EPA/742/R--94/007
          Pollution Prevention
Educational Resource Compendium:
               Univ«r»ity ot Miefligin. Oan« Building
                  430 EMI Uniwirty Av«.
                  Ann ArBor. Ml 48109-1 US
          313-764-U12 • F«: 313-936-2195 • E-««u nppcaumicli.»du

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 <£>C.rJ,ighi i395 by tne Regents of the University o,
 Educators may freely reproduce these materials for non-commercial educational purposes.
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Pollution Prevention in
Environmental Studies
PBEV€KTX» CIKTEB FOB HKa*» ECOCATIOM
                         Table of Contents

                         ExpUinatipn of Compendium Contents

                         Introductory Materials
                               Q  Overview of Environmental Problems
                               D  Pollution Prevention Concepts and Principles
                               Q  Introduction: Pollution Prevention and
                                   Environmental Studies

                         Pollution Prevention and Environmental Studies
                         Resource Uat
                     •   NPPC Resources
                               n  Annotated Bibliography of Environmental
                                   Studies-Related Pollution Prevention Sources
                               Q  Selected Readings
                               D  Bibliographic Teaching Outline
                               Q  Suggested Course Structures
                               Q  References by Academic Discipline
                               O  Slide Show: "EPA's Comprehensive Pollution
                                   Prevention Orientation"
                                                                        December 1994
                                                                            3

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Pollution Prevention in
Environmental Studies
                          Explanation of Compendium Contents

                     •   introductory Materials
                     D   Overview of Environmental Problems. This lengthy paper Wgh-
                          liehts major areas of environmental concern energy use, global
                          c£ng«, resource depletion, land use and development, waste, air
                          quS water quality and quantity, eco.ogical health, and human
                          health. It includes definitions of concepts and terms, current data
                          and research findings on the state of the environment, tables,
                          figures, and guidance on obtaining additional information.
                          This document is designed to assist faculty members from all
                          cUscipSinesinpreparmg course materials and lectures. For faculty
                          (and students) who may not have extensive knowledge of enyiton-
                          mental issues, it provides background information; for people
                          already familiar with environmental problems, it is a convenient,
                          concisesourceofcurrentdata. ^*°^*»^!?*£*
                          individual topic areas can be easily reproduced for dutribution to
                          students; all figures and tables are provided in a full-page format
                          suitable for overhead projection;

                     D   Foliation Prevention Concepts and Principle.. This short paper
                          introduces the concepts, terminology, objectives, and scope of poUu-
                          tion prevention. It discusses how government and the pnvate sector
                          are currently perceiving and implementing pollution prevention
                          and describes the barriers and benefits encountered in implementing
                          pollution prevention activities.
                      D   Introduction: Pollution Prevention and Environmental Studies.
                          A brief introduction that provides imagery to answer the question
                          "Why teach pollution prevention in an environmental studies class.


                       •   Pollution Prevention and Environmental Studies

                           Resource List
                           A list of relevant resources known to the NPPC, including materials
                           we produce and/or distribute. It is arranged by the following
                           topics, which correspond with the Bibliographic Teaching Outlme:
                           (I) "Introduction to Pollution Prevention," (H) "Understanding
                           Pollution Prevention Through Life^ycle Impact Assessment'
                           (HI) "Management of Pollution Prevention," and (IV) Pollution
                           Prevention in Practice." Note that all NPPC Resources (see next
                           section) are listed in the Resource List—they are indicated by me
                           NPPC logo.
                                                                           December 1994

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y-"V .   •    .    "                                •  NPPC Resource*. The NPPC produces and distributes all of
                                                     these resources; in many cases, the NPPC'hasalso developed them.
                                                 ;    All are listed by topic in the Resource List (see previous section).

                                                 Q  Annotated Bibliography of Environmental Studies-Related
                                                     Pollution Prevention Sources. Describes all materials included
                                                     in the Resource List Alphabetically lists 47 books, 24 reports,
                                                     99 articles, 6 videos, and 13 course syllabi, making a total of
                                                     189 resources for environmental studies instructors. Each listing
                                                     includes a short paragraph describing its pollution-prevention
         '                                            relevance in an environmental studies context

                                                 D  Selected Readings.
                                                'V        '                      /            - . •       •
           -                •'•:'.                - Curran, Mary Ann:  "Broad-Based Environmental
                                                      Life Cycle Assessment"
                                   .          ;        - jarriieson, Dale, and Masina VanderWerf:
                                                       "Cultural Barriers to Behavior Qv "ge."

                                                     - Wise, John:  "Challenges for the Future."
                                                 Q  Bibliographic Teaching Outline. Leads me reader through im-
   .         •                                        portant pollution prevention topics, ranging from fundamental
                                                     concepts to everyday applications.  It is written in narrative form,
             .-                 .                       within an outline that has me same structure as the ResourceList
                                                     the main purpose is to serve as a teaching guide for integrating
                                                     pollution prevention rn environmental studies courses; a second-
                                                     ary purposelis to provide an easy way for teachers to locate re-
   .-                                                  sources of particular interest

                       :                           Q Suggested Course Structure*. Outlines major topics in the
                                                     Bibliographic Teaching Outline to suggest how long to spend on
                                                      the topics depending on the amount of classroom time available,
                                                      be it one day to an entire semester.

                                                   Q References by Academic Discipline.  Teachers approach envi-
                                                      ronmental studies from many disciplines! This list^hows Ac rele-
                             •                        vance of Resource List materials to seven liberal arts disciplines:
                                                      Biology and: Natural Resources; Chemistry/Physics/Mathematics/
.                                                      Geology; Economics; Education; Humanities; Political Science/
                                                      Policy Studies; and Sociology /Psychology/ Anthropology. -
                      . ,  , '                       P slide Show. "EPA's Comprehensive Pollution Prevention
                                                      Orientation." This introductory slide show is used in the pollution
  -                                                (    prevention training seminar required of all U.S. EPA employees.
                                                       It puts pollution prevention in historical perspective; describes
                                                       with examples techniques industry can use to practice prevention;
                                                       and examines EPA's pollution prevention programs.
                                                                                                        December 1994

                                                                                                               5

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            Pollution  Prevention in
            Environmental Studies
 Why teach pollution prevention (P2) in environmental
 studies courses? The following hypothetical scenarios
 help answer this question:

. • In-Cheryl's "Environmental Policy" class, she turned
   her focus to recent initiatives. She first gave a lecture
   introducing students to the concept of preventing
   rather than treating or cleaning up pollution, and
   explained why pollution prevention is becoming the
   dominant environmental policy theme for the 1990s.
   She used slides from EPA's Comprehensive Pollution
   Prevention Orientation slide show (available through
   the NPPC) to "illustrate the many P2 initiatives at EPA,
   in businesses, and elsewhere. She also had students
   read the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 as well as
   EPA's subsequent P2 policy  announcement in the
   Federal Register.  Her students came away with not
   only an understanding of P2, but also a better grasp
   of the policy, implementation process.

  • It was rime for class projects in "Introduction to
 •  Environmental Issues." Several students wanted to
   examine waste reduction opportunities in a local fast
   food establishment. Although their initial focus was
   on eliminateg plastic foam "clamshells," they took
   a more informed look after  learning'about life-cycle
    impacts and pollution prevention. They realized
    that many  of the significant waste reduction oppor-
    tunities are not readily visible to customers. So the
    students focused instead on waste minimization
    behind-the-counter. The manager of the local estab-
    lishment found their suggestions very he.lpful, and   '
    promised  to make changes to reduce waste.

   •  Todd emphasized the connection between the ecology
     of natural systems and sustainable use of natural
     resources in his "Natural Resources 101" course.
     He used the life cycle of a paper bag to illustrate the
     environmental impacts of1  forest.resource use.; By
     taking a life-cycle approach, he could show that not
                                                   Pollution Prevention and

                                                   Environmental Studies

                                                   Prepared by Andrew Duncan, NPPC Research Assistant

                                                    only sustainable forestry practices, but also low-
                                                    impact manufacturing processes, reuse, and recycling
                                                    can help reduce these environmental impacts.

                                                   These hypothetical examples illustrate how P2 is an
                                                   integral component of environmental studies themes.
                                                   While much of the pollution prevention education i:
                                                   how taking place in the business and engineering fields,
                                                   there are many opportunities for integrating the P2
                                                   concept in liberal arts and natural resources. In-daed,
                                                   understanding the preventive approach to environ-
                                                   mental pfoblems.is a basic tenet of ecological literacy.

                                                   With this compendium, teachers and students can
                                                   make the connection between overall concerns, such as
                                                   ecological balance and sustainability, and prevention-
                                                   based approaches for effective action. The resources
                                                   in this compendium highlight pollution prevention as
                                                   the emerging tool for businesses, government policy-
                                                   makers, as well as individuals. While it is easy to recog-
                                                   nize that "ah ounce of prevention is worth a pound of f.
                                                   cure," it can be difficult to grasp effective opportunities'
                                                   for pollution prevention. Therefore, the compendium
                                                   stresses how environmental impacts, and opportunities
                                                   for pollution prevention, occur over the entire life cycle
                                                   of a product. Such life-cycle thinking helps students
                                                   (and teachers) to break out of the common mentality
                                                   - that recycling is the be-all and end-all of proactive
                                                   environmental management.

                                                    Teachers approach environmental studies from many
                                                  !  different perspectives, therefore this module is meant
                                                    to be as useful for a teacher with a history background
                                                    as it is for someone with training in chemistry. There
                                                    are many suggestions how P2 concepts can be used
                                                    to examine familiar topics. Whether it be cleaning
                                                    products or transportation, the compendium provides
                                                    resources and suggestions indicating the many ways
                                                    P2 and  life cycle impact concepts are applicable  in our
                                                    evervday lives.
- National Pollution Prevention-Center for Higher Education • University of M.ichigan
 Dana Building. 430 East University, Ann Aroor Ml 48109-1 MS'  -
 Phone 313 764 1412-Fax-313 936 2195-E-mail nppceumichedu
I May oe reproduced
 freely for non-commercial
 educational purposes.
                                                                                              Oecemeer 1994

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                                 Original produced on Hanunennill Unity DP,
                            a 50% post
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           Environmental-Studies
                                       Pollution Prevention  and

                                       Environmental Studies Resource List


                                       Prepared by Andrew Duncan, NPPC Research Assistant.               •   ,
                                       the following materials are available to faculty who are incorporating pollution
                                       prevention concepts and tools into their courses. We have attempted to make this
                                       list as comprehensive as. possible; please contact us if you can identify gaps and
                                       assist us in filling them with auality resource materials.  This list includes
                                       resources available through the NPPC (A); the U.S. Environmental Protection
                                      ' Agency Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse, Washington, DC.,
                                       202/260-1023 («B*); and the Center for Environmental Research Information,
                                      ' Cincinnati, Ohio, 513/569-7562 (t). All materials listed here are described in this
                                       compendium's annotated bibliography.
Key Documents

Cun-an, Mary Ann. "Broad-Based Environmental
Lrte Cycle Assessment.' Environmental Science
and Technology 27, no. 3 (1993): 430-436. <»

Habicht, F. Henry II. EPA Definition of 'Pollution^
Prevention" (internal memo to all EPA personnel).
28 May 1992.4B*
Hirschhom, Joel S., and Kirsten U. Oldenburg.
Prosperity Without Pollution: The Prevention
Strategy for Industry and Consumers. New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991 .Available for $19.95
by calling 1-800-926-2665.

Jamieson, Dale, and*Klasina VanderWerf.
 Cultural Barriers to Behavioral Change: General
 Recommendations and Resources for State
 Pollution Prevention Programs. Boulder. Center
 for Values and Social Policy, July 1993. To obtain
 a copy, contact the CVSP, University of Colorado,
 Boulder, CO 80309-0332. *
 Miller G. Tyler Jr., ed. Living in the Environment-
 Principles, Connections, and Solutions, 8th ed.
 Belmont,  CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company,
 ,1994. 701 + pp.
Smith. Emily T.r David Woodruff, and Fteur
Tempteton. "Growth vs. Environment: In Rio Next
Month,, a Push for Sustainable Development."
Business Wee/f (11 May 1992): 66-70, 72-75.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Communication, Education, and Public Affairs.
EPA Journal—special issue on pollution prevention.
Vol. 19, no. 3 (July 1993). 50 pp. (To obtain a free
copy, the EPA Public Information Center at
202/260-7751.)
	, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic
Substances. 1993 Reference Guide to Pollution
 Prevention Resources. Washington: EPA, February
 1993.
 Wise, John, "Challenges for the Future." In 1993
 Spring Conference-Connections for Pollution Pre-
 vention, pp. 54-62; proceedings of the National
 Roundtable of State Pollution Prevention Programs,
 San Diego, CA, 28 April 1993. <&
              Prevent Canter »dr H.gner Edu=a«,on,. Un,verslly of M,cmgan
          May Be reproduced
          freely for lorvc
          educational purposes.
Resource List • 1
 December 1994

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   /fifroducf/ofi to Pollution Prevention       C. Pollution Prevention Policy
A.  Preamble:
    Sustainabilrty and Pollution Prevention

Agenda 21: The Earth Summit Strategy to Save
Our Planet. Boulder EarthPress, 1993.
Goodland, Robert. The Case.That the World Has
Reached Limits." In Population. Technology, and
Lifestyle: The Transition to Sustainability, pp. 3-22.
Robert Goodland. Herman E. Daly, and Salah El
Sarafey. eds. Washington: Island Press, 1992.
Gore, Al. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the
Human Spirit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.

Larson, Eric p., Marc H. Ross, and Robert H.
Williams. "Beyond the Era of Materials." Scientific
American 25*;  no. 6 (1986): 34-41.'
La^e,    ter o., Chris Hendnckson, and Francis C. ^
McMichael. "Recycling Decisions and Green Design."
Environmental Science and Technology 2B, no. 1
(1094): l8A-r4A.
Peet, John. Energy and the Ecological Economics of
Sustainability. Washington:  Island Press,  1992.
Tolba, Mostata K., and Osama A. EI-Kholy. eds.
 The World Environment 1972-1992: Two  Decades of
 Challenge. 884pp.  London: Chapman and Hall (on
 behalf of United Nations Environment Program), 1992.

 World Resources Institute and Institute for
 Environment and Development. World Resources
 1994-1995. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
 Wynne, Brian. "Uncertainty and Environmental
 Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the
 Preventive Paradigm." Global Environmental
 Change 2, no. 2 (June 1992):  111-127.

 B. History of Pollution Prevention

 Conn, David W. "Waste Reduction—Issues and
  Policies." Resources Policy 3 (March 1977): 23+.

  Rathje, William L. "Rubbish!"  The Atlantic Monthly
  264 (December 1989): 99-109.
Andrews, Richard. "Heading Off Potential Prob-
lems." EPA Journal 18, no. 2 (May 1992): 40-45.
Baucus, Max. "Environmental Technology and the
Economy." EPA Journal [see "Key Documents"]:
36-37.
Byers, R. Lee. "Regulatory Barriers to Pollution
Prevention." Air and Waste (Journal of the Air and
Waste Management Association) 41, no. 4 (1991):
418-422.
Casler. Stephen D. "Budget Reallocation and the
Peace Dividend: Energy and Pollution tradeoffs."
Energy Policy 19 (September 1991): 666-669.
Commoner,'Barry. Making Peace With the Planet.
New York: The .New Press, 1992.
Fre/?man, Ha-ry, Teresa Harten, Johnny Springer,
Pau. Rar.dal', Mary Ann Curran, and Kenneth Stone.
"Industrial Pollution Prevention: A Critical Review."
Air and Waste (Journal of the Air and Waste Man-
agement Association) 42, no. 5 (1992): 618-656,

Hayes, Dennis. "Energy, Environment, and Archi-
tecture." Keynote speech,  American Institute of
Architects, Committee on the Environment. Atlanta,
Georgia, 6 December 1991. Available from the Al A.
 1735 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006.

 Hileman, Bette. "UN Environment Program Pushes
 for Cleaner Production." Chemical and Engineering
 News 70, no. 48 (30 November 1992): 17-21.
 "How To Get Industry to Clean Up On Its Own."
 Business Week (7 June 1993):  122.
 Lieberman, Joseph I. -Why Not Require Pollution
 Prevention Planningr EPA Journal [see "Key
 Documents!: 34-35.
 Lis, James, and Kenneth Chilton. "Limits to Pollution
 Prevention." Soc/ery30, no. 3 (1993): 49-55.
  Lovins, Amory B. "Abating Air Pollution at Nega-
  tive Cost Via Energy Efficiency." Environmental
  Professional 12 (April 1990): 164-168.
  National Research Council, Committee on Institu-
  tional Considerations in Reducing the Generation of
  Hazardous Industrial Wastes. Reducing Hazardous
  Waste Generation: An Evaluation and a Call for Ac-
• tion. Washington: National Academy Press, 1985.
                                                                                      Resource List« 2
                                                                                       December 1994

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Ophuls, William, and A.'Stephen Boyan, Jr. Ecology
and (he Politics of Scarcity Revisited: The Unraveling
of the American Dream.,New York: W. :H. Freeman
and Company, 1992.     '      •        .;
President's Commission on Environmental Quality,
Quality Environmental Management Committee.
Total Quality Management: A Framework for Pollu-
tion Prevention. Washington, 1993. To request a
copy, contact PCEQ at 202/395-5750.

Rabe, Barry G. "From Pollution Control to Pollution
Prevention: The Gradual Transformation of American
Environmental Regulatory Policy." Environmental and
Planning Law Journal (September 1991): 226-231.

Roy. Manik. "Environmental Law: Pollution Preven-
tion, Organizational Culture, and Social Learning."
Environmental Law 22 (1991): 189-225.

U.S. Cr-!£rr ", C  ce of Technolog:- Assessment.
Serious ReuuCf/on of Hazardous Waste: For Pollu-
tion Prevention and Industrial Efficiency. Washington:
U.S. Government Printing Office. September 1986.
(Out of pnnt, but available in many libraries. Not
copyright protected.)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Pollution
Prevention Strategy." Federal Register 56, no. 38
 (1991): 7849r7864. *B*

 	, Science Advisory Board. Reducing Risk:
 Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental
 Protection. Washington: EPA, 1990.

 Wortd Conservation Union (IUCN), United Nations
 Environment Program (UNEP), and World Wildlife
 Fund for Nature (WWF). Caring for the Earth: A
 Strategy for Sustainable Living. Gland, Switzerland:
 IUCN/UNEP/WWF (Earthscan Edition), 1991.
              •".•''       >
                 \              ,

  II. Understanding Pollution Prevention
     Through Life-Cycle Impact Assessment
  A. The Big Picture: Holistic Analysis

  Dake, Karl. "Myths of Nature: Culture and the Social
  Construction of Risk." Journal of Social Issues 48,
  nc. 4(1992): 21-37.

  Frankenfeld, Philip J. "Simple Gifts: Complex
  Environmental Hazards and the Responsibility
  to Leave a Controllable World." Futures 25, no. 1
  .(1993):,32-52.     ;            ' :   ,
Meadows, Donefla H., Dennis L. Meadows, and
Jorgen Randers. Beyond the Limits: Confronting
Global Collapse, Envisioning a Sustainable Future.
Post Mills, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Company,
1992.
Mitsch, William J. 'Ecological Engineering."
Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 3
(1993): 438-445.   .
Mitsch, William J., and Sven Erik Jorgensen,
eds. Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to
Ecotechnology. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons,
1989.472pp.
Orr, David. "The Campus and the Biosphere:"
Journal of Conservation Biology 3, no. 2 (June
1989): 33+.
Tibbs, Hardin B. C. "Industrial Ecology: An Environ-
mental f iendu for Industry!" Whole Earth Review
77 (December 1992): 4-19.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment
Green Products by Design: Choices for a Cleaner.
Environment GPO# 052-003-01303-7. Washington:
U.S. Government Printing Office,1992.         ,
Uusitalo, Licsa. Environmental Impacts of Consump-
 tion Patterns. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.
Wann, David. Biologic: Environmental Protection by
 Design. Boulder Johnson Books, 1990.

 B.  Life-Cycle Impact Assessment
     Framework

 Hocking. Martin B. "Paper Versus Polystyrene:
 A Complex Choice."  Sc/ence251 (1991): 504-505.
 Keoleian, Gregory A., and Dan Menerey. Life Cycle
 Design Guidance Manual: Environmental Require-
 ments and the Product System. EPA/600/R-92/226.
 Cincinnati: EPA, Office of Research and Develop-
  ment, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
  January 1993. $
 ,__. "Sustainable Development by Design: Review
  of Life Cycle Design and Related Approaches." Air
   & Waste (Journal of the Air & Waste Management
   Association) 44 (May 1994): 645-668.
   Nash, Jennifer, and Mark D. Stoughton. "Learning
   to-Live With Life Cycle Assessment." Environmental
   Science and Technology 28, no.: 5 (1994): 236A-
   237A.  .
                                                                                      Resource List • 3
                                                                                       December 1994
                                                                                              II

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 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
'  iETAC). Guidelines for Life-Cycle Assessment:
 A Code of Practice. SETAC workshop, Sesimbra,
 Portugal. 31 March-3 April 1993. Cost: $25 for
 non-members, $15 for members. Write to SETAC,,
 1010 N. 12th Ave., Pensacola. FL 32501; call
 904/469-1500; or fax 904/469-9778.

 Walley. Dariene, Karen Blumenfeld, Nancy Kolodny,
 and Nasir All. "Case Study: A Product Life-Cycle As-
 sessment of Arm & Hammer Baking Soda.  PoMion
 Prevention Review 2, no. 1 (December 1992): 51-64.

 White. Allen L. and Karen Shapiro. "Life Cycle-As-
 sessment: A Second Opinion." Environmental Science
 & Technology 27, no. 6 (June 1993): 1016-1017.

 C.  Controversial Issues in Life-Cycle
     Impact Assessrr ent

 Crossen. Cynthia. "How Tactical Research' Muddied
 Diaper Debate." Wall Street Journal (17 May 1994):
 Bt, B8.
 Koshland Jr., Daniel F. The Dirty Air Act" (editorial).
 Science 249 (28 September 1990): 1481.

 Lifset. Reid. "Greener Than Thou Wars—Raising
 the Ante for Life. Cycle Analyses." Biocycle 32
 (April 1991): 76-77.
  Portney. Paul R. The Price Is Right: Making Use of
  Life Cycle Analyses." 'Issues in Science and Tech-
  nology 10, no. 2 (December 1993): 69-75.
  Stipp, David. "Life-Cycle Analysis Measures Green-
  ness, But Results May Not Be Black and Whrte.
  Wall Street Journal^ February 1991): B1, B5.

  U S Environr—ntal Protection Agency. Videotapes:
  Less Is More] ,-ollution Prevention is Good Business
  (1986; 23 minutes) and Beyond Business as Usual:
  Meeting the Challenge of Hazardous Waste&mn-
  utes). To obtain either video, call Mary. Ann Welch,
  Region VIII Office of Environmental Education, at
  303/294-1123 and arrange to send in a blank tape.

  Wang, Michael Q. "Life Cycle Assessments."
   Environmental Science & Technology 27, no. 13
   (December 1993): 2658-2661.
   Wells Henry A., Neil McCubbin. Red Cavaney,
   Bonnie Camo, and M. B. Hocking. "Paper Versus
   Polystyrene: Environmental Impact." Science 252.
   no, 7 (June 1991): 1361-1363.
III. Managing Pollution Prevention          '

A. Business Management

Carson. Patrick, and Julia Moulden. Green Is Gold:
Business Talking to Business About the Environ-
mental Revolution. Toronto: HarperBusiness,
HarperCollins, 1991.
Cebon Peter. "Corporate Obstacles to Pollution
Prevention." EPA Journal (see "Key Documents"]:
20-22.
Conway. R. A., John H. Frick, David J. Warner,
Carton C. Wiles, and E. Joseph Duckett. Waste
Minimization Practices. Baltimore: Amencan Society
for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1989.
Cook James. The Ghosts of Christmas Yet To
Come." Forbes (22 June 1992): 92-95.
Dorfman, Mark H., Warren R. Muir, and Catherine
G Miller. Environmental Dividends: Cutting More
Chemical Wastes. New York: INFORM, Inc.,1992.
Available for $75 (plus $3 S/H) from INFORMJnc.,
120 Wall Street, 16th floor, New York, NY 10005
(phone: 212/361-2400).
Dyllfck, Thomas. "Ecological Marketing Strategy for
Toni Yogurts in Switzerland." Journal of Business
 Ethics 8 (August 1989): 657-662.
 Forester, William S., and John H. Skinner. Waste
 Minimization and Clean Technology: Waste Man-
 agement Strategies for the Future. San Diego:
 Academic Press, Inc., 1992.

 Garfield, Bob. "Beware: Green Overkill."
 Advertising Age (25 January 1991): 26.
 Geiser, Ken. The Greening of Industry."
  Technology Review 94 (August 1991): 64-72.

  Goldstein, Nora. "Marketing Strategy for Green
  Products." In Business 12. no. 3 (May 1990): 38-39.
  Hawken, Paul. "A Declaration of Sustainability."
  Utne Reader 59 (September 1993): 54-61.

  Henion. Karl E., and Thomas C. Kinnear, eds. The
  Conserver Society. Chicago: American Marketing
  Association, 1979.
  Maxwell,  James, Lola Matysiak. Jennifer Nash,
  and John Ehrenfeld. "Case Study: Preventing Waste
  Beyond Company Walls: P&G's Response to the
  Need for Environmental Quality." Pollution Prevention
  Review 3, no. 3 (June 1993): 317-333.
                                                                                      Resource List • 4
                                                                                       December 1994

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McDonajd's'Corporation and the. Environmental
Defense Fund (EOF), Waste Reduction Task Force:
Final Report. 1991. McDonald's, Environmental
Affairs Department. McDonald's' Plaza, .Qak Brook,
IL 60521..
McMurray, Scott. "Chemical Firms Find That It Pays
to Reduce Pollution at Source." Wall Street Journal .
(11 June 1991): A1, A6.                    -.-,..
Piasecki, Bruce, and Peter Asmus. In  Search of
Environmental Excellence: Moving Beyond Blame.
New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1990.

Pojasek, Robert B. "For Pollution Prevention: Be
Descriptive Not Prescriptive." Chemical Engineering
98 {September 1991): 136-139.   '
;	. "Pollution Prevention Progress." In Environ-
ment Risk Management—A Desk Reference,
PV 503-519. Eric 3. Rothenberg and  Dean Jeffrey
Telego, eds. Alexandria. VA: RTM Communications,
 Inc., 1991.
 Post, James E. "Managing As If the Earth Mattered."
 Business Horizons 34, no. 4 (July 1991): 32-38.

 Robins. Nick, and Alex Trisoglio. "Restructuring
 Industry for Sustainable Development." In Making
 Development Sustainable: Redefining Institutions,
 Policy, and Economics, pp. 157-194. Johan
 Holmberg, ed. Washington: Island Press, 1992.
 Schmidheiny, Stephen, with the Business Council
 for Sustainable Development. Changing Course: A
  Global Business Perspective on Development and
  the Environment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992.

  Sheridan, John H. "Pollution Prevention Picks Up
  Steam." Industry Wee/c241 (17 February 1992): 36+.  ,

  Smart, Bruce, ed. Beyond Compliance: A New
  Industry View of the Environment. Washington:
  World Resources Institute, April 1992.
  Underwood, Joanna D. "Going Green for Profit."
   EPA Journal [see "Key Documents"]: 9-1.3.

   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
   Pollution Prevention. Pollution Prevention 1991:
•   Progress on Reducing .Industrial Pollutants.
   Washington: EPA, 1991-*S*
.   	, office of Research and Development. Facility
   Pollution Prevention Guide. EPA/600/R-92/088.
   'Washington: EPA, 1992. *
B. Governmental Management

Browner, Carol M. "Pollution Prevention Takes
Center Stage." EPA Journal [see "Key Documents"]:
                                          ..
Kling  David J., and Eric Schaeffer,"EPA's Flagship
Programs." EPA Journal [see "Key Documents"]:
26-30.
Lewis, Eleanor J., and Eric Weltman. Forty Ways to
Make Government Purchasing Green. Washington:
Center for the Study of Responsive Law, 1992.  To
obtain a copy, contact the CSRL, P.O. Box 19367,
Washington, D.C. 20036.
"A Paper Tale..." (Washington Report). The Office
117 (February 1993): 14.
U S  Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
Changincby Degrees: Steps to Reduce Greenhouse
Gases. (OTA-O-482) Washington: U.S. Government
Printing Off ice, 1992.
U S  Environmental Protection Agency, Office of  .
Policy Planning, and Evaluation, Regulatory Innova-
tions Staff. Promoting Source Reduction and Recyc-
labilityinthe Marketplace: A Study of Consumer and
 Industry Response to Promotion of Source Reduced,
 Recycled, -and Recyclable Products and Packaging.
 Washington: EPA, 1989.    .
-   •  ' office of Pollutidn Prevention. Pollution Pre-
 vention Fact Sheet: Local Governments and Pollu-
 tion Prevention. Washington: EPA, 1991. *B»
 	 Office of Pollution Prevention. Report on the
  U S 'Environmental Protection Agenc/s Pollution
  Prevention Program. Washington: EPA, 1991. «B*
    _ Office of Research and Development, Risk
  Reduction Engineering Laboratory.  Pollution Pre-
  vention Case Studies Compendium. Cincinnati:
  EPA, 1992.*
  US General Accounting Office. Pollution Preven-
  tion- EPA Should Reexamine the Objectives and
  Sustainability of State Programs, Washington:,U.S.
  General-Accounting Office, January 1994. Available
  from the GAO, P.O. Box 6015, Gaithersburg, MD
  20884-6015; request doc. #GAO/PEMD-94-8.
  U S  President. Executive Order 12856, August 3,
   1993  "Federal Compliance with Right-to-Know
   Laws and Pollution Prevention Requirements."
   Federal Register 58, no. 150 (6 August 1993):
   41981 -41987. AB*                     v
                                                                                       Resource List • S
                                                                                       Oecemoer 1994

-------
	 Executive Order 12873, October 20, 1993.
•Federal Acquisition, Recycling, and Waste Preven-
tion.' Federal Register 58, no. 203 (22 October
1993): 54911-54919. *S»
	.  Executive Order 12902, March 8, 1994.
"Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation at
Federal Facilities." Federal Register 59, no. 47
(10 March 1994): 11463-11471.

C. The Role of Individuals and  Society

"Are You A Green Consumer?" Consumer Reports
57, no. 11 (November 1992): 704-707.
Caplan, Ruth and the staff of Environmental Action.
Our Earth. Our Selves: The Action Oriented Guide
to HP£ You  °rotect and Preserve Our'Planet. New
Y«,.k. ^  ita   Books. 1990.
Conn David W., ed. Energy and Material Resources:
Attitudes, Values, and Public Policy. AAAS Selected
Symposium  ~5. Boulder. Westview Press, 1983.
Da Young, Raymond. "Changing Behavior and Mak-
ing it Stick: The Conceptualization and Management
of Conservation Behavior." Environment and Behav-
ior 25, no. 4 (July 1993): 485-505.
	. -some  Psychological Aspects of Living Lightly:
 Desired Lifestyle Patterns and Conservation Behav-
 ior." Journal of Environmental Systems 20 (1991):
 215-227.
 Durning, Alan T. How Much Is Enough?  The Con-
 sumer Society and the Future of the Earth. New
 Yotk: W.W. Norton, 1992.
 Earthworks Group. 50 Simple Things You Can Do to
 Save  the Earth. Berkeley: Earthworks Press, 1989.
 	. The Student Environmental Action Guide: 25
  Things We Can Do. Berkeley: Earthworks Press,
  1991.
  Elkmgton, John, Julia Hailes,  and Joel Makower.
  The Green Consumer. New York: Penguin, 1990.

  Harris,  Mark D. Embracing the Earth: Choices for
  Environmentally Sound Living. Chicago: The Noble
  Press,  1991.
  Kane, Hal. "Put It on My Carbon Tab." World Watch
  6. no.' 3 (1993): 38-39.
 • Kenwothy. Lauren, and Eric Schaeffer. Preventing
   Industrial  '    hazards. New York: INFORM, Inc.,
   1993. Avanacie for S25 (plus S3 S/H) from INFORM,
   Inc., 120 Wall Street, 16th floor. New York, NY
   10005 (phone: 212/361-2400).
Lai, On-Kwok. "Making Sense of the Greening of
Consumption and Production." Journal of Cleaner
Production 1, no. 1 (1993): 43-47.
Letter, Donald W. EarthScore: Your Personal Envi-
ronmental Audit & Guide. Lafayette, CA: Morning
Sun Press,  1993.
Moos, Shawna. "Pollution-Prevention Power to the
People* Technology Review 95 (October 1992):
15-16.
National Research Council, Commission on the Be-
havioral and Social Sciences and Education, Com-
mittee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change.
Global Environmental Change: Understanding the
Human Dimen-Jons. Paul C. Stem, Oran R. Young,
and Daniel  Dnckman, eds. Washington: National
Ac  Jem-'Press, 1992.
Schwepker, C. H.. and T. B. Comwell. "An Exami-
nation of Ecologically Concerned Consumers and
Their Intention to Purchase Ecologically Packaged
Products." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 10,
no. 2 (September 1991): 77-101.
"Selling Green." Consumer Reports 56, no. 10
(October 1991): 687-692.
Seymour, John, and Herbert Girardet. Blueprint for
a Green Planet. New York: Prentice Hall, 1987.

Stern, Paul C. "Psychological  Dimensions of Global
 Environmental Change." Annual Review of Psychol-
 ogy 43 (1992): 269-302.
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
 Policy, Planning, and Evaluation. You Can Make
 a Difference. EPA/903/M-90/001. Washington,
 January 1990. •BR^
 	•_, Office of Solid Waste. The Consumer's Hand-
 book for Reducing Solid Waste. EPA/530-K-92-003.
 Washington: EPA, August 1992. Available free of
 charge by calling the RCRA Hotline (800/424-9346).
  Vargish, Thomas. "Why the Person Sitting Next to
  You Hates Limits to Growth." Technological Fore-
  casting and Social Change 16 (1980): 179-189.
  Wang, Penelope. "One Family's Finances: It's Not
  Easy Being Green." Money 19, no. 4 (April  1990):
  pp. 100 +.
  Winett, Richard A., and Peter Ester. "Behavioral Sci-
  ence and Energy Conservation: Conceptualizations,
  Strategies, Outcomes, Energy Policy Applications."
  Journal of Economic Psychology 3 (1983): 203-229.
                                                                                      Resource List '.6
                                                                                       Oecemoer 1994

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IV. Pollution Prevention Applications

(arranged alphabetically by topic)
Agriculture and Food Production

Holmes, Hannah. "Eating Low on the Food Chain."
Garbage 4, no. 1  (January 1992): 32-37.
Hume  Scott. The Green Revolution: McDonalds."
Advertising Age 62, no. 5 (29 January 1991): 32.

Lefferts Lisa Y., and Roger Blobaum. "Eating as if
the Earth Mattered.' E Magazine 3, no. 1 (January
1992): 30-37.
Moore, W. Kent, and David L. Scott. "Beverage Con-
tainer Deposit Laws: Survey of the Issues and Results^
Journal of Consumer Affairs 17, no. 1 (1983): 57-80.

 Bobbins, John. "Can Ear.h Survive the Big Mac
 Attack?" E Magazine 3, no. 1 (January 1992): 38+,

 Where Our Food Comes From (videos by students
 at OberJin and Hendrix colleges). Hour-long videos
.can be rented for the cost of shipping;.shorter video
 is free of charge. Contact Meadowcreek, Box 100,
 Fox, AK 72051 (phone: 501/363-4500):

 Architecture

 McGraw, Jack W. The Denver Airport: Pollution
 Prevention by Design." EPA Journal IS, no. 2
 (May 1992): 18-19.
 Scholand, Michael. "Building for the Future."
 . World Watch 6,  no. 6 (November 1993): 36^38.

  Batteries

  Carpi John. "Green Batteries: Powering Innovation."
  E Magazine 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 46-47, 67.
  Gasbarro, Ron. "Getting Rid of Batteries." Garbage
  3, no. 5 (September 1991): 42-43.

   Cleaning and Cleaning Products

   Harris, Mark. "Bright Makes Blight." E Magazine 4,
   no. 6 (November 1993): 51-52-      '

   Rose Julian. "And the Detergent 'Epo-label' Goes  .
   to..." Environmental Science and Technology 28,
.-  no. 4(1994): 179A.  '..

    Consumer  Products

    Holmes. Hannah, and Patricia Poore. "Packaging in
    the '90s." Garbage 4, no. 6 (January 1993): 24-31,
Kleiner, Art. "Compact Packaging for the Compact
• Disk." Garbage 3, no. 6 (November 1991): 50-5.1.

Diapers             ;

Arthur D. Little, consultants. Disposable Versus
Reusable Diapers: Hearth, Environmental and
Economic Comparisons. Cambridge, MA:
Arthur D. Little, 1990.
The Green Revolution: Procter & Gamble."
Advertising Age 62, no. 5 (29 January 1991): 16, 34.

Hoiusha, John. "Diaper Debate: Cloth pr Dispos-
able?" New York Times (14 Jury 1990) Section 1,
 p. 46, col. 1.                               .
 Lehrburger, Cart. Diapers in the Waste Stream:
 A Review of Waste Management and Public Policy
 Issues. 1989. T (October 1992): 26-31.

 Energy Production and Conservation

 Rocky Mountain Institute and U.S. Environmental
 Protection Agency, Region VIII. Negawatts—A
 Goldmine of Opportunity (video). 1991. 20 minutes.
 Available for $20 from the RMl, 1739 Snowmass
 Creek Rd.. Snowmass, CO 81654-9199 (phone:
 303/927-3851).  ,
  Roodman, David Matin. "Power Brokers: Managing
  Demand for Electricity." World Watch 6, no. 6
  (November 1993): 22-29.
  Tracey, Jim. "Green Lights for Home and Business."
  Garbage 4, no. 5 (October 1992): 49+.

  Industrial P2

  Metal Industries—Metal Finishing, Manufacturing
  (fact sheets). Compiled by the U.S. Environmental
  Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides
  and Toxic Substances. Washington: EPA, 1993.AA

   Moberg, David. "Sunset for Chlorine?"
   E Magazine 4, no. 4 (July 1993): 26-31.
   Transportation

   .Automotive Repair, Maintenance, Salvage Yards,
    Painting, Radiators (fact sheets). Compiled by U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency, Pollution Preven-
    tion Information Clearinghouse. Washington: EPA,
    1993.AS*
                                                                                      Resource List • 7
                                                                                      Decemoer 1994

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Ayers. Ed, "Breaking Away," World Watch 6, no. 1
(January 1993): 10-18.
Baldwin. J. "Green Cars." Garbage 5, no. 3 (June/
July 1993): 24-29.-
Flavin. Chnstopher. "Jump Start: New Automotive
Revolution." World Watch 6, no. 4 (July 1993): 27-33.

Holmes. Hannah. Telecommuting." Garbage 5,
no. 2 (Apnl/May 1993): 32-37.
Rocky Mountain Institute and the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Region VIII. Transportation
2000—Moving Beyond Auto America (video). 1991.
30 minutes. Available for $30 from the RMI. 1739
Snowmass Creek Rd.. Snowmass, CO 81654-9199
(phone:  303/927-3851).

Water  Pollution and Conservation

                           World Watch 6, no. 1
Postel, Sandra. "Water Tight.;
(January 1993): 19-25.
U.S. EPA, Region I. Turning the Tide: Keeping Pol-
lution at Bay (video). 1991. 31  minutes. Available to
buy for $25 prepaid (or borrow for $15 prepaid) from
the New England Interstate Environmental Training
Center, 2 Fort Road, South Portland, ME 04106
(phone: 207/767-2539).

Miscellaneous—Other

Bernards. Neal, ed. The Environmental Crisis: Oppos-
ing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1991.

Betts. Kellyn S. "The Coming Green Computers."
E Magazine 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 28-35.

Keoleian, Gregory A., and Dan Menerey. "Dispos-
able vs. Reusable Systems—Two Source Reduction
Case Studies." Journal of Environmental Systems
 20 (1991): 343-357.
 	. "Packaging and Process Improvements: Three
 Source Reduction Case Studies." Journal of Envi-
 ronmental Systems 21, no. 1 (1992): 21-37.

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
 Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engi-
 neering Laboratory.  Running a Conference as a
  Clean Product. EPA/600/2/91/026. Cincinnati: EPA,
 June 1991. 40 pp. Available for $17.50 hardcover or
,  S9 microfiche (plus S4 S&H) from National Technical
  Information Services: call 800/553-6847 and request
  NTIS SPB92-109-99.
                                                                                            Ml,
V. Educational Resources

A. Syllabi and Course Materials

Allen David T., Nandkamur Bakshani, and Kirsten
S Rosselot. Pollution Prevention: Homework & De-
sign Problems for Engineering Curricula. New York:
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Amencan
Institute for Pollution Prevention, Center for Waste
Reduction Technologies, 1992. 155 PP-JJJ-T0
order, call AlChE customer service at 800/242-4363.
Cohen, Mark A. Management 5596: Management of
Environmental Issues (syllabus). Vanderb.lt Univer-
sity, Nashville,  March 1993. Aft
De Young, Raymond. NR561/NR361 : Conservation
Behavior (syllabus). University of Michigan-Ann
Arbor, 19M. 4*.
Design for Recycling Team. Teaching Environ-
mentally Responsible Design. Shirley T.
ed. Grand Valley State University, Grand
22 October 1992.
Duncan, Andrew. "Pollution Prevention and Environ-
mental Studies Bibliographic Teaching Outline. Afc
_ . "Pollution Prevention and Environmental
Studies Suggested Course Structures." Aft
 Fleischman, Marvin. Pollution Prevention, Waste
 Treatment, and Disposal (syllabusJAIniversity of
 Louisville, Kentucky, March 1993. Aft
 Hanlon, Deborah, and Julie Bartenstein. Teaching
 Those Humans to Learn: Creative Approaches to
 Pollution Prevention Training. Washington: EPA,
 August 1 992. ae*   .
 Kidd  David. Industrial Waste Reduction:A Three-
  Credit University Curriculum for Environmental
  Engineering. Alaska Health Project, Anchorage,
  October 1991. A
  Procter and Gamble,  Inc. Decision: Earth.  An En-
  vironmental Teaching Unit for Grades 7-12.  993.
  Available from Procter & Gamble Educational Ser-
  vices, P.O. Box 599,  Cincinnati, OH 45201 .
  Rathje, William. Anthropology 337: Modem Material
  Culture Studies (syllabus). University of Arizona,
  1993. A
  Tchudi, Stephen. "A  Lesson Plan in Pollution Preven-
  tion." EPA Journal [see "Key Documents"]: 42-43.

-------
Washington State Department'of Ecology; Social and
Economic Sciences Research Center, Washington ,
State University, and the Waste Reduction Institute
for Training and Applications Research (WRITAR).
Incorporating Pollution Prevention Concepts in
Higher Education Curricula. 1991. Available for
$30 from WRITAR, 1313 Fifth Street SE, Suite 327,
Minneapolis. MN 55414-4502 (phone: 612/379-5995;
fax: 612/379-5996).-"                           .
Yust, Becky. DHA  1001: Introduction to the
Designed Environment (syllabus). University of
Minnesota, September 1991. A        . •

B. Other Educational Resources

Amato, Ivan. The  Slow Birth of Green Chemistry."
Science 259 {12 March 1993):  1538-1541.
Baksnani. Nandkumar, and David T. Allen. "In the
States: Pollution Prevention Education at Universi-
ties in the United States." Pollution Prevention Re-
view 3, no. 1 (December 1992): 97-105.
Corporate Conservation Council, National Wildlife
Federation. Gaining Ground: Environmental Education
 in Business Schools. Final.Report of the Curriculum
 Development Project, National Wildlife-Federation,
Washington, D.C., June 1992. Available free by
 calling 202/797-6878.
 National Research Council, Commission on Life
 Sciences, Committee on the Applications of Ecological
 Theory to.Environmental Problems. Ecological Know-
 ledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts
 and Case Studies. Washington:  National Academy
 Press, 1986.
 Orr David W. Ecological Literacy: Education and
 the Transition to the Postmodern World. Albany, NY:
 State University of New York  Press, 1992,

 Purcell,'Arthur H. "Invited Comments." Air & Waste
 (Journal of the Air & Waste Management Associa-
 tion) 42 (1992): 1169-1170.      ,
 Washington State University, Social and Economic
  Sciences Research Center. Incorporating Waste
  Reduction Concepts in Higher Education Curricula.
  Pullman, WA: Washington State University, March
 ,1991.           ."•'.'•••
VI. Faculty Involved in P2 Education

Richard Andrews
Dept. of Environmental Sciences & Engineering  ..
School of Public Health
University of North Carolina
CB #7400, Rosenau Hall
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400
phone: 91,9/966-2359
fax: 919/966-7911
e-mail: pete.andrews 0unc.edu

Nicholas Ashford
Ctr. for Technology, Policy & Industrial Development
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA 02139
phone: 617/253-1664
fax: 617/253-7140

Terenc=>3aH
Social Sciences
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN 55455
phone: 612/634-0083
fax:  612/626-7599

Lisa Bardwell
School, of Natural Resources and  Environment
University of Michigan
Dana Building
Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1115
Phone:3137747-4708
 fax: 313/936-2195
 e-mail: bardwell@umich.edu

 Richard Bright
 Education and Training
 Clark Atlanta  University
 Atlanta. G A 30314
 phone: 404/880-8515.
 fax: 404/880-8522
  Curtis Bryant
  Dept. of Civil Engineering
  University of  Arizona '.
  Tucson, AZ 85721
  phone: 602/621 -2266
  fax: 602/621-2550

   William Budd
   Environmental Sciences and Regional Planning
   Washington  State University       ,   -
   Troy Hall 305            '
   Pullman, W A 99164-4430
   phone: 5,09/335-8536
   fax: 509/335-7636 -,              .         '
                                                                                        Resource List • 9
                                                                                         Decemoer 1994
                                                                                                 n

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Surfi Resources. Umversity of New Hampshire
221 James Hail
Durham, NH 03824-3591
phone: 603/862-1020
fax: 603/862-4976                .

^^Environment & Hazardous Materials Studies
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State Univers.ty
Blacksburg, VA 24061 -01 13
phone: 703/231 -7508
fax: 703/231 -3367
e-mail: conn@vtvm1.cc.vt.edu

Noellette Conway-Schempf
Green Design Initiative
GSIA 224
Carnegie-Mellon University
Shentey Park
       rgn.  pA 15206
 fax: ^.^268-6837
 e-mail: ncOy+@ andrew.cmu.edu

 .Vancy Copno/a
 Department of Humanities
 New Jersey Institute of Technology
 University Heights
 Newark, NJ 071 02
 phone: 201/596-5726
 fax: 201/565-0586
 e-mail: coppola@admin.njit.edu

 Anthony Cortese
 Second Nature
 1 7 Msgr. O'Brien Highway
 PO Box 4 10350
 East Cambridge, MA 021 41 -0004
 phone: 61 7/227-8888
 fax: 617/227-0104

  George Criner
  Department of Economics and Policy
  University of Maine
  5782 Winslow Hall
  Orono, ME 04469-5782
  phone: 207/581 -31 57
  fax: 207/581 -4278
  e-mail: cnner@maine.maihe.edu

  Faye Duchin
  Director, Institute for Economic Analysis
  New York University
  269 Mercer St.  Second Floor
   New York. NY 10003
   phone: 21 Z'998-7480
   fax 21 Z 995-41 65
   e-mai! Duchinf@actcluster.nyu.edu
                - ___ . - — - "
David Eagan
Institute for Environmental Studies
70 Science Hall
University of Wisconsin-Madison
550 N.Park St.
Madison, Wl 53706
e-mail: djeagan@students.wisc.edu

John R. Ehrenfeld
Ctr. for Technology, Policy, & Industrial Development
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Ave.
Room E40-241
Cambridge, MA 02139
phone: 617/253-1694
fax: 617/253-7140

O. Homer Erekson
Economics Department
Miami Univerrly
Oxford, OH 45056
p^ne: 513-529-2!  '6
fax:  513/529-6992
e-mail: herekson@sba-laws.sba.rnuohio.edu

 Shirley Fleischma in
 Grand Valley State University
 301 West Fulton, Suite 618
 Grand Rapids, Ml 49504
 phone: 616/771-6762
 fax: 616/771-6642

 Robert L Ford
 Director, Center for Energy & Environmental Studies
 Southern University at Baton Rouge
 Cottage #8, P.O. Box 9764
 Baton Rouge, LA 70813
 phone: 504/771 -4723
 fax: 504/771-4722
 e-mail: robert@subrvm.subr.edu

  Robert A. Frosch
  John F. Kennedy School of Government
  Center for Science and International Affairs
  Harvard University
  79 J.F. Kennedy Street
   Cambridge, MA 02138 .
   phone: 617/495-8132
   fax: 617/495-8963
   e-mail: frosch@ksgbbs.harvard.edu

 .  Robert Gottlieb
   Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning
   University .of California-Los Angeles
   Los Angeles, CA 90024
   phone: 310/825-1067
                                      Resource List • 10
                                       Oecemoer '994

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Gera/o' Groenewo/d
Director, Energy and Environmental Research Center
: University of North Dakota
15 North 23rd St.
P.Q. Box 9018
Grand Forks, NO'58202-9018    '   :"  ^  '
phone: 701/777-5131
fax: 701/777-5181
e-mail: pamiller@plains.nodak.edu     .

DeniseGuerin
Design, Housing and Apparel
240 McNeal Hall
University of Minnesota
1985 Buford Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
phone: 612/624-1257
fax: 612/624-2750
e-mail: dguerineche2.che.umn.edu

Steven Hamburg
Environmental Ombudsman's Office
University of Kansas
HaworthHall
Lawrence, KS 66045-2106
phone: 913/864-3208
fax: 913/864-5321

Ellen Harrison
Waste Management Institute
Center for the Environment
Cornel! University
Ithaca. NY 14853
phone: 607/255-8576
fax: 607/255-8207
 e-mail: e2h1 Ocomell.edu                       .

 Linda Ashman Hicks
 Assoc. Dir., Poilutiop Prevention Ed. and Rsch. Ctr.
 University of California-Los Angeles
 7440 Boelter Hall
 Los Angeles, CA 90024
 phone: 310/206-2098                 ,
 fax: 310/206-3907
 e-mail: lindah@calvin.ea.ucla.edu
                 •,        \
 Joel S. Hirschhorn
 Hirschhom & Associates
 4221 Forbes Blvd., Suite 240
 Lanham, MD 20706-4325
 phone: 301/731-4095
 fax: 301/731-4099                   .

  Dale Jamieson
  Center for Values and Social Policy
  Campus Box 232
  University of Colorado
  Boulder, CO .'0309
  phone: 303/492-6964
Tim Jones      -    .  .
Dept. of Anthropology (Archaeology subgroup)
University of Arizona
Bldg. #30
Tucson, AZ 85721               ;
phone: 602/621-6299
fax: 602/621-9608

Diana Uverman
Earth and Mineral Sciences
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA 16802
phone: 814/863-7004
fax: 814/863-8017
e-mail: dml4@psuum.psu.edu

Todd MacFadden
Cooperative Extension Service
Montana State University
Taylor Hall
Bozeman, MT59717
phone: 406/994-3451
e-mail: acxtmOtrex.oscs.mdntana.edu

Robert L Myers
Agronomy Department                ,
210 Waters Hall
University of Missouri
Columbia, MO 65211
phone: 314/882-0317
fax: 314/882-1467
e-mail: agrmyers@umcvmb

Gay/a Neumeyer
W1013 Engineering Building
University of Missouri
Columbia, MO 65211
phone: 314/882-8366
e-mail: neumeyer@ecvax2.ecn.missouri.edu

 David On
 Environmental Studies
 Rice Hall
 Oberiin College
 Oberiin, OH 44074       :.    '
 phone: 216/775-8312

•Susan Powers  •
 Haz. Waste & Toxic Substance Rsch. &.Mgmt. Ctr.
 Rowley Laboratories
 Clarkson University
 POtsdam, NY 13699-5715
 phone: 315/268-6542
 fax: 315/268-7636  •  '.
 e-mail: sep@craft.camp.clarkson.edu
                                                                                    Rasourca Lisr« 11
                                                                                     • December 1994
                                                                                             n

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Manlyn Raphael
Geography Department
Bunche Hall
University of California-Los Angeles
405 Hilgard
Los Angeles, CA 96024
phone: 310/206-4590

Lisa Riedfe
D«pt. of Civil Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Plattville
1 University Plaza
Plattville, Wl 53818
phone: 608/342-1539
fax: 608/342-1566

Yuriko Saito
Philosophy Department
Rhode Island School of Design
2 College St.
Providence, Rl 02903-2784
phone: 401/454-6578
fax: 401/454-6157

Brett Smith
5300 Irving Ave. South
Minneapolis, MN 55419
phone: 612/920-9569
fax: 612/929-0903
Joel Tan
Carnegie-Mellon University
Shenley Park
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
phone: 412/268-2609
fax: 412/268-1019
e-mail: jt03+« andrew.cmu.edu

Janet Vail
Waste Reduction & Management Program
Water Resources Institute
Grand Valley State University
One Campus Drive
Altendale, Ml 49401
phone: 616/895-3749
fax: 616/895-3864

Harold Ward
Center for Environmental Studies
Brown University
P.O. Box 1943
135 Angell Street
Providence, Rl 02912
phone: 401/863-3449
fax: 401/863-3503
e-mail: harokJ_ward«5 brown.edu

Becky Yust
Design, Housing and Apparel
240  McNeal  Hall
University of Minnesota
1985 Buford Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
phone: 612/624-4904
fax:  612/624-2750
e-mail: byustOche2.che.umn.edu
                              Original produced on HunmenniU Unity DP,
                         a 50% post-coMumer/50% pie-consumer recycled paper
                           nude from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
 Published by:
 The National Pollution Prevention Center
 for Higher Education
 University of Michigan, Dana Building
 430 East University Ava.
 Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-1115
 . Phone: 313-764-1412
 • Fax: 313-936-2195
 * E-mail: nppc9umich.edu

 The mission of the NPPC is to promote sustainable development
 by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
 prevention: create educational materials: provide tools and
 strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and
 establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.
  In addition to developing educational matenals and conducting
  research, the NPPC also offers an internship program, profes-
  sional education 4 training, and conferences.
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                                                                                            Resource List • 12
                                                                                              Decemoer 1994

-------
           Environmental Studies
                                        Annotated Bibliography of     ..
                                        Environmental  Studies-Related
                                        Pollution  Prevention  Sources
                                        Prepared by Andrew D^can,NPPC Research Assistant. *™P™^
                                                 -my
                                                 topic. [B«ctetoi ^bnrntfim indicates arrspomto* satem in
                                                 List «uf« tte Bibliographic Teaching Outline.!
Agenda 21: The Earth Summit Strategy to Save
Our Planet.,Boulder: EarthPress, 1993, [I.A]

Contains an abridged version ofAgenda 21, a
document resulting from the 1992 United Nati  ,
Conference on the Environment and .Development
in Rio de Janiero. Calls for a fundamental change
in human-environment interactions, as well as a re-
thinking of the development process.  Represents the
views of the less developed South to a greater extent
than the North. Includes chapters on the quality of
life on earth, the efficient use of the earth's natural
resources/the protection of global commons, man-
agement of human settlements, chemicals and the
 management of waste, sustainable economic growth,
 and implementing Agenda 21. Sections on hazardous
 and municipal wastes emphasize prevention.

 Allen, David T., NandKumar.Bakshani, and
 Kirsten S. Rosselqt. Pollution Prevention: Homework
 & Design Problems for Engineering Curricula. New
 York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
 American :nstitute for Pollution Prevention, Center
 for Waste Reduction Technologies, 1992, [V.A]

 A set of 22 engineering problems divided into six
 categories: life cycle analysis, identifying and pnon-
  tizirig pollutants from industrial sites, selecting en-
:  vironmentally compatible materials, designing unit
  operations for minimizing waste, understanding the
  economics of pollution prevention, and flowsheet-
  ing processes to minimize waste. The introduction •
  also divides the problems according to other topical
  areas. Each problem includes background material,
   a problem statement, questions for discussion, sug-
 '  gestions for further reading, and solutions. All the
  'problems have useful background information
   about industrial'processes and common pollution -
   prevention decision-making issues.

   Nat,cnai Pollution Prevents Center tor H.gner Education -Umvorsity of
   Dana Building. 430 East University. *"" Aroor Ml 48109-vn a.
   Phone. 313.764 1412 -Fax* 313.936.2195 - E.ma.1: nppceumicn.edu
 Amato, Ivan. The Slow Birth of Green Chemistry."
             (12 March 1993): 1538-1541. [V.B]
 Descril-es'the ii ceasing :  .etest in academe for
 environmental chemistry.  ?art of the resurgence is
 the ongoing shift in focus from pollution control-
 not particularly interesting to most academic
 chemists— to pollution prevention, which has
 greater possibilities for academic discovery.

 Andrews, Richard. "Heading Off  Potential Problems."
 EPA Journal 18, no. 2 (May 1992): 40-45. [I.C]

 Subtitle: "It's not as easy as it sounds." Holistic
 perspective about P2 written by a social scientist.
 Describes P2 in general terms, and outlines five
 steps for moving towards more  effective progress in
 P2 Concludes that P2 is the only sensible strategy,
 even though it cannot be implemented by traditional
 environmental regulatory policies.

  -Are You  A  Green Consumer?"  Consumer Reports
  57, no. 1 1 (November 1992): 704-707. [III.C]

  Article about environmental consumer awareness
  based on the results of a challenging 16-item "Green
  Quiz " The sample of Consumer Reports subscribers
  answered correctly, on average, only five out of the
  16 questions. The quiz and an  explanation of the
  correct and incorrect answers form the bulk of the
  article Also includes two sidebar articles about
   results from other questions asked on the survey,
   and the Federal Trade Commission's environmental
   marketing and labeling guidelines.
Michigan
May be reproduced
Ireeiy tor noncommercial
educational purposes.
Annotated Bibliography • 1
       December 1994

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Arthur D, Little, consultants. Disposable Vs. Reusable
Diapers: Health. Environmental and Economic Com-
parisons. Cambridge, MA: Arthur D. Little, 1990. [IV]

Disposable diaper company-sponsored life cycle
assessment report.  Indicates that disposable diapers
are less environmentally harmful than cotton diapers
in a number of categories. Although it is generally
considered to be an objective analysis, some of the
assumptions used have provoked controversy.

Automotive Repair, Maintenance, Salvage Yards,
Painting, Radiators (fact sheets). Compiled by
U.S. EPA, Pollution Prevention Information
Clearinghouse. Washington: EPA, 1993. [IV]

A >.t.L   .'id. . m of fact sheets written by state and
regional organizations. Includes 14 fact sheets
covering various waste reduction aspects of main-
triring ar automobile. Topics include antifreeze
recycling, used motor oil,.paint waste, etc.  Also
includes several case study descriptions.

Ayers, Ed. "Breaking Away." World Watch 6, no. 1
(January 1993): 10-18. [IV]

Article describing the benefits of using bicycles in
place of automobiles for personal transit  Covers
many aspects of the benefits from increasing bicycle
use: decreased roadway and parking space, safer
transportation, less air pollution, less water pollution
from runoff, lower material intensiveness, afforda-
bility, less congestion, and greater potential for urban
community. The author points out the benefits of
bicycle use in less affluent areas around the world.
Regarding vc United States, the author mentions
the "myth" or the open road, and how  bicycles have
been largely relegated to recreational use.

Bakshani, Nandkumar, and David. T. Allen. "In the
States: Pollution Prevention Education at Univer-
sities in the United States." Pollution Prevention
 Review 3, no. 1 (December 1992): 97-105. [V.B]

 Describes P2 higher education programs in the U.S.,
 based on the 1992 directory published by the NPPC.
 The authors note that most of the respondants were
  associated with science and engineering departments,
  with lesser representation in the social sciences and
  liberal arts.  Within engineering, control technologies
  continue to receive more attention than P2.  Most
  engineering P2- courses are offered at the higher
  level undergraduate  or graduate level. In the social
sciences and liberal arts, there have been a few
courses from a variety of different perspectives.
In business schools, there has been a great deal of
interest and activity in incorporating environmental
issues in business curricula.

Baldwin, J. "Green Cars." Garbage 5, no. 3
(June/July 1993): 24-29. [IV]

Subtitle: "You can't drive your way to a pristine
planet, but 'incremental improvements' continue."
Article describes some of the new developments
that are making automobiles more environmentally
friendly. Thes" include: electric powered vehicles,
alternative fuels (compressed natural gas, hydrogen),
photovoltaic cars, and high mileage cars.

Baucus, Max. "Environmental Technology and the
Economy.* EPA Journal 19, no. 3 (July 1993): 36-
37. [l.C]

Subtitle "A national strategy is needed." The author,
then-chair of the U.S. Senate Committee on Environ-
ment and Public Works, describes the current situa-
tion with the development of environmental protec-
tion technologies and proposes mechanisms for the
U.S. government to encourage further development.

Bernards,  Neal, ed. The Environmental Crisis—
Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven
Press, 1991. [IV]

Includes, among other issues, pro and con statements
about the  effects of low-input fanning, cloth diapers,
alternative fuels, and government intervention vs.
radical activism to protect the environment. Also
includes stand-alone pieces on citizen action, inter-
national cooperation, source reduction, and ending
production of toxic wastes.

 Betts, Kellyn S. "The Coming Green Computers."
 E Magazine 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 28-35.  [IV]

 Article describes the U.S. EPA's Energy Star pro-
 gram, a voluntary federal program that encourages
 computer manufacturers to make monitors and
 system units that "sleep" if not used for a period
 of time, and laser printers that are relatively energy
 efficient. The article continues with a discussion of
 the'computer industry, including the radiation
 emissions from monitors, packaging, toxic manufac-
 turing processes, and recycling old computer parts.
                                                                                  Annotated Bibliography • 2
                                                                                         December 1994

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Browner  Carol M. 'Pollution Prevention Takes
Center Stage." EPA Jduma/19, no. 3 JJuly'1.993):'
6-e: [in.B]

Subtitle: :"No longer confined to special projects, the.
new approach will be integrated into all programs."
Brief article describing the steps U.S. EPA is taking
to incorporate P2 across its entire mission.  (Author
b Administrator of U.S. EPA).  •

Byers,  R. Lee. "Regulatory Barriers to Pollution
Prevention." Air & Waste (Journal of the Air and
Waste  Management Association) 41, no. 4 (1991):
418-422. [I.C]r.   .

Describes the steps EPA could take to make a
pollution prevention/waste minimization policy
more amenable to industry.  In particular, the
author argues that EPA does not give adequate
recognition of the environmental benefits from
reuse, recycling, and waste-to-energy strategies.
Other related regulatory barriers are also described.
Gives examples in the aluminum, woodtreating,
chemical, and petroleum industries, describing
wastes and specific barriers.

Caplan, Ruth, and the staff of Environmental Action.
Our Earth, Our Selves: The Action Oriented Guide
to Help You Protect and Preserve Our Planet. New
York: Bantam Books, 1990. [III.C]

Gives  background on environmental problems and
suggests individual and political action strategies.
Topics include global warming, the ozone layer, air
pollution, toxics, solid waste, radioactive waste, and
global environmental issues. Grassroots-oriented.

Carpi  John. "Green Batteries: Powering Innovation."
 EMagazine 5, no. 2 (March 1994):'46-47, 67. [IV]

 Briefly describes the environmental impacts of bat-
 tery landfilling or incineration.  Discusses programs
 to handle old batteries and new battery technologies,
 including Ray-O-Vac's "Renewal" rechargeable alka-
 line battery and rechargeable lithium batteries.
 Mentions both household and automobile batteries.
Carson, Patrick, and Julia Moulden. Green is Gold:
Business Talking to Business About the Environ-
mental Revolution. Toronto: HarperBusiness,
HarperCollins, 1991 .[\\\.A]

Engaging book describing the greening of the busi-
ness sector and citizens.  Besides an introduction
about "why be green," the book provides advice on
green strategies, green products (particularly the
Canadian grocer Loblaws' G.R.E.E.N. line), environ-
mental audits, green manufacturing, etc.  Published
in Canada but relevant throughout North America.

Casler, Stephen D. "Budget Reallocation and the
Peace Dividend: Energy and Pollution Tradeoffs."
Energy.Policy.19 (September 1991): 666-669. [i.C]

Abstract: '"This paper deals with measurement of the
energy and pollution costs associated with various
budgetary categories, including defense, educ~Jc_.
and other nondefense components of expenditure.".
.. Empirical estimates show that budgetary reallo-
cation away from defense can result in important  •
reductions in energy-use and pollution emissions."

Cebon, Peter. "Corporate Obstacles to Pollution
Prevention." EPA Journal 1,9, no. 3 (July 1993):
20-22. [III.A]

Subtitle: "The sociology of the workplace is just as
important as technical solutions."  Uses organiza-
tional culture perspective to explain why imple-
menting business P2 programs can be difficult.
Identifies three "realities of organizational life";
(1) The cultures of organizations can effectively limit
their perspectives; (2) in many organizations, it is
very difficult to get information tp the right people
 at the right time; and (3) many aspects of organiza-
 tional life are very political.

 Cohen, Mark A. Management 5596: Management of
 Environmental Issues (syllabus). Vanderbilt University,'
 Nashville, March 1993. [V.A]

 Detailed course description for what could be called
  "environmental studies for business students." Gives
  an introduction to environmental issues; business
  and environmental  institutions in the U.S.; public
  policy analysis of environmental issues (including
  cost/benefit analysis, risk, economic efficiency,
  enforcement of environmental' laws); case studies;
  green marketing; green finance & accounting; and
  global issues: Has a lengthy description of goals
  and and grading procedures.
                                                                                  Annotated Bibliograpny • 3
                                                                                         December 1994

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 Commoner. Barry. Making Peace With the Planet.
 New York; The New Press, 1992. [I.C]

 .Influential and controversial book, with the per-
 spective of the producer as the root of all the environ-
 mental problems.  Author focuses on changing or
 .abolishing polluting production processes and
 radically reforming political and economic systems.
 Criticizes EPA's approach to P2 as not forceful
 enough. Gives background and perspective to the
 current situation.  Alarmist in general tone.

 Conn. David W., ed. Energy and Material Resources:
 Attitudes, Values,  and Public Policy. AAAS Selected
. Symposium 75. Boulder. Westview Press, 1983,[III.C]

 A collection of-papers examining social and political
 science unn'"-at:  
-------
     Assessment.
Technoiogy27, no. 3 (1993).
                                       qoc j
                                       LCA,
       Contention B*tevioT.' Environment and
SehaWof 25, no. 4 (July 1993):- 485-505. [HKC]

  "big-picture" scholarly article that introduces the
restrictions (See also Wang and White & Shapiro.)
resmcnon*. v^         5               r

Dake  Karl "Myths of Nature: Culture and the Social
Characterizes behavior change techniques according


people, or environmental influence). Assesses the
effectiveness of these techniques by examining dura-
bility of the behavior change plus four other criteria.
       examines the cultural contexts of risk and
           Z*'p with nature, providing insight
on the attitudes different groups may have toward
P2  Proposes five cultural patterns, using a two-
oir.ensi^matrix of "grid" (degree of social
prescriptions allowed) and "group" (group identity).
prescnpuuio       /      e>   r   er

1. High grid and high group culrtires are hierardu-
  cally arranged; «tu« is robus^d^^but
  only up to a pomt, hence the need for sustainable
  development.
     .NR561JNR361: Conservation Benavor.
     University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 1 993. [V.A]
Detailed syllabus of
reduction and
ccmservafaon-betavior  Focuses on changmg
individual behavior,
are more prominent
Also includes an extensive reading list.
                                   Living
                                   ConSrvation
         . Jouma, onWronmertta/ Systems 20
 (1991): 215-227. [III.C]
   mental management.
 3. Individualists are low grid and low group; they
   see nature as benign. Deregulation is the appropri-
   ate risk management strategy since they view indi-
   vidual judgement as superior to collective control.
                 •   .  -. '   •   '     •'
 4. Fatalistic cultures^ high grid and low group, see
  ' nature as capricious. Their cultural bias rationalizes
   isolation and, along with it, stringent control.
                            L   .                 ,
  5. Autonomy is a fifth group that is completely
   lacking in any social patterns, e.g., "asocial.
  urveys showing constructs of conservation behavior.

 Design for Recycling Team. Teaching Environ-
 mentally Responsible Design. Shirley T. Fleischman,
 ed. Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids,
 Michigan, 22 October 1 992. FV.A]

 A. thick notebook of original and copied materials,
 resembling a coursepack for an undergraduate engi-
 neering design class; also useful for non-engineering
  snidente. The ethics chapter includes an essay, creeds,
 -codes, and ethical mission statements for engineers,
  along with discussion questions. Essays in the chap-
  ter on secondary materials cover designing for re-
  covery and reuse.  The "Paper vs. Polystyrene Cups"
  chapter is a teaching module for a thermodynamics
  course. The paper-making chapter includes two
  classroom projects: one is paper-making for engineers,
  the other examines secondary materials from an
  engineering economics perspective. There is also a
  "Design for Disassembly" freshman curriculum unit.
                                 Annotated Bibliography • 5
                                       December 1994

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[III.A]
tote*™



                       es cateorized
a    137 source reduction activities categorized by
technique used" (pp. 52-S7).

Duming, -an T. How Much Is Enough? The
 Cramer Society and the Future ofthe Earth.
 New York: W.W. Norton, 1992. llll.C]
 Short book presenting an argument




 SrjSSTfoodU transportation, P^"**'
 etc Concludes with suggestions for reorienting
 s^iety Awards more sustainable consumption
 patterns. Provocative.

 nvllick Thomas. "Ecological Marketing Strategy for
 ?oV SvoSSTm Sw^Han^u^ of e^ness
 a/7/cs 8 (August 1989): 657-662. [HI.A]

                   bing a Swiss dairy coope rative's
            improvements among the entire Swiss
            or without the need for regulatory
            An effective marketing strategy was
   essential for the glass containers' success.
   1989. flll.C]

   Gives an introduction to major environmental
   problems, then 50 "things to do.   Bad. action
   Includes background information, did you know .
   type facts, and recommended actions.
     The Student Environmental Action Guide:
 25'Things We Can Do. Berkeley, CA: Earthworks
 Press, 1991. [IH.C]

 Describes waste reduction, energy conservation and
 other environmentally sound activities that can be
 implemented on college campuses and other schools.

 Elkington, John, Julia Hailes, and Joel Makower The
 Green Consumer. New York: Penguin, 1990. [III.C]

 Guide to green products and environmentauy
 responsible actions individuals can take. Topics
 include automobiles, food, household products,
 garden arc1 pet supplies, gifts, home energy and
 'rurni*. ingi, "personal care products, and green
 travel Also discusses how to get more involved.

  Flavin, Christopher. -Jump Start: The New'Automo-
  tive RevolutionL" WorldlVate/>6, no. 4 (July 1993):
  27-33.  [IV1

  Introduction: "Super-efficient, non-polluting cars
  S^olongerjustVdreamdeferred.  At last, the first
  generation of environmentaUy responsible cars is on
  the way."

  Fleischman, Marvin. Pollution Prevention, Waste
  Treatment, and Disposal (syllabus). University of
  Louisville, Kentucky, March 1993. [V.A]
  Detailed syllabus for an introductory P2 engineering
   course. Lists many handouts about current topics in
   the news. Includes several engineering homework
   problems. The course covers fundamental issues
   such as definitions in more depth than similar
   engineering courses.

   Forester. William S., and John H. Skinner. Waste
   Minimization  and Clean Technology: Waste Manage-
    ment Strategies for the Future. San Diego: Academic
    Press, Inc., 1992. [III.A]

    Representation of recent examples of what industry
    is doing to promote a safe environment. Lists
    specific examples and international programs,
    which include: low waste technologies; economic
    aspects of waste minimization; implementation of
„   technology;  legislation; programs in China, Cuba
' "  and France; the role of research and development;
     the pollution prevention program of the EPA; and
     product design in waste  minimization. Industries
     discussed include: electroplating, pulp and paper,
     chemical, oil and petroleum, and pharmaceutical.
                                                                                  Annotated Bibliography • 6

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 Frankenfeld," Philip. 'Simple Gifts: Complex Environ-
 mental Hazards and the Responsibility to Leave a
 Controllable World." Futures 25, no. 1 ,(1993): 32-
 52. [II.A]              .  , -           . ' ":  •  "

 Scholarly article from an ethical and theoretical politi-
 cal science perspective. Argues that .there is a moral
 obligation to leave future generations a world that
 is as livable as the present world. Livability encom--
 passes material resources and pollution as well as
 -time and money resources.  Author calls for "simple
 gifts," e.g., pursuing simplicity over complexity, as a
 morally superior and politically feasible strategy.   .
        A.        "                  "
 Freeman, Harry, Teresa Harten, Johnny Springer,
 Paul Randall, Mary Ann Curran, and Kenneth Stone.
 "Industrial Pollution Prevention: A Critical Review."
 Air'and Waste (Journal of the Air and Waste Man-
 .•agernrT./ —3C,. ion) 42, no. 5 (19si2): 618-656. [I.C]

 Comprehensive review of the industrial P2 topic.
 Many citations. Emphasizes the prevention of
 pollution closer t-j its point of origin to eliminate
 transfers between media. Included are descriptions
' of the following pollution prevention programs and
 laws:  Clean Air Act; Pollution Prevention Act; U.S.
 EPA and their pollution  prevention strategy; various
 industrial programs; and various local, state, and
 federal programs. Other topics discussed include
 cost effectiveness, incentives and barriers regarding
 P2, and the importance of product design and life
 cycle assessment. (See also Purcell.)

  Garfield, Bob. "Beware:  Green Overkill."
  Advertising Age (25 January 1991): 26. [III.A]

  Subtitle: "Touting a product's environmental benefits
  in ads is all well and good. Being crassly opportu-
  nistic about the ecological movement is something
  else." Short article indicating that some marketing   .
  personnel have pushed  the limits of "eco-marketing"
  with general, unsubstantiated claims. Qives movie
  review-style ratings for  four different advertisements
  on their environmental worthiness.

  Gasbarro, Ron. "Getting Rid of Batteries."
  Garbage 3, no. 5 (September 1991): 42-43. [IV]

  Brief primer on household and automobile batteries.
   Distinguishes between primary batteries, which are
   used once and thrown away, and secondary^batteries,
   which are rechargeable. Mentions several develop-
 •  ments to make batteries more environmentally
   friendly. "       -
 Geiser, Ken. The Greening of Industry."
 Technology Review 94 (August 1991): 64-72. .[ili.A]

 Article describes how toxics use reduction (TUR) -
 and P2 laws in the states and in federal government
 are helping lead the transformation to more sustain-
 able materials and technologies. Critical features of
 "sustainable industry" include:  appropriate tech-
 nologies, environmentally safe and compatible
 materials, products to meet basic social needs and
 some individual wants, low- and no-waste produc-
'tion processes, safe working conditions, energy
 efficiency, and resource conservation. Describes
 TUR and P2 laws in several states. Advocates a
 precautionary principle for eliminating or reducing
 environmental emissions.  Mentions "clean technol-
 ogy" and explains vvhy industry has been reluctant
 to invest in it. Concludes with a comment on using
 the LC.  frair ework as a tool for sustainable Jndustry.

 Goldstein,  Nora. "Marketing Strategy for Green Prod-
 ucts."  In Business 12, no. 3 (May 1990): 38-39. mi-A]

 Brief article describing the conference presentation
 of a marketing firm representative. Discusses
• diffusion of innovations and psyche-graphics—
 "understanding consumer goals, motivations, and
 values and how these drive their lifestyles." Useful
 chart that compares seven psychographic profiles
 with willingness to be innovators. Discusses the
 need.for a long-term marketing strategy approach.

 Goodland, Robert. The Case That the World Has
 Reached Limits." In Population, Technology, and
 Lifestyle: The Transition to Sustainability, pp. 3-22.
 Robert Goodland, Herman E. Daly, and Salah El
 Sarafey, edS; Washington: Island Press, 1992. [I.A]

 Gives five compelling arguments for the case that
  global physical and ecological sustainability is
  threatened: biomass appropriation by human activity,
  global warming, ozone rupture, land degradation,
  and decrease in biodiversity.

  Gore, Ai. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the
   Human Spirit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,, 1992. [I.A]

   Written before Gore was elected Vice-President, this
   book for general audiences combines scientific evi-
   dence with the author's  personal convictions about
   the precarious nature of human sustainability. The
   first section examines the sastainability issue, using
   various resource and pollution issues—climate, water
   resources and pollution, air pollution, wastes, and
                                                                                   Annotated Bibliography • 7
                                                                                          December 1994

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food resources—to illustrate the author's concern.
The second and third sections axe a search for bal-'
ance, utilizing such tools as democracy, environmen-
tal economics, technology, psychology, spirituality,
and social forces.  P2 does not appear as a chapter or
section, but rather as underlying theme to promote
an appropriate human-environment balance.

The Green Revolution: Procter & Gamble." Adver-
tising Age. 62, no. 5 (29 January 1991): 16, 34. [IV]

Describes rising public concern with disposable dia-
pers and the "garbage crisis" in general. Discusses
P&G's move towards composting (and recycling)
disposable diapers as a solution. Mentions industry-
cotrunissioned studies that show neither disposable
nor reusable diapers ?re clearly superior.

Habicht,  F. Henry II. EPA Definition of "Pollution
Prevention" (internal memo to all EPA personnel).
28 May 1992. [key doc.]

Clarifying note about what the U.S EPA officially
considers pollution prevention. Cites the 1990
Pollution Prevention Act and other sources.

Hanlor., Deborah, and Julie Bartenstein. Teaching
 Those Humans to Learn: Creative Approaches to
 Pollution Prevention Training. Washington:  EPA,
 August 1992. [V.A]

 Internal EPA compilation contains guidelines for a
 three-hour training session introducing new EPA
 employees to the concept of pollution prevention.
 The session covers introductions, concepts of P2,
 barriers and incentives, ways to prevent pollution,
 and P2 resources. Includes a number of helpful
 pointers. Accompanying this are a set of 17 P2 role-
 playing exercises from a variety of sources. Most of
 the scenarios are at the manufacturing level. Docu-
 mentation for some exercises is better than others.

 Harris. Mark. "Bright Makes Blight." E Magazine 4,
 no. 6 (November 1993): 51-52. [IV]

 Subtitle: "Laundering strategies that won't take the
 earth to the cleaners." Briefly describes some of the
 environmental effects of clothes washing and the $4
 billion laundry detergent business, including water
 consumption, water heating costs, detergent pro-
  duction, water pollution, and dry cleaning solvents.
  Goes on to describe ways to make clothes washing
  as environmentally benign as possible, including
total omission of phosphates, true biodegradeabality,
concentrated detergents, and recycled packaging.
For clothes washing, the article includes recommenda-
tions for using less water and lowering temperature
settings; for drying, using energy sensors to cut
off dryers when done, or using clotheslines. Also
recommends limiting dry cleaning or using an
"Ecoclean" non-toxic dry-cleaning alternative.

Harris, Mark D. Embracing the Earth: Choices for
Environmentally Sound Living. Chicago: The Noble
Press, 1991. [III.C]

Book describing actions individuals can take to re-
duce their use of materials (wastes), toxics, water,
and energy. Includes sections on transportation, eco-
logical educe tion, and environmental organizations.

Hawken, Paul. "A  Declaration of Sustainability." Utne
Reader, no. 59 (September 1993): 54-61. [IIUA]  .

Article claiming that the socially responsible corpo-
ration is a have-youroke-and-eat-it-too myth. The
author's agenda for reform includes:
•  adjusting  the price of goods to reflect true
   "environmental and other social costs;
•  incrementally replacing the present U.Sxtax
   system with revenue-neutral "green fees";
•  rearranging the linear industrial economy
   into a nature-mimicking cyclical system
    [industrial ecology];
 •   designing for decomposition, closed-loop reuse/
    recycling, and toxic materials stewardship;
 • . restoring the balance between commerce (busi-
    ness sector) and the guardian (government); and
 •  shifting from  electronic literacy to biologic literacy
 The author also has written The Ecology of Commerce
 C1993), which covers these topics in more detail.

 Hayes,  Dennis. "Energy, Environment, and
 Architecture." Keynote speech, American Institute
 of Architects, Committee on the Environment.
 Atlanta,'Georgia, 6 December 1991. [I.C]

 Text of a keynote speech given to an environmental
  architecture conference. More a commentary about
  the United States' myopic energy policy than about
  architecture. Calls for significant increases in
  efficiency and uses vivid numbers to point out
  different rates of energy usage around the world.
                                                                                   Annotated Bibliography • 8
                                                                                          December 1994

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 Henion, Ka'rl E., and Thomas C. Kinnear, eds. The
 Conserver Society.  Chicago: American Marketing
.Association, 1.979. [III.A]                      :

 Collection of conference papers examining what
 might now be called "sustainable living" from the  ^
 business perspective.  The 1970s "conserver society"
 concept is dated, although it can be compared with
 .the 1990's "green consumer" movement noted by
 marketing .departments. The variety of papers also
 reflects the tug between business school social scien-
 tists, liberal arts social scientists, and practitioners.

 Hileman,  Bette. "UN Environment Program Pushes
 for Cleaner Production." Chemical and Engineering
 News 70. no. 48 (30 November i 992): 17-21. [I.C]

 Coverage of a UN Environmental Program (XJNEP)
 sponsored international conference on cleaner pro-
 duction.  Describes programs in The Netherlands,
 Poland, and China that are being used to foster the
 spread of cleaner production techniques. Mentions
 obstacles, especially in less-developed countries.

 Hirschhom, Joel S., and Kirsten U. Oldenburg.
 Prosperity Without Pollution: The Prevention
 Strategy for Industry and Consumers. New York:
 Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. [key doc.]

 Comprehensive book that could be used either as
 general reading or as a textbook for a P2 course.
 .Covers manufacturing, commercial, government,
 and consumer perspectives of P2. Thorough intro-.
 duction to the P2 concept in the first chapter. Other
 specific topics include: sustainability and P2, stages
 of and obstacles to a P2 program, generation rates of
 wastes and toxics, individual P2 practices, pesticides
 and P2, ozone-depleting chemicals and.P2, and P2
 policy.  Little specific discussion of life cycle impacts.
 Well researched.

  Hocking, Martin B. "Paper Versus Polystyrene: A
  Complex Choice." Science 251 (1991): 504-505. [II.B1

  Widely  circulated brief article that illustrates the use
  of  life cycle assessment. From the analysis given,
  plastic cups are clearly more environmentally benign
  than paper cups, Useful in showing that one's
  intuition is sometimes incorrect.  [See also Wells
 ' etal-l
Holmes, Hannah. "Eating Low on the Food Chain."
Garbage 4, no. 1 (January 1992): 32-37, [IV]

Article describing the environmental effects, including
both resource use and pollution, of meat consumption.
Also mentions human health effects. Notes that veg-
etarianism is more environmentally beneficial, pro-
motes better health, and is less expensive than eating
meat  Gives general recommendations for preventing
pollution by eating less meat and more plant products.
Includes charts and sources for more information.

.	. Telecommuting." Garbage 5, no. 2 (April
1993): 32-37. [IV]

Subtitle: "Yes it saves gasoline, air pollution,
driving time, and stress—wait—does it save stress?"
Article outlines the advantages and disadvantages
of telecc m nuting—doing "office work" at home.
Gives practical advice on setting up a home office.

Holmes, Hannah, and Patricia Popre. "Packaging
in the '90s." Garbage 4, no. 6 (January 1993): 24-r
31. [IV]

Article discussing the status of current ^packaging
issues from an environmental perspective. Authors'
perspective is that many types of packaging are not
as environmentally harmful as is commonly per-
ceived. Discusses the demise of most refillable
containers. Also mentions "lightweighting" and
"concentrates," two packaging reduction strategies
that have gained considerable acceptance by busi-
ness. Describes other package reduction examples
and policy initiatives to regulate packaging.

 Holusha,  John. "Diaper Debate: Cloth or Dispos-
 able?"  New York Times (14 July 1990): Section 1,
 p. 46, col. 1. [IV]                -

 Newspaper article using cloth and disposable
 diapers as an example to show how the life cycle „-
 assessment methodology can be controversial..

 "How To Get Industry to Clean Up On Its Own."
  Business Week (7 June 1993): 122. [I.C]

  Short editorial noting that the information disclosure
  aspect of the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) is prompt-
  ing some companies to voluntarily decrease their
  emissions of toxic substances.. Recommends a
  similar approach for future EPA efforts, rather than
  the traditional "command-and-control" pollution
  control regulations.                 .
                                                                                   Annotated Bibliography • 9
                                                                                          December 1994

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Hume, Scott. The Green Revolution: McDonald's."
Advertising Age 62, no. 5 (29 January 1991): 32. [IV]

Short article discussing the hamburger chain's
commitment to the environment. McDonald's had
switched from paperboard to foam polystyrene ham-
burger wrappers after a 1970s life-cycle assessment
indicated the latter was environmentally preferable.
The company's switch to paper wraps was due to
public concern over the foam plastic and the paper
wraps' lower overall environmental impacts. Also
mentions McRecycle program to buy $100 million
worth of recycled items for building and remodeling.

Jamieson, Dale, and Klasina VanderWerf. Cultural .
Barriers to Behavioral Change: General Recommen--
datlcns and Resources for State Pollution Prevention
Pr>jc.a.i   loi  ler: Center for V&iues and Social-
Policy, Juiy 1993. [key. doc.]

Report of an EPA-sponsored project that takes a new
perspective on 12. Summarizes decades of psycho-
logical, sociological, and other social science research
on environmentally beneficial behavior change.
Integrates the relatively new P2 approach and the
research literature with a lengthy introduction of P2
as a cultural and behavioral issue. Concluded with
16 recommendations to overcome cultural barriers to
P2 and proposes a research agenda. An annotated
bibliography comprises more than half the report.
Includes a short executive summary.

Kane,  Hal. "Put It on My Carbon Tab." Worfd Watch
6. no. 3 (1993): 38-39. [lll.C]

Short article that examines the amount of carbon
dioxide each person is directly or indirectly respon-
sible for generating.

 Kenworthy, Lauren, and Eric Schaeffer. Preventing In-
 dustrial Toxic Hazards. New York: INFORM, 1993. [lll.C]

 A guide to help concerned individuals leam how to
 use the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and other data
 to understand the operations and toxic discharges of
 local plants. Methods are offered for building positive
 communications with plant officials and for gathering
 the information necessary to assess source reduction
 efforts. Explains the source reduction concept and
 contrasts this with pollution control. Outlines tech-
 niques and strategies of a company source reduction
 program. Provides step-by-step process for studying
 local  plants; mentions legislative approaches to
 source reduction. Appendices detail.the TRI.
Keoleian, Gregory A., and Dan Menerey. "Dispos-
able vs. Reusable Systems: Two Source Reduction
Case Studies." Journal of Environmental Systems
20 (1991): 3*43-357. [IV]

First of two articles examining 1) replacing poly-
styrene foam dishware with washable ceramic
dishes at a hospital, and 2) replacing disposable
diapers with washable cotton diapers at a day-care
center. The case studies include a description as
well as process and cost analyses.

	. Life Cycle Design Guidance Manual: Envi-
ronmental Requirements and the Product System.
(EPA/600/R-92/226). Cincinnati: EPA, Office of
Research and Development, Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, January 1993. [H.BJ

Provides a framework for incorporating environ-
mental requirements into product system design.
Emphasizes that all four components of product
systems (product, process, distribution, and
management/information) should be integrated in
design.  Suggests that, whenever possible, design
activities should encompass all life cycle stages
from raw materials acquisition through processing,
manufacturing, use/service, resource recovery, and
disposal of all residuals.  Provides matrices for
developing and evaluating life cycle environmental
requirements, then coordinating these with perfor-
mance, cost, legal, and cultural requirements. Lists
and discusses strategies for reducing product
systems' environmental impacts.  Introduces life
cycle assessment (both inventory and impact analysis
stages) as a possible evaluation tool in design while
also suggesting alternative or more streamlined
methods. A summary of major environmental laws,
overview of environmental impacts, and primer on
decision-making models are included as appendices.

 	. "Packaging and Process Improvements: Three
 Source Reduction Case Studies." Journal of Environ-
 mental Systems 21. no. 1 (1992-92): 21-37. [IV]

 Second of two articles examining (1) bulk merchan-
 dising at a cooperative grocery, (2) process improve-
 ments and packaging reduction at a large office
 furniture manufacturer, and (3) a department store
 chain's use of shredded waste paper as a packing
 material. The case studies include a description as
 well as process and cost analyses.
                                                                                Annotated Bibliography • 10
                                                                                        Decembar 1994

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	. -Sustainable Development by Design: Review
of Life Cycle Design and Related Approaches." Air
and Waste (Journal of the Air and Waste Manage-
ment Association) 44 (May 1994): 645-668. [II.B]

From the abstract:, "Necessary changes to achieve a
more sustainable system will require that environmen-
tal issues be more effectively addressed in design....
Although not yet fully embraced by industry, the
product life cycle system is becoming widely recog-
nized as a useful design framework for understanding
the links among-societal needs, economic systems
and their environmental consequences.... Life
cycle design (LCD), Design for Environment (DFE),
and related initiatives based on product life cycle are
emerging as systematic approaches for integrating
environmental issues into design. This review pre-
sents the life cycle design framework developed fpr
the U.S. EPA as a structure for discussing environ-
mental design literature. Specifying environmental
requirements and evaluation metrics are essential
elements of designing for sustainable development  (
A major challenge for successful design is choosing
appropriate strategies for reducing environmental
burden	The future of life cycle design and
sustainable development depends on education,
government policy and regulations, and industry
leadership, but fundamental changes in societal
values and behavior will ultimately determine the
fate of the planet's life support system. ".

Kidd, David. Industrial Waste Reduction: A Three-
Credit University Curriculum for Environmental
Engineering.  Alaska Health Project, Anchorage,
October 1991. (V.A)

A comprehensive, introductory, graduate course
outline. Although oriented toward engineering
. students, parts of the -curriculum are relevant to
non-engineering majors. Gives 15 weekly lesson
 plans, each of which includes: readings, additional
 instructor references, objectives, class activities
 (lecture notes, etc.), and homework. Some of the
 lecture outlines are quite extensive, and a number
 of homework problems include worked solutions.
 Main "focus is hazardous wastes. Lengthy notes and
 homework problems on waste reduction approaches
 (week 5); waste reduction-assessments (6); used oil
 (10); solvents (11); and rinsing systems (12).
Kleiner, Art. "Compact Packaging for-the Compact
Disk." Garbage 3, no. 6 (November 1991): 50-51.
Short article describing the effort underway to get
rid of the 5" x 11" "long box" that has enshrouded
compact disks. Several alternatives are mentioned,
with the most promising selection reusable long
boxes that are removed from the take home "jewel
boxes" at the check-out counter. [Since this article .
Was written, almost all CD manufacturers have
stopped using the long box and have taken the
article's example.]

Kling, David J., and Eric Schaeffer. "EPA's Figship
Programs." EPA Journal 19, no. 3 (July 1993): 26-
30. [III.B]

Subtitle: "Existing programs promote pollution
prevention in innovative ways." Article giving one-
to two-paragraph descriptions of numerous U.S. .
EPA pollution prevention programs. The sections -
and programs include:
  I. Integrating P2 into EPA's Mainstream Activities:
    (a) Source Reduction Review Project, and (b)P2
    in Enforcement Settlement Policy.
 II. State and Local Partnerships: (a) P2 Incentives
    for the States and (b) Multimedia Grants.
 ffl. Private Partnerships to Develop Innovative
    Cross-Media Approaches: (a) 33/50 Program;
    (b) Green Lights Program; (c) Energy Star
    Computers; (d) Design for the Environment;
    (e) EPA-GSA Cleaners Project; and (f) Water
    Alliances for Voluntary Efficiency.
 TV. Cooperative Efforts With Other Federal Agencies:
     (a) Agriculture in Concertwith the Environment,
     and (b) National Industrial Competitiveness
     through Efficiency: Energy, Environment, and
     Economics.
  V.  Identify, Generate, and Transfer Information:
     (a) The Toxics Release Inventory; (b) Pollution
   ,  Prevention Information Clearinghouse.
 VI. Partnerships in Technological Information:
     Clean Technologies Program.
 Also includes EPA contact information for each of
 these programs.
                                                                                Annotated Bibliograpny -11
                                                                                       December 1994
                                                                                                 3

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Kosnland Jr.. Daniel F, The Dirty Air Act" (editorial).
Science 249 (28 September 1990): 1481. [II.C]

Short note about the use of life-cycle assessment
in the debate over disposable and cotton diapers.
Comments that even though the results are far
from clear, using LCA is a much more level-headed
approach than the usual political approach to
environmental controversies.

Lai, On-Kwok. "Making Sense of the Greening of
Consumption and  Production." Journal of Cleaner
Production 1, no. 1 (1993): 43-47. [III.C]

Describes the relationships between green consump-
v-ion and green production. Examines the issue  from
 . social/political studies perfective. Spotlights the
provision of green products in Germany, both offi-
cially labelled as such and informally labelled.  The
author concludes by stating that green products
and green labelling are not just a result of advertising
and marketing, but a manifestation of a "new ad-
vanced eco-cultural project, 'Saving our Earth.'"

Larson, Eric D., Marc H. Ross, and Robert H. Williams.
"Beyond the Era of Materials." Scientific American
254, no. 6 (1986): 34-41. [I.A]

 Subtitle: "The industrial nations now face a historic
 change: economic growth is no longer accompanied
 bv increased consumption of basic materials. The
 economic outlook depends on the capacity to adapt
 to this shift."  Emphasizes efficiency improvements
 as the driving force for decreasing per-capita con-
 sumption of materials. Discusses the implications
 of this nevi   '.^formation Era" on several specific
 industries and society in general.

 Lave, Lester B., Chris Hendrickson. and Francis C.
 McMichael. "Recycling Decisions and Green De-
 sign." Environmental Science and Technology 28,
 no. 1  (1994): 18A-24A. [I.A]

  Takes a life-cycle impact approach to recycling.
  Shows that design-for-recycling can'be a pollution
  prevention activity.

  Lefferts. Lisa Y., and Roger Blobaum.."Eating as if
  the Earth Mattered." E Magazine 3, no. 1 (January
  1992): 30-37, [IV]

  Introduction' "Environmentally savvy consumers
  steer clear of toxic cleaners, bleached coffee filters
and plastic bags at the supermarket, and fret about
the recyclability of containers.  But most of us barely
give the environment a second thought when it
comes to choosing food, the product we buy most
often at the grocery store.  But besides profoundly
affecting our health, our food choices greatly affect
the environment." Mentions pesticides and other
chemicals used in producing food, the benefits of
organic farming, the connections between diet,
human health, and the environment, and the
advantages of locally  grown produce.

Lehrburgur, Carl. Diapers  in the Waste Stream:
A Review of Waste Management and Public Policy
Issues. Sheffield, MA: Carl Lehrberger, 1989. [IV]

Cottc.-. diaper industry-sponsored report indicating
that cotton diapers are environmentally preferable
to disposable diapers.

Lewis, Eleanor J., and Eric Weltman.  Forty Ways to
Make Government Purchasing Green. Washington:
Center for the Study of Responsive Law, 1992. [II.B]

Describes 40 specific suggestions at all levels of
government to make  environmental protection
improvements. Divided into three sections: solid
waste reduction, energy efficiency, and pollution
prevention.  Includes numerous examples, contact
information,  and additional resources.

Lieberman, Joseph I. "Why Not Require Pollution
 Prevention Planning?" EPA Journal 19, no. 3 (July
 1993):  34-35. [I.C]

 Subtitle: "Required analysis would help companies
 find ways to cut waste."  Short article describing the
 author's draft U.S. Senate bill to require companies
 to submit pollution prevention plans. The author is
 concerned about "command and control" issues,
 and explains that the bill would not stipulate P2
 performance requirements.' Instead, the aim of his
 bill is to stimulate businesses, particularly small and
 medium sized companies,  to examine options for
  preventing  pollution.

  Lifset, Reid. "Greener Than Thou Wars—Raising
  the Ante for Life Cycle Analyses." Biocycle 32
  (April 1991): 76-77: [II.C]

  Short article describing  the controversy with'
  competing  LCA methodologies and results.
                                                                                 Annotated Bibliography • 12
                                                                                       •  December 1994

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Lis, James, and Kenneth Chilton. "Limits to Pollution
Prevention." Society 30, no. 3 (1993): 49-55. [I.C]

Critical article arguing that the fixed pollution pre-
vention / recycling/disposal hierarchy and other
mandated prevention approaches are not always
economically efficient nor scientifically justifiable.
Authors note1 that pollution in the U.S. causes a
small percentage of all cancer deaths, despite per-
ceptions to the contrary. While not criticizing die
goal of reduced pollution, authors point out the.
cost of preventing pollution may be greater than
the benefits. Prescriptive approaches to P2, such as
mandatory P2 planning, required process changes,
and burdensome reporting requirements, represent
unwarranted expansion of governmental influence
and can place U.S. firms at international competitive
disadvantage. Instead, they call for flexible, market-
oriented approaches to pollution control such as
EPA's 33/50 industrial toxics reduction program.

Letter, Donald W. EarthScore: Your Personal Envi-
ronmental Audit & Guide. Lafayette, CA: Morning
Sun Press, 1993. [III.C]
         ':       '            .*•,':
A guidebook for determining one's personal "Earth-
Score."  By answering questions in 14 sections, one
can determine a total "impact" and "action" rating—-
and a label such as "Hco-Titan" or "Eco-Tyrannosaurus
rex." Each question also includes a paragraph de-
scribing the nature of the environmental impact and
suggested resources.  The methodology for.deteraunT
ing the environmental impacts is based on published
information but cannot be considered rigorous life
cycle assessment. Impact categories include: house-
hold energy, water use, transportation, durable goods
use, food and agricultural products, paper and forest
products, toxics, waste, environmental advocacy,
 respect for the land, livelihood, and family planning.
 The author has also created EnviroAccqunt, a per-
 sonal computer program with the same purpose.

 Lovins, Amory B. "Abating Air Pollution at Negative
 Cost Via Energy Efficiency." Environmental Profes-
 sidnal 12 (April 1990): 164-168. [I.C]

 Introduction: "Although abating urban smog, acid
 precipitation; global wanning, and other results of
  air pollution is ... assumed to require costly techno-
  logical investments or inconvenient lifestvle changes
  or both, new developments in efficient end-use of
  energy can now reduce e.missions even more at zero
  or negatiy. net internal cost to society, while .provid-
 . ing. unchanged or improved services to customers."
Maxwell, James/Lola Matysiak, Jennifer Nash, and
John Ehrenfeld. "Case Study: Preventing Waste
Beyond Company Walls: P&Q's Response to the
Need for Environmental Quality," Pollution Prevention
Review 3, no. 3 (June 1993): 317-333. [W.A]

Describes the efforts of consumer products sector
corporation Proctor & Gamble to reduce solid waste
and other forms of pollution. Mentions such projects
as eliminating phosphates from detergents in the
1970s, using recycled plastic packaging, marketing
detergent refill units, reducing deodorant packaging,
combining shampoo and conditioner products, and
composting disposable diapers. Discusses how
P&G develops and markets its products, and how
environmental concerns are part of the decision-
making process!             .

McDonald's Corporation and the Environmental
Defense Fund. Waste Reduction Task Force: '-
Final Report. 1991.[I".A]

Comprehensive report covering the innovative
waste reduction partnership between a for-profit cor-
poration and a not-for-profit environmental group.
Details the packaging and other waste sources in
the McDonald's system. Examines in detail source
reduction, reuse, recycling, and composting waste
reduction options. Source reduction and reuse ac-
tions considered or implemented include elimination
of chlorine-bleached paper, switching from polysty-
rene to paper sandwich wraps, reusable bulk storage
systems, and packaging reduction for a variety of
behind-the-counter and customer-based items.
 Report highlights me practical challenges in imple-
 menting waste reduction efforts.  It also addresses
 trade-offs between different waste reduction methods,
 such as choosing a package made with recycled con-
 tent versus a virgin content package made with less
 material.

 McGraw, Jack W. The Denver Airport: Pollution
 Prevention by Design," EPA Journal 18, no. 2
 (May 1992): 18-19, [IV]

 Short article describing some of the many P2 features
 that are being designed into Denver>new $2.7
 billion airport project.  An  EPA staff person has been
  on loan to the airport authority to help design these
  P2 features.
                                                                                Annotated Bibliography • 13
                                                                                        December 1994

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McMurrav Scott. "Chemical Firms Find That It Pays
^Reduce PoLon at Source." Watt Street Journal
(11 June 1991): A1.A6.[II1-A]

Subheading: "By altering processes to yield less
waste, they make production.more efficient_Fea
ture artide that discusses the chemical industry s
newfound enthusiasm for P2 as a means to achieve
Lndustrial efficiency and cut costs. Indudes a brief
historical explanation and a number of short re casL
studies from many of the major chemical companies

Meadows, Donella H., Dennis L. Meadows, and
jorgen Randers. Beyond the Limrts: Confron^ng
Global Collapse, Envisioning a Susa'"able™"™
Post Mills. VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Company,
1992. (H.A]                        - -

A revised •.  ..ion of the'influential and contro^
sial 1972 book, both which use a systems appro-vn
to examine global sustainability. Presents a number
of Sru^Lrio- using a global model with rnputs
such as resource consumption rates, amount of
pollution generated, population growth, and other
variables. Shows human life as non-sustainable
along the current trajectory; advocates an alternative
sustainable path with P2 as a »^.tat ?"J?
 cient component. Somber message delivered with
 an upbeat tone.

 Metal industries-Metal Finishing, Manufacturing
 Set sheets). Compiled by the U.S. Environmental
 Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, IPesttcades
 and Toxic Substances, Washington: EPA, iss-i. l«vj

 A compendium of =fact sheets written by state gov-
 ernments and other entities. A total of 14  fteme runs throughout the text, with sections on
   nreventine   '  water, solid waste, hazardous waste,,.
   and pesttc "  pollution.  Human sustainabuity in the
   ecosystem is a broader theme, touching on scientific
background, examining current policies and activities,
and emphasizing sustainable strategies for the future.
Includes guest author essays (induding one about P2
by Peter Montague), case studies, and "individuals
matter" action strategies. Also indudes critical
thinking questions and other teaching aides.

Mitsch, William J. "Ecological Engineering.' Environ-
mental Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (1993):
438-445. [II.A]

Artide describing the emerging field of ecological
engineering, defined as "the design of human society
with its natural environment for the benefit of both.
The concept pertains more to managing the natural
environment rather 'Han the typical engineering do-
main of the built environment. Gives examples such
as the B- sphere oioject, constructed wetlands sewage
treatment systej 5, water  'acinth river pollution
control, and fish production and wetlands systems
as examples of ecological engineering. Most examples
mentioned ars water based. The concept is more
popular in Europe and China than in the U.S.

 Mitsch, William J., and Sven Erik Jorgensen, eds.
 Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotecn-
 nology. 472 pp. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons,
 1989. [H.A]

 An edited collection of papers all with the common
 theme of approaching design and engineering so that
 human society is compatible with the natural environ-
 ment Human interactions, from this perspective, are
 considered a part of rather than separate from nature.
 The book is divided into two parts. Part One gives
 basic prindples, definitions, and concepts; Part Two
  is a collection of 12 international case studies. The
  ecological engineering concept i* somewhat broader
  than P2, incorporating a wider scope of engineering,
  planning, and applied ecology concepts and including
  ecologically based recycling. Nevertheless, the book
  may be a useful bridge among ecology, engineering,
  and P2. Many of the applications are water-based.

   Moberg, David. "Sunset for Chlorine?"
   E Magazine 4. no. 4 (July 1993): 26-31. [IV]

   Introduction: "Americans use chlorine in swimming
   pools, drinking water and laundry bleach. But this
   popular chemical ingredient contributes to some of
   our worst pollution probleuis, from ozone depletion
   to dioxin.  The Grsat Lakes/long a catch basin for
   factory wastes, are the site of an ambitious campaign
                                                                                 Annotated Bibliography • 14
                                                                                         December 1994

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 to ban the industrial use of chlorine."'.Includes an
 inset article: "Can You Live Without Chlorine?" by
 the same author. This short article describes com- ^
 mon consumer products that contain chlorine based
 compounds, and potential substitutes.

 Moore, W. Kent, and David L. Scott. "Beverage
 Container Deposit Laws: A Survey of the Issues
 arid Results." Journal of Consumer Affairs 17,  no. 1
 (1983): 57-80. [IV]      .           i

 Introduction: "Much of the movement toward man-
 datory beverage deposit legislation has withered
 away in the current anti-regulation mood of the
 country. - Even before the change in mood, the major
 focus of deposit laws was moving away from litter
 control and tbward energy-and resource savings.  In
 fact, deposit laws have had a variety of repercussions
 on such factors as jobs, consumer prices, industry
 capital expenditures, energy consumption, and litter.
 The cooling emotions and lapse in time since most
 of the regulations were enacted provide a good op-
. portunity to sort through the arguments and review
 the results This paper attempts to present a balanced
 view of the issues surrounding the complicated
 topic. It finds that the consequences of mandatory
 deposits have generally been somewhere between
 the initial predictions of groups favoring legislation
 and those opposing it."

 Moos, Shawna. "Pollution-Prevention Power to the
 People." Technology Review 95 (October 1992):
 15-16. [III.C]

 Short article describing now the publicly available
 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) data is used by citizen
 groups and others to encourage companies to reduce
 pollution emissions. •   .                '.....

  Nash, Jennifer, and Mark D. Stoughton. "Learning
  to  Live with Life Cycle Assessment." Environmental
  Science and Technology 28, no, 5 (1994): 236A-
  237A:[U.B]

  Short article describing the benefits, drawbacks,-and
  .associated issues surrounding the use of life cycle
  assessments (LCAs) to assess "green products."
  Some lessons learned from a recent LCA conference
   include the following: For consumer products, the
-   indirect impacts of products (e.g., clothes washing)
'   may be far greater than the direct impacts (e.g.,
'   clothes manufacturing); The conventional wisdom
   of reducing environmental impact through "reduce,
'  reuse, recycle" activities may not hold true if all
LCA impacts are considered. Authors also discuss
the increasing use of LCAs as a regulatory tool. The
lack of conventions for conducting LCAs, however,
is a problem.  ,             •  -

National Research Council, Commission on Life Sci-
ences, Committee on the Applications of Ecological
Theory to Environmental Problems. Ecological   ,
Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving:
Concepts and Case Studies. Washington: National
Academy Press, 1986. [V.B]

The culmination of a national project to examine
how ecological understanding can help solve envi-
ronmental problems^ Book is divided into two sec-,
tions: (ija description of ecological knowledge and
how it is applied, and (2) 13 case studies of environ-
mental problem-solving. There is an indirect link to
P2 in the discussion of the ecological effects from
contaminants and toxic substances in the first section.
The case studies are more aligned toward ecological
assessment than preventive managment.; Some,  ,
such as Washington Lake and DDT cases, may none-
theless illustrate the linkages between ecological
knowledge and pollution avoidance'.

	, Commission on the Behavioral and Social   ,
Sciences and Education, Committee on the Human
Dimensions of Global Change. Global Environmen-
tal Change: Understanding the Human Dimensions.
Paul Stem, Oran Young, and Daniel Druckman, eds.
Washington:  National Academy Press, 1992. [III.C]

Book written by leading authorities outlining social
science approaches to understanding and managing
 global change. A comprehensive review of
 approaches, with the emphasis on social (sociology,
 policy, etc.) over individual (psychology) methods.

    '   Committee on Institutional Considerations in
 Reducing the Generation of Hazardous Industrial
 Wastes. Reducing Hazardous Waste Generation:
 An Evaluation and a Call for Action. Washington:
 National Academy Press,  1985. [I.C]

 One of the earlier books on industrial hazardous
 waste prevention, reuse, and recycling. In a compact
  (76-page) form, the report examines the nontechnical
  institutional factors that affect the generation and
  reduction of industrial hazardous wastes.  Useful
  discussion of the three (initial, development, and ••  .
 • mature) phases of hazardous waste minimization
  program. Describes both regulatory and non-
  regulatory policy options.
                                                                                 Annotated BtWiograpny • 15
                                                                                         December 1994
                                                                                                 35

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Ophuis. William, and A. Stephen Boyan, Jr. Ecology
ana-the Politics of Scarcity. Revisited: The Unraveling
of the Amencan Dream. New York: W. H.  Freeman
and Company, 1992. [II.B]

An ecological critique of American political institu-
tions. Boyan has updated Ophuls original 1977 book.
Authors take a Hobbesian approach to ecological
problems, arguing that reformist ecological policies
are not sufficient, and that liberal democracy is itself
doomed. The first chapter introduces principles.
The rest of the first section examines the status of
population, food, mineral resources, deforestation,
biodiversity, managing technology, and pollution.
Ttid second'section discusses the politics of ecological
scarcity, and the third section explores what the au-
thors call "post-modern values" as means  for learning
to live with scarcity. Advocates a more loosely struc-
ruted "design" approach to ecological sustainability
than the more cumbersome "planning" approach. A
P2 theme is not readily apparent, but the book does
offer an inquiry into the political nature of resource
scarcity and pollution control that would lend itself
to a discussion of P2.

Orr, David. The Campus and the Biosphere."
Journal of Conservation Biology 3, no. 2  (June
 1989):  33+. [It.A]

 Overview of a comprehensive ecological investiga.-, •
 tion of the Oberlin College food service—where trie
 food comes from, ecological and environmental
 impacts, etc.  (See also the Where Does Our Food
 Come From? videos.)

 	Ecological Literacy: Education and the Tran-
 sition to  the Postmodern World. Albany, NY: State
 University of New York Press, 1992. [V.B]

 A post-modem ecological counter to Bloom's The
 Closing of the Amencan Mind.  Includes a chapter
  entitled  "Syllabus for Ecological Literacy."  Stresses
  tundamantal concep'ts of sustainability  by learning
  from ecological relationships. Critical of "big
  technology'" and, in general, the standard "modem"
  world-view. Little explicit relationship with P2, but
  useful as background reading on integrating new
  concepts such as sustainability, ecological systems,
  and P2 into liberal arts education.
UA Paper Tale. . ." (Washington Report). The Office
117 (February 1993): 14. [UI.B]

Short article describing the inefficient process by
which the U.S. Government Printing Office pub-
lishes the Federal Register. Compares this with the
much more efficient process the Commerce Depart-
ment uses for publishing U.S. Industrial Outlook.

Peel, John. Energy and the Ecological Economics of
Sustainability. Washington: Island Press,  1992. [I.A]

Despite the title, the coverage is broader than energy
and economics.  Provide, context for both where hu-
mans are now and a practical vision for movement
toward human-environment sustainability. Succinctly
covers many topics. Three major parts: "Nature:
The World as We See it," "Limits: The Dark Side,"
and "Choices: Toward"the World as it Could Be."
Sectior- cover such topics as thennodynamics, cur-
rent state of economics, paradigms, growth, ec .logy,
human-nature relations, values. Author touches on
the relationship between energy, ecological systems
and pollution throughout the book but extends the
prevention concept into a wider range of issues than
 are normally considered.  Could be used as a textbook.

 Piasecki, Bruce, and Peter Asmus. In Search of
 •Environmental Excellende: Moving Beyond Blame.
 New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1990. [111. A]

 Gives an overview of the major environmental is-
 sues, particularly nuclear weapons and greenhouse
 gases, then examines how citizens, industries, and
 environmental groups can be part of the solution.
 Uses the "excellence" concept in the sense of humans
 properly managing the environment. Discusses P2
  and related concepts in broad, non-technical terms,
  countering what authors note as fallacies in the
  stereotypical roles of both industry and the
  environmental movement.

  Pojasek, Robert B. "For Pollution  Prevention: Be
  Descriptive Not Prescriptive." Chemical Engineering
  98 (September 1991): 13&-139. [lll.A]

   A short, general article that deals with the basics
   involved in the initial description of an industrial P2
   strategy. Discussed are the importance of a process
   flow diagram, brainstorming solutions, and a
   feasibility study.
                                 Annotated BiBliograpny • 16
                                         Oecemoer 1994

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	; -pollution Prevention Progress." In Environ-
mental Risk Management—A Desk Reference,
pp 503-519  Enc B. Rothenberg and Dean Jeffrey
Telego; eds. Alexandria, VA; RTM Communications, •
Inc., 1991. [III.A]
Describes the progression of pollution prevention,
both from a policy perspective as well as from a
practical implementation orientation. Gives five
stages of progression for a company's pollution pre-
vention program: damage control, pollution control,
waste minimization, source reduction, pollution
prevention.' The  author cites 15 milestones at the
pollution prevention stage, with each of these de-
scribed in a paragraph or two.               •      .

Popre  Patricia. "Disposable Diapers are OK."
Garbage A, no.' 5 (October 1992): 26-31. [IV]

Article using disposable diapers as an examp   .or
distinguishing between symbol and crisis in the
environmental protection movement. The author,
publisher of Garbage magazine, discusses the contro-
versial cloth/disposable diaper debate as an example
of the hyperbole in the environmental movement.
She defends her  own household's use of disposable
diapers and discusses  how.her opinion has changed
since the initial publication of the magazine. An
accompanying excerpt from William Rathje and
Cullen Murphy ("Cotton vs. Disposables: What's the
Damage?") briefly discusses the comparative envi-
 ronmental impacts of  cloth and disposable diapers.

 Portney, Paul R. The Price Is Right: Making Use
 of Life Cycle Analyses."  Issues in Science and
 Technology 10,  no! 2  (December 1993): 69-75. [11C]

 Article presenting issues associated with what the
 author terms "product life cycle analysis" (PLCA).
 Mentions the three phases of PLCAs: inventorying
 environmental consequences, assessing human and
 ecological impacts, and making improvements
 based on the-first two phases. Notes advantages of
 PLCA, particularly its comprehensive scope. Also
 presents a number of limitations of PLCAs, including
 'the following;                .
   1. Determining the boundary in a PLCA can
     be -daunting, and the effects of changing the
     boundary can be  quite large. ,
   2. Impacts are difficult to standardize because
   .  thev vary according to time and place.

   3. The -relative weights of different types of
     impacts are very difficult to determine.
 4. The impact phase of a PLCA can be indetermi- •
   nate, such as two studies leading to opposite
 '  dose-response conclusions.               '. :
 5. Most PLCAs assume comparable products pro-,
 ,  vide identical services, which is not always true.
 6. Non-environmental impacts, such as labor
   and capital, are often neglected in  many PLCAs.  .
 7, The cost to conduct an LCA is often exorbitant.
 8. Using a life cycle approach, producers of consumer
   items would need to make hundreds of decisions
   about how diey make and distribute products.
 9. PLCA results quickly become outdated.
10. Accurate PLCAs are confounded by an
   unwillingness to divulge trade secrets.
11. ResuJts IT m -FLCAs *re difficult to convey
   succinctly - J consut   rs.

The author argues that the price system, although
imperfect, offers an easier way to make informed.
purchasing decisions; he proposes that PLCAs be
used selectively to identify environmental impacts
that are not covered by  the price system.

Post, James E. "Managing  As If the Earth Mattered."
 Business Horizons 34, no. 4 (July 1991): 32-38. [III.A]

 An introductory article describing the need to recon-
 cile economic activity with ecological viability.  Men-
 tions the tragedy of the commons and sustainable
 development.  Describes ozone depletion, global cli-
 mate change," and loss of biodiversity as commons-
 type problems that profoundly affect business and
 society. Calls for efficient resource use, waste reduc-
 tion/and a sustainable level of industrial production
 as part of the greening of business management.

 Postel, Sandra. "Water Tight." World Watch 6, no. 1,
 (January 1993): 19-25. [IV]

 Case studies of water conservation programs in
 Mexico City, Waterloo, San Jose, and Boston plus
 additional description about the growing movement
  to make Water use more efficient. The article also
  discusses mechanisms for decreasing water use,
  such as charging for the amount of water used, pric-
  ing water to reflect its true costs, using information
  campaigns, pushing for government mandates (such
  as buiiding'codes that require water^efficient plumb-
  ing), xeriscaping (landscaping with plants that re-
  quire little or no additional water in the local climate),
   and repairing leaks in water delivery systems.
                                                                                         December 1994

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='es,cer; s Ccnniss.cn on Environmental Quality,
Quality Environmental Management Subcommittee.
Total Quanty Management: A Framework for Pollu-
tion Prevention. Washington, 1993. [I-C]

Describes the findings of PCEQ's Quality Manage-
ment Subcommittee. From tHe basis of 12 company
"quality environmental management" P2 case studies,
the report describes the background for P2 and the
steps for a business P2 program. Also includes tools
and techniques, metrics, and a limited bibliography.

Procter and Gamble, Inc. Decision: Earth. An Envi-
ronmental Teaching Unit for Grades 7-12.1993. [V.A]

A collection of teaching materials, including  teacher's
guide, a municipal solid waste composting teaching
supplement, photocopy-ready activity sheets, and
two cc'or poster.  Much of the unit is devoted to Life
cycle  »>'   en  LCA) of consum.r products..The
L£A unit includes four lessons and and 14 student
activities. The introduction describes it as "an envi-
ronmental curriculum supplement designed to raise
student awareness of the complex consumer product
choices they face and help them make informed
choices based on a product's ability to meet their
 needs as consumers." While many of the lessons are
 general in scope, the activity evaluating disposable
 vs. cloth diapers has raised controversy for allegedly
 presenting disposable diapers with a positive bias—
 P&G is the largest U.S. manufacturer of disposable
 diapers. Portions can be useful for college audiences.

 Pureell, Arthur H. -Invited Comments.- Air & Waste
 (Journal of the Air 4 Waste Management Association)
 42(1992): 1169-1170. [V]

 In a brief response to the Freeman, et al., article
  titled "Industrial Pollution Prevention: A Critical
  Review," Pureell mentions how little attention is
  given to P2 in social sciences and liberal arts, noting
  the inevitable move towards including consumption
  patterns under the rubric of P2.

  Rabe, Barry G. "From Pollution Control to Pollution
  Prevention: The Gradual Transformation of American
  Environmental Regulatory Policy." Environmental_
  and Planning Law Journal (September 1991): 226-
   Abstract: "The limitations of the United States'
   medium-based, pollution control-oriented approach
   to environmental regulation is becoming increasingly
   evident, prompting "individual states and the Federal
Government to give more serious consideration to
preventive strategies than ever before. In recent
vears, states such as Massachusetts, Minnesota, and
New Jersey have devised a variety of regulatory ex-
periments designed to link pollution prevention with
cr^media regulatory integration.  These experi-
ments are far more ambitious than prior prevenbon-
SSed programmes and may constitute models for
other subnational and national units of .government.

Rathje, William, ^thropoiogy 337: Modem Aerial
Culture Studies (syllabus). University of Arizona,
1993. [V.A]
Syllabus and reading list for a unique course using
garbage and similar bits of evidence for clues to
human behavior and culture.  Readings are from a
myriad of sources, centering around anthropology.

	  .^utjLisM" The Atlantic Monthly 26*
(December 19.89): 99-109. [I.B]

Describes the findings of the Garbage Project's^an- _
 thropological landfill excavations in a humorous but
 lightening style. The author, an anthropologist,
 shows how our waste disposal practices can give
 much insight into human behavior and culture. The
 Tumor has also published a book by the same title.

 Bobbins, John. "Can Earth Survive the^BigMac^At-
 tack?" £ Magazine 3, no. 1 (January 1992). 38+. [IV]

 Introduction: "Animal agriculture has grown to an
 industry at odds with the health of the;planet A
 reduction in meat consumption ^ay be the single
 most potent act we can take to halt the destruction
 of our environment. The time has come to think
 before we eat." Article describes the envu-onmental
  effects from meat consumption, including -Rabbins
  tadex" of factoids. The author also mentions health
  problems associated with eating meat as well as
  ethical concerns.  .                  .

  Robins, Nick, and Atex TriaoQltoi'^tructuring
  industry for Sustainable Development. In Making
  DevlZment Sustainable: Redefining Institutes,
   Policy, and Economics, pp. 157-194. Johan
   Holmberg. ed. Washington: Island Press. 1992. [IV]

   This chapter discusses the context and strategies  for
   sustainable development within the global^dus-
    trial'sector! In the North industnes are undergoing
    a '^materialization" per unit GNP.wru  n the
 '   South there * rapid mdustrialization. Mentions  the

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     Pollution Prevention
Educational Resource Compendium:

Environmental
     Studies
       POU.UTK1N
        Un««r*ity of1 Miet«8»n. D«n» Sulkling  *"
          430 Eut Univ«(iity Av«.
          Ann Afbor. Ml 48109-1115
     313-754-1412 • Fix: 313-936-219S • E-MAII: nppeOumien.«du'

-------
 » Coj..,. .jht lyyS by OK Regents of the University of Michigan.
 Educators may freely reproduce these materials for non-commercial educational purposes.
 Original produced on HammermUl Unity DP, a 50% post-coHSumer/50% pn-amsumer
   recycled pepe/' made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
Published by:
The National Pollution Prevention Center
for Higher Education
University of Michigan, Dana Building
430 East University Ave.
AnnArtoor, Ml  48109-1115
• Phone: 313-764-1412
•Fax: 313-936-2195
• E-mail: nppcOumich.edu

The mission of the NPPC is to promote sustainable development
by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
prevention: create educational materials; provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems: and
 establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.
 In addition to developing educational materials and conducting
•research, the NPPC also offers an internship program, profes-
 sional education and training, and conferences.
Your Input is Welcomel
We are very interested in your feedback on these materials.
Please take a moment to off or your comments and communicate
them to us. Also contact us rt you wish to receive a documents
list, order any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
resources, or be listed in our Dinctory of Pollution Prevention
in Higher Education.

 We're Going Onllnel
The NPPC provides information on its programs and educaBqnal
 materials  through the Internet's World Wide Web: our URL is:
 http://www.snre.umich.edu/ (dick on "National Pollution
 Prevention Center*)-

 We may also update  the NPPC information available through
 gopher (gopher.snre.umich.edu) and anonymous FTP
 (ftp.snre.umich.edu).  Please contact us if you have comments
 about our online resources or suggestions for publicizing our
 educational materials through the internet Thank you!
                                                                                                         December 1994

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            Pollution Prevention in
            Environmental Studies
"umwtM. POLLUTION CBEVtMTXJH CIVTEB FOfl HIQMCH EOUO>TTO«<
                                     Table of Contents

                                     Explanation of Compendium Contents


                                     Introductory Materials
                                           O  Overview of Environmental Problems
                                           D  Pollution Prevention Concepts and Principle
                                                ' v      •         •        ,    .      • ' ""
                                           a  Introduction: Pollution Prevention and
                                               Environmental Jtudies


                                     Pollution Prevention and Environmental Studies
                                     Resource List
                                 •   NPPC Resources
                                           Q  Annotated Bibliography of Environmental
                                               Studies-Related Pollution Prevention Sources

                                           O  Selected Readings              '  .

                                           O  Bibliographic Teaching Outline

                                           O  Suggested Course Structures

                                           a  References by Academic Discipline

                                           D  Slide Show: "EPA's Comprehensive Pollution
                                               Prevention Orientation"
                                  •Mt"_-l 1** "_JT- 22* _ -««^J"_¥rf» --.'*••_ -j^v
                                                                                     Decemtx5r1994
                                                                                         3

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Pollution Prevention in
Environmental Studies
             I MKJH6X EDUCATOR
                          Explanation of Compendium Contents

                      •   introductory Materials
                      D   Overview of Environmental Problem*. This lengthy paper Wgh-
                          liehte major areas of environmental concern: energy use, global
                          change resource depletion, land use and development, waste, air
                          quality, water quality and quantity, ecological health, and human
                          healdv It includes definitions of concepts and terms, current data
                          and research findings on the state of the environment, tables,
                          figures, and guidance on obtaining additional information.
                          This document is desired (o assist faculty members from all
                          disciplines in prepa ring course materials and lectures. For Acuity
                          (and students) who may not have extensive knowledge of environ-
                          mental Issues, it provides background information; for people
                          already familiar with environmental problems, it is a convenient,
                          concise source of current data. The document is formatted so ma*
                          individual topic areas can be easily reproduced for distribution to
                          students; all figures and tables are provided in a full-page format
                          suitable for overhead projection.
                      D   Pollution Prevention Concepts and Principles. This short paper
                          introduces the concepts, terminology, objectives, and scope of poUu-
                          tion prevention. It discusses how government and the private sector
                          are currently perceiving and implementing pollution prevention
                          and describes the barriers and benefits encountered in implementing
                       >   pollution prevention activities.
                      D  Introduction: Pollution Prevention and Environmental Studies.
                          A brief introduction that provides imagery to answer the question _
                           "Why teach pollution prevention in an environmental studies class?


                       •   pollution Prevention and Environmental Studies
                           Resource List
                           A list of relevant resources known to the NPPC, including materials
                           we produce and/or distribute.  It is arranged by the following
                           topics, which correspond with the Bibliographic Teaching Outline:
                           (I) "Introduction to Pollution Prevention," (II) "Understanding
                           Pollution Prevention Through Life-Cycle Impact Assessment,"
                            (ffl) "Management of Pollution Prevention," and (IV) "Pollution
                            Prevention in Practice." Note that all NPPC Resources (see next
                            section) are listed in the Resource List—they are indicated by the
                            NPPC logo.
                                                                             December 1994

-------
• NPPC Re*ourc««.  The NPPC produces and distributes all of
   these resources; in many cases, the NPPC has also developed them.
   All are listed by topic in the Resource List (see previous section).

n Annotated Bibliography of Environmental Studies-Related
   Pollution Prevention Sources. Describes aO materials included
   in the Resource List Alphabetically lists 47 books, 24 reports,
   99 articles, 6 videos, and 13 course syllabi, making a total of
   189 resources for environmental studies instructors. Each listing
   includes a short paragraph describing its pollution-prevention
   relevance in an environmental studies context

O Selected Readings.
   - Curran, Mary Ann: "Broad-Based Environmental
     Life Cycle Assessment"

   - Jamieson, Dale, and Was! ia VanderWerf.
     "Cultural Barriers to Behavior Change.*'

   -Wise, John:  Oud.enges for the Future."
D Bibliographic Teaching Outline. Leads the reader through im-
   portant pollution prevention topics, ranging from fundamental
   concepts to everyday applications. It is written in narrative fotm,
   within an outline mat has the same structure as the Resource List
   The main purpose is to serve as a teaching guide for integrating
    pollution prevention in environmental studies courses; a^second-
    ary purpose is to provide an easy way for teachers to locate re-
    sources of particular interest

 D Suggested Course Structures. Outlines major topics in the
    Bibliographic Teaching Outline to suggest how long to spend on
     the topics depending on the amount of classroom time available,
    be it one day to an entire semester.         ;
  D  References by Academic Discipline.  Teachers approach envi-
     romnentalstudies from many disciplines. This list shows the rele-
     vance of Resource List materials to seven liberal arts disoplines:
     Biology and Natural Resources; C^emistry/Physics/Mathematics/
     Geology; Economics; Education; Humanities; Political Science/
     Policy Studies; and Sociology/Psychology/ Anthropology. •

  D  Slide Show. "EPA's Comprehensive Pollution Prevention
     Orientation." This introductory slide show is used in the pollution
     prevention training seminar required of all U.S. EPA employees.
     It puts pollution prevention in historical perspective; describes
      with examples techniques industry can use to practice prevention;
      and examines EPA's pollution prevention programs.
                                                      December 1994

                                                             5

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           Pollution Prevention in
           Environmental Studies
                                                    Pollution Prevention and
                                                    Environmental Studies
                                                    Prepared by Andrew Duncan, NPPC Research Assistant
Why teach pollution prevention (P2) in environmental
studies courses? The following hypothetical scenarios
help answer this question:

• In-Cheryl's "Environmental Policy" class., she turned
  her focus to recent initiacives.  She first gave a lecture
  introducing students to the concept of preventing
  rather than treating or cleaning up pollution, and.
  explained why pollution prevention is becoming the
  dominant environmental policy theme for the 1990s.
  She used slides from EPA's Comprehensive Pollution-
  Prevention Orientation slide show (available through
  the NPPC) to illustrate the many P2 initiatives at EPA,
  in businesses, and elsewhere.  She also had students
  read the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 as well as
  EPA's subsequent P2 policy announcement in the
  Federal Register.  Her students came away with not
  only an understanding of P2, but also a better grasp
  of the policy implementation process.

 • It was rime for class projects in "Introduction to
  Environmental Issues." Several students wanted to
  examine waste reduction opportunities in a local fast
  food establishment.  Although their initial focus was
  on eliminateg plastic foam "clamshells," they took
  a more informed look after learning about life-cycle
  impacts and pollution prevention. They realized
  that many of the significant waste reduction oppor-
   tunities are not readily visible to customers. So the
   students focused instead  on waste minimization
   behind-the-counter. The manager of the local estab-
   lishment found their suggestions very helpful, and
   promised to make changes to reduce waste.

  • Todd emphasized the connection between the ecology
    of natural sys.tems and sustainable use of natural
    resources in his "Natural Resources 101" course.
    He used the life cycle of a paper bag to illustrate the;"
    environmental impacts of forest resource use. By
    taking a life-cycle approach, He could show that not
,  only sustainable forestry practices, but also low-
 . impact manufacturing processes, reuse, and recycling
  can help reduce these environmental impacts.

These hypothetical examples illustrate how P2 is an
integral component of environmental studies themes.   ,
While much of the pollution prevention education is
now taking place in the business and engineering fields,
there are many opportunities for integrating the P2
concept in liberal arts and natural resources.  Indeed,
understanding the preventive approach to environ-
mental problems is a basic tenet of ecological literacy.

With this compendium, teachers and students can
make the connection between overall concerns, such as
ecological balance and sustainability, and prevention-
based approaches for effective action.  The resources
 in this compendium highlight pollution prevention as
 the emerging'tool for businesses, government policy?
 makers, as well as individuals.  While it is easy to recog-
 nize that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of
 cure," it can be difficult to grasp effective opportunities
 for pollution prevention. Therefore, the compendium
 stresses how environmental impacts, and opportunities
 for pollution prevention, occur over the entire life cycle
 of a product. Such  life-cycle thinking helps students
 (and teachers) to break out of the common mentality
 that recycling is the be-all arid end-all of proactive
 environmental management.

 Teachers approach environmental  studies from many
  different perspectives, therefore mis module is meant
  to be as useful for a teacher with a history background
  as it is'for someone with training in chemistry. There
  are many suggestions how P2 concepts can be used
  to examine, familiar topics. Whether it be cleaning
  products or transportation, the compendium provides
  resources and suggestions indicating the many ways'
  P2 and life cycle impact concepts are applicable in our
  everyday lives.      -'    .
National Pollution Prevention Center (or Higner Education • University of Micnigan
Dana Euiidmg. 430 East University. Ann Amor Ml 48109-1115
Phone 3,13 764 1412 • Fax 313 936 2195 • E-maii nppc«umich edu
May Oe reproduced
freely for non-commercial
educational purposes
t -• •_•
Introduction • 11
December 1 994
'''•'. • 1

-------
                                 Original produced on Hammennill Unity DP,
                            a 50% post
-------
          Pollution prevention in
          Environmental Studies
           . «*VWTX>. CSXK* COW
                                       Pollution Prevention and

                                       Environmental Studies Resource List


                                       Prepared by Andrew Duncan, NPPC Research Assistant.         -
                                      ' The Moving materials ore available to faculty who ore incorporating pollution
                                       'prevention concepts and tools into their courses. We have attempted to make this
                                      'list as comprehensive as  possible; please contact us if you can identify gaps and
                                       assist us infilling them with quality resource materials.  This list includes
                                       resources aixilable through the NPPC (*); the U.:.-Environmental Protection
                                       Agency Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse, Washington, DC,,
                                       202/260-1023 («B*); and the Center for Environmental Research Information,
                                       Cincinnati, Ohio, 513/569-7562 «}. AS materials listed here are described mOus
                                       compendium's annotated bibliography.
Key Documents

Outran, Mary Ann. "Broad-Based Environmental
Life Cycle Assessment.' Environmental Science
and Technology^, no. 3 (1993): 430-436. 4*

Habicht, F. Henry II. EPA Definition of'Pollution
Prevention' (internal memo to all EPA personnel).
28 May 1992. »B*                         :
Hirschhom. Joel S., and Kirsten U. Oldenburg,
Prosperity Without Pollution: The Prevention
Strategy for Industry and Consumers. New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. Available for $19.95
by calling 1-800-926-2665.

Jamieson, Dale, and*Klasina VanderWerf.
 Cultural Barriers to Behavioral Change: General
 Recommendations and Resources for State
 Pollution Prevention Programs. Boulder Center
 lor Values and Social Policy, July 1993. To obtain
 a copy, contact the CVSP, University of Colorado,
 Boulder, CO 80309-0332. A

 Miller, G. Tyler Jr., ed. Living in the Environment:
 Principles. Connections, and Solutions, 8th ed.
 Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company,
  1994. 701+ ppi                    ,
Smith, Emily T.f David Woodruff, and Fteur
Tempteton. "Growth vs. Environment: In Rio Next
Month, a Push for Sustainable Development."
Business Week (11 May 1992): 66-70.72-75.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Communication, Education, and Public Affairs.
EPA JoumaA-special issue on pollution prevention.
Vol. 19, no. 3 (July 1993). 50 pp. (To obtain a free
copy, the EPA Public Information Center at
202/260-7751.)
   -.  office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic
 Substances. 1993 Reference Guide to Pollution
 Prevention Resources. Washington: EPA, February
 1993.
 Wise, John. "Challenges for the Future." In 1993
 Spring Conference: Connections for Pollution Pre-
 vention, pp. 54-62; proceedings of the National
 Roundtable of State Pollution Prevention Programs,
 San Diego, CA, 28 April 1993. A
   Nano'na. PoUu«n
   Dana Building. 430 East University. Ann Amor
  \P^ne 313764J412 • Fax: 313.936.2195 • E-mail: nppcaum.ch.edu
          May oe reproduced
          Ireely for non-corrimercial
          educational purposes.
                                                                                          Resource List • 1
                                                                                           Oecemoer 1994

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   Introduction to Pollution Prevention       C. Pollution Prevention Policy
A.  Preamble:
    Sustainabiltty and Pollution Prevention

Agenda 21: The Earth Summit Strategy to Save
Our Planet. Boulder. EarthPress, 1993.
Goodland, Robert. The Case That the World Has
Reached Limits." In Population, Technology, and
Lifestyle: The Transition to Sustainability, pp. 3-22.
Robert Goodland, Herman E. Daly, and Salah El
Sarafey. eds. Washington: Island Press,, 1992.

Gore, Al. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the
Human Spirit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.

Larson. Eric D.. Marc H. Ross, and Robert H.
Williams. "Beyond the Era of Materials." Scientific
Amoncan 254.  no. 6 (1986): 34-41.
Lave, Lester B., Chris hendrickson, and Francis C. ^
McMichael. "Recycling Decisions and Green Design."
Environmental Science and Technology 28, no. 1
(1994): 18A-24A.
Peet. John. Energy and the Ecological Economics of
Sustainability. Washington: Island Press,  1992.
Tolba. Mostala K., and Osama A. El-Kholy. eds.
 The World Environment 1972-1992: Two  Decades of
 Challenge. 884pp. London: Chapman and Hall (on
 behalf of United Nations Environment Program), 1992.

 World Resources Institute and Institute for
 Environment and Development. World Resources
 1994-1995. New York: Baste Books, 1994.
 Wynne. Brian. "Uncertainty and Environmental
 Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the
 Preventive Paradigm." Global Environmental
 Change2, no. 2 (June 1992):  111-127.

 B. History of Pollution Prevention

 Conn, David W. "Waste Reduction—Issues and
  Policies." Resources Policy 3 (March 1977): 23+.
  Rathje, William L. "Rubbish!"  The Atlantic Monthly
  264 (December 1989): 99-109.
Andrews, Richard. "Heading Off Potential Prob-
lems." EPA Journal 18, no. 2 (May 1992): 40-45.

Baucus, Max. "Environmental Technology and the
Economy." EPA Journal [see "Key Documents"]:
36-37.
Byers, R. Lee. "Regulatory Barriers to Pollution
Prevention." Air and Waste (Journal of the Air and
Waste Management Association) 41, no. 4 (1991):
418-422.
Casler, Stephen D. "Budget Reallocation and the
Peace Dividend: Energy and Pollution Tradeoffs."
Energy Policy 19 (September 1991): 666-669.

Commoner, Barry. Making Peace With the Planet.
New York: The New Press, 1992.
Freeman. Harry, Teresa Harten, Johnny Springer,
Paul Randall, Mary Ann Curran, and Kenneth Stone.
"Industrial Pollution Prevention: A Critical Review."
Air and  Waste (Journal of the Air and Waste Man-
agement Association) 42, no. 5 (1992): 618-656,
Hayes, Dennis. "Energy, Environment, and Archi-
tecture." Keynote speech,  American Institute of
Architects, Committee on the Environment. Atlanta,
Georgia, 6 December 1991. Available from the AIA,
 1735 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006.

 Hileman, Bette. "UN Environment Program Pushes
 for Cleaner Production." Chemical and Engineering
 News 70, no. 48 (30 November 1992): 17-21.

 "How To Get Industry to Clean Up On Its Own."
 Business Week (7 June 1993): 122.
 Lieberman, Joseph I. "Why Not Require Pollution
 Prevention Planningr EPA Journal [see "Key
 Documents"]: 34-35.
 Lis, James, and Kenneth Chilton. "Limits to Pollution
 Prevention." Soc/ery30, no. 3 (1993): 49-55.
 Lovins, Amory B. "Abating Air Pollution at Nega-
 tive Cost Via Energy Efficiency." Environmental
  Professional 12 (April 1990): 164-168.
  National Research Council, Committee on Institu-
  tional  Considerations in Reducing the Generation of
  Hazardous Industrial Wastes.  Reducing Hazardous
  Waste Generation: An Evaluation and a Call for Ac-
  tion. Washington: National Academy Press, 1985.
                                                                                      Resource List • 2
                                                                                       Oecemeer 1994

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Ophuis. William, and A. Stephen Boyan, Jr. Ecology
and the Politics of Scarcity Revisited: The Unraveling
of the American Dream. New York: W. H. Freeman
and Company, 1992.
President's Commission on Environmental Quality,
duality Environmental Management Committee.
Total Quality Management: A Framework for Pollu-,
tion Prevention. Washington, 1993. To request a
copy, contact PCEQ at 202/395-5750.       .
Rabe, Barry G. "From Pollution Control to Pollution
Prevention: The Gradual Transformation of American
Environmental Regulatory Policy." Environmental and
Planning Law Journal (September 1991): 226-231:
Roy, Manik. "Environmental Law:  Pollution Preven-
tion  Organizational Culture, and Social Learning."
Environmental Law 22 (1991): 189-225.
US, Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
Serious Reduction of Hazardous Waste: For Pollu-
tion Prevention and Industrial Efficiency. Washington:
U.S. Government Printing Office,  September 1986.
(Out of print, but available in many libraries. Not
copyright protected.)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Pollution
Prevention Strategy." Federal Register 56, no. 38
 (1991):  7849-7864. «B*
 	, Science Advisory Board. Reducing Risk:
 Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental
 Protection. Washington: EPA. 1990.
 World Conservation Union (IUCN), United Nations
 Environment Program (UNEP), and World Wildlife
 Fund for Nature (WWF). Caring for the Earth: A
 Strategy for Sustainable Living. Gland, Switzerland:
. IUCN/UNEP/WWF (Earthscan Edition), 1991.


  //.  Understanding Pollution Prevention
     Through Life-Cycle Impact Assessment
  A. The Big Picture: Holistic Analysis

  Dake, Karl. "Myths of Nature: Culture and the Social
  Construction of Risk.: Journal of Social Issues 48,
  no. 4(1992): 21-37.   ;    ,
  Frankenfeld, Philip J. "Simple Gifts: Complex
  Environmental Hazards.and the Responsibility
  to Leave a Controllable World." Futures 25, no. 1
   (1993): 32-52.  '
Meadows, Donella H., Dennis L. Meadows, and
Jorgen Randers. Beyond the Limits: Confronting
Global Collapse, Envisioning a Sustainable Future.
Post Mills, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Company,
1992.
Mitsch, William J. "Ecological Engineering."
Environmental Science and Technology 27, no. 3
(1993): 438-445.
Mitsch, William J., and Sven Erik Jorgensen,
eds. Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to
Ecotechnology. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons,
1989.472pp.
Orr, David.The Campus and the Biosphere."
Journal of Conservation Biology 3, no. 2 (June
1989): 33+.
Tibbs, Hardin B. C. "Industrial Ecology: An Environ-
mental Agenda for Industry." Whole Earth Review
77 (December 1992): 4-19.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment
Green Products by Design: Choices for a Cleaner.
Environment GPOf 052-003-01303-7. Washington:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992, •
Uusitalo, Licsa. Environmental Impacts of Consump-
 tion Patterns. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.
Wann, David. Biologic: Environmental Protection by
 Design. Boulder Johnson Books, 1990.

 B.  Life-Cycle Impact Assessment
     Framework

 Hockings Martin B. "Paper Versus Polystyrene:
 A Complex Choice." Science 251 (1991): 504-505.

 Keoleian, Gregory A., and Dan Menerey. Life Cycle
 Design Guidance Manual: Environmental Require-
 ments and the Product System. EPA/600/R-92/226.
 Cincinnati: EPA, Office of Research and Develop-
  ment, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
  January 1993. $
  ;	. "Sustainable Development by Design: Review
  of Life Cycle Design and Related Approaches."  Air
   & Waste (Journal of the Air & Waste Management
   Association) 44 (May 1994): 645-668.
   Nash, Jennifer, and Mark D. Stoughton. "Learning
   to Live With 'Life Cycle Assessment." Environmental
   Science and Technology 2B, no.. 5 (1994): 236A-
   237A.
                                                                                      Resource List • 3
                                                                                      December 1994

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 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
'  SET AC). Guidelines for Life-Cycle Assessment:
 A Cede of Practice. SETAC workshop, Sesimbra.
 Portugal. 31 March-3 April 1993. Cost: $25 for     •
 non-members, $15 for members. Wnte to SETAC,
 1010 N.  12th Ave.. Pensacola. FL 32501; call
 904/469-1500; or fax 904/469-9778.
 Walley Dariene, Karen Blurnenfeld, Nancy Kolodny,
 and Nasir Ali. "Case Study: A Product Life-Cycle As-
 sessment of Arm & Hammer Baking Soda." Pollution
 Prevention Review 3, no. 1 (December 1992): 51-€4.
 White, Allen U and  Karen Shapiro. -Life Cycle As-
 sessment: A Second Opinion." Environmental Science
 & Technology 27, no. 6 (June 1993): 1016-1017.

 C.  Con»ro'"»rs:  • Issues in Ufa-Cycle
     Impact Assessment

 Crossen, Cynthia. "How Tactical Research1 Muddied
 Diaper D3bate." W*" Street Journal (17 May 1994):
 Bt, 83.
 Koshland Jr., Daniel F. The Dirty Air Act" (editorial).
  Science 249 (28 September 1990): 1481.
  Lifset. Reid. "Greener Than Thou Wars—Raising
  the Ante for Life. Cycle Analyses." Biocycle 32
  (April 1991): 76-77.
  Portney, Paul R. The Price Is Right: Making Use of
  Life Cycle Analyses." Issues in Science and Tech-
  nology 10, no. 2 (December 1993): 69-75.
  Stipp, David. -Life-Cycle Analysis Measures Green-
  ness, But Results May Not Be Black and White,
   Wall Street Journal J2B February 1991): B1, B5.
   U S Environr-=ntal Protection Agency. Videotapes:
 •  Less Is More: rollution Prevention is Good Business
   (1986; 23 minutes) and Beyond Business as Usual:
   Meeting the Challenge of Hazardous Wasfe(28 min-
   utes). To obtain either video, call Mary Ann Welch.
   Region VIII Office of Environmental Education, at
   303/294-1123 and arrange to send in a blank tape.

   Wang. Michael Q. "Life Cycle Assessments."
   Environmental Science & Technology 27, no. 13
   (December 1993): 2658-2661.
   Wells. Henry A.. Neil McCubbin. Red Cavaney,
    Bonnie Camo. and M. B. Hocking. -Paper Versus
    Polystyrene: Environmental Impact." Science 25*.,
    no. 7 (June 1991): 1361-1363.
///. Managing Pollution Prevention          r

A. Business Management

Carson, Patrick, and Julia Moulden. Green Is Gold:
Business Talking to Business About the Environ-
mental Revolution. Toronto: HarperBusmess,
HarperCollins, 1991.
Cebon, Peter. "Corporate Obstacles to Pollution
Prevention." EPA Journalises "Key Documents!:
20-22.
Conway, R. A.. John H. Frick, David J. Warner
Calton C. Wiles, and E. Joseph Duckett. Waste
Minimization Practice^. Baltimore: American Society
for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1989.
Cook Jamo*. The Ghosts of Christmas Yet To
Come.'For, >s(22Ji  »1992): 92-95.
Dorfman, Mark H., Warren R. Muir, and Catherine
Q Miller. Environmental Dividends: Cutting More
 Chemical Wastes. New York: INFORM. Inc., 1992.
Available for $75 (plus $3 S/H) from^NFORMJnc.,
 120 Wall Street, 16th floor. New York, NY 10005
 (phone:  212/361-2400).
 Dyllick, Thomas. "Ecological Marketing Strategy for
 Toni Yogurts in Switzerland." Journal of Business
 Ethics 8 (August 1989): 657-662.
 Forester, William S., and John H. Skinner. Waste
 Minimization and Clean Technology: Waste Man-
 agement Strategies for the Future. San Diego:
 Academic Press, Inc., 1992.
 Garfield, Bob. "Beware: Green Overkill."
  Advertising Age (25 January 1991): 26.
  Geiser, Ken. The Greening of Industry."
  Technology Review 94 (August 1991): 64-72,
  Goldstein, Nora. "Marketing Strategy for£™"
  Products." In Business 12.  no. 3 (May 1990). 38-39.
  Hawken, Paul. "A Declaration of Sustainability."
   Utne Reader 59 (September 1993): 54-61.
   Henion, Karl E., and Thomas C. Kinnear  eds The
   Qonserver Society. Chicago: American Marketing
   Association, 1979.
   Maxwell, James, Lola Matysiak, Jennifer Nash
   and John Ehrenfeld. -Case Study: Preventing Waste
   Beyond Company Walls: P&G's Response to the
   Needfor Environmental Quality." Pollution Prevention
  ' Review 3, no. 3 (June 1993): 317-333.

-------
 McDonald's Corporation and the Environmental
 Defense Fund (EOF). 'Waste Reduction Task Force:
• Final Report.  1991. McDonald's, Environmental  ,
 Affairs Department, McDonald's Plaza, Oak Brook,
'IL 60521.
 McMurray, Scott. "Chemical Firms Find That It Pays
 to Reduce Pollution at Source." Wall Street Journal
 (11 June 1991): A1.A6.

 Piasecki, Bruce, and Peter Asrrius. In Search of
 Environmental Excellence: Moving Beyond Blame.
 New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1990.

 Pojasek, Robert 8. "For Pollution Prevention: Be
. Descriptive Not Prescriptive." Chemical Engineenng
 98 (September 1991): 136-139.
 	-Pollution Prevention Progress." In Environ-
 mental Risk Management—A Desk Reference,
 pp  503-519. Eric B. Rothenberg and Dean Jeffrey
 Telego. eds.  Alexandria, VA: RTM Communications,
 Inc., 1991.
 Post, James E. "Managing As If the Earth Mattered."
 Business Horizons 34, no. 4 (July 1991): 32-38.

 Robins, Nick, and Alex Trisoglio. -Restructuring
 Industry for Sustainable Development." In Making
 Development Sustainable: Redefining Institutions,
 Policy, and Economics,  pp. 157-194. Johan
 Holmberg, ed. Washington: Island Press, 1992.

  Schmidheiny, Stephan,  with the Business Council
  for Sustainable Development. Changing Course: A
  Global Business Perspective on Development and
  the Environment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1992.

  Sheridan, John H. "Pollution Prevention Picks Up
  Steam." Industry Week 241 (17 February 1992): 36-K

  Smart, Bruce, ed. Beyond Compliance: A New
•  Industry View of the Environment. Washington:
  • World Resources Institute, April 1992.
-  Underwood, Joanna D. "Going Green for Profit."
   EPA Journal [see "Key Documents"]: 9-13.
   U S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
   Pollution Prevention. Pollution Prevention 1991:
   Progress on Reducing Industrial Pollutants.-
   Washington: EPA, 199.1. *S*
   ___ Office of Research and Development. Facility
    Pollution Prevention Guide. EPA/600/R-92/088.
    Washington: EPA, 1992. t
B. Governmental Management

Browner, Carol M. "Pollution Prevention Takes
Center Stage." EPA Journal [see "Key Documents"]:
o-a.            ..•'•••     .   \-  '
Kling  David J., and Eric Schaeffer,"EPA's Flagship
Programs.' EPA Journal [see "Key Documents"]:
26-30.                  .
Lewis Eleanor J., and Eric Weltman. Forty Ways to
Make Government Purchasing Green. Washington: -
Center for the Study of Responsive Law, 1992. To
obtain a copy, contact the CSRL, P.O. Box 19367,
Washington, D.C. 20036.,
"A Paper Tale..." (Washington Report). The Office
117 (February 1993): 14.
U S Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
Chancing by Degrees: Steps to Reduce Greenhouse
"Gases.' (OTA-0-482) Washington: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1992.                             ,
U S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of   .
Policy, Planning, and Evaluation. Regulatory Innova-
tions Staff. Promoting Source Reduction and Recyc-
 lability in the Marketplace: A Study of Consumer and
 Industry Response to Promotion of Source Reduced,
 Recycled, -and Recyclable Products and Packaging.
 Washington: EPA, 1989.
 	 office of Pollutidn Prevention. Pollution Pre-
 vention Fact Sheet: Local Governments and Pollu-
' tion Prevention. Washington: EPA, 1991. «e»
    _ office of Pollution Prevention. Report on the
  U.S.'Environmental Protection Agency's Pollution
  Prevention Program. Washington: EPA,  1991. *B*

  •     Office of Research and Development,  Risk
  Reduction Engineering. Laboratory.  Pollution Pre-
  vention Case Studies Compendium. Cincinnati:
  EPA, 1992.*
  US General Accounting Office: Pollution Preven-
  tion- EPA Should Reexamine the Objectives and
  Sustainabilitybf State Programs, Washington: U.S.
  General-Accounting Office/January 1994. Available
  from the GAO, P.O. Box 6015, Gaithersburg, MD
  20884-6015; request doc. #GAO/PEMD-94-8.
   U. S. President. Executive Order 12856, August 3,
   1993. "Federal Compliance with Right-to-Know
   Laws and Pollution Prevention Requirements."
   Federal Register 58,-no. 150 (6 August 1993):
   41981-41987.                           •
                                                                                       Resource List-'5
                                                                                       • Decemoer 1994-

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    Executive Order 12873. October 20, 1993.
•"Federal Acquisition, Recycling, and Waste Preven-
tion." Federal Register 58, no. 203 (22 October
1993): 54911-54919. *B*
	  Executive Order 12902, March 8, 1994.
•Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation at
Federal Facilities." Federal Register 59, no. 47
(10 March 1994): 11463-11471.

C. The Role of Individuals and Society

•Are You A Green Consumer?" Consumer Reports
57. no. 11 (November 1992): 704-707.
Caplan, Ruth and the staff of Environmental Action.
Our Earth Our Selves: The Action Oriented Guide
to Help You Protect and Preserve Our Planet. New
York: Bantam Books, 1990.
Conn David W., ed. Energy and Material Resources:
Attitudes. Values, and Public Policy. AAAS Selected
Symposium 75. Boulder. Westview Press. 1983.
De Young. Raymond. "Changing Behavior and Mak-
ing it Stick: The Conceptualization and Management
of Conservation Behavior." Environment and Behav-
ior 25,-no. 4 (July 1993): 485-505.
 	-Some Psychological Aspects of Living Lightly:
 Desired Lifestyle Patterns and Conservation Behav-
 ior." Journal of Environmental Systems 20 (1991):
 215-227.
 Durnmg. Alan T. How Much Is Enough?  The  Con-
 sumer Society and the Future of the Earth. New
 Yock: W.W. Norton, 1992.
 Earthworks Group. 50 Simple Things You Can Do to
 Save  the Earth. Berkeley: Earthworks Press, 1989.
 	 The Student Environmental Action Guide: 25
  Things We Can Do. Berkeley: Earthworks Press,
  1991.
  Elkmgton. John. Julia Hailes,  and Joel Makower.
  The Green Consumer. New York: Penguin, 1990.
  Harris, Mark D. Embracing the Earth: Choices for
  Environmentally Sound Living. Chicago: The Noble
  Press. 1991.
  Kane. Hal. "Put It on  My Carbon Tab." World Watch
   6. no. 3 (1993): 38-39.
   Kenworthy. Lauren, and Eric Schaeffer. Preventing
   Industrial  '    Hazards. New York: INFORM, Inc.,
   1993. Avanacie for S25 (plus S3 S/H) from INFORM,
   Inc.. 120 Wall Street. 16th floor. New York, NY
   10005 (phone:  212/361-2400).
Lai, On-Kwok. 'Making Sense of the Greening of
Consumption and Production." Journal of Cleaner
Production ' 1 , no. 1 (1993): 43-47.
Letter, Donald W. EarthScore: Your Personal Envi-
ronmental Audit & Guide. Lafayette, CA: Morning
Sun Press,  1993.
Moos, Shawna. "Pollution-Prevention Power to the
People." Technology Review 95 (October 1992):
15-16.
National Research Council, Commission on the Be-
havioral and Social Sciences and Education, Com-
mittee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change.
Global Environmental Change: Understanding the
Human Dimensions. Paul C. Stem, Orun R. Young,
and Daniel  Druckman, eds. Washington: National
Acader,iy Press, 1992.
Schwepker, C. H.. and T. B. Comwell. "An exami-
nation of Ecologically Concerned Consumers and
Their Intention to Purchase Ecologically Packaged
Products." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 10,
no. 2 (September1991): 77-101.
"Selling Green." Consumer Reports 56, no. 10
(October 1 991 ): 687-692.
 Seymour, John, and Herbert Girardet. Blueprint for
 a Green Planet. New'York: Prentice Hall, 1987.
 Stern, Paul C. "Psychological Dimensions of Global
 Environmental Change." Annual Review of Psycno/-
 pgy 43 (1992): 269-302.
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
 Policy, Planning, and Evaluation. You Can Make
 a Difference. EPA/903/M-90/001 . Washington,
 January 1 990.
  _ _, Office of Solid Waste. The Consumer's Hand-
  book for Reducing Solid Waste. EPA/530-K-92-003.
  Washington: EPA, August 1992. Available free of
  charge by calling the RCRA Hotline (800/424-9346).

  Vargish. Thomas. "Why the Person Sitting Next to
  You Hates Limits to Growth." Technological Fore-
  casting and Social Change 16 (1980): 179-189.

  Wang, Penelope. "One Family's Finances: It's Not
  Easy Being Green." Money 19, no. 4 (April 1990):
  pp. 100 -K
  Winett, Richard A., and Peter Ester. -Behavioral Sci-
  ence and Energy Cpnservation: Conceptualizations,
  Strategies, Outcomes, Energy Policy Applications."
  Journal of Economic Psychology 3 (1 983): 203-229.
                                                                                      Resource List • 6
                                                                                       Decemoer 1994

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IV. Pollution Prevention Applications

(arranged alphabetically by topic)
Agriculture and Food Production

Holrnes, Hannah. "Eating Low on the Food Chain."
Garbage 4, no. 1 (January 1992): 32-37.          •
Hume, Scott. The Green Revolution: McDonalds."
Advertising Age 62, no. 5 (29 January 1991): 32.

Lefferts, Lisa Y., and Roger Blobaum. "Eating as if
the Earth Mattered." E Magazine 3, no. 1 (January
1992): 30-37.
Moore, W. Kent, and David L. Scott. "Beverage Con-
tainer Deposit Laws: Survey of the Issues and Results."
Journal of Consumer Affairs 17, no. 1  (1983): 57--80.

Robbins, John. "Can Earth Survive the Big Mac
Attack?" E Magazine 3, no. 1 (January 1?  ': 38+.
Where Our Food Comes From (videos by students
at Oberlin and Hendrix colleges). Hour-long videos
can be rented for the cost of shipping; shorter vidso
is free of charge. Contact Meadowcreek, Box 100,
Fox, AK 72051 (phone: 501/363-4500).

Architecture

McGraw. Jack W. The Denver Airport: Pollution
 Prevention by Design." EPA Journal 18, no. 2
 (May 1992): 18-19.
 Scholand, Michael. "Building for the Future."
 World Watch 6, no. 6 (November 1993): 36-38.

 Batteries       ,

 Carpi, John. "Green Batteries:  Powering Innovation."
 E Magazine 5, no. 2 (March 199.4): 46-47, 67.
 Gasbarro, Ron. "Getting Rid of Batteries." Garbage
 3, no. 5 (September 1991): 42-43.

  Cleaning and Cleaning Products

  Harris, Mark. "Bright Makes Blight." E Magazine 4,
  no. 6 (November 1993): 51-52.
•  Rose! Julian. "And the Detergent 'Eco-label1 Goes
  to, . ." Environmental Science and Technology 28,
  no. 4(1994); 179A.

   Consumer Products

   Holmes. Hannah, arid Patricia Poore. "Packaging in
   the '90s." Garbage 4, ho, 6 (January 1993): 24-31.
Kleiner, Art. "Compact Packaging for the Compact
Disk." Garbage 3, no. 6 (November 1991): 50-51.

Diapers

Arthur D. Little, consultants. Disposable Versus
Reusable Diapers: Health, Environmental and
Economic Comparisons. Cambridge, MA:
Arthur D. Little, 1990.
The Green Revolution: Procter & Gamble."
Advertising Age 62, no. 5 (29 January 1991): 16, 34.

Holusha, John. "Diaper Debate: Cloth or Dispos-
able?" New York Times (14 July 1990) Section 1,
p. 46, col. 1.
Lehrburger, Carl. Diapers in the Waste Stream:
A Review of Waste Management and Public Policy
Issues. 1989.- To obtain a copy, contact the author
at P.O. Be  530, Sh 'ield, MA01257.

Poore, Patricia. "Disposable Diapers are OK."
Garbage4, no. 5 (October 1992): 26-31.

Energy Production and Conservation

Rocky Mountain Institute and U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency, Region VIII. Negawatts-~A
Goldmine of Opportunity (video). 1991. 20 minutes.
Available for $20 from the RMI, 1739 Snowmass  ,
Creek Rd.. Snowmass, GO 81654-9199 (phone:
 303/927-3851).
 Hoodman, David MaJin. "Power Brokers: Managing
 Demand for Electricity." World Watch 6, no. 6
 (November 1993): 22-29.     *
 Tracey, Jim. "Green Lights for Home and Business."
  Garbage 4, no. 5 (October1992):  49+.

  Industrial P2

  Metal Industries—Metal Finishing, Manufacturing
  (fact sheets). Compiled by the U.S. Environmental
  Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides
  and Toxic Substances. Washington: EPA, 1993. A

  Moberg, David. "Sunset for Chlorine?"
  E Magazine 4, no. 4 (July 1993):  26-31,

  Transportation

  Automotive Repair, Maintenance, Salvage Yards,
  Painting, Radiators (fact sheets). Compiled by U.S.
  Environmental Protection Agency, Pollution Preven-
  tion Information Clearinghouse. Washington: EPA,
   1993. «ER&         .   '-    "/•..'
                                                                                     Decemoer 1994

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Ayers, Ed. "Breaking Away," World Watch 6, no. 1
(January 1993): 10-18.
Baldwin, J. "Green Cars." Garbage 5, no. 3 (June/
July 1993): 24-29. -
Flavin, Chnstopher. "Jump Start: New Automotive
Revolution." World Watch 6, no. 4 (July 1993): 27-33.

Holmes, Hannah. Telecommuting." Garbage 5,
no. 2 (Apnl/May 1993): 32-37.

Rocky Mountain Institute and the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Region VIII. Transportation
2000—Moving Beyond Auto America (video). 1991.
30 minutes. Available for $30 from the RMI, 1739
Snowmass Creek Rd., Snowmass, CO 81654-9199
(phone:  303/927-3851).

Water  Po   .don and Conservation

Postel, Sandra. "Water Tight." World Watch 6, no. 1
(January 1993): 10-25.

U «*. EPA, Region I. Turning the Tide: keeping Pol--
lution at Bay (video). 1991. 31 minutes. Available to
buy for $25 prepaid (or borrow for $15 prepaid) from
the-NeW England Interstate Environmental Training
Center. 2 Fort Road, South Portland, ME 04106
(phone: 207/767-2539).

Miscellaneous—Other

 Bernards, Neal, ed. The Environmental Crisis: Oppos-
 ing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1991.

 Betts, Kellyn S. The Coming Green Computers."
 E Magazine 5. no. 2 (March 1994); 28-35.

 Keoleian. Gregory A.,  and Dan Menerey. "Dispos-
 able vs. Reusable Systems—Two Source Reduction
 Case Studies." Journal of Environmental Systems
 20(1991): 343-357.
 	, "Packaging and Process Improvements: Three
 Source Reduction Case Studies." Journal of Envi-
  ronmental Systems 21, no. 1 (1992): 21-37.

  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
  Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engi-
  neering Laboratory. Running a Conference as a
  Clean Product. EPA/600/2/91/026. Cincinnati: EPA,
  June 1991, 40 pp. -Available for $17.50 hardcover or
  S9 microfiche (plus S4 S&H) from National Technical
  Information Services: call 800/553-6847 and request
  NTIS  *PB92-109-99.
V. Educational Resources

A. Syllabi and Course Materials

Allen, David T., Nandkamur Bakshani, and Kirsten
S. Rosselot. Pollution Prevention: Homework & De-
sign Problems for Engineering Curricula. New York:
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American
Institute for Pollution Prevention, Center for Waste
Reduction Technologies, 1992. 155 pp. $35. To
order, call AlChE customer service at 800/242-4363.
Cohen, Mark A. Management 5596: Management of
Environmental Issues (syllabus). Vanderbilt Univer-
sity, Nashville, March 1993. A
De Young, Raymor\6..tNR561/NR361: Conservation
Behavic  syl!;.bus). University of Michigan-Ann
Arbor, 1993. A
Design for Recycling Team. Teaching Environ-
mentally Responsible Design. Shirley T. Fleischman,
ed. Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, Ml,
22 October 1992.
Duncan, Andrew. "Pollution Prevention and Environ-
mental Studies Bibliographic Teaching Outline." *k
	_. "Pollution Prevention and Environmental
Studies Suggested Course Structures." A
Fleischman, Marvin. Pollution Prevention, Waste
Treatment, and Disposal (syllabus) .^University of
Louisville, Kentucky, March 1993. «*
Hanlon, Deborah, and Julie Bartenstein. Teaching
 Those Humans to Learn: Creative Approaches to
 Pollution Prevention Training. Washington: EPA,
 August 1992.
 Kidd, David. Industrial Waste Reduction: A Three-
 Credit University Curriculum for Environmental
 Engineering. Alaska Health. Project, Anchorage,
 October 1991. A
 Procter and Gamble, Inc. Decision: Earth.  An En-
 vironmental Teaching Unit for Grades 7-12.1993.
 Available frqm Procter & Gamble Educational Ser-
 vices, P.O. Box 599, Cincinnati, OH 45201.

 Rathje, William. Anthropology 337: Modem Material
  Culture Studies (syllabus). University of Anzona,
  1993. A
  Tchudi Stephen. "A Lesson Plan in Pollution Preven-
  tion." EPA Journal (see "Key Documents'!: 42-43.
                                                                                      Resource List • 3
                                                                                       December 1994

-------
Washington State Department of Ecology, Social and
Economic rSciences Research Center, Washington
State University, and the Waste Reduction Institute
for Training'and Applications Research (WRITAR).
Incorporating Pollution Prevention Concepts in-
Higher Education Curricula, 1991. Available for
$30 from WRITAR, 1313 Fifth Street SE, Suite 327,
Minneapolis, MN 55414-4502 (phone: 612/379-5995;
fax: 612/379-5996).
* .        ,             -         • '
Yust, Becky. DHA 1001: Introduction to the
Designed Environment (syllabus). University of
Minnesota, September 1991. A

B. Other Educational Resources

Amato, Ivan. The Slow Birth of Green Chemistry."
Science 259 (12 March 1993):  1538-1541.
Bakshani, Nandkumar, and David T. Allen. "In the
States: Pollution Prevention Education at Universi-
.ties in the United States." Pollution Prevention ffe-
 v/evv3, no. 1 (December 1992): 97-105.

 Corporate Conservation*Council, National Wildlife
 Federation. Gaining Ground: Environmental Education
 in Business Schools. Final Report of the Curriculum.
 Development Project, National Wildlife Federation,
 Washington, D.C., June 1992. Available free by;
 calling 202/797-6878.
 National Research Council, Commission on Life
 Sciences, Committee on the Applications of Ecological
 Theory to Environmental Problems. Ecological Know-
 ledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts
 'ana Case Studies. Washington:  National Academy
 Pre'ss,  1986.                    '."'./•
 Orr, David W. Ecological Literacy: Education and
 the Transition to the Postmodern World. Albany. NY:
 State University of New York  Press, 1992.
 Purcell, Arthur H. "Invited Comments." Air A. Waste
 (Journal of the Air & Waste Management Associa-
 tion) 42 (1992): 1169-1170.
  Washington State University, Social and Economic
  Sciences Research Center. Incorporating Waste
  Reduction Concepts in Higher Education Curricula.
  Pullman, WA: Washington State University, March
  1991.           '                   .•'•-'
VI. Faculty Involved in P2 Education

Richard Andrews                        .
Dept. of Environmental Sciences & Engineering   .
School of Public Health
University of North Carolina
GB #7400, Rosenau Hall
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400
phone: 919/966-2359      -   ')
fax: 919/966-7911      '                   .
e-mail:. pete_andrews@ unc.edu

Nicholas Ashford
Ctr. for Technology, Policy & Industrial Development
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA 02139
phone:'617/253-1664
fax: 617/253-7140

Terence Ball
Social Sciences                              ,
University of Minnesota                _•  :'
Minneapolis, MN 55455   -
phone: 612/634-0083
fax: 612/626-7599

LisaBardwell
School of Natural Resources and  Environment
University of Michigan
Dana Building                           ,  "
Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1115
phone: 313/747-4708
fax: 313/936-2195
 e-mail: bardwell® umich.edu

 Richard Bright
 Education and Training
 Clark Atlanta  University
 Atlanta. GA 30314-
 phone: 404/880-8515
 fax: 404/880-8522

  Curtis Bryant
  Dept. of Civil Engineering •
  University of  Arizona
  Tucson, AZ 85721
  phone: 602/621-2266
  fax: 602/621-2550

   WilliamBudd
   Environmental Sciences and Regional Planning
   Washington State University.
   Troy Hall 305
   Pullman, WA 99164-4430
"   phone: 509/335-8536
   fax: 509/335-7636        '  -      >-
                                                                                        Resource List • 9
                                                                                         Oecemoer 1994
                                                                                                 n

-------
Natural Resources. University of New Hampshire
221 James Hall
Durham. NH 03824-3591
phone: 603/862-1020
fax: 603/862-4976

David Conn
Ctr for Environment & Hazardous Materials Studies
Virginia Polytechnic'Institute & State University
Blacksburg,VA2406l-OH3
phone: 703/231-7508
fax: 703/231-3367
e-mail: conn@vtvm1.cc.vt.edu

Noellette Conway-Schempf
Green Design Initiative
GSIA 224
Carnegie-Mellon University
Shenley Park
Pittsburgh, PA T5206
,,ione-412'268-2299
<_x    '/2<.  -6337
e-ma». ncOy+@andrew.cmu.edu

Nancy Coppola
"Department of Humanities
New Jersey Institute of Technology
University Heights
Newark,  NJ 07102
phone: 201/596-5726
fax: 201/565-0586
e-mail: coppola@admin.njit.edu

 Anthony Cortese
 Second Nature
 17 Msgr. O'Brien Highway
 PO Box  410350
 East Cambridge, MA 02141-0004
 phone: 617/227-8888
 fax: 617/227-0104

 George Criner
 Department of Economics and Policy
 University of Maine
 5782 Winslow Hall
 Orono, ME 04469-5782
 phone:  207/581-3157
 fax: 207/581-4278
  e-mail:  crmer@maine.maine.edu

  Faye Duchin
  Director, Institute for Economic Analysis
  New York University                      •
  269 Mercer St.  Second Floor
   New York, NY  10003
   Dhone: 21Z'998-7480
   fax' 21Z-995-4165
   e-mail. Duchmf@acfcluster.nyu.edu
David Eagan
Institute for Environmental Studies
70 Science Hall
University of Wisconsin-Madison
550-N.Park St.
Madison, Wl 53706
e-mail: djeagan@students.wisc.edu

John R. Ehrenfeld
Ctr. for Technology, Policy, & Industrial Development
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Ave.                 »
Room £40-241
Cambridge, MA 02139
phone: 617/253-1694
fax: 617/253-7140

O. Homer Erekson
Economics Department
Miami University
Oxford, OH 4^056
phonp- 513/529-2836
fr :5i:V529-6992
e-mail: herekson@sba-laws.sba.muo:.io.edu  •

Shirley Fleischmann
Grand Valley State University
301 West Fulton, Suite 618
Grand Rapids, Ml 49504
phone: 616/771-6762
fax: 616/771-6642

 Robert L Ford
 Director, Center for Energy & Environmental Studies
 Southern University at Baton Rouge
 Cottage #8, P.O. Box 9764
 Baton Rouge, LA 70813
 phone: 504/771-4723
 fax: 504/771-4722
 e-mail: robert@subrvm.subr.edu

  Robert A. Frosch
  John F. Kennedy School of Government
  Center for Science and International Affairs
  Harvard University
  79 J.F. Kennedy Street
  Cambridge,  MA 02138
  phone: 617/495-8132
  fax: 617/495-8963
  e-mail: frosch@ksgbbs.harvard.edu

  Robert Gottlieb
  Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning
  University of California-Los Angeles
  Los Angeles, CA 90024
  phone: 310/825-1067
                                                                                     Resource List.- 10
                                                                                      Oecemoer 1994

-------
Gerald Groenewold
Director, Energy and Environmental Research Center
University of North Dakota           /
15 North 23rd St.   •  •  -
P.O.Box 9018
Grand Forks, ND 58202-9018
phone: 701/777-5131
fax: 701/777-5181           ,
e-mail: pamiiter@plains.nodak.edu

DeniseGuerin
Design, Housing and Apparel
240 McNeal Hall
University of Minnesota
1985 Buford Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
phone: 612/624-1257
fax: 612/624-2750
e-mail: dguerine.che2.che.umn.edu

Steven Hamburg
Environmental Ombudsman's Office
University of Kansas
HaworthHall
Lawrence, KS 66045-2106
phone: 9T3/864-3208
fax: 913/864-5321
Ellen Harrison
Waste Management Institute
Center for the Environment
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853
phone: 607/255-8576
fax: 607/255-8207
 e-mail: e2h1 ecomell.edu

 Linda Ashman Hicks
 Assoc. Oir., Pollutiop Prevention Ed. and Rsch. Ctr.
 University of Califomia-Los Angeles      '
 7440 Boelter Hall '   :
 Los Angeles, CA 90024
 phone: 310/206-2098
 fax: 310/206-3907
 e-mail: lindahQcalvin.ea.ucla.edu

 Joel S.Hirschhom                 ;
 Hirschhom & Associates                  /
 4221 Forbes Blvd., Suite 240
 Lanham. MD 20706-4325
 phone: 301/731 ^4095
 fax: 301/731-4099                 ,

  Dale Jamieson
  Center for Values and Social Policy
  Campus Bpx 232
  University of Colorado
  Boulder, CO  v0309
  phone: 303/432-6964                         <
 Tim Jones              ,                  .
 Dept. of Anthropology (Archaeology subgroup)
 University of Arizona               .
Bldg". #30
 Tucson, AZ 85721
 phone: 602/621-6299
 fax: 602/621-9608                    .

 Diana Overman
 Earth and Mineral Sciences
 The Pennsylvania State University
 University Park, PA 16802
 phone: 814/863-7004       -
 fax: 814/863-8017
 e-mail: dm!4@psuum.psu,edu

 ToddMacFadden
 Cooperative Extension Service
 Montana State University
 Taylor Hal!                 x
 Bozeman, MT59717
 phone: 406/994-3451
 e-mail: acxtmOtrex.oscs.montana.edu

 Robert L Myers                          ,
 Agronomy Department
 210 Waters Hall
 University of Missouri
 Columbia, MO 65211
 phone: 314/882-0317
 fax: 314/882-1467
 e-mail: agrmyersOumcvmb  ,

 Gay/a Neumeyer
 W1013 Engineering Building
 University of Missouri
 Columbia, MO 65211
 phone: 314/882-8366
 e-mail: neumeyerOecvax2.ecn.missouri.edu

 David Orr
 Environmental Studies
 Rice Hall
 Oberlin College                       ,
 Oberiin, OH 44074
 'phone: 216/775-8312           '     .

  Susan Powers
  Haz. Waste & Toxic Substance Rsch. &,Mgmt. Ctr.
  Rowley Laboratories
  Clarkson University
 - Potsdam,  NY 13699-5715               '  -    ..
  phone: 315/268-6542 .
  fax: 315/268-7636
  e-mail: sep<8 cratt.camp.clarkson.edu
                                                                                    Resource Lisr« 11
                                                                                    • December 1994
                                                                                             n.

-------
Manlyn Raphael
Geography Department
Bunche Hall
University of California-Los Angeles
405 Hilgard
Los Angeles, CA 96024
phone: 310/206-4590

Lisa Riedte
Dept. of Civil Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Plattville
1 University Plaza
Plattville,WI53818
phone: 608/342-1539
fax: 608/342-1566

Yuriko Saito
Philosophy Department
Rhod3 Is'and School of Design
2Col'jge "
Providence, Rl 02903-2784
phone: 401/454-6578
fax: 401/454-6157    .

flratf Smith
5300 Irving Ave. South
Minneapolis, MN 55419
phone: 612/920-9569
fax: 612/929-0903
Joel Tan
Carnegie-Mellon University
Shenley Park
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
phone: 412/268-2609
fax: 412/268-1019
e-mail: jt03-i-Oandrew.cmu.edu

Janet Vail
Waste Reduction & Management Program
Water Resources Institute
Grand Valley State University
One Campus Drive
Ailendale, Ml 49401
phone: 616/895-3749
fax: 616/895-3864

Harold Ward
Cente^ for Environmental Studies
Browr. Jniv^rsity
P.O. Box 1943
135 Angell Street
Providence, Rl 02912
phone: 401/863-3449
fax: 401/863-3503,
e-mail: harold_ward 3 brown.edu

Becky Yust
Design, Housing and Apparel
240 McNeal  Hall
University of Minnesota
1985 Buford Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
phone: 612/624-4904
fax: 612/624-2750
e-mail: byustOche2.che.umn.edu
                              Original produced on Hammermill Unity DP,
                         a 50% post-conmuner/50% pie-consumer recycled paper
                           made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
 Published by:
 The National Pollution Prevention Center
 for Higher Education
 University of Michigan. Dana Building
 430 East University Ave.
 Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-1115
 • Phone: 313-764-1412
 •Pax: 313-936-2195
 • E-mail: nppc9umich.edu

 The mission of the NPPC is to promote sustainable development
 by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
 prevention: create educational materials; provide tools and
  strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and
  establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.
  In addition to developing educational materials and conducting
  research, the NPPC also offers an internship program, profes-
  sional education & training, and conferences.
^^^^•^W»^^""^^^^^^^—• " '
 Your Input It Walcom«l
 We are very interested in your feedback on these matenals.
 Please take a moment to offer your comments and communicate
 them to us. Also contact us if you wish to receive a documents
 list, order any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
 resources, or be listed in our Directory of Pollution Prevention
 in Higher Education.

 WePlm to Go Online
 The NPPC is beginning to make its documents available over
 the Internet in any of the following ways:

 • Anonymous FTP: ftp.snre.umich.edu
 • Gopher: gopher.snre.umich.eau
 • Worldwide Web:  http://www.snre.umich.edu/

  Please contact us if you have comments or suggestions
  regarding online access to our materials.
                                                                                             Resource List* 12
                                                                                             . OecemBar 199't

-------
 partial greening of businesses, from both regulatory
 "push" and market "pulls." Problems thwarting
 sustainable business development include the com-
 petitive business model/resistance of businesses to
 public pressure/legislation, difficulty of changing •
 attitudes and culture, linear industrial ecosystems,
 and dosed decision-making processes. Outlines a
 10-point "eco-industrial policy" that could be used
 to overcome these obstacles:

 Rocky Mountain Institute and the U.S. Environmental
 Protection Agency, Region VIII. Negawatts—A Gold-
. mine 'of Opportunity (video). 1991. 20 minutes, [IV]

' Description from EPA's Reference Guide to Pollution
 Prevention Resources:  "Negawatts describes how
 corporations can join in the energy-efficiency
 revolution yielding economic and environmental
 u-ne:   throughout me y orld. Aggressive energy
 Cadency programs are enabling many leading
 corporations to improve bottom-line performance
 while meeting customer demands for greater
 corpo? ^responsibility. Energy efficiency devices
 can generate electricity savings (negawatts) to.
 displace the output of 500 typical power plants. As
 an added benefit, these technologies prevent pollu-
 tion by wringing more work out of each unit of
 energy. Energy efficiency also creates jobs and
 reduces dependence on foreign oil."             ^

 	. Transportation 2000—Moving Beyond Auto
  America (video). 1991. 30 minutes.

  As described in EPA's Reference Guide to Pollution
  Prevention Resources: "Transportation 2000 discusses
  different technologies for producing more efficient
  automobiles."       '     ,

  Rpodman, David Malin. "Power Brokers:  Managing
  Demand for Electricity." World Watch 6, no. 6
   (November 1993): 22-29. [IV]   •       .

   Describes the rise of demand-side management
 ' (DSM) programs at electric utilities, using the
   example of the California electric Utility, Pacific Gas
   & Electric, as a case study. Describes how utilities,
   under pressure from regulatory agencies and
   environmental.groups, have shifted from investing
   in more capacity toward investing in more efficiency.
   The utilities  promote efficiency through programs
   such as, low-cost loans for insulation or new equip-
    ment, which are paid for through higher electricity
  '  rates.. VVith  -eater consumption efficiency; however,
    overall electricity costs decrease. The article describes
how these somewhat counterintuitive tactics'are
gaining credence throughout the U.S. and the rest
of the world.    ,           _.        ••'•'.

Rose, Julian. "And the Detergent 'Eco-label' Goes
to..." Environmental Science and Technology 28,
no. 4.(1994): 179A. [IV]

Brief article describing the controversy in Europe
over environmental impacts of detergents. The
European Union intends to award "eco-labei" to
environmen tally friendly detergents. Detergents
including phosphate would not be eligible. How-
ever, European phosphate producers commissioned
a scientific consultative study (using the Delphi tech-
nique) that indicates phosphate is hardly more envi-
ronmentally harmful man alternative ingredients.

"toy, ^anik. "Environmental Law: Pollution Preven-
tion, Organizational Culture, and Socai Learning."
Environmental Law 22 (1991): 189-225. [I.C]      ,

PIES Abstract "This document addresses some of
the fundamental theories of U.S. environmental pro-
tection policy. This policy has proven difficult to
practice due to the complexities of evaluating social
costs of pollutant discharges and the inability of
government agencies to enforce environmental laws
on all of the world's polluters. This document high-
lights the weaknesses of the simple explanations of
environmental protection policy and then explores
 the role of the social sciences in environmental poli-
 cies. Finally, the document suggests a direction for
 environmental policy that helps society to under-
 stand how best to limit its pollution through pre-  ,••
 vention by better reflecting the realities of those
 companies and individuals that generate waste."

  Schmidheiny, Stepnan. with the Business Council for
  Sustainable Development. Changing Course: A Glo-
  bal Business, Perspective on Development and the
  Environment Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992. fllLA]

  Released around the time of the United Nations Con-
  ference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
  in Rio de Janeiro, this book provides a business per-
  spective on sustainable development. Working from
  the basis that a healthy environment is a prerequisite
  for a healthy economy, the authors examine how the
  economy can be reshaped in sustainable develop-
  ment terms. Integrates P2 into the prescription for
  sustainable business development, although much of
   the text is framed in broader terms. Includes many
   case studies from corporations around the world.
                                        December 1994

-------
Scholand. Michael. 'Building for the •
World Watch 6, no. 6 (November 1993)
                                         . [ivj
Describes new trends to improve the energy efficiency
of commercial and domestic buildings, which now
use 36% of the U.S. energy budget. Gives examples
of measures such as thermal windows, insulated
walls, auto-dimming Lights, variable flow climate
control systems, water conservation, and natural
lighting. A number of the described programs ate
outside the U.S. Describes how efficiency increases
in buildings are Likely to come from two forces: regu-
latory (such as stricter building codes) and voluntary
(from pioneering architects and home-builders).

Schwepker. C. H.. and T. B. Comwell. "An Exami-
nation ol Ecc'ogically Concerned Consumers an^
Their intention to Purchase Eccfegiofly Packaged
Products." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 10,
no. 2 (September 1991): 77-101. [IH.C]

Scholarly marketing-studies article presenting results
of a questionnaire-based study that examined vari-
ables which may indicate which people are wUhng
to purchase ecologically packaged products. The
study found significant discriminating variables  to
be attitude toward ecologically conscious living,
 attitude toward litter, locus of control (i.e., whether
 or not one has a sense of personal control over one; s
 life)  and perception of pollution as a problem. De-
 mographic variables were not found to be as impor-
 •tanfas^ociopsychological variables  The research
 indicates that most consumers would be willing to
 purchase products with reduced, recyclable, and/or
 biodegradable packages and that policymakers and
 marketeers may Want to increase their efforts to
 educate consumers about the solid waste problem.

  -Selling Green."  Consumer Reports 56, no. 10
  (October 1991): 687-692. [III.C]

  Critical article about eco-marketering oriented
  toward the savvy consumer. Mentions numerous
  positive and negative examples of green products
  and packaging.  Includes an inset box on the contro-
  versy surrounding the U.S. EPA's Consumer s
  Handbook for Reducing Solid Waste.
Seymour, John, and Herbert Girardet. Blueprint fora
Green Planet. New York: Prentice Hall, 1987. [III.C]

Book by British authors that suggests actions that in-
dividuals can take to minimize pollution and reduce
resource use.  Takes the perspective that individual
behaviors are important and that consumption must
be moderated. Can take on a moralistic tone at times,
although it provides a number of practical sugges-
tions. Major topics include household water use, ag-
riculture, food, solid waste, medicines and toiletries,
household toxics, energy use, and automobiles.

Sheridan, John H. "Pollution Prevention Picks Up
Steam." Industry Week:241 (17 February 1992):
364. ill.A]             ..'..'.

Artid-- describes the success of voluntary- P2 pro-
grams but warns that stricter regulations may be
developed. Begins with several P2 success stories
from the manufacturing sector. Mentions common
conflicts between environmental and production
staff over making P2 changes to the production
process. Compares EPA's focus on source reduction
with a more "balanced" approach, which would
 also include recycling, treatment, and disposal.

 Smart, Bruce, ed. Beyond Compliance: A New
 Industry View of the Environment. Washington:
 World Resources Institute, April  1992. [III.A]

 A compilation of company information releases and
 other original material by Smart, former CEO of a
 Fortune 100 corporation. P2 is a central theme
 within the broader analysis of business and the
 environment.

  Smith. Emily T., David Woodruff, and Fleur
  Templeton. "Growth vs. Environment: In Rio Next
  Month  a Push for Sustainable Development." Bus/-
  ness Week (11  May 1992): 66-70, 72-75. [key doc.) .

  Written just before the UNCED Earth Summit, this
  cover story examines unsustainable human practices
  and what can be done to bring about sustainable hu-
  man development. A proposed solution for sustain-
  able development includes  increased efficiencies in
  both resource use and pollution emissions, a frame-
   work for change such as environmental taxes and
   international agreements, population stabilization,
   and restraints on consumption. "Sustainable devel-
   opment would stress prevention" (p.75). Includes
   many examples and quotes from leading experts.
                                                                                 Annotated Bibliography • 20-
                                                                                        December 1994

-------
     ,  Turning the Tide: Keeping Pollution at Bay
 (video). 1991. 31 minutes. [IV]

 Video examining coastal protection and non-point
 source water pollution in the Buzzards Bay, Mass.,
 area. Shows how the decisions of individuals,
 organizations, and elected officials can affect.the
 quality of coastal resources. Indirect P2 message.

  •,.' .  office of Communication, Education, and
 Public Affairs. EPA Journal —special issue on pol-
 lution prevention. Vol. 19, no. 3 (July 1993): 50 pp.
 [key doc.]

 An issue of U.S. EPA's EPA Journal almost entirely
 devoted to pollution prevention.  Most articles
 pert? n to industrial P2 ;md the "win-win" aspect of
   '. (p . >tecting the environment and saving money).,
 I For articles listed separately in this bibliography,
 see Baucus, Browner, Cebon, Kling & Schaeffer,
 -Uebennan, Tchiidi, and Underwood.]

 	_, Office of Policy, Planning, arid Evaluation.
. Promoting Source Reduction and Recydability in
 the Marketplace: A Study of Consumer and Industry
 Response to Promotion of Source Reduced,
 Recycled, and Recyclable Products and Packaging.
, Washington: EPA, 1989. [III.B]

  Report and annotated bibliography that examine ^
  source reduction arid recycling marketing issues in
  the consumer products sector. .Primary emphasis is
  the effect on the municipal solid waste stream. After
  examining the popular and academic literature, the
 • report summarizes important components of suc-
  cessful consumer marketing programs. Includes
  recommendations for the implementation of a suc-
  cessful government-business program to encourage
  the sale of "source-reductive and/or recyclable con-
  sumer products.  Includes an extensive (58-page)  ,
  annotated bibliography of relevant documents. Most
  are from popular journals and similar sources; some
  are from academic journals. The majority cover
   recycling  rather than source reduction.

   	§. office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation.
   You Can  Make a Difference, Washington, January
   1990. [III.B]   .              '       .     •'.','

   Pamphlet showing how individuals can help
   prevent pollution and set an example for others to
   follow. Activities are suggested in such areas as   :
   home energy conservation, reuse /repair /recycling,
transportation alternatives, pesticide use reduction,
indoor air pollution reduction, lead-based paint
reduction, and tree-planting. 'Also includes a list -
of additional contacts.

	t office of Pollution Prevention. Pollution
Prevention  1991: Progress on Reducing Industrial
Pollutants. Washington: EPA, 1991 a. [111. A]

A comprehensive description of industrial P2
activities in businesses, the federal government,
state and local governments, academia, and NGOs
as of 1991. Includes one chapter describing national
trends in industrial P2 and another outlining non-
industrial c'imensions of P2. A useful if  already
dated reference.

	. office of Pollution Prevention. °ollution Pre-
vention Fact Sheet: Local Governments  and Pollu-
tion Prevention. Washington: EPA, 1991 b. [HI.B]

Fact sheet describing the role of local governments
in promoting P2. Mentions mat they can provide:
educational programs to raise awareness in busi-
nesses and the community; technical assistance pro-
grams to businesses and organizations; regulatory
mechanisms such as codes, licenses, and permits;
and procurement policies for recycled or recyclable
products. The fact sheet reproduces two model
ordinances, one establishing a recycled product
 procurement policy and the other establishing a
 hazardous waste minimization program for indus-
 trial pollutants discharged to sewers.

 _	, office of Pollution Prevention. Report on the
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Pollution
  Prevention Program. Washington: EPA, 1991. [III.B]

  Short report describing the EPA's P2 program. Gives
  a brief historical policy synopsis of the  P2 program.
  The bulk of the report outlines various activities
  within the Office of P2, the rest of the EPA,  and the
  rest of federal government. These include activities
  in the agriculture, consumer, energy and transpor-
  tation sectors. Also described are efforts in EPA's
  offices of Air, Water, Solid Waste, Pesticides and
  Toxic Substances, Enforcement, and Research and
  Development, as well as in the EPA's  10 regional
  offices. The final section examines future directions,
  including life cycle assessment/creating a P2 ethic,
 ' and measuring P2. Provides insightful though some-
  what dated overview of EPA's P2 activities. Also
  ' briefly describes three state'programs.      r  ,
                                                                                   Annotated Bibliography • 23
                                                                                          December 1994

-------
	Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic   -
Substances. 1993 Reference Guide to Pollution
Prevention Resources. Washington: EPA, February
1993. [key doc.)

An annual EPA publication with abundant informa-
tion about P2 programs and resources throughout
the U.S. Includes a lengthy listing of university;-
affiliated P2 research and training centers, state P2
programs, federal P2 programs, training guides,
videos, and clearinghouses. Most listings include
descriptions and contact information.  Information
is oriented to practitioners rather than teachers or
researchers. (No 1994 guide issued.)

_•	t office of Research and Development,
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. Pollution
Prevention Case Studies Compendium. Cincinnati:
EPA, 1992. [III.B]

A compilation of case study summaries from EPA's
Waste Reduction Innovative Technologies Evalua-
tion (WRITE), Waste Reduction Evaluations at
Federal Sites, Waste Minimization Assessments!,
 and University-Based Assessments programs. The
summaries, all two or three pages long, describe
current practices and potential waste minimization/
P2 alternatives. Some case studies are quite technical
and relevant for specific manufacturing processes,
others are more general relating to common manu-
 facturing and service industry practices. Primarily
 addresses RCRA hazardous wastes, not all pollutants.

 	, office of Research and Development, Risk
 Reduction  Engineering Laboratory. Running a
 Conference as a Clean Product. EPA/600/2/91/026.
 Cincinnati: EPA, June 1991. [IV!

 Report describing how to prevent pollution through
 environmentally sound conference management
 practices.'  Uses a 1990 EPA P2 conference as a model.
 Discusses successes and failures of the strategies
 pursued. Includes an interesting appendix of sugges-
 tion letters from others within and outside of EPA.

 	, Office of Research and Development. Facility
  Pollution Prevention Guide. EPA/600/R-92/088.
 Washington: EPA, 1992. [III.A]

  A general "how-to" manual for industrial P2 pro-
  grams, Upd  • >s the popular 1983 "Waste Minimiza-
  tion Cppor:..  .ty Assessment Manual," which was
  aimed for generators of hazardous wastes.  The focus
has been broadened to cover all pollutants (air emis-
sions, wastewater discharges, solid wastes), energy
and water consumption, and life-cycle impacts of
product manufacture, use, and disposal The pri-
mary audience remains manufacturing industries.
Chapters address different aspects of a P2 program:
initial organization, assessment of P2 options, mea-
surement of progress, program maintenance, and
economic analysis.

	, Office of Solid Waste. The Consumer's Hand-
book for Reducing Solid Waste. EPA/530-K-92-Q03.
Washington: EPA, August 1992. [III.C]

A guidebook to source reduction and reuse oppor-
tunities for individuals.  Introduces the concept of
source reduction and integrated waste management.
Givej numerous suggestions for reducing household
waste at the source.  Includes examples of source
reduction in communities and businesses, and
appendices of terms and EPA resources.  Has full
color illustrations using a "the caf s out of the bag"
theme.  (An earlier version of this guide was con-
sidered too controversial to distribute.).
                                     t
	, Science Advisory Board. Reducing Risk:
Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental
Protection. Washington: EPA, 1990. [I.C]

Summary report describing the findings and recom-
mendations of the Relative Risk Reduction Strategies
Committee. The report is a follow-up to the 1987
"Unfinished Business" EPA report, which compared
the relative risks of 31 environmental problems.
This report outlines 10 findings of the committee
 and 10 EPA policy recommendations for reducing
 risk. One of these recommendations is that EPA
 should "emphasize pollution prevention as the
 preferred option for reducing risk."

 	. "Pollution Prevention Strategy." Federal
 Register 56, no. 38 (1991): 7849-7864. [I.C]

 An official announcement of EPA's non-regulatory
 pollution prevention program as of the early 1990s.
 It serves a dual purpose: (1) providing guidance
 . about incorporating P2 into existing EPA programs
 and (2) initiating a voluntary industrial toxics reduc-
 tion program. The more lengthy guidance compo-
  nent describes general principles behind EPA's P2
  program and discusses a number of P2 activities that
  EPA is pursuing. The second component justifies
  and outlines the industrial toxics project (also known
  as the 33/50 Program)^ Noteworthy and readable.
                                                                                Annotated Bibliograpny • 24
                                                                                        Oacsmber 1994

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 Where Our Food Comes-Frbm (videos produced by
 students at Oberjin and Hendrix colleges). Fox, AK:
 Meadovycreek. [IV]   - -    ..

 Students at Oberlin (Ohio) and Hendrix (Conway,
 AK) Colleges produced hour-long videos about the.
 origins of the food they ate on campus, interviewing
 growers (in states as far away as California) and
 distributors.  A 10-miriute video, produced in 1992
 at Oberlin, shows how the college is beginning to
 buy locally grown food. Th" shorter video comes
 with a booklet written for institutions interested in
 initiating such a program.

 White, Allen L, and Karen Shapiro. "Life Cycle
 Assessment:  A  Second Opinion." Environmental
 Science & Technology 27, no. 6 (June 1993):
 1016-1017. [II.B]

 Short article of fering additional views responding to
 Mary Ann Curran's article in an earlier issue of the
 same journal. Authors mention data accessibility
 issues, including the need to use published data
 sources. The issue is particularly relevant in light
 of industry-sponsored studies that compare one
 product with another. They also discuss the pos-  -
 sibility of conducting streamlined LCAs to help
 gauge a product's relative harm. [See also Wang, M.]

 Winett, Richard A., and Peter Ester. "Behavioral Sci-
 ence and Energy  Conservation: Conceptualizations,
 Strategies, Outcomes, Energy Policy Applications."
 Journal of Economic Psychology 3 (1983): 203-229.
 [III.C]

 Not all of this lengthy article may be relevant to P2,
 but it provides  a useful overview of the behavioral
 sciences and the role of behavior-change strategies
  for conserving energy. Much of article is equally
  applicable to individual P2 strategies as it is to
  energy conservation. Abstract:  "While economic,
  physical design, and legal disciplines have been the
  dominant .approaches in energy conservation poli-
  cies, each perspective has limitations with regard
  to effectively being able to modify energy-related
  behaviors of consumers. A behavioral science ap-  -
  proach which integrates knowledge bases from a
  number of disciplines and levels of analysis has had
  relatively little:input in energy policy, even though
  conceptually and technically the approach is well
'  developed, and has recently demonstrated its appli-
  cability through many field experiments. . ."
Wise, John: Challenges for the Future. Presented
at National Roundtable of State Pollution Prevention
Programs 1993 Spring Conference: Connections
for Pollution Prevention, pp. 54-62. San Diego, CA,
28 April 1993. [key doc.] '

Excellent overview of the P2 perspective.  Gives
background on the command and control approach
of EPA and the dramatic shift in both EPA and
industry towards a cooperative P2 approach. Also
lists four challenges that lay ahead: (1) "articulate
prevention-based behavior as a prevailing social/
cultural ethic," (2) "diffuse this prevention-based
ethic to a larger community," (3) "promote clean
and green technology to retool America for the
global marketplace," and (4) "promote total quality
and continuous improvement by measuring
progress and celebrating success."

World Conservation Union (IUCN), United Nations
Environment Program (UNEP), and World Wildlife
Fund for Nature (WWF). Caring for the Earth: A  .
Strategy for Sustainable Living. Gland, Switzerland:
IUCNAJNEP/WWF (Earthscan Edition), 1991. II.C]

A new version of the 1980 "World Conservation
Strategy," which was one of the first publications
to promote the concept of sustainable development.
This book continues with the same theme, taking a
holistic, worldwide view of "sustainable living."
Includes three major sections: principles of sustain-
able living; actions for sustainable living; and
implementation and follow-up. Actions cover
energy, commerce, human settlements, farm arid
range lands, forest lands, fresh waters, oceans and
coastal areas.  Pollution prevention, framed as
 adopting a "precautionary approach to pollution"
 (pp. 29-30), is emphasized throughout.       •    ,

 World Resources Institute, and Institute for Environ-
 ment and, Development. World'Resources 1994- ;
  1995. New York: Basic Books, 1994. [I.A]

  Authoritative and comprehensive reference on
  resource abundance and use. Includes pollution
  generation data to a lesser extent. Provides an
  excellent discussion and' explanation of the tables.
  Published every other year. The 1994-95 edition '
  includes narrative chapters on natural resource
  consumption, population and .the environment,
  and women and sustainable development. It also
  includes regional foci on China and India.
                                                                                  Annotate* Bibliography • 27
                                                                                        . December 1994

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Wynne. Brian. 'Uncertainty and Environmental
uearnmg: Reconceivmg Science and Policy in
the Preventive Paradigm." Global Environmental
Change 2, no. 2 (June 1992): 111 -127. [l.A]

A scholarly article about risk and the newly emerging
preventive paradigm from a philosophy of science/
political philosophy perspective.  Examines the con-
cepts of nsk, uncertainty, ignorance, and indetermina-
cy  pointing out that problems commonly construed
as being "uncertain" are actually much more inde-
terminate. Author also examines the implications of
taking environmental protection further "upstream"
as a result of pollution prevention's emphasis on
prevention at the source (e.g., R&D, design, etc.).
One of the consequences is comparatively more
indetermin£--y because of the now greater distance
between upstream design  and downstream environ-
mental effects. Author » concluding sentence: "the
preventive paradigm for environmentally sustainable
technology is opening up a more radical shift in our
relationship with scientific knowledge, and a corre-
spondingly more radical challenge to society, than
has yet been recognized."
Yust  Becky. DHA 1001: Introduction to the
Designed Environment (syllabus). University of
Minnesota, September 1991. [VA]

Detailed syllabus for an  introductory applied design
class. Introduces students to interaction of people
and the environment from cultural, ethical, and be-
havioral perspectives. Course features many guest
speakers and field trips. Pollution prevention is in-
cluded not so much as a topic than as an underlymg
concept in approaching  the designed environment.
                                 Original produced on Hammennill Unity DP,
                            a 50% post
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   The text ot the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 can be
   useful reading, pamcularty because it is only 10 pages
   i0ng. Political-science or policy students may wish to
   examine Congressional hearings that pree:eded *«, pas-
   sage of this law.  Following the P2 Act of 1990, EPA ^
   sued a lengthy '"Pollution Prevention Policy Statement
   in the Federal Register (U.S. EPA, 1991). It is a 'good
   place to start for a federal P2 policy primer. Although
   dated Hirschhom and Oldenburg's discussion of
  ' U.S. P2 policy (1991, pp. 24-28 (key doc.]) is short
   illuminating, and somewhat critical in contrast to EPA
,( sources, the entire July-September 1993 EPA ]ourna
   (1993 [key doc.]) is devoted to P2. Many of the articles
   in this issue discuss policy issues, from Congressional
'   (Lieberman,  1993, and Baucus, 1993); EPA (Browner,
   1993 [TUB]); and academic (Andrews, 1993) perspectives.
       in,  arles about P2 Po! cy can depend on the
    perspective of the author. For example, Shendan
    (1992 [HI.A]) gives a generally positive rating to U.S..  -
    P2 policv for the industrial sector, but warns of, the
    potential for excessive regulation. Both Byers (1991)
    and Lis & Chilton (1993) take a more anti-regulatory
    view, with particular concern about what they consider
    EPA's artificial boundary between P2 and recycling.
    In contrast; authors such as Commoner (1992) take an
    extreme stance in the other direction-favoring strict
    government controls of private business in order to
    prevent pollution. Lieberman (1993) takes a more
    accommodative stance/supporting greater government
    involvement in encouraging businesses to prevent
    pollution. Likewise, then-Senator Albert Gore d tecusses
    his "Strategic Environment Initiative"—ideas about
    how government can work with businesses to encourage
    P2 and promote technological advancement (Gore,
     1992 [LA]).  ;                     .            '  "
     For a more theoretical-academic approach, Roy's (1991)
     article combines social  science and environmental
     policy perspectives.  Freeman et al.'s (1992) review
     article while not exclusively written for an academic
      audience, provides an  almost exhaustive review of
   ...  industrial P2 themes, 'including policy.  However,
      Purcell (1992 [V.B]) notes the review includes neither
      non-industrial nor non-technical perspectives of P2.

      If time permits, specific issues may be worth particular
      attention.  For example, the Toxic Release Inventory
      (TR1) has been credited "with leading to many P2
       initiatives (Moos,. 1992 [ffl.C]).' A Busmess Week-  -
    ''   editorial /H,  To. ,.," 1993) suggests this type of
  ^formation provision as a major direction in future
  US P2 policy. Another example is the connection
; between P2 and energy efficiency policies, as discussed
''.  by Hayes (1991) and Lovins (1990).     ,

  STATE AND LOCAL POLICY

  State and local pollution policies vary greatly. Some
  states have practically  no P2 laws nor programs, while
  other states have extensive regulatory or assistance
  programs.  Congress has, to date, decided against
  enacting sweeping P2 planning or regulatory legisla-
  tion, leaving the door open for states td develop such  .
  programs on their own. As with many environmental
  issues, EPA's national P2 program is a backstop for the
  state progran \ providing funding, information, and
  other resources. However, a General Accounting
  "ffice -eport faults EPA's state P2 assistance program
  for supporting non-P2 treatment and recycling pro-
,  grams (U.S. GAO, 1994 [ffl.B]).
  ' Rather than attempt to provide representative docu-
   ments from state and local programs, the reader is
   encouraged to contact nearby P2 offices for the most.
   recent and relevant information. Contact information
   is provided in the 1993 Reference Guide to Pollution Pre-
   vention Resources (U.S. EPA, February 1993 [key doc.]).
   However, there are a few documents that discuss state
   and local programs in broad terms.  For an academic
   treatment, Rabe (1991) discusses the experiences of
   several states as a model for other states and the rest
   of the country.  Geiser (1991 [ffl-A]) provides a more
    popular-audience discussion of state P2 and toxic-use
    reduction laws as related to "sustainable industry."

    INTERNATIONAL P2 POLICY

    Likewise, only a few accessible documents deal
    extensively with international P2 policy. Documents
     such as Hileman's (1992) cover the United Nation's
     "cleaner production" program. International P2 and
     sustainable development policy are the themes in a
     Business Week cover story (Smith et al., 1992 [I.A]>
     immediately preceding the 1992 United Nations
     Conference on the Environment and Development in
     Rio De Janiero. Portions of UNCED's Agenda 21
    ' (Agenda 21,1993) and the World Conservation Union's
     Strategy for Sustainable Living (World Conservation
     Union, 1991) contain P2 themes. .Tolba and El-Kholy
      (1992 [LA]) provide general information about
      international environmentalpolicy.
                                                                                                      -;53

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Congressional research reports With international policy
themes include one discussing policy measures to re-
duce global greenhouse emissions (U.S. Congress. UI A,
I992a (III B]), another on using trade and energy policies
to reduce pollution (U.S. Congress, Senate, 1992); and a
third on the design of products (U.S. Congress, OTA,
1992b (HA)). This third report. Green Products by Design,
includes an interesting discussion of different environ-
mental policy models, indicating that the European ap-
proach is mo're focused at the end-product stage, while
the U.S model is more focused at the manufacturing
stage  As shown in the next section, these two foci rep-
resent differentstages of a product's life-cycle. Indeed,.
the theme of the next component is understanding F2
opportunities throughout A product's life cycle.

 II. Understanding Pollution Prevention
 Through Life Cycle Assessment

 Although there are many ways to understand the
 concept of pollution prevention, life cycle assessment
 (LCA) is used here to enable students to recognize the
 opportunities for reducing environmental impacts over
 the entire life of a product.  All of a product's impacts,
 from initial resource extraction to ultimate disposal,
 can be included in a life cycle assessment. Thus the
  LCA approach is synthetic.  LCA is also an analytical
  approach because it enables students to break down
  the entire system into components that can be more
  readily understood and analyzed.

  While the mechanics of conducting an LCA are
  controversial, a more, important theme for students to
  grasp is the "big picture" approach to environmental
  impact assessment. Life cycle assessment is one of
  several tools for understanding environmental impacts.
  Therefore, the first section surveys such themes across
   the broader landscape of human impacts on the
   environment. For those with little class time, the first
   section is not crucial. However, it is important to
   include key life-cycle assessment framework concepts
   from the second section. The third section will help
   develop student's critical thinking skills by .pointing
   to LCA applications'and controversies.

   nwi The Big Picture: Holistic Analysis
    L'nderstar -  * P- necessitates taking a "big picture"
    view  Although it may be easy to agreeon the need for
    a comprehensive, critical perspective, it is much more
difficult to agree on exactly what items such a perspec-
tive includes and excludes. This section is an introduc-
tion to some of the themes that may be included in
such holistic analyses.  It also provides a background
and justification for taking a life-cycle approach.  This
section is most useful when there is sufficient time to
examine this context for life-cycle assessment.

A "product system" is just one many interlinked
systems, and systems analysis is, in itself, an area of
study. There are numerous documents that unite a
holistic, system-wide analysis with a P2 theme. For
example, Peet (1992 [LA]) provides a concise intro-
duction to an environmental systems approach.  An
example of systems theory in practice (Meadows et al.,
1992) uses a predictive systems model of global flows
to argue for jstainabl iractices. Human sy—ms are
inextricably tied with natural systems, and a growing
body of literature calls for human systems to mimic
and thus mesh more closely-with these natural systems.
 Authors such as Tibbs (1992), Mitsch and Jorgensen
 (1989), and Warm (1990) discuss this theme using a
 variety of terms: ecological engineering, industrial
 ecology, biologic design, etc.

 As Orr (1992 [V.B]), Hawken (1993 [m.A]), Peet (1992
 [LA]), and others a point out, a greater challenge rests
 with fundamental knowledge structures. The tradi-
 tional Western "linear thinking" model may have much
 utility, but it does not always complement the funda-
  mental cyclical system of the ecological web. Education
  can provide the intellectual tools to promote a shift
  to more holistic thinking.

  Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one such tool. Defined,
  LCA "consists of several techniques for identifying and
  evaluating the adverse environmental effects associated
  with a product system"  (Keoleian 
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'understand .the life-cycle concept.  Therefore, the next
section is an introduction to life-cycle assessment meth-
odology, followed by an overview of controversial LCA
issues. Following this "understanding" component/
Section ffl examines different approaches for handling
human impacts from a holistic, preventive perspective.
As with ecological systems, both producers (businesses)
and consumers (individuals) have roles to play, as do
intermediaries (government).

Ilia Ufa Cvcle Assessment Framework

The LCA framework is the "nuts and bolts" part of this
section. Because there are relatively few sources of gen-
eral information about the life cycle analysis framework,
this section goes into greater explanatory detail than
other sections.in the outline.  References to the biblio-
graphy are primarily clustered at the end of the section.
THE LIFE CYCLE SYSTEM
                                    i    ,  -     '
The life cycle system on which LCA, is based is a
"cradle-to-grave" set of stages that follow a product
from its origins to its ultimate disposal. As shown on
the diagram below, the life cycle system begins and
ends with the earth and the biosphere. (This circular
pattern is analogous with the ecological web of life as
well as the Native American "circle of life.")

The life cycle system incorporates both sources and
sinks.  At each stage, energy and material "sources"
may be needed, and likewise pollutants may be emitted
to air, water, or land "sinks." Indeed, an innovative
aspect of LCA P2 analysis is its capability to account for
the transfers of pollutants and other material/energy
flows across these different media (often called "cross-
media transfers").
                                                                           Ctoeed-toop
                                                                           recycling  '•
                                            1
                                     Trw Earth and Bloapiiar*
                               Open-toop
                               recycling
                               Material downcyciing
                               into another product
                               system
                                  Fugitive and untreated residuals     .
                                  Airborne, waterbome. and solid residuals                   ••
                                  Material, energy, and labor inputs for Process and Management
                                  Transfer of materials between stages for Product, includes transportation and
                                  packaging (-Distribution)
                                                                                   Bibliographic Teaching Outline- 7
                                                                                               December 1994

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Raw material acquisition is the beginning stage of a
product system. Activities-such as mining, petroleum
extraction; and forest harvesting are all examples of
this stage. The raw materials must be transformed into
usable materials and then manipulated through manu-
facturing processes. Although these stages may be less
visible to the end-user, they can account for a significant
portion of a product's life cycle impact.

Following manufacturing, product use is the next
stage. Some products, such as food, are consumed in
use while other products enter a post-use stage. Items
that are reused or recycled are looped back into an
earlier stage of the product life-cycle, although "open
loop" recycling into different products sends the
material into a different product system.

The open-loop recycling example illustrates an impor-
tant factor in conducting LCAs: the boundary for any
given product system. Even'for the most basic product,
there are many indirect impacts that could be included
—such as the effect of using gasoline from imported oil
to power a delivery truck that carries the product. At
some point, an arbitrary boundary must be made and
justified. Thus, in the case of most LCAs, once a prod-
uct is recycled into a different product, it has crossed
the product system boundary.

 PRODUCT SYSTEM COMPONENTS

 The term "product system" is preferable to "product"
 because of the non-product impacts associated with
 every product. In fact, there are four major product
 system components.»In addition to (a) the product
 itself, there are also impacts from (b) processing,
 (c) distribution and (d) information/management
 components. Processing impacts encompass many
 of the impacts associated with transforming  a raw,
 material into a finished product, but there are also
 processing impacts during use and post-use stages.
 For example, cleaning reusable dishware is a significant
  use/post-use processing impact. Transportation impacts
  include getting the product to the end-user, as well as
  transporting raw materials, post-use detritus, etc. The
  management component is "the entire information
  network that supports decision making throughout the
  life cycle" (Keoleian & Menerey, 1994).
PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS
Product systems must satisfy other requirements in
addition to minimizing environmental impacts, and
LCAs can potentially be used to examine other impacts.
Product life-cycle designers, in particular, may seek to
minimize environmental impacts while still satisfying
performance, cost, cultural preference, and legal
requirements (Keoleian & Menerey, 1993). Likewise,
consumers and others evaluating product systems may
consider  factors such as cost, performance, availability,
social popularity, and aesthetic appeal as more impor-
tant than envirbrunentaJ 'mpacts.

To review, life cycle assessment includes three
principal dimensions for analysis:

•  Life Cycle Stages - raw materials acquisition,
   matf rials processing and manufacturing,
   product use, and post-use.

•  Product System Components - product, process,
   transportation, and information/ management

•  Product Requirements - environmental,
   performance, cost, cultural preference, legal

As a three-dimensional matrix, this results in 80 unique
combinations of factors! Students cannot be expected
 to take on such a mammoth LCA exercise, but LCA
 problems can be broken into more manageable compo-
 nents. For example, economics students could compare
 cost with environmental requirements by examining
 the incremental economic and environmental impact
 over the stages of a product's  life cycle. Or psychology
 students could examine me product system impacts of
 differing personal and cultural preferences. There are
 many potential variations for using the LCA concept.
 Topic suggestions in Section IV are one place to rum
 for ideas on how to apply the LCA concept.
                                                                                 Bibliographic T«actimg Outline- 8
                                                                                            December 1994

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 STAGES OF A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

 As with other types of impact assessments, an LCA' v
 begins with goal-setting and scoping; this is particularly.
 important in defining the product systenVboundaries,
 establishing a proper basis for comparing multiple
 products, and setting temporal and spatial boundaries.
 The final stage would involve analyzing and interpreting
 the results. In between the preliminary and final
' phases of the methodology are three major stages that  '
 distinguish an LCA from other types of assessments. As
 explained by the Society of Environmental Toxicology
 and Chemistry (SETAC 1993), they are:

 1.'Life Cycle Inventory Analysis      ''

 2. Life Cycle Impact Assessment                   „

 3. Life  ~/cle Improvement -\ssessment   ,

 At the inventory analysis stage, the research   Jenrifies
 and quantifies materials and energy flows for a given   -
 product.system. This stage of LCA is the most devel-
 oped, with SET AC and other groups helping to set ,-
 standard methodological framework. However, such
 a life
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DHLCA Applications'and Issues

APPLICATIONS

Showcasing life-cycle applications can be a.useful way
to assist students with understanding life cycle impacts.
An oft-cited example is Martin Hocking's short article
(1991) comparing the life-cycle impacts of paper and
plastic-foam beverage cups. Walley et al. (1992-93)
presents a LCA for baking soda, which, even though tt
is a relatively simp.e product, illustrates the many vari-
ables associated with conducting LCAs. A set of two
articles by Keoleian and Menerey (1991 [IV.16] and
1991-92 [IV.7]) analyze comparative life cycle impacts
fc- five cases:  disposable and reusable diapers, dis-
posable and washable dishware, bulk and packaged
product merchandising, office furniture manufacturing
process improvements, and reuse of office paper as
-eking materials.  Arthur D. Little (1991 [IV.6]) and  .
 Lehrburger (1989 [IV.6]) both examine life cycle impacts
 of disposable and reusable diapers. Their methodolo-
 gies, however, differ, as do their conclusions.

 At the industrial level, Geiser (1991 [ffl.A]) mentions
 tha usefulness of the LCA framework as an important
 tool for promoting sustainable industry. Continuing
 with this theme, EPA's Facility Pollution Prevention Guide
 (U.S. EPA. ORD, 1992a [III.A]) encourages users inves-
 tigating P2 opportunities to examine the impacts of a
 pfoduct's manufacture, use, and disposal.  At a more
  fundamental level, the OTA's "Green Products by
  Design" (U.S. Congress, OTA, 1992b [II.A]) discusses
  policy and business opportunities to prevent pollution
  at the design stage. A video that illustrates thinking
  from a life-cycle perspective is Where Our Food Comes
  From (1989 [IV 9]). As the title suggests, it traces the
  sources of foods we commonly eat. Further examples
  and opportunities for examining LCA and P2 applica-
  tions can be found in Section IV.    .

   CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES

   While life-cycle assessment can be a very useful tool for-
   understanding pollution prevention, students should
   be encouraged to think_critically about this and other
   analysis methodologies.  This section introduces some
   of the critical literature surrounding LCAs This can be
   an important part of a  complete introduction to LCA
   and P2. as well as an example of the nexus between sci-
   ence and environmental  policy or management. How-
   e\er, this section may  be omitted  in briefer modules.
The most commonly voiced concerns about LCA are
the quality of the data and nature of the methodology.
Data limitations are universally mentioned, although
authors describe a variety of specific concerns.  Missing
or incomplete information is one of the most basic
concerns—even at the inventory level, since there is still
much we do not know about effects of different sub-
stances on the environment (Curran, 1993 [key doc.];
Keoleian and Menerey, 1993 [HB]; Lifset, 1991; Porrney,
1993-94).  Also, potentially useful proprietary informa-
tion might not be verifiable or available (Curran,  1993
[key doc.]; Keoleian and Menerey, 1993 '(D B]; Portney,
1993-94, White and Shapiro, 1993 jp.Bl). Curran (1993
[key doc.]) discusses the information gaps issue, although
'she does not treat this as a fatal flaw with the procedure.
Crossen (1994), on the other hand, finds significant
fault with LCA because the information gap invites
a wide range of defensible assumptions.

Furthermore, the all encompassing nature of LCA adds
more uncertainty.  At the highest level, the location of the
system boundary affects what data is or is not collected
 (Keoleian and Menerey, 1994 [H.B]; Portney, 1993-94).
 At the impact assessment stage, Wang (1993) poi Us out
 that the same pollutant levels at different points  in the
 product life-cycle  may need to be  treated differently.
 Wang also mentions geographic uncertainty—the same
 pollutant levels may have varying impacts depending
 on the location of the emissions.

  Measuring impacts  often becomes an "apples vs.
  oranges" issue, with researchers facing the enormous
  challenge of reducing many different types of impacts
  (such as resource  depletion, habitat change, atmospheric
  change,  and human health effects) into one'dimension
  (Crossen, 1994; Curran, 1993 [key doc.]; Keoleian and
  Menerey, 1993 [H.B]; Keoleian and Menerey, 1994 [II.B];
  Portney; 1993-94).  There is also the issue of what types
  of impacts will be examined. For example, Portney-
  faults LCA for ignoring important non-environmental
   impacts, such as labor and capital usage.

   With this litany  of data concerns, the manner in which
   data is used—methodological concerns—seem relati'. !v
   minor in comparison. The lack of a standardized I  \
   is a well-recognized problem (Crossen, 1994; Keoi..  ".
   and Menerey, 1994 [H.B]; LiTset, 1991; Nash  and
   Stoughton, 1994 [II.B]).  There has been recent  progress
   toward a more universally acceptable LCA inventory
   analysis procedure (SETAC, 1993 [II.B]). But there is
   little, if any, emerging consensus on conducting impact
   analyses and improvement assessments.

                              BtBliograpnic Teacnmg Outline- '0
                                                  *

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 One way to help avert methodological squabbling is a
 third-party review process, although several authors
 (Crossen, 1994; Curran, 1993 [key doc.]; Keoleian and
 Menerey, 1993 [ILB]) note that there is often insuffi-
 cient peer review of LCAs. Wang (1-993) adds that all
 sectors—private, government and public interest-
should participate in this review process. Related to
 this concern is Crossen's comment that research money
 is becoming increasingly dominated by private funding
 sources, which may be affecting how researchers
 approach their task.

 Apart from specific data and methodological concerns,
'some authors raise broader concerns.  For one,  there is
 the practical concern that LCAs are lengthy and costly,
 limiting the potential LCA targets to those whose
 sponsors have the resources to undertake such projects
 (Keoleian and Menerey, 1993 and 1994 [H-B]; Portney,
 1993-94). In practice, this limits LCAs to high-profile
 .consumer items sponsored by a corporation, trade ,
 group, or the national government. And the results
 may soon become out of date {Portney, 1993-94).

 Other concerns include the difficulty in comparing
 different products when the products do not provide
 identical services (Portney (1993-94). Disposable and
 cloth diapers, for example, provide similar infant pro-
 tection but have quite different qualities. Comparability
 is also reflected in Crossen's (1994) comment that human
 behavior is considerably less predictable than  the
  "rational actor" most modelers originally assumed. On
 . the receiving end of LCA results, Portney notes the dif-
  ficulty in conveying them in a succinct understandable
  form. He also mentions a similar problem—the myriad
  factors that can potentially affect a product's life-cycle
  impact would stretch the decision-making capacities of
  those producing the product.

  WHAT CAN BE DONE?

   The critical literature addressing LCAs can be roughly
   divided into two groups. Critics feel the uncertainty
   surrounding LCA is so great that the procedure should
   be curtailed or significantly scaled back. Supporters re-
   cognize LCA's weaknesses but feel that it still provides
   useful results. Students may have differing opinions
   as well, and this could be a worthy topic for  debate.
   Some of the authors who find fault with LCA advocate
   . an  alternative analysis system. For example, it is not
    surprising that economist Paul Portney's long list of
    problems with LCA is followed by his recommendation
    for greater use of the pricing mechanism (1993-94).
A number of authors recognize the limitations of LCAs
and advocate streamlined methodologies which might
not attempt to account for all variables but are still
useful (Hocking, 1991; Portney, 1993-94; White and
Shapiro, 1993 [H:B]). Some,approaches use the LCA
theme but are not strictly life-cycle assessments, such
as the EnviroAccount personal environmental impact
computer program and guidebook (Letter, 1993 [ffl.C]).

To be legitimate, LCA methodology must strive for use-
ful results.  However, it is easy to 'lose the forest for the
trees." At its core, the life-cycle approach is not just a
methodology, it is a way of thinking about environmental
impacts.  At this introductory level, understanding,  for
example, the precision of a dose-response relationship   ,
for a given variable is not as important as grasping the
core concepts such as the stages of a product's life-cycle
and the concept of a product system.

Thus, it is important that students grasp the life-cycle
approach for understanding pollution prevention oppor-
tunities.  Such an approach enables them to investigate
opportunities for managing P2—in business, govern-
ment, or across individuals and society—from a much
richer perspective. Indeed, here at the midpoint of
this outline, we move from a more passive "analysis/
 understanding" frame to a more active stance of
 "managing/doing."  This may an appropriate time
 for reviewing what students have learned thus far.


 ///. Management of Pollution Prevention

 Moving from understanding to doing, this section
 covers literature on managing pollution prevention
 practices in government and society as well as in
 business.  The literature described here is a sampling
  of the more generalist management literature ("how
  to do P2"); the literature described in the next section
  mentions specific P2 opportunities for, a number of
  products o.r sectors. As with other parts of this com-
  pendium, many more specialized pieces of the literature
  have not been included; this is especially the case  for
  the burgeoning support for P2 in industry.

   If you want to approach the management issue using
   a case study or problem-solving format, you may want
   to try using topics from Section IV, "Pollution Pre-
   vention in Practice," to illustrate themes outlined in
   Section III.
                                                                                              Oecemoer 1994

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ITU-! Business Management

INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL LITERATURE

In the past decade, P2 has emerged as an important busi-
ness topic Accordingly, many of the numerous articles,
books, and videos describing P2's role in business are
quite recent. General treatments include articles by
Freeman et al. (1992 [I.C]), Post (1991), Sheridan (1992),
and Underwood (1993). Books include Gore (1992
[I A]), Hirschhom and Oldenburg (1991 [key doc.]),
President's Commission (1993), Smart (1992), and the
U.S. EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention (1991b).
Videos, such as Beyond Business as Usual (unknown
date) and Less is More (1990), are also available.

. .nether set  << li erarure fccuses on ecologically sus-
uma    out., ess development, often including P2 and
life-cycle product stewardship as prominent themes.
 Representative works that mention P2 include a book
hy Schmidhe'ny (1992) and articles by Robins (1992)
 and Smith et al. (1992 (LA]). Other pieces of literature
 emphasize the need for businesses to fit within an
 ecological framework. Terms used include "industrial
 ecology" (Tibbs, 1992 [O.A]), "biologic design" (Wann,
 1990 [II.AD, and "ecological engineering" (Mitsch, 1993
 [U.A]). Hawken (1993) also discusses the concept, under
 the rubric of dramatically changing the role of the
 corporate charter to be more ecologically sustainable.

  A more management-oriented approach'encourages
  "excellence" in business P2 management. For example,
  the report from the President's Commission on Environ-
  mental Quality (1993>tfiscusses the connection between
  Total Quality Management (TQM) and P2, and includes
  many examples. Piasecki (1990) develops the "environ-
  mental excellence" concept for businesses as well as
  other sectors.
  Othenpieces Of the literature do not fit neatly into any
  category, such as Lai's academic article looking at P2
  from a green production and consumption perspective
  (1993 [ni.C]) and Larson et al.'s discussion of society s
   move towards greater efficiency and reduced material-
   intensiveness  (1986 [D.A]). One chapter in a P2 compi-
   lation for engineering students includes a number of
   engineering ethics creeds, making a connection between
   the P2 goal and professional ethics (Design for Recycling
   Team. 1992 [V.Al).          '     •

    Sot all the literatuie presents P2 in a positive light.
    For example. Cook (1992) notes that risk of human-
 induced ecological ruin, and thus the need for P2-
' oriented businesses, may not be as great as what: some
 authors (particularly Meadows et al., ^2 [n.A]) ciaim-
 Taking another tack, Lis and Chilton (1993 [I.C}) note
 that the benefits of some P2 activities may be less than
 the implementation costs.

 TECHNIQUES FOR IMPLEMENTING
 POLLUTION PREVENTION PROGRAMS

 There is a great deal of literature describing how to de-
 sign and run an industrial P2 program. Some of these
 documents can be obtained through libraries; many of
 them are available from state environmental agencies,
 the U S EPA (particularly PPIQ, trade associations,
 and other sources. The literature mentioned here *
 sam.iUne >f mere accessible pieces. Hirschhom and
 Old* -hurt, (1991 [key doc.]) provide an excellent de:
 scription of the stages of P2 P^^» *""? *™,
 used by the National Research Council (1985 [I.C]) and
 Pojasek(1991b). Pojasek also describes 15 P2 program
 milestones and, in another article (1991a), coversthe
 basic components of an mdustrialP2p^amC«ver
 authors, such as Kenworthy and Schaeffer (1990 [Ul-C])
 and Conway et al. (1989), also describe the components
 of a successful program. The US. EPA Office of Re-
  search and Development's Pollution Preventvm Benefits
  Manual (1992a) is a one of best known P2 guidance
  manuals, although numerous others are available.

  Much of the literature goes into more detail about par-
  ticular technical requirements.  Such detail is generally
  not appropriate at this introductory level, but authors
  suchSlCeoleian and Menerey (1993 DUD incorporate
  life-cycle design as way to achieve P2. Dorfman et al.
  (1992) describe, for a lay reader, specific techniques
  that can be used to prevent organic chemical waste.
   Both Kidd (1991 [V.AD and the Design for Recycling
   Team (1992 [V.A]) have produced course materials tor
   engineering classes that are general enough to be used
   in an introductory environmental studies class.
   OBSTACLES

   Many of the sources thus far include only a brief
   discussion of the potential obstacles that can hinder a
   business P2 program.  In some ways, this giv*s P2 a
    specious "everybody is joining the P2 bandwagon
    image, While P2 enjoys the "win-win" prospect of
    environmental protection and economic benefit, many
    businesses are not rushing to implement P2 programs.

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  A number of pieces cover, obstacles to PZp depth  and,
  each has a slightly different-perspective. Cebon (1993),
  in a bnef article, identifies three common "business
  culture" bamers-limited organizational vision inade-
  quate information flows, and,organizational politics.
  Hirschhom and Oldenburg (1991 [key doc]), discussing
  their four stages of P2, touch on organizational and
  psychological obstacles in during the cruaal Stage 1.
  Likewise, a pioneering National Research Council report
  (1985 [I.C]) discusses institutional factors that affect
  hazardous waste generation and reduction,  Geiser (1991)
  describes why industry has been unwilling to invest in
  clean technology. In a real-life case study, McDonalds
  Corporation and the Environmental Defense Fund
  (1991) give a fascinating description of the challenges
- they faced in implementing a P2/recycling program.
  TaVmg   nuch broader pers-ective, Robins and
  i   Jgliu ^1992) mention problems facing businesses
  as they work toward global sustainable development.

  INDUSTT; AL POLLUTION PREVENTION INITIATIVES

  If the literature is any indication, pollution prevention
  activities are most likely to take place in an industrial
  setting, particularly in businesses involved in the man-
  ufacturing stage of a product's life cycle. Thisandthe
   following subsection give references to broader P2 ex-
   amples in industry as well as other business sectors.
   Look to Section IV for references to more specific topics.

   The core of P2 interest lies in creation and assembly of
   products.  Many of the largest U.S. manufacturers now
    recognize the benefits of PZ and they have the resources
    to research and implement-changes in their factories.
    The pollution-intensive chemical industry is particularly
    noteworthy, as McMurray  (1991) points out with P2
    examples from many major chemical companies.
    Freeman et al. (1992 H-C|) and Forester and Skinner
    (1992) also mention a variety of industrial P2 programs.
    Other more general articles, such as those noted ma
    previous section, invariably highlight manufacturing
    Pleases.    •           ..       •  - '
     Broader, consumer-industry. P2 examples include a case
     study of the overall P2 program at Procter and Gamble
     (Maxwell et al., 1993) and  a comprehensive study of con-
     sumer and industry response to source reduction and
     recvcled-content products (U.S. EPA, OPE, 1989). Not
     all examples of P2 are positively received by industry,
     'as Moberg (.1993 (W.H))  describes in industry'.s reac-
  '    tion to a pr - -osed elimination of industrial chlonne
      compounds use.
POLLUTION PREVENTION IN
OTHER BUSINESS SECTORS

In the agricultural sector..P2 activities such as organic    -
farming and integrated pest management can dramati-
cally decrease pollution impacts from pestiade manu-
facture and use.  Assuming conservation of resources
under the rubric of pollution prevention, such practices
as conservation tillage and drip irrigation are also P2
examples; references that discuss them include Bernards
(1991 OV.161), Hirschhom and Oldenburg (1991 {key
doc ]), Miller (1994 [key doc.]), Mitsch and Jo'rgensen
(1989 [H A]), and Tolba and El-KKoly (1992 [LA]), (See
also the discussion under Food and Agriculture in the
Section IV.). A more controversial P2 approach is a
shift from "aru.nal agriculture" to less energy- and
 material-intensive plant-based agriculture, as described
.  . Hoh aes (1992 fIV.9]) and Robbins (1992 [IV.9]).

 Energy conservation is also a major P2 topic, but, aside
 from highly technical articles about energy-efficient
 process changes, governmental and individual actions
 are much better represented in the literature (see O.B
 and n.C). The Rocky Mountain Institute is well known
 for advocating energy efficiency, and its Megawatts
 video (1991 flV.8]) illustrates how these efforts make
 sense in businesses. Other works, such as Hirschhom
 and Oldenburg (1991 [key doc.]) and Geiser (1991) also
 touch on energy-efficiency,programs in business.

 P2 through architectural design is often aimed at
  achieving energy and other resource savings. The field
  of "ereen architecture" has grown significantly in
  recent years. Scholand (1993 [IV.l]),provides a general
  introduction to the topic. Environmentally appropnate
  design in architecture as well as other fields, is ad- ^
  dressed in works such as U.S. Congress, OTA, (1992b
  tn A]), Wann (1990 [HA]), as well as in a course taught
   by Yust (1991 [V-A]). Again, architecture is one of the
   topics in the next component.
   MARKETING POLLUTION PREVENTION

   Businesses with successful P2 programs typically want
   the public to be aware of their efforts. Most marketing,
   however, is focused on end-products rather than earlier
   stages in a product's life-cycle. • The literature reflects
   'this tendency to focus on green products and marketing,
   bv authors such as Carson and Moulden (1991); Dylhck
    (1989), and Goldstein (1990). However, some authors
    such as Garfield (199^ point to green overkill—using
    deceptive marketing to paint an environmental image.

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Packaging is a case in point. For example, Holmes
(1993 (IV, 13]).discusses P2 packaging options and
companies with innovative packaging systems. Other
packaging examples include musical compact discs
(Kleiner, 1991 [IV. 13]) and fast-food containers
(McDonald's & EOF, 1991).  The latter example, how-
ever, offers an excellent example of perception versus
reality. While McDonald's polystyrene clamshell ham-
burger containers have received the most attention, the
report points out that greatest life-cycle impacts, and
thus most promising P2 opportunities, lie behind the
counter, invisible to consumers.

BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT

This subsection is arranged under the assumption mat
business, government, and individuals/society are
three distinct sectors that, nonetheless, overlap a great
deal. A number of business-oriented writers mention
the role of government intervention (and assistance)
in business P2 programs. The literature here is in fact
quite varied. Some authors claim that either govern-
ment erects regulatory barriers to business P2 programs
(Byers, 1991 p.C]), or that mandated P2 requirements
are an unnecessary expansion of government influence
 (Us and Chilton, 1993 [LC]). On the other hand, authors
 such as Commoner (1992 [I.C]) and Hawken (1993)
 claim that government is riot being forceful enough in.
 advocating P2 amongst businesses. Perhaps the per-
 spective of Scholand (1993 [IV.l]) is most appropriate
 —that both the pull of voluntary initiatives and the
 push of regulatory forces increase the level of P2.

 HUH Government Management

 If there is a role for both business and government in
 achieving pollution prevention, then what are the
 mechanisms for government "management" of P2?
 While the previous section examined broad themes for
  governmental involvement in P2, this section takes a
  closer look at specific policies and programs.  The focus
  of this discussion is the federal P2 role, although state,
  local, and international government programs are also
  included. Indeed, some state P2 programs are broader
  in scope than the federal-program.
GOVERNMENT AS GUARDIAN

Government at all levels can play a number of roles
in promoting P2. One role is that of a "guardian" that
intervenes in the affairs or business, organizations,
and individuals to prevent as much pollution as
governmental bodies deem appropriate (Hawken, 1993
[m.A]). Commoner (1992 [LA)), for example, calls for
"command and control" governmental action to
eliminate polluting processes.

Rather than a forceful intervener, government may act
as a more passive gatekeeper. For example, government
standards could be used to set acceptable boundaries
for environmental marketing statements. There are also
less se^ era mechanisms such as requiring businesses
and other entities to develop P2 plans. For example,
Geiser (1991 [m.A]) and Lieberman (1993 [I.C]) discuss
the role of state and federal governments, respectively,
in promoting P2 plans. For the most part, the U.S. EPA
is working to make its current rule-making and enforce-
ment activities more accommodating to P2 activities,    ,
rather than adding further regulatory burdens
(Browner, 1993, and Kling & Schaeffer, 1993).

GOVERNMENT AS ASSISTANCE PROVIDER

Traditionally, environmental protection agencies are
viewed primarily in the regulator or guardian role.
 Despite mis image; EPA has many efforts underway to
 encourage rather than dictate P2. In this role, govern-
 ment acts, either directly or through an intermediary,
 as an assistance provider. Specific avenues include
• technical assistance to companies, informational assis-
 tance (e.g., PPIC), regulatory compliance assistance,
 and financial assistance (loans,  grants and subsidies).
 Numerous examples of federal, state, and other P2 as-
 sistance programs are listed in EPA's annual Reference
  Guide to Pollution Prevention Resources (US. EPA, OPPTS,
  1993 [key doc.]). Other references include Baucus (1993
  [I.C]), who discusses a Senate proposal to encourage
  environmental technologies; Conn (1977 [I.B), who
  mentions subsidies and other assistance-type policy
  options; and the U.S. EPA OPPE (1989), which proposes
  a joint government/business program to encourage
  source-reduced and recyclable/recycled consumer
  products.
                                                                                Bibiiograpr
                                                                                            December 199*

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GOVERNMENT AS INFORMATION FACILITATOR      U.S. EPA'S POLLUTION PREVENTION PROGRAMS

                                                   The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is the lead
                                                   federal agency not only in promoting P2 policy but also
                                                   in implementing P2 programs. A useful place to start
                                                   is Kling and Schaeffer's (1993) one- to two-paragraph  .
                                                   descriptions of EPA's many P2 programs and initiatives.
                                                   The EPA's Reference Guide to Pollution Prevention   -•
                                                   Resources (1993 [key doc.]) describes these programs in
                                                   more detail. Many of these programs are also described
                                                   in the NPPC's P2 slide show and accompanying script.
                                                   (1993). A video (Beyond Business..., pn.A]) introduces
                                                   some of EPA's programs. Other general overviews of
                                                   EPA's P2 programs are by Freeman et al. (1992 [I.C])
                                                   U.S. EPA (1991 [I.C])  and U.S. EPA OPP (1991a and
                                                   19?lb [ffl.A]).         .
 Ln between '"government as regulator"; and "govern-
 ment as assistance provider" is government's role in
 obtaining and communicating information about the
 P2 and other environmental attributes of a business,
 product, or other entity. In this role, government acts
 as a prod to facilitate the flow of information.

 For instance, the Toxic Release. Inventory (TRI) has been
 widely recognized as an important P2 tool, even though
 it"only requires industries to report not actually prevent,
 toxic releases. Making these releases known to the pub-
 lic as well as to the businesses themselves has proven to
 be significant inducement toward preventing pollution.
 Moos (1992 [HI.C]) and Keriworthy and Schaeffer (1990
 [IJLC]) discuss how citizens can use TRI data; "How
'.Tr. "'1093   2]} reflects mdustr /'s preference for
 infon-.-jon disc\osuie over prescriptive regulations.
 EPA's 33/50.program to reduce'toxic industrial emis-
 sions (1991  [I.C]) is one example of how governmental
 bodies can cc.nbine information facilitation with assis-
 tance programs to encourage voluntary P2 activities.

 GOVERNMENT AS A POLLUTION GENERATOR

 The models.thus far assume government is taking ac-
 tions on the affairs of other entities. Government itself,
 however, is a large generator of pollution. As such, it
 can setan example by implementing P2 measures.

  Lewis and Weitman (1992) give 40 detailed suggestions
  for using the federal's significant purchasing power to
  promote energy efficiency, pojlution prevention, and
  solid waste reduction:  As a recognition of the federal
  government's tremendous potential as a P2 leader.
  President CHrxoh has signed three executive orders.
  The first requires federal compliance with the Toxic
  Release Inventory (TRI) and Pollution Prevention Act
  of 1990, and calls federal agencies to develop toxic
  chemicaf reduction goals (TJ. S. President, 1993a); the
 '" second calls for increased federal waste prevention, re-
 •  cycling, and purchases of "environmentally preferable i
   products" (U. S. President, 1993b); the third calls on
   federal agencies to implement cost-effective energy-
  . efficiency and water-conservation investments at federal
   facilities (U. S, President, 1994).  Even before these
   executive orders, the U.S.'EPA ORD published a guide
   on reducing the environmental impact of conferences
   and meetings (1991 [,IV"16])  Another article contrasts
    two similar fed - il printing offices,;one inefficient and
    the other efficier.; ("A Paper Tale,"  1993).      •  '
                                                    A ce  erye it source for information on EPA's P2 pro-
                                                   , grams is its Pollution Prevention Informatior. Clearing-
                                                    house (PPIC), as described in the Reference Guide, U.S.
                                                    EPA, OPPTS (1993 [key doc.]); for contact information;
                                                    see this compendium's Resource List PPIC can provide
                                                    current descriptions of specific programs, such as the
                                                    Source Reduction Review Project; the 33/50 program
                                                    (see also U.S. EPA, 1991 [I.C]); the Energy Star initia-
                                                    tive for computers (see also Berts, 1994 [IY.16]); Design
                                                    for the Environment (DfE); and Water Alliances for
                                                    Voluntary Efficiency (WAVE).  Also, U:S. EPA ORD
                                                    sponsored a compendium of case studies from other
                                                    P2 programs (1992b).  ,

                                                    OTHER NATIONAL PROGRAMS

                                                    There are numerous other federal offices with P2
                                                    programs.  The White House and the Departments of
                                                    Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, and Energy are par-
                                                    ticularly active. Many of  these programs are partner-
                                                    ships between EPA and other federal agencies.  Such
                                                     partnerships include-"Agriculture in Concert with the
                                                     Environment" (ACE); "National Industrial Competi-
                                                     tiveness through Efficiency: Energy, Environment and
                                                     Economics (NICE3)"; and "The Clean Technologies
                                                     Program." Again, general information about these
                                                     programs can also be found in the U.S. EPA's Reference
                                                     Guide to Pollution Prevention Resources (1993 [key doc.))
                                                     and in the NPPC P2 slide show. Other sources of gen-
                                                     eral information about national, non-EPA P2 programs
                                                      include Freeman et al. (1992 [I.C]) and U.S: EPA OPP
                                                     '(1991a and 1991b [OLA]).
                                                                                Bibliographic Taactimg Outnner 15
                                                                                            Decemoer 1994
                                                                                                     •£3

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STATE AND LOCAL PROGRAMS

The degree of state and local involvement in pollution
prevention programs covers the gamut. Some states
have practically no P2 laws nor programs, while others
have extensive regulatory and/or assistance programs.
Likewise, there some outstanding county and city P2
programs, although  many local governments defer P2
.ssues to state and federal programs.  Many of the state
programs receive financial assistance through the U.j.
EPA's Pollution Prevention Incentives for the States
program. The 10 regional EPA offices also provide
organizational resources and financial assistance to
state and local programs. Once again, the Reference
Guide to Pollution Prevention Resources (U.S. EPA,
CPPTS, 1993 [key doc.]) is an excellent resource for
state program descriptions. Other general descriptions
of state program and local programs are found in
 Freeman et al. (1992 [I.C]) and U.S: EPA, OPP (1991b
 IIII A]).  The General Accounting Office (1994) gives a
 critical view of EPA-funded state P2 programs. Many
 of the programs, the GAO found, were inordinately
 involved in waste treatment and other non-P2 activities.

 Geiser (1991 [I.C]) describes how state P2 laws have
 encouraged businesses to engage in more P2 activities.
 Likewise for energy conservation, Roodman (1993 [IV.S])
 describes how state regulatory agencies, along with
 environmental groups, have been encouraging power
 utilities to invest in demand side management (D5M)
 programs to increase the efficiency of electricity use,
 Although not strictly a P2 initiative, Moore and Scott
 (1983 IIV.3)) give a balanced analysis of the effects from
 state beverage container deposit legislation.  Jamieson
  and VanderWerf (1993 [key doc.]) give recommenda-
  tions for integrating P2 into all of society through state
  programs. Besides one's own state, information about
  The more active P2 programs in such states as California,
  Massachusetts, Minnesota, Washington, North Carolina,
  and Oregon may be worth acquiring.
   For local P2 programs, EPA has published a fact sheet
   describing P2 mechanisms, such as ordinances, that city
   or county governments can use (U.S. EPA, OPP, 1991a).
   Postel (1992 [IV]) gives several examples of cities that
   have used P2 principles to design water conservation
   programs.  In'Denver, a regional EPA staffer helped the
   citv-s airpor minority integrate P2 features in the new
   Denver airp." : iMcCraw. I** [IV]r Several of the
   case stud.es cued by the L S. EPA ORD (I992b [III.A)
   take place in state or local government settings, such •
   as state transportation garages or school districts.
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

Governments around the world are developing P2 pro-
grams. The United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP), in particular, has taken a lead role in promoting
"clean production" at the industrial levels (Hileman,
1992 [I.C]). In fact, outside the U.S., P2 is not as common
a term as "clean production" or "clean technologies."
In addition to industrial P2 programs, many countries
in Europe have government sponsored "eco-labels" or
similar green-product programs (Lai-1993 [ffl.C]; Rose,
1994 [IV.S]; U.S. Congress OTA, 1992b [II.A]).

Much of the literature that mentions non-U.S.
governmental P2 programs is incorporated into a
broader !i> "arure on global environmental sust-iinabiliry.
As the WonJ Conservation Union shows (1991 LI.C]),
government-sponsored P2 programs are one facet of a
"world conservation strategy." Tolba and El-Kholy
(1992 [I'.A]) provide a useful.reference of, among other
topics, environmental management tools with an
United Nations orientation. The World Resources ref-
 erence series (World Resources Institute, 1994 [LAD is
 not only a useful reference, it also features reports on
 topical global resource and pollution issues

 BE The Role of Individuals and Society

 This section has thus far discussed the role of businesses
 and governments in promoting pollution prevention.
 These sectors are instrumental, but P2 cannot expect to
 become a widely implemented environmental manage-
  ment theme without broader public support. This
  subsection discusses extending the management of P2
  beyond the realm of businesspersons and governmental
  administrators.

  "P2 and society" is a controversial topic because it
   potentially widens the P2 concept to a much wider
   range of actions. Few people would argue about  the
   benefits of preventing pollution through more efficient
   industrial processes, while behavior changes such as
   reducing private automobile use may prevent pollution
   but are disagreeable to a wide segment of the popula-
   tion (Durning, 1992; Hirschhom & Oldenburg, 1991
    [kev doc 1; Jamieson and VanderWerf, 1993 [key  doc.]).
    However, there are many "win-win" activities at the
    personal and societal level (see for example U.S. EPA
    OPPE. 1990, and U.S. EPA OSW, 1992 [1113]). 'Activities
    such as conserving domestic energy and water, reduc-.
    mg household toxics, and buying efficiently packaged'
                                                                                  Biblioorapnic Teaching Outline- 16
                                                                                               Decemoer 1994

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 products,are seen as,posihve steps by most parties in
 the business,-government, and household sectors. How-
 e or, there are many -shades of gray between'socially
 acceptable P2 activities and unacceptable curtailment
 actions typified by the expression "freezing in the
 dark."  For those promoting individual and societal P2r
 the challenge is to find the proper balance between
 preventing significant life-cycle environmental impacts
 and fitting within society's tolerance for change.

 WHY EXTEND POLLUTION PREVENTION TO
 INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY?

 Perhaps "pollution  prevention" should remain-a term
 used primarily in industry, Surely there would be less
 confusion about the concept if this were the case. How-
 ever excluding consumers from influencing what and
 how ~bd-   s are made is plac. ,g all P2 responsibility
 on f. . jucers, and the governmental forces that affect
 them (see Selling Green, 1991). Yet in a free market,
 consumers, through the process of informed purchasing
 decisions, cm have a  significant impact on producers
 ("Are You ...," 1992; Gore, 1992  [I.A]; Hirschhom and
 Oldenburg, 1991 (key doc.]; Lai, 1993; Schwepker and
 Cornwell, 1991; U.S. EPA, OPPE, 1989 [ffl.B]). Further-
 more, a variety of non-market activities—one's leisure
 activities. Health choices, family planning decisions,
 etc —can have a profound impact on an individual's
 environmental impact (De Young, 199(3-91; Durning,.
  1992; Lotter, 1993).

  INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIORS

  As Durning (1992), Frankenfeld (1993 [II.A]), and others
  argue, one can make a moral argument to personally
  prevent pollution if the lives of future generations are
  valued. However  there is often a wide gap between
  feeling the tug of such an argument and actually engag-
  ing in conservation behaviors. The process of getting
  from concern to ongoing behaviors is an active area of
"  psychological research (Conn, 1983; De Young, 1993a;
  Henion and Kinnear, 1979 [ffl. A ]; Jamieson and
  VanderWerf, 1993 [key doc.]; Schwepker and Comwell,
   1991; Stem, 1992;  and Winett, 1983).,-At a more applied
   level, this calls for personal involvement.

   Other authors focus on supplying practical "how-to"
   information, as is  seen with the plethora of "green living-
   guides (including Captan. 1990; Earthworks Group,
    1989 ahd'l'991,'Eli';n
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IV. Pollution Prevention in Practice

After students have been introduced to pollution pre-
vention concepts. life