association (ACPA), which publishes annual
pesticide industry profile (ACPA Industry Profile). The profile is a survey of pesticide sales provided by par-
ticipating ACPA members.
CONVENTIONAL PESTICIDES: Pesticides that are chemicals or other substances developed and produced
primarily or only for use as pesticides. The term is generally used in reference to active ingredients. An exam-
ple is DDT, which was developed and used almost exclusively as a pesticide.
ECONOMIC USER SECTORS (OR MARKETS): In this report, estimates of quantities used and user expendi-
tures for pesticides are broken out separately for the three general economic user sectors (or markets) as follows:
agriculture, industrial/commercial/governmental, and home/garden. These three sectors/markets are defined
elsewhere in this glossary.
FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which is involved in regulation of pesticides in the U.S., particularly
enforcement of tolerances in food and feed products.
FFDCA: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the law that controls pesticide residues in food and feed.
FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, the law that generally controls pesticide sale and
use.
FQPA: The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Ro-
denticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA).
HOME AND GARDEN USER SECTOR (OR MARKET): Involves pesticides applied by homeowners to homes
and gardens, including lawns and single- and multiple-unit housing. Does not include pesticides for home/
garden applications by professional applicators.
INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL/GOVERNMENTAL USER SECTOR (OR MARKET): Involves pesticides ap-
plied by professional applicators (by owner/operators/employees and custom/commercial applicators) to indus-
trial, commercial, and governmental facilities, buildings, sites, and land; plus custom/commercial applications to
homes and gardens, including lawns. May also be referred to as "professional market" for pesticides.
NON-AGRICULTURAL SECTORS: General term referring to a combination of home/garden and industrial/
commercial/governmental sectors.
Page 32—Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report
-------
6. Glossary
OTHER PESTICIDES: Chemicals registered as pesticides but that are produced and marketed mostly for other
purposes, i.e., multi-use chemicals. Notable examples are sulfur, petroleum products (e.g., kerosene, oils, and
distillates), salt, and sulfuric acid.
PESTICIDE: May be used to refer to an active ingredient (as defined above) or formulated pesticide product reg-
istered under FIFRA.
PESTICIDE USER EXPENDITURES: Dollar value of purchases by persons or businesses applying pesticides,
such as farmers, commercial pesticide applicators, and homeowners. Reported numbers are nominal values for
the years indicated, i.e., not adjusted or indexed for inflation.
PESTICIDE USAGE: Refers to actual applications of pesticides, generally in terms of quantity applied or units
treated.
PRIVATE APPLICATOR: A category of applicator certification for farmers and/or employees, such that they
can legally apply restricted-use pesticides or supervise others doing so who are not certified.
PROFESSIONAL MARKET: Sales of pesticides for application to industrial/commercial/governmental sectors,
and to homes and gardens, by certified/commercial applicators.
PROPRIETARY DATA: Pesticide industry market research data that EPA purchases from private data research
companies. These data are for EPA use only and cannot be divulged without vendor consent. Companies in-
clude Doane Marketing Research, Inc.; Kline and Company, Inc.; SRI, Inc.; Wood Mackenzie; and Mike Buk-
ley, Inc.
SAFER PESTICIDES: Pesticides designated as "safer" (or "reduced risk") by EPA exhibit favorable characteris-
tics affecting health or environmental risks, resistance management, and integrated pest management. Reduced-
risk pesticides may be conventional pesticides posing less risk, or biopesticides with unique modes of action, low
use volume, lower toxicity, target species specificity, or natural occurrence.
SPECIALTY BIOCIDES: This report provides estimates for end uses as follows: swimming pools, spas, and
industrial water treatment (excluding chlorine/hypochlorites, which are reported separately); disinfectants and
sanitizers (including industrial/institutional applications and household cleaning products); and other specialty
biocides (including biocides for adhesives and sealants, leather, synthetic latex polymers, metal-working fluids,
paints and coatings, petroleum products, plastics, and textiles). These categories of end usage are covered by
FIFRA. Other end uses of specialty biocides (e.g., hospital/medical antiseptics, food/feed preservatives, cosmet-
ics/toiletries) are regulated under FFDCA and are not covered in this report.
TOLERANCE: The maximum amount of a pesticide allowable in a food or feed product before it is considered
adulterated, usually specified in parts per million.
USDA/FATUS: The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Trade of U.S. Publicly available data
on U.S. agricultural imports and exports (http://www.ers.usda.gov/db/fatus).
USDA NASS: The U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Publicly available
data on U.S. agricultural pesticide use (http://www.uda.gov/nass/).
WOOD PRESERVATIVES: Pesticide active ingredients used in treatment of wood to protect it from insects,
fungi, and other pests. This report presents total usage of wood preservative chemicals in industrial plants, the
bulk of which is for pressure treatment. The major categories of pesticide chemicals included in this report as
industrial wood preservatives are water-borne preservatives (mainly CCA), oil-borne preservatives (e.g., copper
naphthenate and pentachlorophenol), creosote, creosote-coal tar, and creosote petroleum.
1998 and 1999 Market Estimates—Page 33
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (7503C)
EPA-733-R-02-001
www.epa.gov/pesticides
August 2002
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