?
CASE STUDIES _
from the s"
Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse
(PPIC)
PRINTING
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ~
Office of Environmental Engineering and
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Printing/2893
NAME/CONTACT:
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 27637, Raleigh, North Carolina
27611*7687 , ,
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The process involves substitution of alcohol/acetate inks with water-based inks, and batch
distillation of solvents. On some runs, water-based Inks are substituted for the traditional
alcohol/acetate formulations used in their flexographic printing process. This substitution
reduced both the quantity of waste solvents generated and the quantity of solvent released
to the atmosphere. However, water-based Inks did result In a decrease in print speed and
could not be used on products requiring a gloss finish.
Rexham reduced by 80 percent the quantity of propyl alcohol and propyl acetate wastes
generated during press cleanup. A 55-gailon capacity batch distillation system was installed
to reclaim the solvents, which are then blended with virgin material and reused in ink
formulations and press cleanup. ,
The water-based inks modification reduced the quantity of waste generated and the cost of
waste management The use of water-based inks did not require any capital costs but did
require some operator retraining. Each year Rexham saves $35,000 in virgin solvent costs
and $22,800 In waste disposal costs by recovering and reusing spent cleaning solvents.
These savings paid back the $16,000 installation costs for the distillation system in only 5
months.
FEEDSTOCKS: Water-based inks, alcohol and acetone based inks, spent solvents
WASTES: Propyl alcohol and propyl acetate, waste ink, spent solvents
MEDIUM: Ink ;
COST,: (1986 dollars)
CAPITAL COST:/ $16,000
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER: 5
SAVINGS:
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION: $15,000/year (16%)
WASTE PRODUCTION: $22,800/year saved (74%)
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IMPACT:
The substitution of water-based Inks for traditional alcohol/acetate Inks significantly reduced
waste production. Also, the distillation of alcohol and acetate wastes greatly reduced
disposal costs and the demand for virgin feedstocks. .
CITATION/PAGE:
Accomplishments of North Carolina Industries - Case Studies, G. Hunt, et al.
A presentation of this case study can also be found in:
"Proven Profit from Pollution Prevention,111). Huisingh, L. Martin, H. Hilger, N. Seldman, The
Institute for Self-Reliance 2425 18" Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., 1985, case study 9, Page
49.
\ .
KEY WORDS: NC, PRINTING, INK, RECOVERY, SOLVENT, REBLENDING, DISTILLATION,
MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION, SIO2893
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Commercial Printer/2750 ' (
NAME/CONTACT:
California Department Of Health Services, Alternative Technology Section, 744 P Street,
Sacramento, California.
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: !
The company recycles spent printing inks on site. Under current operating condition a
commercial printer produces 200-300 pound waste ink per month which is returned to the
manufacturer for reblending and then sold back to the printer. By purchasing a small ink
recycier, the printer can recycle its own waste ink by reblending it followed by filtering. A
small ink recycier can blend 60 pounds of waste ink with 120 pounds of fresh ink to produce
a 180 pounds of reformulated black ink. An ink recycier is manufactured by KM! Marketing,
Inc. . ' ' . ' " . . .. ' , ..'.''.
FEEDSTOCKS: Printing inks
WASTES: Waste Inks
MEDIUM: Waste ink
COST: .' ' '.- : " . ''."'-../' ."''".
CAPITAL POST: $5,900
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE: $7,440/year
MONTHS TO RECOVER: 7.9
SAVINGS:
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION:
WASTE PRODUCTION:
$8,940/year
IMPACT:
' ' '
Reduces cost of recycling ink by hot having supplier recycle ink.
CITATION/PAGE:
"Waste Audit Study: Commercial Printing Industry,' prepared for Alternative Technology
Section, Toxic Substances Control Division, California Department of Health Services, May,
1988, Page A-2.
KEYWORDS: Printing, SIO2750, Ink, Reblending
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Printing /
NAME/CONTACT:
Alaska Health Project, 431 West Seventh Avenue, Suite 101, Anchorage, AK 99501, (907)276-
2864.
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This audit was done.at a printing company. Suggestions were made as to waste reduction
technologies. The three technologies discussed in terms of feasibility were (1) using an
aqueous platฎ making process (2) installing silver recovery units, and (3) use of water-based
inks to eliminate spent solvents wastes. All of these would help reduce generation of waste
and improve raw materials use. , .
FEEDSTOCKS: Photographic chemicals, developer, replenishes, silver, ink, and solvents
WASTES: Photographic chemicals, silver, waste ink, spent solvents
MEDIUM: Photographic developers and replenishes
COST;
CAPITAL COST: $1,500 (to convert present plate processor), or $10,000-13,000
for a new aqueous processor
$600 (silver (recovery)
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER: 24 (silver recovery)
SAVINGS:
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION:
WASTE PRODUCTION:
IMPACT:
By using'an aqueous plate processor could potentially reduced hazardous waste disposal
costs and resulting decreased liability due to a smaller quantity of hazardous waste
produced. Sliver recovery technology would reduce the amount of silver to be purchased
due to recovery, and would reduce the silver concentration of the photographic wastes.
Replacement of solvent-based Inks with waiter-based inks would eliminate spent solvents.
CITATION/PAGE: Alaska Health Project - Waste Reduction Assistance Program (WRAP) On
Site Consultation Audit Report: Printing Company. Anchorage, Alaska, March 17,1987, pp.
16.
KEYWORDS: Printing, Aqueous Print Plate, Silver Recovery, Film Processing, Material
Substitution
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Printing/2893 '
NAME/CONTACT: ;
North Carolina Department of Natural Resource., P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina
27611-7687
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The process Involves solvent
of toluene. Rexham has developed
incorporating several ^^
example, waste toluene from
solvent according to the color and type^ of
batch of toluene Is then reused or thlnn ng th .
adsorption recovery system on *^
percent of the toluene previously lost to
ii*^ generation. For
eliminated by segregating the
the press. Each segregated
and ฃ lor of ,nk. A carbon
a ture ^nd recover 90
The recovered toluene Is sold to
^
"
waste management program
waste stream.
FEEDSTOCKS:
WASTES:
MEDIUM:
COST: .
CAPITAL COST: ,ซซ
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER:
RAVINGS:
Spent solvents (toluene, methyl ethyl Icetone)
Toปuen(i,MEK
Solvents
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IMPACT:
Toluene based waste streams are recovered, segregated and reused, resulting In substantial
feedstock reduction. Some Is also sold, realizing a small return and eliminating disposal
costs. A similar process is employed for methyl ethyl ketone wastes.
CITATION/PAGE:
Accomplishments of North Carolina Industries - Case Studies, G. Hunt, et al.
A presentation of this case study can also be found in:
"Proven Profit from Pollution Prevention," D. Hulslngh, L Martin, H. Hllger, N. Seldman, The
Institute for Self-Reliance 2425 18m Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., 1985, case study 35, Page
I O*Tซ
KEY WORDS: NC, SOLVENT, DISTILLATION, CARBON ADSORPTION, ORGANIC CHEMICALS
INK, PRINTING, RECOVERY, WASTE SEGREGATION, SIC=2893 '
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODEi
Printing/27
NAME/CONTACT:
Chemical Engineering, January 31,1977. J.M. Teale, et al., J.M. Teale and Associates,
Woodcliffe Lake, New Jersey
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The process utilizes a solvent recovery distillation unit This article reviews the problems of
solvent disposal faced by a small printing company and gives the design criteria used to
develop a distillation unit to recover solvents at the facility. Calculations are provided for
the equipment sizing and selection.
A summary of the capital and operating costs show that for the system designed, the total
installation cost of $6,940 will be paid back In 3.7 months. Therefore, for a relatively
minimal capital outlay; this facility can solve the cost and availability problems faced In
purchasing virgin solvent as well as avoiding the regulations for disposal of solvent-laden
wastestreams.
FEEDSTOCKS:
WASTES:
MEDIUM: .
Solvent
Still bottoms
COSt: (1977 dollars)
CAPITAL COST: $6,940
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER: 3.7 months (1985 dollars)
SAVINGS;
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION-
WASTE PRODUCTION:
IMPACT: Solves cost and availability problems faced In purchasing virgin solvent as well as
avoiding the regulations for disposal of solvent laden waste streams.
CITATION/PAGE:
"Fast Payout from In-Plant Recovery of Spent Solvents," J.M. Teale, et al., Chemical
Engineering, January 31,1979.
KEYWORDS: NJ, SOLVENT, DISTILLATION, RECOVERY, PRINTING, SIC=27
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Package Labeling/7389
NAME/CONTACT:
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina
27611-7687
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The process Involves substitution of solvent-based Inks, coatings and adhesives with water
based ones. Venture Packaging Is engaged in a major development program to replace
solvent-based inks, coatings and adhesives with water-based materials in order to reduce
VOC emissions and the volume of ignitable waste generated. Since this program began in
1980, emissions have been reduced by approximately 55 percent A further 15-20 percent
reduction appears possible: with further application of water-based materials.
The greatest success has been achieved in adhesives. Water-based adhesives are now
being used for almost all production. Ink development has been more difficult and has
varied with the substrate to be printed. Laminating inks have been more successful than
surface-print inks.
Although water-based inks are marginally more expensive at present, the long term
prediction Is that they will be more economical. Capital expenditures have been minimal but
experimental costs have been incurred. The alternative, the addition of incineration
equipment, would be very costly. Though some incineration will be required to handle those
product lines on which water-based material cannot be used, use of water-based inks
should reduce the capital costs by at least 50 percent
FEEDSTOCKS: Water and solvent based Inks, coatings and adhesives
WASTES: Solvent-based inks, coatings and adhesives wastes
MEDIUM: Air
COST;
CAPITAL COST:
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER:
SAVINGS:
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION:
WASTE PRODUCTION:
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IMPACT:
, ff T01"1-*38*1 Inks, coatings and adheslves with water-based products
reduces VOC ซmls* on. and the volume of ignitable wastes generated. Incineration
equipment demand Is limited due to reduced volume.
CITATION/PAGE:
! . '
Accomplishments of North Carolina Industries - Case Studies, G. Hunt, et al.
KEY WORDS: NC, INK, PRINTING, SOLVENT, MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION, SIC*7389
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Flexible Packaging/275
NAME/CONTACT:
ฐ,f ฃllna DePartmen* of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina
2/61 i~76o7
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The process utilizes a carbon adsorption system. RJR Archer installed a carbon adsorption
system to capture and recover 98 percent of the solvents that were lost to the atmosphere
from printing presses. An average of 2,655 gallons per day of solvent are recovered and
either reused in the printing process or sold. To make the system cost effective, two
process modifications were initiated prior to installation. Hot exhaust air from the press
drying ovens was reclrculated In order to minimize the total exhaust volume. The
recirculation enabled the size of the recovery system to be scaled down. Additionally, all
inks and coatings which normally contain up to five different solvents, were reformulated
using only two solvents in each blend. This allowed the adsorption system to operate
efficiently. Steam Is used to regenerate the carbon beds and recover the captured solvents.
The recovery system saves RJR Archer over $6,300 per day in solvent costs. Such savings
enable the company to recover the $4.3 million cost of the recovery system in 2.5 years.
After pay back, RJR Archer estimates about $1.7 million each year will be saved on
operating costs.
FEEDSTOCKS: Solvents
WASTES: Solvents
MEDIUM: Inks, coatings
COST:
CAPITAL COST: $4.3 million
OPERATCON/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER: 30
SAVINGS;
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION: $6,300/day In solvent costs
WASTE PRODUCTION:
IMPACT:
Solvent recovery system pays for itself In 2-1/2 years
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CITATION/PAGE:
Accomplishments of North Carolina Industrie*.-.- Caso Studies, G. Hunt, et al.
KEYWORDS: NC, CARBON ADSORPTION, PRINTING, SOLVENT, REBLENDING MATERIAL
SUBSTITUTION, RECOVERY, SIC=275 , ""uciMuiiMUi, MATERIAL
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Cigarette Paper and Flexible Packaging/21521, 275
NAME/CONTACT:
^ S"na DePartmen* of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina
I"7o8f
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The process utilizes a carbon adsorption system. Ecusta installed a solvent recovery
system to remove and recover the solvents contained In the air emissions from their printing
operations. All fumes from the presses are collected and ducted to an activated carbon
adsorption system consisting of three carbon absorbers each containing 13,350 pounds of
activated carbon. After each absorber is spent It is reactivated on-slte using steam. Over
700 pounds of solvent is recovered each hour by the system and is reused In the formulation
of printing inks.
Ecusta reports that the solvent recovery system and Ink formulation process saves
thousands of dollars each year in raw material costs.
FEEDSTOCKS: Cleaning solvents
WASTES: Solvent
MEDIUM: . Air
COST:
CAPITAL COST:
.OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER:
SAVINGS:
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION: Thousands of dollars each year
WASTE PRODUCTION: ,
IMPACT:
Solvent recovery system used in printing operation.
CITATION/PAGE:
Accomplishments of North Carolina Industries - Case Studies, G. Hunt, et al.
KEYWORDS: NC, CARBON ADSORPTION, REBLENDING, RECOVERY, SOLVENT, SIC=2621,
SI 0=275
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Printing Inks/2893
NAME/CONTACT:
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Thlele-Engdahl recovers and reuses spent Isopropyl acetate generated during equipment
cleanup. Solvent Is used twice for equipment cleanup before being recovered. The solvent
is reclaimed 6n-ซite using a batch distillation unit The distillation system processes two 55-
gallon batches every 24 hours. The distillation bottoms are sent off-site for disposal.
Before the distillation system was installed, Thiele-Engdahl sent about 5,000 gallons of spent
solvent off-site for disposal every 45 days. Reclaiming and reusing the solvents on-site
significantly reduced this volume and the quantity of virgin solvents purchased. The savings
are projected to fully cover costs for the distillation systems in two years.
FEEDSTOCKS: Isopropyl acetate
WASTES: Organic liquids
MEDIUM: Uquids
COST:
CAPITAL COST: '
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER: 24
SAVINGS:
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION:
WASTE PRODUCTION:
IMPACT:
Reclaiming and reusing the solvents on^site significantly reduced the volume and quantity of
virgin solvents purchased.
CITAtlON/PAGE:
Accomplishments of North Carolina Industries - Case Studies, G. Hunt, et al.
KEY WORDS: NC, DISTILLATION, ORGANIC CHEMICALS, SOLVENT, RECOVERY, SIC=2893
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Printing Ink/2893
NAME/CONTACT:
Pollution Prevention Challenge Grant Program, North Carolina Department of Natural
Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
To minimize the waste being generated In the manufacture of water-based inks, wastewater
reduction and rinsewater reuse were evaluated. Water Ink Technologies, Inc. installed a
high-pressure spray unit that when combined with minor operational changes eliminated the
need for a soapy rinse to remove the caked Ink. This practice eliminated the addition of
contaminants to the rinsewater and allowed the company to reustf the rinsewater. The
company benefits by saving the costs of treatment and disposal of wastewater.
FEEDSTOCKS: Ink, Inlk/rinsewater
WASTES Aqueous waste with low dissolved solids
MEDIUM: Water
COST;
CAPITAL COST:
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER:
SAVINGS;
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION:
WASTE PRODUCTION:
IMPACT:
Use of high-pressure unit to clean equipment allows Ink manufacturer to reuse rinsewater.
CITATION/PAGE:
Waste Reduction Study from Water Based Ink Formulation, Pollution Prevention Challenge
Grant Program, July 1987
KEY WORDS: NC, INK, WASTEWATER, RINSE PROCEDURES, RECOVERY, SIC=2893
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Photopolymer Printing Plates Manufacturer/2796
NAME/CONTACT: '
t . , ' , 1 > . : * -
San Diego County, Department of Health Service*
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The company used source reduction techniques to reduce the quantity of waste generated in
primer application and photopolymer resin preparation. The techniques involved
implementing better controls and educating employees about the costs associated with
waste generation. Liquid waste was reduced by changing the primer preparation from a
system using 55-gallon drums to a bulk tank system. Savings on disposal costs and
revenues from the sale of recovered material run to $344,000.
FEEDSTOCKS: Steel coils
WASTES: Water with off-spec primer materials, residue from the preparation of
photopolymer resin .
MEDIUM: ; Liquid, solid
COST;
CAPITAL COST:
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER:
SAVINGS:
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK: $304,000
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION:
WASTE PRODUCTION:
IMPACT:
Review of and Implementation of new operating procedures saves money and reduces waste
generation. !
CITATION/PAGE:
Source Reduction in Manufacturing Photopolymer Printing Plates, Confidential, Hazardous
Waste Minimization, A Resource1 Book for Industry, San Diego County, Department of Health
Services, November 1987
KEY WORDS: CA, RINSE PROCEDURES, PRINTING, SIO2796
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Printing and Publishing/27
NAME/CONTACT:
' '
Michael Reid from The Daily Califomian
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Daily Californian Publishing Company has recycled used Ink through the installation of
ah E-Z Ink recycling system. The system collects ink contaminated with paper dust, fountain
solutions, and any other contaminants from the Ink press and converts the waste Ink to
usable black ink. The company has realized a net savings of $28,800.
FEEDSTOCKS: Ink
WASTES: Waste Ink
MEDIUM: Liquid
COST:
CAPITAL COST: $8,000
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER:
SAVINGS: '
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION: $28,800
WASTE PRODUCTION:
IMPACT:
Ink waste recycle reduces demand for virgin Ink and amount of waste to be disposed.
CITATION/PAGE:
Ink Recycling System, The Dally Califomian Publishing, Hazardous Waste Minimization, San
Diego County, Department of Health Services, November, 1987
KEY WORDS: CA, INK, PRINTING, RECOVERY, SIC=27
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
i^ -; _
Printing Inks/2893
NAME/CONTACT:
Gerrard Salomon for Custom Printing Inks, Ltd.
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Custom Printing Inks installed a distillation unit to reduce the amount of hazardous waste
sludge from 3.5 tons to 1,100 Ib*. per year.
FEEDSTOCKS: Ink
WASTES: Sludge without heavy metals and sludge containing lead cnromate arid lead
molybdate pigments .
MEDIUM: Sludge
COST:
CAPITAL COST:
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE:
MONTHS TO RECOVER:
SAVINGS: i
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK:
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION:
WASTE PRODUCTION: Liquid waste reduced from 3.5 tons to 1,100 Ibs
IMPACT: ;
Reduced cost of disposal.
CITATION/PAGE:
Waste Recycling Project, Custom Printing Inks, Ltd., Hazardous Waste Minimization, San
Diego County, Department of Health Services, November, 1987
KEY WORDS: CA, INK, DISTILLATION, SLUDGE, PRINTING, SIO2893
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Tobacco Products/SIC 2111
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
A batch-distillation unit Is used to recover 90%+ of the solvent used to clean engraved
printing cylinders, cylinder pans, splatter guards and other machinery used for printing
cartons and labels for cigarette packages. The contaminated solvents, after solids settling,
had previously been discharged to a 5,000-gallon underground storage tank. The solvents
were shipped to a recycler for solvent reclamation or Incineration. Sludge was accumulated
in 55-gallon drums before shipment to an incineration facility.
FEEDSTOCKS: Contaminated solvents
WASTES: Solvent, sludge
MEDIUM:' Liquid, solids
COST;
CAPITAL COST: $23,400
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE: $3,500 was reported as hazardous waste disposal costs
remaining after Installation of this unit
MONTHS TO RECOVER: Not reported
SAVINGS;
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK: $33,500 in purchase of 55-gal drums, $5,500 in disposal costs
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION: Recovery of 90+% of cleaning solvents
WASTE PRODUCTION: Reduced 95% from 8,820 Jbe/mo to 440 Ibs/mo
IMPACT: 95% reduction in waste production has allowed Liggett to become a small quantity
generator. They have significantly reduced their waste disposal costs, while recovering 90%
of their cleaning solvents.
CITATION: "Case Summaries of Waste Reduction by Industries in the Southeast", Schecter,
Roger N., Hunt, Gary, July, 1989, Page 7.
KEYWORDS: Solvent recovery, distillation, SIO2111 ,
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INDUSTRY/SIC CODE:
Newspaper productlon/ISiC = 3420 v
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Discarded printing ink is collected, purified, and reused as
black printing Ink. Waste ink produced from the printing process and from color changes is
collected in an accumulation vessel, passes through four filters, the last of which removes
particles down to 25 micron. The purified Ink Is then mixed with new printing ink for reuse
in newspaper production.
1 "'(" ... t . . - . (
FEEDSTOCKS: Waste ink with moisture content below 5% and other impurities such as oil
and organic solvents below 2%, 0.05 kWh energy consumption per ton paper
WASTES: Low volume of synthetic filters and objects from coarse filter
MEDIUM: Solid
COST:
CAPITAL COST: 37,000 Danish kroner (1980)
OPERATION/MAINTENANCE: 1.23 Danish kroner per ton of paper
MONTHS TO RECOVER: Not reported
SAVINGS: -
DISPOSAL & FEEDSTOCK: 3.0 Dk/ton of paper for destruction of discarded ink
21.5 Dk/ton savings for reusing the ink
FEEDSTOCK REDUCTION: 7 tons of discarded printing ink is treated per year
WASTE PRODUCTION: 7 tons of discarded Ink requiring disposal in national
treatment plant
IMPACT: 7 tons of waste no longer require waste disposal in a treatment plant With a
net savings of 24.5 Danish kroner per ton of paper, and about 185,000 tons of paper used
per year in Denmark, the possible savings are 4-5 million Danish kroner. Annual costs of
printing ink are 50 to 60 million Dk (1980).
CITATION/PAGE:
Compendium on Low and Non-waste Technology, United Nations Economic and Social
Counsel, "Re-use of Printing Ink for Newspaper Production" Monograph ENV/WP.2/5/Add109.
> ' " , . -.,-".-.
KEYWORDS: Ink, printing, recycling, filtration
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