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Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
3.5
Environmental
management and
regulatory
compliance software
systems typically
help companies
keep track of
chemical use,
wastes, etc., for the
purpose of
complying with
various
environmental
regulations, and
more recently, for
facilitating areas of
corporate
environmental
management and
environmental
health and safety.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND
REGULATORY COMPLIANCE SOFTWARE
SYSTEMS
Environmental management and regulatory compliance software
systems typically help companies keep track of chemical use, waste
tracking, etc., for the purpose of complying with various
environmental regulations, and more recently, for facilitating areas
of corporate environmental management and environmental health
and safety. Tables 3-1, 3-3, and 3-4 provide information on the
features of the software systems covered under this section. The
environmental management and regulatory compliance software
systems are divided into two broad categories:
> facility management and environmental health and safety .
and
X waste management and tracking.
Six products are profiled under the first category, and 12 products
under the second. This guide also has an abbreviated profile
describing software offered by Environmental Software and Systems,
Inc., which includes a number of repackaged software systems
prepared for/by the EPA.
Software systems such as AWARE, DataPipe, and EMS have been
designed for cross-industry applications, while others such as
Gentrax and other Wixel products are designed for specific
applications or for specific industry sectors and Federal facilities.
These systems come in different levels of complexity and with
different attributes, although the primary function remains the same.
Many of the systems come with modular options that allow users to
purchase additions only as required. Some products such as the
Material Inventory Report System are completely limited to
addressing regulatory reporting requirements and do not feature any
additional attributes. Product enhancements and developments are
based on user demand, changes in regulations, and anticipation of
future changes. The only exceptions covered are real-time
monitoring systems, such as the G2 Real Time Expert System. These
systems have real-time and off-line modeling applications, which
can be used for a variety of purposes including real-time emissions
management.
Prepared by RT1 for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
3-35
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
In his article "Environmental Management Information Systems:
New Tools for Measuring Performance," Chris FitzGerald
(1994/1995) differentiates Environmental Management Information
Systems from Environmental Information Management Systems.
Indeed, most environmental computer applications and databases
were originally developed to respond to specific regulatory
requirements. He defines Environmental Information Management
Systems as systems that were developed in efforts to manage the
overwhelming volume of regulatory monitoring and reporting
requirements. On the other hand, the Environmental Management
Information Systems are organizational and technological systems
developed to supply needed environmental information and data to
customers engaged in improving corporate or institutional
environmental quality (FitzGerald, 1994/1995). This is an important
distinction, and this research indicates that software developers are
increasingly including features in their systems to integrate
environmental activities and programs along with other company
activities. This is particularly apparent in the products for facility
management and environmental health and safety. The smaller, less
expensive products remain more limited in function.
FitzGerald (1994/1995) also points out the need to avoid data
duplication in an organization, and the need to integrate
environmental information with other standard company
information. For example, hazardous material inventory data
should be captured within the purchasing, distribution, and
inventory functions. Similarly information on waste flows,
manifests, etc., should be captured along with other data on
company transaction systems. Although a majority of the systems
covered have networking options, many are not designed to
integrate, for instance, with company accounting systems. This can
lead to separate management of environmental data. There are
exceptions, however, such as AWARE, TIN I A, and Plantware.
However, once again, such features are more often seen in the
larger, more expensive systems.
3.5.1 Life-Cycle Stages Considered (Environmental
Management and Regulatory Compliance Software)
Most environmental compliance software systems consider only the
waste management stage and the use/reuse stage of the life cycle.
Table 3-1 includes the 17 products covered, of which 14 cover both
3-36
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
-------
Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
these life-cycle stages. One additionally covers the manufacturing
stage of the life-cycle and two only cover the waste management
stage. The terms have been loosely applied. We have said that
products cover the waste management stage when they primarily
track waste products. The use/reuse stage is included if raw
materials are tracked. The manufacturing stage is checkmarked
only if the actual manufactured products are tracked. Although a
number of products can track wastes back to specific manufacturing
processes, they do not technically cover any information on the
manufacturing stage of the life cycle/ Also, the information gathered
in each of these stages is not intended to be used in an LCA or an
LCC. Thus, the information included is not strictly "life-cycle" data.
LCC can play an important part in such product/process design
choices and methods for cost minimization, but it is probably
beyond the scope of most of these products in their current
configuration. However, the data collected through the use of these
systems could be useful if such analyses were to be conducted.
Many of these systems allow information to be archived, although
only in a specific format.
Some real time systems, such as the G2 Real Time Expert system
and Neur-On-Line, have modeling capabilities that can be applied
for cost estimation and LCC. However, these systems are sold as
generic systems with no specific information provided on how users
may develop such applications. Building in some basic modeling
capabilities and algorithms may be useful in other products as well
that allow users to estimate and analyze contingent costs and less-
tangible costs. Relationship models can also be developed for
relations between quantities of material inputs and waste produced
(with costs factored in). Developing relationship models can be a
useful extension of products that compute material balances and
can provide useful support information for projects. These models
can increase the cost control capabilities of the system by allowing
users to evaluate the results of changes in the process, materials
used, etc.
3.5.2 Type of Costs Considered (Environmental
Management and Regulatory Compliance Software)
One major limitation associated with many of these products is that
they do not cover a complete range of environmental costs and,
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
3-37
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
therefore, cannot effectively address P2 and cost minimization.
Many of the products track only some limited cost types, such as
manifest costs, transportation costs, and others. Waste and waste
cost minimization cannot be achieved if only partial costs, such as
costs incurred for disposal of waste materials, are considered.
Waste management costs can be most effectively minimized only
.when all costs, including processing, storage, health, and safety are
considered. Ideally, conventional company costs and other hidden
and contingent environmental costs need to be integrated to get an
accurate perspective.
Apparently, some developers are beginning to realize the
importance of full-cost tracking and are modifying their systems
accordingly. These include software systems such as AWARE, EMS,
TINIA, and Flow Gemini. Some products such as TINIA can
integrate with company accounting systems, which prevents
environmental costs from being managed in an isolated manner.
Table 3-4 indicates that, of the 1 7 systems covered, 15 have some
cost fields (in their default formats). However, only two track
product or production data, and three track capital and/or
operations and management costs. One (Flow Gemini) plans to
include these features in their next release. Some software products,
such as Data Pipe, restrict users from customizing this area on their
own. Some vendors add that this area would be developed only if
their customers demanded it. Many will make appropriate format
changes to add cost fields through specific customer requests. The
drawback of this option is that some users will not make such
specific requests for modification to vendors because they lack
information in the area. Thus, this appears to be a transitional
period with respect to treating environmental costs and activities as
part and parcel of business as usual.
No products found/reviewed assist in including or estimating
liability and less-tangible costs. Furthermore, most of the products
do not currently have modules for project management. Some,
such as TINIA, that do have this feature cover very basic aspects
with the option for exporting data to other software designed more
specifically for project management. Even these basic project
management capabilities provide a useful feature. None of the
systems reviewed facilitate using the cost data collected for future
cost estimation purposes. This area will need more research
3-38
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
-------
Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
3.5.3
3.5,4
3.5.5
Environmental and
waste management
softwa re systems
need to go beyond
regulatory
compliance to
facilitate cost and
waste minimization;
they need to track
and account for a
more
comprehensive
inventory of costs.
because there is currently little consensus on methods of estimating
environmental costs. AWARE tracks all conventional and hidden
costs associated with .environmental management in a company
along wjth other features to facilitate P2 under current and
.anticipated,EPA guidelines.
Method of Cost Estimation (Environmental
Management and Regulatory Compliance Software)
None of the environmental management and regulatory compliance
software reviewed are used for cost estimation. Users supply all
costs entered into the system. However/environmental
management arid information systems can track cost information .
that may be useful for future cost estimation purposes, particularly
those related to environmental projects.
Generation of Financial Indicators (Environmental
Management and Regulatory Compliance Software)
None of the systems reviewed include any financial functions
primarily because they are not usually used for project planning and
analysis. However, this will be a useful feature in products that
have modules for developing and monitoring P2/waste
minimization projects,, such as AWARE and TINIA.
Recommendations for Vendors (Environmental
Management and Regulatory Compliance Software)
Software developers can take many steps to make their products
.more comprehensive. Short-term goals include the following:
>• Recognize cost control as an important goal even for
compliance-related activities.
>• Include a more comprehensive list of costs in their basic
formats.
>• Allow users to add activities or cost categories.
>• Include sample formats or examples in training sessions that
comprehensively cover environmental costs.
>• Include modules that allow users to analyze, build, and
manage P2 and waste management projects. These should
include standard financial analysis techniques.
> Provide features and mechanisms that will allow
management of environmental activities to be integrated
with other company activities. An example is the "request"
method in HAZMIN, where all material purchases are
reviewed prior to approval.
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
,3-39
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Medium-long term goals can include the following:
>• Collaborate with developers of cost-estimating software
methodologies for environmental costing, to determine
whether and how cost information tracked using these
products could be made useful for cost-estimating purposes.
X Include cost-estimating modules that use historical
environmental cost information and algorithms to estimate
costs for future projects (both environmental and non-
environmental projects).
>• Build in relationship models or modeling capabilities to
enable estimation of less-tangible and liability (contingent
environmental) costs and relationships between various
input parameters and costs for environmental and waste
management.
Developers of methodologies (tools) for environmental costing can
'work with software developers to formulate techniques for
environmental cost estimation. Such research could fill the gap of
information on historical costs related to environmental
management. Many of these costs may be unique to particular.
companies based on their policies and methods of functioning. In
such cases, companies may be able to use cost information gathered
through using these products to build unique historical cost
databases.
3.6
Financial analysis is
an integral part of
the capital
budgeting or
procurement process
and involves the use
of various
techniques and
indicators to
compare projects or
present project
outcomes in
financial terms.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
AND TOOLS
Financial analysis is an integral part of the capital budgeting and
procurement process (wherein company funds are allocated to
various projects), and relies upon various techniques and indicators
to compare projects or present project outcomes in financial terms.
The products included under this section are either software-based
spreadsheet programs that facilitate financial analysis using one or
more methods or written presentations of methodologies. Table 3-5
includes some information on the software and tools profiled under
this section. Six products, including one abbreviated profile, are
included under this category, out of which three are software based
applications.
The level of detail in these software systems and tools varies widely.
For example, the Pollution Prevention Benefits Manual presents a
detailed methodology for data collection and analysis. The
3.4O
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
-------
Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
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Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
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Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
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Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention arid Toxics
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. Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
1 Impact Analysis, and Waste Reduction
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3-45
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Impact Analysis, and Waste Reduction
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Prepared by RTI for EPA; Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
-------
..Chapter 3—-Overa// Findings fay Product Category
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Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
3-47
-------
Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Impact Analysis, and Waste Reduction
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systems versus an aqueous wash system, to demonstrate the
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3-48
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
-------
Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
"Economic Analysis of Pollution Prevention," on the other hand, is a
brief fact sheet with basic information on using the NPV as a
method for analysis alongwith examples of cost elements that
should be considered. <
3.6.1 Life-Cycle Stages Considered (Financial Analysis
Software and Tools)
None of these systems profiled are meant for LCC. Indeed, at the
financial analysis stage, only those costs that impinge on project
costs or company costs are of interest. These products attempt to
analyze costs by taking a total cost perspective. As Table 3-1
indicates, all these products cover the manufacturing, use /reuse /
maintenance, and recycle / waste management stages of the life
': cycle. All the life-cycle data are not included. For instance, the use
/ reuse stage will not include data on costs associated with use of a
product by consumers, and the waste management stage may not
include environmental impact costs of a particular disposal option.
3.6.2 Type of Costs Considered (Financial Analysis
Software and Tools)
Some products, such as PRECOSIS and P2/Finance, are software
based applications that include pre-defined formats where users can
enter project cost information and perform financial analyses. None
of the software systems allow users to develop models or algorithms
to estimate less-tangible or liability costs (although P2/Finance
allows users to input some liability costs). In all cases, the costs
covered are restricted to internal company costs. However, users
can include other social costs in the analysis in the .case of manual
methods and in P2/Finance (to an extent). The software-based
applications often have limitations on the nurnber of activities ar)d
cost categories that users can add,. The important feature of
software products and methodologies is that they alert users to
include many environmental costs that are left out of traditional
analyses.
3.6.3 Method of Cost Estimation (Financial Analysis
Software and Tools)
Financial analysis products are not technically designed for cost
estimation. Users have to supply all the cost data to be included, as
these products have no default costs or cost databases. Since these
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
3-49
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
are not estimating applications, they include no specific estimation
methodology. However, the product may define the manner in
which the cost information is to be entered into the system or
presented for analysis. For example, PRECOSIS requires that users
enter unit cost data for labor, materials, facilities, and waste
management.
3.6.4 Generation of Financial Indicators (Financial Analysis
Software and Tools)
All five of the products profiled give users the option to calculate
NPVs. Four out of five products give the option to calculate the IRR.
None of the products profiled calculate this indicator. Three out of
five products calculate the payback period.
Tools and software systems that use financial indicators need to
recognize and acknowledge their relative advantages and
disadvantages for the benefit of the users. For example, the NPV
method is by far the most reliable method for assessing projects; it
allows a fairer consideration of environmental and P2 projects. The
Pollution Prevention Benefits Manual does not compare the pros
and cons associated with using different financial indicators such as
the NPV. The project time frame permitted by financial analysis
software and tools is another important factor because many
environmental projects have long gestation periods. P2/Finance
allows user-defined time periods.
3.6.5 Recommendations for Vendors (Financial Analysis
Software and Tools)
These software systems and tools can be more effective in the
following ways:
>• Include methods of data collection and environmental cost
estimation in the manuals and software-based applications.
This is a developing field.
>• Include algorithms (or the ability to include algorithms) to
estimate environmental contingent and less-tangible costs.
>> Allow the computation of different project totals and
financial indicators by including or excluding different cost
elements.
> Increase flexibility for adding additional activities and cost
categories.
> Include a comprehensive list of cost categories in the
standard formats.
3- SO
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
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Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
X Include discussions on the advantages and disadvantages of
using one financial indicator versus others, in the context of
environmental and regular projects.
Different versions of P2/Finance have been developed to cater to
different industry sectors. Although generic applications are useful,
products tailored to specific industries allow developers to include
more specific cost categories and provide more guidance to users.
These efforts should be encouraged.
3.7 ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE-CYCLE COSTING AND
IMPACT ANALYSIS SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
AND TOOLS
LCC is the systematic process of
evaluating the life-cycle costs of a
product, product line, system, or
facility by identifying life-cycle
consequences and assigning
measures of monetary values to
those consequences (ICF, Inc.,
1 995). Impact analysis involves the
LCC is the systematic process of evaluating the
life-cycle costs of a product, product line,
system, or facility by identifying life-cycle
consequences and assigning measures of
monetary values to those consequences (ICF,
Inc., 1995).
Impact analysis
involves the
assessment and/or
quantification (not
necessarily in ,
financial terms) of
environmental
impacts that result
from an activity or
process.
3.7.1
assessment and/or quantification (not necessarily in financial terms)
of environmental impacts that result from an activity or process.
This section includes a variety of software systems and tools that
serve the basic purpose of LCC and impact analyses. Some
products, such as HAZMAT and Hazardous Material Life-Cycle Cost
' Model, have been designed for specific facilities and ends.
Table 3-5 includes some information on the software and tools
profiled under this section. Fourteen tools and software were
covered under this section, of which ten were fully profiled. The
products range from simple spreadsheet applications such as the
APACS LCC software demo to complex products such as EcoSys.
Life-Cycle Stages Considered (Environmental Life-
Cycle Costing and Impact Analysis Software and
Tools)
LCC models use costs through the life time of a project or material
as a basis for analysis. As mentioned in Chapter 2 and in Section
3.1.1 on cost-estimating software systems, the business definition of
; the life cycle is usually different from the definition used in this
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution, Prevention and Toxics
3-51
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
guide. Examples of tools employing this definition are the APACS
LCC demo and the Life Cycle Costing Program. These LCC models
typically include (other than up-front capital and operating costs)
maintenance and repair costs and liquidation values. Of the ten
LCC products profiled, only three consider all four life-cycle stages,
and EcoSys attempts to create a complete life-cycle perspective.
The Tellus Packaging Study includes all the stages except the
use/reuse stage of the life cycle.
One of the reasons that most products do not perform a complete
LCCs consistent with this guide's definition is that the methodology
is very complex and not as yet standardized. The Tellus Packaging
Study uses our definition of the term but only does a partial analysis,
not including all the life-cycle stages. EcoSys attempts to counter
the problems associated with data collection by using an expert
system and decision analysis to create a life-cycle "perspective,"
even though inventory data are included only from the
manufacturing stage of the life cycle. TEAM provides users with the
modeling tools to prepare and analyze a life-cycle cost model using
all four life cycle stages. It includes a database on process
information, but does not include any default formats for users to
develop their models.
The LCC applications and case studies indicate the differences in
interpretation and application of the term life cycle. None represent
any standard or universally accepted methodologies for life-cycle
analysis or LCC. However, they are-building blocks that can be
used to further develop approaches and applications in the area.
3.7.2 Type of Costs Considered (Environmental Life-Cycle
Costing and Impact Analysis Software and Tools)
Methods such as the EPS Enviro-Accounting Method and the EcoSys
Model (EcoSys) are examples of methods for environmental impact
analysis. Although these do not actually quantify environmental
costs, they present an option for including some form of qualitative
analysis and including less-tangible costs into the decision-making
process. HAZMAT is the only product that estimates contingent
environmental costs based on pre-defined algorithms.
Developers of cost databases need to focus attention on the area of
developing unit cost data (where appropriate) for environmental
costs. Some efforts have included maintenance and repair costs and
3-52
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
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Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
waste management and P2 equipment costs in databases. The
reason other cost categories are not included is probably because
the field is still in its infancy and,has no consensus on methods for
estimation.
3.7.3 Method of Cost Estimation (Environmental Life-Cycle
Costing and Impact Analysis Software and Tools)
None of the cost-estimating applications include generic methods
for estimating environmental costs. HAZMAT includes cost
algorithms to estimate conventional, hidden, and liability
(contingent) costs.
3.7.4 Financial Indicators Generated (Environmental Life-
Cycle Costing and Impact Analysis Software and
Tools)
Most of the products included do not generate any financial
indicators. The exceptions are the APACS LCC product and the LCC
program. TEAM does not have any of the indicators defined in this
guide. However, it has all classic mathematical functions and user-
defined formulas can be used to create specific indicators.
Generating financial indicators would be a useful feature in other
life-cycle assessment applications as well, because it would allow
users to analyze the impacts of various alternatives on financial
returns.
3.7.5 Recommendations for Vendors (Environmental Life -
Cycle Costing and Impact Analysis Software and
Tools)
One has to recognize that the field of environmental costing and
impact analysis is relatively new. Thus, any measures product
developers take to improve their products will take time. Some
recommendations for medium-long term measures can be
employed:
> Begin using universally agreed upon definitions for LCA. For
example, some applications such as the LCC costing
program in reality do a total cost assessment, rather than an
LCA.
> Research streamlined methods for LCC in conjunction with
Federal facility, industry and software developers.
>- Provide options for different levels of detail for LCC to suit
varied requirements.
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
3-53
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
>- Factor in costs into applications that are designed primarily
for LCA, allowing industry to use LCA for more intuitive
decision-making.
>• Include a full range of private and social environmental
costs in LCC. ••...,•
Once methodologies are more streamlined and accepted, life-cycle
cost information could be incorporated into existing or new cost
databases.
Wasfe reduction
software and tools
are developed for
managing wastes
and waste costs for
specific facilities or
as general guidance
documents or
software.
3.8 WASTE REDUCTION SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
AND TOOLS
Waste reduction software and tools are developed for managing
wastes and waste costs for specific facilities or as general guidance
documents or software. This section includes some general purpose
products such as the Facility Pollution Prevention Guide,
EcoAccountingSM, and Industrial Waste Prevention. Although many
of these products have been developed to serve specific projects or
areas, the methodologies employed are often instructive for other
efforts at developing similar methodologies.
Table 3-5 includes some information on the software and tools
—— profiled under this section. Twenty products are covered under this
section, of which 13 are fully profiled. Six of these products are
designed for, or can provide, generic guidance for a range of
applications. The rest can provide, examples and guidance but are
strictly designed for specific facilities and/or project types. This
category also includes a subsection on proprietary software systems
and tools. Only one product, the Rohm and Haas model, is
included as a proprietary product. Additionally, a subsection covers
two case studies; one for the application of life-cycle analysis, and
the other, for activity based costing.
3.8.1 Life-Cycle Stages Considered (Waste Reduction
Software and Tools)
None of these products profiled were originally designed for or have
modules for LCC. Their level of focus is restricted to internal
company dynamics and costs related to pollution prevention or
waste management. Table 3-1 indicates that all the products fully
profiled cover the waste management stage of the life cycle. Six
products include data from the manufacturing stage of the life cycle.
3-54
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention arid Toxics
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' Chapters—Overall findings by Product Category
Although the use/reuse stage is not totally ignored, none of these
, products include detailed information associated with this stage of
, the life cycle. Although methods to account for use/reuse is beyond
the scope of most of the products covered, efforts should be made to
integrate the use of these products wjth others that do perform LCC.
3.8.2 Type of Costs Considered (Waste Reduction Software
and Tools)
None of these products profiled cover all the cost types identifies in
'."" • V, i( this guide. All these products cover some aspects of conventional
" and hidden costs (except one, that covers only conventional costs).
.,,-... However, the hidden costs, for instance, do not include regulatory
,, costs and other voluntary environmental costs. Industrial waste
prevention considers contingent costs but does not. include a
. ...... comprehensive methodology for estimating them. The only
exception is the Rohm and Haas model, which uses the
methodology described in the Pollution Prevention Benefits Manual
..... :. and includes conventional, hidden (including image and
relationship costs), and contingent costs. It does not include social
(external) costs.
3.8.3 Method of Cost Estimation (Waste Reduction
Software and Tools)
' None of the products covered are designed for cost estimation,
•although the data collected by using them can be used for future
• 'c6st estimation purposes. HCAS is essentially a cost database,
'"••• ' 'Which can further be used for estimation purposes. Users supply all
'•"' ' cost data in all other products.
3.8.4 Generation of Financial Indicators (Waste Reduction
Software and Tools)
Most of the products covered, other than exceptions such as
industrial Waste Prevention and the Facility Pollution Prevention
Guide, do not generate any financial indicators. Interestingly, the
indicator of focus is the payback period, although others are
sometimes mentioned, such as in Model P2 Opportunity
•;"T Assessment. As mentioned in Section 3.2.1, "Financial Analysis
Software Systems and Tools,", the payback period very often does
not produce reliable results.
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office ofPdltution Prevention and Toxics
3-55
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
3.8.5 Recommendations for Vendors (Waste Reduction
Software and Tools)
Software and tool developers should take the following steps to
make their methodologies more effective and current:
>• Make efforts to incorporate a full range of environmental
costs and benefits into analyses.
X Include default formats or sample models or projects in the
software based products.
>• Make efforts to publicly distribute documents and success
rates using different methodologies. This can be achieved
through forming discussion groups and through seminars.
>• Encourage the use of a variety of different financial
indicators, particularly the NPV method.
>• Use software systems and tools for performing LCC as an
analysis technique.
>• Provide information on methods of cost data collection.
>- Give options for performing analyses in different levels of
detail according to requirement, priority, and available
resources.
The difficulties and costs associated with data collection can be a
major impediment in the practical implementation of many
methodologies. The developers and users of different methods
should be contacted to obtain information on practical problems
that were experienced and the utility derived from using these
methods.
3.9 OVERALL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USERS
Most of the measures discussed in the previous sections, especially
for estimating environmental costs, would require a good deal of
involvement and research on the part of the users. Although
customization options help fill the void in the inclusion of
environmental cost information in estimating software and tools,
investments in terms of time and money may be needed to achieve
customization. Time and money investments often automatically
exclude small companies and operations that do not possess the
resources for such investments. However there are many measures
that users can take to make better use of software systems and tools.
These include the following:
>• Expand or modify appropriate elements in their systems to
better incorporate environmental costs in a visible manner.
3-56
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Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
>• -Inform their vendors of changing requirements and needs
(such as through user-groups)!
>-• Complement the use of software systems with tools with
methodologies for environmental management that can
suggest ways to make "Innovative modifications to the
systems.
V Consider volunteering to demonstrate new software systems
and tools that incorporate environmental costs and
considerations.
3.10 OVERALL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
VENDORS
Some of the common short-term recommendations for tool and
software developers are summarized below:
>• Includes full range of environmental costs in sample
projects (life cycle and/or private and social).
>• Increase flexibility of tools and software to allow users to
expand or modify them to include environmental costs and
considerations.
Some common long-term recommendations are the following:
>• Increase collaboration between user groups and
methodology / software developers.
>• Include environmental costs and cost types in databases and
default information.
>• Support collaboration between software developers and
developers of environmental costing and management
methodologies to prevent isolated development of tools and
software. , .
Sample projects can give users a working example of how the
systems can be used more effectively. Clearly, any software and
tools that better account for a full range of costs will be more
accurate and effective. This factor needs to be displayed and
emphasized. Sample projects could be developed in conjunction
with tool developers or through external funding. Software
applications are often tested in facilities to identify and rectify
problems. Pilot projects using new accounting, project/
environmental management, or analysis techniques can be tested in
industry or Federal facilities.
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
3-57
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
3.11 GENERAL OVERALL CONCLUSIONS
Internal protocol and requirements often play a large part in the
software systems and tools or methods selected by industry or
government for project/ environmental management and analysis.
These methods may or may not be the most efficient but are based
on tradition and the use of tried and tested methods. For example, a
hurdle rate established by a company may encourage the use of IRR
as an indicator over others such as the NPV method. Companies
will move toward modifying these requirements once new, more
effective and cost-minimizing techniques are established.
Effecting any long-term changes in the area of environmental cost
accounting and including environmental considerations into
analysis will entail a step-by-step process:
1. Identify problem and assess needs.
2. Develop methods for estimating and including
environmental costs.
3. Test for practicability and utility.
4. Establish a new standard integrated methoclology(ies).
5. Test for practicability and utility.
6. Incorporate the methodology(ies) into existing decision-
making and accounting systems.
The current state of practice is somewhere between Steps 1 and 2.
Efforts to develop tools and methodologies such as ABC techniques,
liability cost estimation, and environmental impact analysis have
increased. Industry consultants and companies are developing new
software systems and tools. Such software systems and other
proprietary products have been developed internally or by
consulting firms to help companies meet environmental
management requirements that existing products cannot meet.
Some of these new software systems, such as the Rohm and Haas
model, are proprietary, and others, such as Eco-AccountingSM, are
available in a limited manner (since it can be procured only as part
of other consulting services). Another example is the use of the G2
Real Time Expert System to develop a Batch Design.Kit for zero loss
emissions. This kit is being designed primarily for use in large
chemical and pharmaceutical companies.
Consensus on the appropriate methodologies for environmental and
life-cycle costing has yet to be reached, and Federal facilities and
3-58
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" Chapter 3—Overall Findings by Product Category
industry as a whole are still a long way from adopting new methods
in any standard manner. Many areas of development of software
systems depend oh further research in the area of environmental
cost estimation. Examples of areas that need further research are
>• developing methods for estimating hidden, contingent, and
less-tangible costs for inclusion in standard estimating
products;
> developing databases (or appending existing databases) that
provide environmental cost data; and
X providing information to users on more effective use of
. existing tools and software by including environmental
considerations.
Users groups have formed to provide more guidance to developers
in an effort to get software to include more environmental costs.
The Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) software development
group that brings together users from industry and software
development companies, is an example of such a group. Ontario
Hydro is currently testing a proposal to bring together a cross-sector
group of corporations to establish and fund a "Center for
Environmental Costing" in Canada. It is envisioned that initially, the
Center would take the form of a "virtual" institute that would have
three main functions including: sponsoring research; providing
education, training and advocacy; and, providing network/
clearinghouse services. The research function of the Center would,
in effect, be a common research fund / pool for business on
environmental impact research, economic valuation, and other
applied elements of Full Cost Accounting1.
The discussion clearly indicates that both short- and long-term
solutions are needed for incorporating environmental costs into
decision-making. Developers of software systems and tools /
methodologies for environmental costing/management will benefit
more by collaborating with each other rather than by functioning in
isolation. By working together, they can better address the changing
needs of the private and Federal market by applying new and
innovative methodologies and by making standard methods more
effective. :
1 Please see 'Environmental Accounting Case Studies: Full Cost Accounting for
Decision Making at Ontario Hydro', EPA 742-R-95-004. For more in formation
on Ontario Hydro's Full Cost Accounting initiatives, please contact Corrine
Bbone at 416-592-5988, or Helen Howes at 416-592-1658.
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4
Profiles
of Software Systems
and Tools
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Cost-Estimating Software Systems
(Class 1)
Contents
Page
1. Composer Gold/MCACES 4-3
2. COSTPRO .....4-7
3. Freiman Analysis of System Techniques (FAST) 4-11
4. G2 Estimator 4-15
5. Hard Dollar EOS , • 4-19
6. Precision Estimating Plus - 4-23
7. Success :..... 4-26
8. TRACES , 4-29
Abbreviated Profiles of Cost Estimating Tools , 4-32
1. ASAPMS Housekeeper 4-32
2. Cost Engineer • 4-33
3. Cost Estimating .......". • 4-33
4. Enhanced Cost Estimating Relationship Program 4-34
5. Esccomate Piping/DWV and Sheetmetal/Ductwork Estimating 4-34
6. PACES (Parametric Cost Engineering System) 4-35
7. Pulsar 4-36
8. Questimate 8.1 .'...,... 4-37
9. Richardson RACE (Rapid Access Cost Estimating) System 4-38
10. StreetSmarts ....4-39
11. WinEst 4-40
1 Please see items 1-3 in Class 4 for Information on cost estimating software for remediation projects. Also see items 4,9,10,12,
13 in Class 7 for Information on products that have a cost estimation component, although primarily for Life Cycle Costing.
4-2
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and TooJs
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development
date and updates:
Public availability:
Building Systems Design (BSD)
Public purchase !
Environmental and Commercial Cost Estimating Software. The system has potential to
be applied for estimating and including life-cycle environmental costs. The life-cycle
module available includes the manufacturing and the use/reuse/maintenance stages of
the life-cycle and considers only internal company costs. BSD-supplied databases
currently cover environmental cost information on some upfront hidden costs such as
site preparation, waste management equipment and technologies etc. Back-end,
regulatory, liability costs, etc., are not covered.
Cost control —
Resource control •
Estimating control •
Schedule control —
Scope control •
Risk control —
First released in 1990. Updates every 1-2 years. The current release is version 6.0,
released in November, 1994. The next release, expected in the first quarter of 1996,
will be a Windows version.
Available
Purpose and current use: BSD markets Composer Gold as an estimating system for large or small projects and
can be used for most construction project work. Their client list includes architect and
engineering firms, cost consultants, government agencies, and private corporations.
The system has been approved by the Army Corps of engineers and the EPA for
hazardous waste projects. The government version (MCACES) has some 1,000 users
and Composer Gold has -500 users (mostly architects and cost consultants).
Cost information:
System requirements:
The 1995 list price for a single user is $2,995. Additional modules and databases, such
as the models capability and Life-Cycle Cost module are individually priced.
The system runs only on DOS and can be used on a PC or a LAN. It requires a
minimum of 512 K RAM and the software takes 8 Mb of space on the hard drive. The
system is quite flexible in the type of LAN platform that can be used.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered:
Nonquantifiable
information:
Can be used for any size project. The maximum number of projects and the activities
per project are limited only by the size of the hard disk. However, the system has
typically been used for larger projects.
Users can purchase additional modules for modeling capability, scheduling interface,
material reprice, and modules for Life Cycle Costing and Historical Project Analysis.
They can purchase required databases and digitizers through BSD as well.
Users can add notes while reviewing an estimate.
Features of Composer Gold include the following:
• standardized WBS approved by Federal agencies
• project and site-specific labor and equipment rates
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
• modeling database to store historical data
• vendor price tracking
Users can enter project and site-specific labor and equipment rates. Besides being able to use built-in work
packages and assemblies, users can define an unlimited number of assemblies, which can reduce entry time and
effort. Up to six levels of project breakdown are available in the system. The modeling capability, WBS levels,
coding, and user-defined cost categories can be used to estimate and include life-cycle environmental costs in
various ways.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management —
Composer Gold has a separate module for analyzing life-cycle costs. However, this uses a definition of the life-cycle
(different from ours), where only private costs related to the project are included. This may or may not include
recycling and waste management. However, in this case, the database provides information only on maintenance
and repair (other than the manufacturing stage) of equipment. The net retention/disposal value can also be
calculated. However, the costs of actually disposing of the material (on-site or off-site) may not be included in the
database. The database is the MCACES maintenance and repair database (in the Life Cycle cost module), which
allows users to account for costs associated with the use/reuse of building components (in the facility itself).
Including life-cycle information may be possible by defining different WBS levels for each stage and also by using the
coding capability. Up to 6 WBS levels can be defined and applying this option for different life-cycle stages could be
limited by other requirements of the users. If users do not need to keep the life-cycle stages distinct, this information
can be incorporated in existing formats. Users would need to develop cost data from a different source if full life-cycle
costs need to be estimated.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
The Unit Price Book contains some information on hazardous waste-related costs, such as for safety equipment and
special construction for waste treatment. The system can be linked with various commercial databases that are used
to estimate conventional costs and waste disposal costs. BSD is now offering an additional database for
Environmental Restoration, the ECHOS database, which is brought out through a joint venture between Delta
Technologies and Marshall & Swift. This database addresses environmental data from a technologies perspective
and covers 4000 assemblies and 4000 unit cost items. In BSD, the models database contains a library of 44
facilities, which users can add to by copying other projects. The types of environmental costs covered include site
preparation, construction, environmental technologies, equipment, etc. These databases do not contain cost
information on many hidden environmental costs, and no information on contingent or external costs. Users may be
able to incorporate these cost elements in different ways. Estimates will need to be made by users.
If users can develop the appropriate relationship models, parameters, and unit costs, the modeling capability of the
system can be utilized to estimate quantities and costs for specific items that generate these environmental costs.
Second, users can directly input costs into the estimate from their own sources. Third, users can define cost
categories that address these items. Gold allows users to define and select up to 5 each of owner cost, direct cost,
and indirect cost columns. If some environmental costs cannot be addressed using the predefined or conventional
cost categories, users can add additional categories, such as 'external costs'. For example, an activity such as
distillation, could result in an air pollution cost. This cost (which would have to be estimated by users) could be
entered in a external costs column. Combinations of these approaches could be used to include information on
environmental costs.
4-4
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Method of cost estimation
The system uses unit cost estimating and parametric modeling. The company plans to additionally offer factor
and range estimating at a later date. Users create the estimate in a project file by entering appropriate cost items to
price each area of work. This can be done by tapping into the databases connected in the system or by direct data
entry The screen gives information about the source of the data (entered/changed by users or through a database).
Descriptions, quantities, and unit costs can all be changed directly on the screen and users can control column
names (e.g., labor, equipment) as required.
The system can import ready-made databases such as Richardson, Means, Lee, Saylor, and others. It contains a
hazardous waste database from the Corps of Engineers and EPA and its own database of unit costs. Users can also
build a database which can be used to include environmental cost information that may not fit in existing databases.
The system can contain up to seven databases. The database types included are project (where the project estimate
is built) models, assemblies, unit prices, crews, labor rates, and equipment rates. In the equipment rates database,
data such as depreciation, cost of capital, and fuel and operating expenses can be entered. The labor rates database
can contain information such as basic rates, overtime, travel expenses, etc. The labor and equipment can be
grouped to form crews, which can be used for estimating as well.
The historical cost project analysis module has a database of over 1,800 projects that contains 3,100 facility types.
The information is stored by facility name/size/cost per square foot/year built/location. The Historical Analysis
Generator allows users to query the database to narrow project sampling to facilities of a similar type and size. A
cost index can be used to compare the cost of:the facility with other areas of the country or the world. The database
can be appended with the users' own historical project files.
Users can use an MCACES maintenance and repair database (in the life cycle cost module), which provides
information on ideal maintenance and repair schedules for different types of building components. The life cycle cost
module also allows users to analyze energy-efficiency alternatives and differing fuel systems. It reports capital,
operating, and energy costs, and net disposal/retention value.
The models-module allows users to access and modify the formulas that calculate quantities. It can assist in planning
complex features and tasks based on previous models. The system offers cost/escalation adjustment factors for the
entire project by percentage. An escalation index can be used to compare similar items in different bids on one
screen. A what-if recalculation feature can be used to compare different project scenarios. This can be a useful
feature in comparing the effects that changes in different variables can have on environmental costs.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) — . ,
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other • — .-.-•.'.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The scheduling interface computes overall project duration and end data, and users can define schedule relationships
among activities using PDM or the ADM method. The program can export data to different scheduling packages and
dBASE format files. Composer can interface with project management software such as Primavera, Open Plan, and
Microsoft project. The system can use a digitizer to take off quantities. Data in the system are automatically
compressed for storage and for copying to disks. On a network, users may exchange data and usage can be
restricted, if desired.
The system is menu-driven and provides on-line help. The system's manual contains a section on estimating and
quantity takeoff techniques as related to the program. The system can also detect logical errors and prevents users
from deleting important data by mistake. Users have the ability to make customized reports. They can define an
unlimited number of work codes, which can be used to sort and display data. Summary and detail reports can be
prepared by sorting by chosen variables.
The product is the commercial version of MCACES, and unlike earlier versions it now comes with the latest version of
the Army Corps of Engineers Unit Price Book (this was previously considered proprietary). BSD also offers the
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
ECHOS database for Environmental Restoration, which addresses environmental data from a technologies
perspective. Composer Gold is accompanied by a couple of sample projects and templates that users can use to
build their own projects.
-, - *•>.<, • f,
User-support
BSD provides user support through training and technical services and information dissemination, including new
software reviews and newsletters. They offer a renewable support plan that covers hotline support and free updates
of the software. The price of the plan is based upon the number of users—$495 for the first user and $195 for each
additional user. Training classes are offered in Atlanta or on-site (depending on the number of users). A
demonstration disk highlighting system features is available. However, it is not interactive and does not allow users
to build-in limited sample projects.
Limitations
The system does not provide graphical capabilities such as time-cost curves, estimated/actual cash flow charts, and
histograms. Users can open only one project at a time, although they may cut and paste from other projects. Each
project can have only one WBS structure related to it (the program can support multiple projects). The system does
not generate any financial indicators. The program does not have a menu function for exporting/importing data.
The system has not been designed for life-cycle costing (consistent with our definition) or for including all cost
categories, such as regulatory, contingent environmental costs, and less-tangible costs. Information on some upfront
hidden costs (e.g., use/reuse of building components, technology costs for ER) can be obtained through the
MCACES and the ECHOS database. However, regulatory, back-end, and voluntary hidden costs, and contingent
and less-tangible costs are not covered, thus leaving out less conventional areas in environmental cost estimating.
Users would need to develop estimating methods and cost data to incorporate these types of environmental costs.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information and a demonstration disk received from BSD in March 1995.
Additional information received through telephone communications with BSD
representatives.
Publicly available. Composer is the commercial version of MCACES.
Building Systems Design, Inc.
1175 Peachtree Street
100 Colony Square, Suite 1600 • ij--
Atianta, GA 30361
Peggy Woodal
404-876-4700
800-875-0047
404-876-0006 (FAX)
4.6
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Chapter 4-^Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
COSTPRCX
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
INPRO, Inc.
Public purchase
Generic cost estimation tool. Has been used in environmental restoration projects, and
has potential to be applied for estimating and including other life-cycle environmental
costs. INPRO does not provide databases that would contain information on
environmental costs.
Cost control —
Resource control •
Estimating control •
Schedule control —
Scope control •
Risk control —
Originally developed as the Los Alamos Laboratory Estimating System in 1973.
Released as COSTPRO (PC version) in 1984. Different modules are updated at
different time-period (not fixed). On an average, the user's module is updated 2-3 times
a year, and the database manager, once a year. The latest release was on March 20,
1995 The company is planning a large revision of the product, which will include a
number of enhancements, including a change to a Windows version. They may rename
the software at this point. The release date is uncertain at this point.
Available :
The system was originally developed for the DOE. It has been sold to some 500 users,
'out of which approximately 200 are currently using the system. It is being used in all
types of industry primarily in construction and environmental restoration and
management projects.
• List price: $5,300 (single user)
• Database manager: $2,300
Approximate prices quoted in 1995 during conversation with Dr. Dudley.
MS-DOS or PC-DOS operating system using an IBM-AT (or compatible), or a 386 with a
Math co-processor. Can be used on a LAN.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Features include 12 completely distinct WBS structures, user-defined coding, unlimited
projects, and parametric estimation capability. The system can be used for small
projects as well as for billion dollar construction projects. However, INPRO
recommends that it be used for sophisticated data estimating. The system does not
come with any templates, sample projects or default information, which may make it
unsuitable for smaller users.
Other compatible systems
offered: System is available in different modules.
Nonquantifiable
information:
Note-writing capability
COSTPRO is a generic cost estimating system that can be used to prepare cost estimates from the planning stage
throuqh detailed design. The program is written in FORTRAN. The code is a complete commercial rewrite of the Los
Alamos National Laboratory mainframe cost estimating system. COSTPRO was developed by a nonprofit
organization called Spectra Research Institute. It is maintained and marketed by INPRO. COSTPRO is actually a
collection of costing and cost file utilities managed by a software driver. Estimators can use these functions to build
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
an estimating methodology that suits their specific requirements. Features and attributes of COSTPRO include the
following: '
• well-adapted for preparing estimates for DOE projects (can be used to estimate all cost elements of a
project, including assessment, design, and remediation)
• unlimited projects
• flexible series of report development menus
• extensive capability to apply markups for indirect costs, job conditions, productivity, and taxes
The system is presented to users to modify and customize in any manner they choose. This would give COSTPRO a
lot of potential to be modified accordingly to include life-cycle environmental costs. The ability to define 12 completely
distinct WBS structures, user-defined coding and parametric estimation capability, and the collection of costing and
cost file utilities, would work to enhance its ability to effectively deal with these costs.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
COSTPRO is not designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, and this would typically be the manufacturing
stage of the life-cycle. It may be possible to include life-cycle cost information by defining different WBS levels for
each stage. Also, users have the option to define 12 completely different WBS structures to meet different
requirements. This could allow the generation and comparison of different results. For instance, one WBS structure
could Include only conventional costs, another could include all private costs, and another could add social costs
COSTPRO's ability to support multiple projects could also be used. If the life-cycle stages do not have to be kept
distinct, the information could be incorporated within existing formats. In all cases, users would need to develop
environmental life-cycle cost estimating methods and cost information themselves.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
Not unlike other cost estimating software, COSTPRO has been designed to consider conventional company costs
atone. However, since users are provided flexibility in entering estimates, they can modify the system in a suitable
manner to Include other costs as well. Commercial databases (if any) can be used to directly input data, or users
may create their own database of costs. However, until commercial databases include information on regulatory,
back-end, and voluntary hidden costs, and contingent and external costs, users would need to develop this cost data
themselves. Similarly appropriate estimation techniques would have to be chosen. Once the costs are available
they could be incorporated into the program in various ways. '
If users can develop appropriate relationship models, parameters, and unit costs, the parametric estimation capability
can be used to estimate quantities and costs of the specific items that generate these environmental costs. This can
be helpful when exact quantities are not known. For example, a relationship may be determined between the size of
a boiler (or some other cost driver) and the air pollution created, which generates a external cost whose value can be
imputed for every unit of air pollution created. Secondly, users can directly input costs into the estimate from their
own sources. The annotation capability can be used to attach an explanation of the source of the estimate. Third
user-defined cost categories can be created. They can be used to avoid entering some additional activities For '
example, if users determine that using a particular piece of equipment requires a permit, or OSHA training (both
hidden costs), they can enter these costs in a "hidden costs" column along with other conventional costs associated
with purchasing and using the equipment.
Method of cost estimation
Three processing files are associated with developing a cost estimate within COSTPRO. The first is the database
manager that provides the ability to draw data into COSTPRO from pre-established list(s) of items, activities, tasks,
4-8
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
crews assemblies, etc. The second is the take-off files that contain the unit rates/quantities, WBS, and other
relevant information. Finally, the project files contain WBS and activity descriptions, codes, notes, cost factors, and
other information associated with the estimate.
Users can also create conceptual estimates using parametrics, which can be further developed to detail actual costs.
COSTPRO has a database manager that allows users to build custom databases of their own or use databases
created by others. Thus, users can build custom databases that include various environmental costs estimated from
different sources. .
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) — • '
-Payback period • —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
COSTPRO can combine inputs from commercially available databases (one or multiple) and can export data to^
scheduling programs. The system comes with a complete database manager for these applications. The accuracy of
COSTPRO model estimates has been validated by the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The system can simultaneously manage 12 distinct WBS structures for the same take-off without needing to re-enter
the basic cost estimate take-off data. This allows users to use specific breakdowns for different requirements The
software manages all historical files. Users can customize the system in any way. They can create their own codes
and charts with which they can sort and resort the data in any combination. Users can generate exception reports by
any combination of breakdowns. The system can manage large files without significantly slowing down operations.
User support
A detailed user manual provides instructions for model operations. INPRO can modify the model to meet specific
customer requirements. Telephone hotline support and training classes for all the modules are ava,lable (0^ off-
site) Updates are sometimes provided free of charge. Users who sign an update agreement receive all updates free
of charge. A working demonstration disk is available for the user's module-this works on limited files and allows
users to try out nearly all the features (not of commercial use).
Limitations
INPRO does not provide users with any databases (even commercial databases), although they do attimes provide
information on available databases. Although the system, is extremely flexible, users have to bui d and adapt the
svstem to suit their requirements. It does not come with any templates, or sample projects or default information,
which can make it unsuitable for smaller users who do not require this level of detail or may want to be walked
through" an estimating methodology.
The svstem has not been designed for life-cycle costing or for including a|l cost categories. No environmental cost
information or estimating methods can be obtained through INPRO. Thus, users would need to independently
develop estimating methods and cost data to incorporate most environmental costs. The system is compatible witn
the MCACES database, which can provide users with cost information on some upfront hidden costs.
Basis for evaluation:
Based on WEC (1992), and Youngblood (1992). Further information obtained through
telephone communications with Dr. Alan Dudley (March 1995).
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Contact Information:
Commercially available
Dr. Alan Dudley
INPRO, Inc.
1613 University Blvd. N.E.
Albuquerque, NM 87102
505-243-2800
505-292-9042 (24 hr/day number)
4-10
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Freiman Analysis of System Techniques (FAST)
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Freiman Parametric Systems (FPS), Inc. ,
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Plans and Resource Management
Parametric cost estimating tool for various functions. It estimates costs for items such
as construction, equipment, software, and mining and is can be applied for conceptual
to detailed estimating. FAST-E can be applied for predicting equipment costs for
projects in consumer, commercial and industrial systems, commercial and military
aerospace systems, industrial and chemical plants, and nuclear power stations.
Cost control •
Resource control •
Estimating control •
Schedule control —
Scope control •
Risk control —
Development began ~ 1980. The developer began researching and making parametric
cost estimating systems in the late 1960s. The last release of FAST-E was in early
1995. The next major release will be the integrated system, and is expected in early,
1996.
Available
Was initially developed as part of work done under a DOE project. Currently being used
in various different industries.
DOE has free access to the systems, but need to pay for time sharing services. The
system prices can range from $1000 to $30,000. Detailed cost information can be
obtained from FPS.
IBM PC based. FAST-E, FAST-C, and FAST-CO can be run on IBM 286 or 386
computers but need a FAST hardware control locking device. All the systems require
10 MB RAM and 500 K (minimum) on the hard drive. Windows-95 compatible.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered:
Nonquantifiable
information:
The system can be used for various project sizes and complexities.
Different systems designed for specific areas, such as estimating equipment costs,
construction costs, etc. have been developed. FPS is working on providing the option
for integrating these systems. The different FAST systems will be then available as
modular options.
Information not available
Software summary
The FAST system can estimate the costs of various design or schedule scenarios. The modeling system enables
users to obtain early estimates, especially in the area of high technology. This is possible because the system is
based on concept/design-related data, as well as the technological phenomena underlying design, which determine
the manner in which costs can change. The Office of Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs in the U.S. DOE
funded and used the following FAST items.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
• FAST-E: estimates equipment costs, including costs for design, development, production, integration,
Installation, and operational and maintenance cost for any type of hardware or equipment.
• FAST-C: estimates construction costs, including operations such as site work, heavy construction
projects, buildings, and utilities. It can calculate schedules, risks, and costs for all types of civil
engineering or construction programs.
• FAST-CO: estimates the cost of ownership of a project, or the total cost of a project from its conception,
throughout its entire useful life. The model can estimate costs on a monthly basis for specific time periods
up to 60 years. Coverage includes maintenance and support, enhancements, decontamination, utilities,
operations, consumables, partial and complete decommissioning, etc. FAST-CO includes procedures for
decontamination and cleanup of buildings, equipment, sites, or underground areas.
• FAST-F: estimates the funding profiles for engineering and/or production over a project's life and
develops the cost and schedule penalty for changing a funding profile after a project is underway.
• FAST-M: estimates mining and subterranean project costs.
• FAST-P: measures the overall productivity and performance of a project. Can be used to determine the
facilities and resource needs of any engineering and/or manufacturing operation.
Other programs include:
• FAST-S: a software cost model that uses the FAST (technology/performance) concept.
• FAST-ABC: the Activity-Based-Costing model used to properly allocate overhead costs to the projects
that caused them. FAST-ABC allows users to define areas of indirect expenses. It organizes its
algorithms based on how users define the character of the indirect expenses. It includes default settings
for elements including setup and procurement costs, and transportation costs. There are no default
settings for environmental costs.
All FAST systems, including FAST-ABC, use fuzzy logic to generate algorithms based on examples provided by
users of the required structure using two or more sample projects.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition •
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management •
FAST has different systems that can consider these life-cycle stages. FAST-M, which can be used to determine
mining costs, can consider the raw material acquisition stage. FAST-CO can consider the cost of ownership of a
project, from conception through its useful life (for up to 60-year projects). This could potentially consider the
remaining three life-cycle stages. It may also be possible to incorporate data from the first stage. FPS is currently
developing an integrated system that includes all the FAST systems. This will allow users to consider all the life-cycle
stages, using one system.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
The system is mainly designed to include conventional costs. Hidden cost items considered will include maintenance
and use/reuse costs. FAST-ABC can be used to make hidden environmental costs more visible. There are no
default settings for estimating potentially hidden regulatory, voluntary, and other environmental costs. However all
FAST systems work using fuzzy logic. Thus, users can describe situations similar to the current project (for instance
by using old projects), and FAST will develop relationship models based on these examples. In this manner, all cost
categories can be estimated by FAST systems. However, users will still need historical or sample projects that
provide the required specifications and data needed to build these algorithms.
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' Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Method of cost estimation
FAST uses parametric cost estimating. Parametric modeling is a technique in which values are input as specific
parameters. For example, for an estimate of the cost per square foot of constructing a building, square footage can
be a parameter. Users can use such parameters to develop estimates from historical data. The database comes
with the software but can also be defined by users. FAST also considers other factors such as design, location, and
construction materials that can affect the cost. Furthermore, it considers the effects of factors such as earthquakes,
tornadoes, or radiation on costs. The bottoms-up method of estimation can also be used. Site-specific construction
information for these models was collected by Frank Freiman.
For example, projects in FAST-E can be defined using equipment weight, or users can define the product's
technology and inputs that depict performance characteristics. ENTYPE is the factor that describes the mix of
technological masses that make up the product. The program provides several procedures for calculating and
parameters can be heat, motion, electrical, etc. Performance characteristics describe the equipment's functionality
(inputs and outputs, performance requirements, such as gallons per minute). Projects in all FAST systems can use
up to 5-level WBSs.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio — ,
—Others — .._.-..
Ability to include environmental costs
User-friendliness and flexibility
FAST is user friendly and accepts individually tailored inputs. FAST-E has an extensive help library, and every input
and output variable has a context-help capability (can also be used as a tutorial). FAST-E also has an extensive
library of error messages. All FAST-E inputs and outputs, including accumulations and screen displays can be saved
to output files named by users. These can be independently printed or edited using standard word processors. All
the FAST models come equipped with self-contained tutorials.
FAST also estimates the costs of connective and support systems (piping, plumbing, wires). It provides risk
measurements by displaying cost uncertainties for each cost segment. The system is especially useful in the early
stages of a project, program, or product, when little design has been done. In addition to identifying principal features
and relating them to cost, it quantifies intuition based on experience and can recognize the conditions that make
situations different. It can produce detailed estimates as well. It includes tables and reference factors.
FAST-E, FAST-CO, and FAST-ABC may have jthe potential to be extended to analyze various areas in life-cycle cost
analysis. A unique feature of FAST is its use of fuzzy logic. This provides a method for users to estimate
environmental costs, by applying the required specifications. FPS is currently developing an integrated system that
will include all the FAST models. This system will be PC-based, with the option to be used on a laptop and on
networks. This will be available in around 1986. The system is expected to cost over $25,000. This system could
have potential for being used for life-cycle cost analysis.
User-support
FPS offers a number of training packages, including on-site and off-site training. The cost of training is based on
user-requirements. A working demonstration disk is available for FAST-E that allows users to analyze up to 3
studies. . '--'••-:••
Limitations
The FAST system models are relationship models; users need historical data to run these. That is, they need a basis
and specifications from which to derive estimates; then they can proceed to modifying parameters to simulate
different situations. FAST systems do not include any default information on regulatory, contingent, or less-tangible
costs. If users want to extend the system to these other areas, they need to develop and apply the required historical
information.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Basis for evaluation:
Contact Information:
The information provided here is based on WEC (1992), and Youngblood (1992).
Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating updated product information and
through telephone communications FPS in April, 1995.
Available through Freiman Parametric Systems.
Freiman Parametric Systems, Inc.
2508 Iron Forge Road
Herndon, VA 22071
Frank Freiman (President)
Nancy Mauro (VP)
305-978-9597
800-892-4286
Internet: FASTE@AOL.COM
4-14
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Took
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
< G2Estimator ' „ ' , , _
G2 Incorporated
Public purchase
Flexible cost estimating system. G2 has been used for environmental projects that
involve some form of engineering, construction or site preparation. It has potential for
being developed to include environmental life-cycle information.
Cost control —
Resource control •
Estimating control •
Schedule control —
Scope control •
Risk control —
First copy was sold to Jacob's Environmental Co. in August 1988. On an average, there
is a major release every 7 months, with several other enhancements in between. The
current release of G2 is version 4.63, released in Spring, 1995. The next release will be
the Windows version of G2 and is expected in the third quarter of 1995.
Available
G2 Estimator is a flexible cost estimating system that is marketed for use in various
disciplines including environment and remediation, construction, engineering,
architecture, budgeting, and operations. About 25% of the users are doing
environmental projects, 25% are for engineering, 25% for general construction, and the
balance to various other companies. The total number of clients is over 1,000.
The prices for stand-alone systems are G2 ABACUS—$995, Level I—$3,000, and Level
II—$6,000. Prices are obtained from information package received in February 1994.
The system can be used on a LAN. The minimum system requirements are a 286
microprocessor, 650K RAM, and MS-DOS version 3.3. The system can be used on a
wide variety of networks including UNIX, Novell, and Banyan.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Small to large projects. However, primary clients tend to be in the construction business
and Federal facilities with project budgets of 50 -100 million. For instance, it has been
used by the DOE for the Yucca Mountain project.
Other compatible systems
offered:
Nonquantifiable
information:
The system is available in three levels: G2 ABACUS, Level I, and Level II
Users can enter notes at the project, worksheet, and line level.
The description given below mainly describes Level II (the highest level). However, all three levels contain similar
features and differ in aspects such as the maximum number of worksheets and WBS levels possible. ABACUS
allows only one WBS level, Level I allows five, and Level II allows 16. Abacus users are restricted to 50 worksheets
with 99 items per worksheet, whereas Level II allows unlimited worksheets with a maximum of 999 line items per
worksheet. G2 has several features for expediting and simplifying work and facilitating analysis. Features of G2
include the following:
• cost details entered in worksheets
• menus throughout the program that assist users in estimating
• flag displays to indicate need for any recalculation
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Incorporating Enyironmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
• use of composite resources or assemblies, which can greatly reduce user inputs, because several cost
items can be added to the worksheet at one time
• what-if analyses to view effects on project costs by performing functions such as entering changes in total
values, quantities, and production rates or modifying them by a certain percentage
The WBS levels and the worksheets can be utilized for entering environmental cost information. At lower levels, the
limits on the WBS levels and activities can restrict incorporation of these costs, because users will want to first use
the existing space to enter conventional cost information.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
The system is not designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, which would typically be the manufacturing
stage of the life-cycle. However users may be able to include life-cycle information in various ways.
Different WBS tree levels can be assigned to specific life-cycle stages. Up to 16 levels can be defined in Level II.
The information can be entered by creating specific worksheets that detail activities in different stages. The coding
capability can be used to assign information from worksheets to be placed in different user-defined reports. Life-cycle
cost Information can also be detailed in one or more of the seven resource types.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
G2 Is designed to consider only usual company costs. Also, most of the cost information from the commercial
databases provides information on usual costs. The database provided with G2 is organized in groups. With the
relevant environmental cost information, users can create a distinct area in the database that details these costs.
Users could include information on environmental costs using various methods.
The cost categories option allows users to specify types of costs used. The system contains five default cost
categories that users can utilize or change. Seven types of resources would fit into these categories. Environmental
cost information can be directly plugged into the estimate. Tag-type resources allow users to directly plug
numbers into the estimate. Users can for instance, plug in ballpark estimates for various environmental costs for
sensitivity analyses. The annotation capability (at the worksheet and line level) would help in specifying the source of
the estimate. Second, if costs cannot be detailed through activities and conventional cost categories, additional
categories can be created, such as potentially hidden or external costs. For example, an activity such as parts
washing can have external costs due to solvent emissions or hidden costs due to OSHA compliance requirements.
These could be entered as separate line items, or using the new categories, the hidden and external costs associated
with parts washing can be entered at the estimate level. Users can also create separate worksheets that deal with
project areas traditionally left out of analysis details. For example, they can create a separate worksheet called
regulatory costs, where different costs arising from various environmental compliance requirements (e.g.,
manifesting, labeling) are detailed. Finally, environmental cost information can also be detailed in resources. A
useful feature is that resource rates can be based on any units. Allowance-type resources allow application of
markups or discounts to estimates. This capability can be used for sensitivity analyses using estimates of what
environmental costs, such as contingent costs may add to total project costs (or other elements). G2 has nine
separate cost items that can detail equipment resources, including costs associated with fuel, oil and grease, and
operating costs. This is a useful feature in detailing costs of purchase and use for different equipment.
Method of cost estimation
G2 contains estimate worksheets, each of which represents a portion of the work to be performed. An estimate can
contain an unlimited number of worksheets, each with up to 999 line items. A worksheet consists of three
components. The first of these is a header that gives the definition of the worksheet as a whole. Detail line items
4-16
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
contain information that includes resource descriptions, quantity, and unit price. Users can define the line items they
want displayed. Details can be viewed at any point so that users can tell how the cost totals on the line items were
calculated. Finally, there are the worksheet totals. Thus, users define various worksheets that describe their
projects, and these contain product and cost information as required by users. There are separate areas for entering
resource information.
G2 offers resource databases including the Army Corps of Engineers Unit Price Book, Richardson Engineering
Services, NAVFAC and R.S. Means. They also offer partial databases for different materials and processes including
carpentry, electrical, and sitework. Unit cost information is retrieved from the .database using resource groups and
codes. Within G2 estimator, estimates may also be retrieved from other projects and databases. Users can also add
new codes to the database and edit existing ones. The system facilitates using multiple estimating methods and the
level of detail of the estimate can vary from conceptual to detailed. The methods that can be used for estimating
include unit price, lump sum, unit man-hour, production, percentage allowance, crews, and assemblies.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (1RR) —
-Benefits cost ratio . — .
-Other —
The system does not generate any financial indicators. However, it may be possible to run certain programs that do
have financial functions from within G2.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Other DOS programs, including Primavera, Lotus 123, and WordPerfect, can be run from within the G2 estimator.
Information can also by exported to almost any software package that has import capabilities. G2 allows seamless
integration with Primavera and Welcom Software Technology products. G2 allows for the input of take-off data
electronically via a digitizer (digitizing hardware costs can be obtained from G2). Since the product is available in
different levels, users can purchase a system that meets their requirements. G2 can utilize the Army Corps of
Engineers Unit Price Book that includes some cost information related to hazardous and toxic, and radioactive waste.
Several features in G2 make it flexible. G2 can contain an unlimited number of projects and databases. Users can
create customized databases by copying contents of groups in other databases. They can incorporate database
updates simply by using a master option that updates all duplicate cost items. The latest version has a feature for
spreadsheet editing whereby worksheets can be converted to a spreadsheet through a hotkey. Many features assist
users with estimate automation, for example, by using production rates, duration, quantity or cost factors, and user-
defined formulas. Users can also control several items in the system including data entry methods, displays, and
monetary symbols. The inquiry option can give quick totals for the entire estimate, individual cost items, etc. G2 also
allows standardization to suit internal company requirements, including user-defined report formats, database
structures, and estimate templates. G2 allows the use of unlimited work code fields, which facilitates sorting of data
and exception reporting. Users may also do line-item overwrites for work codes. G2 also features user-defined help
topics and descriptions. One of the sample projects included in the demonstration disk is a landfill project.
User Support ,
G2 organizes product evaluation seminars and also provides support services for users. Maintenance is provided
free of cost for the first year fpr the G2 estimator and for 30 days for the G2 ABACUS. This includes 24-hour (7 days
a week) support, user hotline, on-line modem support, and all updates and enhancements. Users have an option to
renew the maintenance agreement and the price depends upon the number of users. They also offer an unlimited
site license program for $50,000 for an organization (and affiliates) for unlimited access for a period of 2 years (not
less than 1.5). •
Limitations
Although it may be used with a mouse, the system does not have the Windows structure. The new Windows
package is scheduled for release on September 7,1995. G2 allows different levels of WBS structures depending on
the level of the software purchased, but the WBS tree is not displayed. The demonstration disk provided contains
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
demonstrations of cost estimations in projects in different fields including environment and remediation. It provides a
good overview of the features and capabilities of G2. However, it cannot be manipulated by users to run their own
sample projects. The system is offered in different levels, but not in different modules.
The system has not been designed for life-cycle costing or for including all cost categories. Although some resource
types, such as equipment, allow users to detail some hidden costs such as fuel costs and operating costs, other
potentially hidden environmental costs are not included. The system has not been designed to support less-
convantfonal areas in environmental cost estimating. Users would need to independently develop estimating
methodologies and cost data to include environmental costs into their projects.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information package and demonstration disk received from G2 in February
1995. Additional information was obtained through telephone communications with G2
representatives.
Commercially available
G2 Incorporated
Corporate Office
2399 S. Orchard, Suite 200
Boise, ID 83705
Craig Lindquist
Phil Jenson
208-384-1300
208-384-0300 (FAX)
4-18
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
, Hard Dollar EOS , >, ,
Grantlun Corporation, "Construction Information Solutions"
Public purchase
For managing bids and cost estimating. Designed for the construction industry and
could be appropriate for environmental projects that have structures similar to
construction projects. However, the focus of Grantlun is on the construction industry.
The system has potential to include environmental cost information that would form part
of the projects that the system supports.
Cost control •
Resource control •
Estimating control •
Schedule control •
Scope control •
Risk control —
EOS was introduced in 1987. The current release, EOS-95 (version 7.0) was released
in May, 1995. Updates are provided 2-3 times a year, on an average.
Available
Hard Dollar EOS is designed only for the construction industry, for heavy/highway
bidding, and building. Hard Dollar EOS can be used for bidding roads, bridges,
earthwork, and environmental work. Hard Dollar EOS/PE is designed for engineers and
helps noncontractors produce fully detailed or historical-based estimates using tools
tailored specifically to the engineering community. Hard Dollar EOS is used across the
U.S. and Canada, as well as many foreign countries, by nearly a thousand estimators.
About 1,500 companies are currently using the system. It can be used by Federal
facilities as well. The Florida Department of Transportation is currently using the
system. However, the system is currently targeted to industry.
Single user prices:
Level 1—$2,900
Level 2—$5,900
Level 3—$8,900
(Approximate prices based on conversation with Hard Dollar representative in March
1995).
Hard Dollar EOS was primarily designed for the DOS environment but can be created
for other platforms such as UNIX and Altos, as well. The system uses a fifth generation
development language called ANGOSS SmartWare. It can function in either network
(supported environments include Novell, LANtastic, Microsoft) or stand-alone
environments. The minimum system requirements are:
«IBM 486 (recommended)
• 40 MB hard drive
• 8 MB RAM.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Hard Dollar EOS is available in three levels, according to users' requirements for
projects. Different level systems can be mixed and matched on a single network. It
features unlimited number of estimates and unlimited estimate size and detail, and
unlimited resource files and unlimited resources per file. They have been used for
projects with budgets of below $1 million and those over $75 million.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Other compatible systems
offered:
Nonquantifiable
Information
Hard Dollar EOS manages the estimating and bidding side and can be linked with
another Grantlun product, PXS, which handles the building (project management and
control).
It is possible to add unlimited notes at the bid-item level.
During the bid-closing, EOS has the ability to automatically determine the best combination of quotes, usinq
predefined award logic. Detailed budgets can be prepared, sorted by accounting or for the field. EOS automatically
updates estimates after changes at any level. Features for estimating and resource management include the
following:
• unlimited number of estimates and unlimited estimate size and detail
• 5-levelWBS
• features for combining the work of multiple estimators into one project
• unlimited resource files and unlimited resources per file. Seven resource types and rates can be plugged
fn or detailed with 23 different rate elements.
• variable costs and rates for different resources and items such as labor, fuel costs and sales tax
• over 50 standard reports with custom reports available
Costs can be detailed in seven methods. Users can plug in bid item, activity, and detail-level costs; list resource
requirements; use crews and set production; break work down into tasks; and/or proportionally reproduce previous
work. EOS can use six project overhead detailing methods—general expense, abnormal equipment expense, project
management expenses, overhead percentage add on, labor fringe add-on and taxes and fees in dollars or
percentage of the job. All this gives users some flexibility in entering estimates.
Higher levels add additional features. For example, level 2 adds a historical cost library and facilitates automated
import of historical costs from other sources. Level 3 allows users to import equipment rates from the Dataquest
Equipment Cost Estimator (DECE) and allows them to query and index historical costs. The capability of EOS to
support unlimited estimates and resources can be a useful feature in allowing users to enter information on
environmental costs. Since DECE is meant to support construction projects, it probably will not include information
on equipment for pollution control, waste management, etc. However, even construction projects will doubtless have
environmental components including various regulatory requirements, contingent, and less-tangible costs. This type
of information should begin to be included in databases providing information on construction costs.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
The system has not been designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, and this would typically be the
manufacturing stage of the life-cycle. However, users may be able to include life-cycle information by using various
functions.
Life-cycle cost information could be included by defining different WBS levels for each stage. The project size could
limit using this option because a maximum of 5 levels can be defined. However, an unlimited number of activities can
be entered. If users do not need to keep the life-cycle stages distinct, the information can be incorporated in existing
formats, using cost detail worksheets. The unlimited resources can also be a useful feature. For example, users may
be able to detail costs of one resource in various life-cycle stages. If an activity uses that resource, users could
define that it uses four different resources (that is, the same resource in four different stages) instead of one. This
would a low users to enter all life-cycle costs of using a resource, while keeping the costs incurred in different stages
distinct (at the resource level). Needless to say, these costs will be difficult to determine, and academia has not yet
reached a consensus on estimating methodologies. All such cost data would need to be developed by users. ••
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent , —
-External —
The system is designed to consider only conventional costs, in various levels of detail. Environmental cost data could
be included within EOS in various ways.
Users can directly plug in environmental costs into the estimate from their own sources. Distinct activities generating
environmental costs can be entered, and additional cost categories can also be created. EOS allows users to add
and modify fields and add an unlimited number of cost categories in addition to the ones in the system. Thus, users
can add additional cost categories, such as hidden and external costs. For example use of a particular construction
material could require a tax, protective equipment, or testing. It may be possible to define some of these costs within
existing formats (e.g., equipment sales tax can be detailed), enter them as additional activities (e.g., stormwater
management), or enter the information in an additional cost category. That is, at the estimate level along with
entering conventional costs associated with a particular activity, a hidden cost category could detail additional costs
due to requirements for testing or protective clothing. This would work toward keeping such costs visible rather than
hidden in overhead accounts. Environmental information could also be entered along with resources. The system
can also support unlimited resource files (and resources per file). Use of some resources could result in certain
environmental costs, and information on additional resources (traditionally not included) could be detailed One could
conceivably add natural resources that would be "consumed" as a result of various activities into the list. For
example, if a construction project involved dredging and building over a wetland, the wetland can be assumed as a
resource that is imputed a certain unit cost (e.g., value per unit area), which is used up as a result of the project.
Method of cost estimation
EOS has five different direct cost estimating methods that include direct input, list of resources, crew, man-hour
(tasks), and spreadsheet (user defined). Thus costs can be detailed using users own resource rates or by looking
into historical costs. EOS has six different project overhead estimating forms, including an unlimited spreadsheet that
is defined by users.
Hard Dollar also offers some options to assist in cost estimating. The Dataquest Equipment Cost Estimator (DECE)
is an equipment charge rate estimating tool that contains Dataquest's industry standards (or the users own). The
Estimate Detail Database (EDO) is an electronic encyclopedia of detailed bid items developed by professional
estimators. Each item includes production rates and resource requirements and noted which can be used in Hard
Dollar.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
No financial indicators can be generated. However, it may be possible to export EOS estimation data to other
software systems that have functions for financial analysis. EOS has a built-in spreadsheet that can be linked with
other spreadsheets that do have financial functions.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
EOS and PXS can share data and integrate the bidding and building process. EOS has been verified to be
compatible with many accounting systems such as J.D. Edwards and DENEB. Data from other software programs,
such as digitizer systems, various spreadsheet systems, and dBASE, can be imported and used in EOS. EOS also
has a built-in scheduling system (added in Level 4), data from which can be exported directly into Pnmavera format.
Data created in EOS can also be exported for use in many other software systems, such as Lotus 1-2-3, accounting
systems and Word EOS also has a built-in telecommunications system. The development language of Hard Dollar,
ANGOSS SmartWare, makes all these features possible, because it provides full integration between built-in
spreadsheet, database, word processing, and communications software subsystems.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
EOS allows flexibility in estimation (e.g., an extensive breakdown of labor and equipment rates) and features a built-in
Lotus-compatible spreadsheet system and a built-in database system. The system includes templates that can be
used for creating custom reports. The next release of EOS (Level 3) is expected to include programming tools that
will give users the option to reprogram the system to include as many optional fields and categories.
User-support
Hard Dollar customers can take advantage of training sessions and 24-hour support (as part of the annual renewal
fee) offered by the company. Hard Dollar systems have been designed to allow nonexperts to use them with ease
The price includes free support and maintenance for one year, which includes toll-free support and all updates and
enhancements. After the first year, users have the option to renew the maintenance contract. The price of this
contract vanes. Users can avail of a limited demo is offered for a specific time period.
Limitations
EOS features have been designed with the specific aim of targeting the construction industry. This can limit its ability
to support all unique project types and data, such as life-cycle cost information. The literature does not discuss the
accounting for "full costs" (repair, maintenance, etc.) within a company, but it may be possible to use the system with
databases that provide this type of information. The system does not have library functions for codinq various
variables whereby exception reports sorted on one specific variable can be generated.
The system has not been designed for life-cycle costing and for including all cost categories. The databases
currently provided by Grantlun do not include information on environmental costs. Users would need to
independently develop estimating methods and cost data for including environmental cost information into projects
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Information package received in November 1994, and
telephone communication with Grantlun Corp. representative in
March 1995.
Commercially available
Grantlun Corporation
"Construction Information Solutions"
2055 E. Centennial Circle, Suite 107
Tempe, AZ 85284
Ryan Brady
800-637-7496 , ,. .
602-897-6939 (FAX) . ,
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toots
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
*- Precision Estimating Plus "*,-'-
Timberline Software Corporation ,
!
Public purchase
Cost estimation. Designed for the construction industry and could be appropriate for
environmental projects that have structures similar to1 construction projects. However,
the focus of Timberline is on the construction industry. The system has potential to
include environmental cost information that would be part of the projects that the system
supports. ..-...-••
Cost control • .
Resource control •
Estimating control •
Schedule control —•
Scope control •
Risk control — " :'
Developed - 1986. 1-2 upgrades per year. Timberline has been in business since
1971. The current release is version 5.9, released in Fall, 1994.
Available
Primarily targeted to, and used in, the construction market. Timberline has about 6500
clients, each with 2 to 3 stations, .on average.
Base system: $1400. Average cost of add-on modules is $1,200 to 1,500.
The system is DOS-based. Can be used on a network. Supported networks include
DOS-compatible LAN, IBM-PC networks, IBM-PC Token ring, IBM LAN Server, Novell
Advanced Netware, and MS LAN Manager.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered:
The system is sold in three different levels so that it can be suitable for small
subcontractors as well as for large projects. Can handle a certain amount of project
complexity for particular project designs.
System is modular in design. Timberline also offers a variety of databases to users.
The older system is called simply 'Precision Estimating' and does not have many of the
features of Plus. Another version, Precision Extended, has the maximum features.
Nonquantifiable
information:
A pre-determined length of notes can be written in at every phase level.
Features of Precision Estimating Plus and Extended include the following:
• individual costs can be changed by percentages/flat amounts
• work packages (assemblies) for speedier item takeoffs
• display of total costs, total units, and unit costs immediately after takeoff
• automated pricing of crews—preset or user-built crews can be used
• all dimensional takeoff information stored—enables users to check back on how quantities were derived
• what-if analysis and model estimating capability in Precision Extended
• up to 12 of 20-character user-defined WBS codes can be attached to each item in Precision Extended
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
A custom report writer is available among additional software. Default waste percentages can be assigned to each
The system is designed for use in the construction industry, and the databases available through Timberline provide
conventional cost information in this area. However, even construction projects have environmental components
Deluding vanous regulatory requirements, contingent, and less-tangible costs. This type of information should begin
to be included in databases providing, information on construction costs.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
The system is not designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, which would typically be the manufacturinq
stage of the life cycle. Users may be able to incorporate information from other life-cycle stages, but this information
may have to be grouped with other information due to the limitations in defining WBS structures (up to 3 levels)
However, WBS codes in Precision Extended could be used to generate reports detailing information on distinct life-
cycle stages. The package can support unlimited projects and activities. This could be a way to incorporate life-cycle
Information. Separate projects dealing with distinct life-cycle stages could also be created.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
The databases provided by the company do not provide users with information on anything other than usual costs
However, users can build their own database, or modify those provided through Timberline. Thus, they may be able
to add information on certain types of environmental costs in the database.
Users can directly enter cost data into the estimate and attach explanations in notes. Users may be able to
incorporate environmental cost information derived from other sources, but they cannot define any new cost
categories. Precision provides information only on five conventional cost categories including labor material
equipment, subcontractor, and other. Conventional environmental and some upfront hidden costs could be included
among these categories or detailed among the 99 user-defined subcategories. For example, a subcateqory could
be created for waste management equipment. The "other" category could be used to detail a particular type of
environmental cost, such as potentially hidden costs. However, it is more likely that users would have other more
conventional uses for this. The system can support an unlimited number of estimates. Therefore, a better way would
be to incorporate environmental costs estimated by users through more thorough activity (or item) breakdowns
Although reporting is a hidden cost, it can be entered as an item that has labor and other costs (fees) associated'with
I « m°°Blm3 capability in Precision Extended could be applied for estimating some environmental costs for which
relationship mode s can be developed (using conventional parameters). For example, cost of waste management
can be linked to plant size. User-defined markups could also be used to model the effects of project cost increases
as a result of environmental costs, such as contingent costs. Cost data and estimating methods would need to be
developed by users.
Method of cost estimation
Estimates can be built and summarized on a spreadsheet screen. The system uses unit cost estimating, and
Precision Extended adds some parametric estimation capabilities. Precision has logic, trigonometric and
yes/no formulas. All Precision core products come with a working database, and users have the option of obtaining
additional databases for various construction specialties through Timberline. With any of these, unit cost items
crews, productivity, and other data are automatically pulled into Precision's on-screen spreadsheet as users do
takeoffs.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
The system has a series of internal mathematical functions but has no financial functions. However, it may be
possible to export data to a spreadsheet that has financial functions.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The system is menu driven and uses an interface developed by Timberline itself. They are planning on introducing a
Windows version in the future. The system is compatible with other databases, such as R.S. Means. A software
called Timberline Bridge, along with other options such as the Microsoft Project and Pnmavera integrators provide
the capability for interfacing with Lotus, WordPerfect, MS Project, Primavera scheduling software, AutoCAD, and
others. Timberline also offers a Precision digitizer.
The program can support unlimited projects and unlimited activities within projects. There is also no limit on the
number of items, divisions, subdivisions, subcontractors, etc. The program is menu-dnven and features on-screen
help messages.
User-support
Timberline offers users a free 'Total Care" plan for a year, which includes product maintenance, all updates, and toll-
free user support. They also offer training (-$1,400 -1,500) in various locations in the country. Other user support
includes regional meetings, cpnferences, newsletters, and consulting services. Demonstration disks (slide-show) of
program features are available. No working or interactive demonstration disks are provided.
Limitations
The system has a pre-defined fixed number of cost categories (e.g., labor, equipment), and users cannot define any
others The WBS tree can have a maximum of three levels. The system has no mouse support. Although users can
include information on other costs as well (unlimited activities within projects), they cannot define these as separate
cost categories.
The svstem has not been designed for life-cycle costing or for including all cost categories. The databases currently
provided by Timberline do not include information on environmental costs. They do not give cost information on
waste management, repair/maintenance, etc., either. Users would need to independently develop estimating
methods and cost data for including environmental cost information in projects.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with Timberline representative in March 1995.
Additional information obtained through information package and demonstration disk.
Commercially available
Timberline Software Corporation
9600 SW Nimbus
Beaverton, OR 97008
John Geffel
503-626-6775
800-628-6583
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Success "":'.;\ ..•'...--• ."„;••/""• "•,! •••.^•-i" ":•:
SoftCOST, Inc.
Public purchase
Cost/parametric estimating software system. Success has some potential to be
modified to include life-cycle environmental costs.
Cost control •
Resource control —
Estimating control •
Schedule control —
Scope control •
Risk control —
First release: 1990.
Release 2.2: March, 1995
Windows '95 version: expected Fall, 1995
Updates are released every 6 months, on an average.
'Decision trees' will be available as a value-added product in -August of 1995.
Available
There are - 900 users of the system. It is being used in Federal facilities (including the
DOE), power industry, pharmaceutical, and mid-large sized architectural and
engineering firms.
Single user: $1,495. Multi-user discounts available.
The system requirements are: • 80386 Windows compatible PC • 4+ MB RAM
• VGA resolution monitor, and a mouse • MS DOS version 3 3 (or hiqher) \
• MS Windows 3.1 (or higher)
The system can also be run on a network, in which case any MS Windows compatible
network may be used.
Large and small projects. However, displaying project complexity can be limited.
Unlimited WBS can also be used for Activity Based Costing (ABC).
Other compatible systems
offered: Success Toolkit for Windows.
Nonquantifiable
Information: The system has a feature for adding notes to any element in the estimates.
Success is a Windows-based estimating and cost management system. The system allows users to prepare
conceptual as well as detailed estimates. Features of Success include the following:
• graphical interface
• drag and drop capability to move and copy WBS components and cost items
* unlimited number of WBS structures, which can be viewed in the form of a tree
• pre-defined parametric models that can be used or modified through visual tools
• sets of variables for cost-drivers can be defined with default values, upper and lower limits, and complete
descnptions r
• dynamic or manual system totaling
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
• links drawings and images linked to project levels or detail items
• WYS/WYG report writer
Success can be used directly with GTCO roll-up digitizers. Success can be shipped with RS Means, Richardson,
and/or the US Army Corps of Engineers UPB (free of charge) databases. It also supports all TRACES RACER
models (free of charge). :
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance ' —
-Recycle/waste management —
The system is not designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, and this would typically be the manufacturing
stage of the life cycle. The system has been designed for estimating construction costs, and any cost information
received from SoftCost would probably be limited to this area. Success also supports all TRACES RACER models
that can be used for estimating remediation-related costs.
It may be possible to include life-cycle information by defining different WBS levels for each stage. An unlimited
number of WBS levels can be: defined. If users do not need to keep the life-cycle stages distinct, this information can
be incorporated in exiting formats. Users would need to independently develop cost data and estimating methods
from different sources if full life-cycle costs need to be estimated.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
The system is designed to consider conventional costs, and also can include some aspects of hidden costs. US Cost
has developed 'decision trees' in SUCCESS for environmental cleanup activities.1 Success can use the TRACES
environmental assemblies to estimate hidden costs associated with environmental technologies. It is possible to
include other environmental costs within Success. However, cost data supporting estimation of all environmental
costs is not available.
If users can develop the appropriate relationship models, parameters, and unit costs, the modeling capability of the
system can be utilized to estimate quantities and costs for specific items that generate these environmental costs.
For example, users may be able to develop relationship models linking one or more parameter (preferably a
conventional item for which data is available) such as quantity of paint, to generate quantities of an item, such as air
pollution (using a chosen unit, with an imputed value) that result in an environmental cost. Second, users can directly
input costs into the estimate from their own sources. The detail item fields in Success are fixed, and the program
computes totals for a pre-defined set of categories (e.g., direct, indirect). However, users could use three fields
called "other" to detail some environmental costs. For instance, users could say that use of a particular type of paint
results in conventional costs and other costs, such as hidden or external costs, each with a calculated, imputed or
estimated value. Equipment costs can be detailed to include values of fuel costs, repair and maintenance costs,
operating costs, etc. by using the markup feature for each designated equipment in the equipment table.
Method of cost estimation
The system utilizes unit cost and parametric estimating techniques. Success is compatible with databases such as
R.S. Means, Richardson Engineering Services, Army Corps of Engineers UPB, and Navy CES. The parametric
estimating feature allows users to prepare estimates using broad project parameters to select assemblies and
calculate quantities. Users can use predefined models in Success, modify them, or create their own using the visual
modeling tools. The parametric estimator automatically calculates quantities for line items or WBS levels.
he unlimited WBS in Success is used to build alternative cleanup processes (from the UPB and other databases) into decision
trees. Users can also build models on the fly, that is, users who have no coding skills can also define relationships among
different items and use that to link different WBS items.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Users can simultaneously access multiple projects or databases. Unlimited project resources include labor,
equipment, crews, crew adjustments, materials, contractors, and currency exchange.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
The Success Toolkit allows users to add the Visual Basic application which allows seamless interface with other
products. This can be used to transfer data to products that have financial functions. The report writer also allows
users to establish some equations.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The system has an on-line help feature. The R&R report writer for Windows comes as an integral part of Success.
The Windows and menu-driven structure is a plus point. New features of version 2.2 include Success Scheduler that
automatically generates a schedule in MS Project using OLE 2.0, Success Toolkit Version 2.2 (optional) that allows
users to seamlessly connect Success to CAD, CAE, scheduling, project management, and corporate management
systems. Success Model Estimating allows budgets to be prepared in minutes with as little as one data selection.
SoftCost offers the U.S. Cost Inc. database and the Army Corps of Engineers UPB at no cost. They also provide the
TRACES environmental assemblies database at no cost. US Cost has developed 'decision trees' in SUCCESS for
environmental cleanup activities and is in the process of more fully automating the decision process using the
Success toolkit for Windows.
User-support
Success provides users with working demonstration disks that permit limited application of program features to a
sample project. Annual maintenance options and telephone support are offered. Training is available for the basic
system, parametric estimating, building/parametric models, and advanced users (including reporting).
Limitations
The WBS tree allows for users' convenience, but project details cannot be viewed at every level. Users can view
totals at each WBS level, such as labor, materials, and overheads, but cannot tell the source of these estimates or
view the detailed itemized cost breakdown. The detailed breakdown can be viewed on the spreadsheet associated
with the final breakdown at each WBS level.
The system has not been designed for life-cycle costing and for including ail cost categories. Users would need to
independently develop estimating methods and cost data for including environmental cost information in projects.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact Information:
Information package and demonstration disk received in February 1995.
Commercially available
SoftCost, inc.
5605 Glenridge Drive
Suite 850,
Atlanta, GA 30342
Steve Williams
800-955-1385
404-252-1385
404-252-3748 (FAX)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
TRACES
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in conjunction with various software developers.
U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force
Umbrella linking all automated cost engineering systems, and their databases.
Scheduling software can also be linked to TRACES.
Cost control •
Resource control —
Estimating control •
Schedule control • ••
Scope control •
Risk control •
The system was referred to as TRACES (that covers the whole system) only in March
1993. Some portions of TRACES (MCACES) are required to be used in federal
facilities.
Available to the tri-services.
Purpose and current use: In 1990 the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force agreed to pool their resources and develop
a single automated cost engineering system. TRACES cannot as yet be fully
integrated, as there are still some stand-alone modules. However, the objective is to
completely integrate the system.
Cost information:
System requirements:
Private users can obtain TRACES by subscribing to the National Institute of Building
Sciences, Construction Criteria Base (CCB) at a price of $750 for a one year
subscription (includes 7 CDs). Government users and government contractors can
obtain licenses through the US Army Corps of Engineers.
The software requirements will vary depending upon the modules used. The systems
are IBM-PC based. The CCB is single-user and PC-based. Some of the systems (such
as MCACES) are network compatible.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
The system is directed to large projects. However, it can be used to manage projects of
various sizes and complexities, constrained by the individual flexibilities of the
constituent modules.
Other compatible systems
offered:
Nonquantifiable
information:
The system is modular in design. All the modules are not integrated, primarily due to
their diverse functions.
This will vary with module. For example, MCACES (described in the resource guide as
Composer (Sold) has an annotation capability.
The TRACES system intends to provide a user-friendly cost engineering platform in a standard environment, that will
provide the cost engineer the tools to prepare, review, and maintain all types of cost estimates. Software for
scheduling construction can also be linked to TRACES. The system includes the following modules:
i
• Detailed quantity takeoff (QTO) module (MCACES): For detailed construction cost estimates for
military, civil works, and HTRW programs. Includes a project database and supporting databases.
• Parametric estimating module: For the preparation of cost estimates based on past designs, and less
than complete information. Estimates can be transferred to MCACES.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
• Dredge estimating system (CEDEP): Stand alone program for the preparation of pipeline, hopper, and
mechanical dredge estimates. Includes two support data files.
• Programming cost estimation module (PC COST): Personal computer version of the DD 1391
Processor cost estimate generator. Preparation of programming, or budgetary costs based on historical
costs, or from existing detailed or parametric cost estimates. Interface across MCACES databases, HAG
databases, and TRACES parametric system, databases.
• Life-cycle cost module: A stand-alone program for the analysis of system design alternatives. Includes
a maintenance and repair (M&R) database tailored for Army buildings. Import from MCACES estimates.
Conducts LCC in accordance with statutes and regulations, and calculates present worth individual
building or facility components.
• Historical cost analysis generator (HAG): A stand-alone program to collect, store, and analyze
historical cost data for facilities, sitework, and for HTRW remediation projects. Uses a standard WBS to
track costs by type, location, size, and time.
• Scheduling interface module: A stand-alone program for scheduling of MCACES cost estimates. Data
export capabilities.
• Risk analysis systems: A stand-alone program to help identify high elements of risk in a project,
measure their impact on the cost of the project, and manage risks through contingency assignments.
HAZRISK is one of these systems.
• DD1391 Processor: An interactive program that assists users in the preparation of programming
construction cost estimates shown on the DD From 1391, Military Construction Project Data (used by
DOD agencies). .
TRACES includes several databases and files. These include the Unit Price Book (UPB), a models database, an
assemblies database, Work Breakdown Structure (data file providing separate hierarchical WB master structure),
Cost escalation index, Area cost factor index, Facility cost ($/SF), and the Historical Cost Analysis System (HCAS).
The QTO database consists of approximately 22,000 items covering a full range of data supporting military
construction, large civil works estimates, tunneling, and highly toxic waste and radiation waste cleanup estimates.
Th!s database is also used with the maintenance and repair database to provide a life-cycle cost analysis.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management —
The life-cycle cost module is designed to include all relevant facility costs incurred over the life of the facility. The life-
cycle cost module consists primarily of
• a comprehensive and detailed maintenance and repair database, developed from the U.S. Department of
Defense's engineered performance standards down to the maintenance and repair subtask level, and
• software that automatically computes the life-cycle costs of design alternatives on the basis of established
DOD criteria and standards.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
The method considers only conventional costs and some aspects of hidden costs. For example, the HTRW
databases, and the HCAS databases will include some information on hidden costs. Also, the MCACES
maintenance and repair database has information on hidden costs.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Method of cost estimation
Empirical estimating relies on historical data for cost development. It is based on the identification of building type,
using historical unit cost (per square foot) and adjusting it by several standard factors'including location, cost growth
to the midpoint of construction, size, building sophistication, and a local site adjustment for each project that accounts
for factors such as local contractor competition, site overcrowding, availability of crafts, etc; The-quantity takeoff
module is the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' microcomputer system (MCACES). It is a step-by-step cost estimating
tool that considers contractor layering, overhead, profit, and all indirect costs.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (1RR) '•••',— -"
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others •
Ability to include environmental costs
User-friendliness and flexibility
The objective is to de- elop an integrated system that is user-friendly and works in, a standard environment. The
flexibility will vary, .depending upon the characteristics of the constituent modules.
User-support
The TRACES group (Huntsville Engineering Division—Automated System Branch) provides user-support for the
software programs through operations, maintenance, and hotline telephone support. Also, the Cost Engineers
Bulletin Board (CEBBS) allows cost engineers to exchange information between districts, divisions, and authorized .
commercial vendors.
Limitations
The QTO database may provide data applicable to DOE projects. The system is not currently available for use by
private users. It is primarily focused on construction and engineering projects. Currently, no data on contingent
environmental costs or less-tangible costs is estimated. A full range of hidden costs is not considered.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented Weitz et al.
(1994), and information obtained from the US Army Corps of Engineers in June, 1995.
HQ, US Army Corps of Engineers
Attn. CEMP-EC
20 Massachusetts Ave, NW
Washington DC 20314-1000
202-761-1240
202-761-0999 (FAX)
CD-ROM subscription service
National Institute of Building Sciences
202-289-7800
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Abbreviated Profiles of Cost Estimating Tools
ASAPMSHousekeeper
ASA Project Management System (ASAPMS) Housekeeper is a cost-estimating system that is targeted to architects,
engineers, and contractors. The program combines estimating and scheduling through internal cost control and
scheduling modules. It interfaces to other databases such as RS Means. The estimating program transfers takeoffs
to a spreadsheet. It allows tracking of manpower requirements, project costs, individual activity costs, profit
estimating reports, and cost variance reports (differences between actual cost and budget).
The program comes in three levels:
Level
Educational:
Regular
Professional
Maximum activities
200
800
8000
Cost (single user-system)
$400
$1200
$4000
Multiple projects can be supported, with a maximum of 299. Additional cost categories can be added through specific
requests to ASA. The vendors can modify the system to meet specific customer requirements.
Another system, called the ASAPMS Project Scheduling Library is also offered. It includes 7 independent products:
two books and 5 computer programs. The five computer programs are ASAPMS LOTUS123, BARCHART and
MILESTONE METHOD, CRITICAL PATH METHOD, PRECEDENCE METHOD, and PROJECT EVALUATION AND
REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT). BARCHART, CPM, and PDM are made up of three modules: TIME ANALYSIS,
RESOURCE CONTROL, and COST CONTROL, including earned value analysis. All these programs are IBM-PC
based, and work on client server LAN, or single user environments. Single user prices range from $149 to $4000.
These programs also come in three levels.
ASAPMS was first released in 1969, with system updates released every January. The current release is Version 26,
January, 1995.
Minimum Hardware: Developers can tailor the ASAPMS system to almost any hardware configuration. IBM or VAX
main frame with hard disk; will not run on a Macintosh. Can also run on micro systems (IBM PC, XT, AT, and PS/2 or
compatibles). The educational and the regular levels require DOS with 1 MB of core memory. The Professional level
uses a Pentium, with 4MB of core memory. The system can also be run on a network.
ASA
P.O. Box 3397, Church Street Station
New York, NY 10008
(212) 321-2408 (Phone and FAX)
Andrew Sipos
Basis for information: Excerpts from Watson (1995), and telephone communications with supplier in June, 1995.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
This modest cost-estimating system cai} be learned within an hour. It comes with a nationwide database that can be
accessed through "keywords." The program is targeted to contractors, architects, engineers, and to environmental
estimators for asbestos abatement and dig and haul site work. Suppliers provide their own database, which is
updated yearly. It is ZIP code oriented with 31,000 items. The database includes construction costs, as well as costs
for asbestos removal/abatement. Environmental costs such as costs of well installation and soil tests are included.
The database can be updated and customized.
The program downloads into Primavera. Data can be exported to any program that can read Dbase formats,
including Dbase, Lotus, and Oracle.
The program comes with a complete (actual) demonstration project that people can use to build their own projects.
Additional cost categories can be added by users. This includes repair and maintenance costs. An unlimited number
of activities and projects can be defined. WBSs of up to 4 levels can be defined per project.
The program was first introduced in 1985, with updates released once a year. The current (1995) release is version
7.1. DOE has tested this program in West Virginia, and Federal agencies have used it for all projects in New York
City. In addition, the company offers an international database with quantities in metric units. Users can generate
estimates using foreign currencies since it factors in exchange rates. The supplier offers phone and consulting
support, and on- and off-site training.
The approximate cost of the program is $495, plus $495 for the database. The metric database also costs $495.
Minimum Hardware: IBM PC; using DOS with hard disk or equivalent; will not run on a Macintosh. The program
can also be run on a network. The Windows version is expected in 1996.
Cost EngineeringTechnologies
P.O. Box 5474
Route 46E
Parsippany, NJ 07054 •
(201)335-1707
201-263-1059 (FAX)
Ken Brown
Basis for information: Excerpts from Watson (1995), and telephone communications with supplier in June, 1995.
Cost Estimating
This is a spreadsheet template that provides a methodology for estimating costs of pollution control equipment. Cost
methodology includes factors method, capacity change method, year of installation method, and both capacity and
year change. Data for air pollution sources is included. Data on other types of pollution control can also be entered.
The spreadsheet can be used as part of the BAT, BACT, or 'top down' economic analysis of new air sources.
Types of costs considered include labor, purchase price, and utilities (electricity, steam, and water). There are some
cost figures in the spreadsheet that can be modified by users. No database of equipment costs is provided.
The cost of the program is $39. The system is available in MS DOS and Macintosh formats.
Environmental Software and Systems, Inc.
PO Box 1182
Bowling Green, OH 43402-1182
(419)353-8540
(419)-353-8540 (FAX)
Basis for information: Information received from supplier in May, 1995.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Enhanced Cost Estimating Relationship Program • , : i 1 , •*-
The program permits users to develop cost-estimating relationships (CERs) by inputting cost and descriptive data for
known systems. The CERs are used to develop equations to predict costs of similar systems. Users enter
Information on multiple projects that are similar. The program uses regression analysis to develop algorithms linking
costs with key variables. A maximum of 15 variables can be defined.
The program can predict the 95% confidence level of the cost estimate of a new system. Escalation factors can be
stored. This permits an estimator to make an estimate based upon historical cost data. The database is user
supplied.
The program was developed ~ 1989. There have been no changes or enhancements for the past few years. This
cost estimating system is targeted to estimators, architects, and engineers. The program is available free of charge
to DOE and DOE contractors. However, the program is not currently available through NTIS or OSTI.
MlnlmumJiatdwam: IBM PC with hard disk or equivalent; will not run on a Macintosh.
IT Corporation (formerly PEI Associates, Inc.)
4425 West Airport Freeway
Suite 350
Irving, TX 75062
(214)570-2000
Bill Gallagher
Basis for information: Excerpts from Watson (1995), and telephone communications with supplier in June, 1995.
Esccomate Piping/DWV and Sheetmetal/Ductwork Estimating , ;;J
Esccomate is an estimating package for sheet metal and piping subcontractors. Features include single key-stroke
Hem entry, voice input takeoff, digitizer control of computer, roller scale input, different material specifications,
automatic calculations of hangers, excavation, couplings, bolts, gaskets, welds, and duct joints. Space is provided for
two labor units and two prices for each item. Material quantity takeoffs can be used to print purchase orders. Two
databases with 6,000 to 7,000 items (Harrison Publishing House database for piping) are used. The approximate
cost for the sheet metal module is $1,650 and for pipe module, $3,020.
Only upfront installation costs are estimated. Other costs categories, such as maintenance and repair costs, are not
estimated, and cannot be included in the analysis.
The program was released in 1967. It has not been updated since 1985.
MFnlmumJiardwam: IBM PC with hard disk or equivalent. It will run on a Macintosh with an MS DOS board.
Environmental Systems Construction Company
P.O. Box 461
Fort Collins, CO 80522
(303) 484-8200
Dick Scott
Basis for information: Excerpts from Watson (1995), and telephone communications with supplier in June, 1995.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
PACES is a parametric cost-estimating system for conventional construction projects and is targeted to government
and conventional construction estimators. Predefined and documented engineering relationships link the primary
parametrics to detailed engineering quantities. Quantities and most model assumptions can be changed by users.
PACES estimates are recognized by the Congressional Budget Office as accurate up to the 35% design stage, and
they have been validated to be within 7 1/2% of final, actual costs. Estimates can be refined at later stages of design.
It is comprised of 68 parametric building models that are grouped into 11 building categories. In addition, PACES has
supporting facilities models, renovation models, and a general conditions, overhead and profit model. The renovation
models were a major enhancement in the program in its release as PACES. The database used is the Army Corps of
Engineers Unit Price Book. Estimates can be exported to MCACES gold.
The original system was released in 1984, on a mainframe. The PC version 1.01 was released as TRACES (the
Parametric Building Module) in 1991. The first complete stand-alone version was released in June, 1992. PACES
Version 3.0 (the first time the system is referred to as PACES) was released in June, 1995.
The software can be obtained by attending a training class in Niceville (Florida), that covers the training and
materials, system software, and documentation. The cost of training per individual is $750, with a class size of a
minimum of 5 individuals and a maximum of 12. PACES is available only to federal facilities and government
contractors.
Telephone hotline support is offered to users. No demonstration disks are available.
Minimum Hardware: IBM PC 286 or compatible with 15 MB or hard drive. It can run on a network. However, it is
not designed to be network-compatible, and thus will not allow concurrent access.
Delta Research Corporation
1501 Merchants Way
Niceville, FL 32578
Manager, Facilities/Computers/Training:
Robert Smith
Steve Essig
(904) 897-5380
(904) 897-5388 (FAX)
Basis for information: Telephone communications and information received from supplier in June, 1995.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Pulsar
The program is targeted to the government and commercial construction industry. This is a cost-estimating software
package that provides unit cost estimating. Reports can be issued to include various kinds of information about an
estimate and can be exported to various spreadsheets, project management systems, databases, and graphics
packages. Custom labor trades and equipment codes and rates can be created, and custom crews and assemblies
can be built. Full type equivalent costing is available through the use of wage tables. Software can accommodate up
to six Work Breakdown Structures (WBS) per line item, each having up to 4 levels. The WBS is user-defined and is
in CSI format.
The project can support multiple projects and activities, that are limited only by the size of the hard disk. Costs can
be changed to reflect local conditions. A user cost datafile enables users to include their own cost information. Also,
cost subcategories can be created. However, additional cost categories cannot be created. The database is
supplied by RS Means or can be user-defined. Database options are available to suit different project sizes. The
company also plans to offer the Marshall and Swift ECHOS database as an option.
The software was initially developed by RS Means, who are now in partnership with Software Shop Systems. The
system was released in 1989, with one general update each year. The Windows version 1.0 was released in June,
1995. The latest DOS version is 3.03, and was released in January, 1995.
Technical and maintenance support, including toll-free user support (8.30-8.00 Eastern time) for one year is included
in the price of the program. Documentation and tutorials are also included. Demonstration disks are available. The
DOS version has an interactive demo, limited he database and the line items (a maximum of 10). The Windows
version does not as yet have an interactive demo. 2-3 sample estimates are included with the software. However,
these serve only as tutorials and users cannot build their projects from these. On-line help is available.
The program is under General Services Administration (GSA) contract so DOE gets a discount on its purchase.
• 1st copy—$2,625
• 2nd to 10th copy—$1,575
• 1 or more copies—$1,312
The price for private users is $3500. There is no quantity discount. The GSA price of the network version of the
program is 3150 for 2 users, with $500 for each additional user. The retail price for private users is $4200, with $500
for each additional user.
MlnlmumJ-tardware: IBM PC (286), DOS 3.0, and 535K of free memory. Windows version available. Will not run
on a Macintosh. Will support almost any network, including Novell, Windows for Workgroups, Banyan, etc.
Software Shop Systems, Inc.
1340 Campus Parkway
Wall, NJ 07719-1973
(800) 554-9865, Ext. 3023
908-938-5631 (FAX)
Sean O'Sullivan
Basis for information: Excerpts from Watson (1995), and telephone communications with supplier in July, 1995.
4-36
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
" 'C '/ * ' QiilmateS.1 " ,.„ ' "f
The program is targeted to estimators of process plant projects, revamps, or retrofits. The modeling system
calculates process equipment costs and costs for complete process plants. It permits the evaluation of alternatives
by inputting the design specification. The equipment design parameters are input and the package produces costs,
bill of materials, and labor requirements, which can be used for scheduling. The design can be conceptual or
detailed. This is an assembly-driven package. The database is built into the system. The system can estimate costs
of refits, retrofits and revamps as well. The supplier is developing more models of plant/equipment options that will
allow parametric input to create detailed equipment specifications and estimates.
The program was first released -1986. There is one cost update and one technology update each year. The latest
release is version 10.0 (released in 1995).
The package is designed strictly for cost engineering and does not include project management capabilities. Users
cannot define project work breakdown structures and activities. No sensitivity analysis can be performed within the
system itself. No additional cost categories, including regulatory, liability, and less tangible costs, can be included in
the estimate. Project Management capabilities are included in ICARUS' latest product: ICARUS Project Manager.
The company offers the system through a licensing plan where the cost of the single user or network version is $6900
for the first year and $2900 per seat (person) per year thereafter. The license has to be renewed annually. The
maintenance fee is included in this. ICARUS offers consulting support, training, documentation, and an on-line
tutorial. Demonstration disks are available, but these are primarily marketing tools, and are not interactive
demonstrations of the program itself.
Minimum Hardware: 286 PC with 20 MB. LAN Manager, Novell Netware and DEC Pathworks network versions of
the software is available.
ICARUS Corporation
One Central Plaza
11300 Rockville Pike
Rockville, MD 20852
(301)881-9350
301-881-2542 (FAX)
Rick Geritz (Director, Sales)
Basis for information: Excerpts from Watson (1995), and telephone .communications with supplier in June, 1995.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Richardson RACE (Rapid Access Cost Estimating) System . 7:/.:-':".':'- .'.'';Fv'
RACE Is a computerized unit cost estimating system that can use up to five databases. It is targeted to general
construction and process plant estimators. It has a spreadsheet-type worksheet, which is used to build estimates in
small details (1,000 items per detail and 1,000 details per project). Individual cell access is provided, allowing for
easy entering and editing of data. It can interface with Primavera and allows file importing and exporting.
It has a "Search and Scan" capability, allowing easy location of data within the databases. RACE uses Richardson's
databases with over 100,000 line items. The database can be adapted to estimate maintenance and repair costs as
well. However, it is primarily meant for estimating costs of new installations. No environmental costs are included in
the database.
The predefined cost categories (material, labor, hours, subcontractor, equipment..) cannot be changed. There is an
additional category, termed as 'other1 that can be used to define other cost types. Also, costs can be placed in a
summary area (outside the estimate).
No graphical WBS can be created. However, unlimited user-defined codes can be created to link detail worksheets.
The system does not have parametric estimating capabilities.
The program was first released in -1991. Updates are released approximately once a year. The current release is
version 3.0 (1994) and version 4.0 will be released in August, 1995. RACE has users in the construction and
manufacturing industry.
The approximate cost of the single-user program is $895, with the database available from $295 to $4100 for the
main database. The cost of the network version is $995 (base cost), with the main database costing $4550. Multi-
pack/site licenses are available. On and off site training is available. The cost of on-site training is $795 for two days
for each group (with additional costs for travel and stay). Off-site training is available for $795 per person. Free (not
toll-free) telephone support is offered. The program comes with documentation and includes on-line help.
Minimum Hardware: IBM PC or compatible. An 8088 processor, 640K RAM, one floppy drive, and a hard disk drive
with 5-18 MB free disk space. Can run on networks. Supports Ethernet, which includes Novell, Lantastic, Banyan,
and others.
Richardson Engineering Services Inc.
1742 South Fraser Drive
P.O. Box9103
Mesa, AZ 85214-9103
(602) 497-2062
(602) 497-5529 (FAX)
Jack Helfrfch
Basis for information: Excerpts from Watson (1995), and telephone communications with supplier in June, 1995.
4-38
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Chapter 4 Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
This unit cost estimating system is targeted to heavy construction contractors (highways, bridges, dams, demotion,
water and sewer systems). It is not meant for generating conceptual estimates. Estimators can set up rate and crew
libraries historical cost data, and an account structure such as CSI to prepare the estimate. The estimate can.be
used to track cash flow, prepare bids, and perform risk analyses. Reports can be issued in 15 versions, including
total cost cost for each work operation, expenditure analysis, revenue analysis, and resource demand. The
database is user-supplied and fits into the PICK database management system in any UNIX environment. The
system supports the analysis of an unlimited number of projects.
Additional modules can be purchased from the company to perform features such as scheduling and cost control. No
databases are supplied by the company. Users can create their own databases, or link the system to available
commercial databases. There is no parametric estimation capability.
The program was developed in 1993, with updates offered 2-3 times a year. The current release is version 3.52,
released in April, 1995.
The minimum cost of the program is $20,000, including hardware and training. The cost ranges anywhere from
$20,000 to $250,000. The supplier offers training seminars. Some consulting services and on- and off-site training
are offered. No demonstration disks are available.
Minimum Hardware: IBM compatible PC on a LAN with a UNIX server. UNIX emulater software installed on PC.
Supported networks include Novell, Banyan Vines, Netware, etc.
BGIS Systems
800 NW 33rd Street
Pompano Beach, FL 33064
(305) 783-9600, Ext. 318
305-783-9660 (FAX)
J. L Winn
Basis for information: Excerpts from Watson (1995), and telephone communications with supplier in June, 1995.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
WihEst
The WinEst program is designed for building construction estimators. Quantities are digitized or manually input. The
package contains an estimate spreadsheet and database. It can also interface with databases such as Means and
Richardson and other software. An environmental database, for estimating remediation costs is also offered.
The software features user-defined codes, unlimited projects and activities per project, and unlimited WBSs per
project. Each WBS can have up to 6 levels. Some user-defined cost categories can be added as well. These
features can facilitate the inclusion of a full range of environmental costs.
The system was introduced in January, 1 993 and is updated three times per year. The latest release is version 2.6,
that was released in June, 1995. The system is targeted to the construction industry and architects and engineers. '
The number of users (not companies) world-wide is approximately 4000. Sample projects and on-line help are
included. The supplier offers telephone and consulting support, and on- and off-site training.
The approximate cost of the system is $1990, with $990 for each additional user. The databases range from $495 to
$1495. Prices are subject to change.
Hardware: Will operate on almost any system. Can support all networks that run MS Windows.
Win Estimator
8209 South 222nd Street
Suite B
Kent, WA 98032
(206) 395-3631 or (800) 950-2374
206-395-3634 (FAX)
Bill Schaffer
Basis for information: Excerpts from Watson (1 995), and telephone communications with supplier in June, 1 995.
4-40
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Scheduling and Cost
Control/Analysis Software
Systems> (Class 2)
Page
.4-42
Contents
High-End Scheduling - ••
1. Dekker TRAKKER™ Project Management System •••• 4-42
2. Open Plan Professional • 4"45
3. Primavefa Project Planner (P3) »•••••"• 4-48
4. Project Execution System (PXS) • 4-51
5. SAS/OR 4'54
Low-High End Scheduling
6. Project Scheduler 6 Version 1.5
Low-End Scheduling •
7. Texim Project for Windows 4"61
Cost Control/Analysis
8. Cobra 2,0
9. Cost Time Management (CTM)
10. EasyABCPIus
11. Parade 4"73
Abbreviated Profiles 4'76
12. FOREFRONT -4-76
13. P/X 4-77
4-58
4-58
4-61
4-64
4-64
.4-67
,4-70
1 Item 5 in Class 5 is a cost tracking tool for remediation projects.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
High-End Scheduling
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Dekker TRAKKER™ Project Management System
Dekker Ltd.
Public purchase
Dekker TRAKKER™ is an Activity Based Costing and Performance Management
System that integrates project management techniques, including scheduling, process
flow, resourcing, costing, earned value, revenue projection, and technical performance
measurement, with general accounting into one database. The Activity Based Costing
(ABC) techniques can serve to make environmental costs more visible.
Cost control •
Resource control •
Estimating control —
Schedule control •
Scope control —
Risk control —
The current version is release 2.9, which was released in August, 1994. Release 3.0 for
Windows will be available in August, 1995.
Available
Dekker TRAKKER™ is used in the US and abroad as an enterprise management
costing system for commercial and government contracts.
The price of the system varies according to the option chosen. The single-user prices
for the four options are follows.
Dekker TRAKKER CAMS $2,950
Dekker TRAKKER EMS $6,750
Dekker TRAKKER Plus C/SCSC $9,500
Dekker TRAKKER Tech Perf Meas $12,000
These are prices as of April 15, 1994, and are subject to change.
Trakker can be run on single-user or local area networks. It is available for MS-DOS
UNIX, VAX/VMS, and LANS platforms.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered:
Can be used for various project sizes and complexities.
Dekker offers four types of software systems to suit individual requirements: Trakker
Executive Management System (EMS), Trakker CAMS, Trakker Plus C/SCSC, and
Trakker Performance Measurement System.
Note-writing feature.
Trakker is an integrated system for schedule, resource, cost and performance management. It facilitates baseline
development, updation, analysis and reporting, and performance measurement. It features Activity Based Costing
(ABC) techniques. This summary describes Trakker CAMS, EMS, and Plus C/SCSC.
Trakker Executive Management System (EMS) is designed for business professionals who want to use ABC
techniques to track project costs and revenue. Trakker CAMS is designed for project managers who want to
Non quantifiable
Information:
4-42
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
implement techniques to monitor project progress in terms of cost, schedule, resource, and earned value. Data from
all three systems are compatible.
Trakker CAMS, EMS, and Plus, all feature tools for scheduling (unlimited activities and projects), resource, and cost
management (unlimited resources and flexible coding), earned value (summarized at any level), reports and graphics,
and burdening. They are all menu driven and look the same across different platforms. Trakker Plus has additional
features for C/SCSC and government reporting. Both EMS and Plus have direct and generic interface with various
accounting systems. CAMS does not have this capability but features additional functions for scheduling, and:
resource and cost manage'ment.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
The system is not designed to consider beyond one life-cycle stage, typically the manufacturing stage.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
The system is designed to include information on conventional costs alone. The activity based costing systems
encourage significant breakdown of work activities and the proper allocation of costs, automatically making a number
of potentially hidden costs more visible. External or contingent costs could be included/identified through the flexibility
of the systems' resource library, direct and indirect rates. If the program is used solely for schedule control, these
costs may not bear as much importance.
Method of cost estimation
The systems are not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The systems can be fully integrated and are menu-driven with similar features across platforms. Trakker can
interface directly with company accounting systems. It facilitates government reporting (C/SCSC requirements).
User-support
Dekker organizes workshops on project management and Trakker applications (basic and advanced) and offers
telephone and on-line support. No demonstration disks are available. However, Dekker does live on-site software
demonstrations upon request.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Limitations
Although the system could potentially include information on all four cost categories, the default formats, sample
projects and examples do not specifically explain, include, or refer to all these cost types and categories.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information package received from Dekker in February 1995.
Dekker Ltd.
636 East Brier Drive, Suite 260
San Bemadino, CA 92408
909-384-9000
909-889-9163 (FAX)
Debra Walters
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems arid Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Open Plan Professional
Welcom Software Technology (WST)
Public purchase
Scheduling
Cost control •
Resource control •
Estimating control —
Schedule control •
Scope control —
Risk control •
WST was founded in 1984. Open Plan for DOS was released in -1984, and Open Plan
Professional was released in December 1994. WST typically offers at least one update
every year. Latest release of Open Plan Pro is version 1.1, released in 1995. The
Latest release of Open Plan for DOS is version 5.1, released in 1994.
Available
WST has supplied project management software to different industries such as
construction, engineering, oil and gas and also to government bodies and universities.
WST has a client list of over 150.
The single-user price for Open Plan is $4,200. The single-user prices for Opera and
Optic are $2,200 and $995, respectively. The single-user price for Open Plan Pro is
$6,000. Prices are subject to change.
The minimum system requirements for Open Plan Pro are an IBM (or compatible) 386,
8 MB RAM, DOS 5.0, MS Windows 3.1. MS mouse (or compatible), and any NetBIOS
compatible LAN.
The minimum system requirements for Open Plan are an IBM (or compatible) 386, DOS
3.0 (3.1 for LAN version), FoxPro 2.0 or Dbase IV 1.5, and any NetBIOS compatible
network.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Open Plan Pro has been used for projects with budgets of over $2 billion. It has a
limited number of WBS levels (20) with a maximum of 30,000 activities per project or
subproject. It allows up to 99 user-defined hierarchical or flat code fields. Advanced
users can write data-management routines in FoxPro (Open Plan for DOS), allowing
incorporation of project complexity (within limits). Open Plan Pro allows for
customization through Xbase or Visual Basic. Open Plan is a high-end offering and
would not be an economical option for small projects alone.
Other compatible systems
offered:
WST also offers Opera, an Open Plan extension, for risk analysis and Optic, a project
information manager for tracking documents. Open Plan can be used along with other
WST software: Texim Project and Cobra (for cost management). Texim Project is
currently offered as the low-end project management tool.
Annotation capability.
The system is offered in two forms: the Windows-based Open Plan Professional and the FoxPro-based Open Plan.
Open Plan and Open Plan Pro provide advanced functions for project management, mainly scheduling (many more
features than Texim). The two share many features and Open Plan Pro has some added features such as the
Non quantifiable
information:
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Project Management Director and additional customization features. Open Plan may also have certain features that
are not present in Open Plan Pro such as ADM networking and the ability to support compound activities. Features
of Open Plan Pro include the following:
• Project Planning: PDM networks, up to 30,000 activities per subproject with unlimited projects, 99 user-
defined hierarchical or flat code fields.
• Resource Scheduling: resource breakdown structure (organization by department, pool, or skill);
alternate resource scheduling; resource profiling supports seven user-defined spread curves for
k>ading;user-defined priority rules, definition of resources as normal, consumable, or perishable.
• Cost Control: activity costs (budget, actual and performed), resource costs, resource cost escalation,
schedule and cost variances.
• Multi-Project Scheduling: resource pool sharing and resource leveling across multiple projects, project
priorities, results roll-back to project or subproject level.
What-if and cross-project analysis allow users to investigate multiple project scenarios. Data organization is made
easier through drag and drop features. Open Plan Pro incorporates risk analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation,
thus helping users evaluate uncertainties based on cost and schedule. Views and reports include X/Y charts,
histograms, bar charts, networks, breakdown structures, and outlines.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
Open Plan is not designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, which is typically the manufacturing stage of
the life cycle. Like most scheduling products, the primary area of interest is within the confines of the project start and
finish points. However, even this can include the waste management and the use/reuse/maintenance stages,
depending upon the time-scale of the project and users' perspective.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
The system has been designed to consider only conventional costs. However, the flexibility in defining WBS
structures and activities allows most users to feed in comprehensive cost data if required. Additional cost categories
and other such customization cannot be accomplished through menu commands, but can be incorporated through
the database.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation. However, cost estimates/forecasts can be created in Open Plan and
Open Plan Pro.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (N PV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Olher —
The Project Management Director, a module in Open Plan Professional, can perform cost-benefit analyses and
provide summary cost estimates. No other financial indicators are generated.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toofs
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Open Plan Pro has a Windows interface with interactive views and graphical data entry. It features a context-specific
help function (customizable in Open Plan). The system can support electronic mail (MS Mail and Lotus cc:Mail),
which can assist in data exchange and updating. The products can be used in a multi-user environment with
simultaneous updating and file and record-locking capabilities. Open Plan supports multiple projects with up to 20
WBS levels per project. Open Plan Pro and Open Plan (for DOS) can export and import data from Primavera, ASCII
text files, and MS Project. Open Plan can also exchange data in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Standard Data
Exchange Format. This capability does not currently exist in Open Plan Pro.
Open Plan Pro includes sample projects (e.g., an environmental project) that can guide users and give examples of
the types of fields and data to be entered. Open Plan Professional has default templates that detail generally
accepted project management practices and help users forecast; track; and control project scope, time, cost, human
resources, communications, quality, risk, and contract/procurement management. These templates can be used as
is or customized to meet specific project requirements. Open Plan Pro includes features for customizing reports.
Both Open Plan Pro and Open Plan can be customized, although in different ways. Users cannot make custom
changes through a menu item. They would need to do that through the relational database or through external
languages (such as Visual Basic).
User-support
Open Plan Pro includes a computer-based training facility that helps reduce training costs for new users. WST offers
training, consulting, and technical support to assist users in implementing their projects. They provide demonstration
software, press reviews, and references upon request. Maintenance support is provided free of cost for the first year
with the option for annual renewal at a cost of 20% of the (current) retail price thereafter. The support includes
technical support, enhancements, and updates and access to the bulletin board where users can exchange
information. Slide-show demo disks are available for Open Plan Pro.
Limitations
Open Plan does not provide users with information about including all cost categories. Not unlike other software
systems, it is designed to consider only one life-cycle stage. Customization is not as straightforward in Open Plan.
However, users can integrate this system with another WST product Cobra (profiled elsewhere in the report), which
can afford much greater flexibility in defining costs and cost management.
Based on information package received from WST in March
1995. Additional information was obtained through telephone
communications with WST representatives in April 1995.
Welcom Software Technology (WST)
15995 North Barkers Landing Road
Suite 275
Houston, TX 77079-2494
Joyce Janda (National Sales Manager)
713-558-0514
713-584-7828 (FAX) .
800-247-4WST
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
s JPrirnayera Project Planner (P3)
Primavera Systems, Inc.
Public purchase
Primavera Project Planner (P3) for Windows (or DOS) for project management and
scheduling,
Cost control •
Resource control •
Estimating control —
Schedule control •
Scope control —
Risk control —
DOS version was first released in 1983. Windows version was released in May, 1994.
The current DOS release is version 5.1, released in May, 1993. The current Windows
release is version 1.1, released in April, 1995.
Available
Cross industry. P3 currently has approximately 40,000 users (not sites).
The single-user price for P3 is $4,000.
P3 can be used in the Windows or DOS format and on a network. Other system
requirements:
• 486 PC
• 6 MB RAM
•25 MB disk space
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered:
Non quantifiable
information:
Suitable for large projects. Can support unlimited projects, with up to 100,000 activities.
Primavera's line of project management software includes Parade for performance
measurement and Monte Carlo for risk analysis, which are discussed elsewhere in the
manual. It also includes Expedition Contract Control software for managing engineering
and construction projects and SureTrak Project Scheduler for planning and presenting
small- to medium-sized projects.
Project logs, Email data exchange
P3 has been designed for project scheduling and resource and cost control. It uses the Precedence Diagramming
Method (PDM) for scheduling, and 14 types of schedule constraints and four different relationships can be used
Some features of P3 are as follows:
• What-if and earned value analysis—detailed notes on each activity. Filtering option or the what-if analysis
make analyzing different management scenarios and strategies possible.
• Multiple forecasting techniques.
• Complete customization of reports and graphics with over 200 predefined reports and graphics.
• 24 activity codes for selection, sequencing, and filtering data. Filtering allows isolation of activities or
segments of the project that need analysis.
• Up to 16 custom data items to organize and track details.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage • . :
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management — . ....-•• •;-.•,.
P3 is not designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, which would typically be the manufacturing stage of the
life cycle. That is, it does not have a built-in mechanism for differentiating between the various life-cycle stages.
However, life-cycle stages could be distinguished within P3 in different ways, such as through the WBS levels.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent . , —
-External —
P3 has been designed to consider only conventional costs. However information on other types of costs could be
incorporated into P3 by adding additional cost categories, through activity information, and through coding (for
example, codes can be assigned to work packages). However, activity codes for filtering data in P3 are limited (24)
and this could become a constraint if that option is employed.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period , —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
P3 can be extended for direct interface with other Primavera software such as Parade and Monte Carlo. It is also
possible to exchange data with other Windows products, dBASE, Lotus, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers exchange
format. It has a batch processor that allows import and export of ASCII data. P3 has many features such as the
ability to handle multiple projects in a multi-user environment and to generate specialized reports and graphics.
P3 permits unlimited projects (master projects, subprojects, target plans), up to 100,000 activities per project, and
unlimited cost accounts per project. P3 allows activity information to be organized and displayed by both resource
and time period An unlimited number of resources can be used per project and per activity. Variable resource prices
and availability can be entered and information on variable resource prices and availability can be entered. It also
allows unlimited cost accounts per project. There is an autocost feature for user-defined rules for planning and
updating costs. P3 can analyze the data from any angle to identify problems and isolate areas of concern or
corrective actions required. The online Help makes using the system easier for inexperienced users. There is a
Global change option for mass changes and updates. It is also possible to use parts or fragments of earlier projects
(Fragnets) to build a new project.
The above mentioned features allow some flexibility in entering cost information. Thus users may be able to create a
separate subprojects or activities within projects (e.g., "waste management" or "external costs").
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
User-support
Telephone hotline support and bulletin board. Working demonstration disks for P3 are available, that are limited by
the maximum number of activities supported (60).
Limitations
P3 has been designed to consider only conventional costs. The system does not include information on other cost
types in default information or sample projects.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information received from Primavera Systems in February 1995.
Primavera Systems Inc.
Two Bala Plaza
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004
Nicole Stephano
610-667-8600
610-667-7894 (FAX)
4-50
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
,-. project Execution System (PXS)
Grantlun Corporation, "Construction information solutions"
Public purchase
Project Execution System (PXS) for project management.
Cost control •
Resource control •
Estimating control —
Schedule control •
Scope control —
Risk control —
Version 2.0 of PXS is due to be released in July, 1995. This system will be updated at
least once a year.
Available
Hard Dollar systems are designed only for the construction industry, for heavy/highway
bidding and building. PXS can be used for a variety of industries and projects (that
typically involve procedures similar to those in construction projects).
The price of PXS has not yet been fixed. It is anticipated to be about $8,000 to 9,000
(single user).
PXS requires an IBM compatible 486-25 MHz or faster PC, with 4 MB RAM, 80 MB
available hard disk space and a VGA monitor. It can be run as a stand-alone system or
on a network.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
The system is not modular in structure and therefore may not be suitable for small
projects. PXS has functions to handle project complexities within certain limitations.
Other compatible systems
offered: Hard Dollar EOS
Notes can be added alongside any job.
Non quantifiable
information:
PXS is linked with Hard Dollar EOS, which manages the estimating and bidding side, while PXS handles the building
(project management and control). PXS gives users many tools besides the scheduling and accounting systems.
PXS is available in multiple modules that include the following:
• Analyze module: establishes the work that needs to be done. Preliminary WBS trees can be set up with
data that are entered or imported.
• Plan module: establishes resource requirements and duration of work. Description of critical activities,
work structure, and resources.
• Schedule module: manages the job schedule and registers progress. Automatic creation of a
preliminary schedule. Schedules can be created at any level and current and archive schedules can be
maintained for claim and change order support.
• Procure module: manages the procurement of services and resources. Vendor and subcontractor
management, including user-defined procurement constraints and logs of payments and work progress.
• Dispatch module: manages the assignment of work plan activities to specified resources. Daily dispatch
orders that can be sorted by resource or work activity.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Softw.
are
Administer module: manages the administration of changes, contract documents and cash flow
Includes an integrated word processor. Features for administering project budgets cash flows
projections, and changes. Tools to determine change-order costs and impacts of schedule changes.
Document module: manages the documentation of job activity. Includes maintenance and job
correspondence, transmittals, minutes, phone logs, and a dajly diary.
Monitor module: monitors and analyses job progress. Tools for tracking and monitoring progress
including costs, payments, and procurements.
PXS can also prepare detailed budgets, resource utilization reports, and cash flow schedules with projected
cost/revenue curves Each work item can be broken down into five levels of detail with unlimited activities at each
level. Users can maintain a database of current labor, equipment, and other resource rates.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
The system is designed to typically consider only the manufacturing stage of the life cycle.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External _
w htar t0 c°nsidlr only conventional costs in various levels of detail. Information on other cost types
could be entered into the system through activity information (unlimited activities per level).
Method of cost estimation
The system itself is not designed for estimating costs, but cost estimating data can be input from Hard Dollar EOS
(described In the cost estimating tools section).
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other _
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Can Share da.ta and inte9rate the biddin9 and bu''ding process. Hard Dollar systems have been
U,?S them With easa A un*ue feature of PXS is the v°i<* activation option PXS has
ling systems do not have, such as integrated spreadsheets and modules for dealing
' W^.k activities can be imported from spreadsheets, estimating systems, digitizers
o u an P,tbl'C af nrS' PXS C3n be mn °" almost anv °Perati"9 sVstem. includi"9 MS
° XadS
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
User-support
Hard Dollar customers can take advantage of training sessions and 24-hour support (as part of the annual renewal
fee) offered by the company. Hard Dollar systems have been designed to allow nonexperts to use them with ease.
The price includes free support and maintenance for one year, which includes toll-free support and all updates and
enhancements. After the first year, users have the option to renew the maintenance contract. The price of this
varies. Limited time demonstration software can:be provided to potential users.
Limitations
The system has been introduced only recently, although the vendors have the experience of handling Hard Dollar
EOS Since the system has been designed specifically for the construction industry, it focuses on communications
and contract management (vendors and subcontractors) in a level of detail that may not be required in many other
projects.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information package received from Grantlun Corp. in November 1994.
Additional information obtained through telephone communications with Grantlun
representatives in March 1995.
Grantlun Corporation
"Construction Information Solutions"
2055 E. Centennial Circle, Suite 107
Tempe, AZ 85284
Ryan Brady
800-637-7496
602-897-6939 (FAX)
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
, ;... SAS/OR .",;,,.
SAS Institute Inc.
Public purchase
SAS/OR, an integrated component of the SAS system, provides tools for project
management, decision analysis, and mathematical programming. A host of other SAS
products can be used in conjunction with the SAS/OR software. Project planning
management, scheduling, and tracking can be accomplished using a single integrated
system. Complementing the SAS/OR project management tools is the PROJMAN
menu system, a customizable and extendable point-and-click interface for scheduling
projects and producing charts and reports.
Cost control •
Resource control •
Estimating control —
Schedule control •
Scope control •
Risk control —
SAS/OR software was released in 1983. Every new release for the SAS system (on an
average once in two years) will add features to the SAS/OR software. The next release
is expected in the end of 1995/the beginning of 1996. The current release is version
6.10(1994).
Available
SAS Institute was established in 1976 to develop and market base SAS software Their
flagship product was originally developed to analyze agricultural data on IBM
mainframes at North Carolina State University. In the 1980's the SAS system was
completely rewritten in C to incorporate a MultiVendor Architecture (MVA).
License fees and prices will vary based on options chosen, such as platforms and
number of users. Users need to pay an annual license fee to be able to use the
systems. The license fee for SAS/OR for UNIX and PCs can start from 770 for the first
copy (single user) with $360 for annual renewal. Different charges are applied for
additional users, for example, for 10 copies the first year fees is $3770 and the renewal
fee is $1890. The price decreases as the number of users increase. These are 1995
pnces, and are subject to change.
The MVA architecture makes the 90% of the SAS system code portable across all
hardware platforms (at the most 10% needs to be rewritten). The SAS system has been
released for various platforms: MVS, CMS, VSE, Open VMS for VAX and AXP OS/2
mTCWlAl?WAS,2-1,LW!r?dOWS NT> MAC' DG/UX' SUN OS- RISC/OS, OSF/I, MIPS, ABI,
INTEL ABI, AIX, HP-UX, RISC/ULTRIX, Solaris, and ConvexOS. The specific system
requirements will vary depending on the platform chosen. The program can be made
network compatible, supporting various networks including NETBIOS, TELNET APPC
for Windows, and others.
The graphics devices may require the availability of SAS/GRAPH software (for high
resolution graphics) since SAS/OR uses fonts and device drivers provided with the
SAS/GRAPH software.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
An unlimited number of user-defined identification variables can be defined to capture
WBS structure and sub-project information. There is full control over logical precedence
relationships. Scheduling can also be in seconds, minutes, or unspecified (relative time
units). Project calendars are completely user-defined. An unlimited number of project
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toote
Other compatible systems
offered:
Non quantifiable
information:
resources and resources per activity can be defined. The system can also handle
multiple projects. All these features and others provide users with a lot of flexibility in
customizing projects and incorporating project complexities, and project sizes.
SAS Institute develops a number of different products that can be used along with,
SAS/OR These include decision analysis tools, econometric modeling, quality control,
statistical packages, graphics, and others: SAS/OR software is a fully integrated v
component of the SAS system.
The current release of SAS/OR does not have a separate 'notes' field, but does allow
annotation on charts and graphs. The next release will have a space for adding
unlimited project notes.
SAS/OR forms an integrated component of the SAS system and includes several basic types of programs. These are
procedures for scheduling and project management, for decision analysis, and for general mathematical and network
flow programming. The project management capabilities can be performed through a menu system called
PROJMAN The software includes procedures for exploring models of distribution networks production systems,
resource allocation problems, and scheduling problems using tools of operations research. Features of SAS/OR
software include:
• Editing project data: Project data includes activity, logic, resource (and costs), and calendar data. The
software includes features such as maintaining activity information, activity successors and lags, multiple
activity calendars, and specification of resource availability and requirements
• Scheduling: interactive control of the scheduling algorithm, limited resource availability, resource
priorities, substitutable resources, multiple precedence relationships, constraints, monitoring, and
additional options including activity splitting and infeasibility diagnostics.
- CPM procedure for scheduling projects using the Critical Path Method
- GANTT charts for monitoring project progress _
- NETWORK diagrams with graphical features for visualizing structural relationships, WBS, and
organizational charts
• Decision analysis: interactive procedure that interprets decision problems, finds optimal decisions, and
plots the decision tree.
• Mathematical programming: solution of linear, integer, and mixed integer problems and non-linear
optimization.
• Reporting: report-writing capabilities in the SAS system allow users to easily transform output into a
variety of customized reports and graphics. Simple or sophisticated tables, plots, charts, maps, network
diagrams, gantt charts, and more, can be generated without leaving the SAS system.
Multiple projects can be scheduled with a common pool of resources. Cost data across multiple projects can be
summarized and analyzed, and earned value analysis can be performed. A virtually unl.mrted number of what-,f
solutions can be evaluated.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance — ......
-Recycle/waste management —
The system is not designed for life-cycle costing. However, required life-cycle information can be incorporated into
the system using the SAS/OR components and other applications. The system would typically be used to consider
portions of the manufacturing stage of the life-cycle.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional
-Potentially hidden
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
-Contingent
-External
SJ5 Systen[l.lre1at5 costs as a resource. Applications can be developed to handle cost management. As is, the
system does not include features for including hidden, contingent, or external costs. However, these costs could be
ncluded with appropriate customization of the system, such as through the creation of additional cost categories
user-defined codes, and cost reporting by 'type1 of money.
Method of cost estimation
However> applications for performing various types of cost estimation
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV)
-Payback period
-Internal rate of return (IRR)
-Benefits cost ratio
-Other
•
—
•
h* H Sf '"I?8 pro?edv reS f°r comPU«ng NPVs and IRR for uniform payments. Programs for computing
payback periods, benefits cost ratio, and other indicators could be created using the SAS system. The SAS system
enables users to out hne the basics of a project, estimate the profit/loss characteristics and perform an initial cost
analysis to decide if it is really worth executing.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The SAS system is a 4GL. The PROJMAN menu system that complements the SAS/OR software is menu driven
o^rlfnf d
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Limitations
SAS/OR does not have special features or default formats to facilitate the inclusion of environmental cost information
in project management. However, the flexibility of the system will allow users to indudathese features at their
discretion The SAS system itself is not menu driven and requires knowledge of the SAS language for use and
manipulation. PROJMAN is menu driven, but in its current format does not include every feature in the form of menu
commands.
Basis for evaluation: Based on information received from the SAS Institute in March, 1995.
Contact information:
SAS Institute Inc.
SAS Campus Drive
Gary, NC 27513 ,
919-677-8000
919-677-8123 (FAX)
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Low-High End Scheduling
Prepared fay:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Project Scheduler 6 Version 1.5
Scitor Corporation
Public purchase
Project management.
Cost control •
Resource control •
Estimating control —
Schedule control •
Scope control —
Risk control —
The system was introduced in 1983. Project Scheduler was the world's first DOS-based
PM application. It was also among the first to allow multi-project management, and
incorporate a graphical user-interface into the application. Project scheduler 6 version
1.5 was released in late 1993.
Available
Scitor Corp. started its operations as a consultant to the Aerospace industry. Project
Scheduler has users in both Federal facilities and in private industry, including
Pharmaceuticals, consulting, insurance, construction, and engineering.
$695 for Ian-ready individual units or, $2835 for a 5-user license. Prices are subject to
change.
• 386 (or higher) PC
• 4 MB RAM
• DOS 4.0 (or higher)
•Windows 3.1
• VGA (or higher) resolution monitor
• Hard drive with 4 MB available
• 3.5" high density (1.44 MB) disk drive
The system is not modular in structure and is designed for mid to high-end project
management. It is limited by the maximum number of activities (20,000) and resources
per project (10,000) that it can handle. However, the system includes a number of
features typically found in high-end PM systems, including variance analysis and multi-
project planning.
Other compatible systems
offered: None
Non quantifiable
information:
Each task (activity) has a field for entering unlimited notes. Parts of these fields can
also be displayed on the Gantt chart.
Features of Project Scheduler for Windows include the following.
• multi-project planning and tracking. As many as 10,000 shared resources among an unlimited number of
projects.
• CPM, network diagram (PERT chart), custom gantt charts, and user-configurable spreadsheets
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
• what-if analyses (unlimited undo/redos). PERT analysis mode for calculation of best, worst, and most likely
project schedules. Variance analysis and performance measurement.
• data arrangement, sorting, and filtering options with WBS, OBS, or a Resource Breakdown Structure
(RBS). Codes can be automatically derived. The WBS, OBS, and RBS can each have up to 10 levels.
• advanced resource tracking spreadsheet to analyze task assignments on a period by period basis. ••'»••
• automatic resource leveling (priority codes can be assigned at the task and project level), resource :
splitting, and automatic conflict resolution and recalculation
• user-defined task, project, resource, and assignment fields. Formula fields for project, task, and
assignment levels.1 Custom calendars
• 40 preconfigured reports with customization features
• supports the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) interface standard
• context-sensitive on-line help
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
The system is designed to typically consider only the manufacturing stage of the life cycle. The WBS allows tasks to
be arranged by life-cycle phases. Up to 10 WBS levels can be defined. However, the only life-cycle stages of
interest would be those occurring during the span of the project. The system is not meant for life-cycle cost analysis.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
The system is designed to consider only conventional costs in various levels of detail. Other cost categories could be
considered through adding appropriate activities. These activities could be isolated or grouped using the coding
mechanism. There are 10 different cost fields, in which 7 are user-defined. This will allow users to detail additional
cost categories, including hidden, contingent, and external costs.
The resource table allows users to enter a standard rate along with five alternate costs for each resource. This may
be a way to analyze the effects of factoring in hidden and external costs into resource costs. Up to 10 inflation
schedules can be saved. Overhead costs can be factored in using a custom formula that multiplies standard data
fields by the values assigned by the formula. User-defined mathematical formulas can be established at the project,
task, and assignment level to automatically reflect the appropriate markup, discount, or custom calculations. This can
be utilized to factor in estimates of contingent or liability costs
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period , —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
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Project Scheduler does not have any such financial functions, but it can interface with other software systems (e q
MS Excel) that do offer these functions.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The system Imports and exports data using ASCII files or via its ODBC interface. It also reads files in Project
Scheduler 5, Microsoft Project extension (.MPX), and comma-separated variable (.CSV) format. The ODBC support
allows users to export and import specific project data fields to other ODBC capable networking applications such as
spreadsheets and relational databases.
The multi-project planning, 10 levels for WBS (also OBS and RBS), resource tables, and the user-defined cost
categories afford users with the flexibility to enter life-cycle and environmental cost information in a number of
different ways.
User-support
Project Scheduler comes with a tutorial manual, a user's guide, an addendum covering changes in Version 1.5, and a
reference manual. The program includes on-line help, sample project files, and indexes. Scitor offers unlimited free
(but not toll-free) telephone support. They also support a CompuServe forum. Consulting and training services are
also offered at extra charges.
Limitations
Project Scheduler does not provide any step-by-step context-sensitive guidance with building project plans. It does
not include default cost categories for covering potentially hidden, contingent, and less tangible costs.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information package received from Scitor Corp. in
April, 1995.
Scitor Corporation
393 Vintage Park Drive
Suite 140
Foster City, CA 94404
Rick Garner (Sales team)
415-570-7700
415-462-4301 (FAX)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Low-End Scheduling
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
- s Texim Project for Windows ' "
Welcom Software Technology (WST) . • ;.;
Public purchase
Low-end project management. Users can design their projects to incorporate
environmental costs. However, no additional cost categories can be defined in Texim.
Cost control • ,
Resource control •
Estimating control —
Schedule control •
Scope control —
Risk control •
Texim was earlier released by another company, which was purchased by WST. The
Windows version was released -1991. WST features at least one update per year.
Texim is going to be replaced within about a year with another low-end project
management system, Open Plan Professional—Desktop version. Texim version 2.0
was released in 1994.
Available
Purpose and current use: WST has supplied project management software to different industries such as
construction, engineering, oil and gas and also to government bodies and universities.
WST has a client list of over 150.
Cost information:
System requirements:
Texim has a single-user price of $995.
The minimum system requirements are a 386 SX CPU, mouse or other pointing device,
and any NETBIOS compatible network. For MS Windows 3.1 in enhanced mode, the
requirements include 4 MB memory, WIN 32s included. For MS NT, the requirement is
8 MB memory.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered:
Non quantifiable
information:
Small to large projects with limited complexity.
Other products supplied by WST include Open Plan (DOS) and Open Plan Professional
for high-end project management, Texim Project for low-end project management,
Opera for risk analysis, and Optic for information management.
Note writing capability (limited).
Texim Project is designed for lower-end project management and includes features such as time analysis, resource
scheduling, cost management, and risk evaluation. Texim is built on Windows and Windows NT. WST suggests that
Texim Project may also be used as a Windows front-end to feed data into Open Plan. The system can also be used
for developing proposals, after which detailed development can be done in Open Plan. Some features of Texim
project include the following:
• Scheduling Tools: unlimited projects per file, 25 WBS levels, 1000 activities per project plan, 1,000
activities per subproject, 20 user-defined code-fields, CPM scheduling, resource-limited scheduling,
resource leveling, project risk analysis (Monte Carlo method).
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• Resource Tools: 25 OBS levels, unlimited pools, 1,000 resources per pool and resources per sictivity,
crucial and noncrucial assignments, partial allocations, heuristics.
• Cost Tools: WBS and OBS cost accounting, fixed and variable activity cost, fixed and periodic resource
cost and fixed, variable or percent, project, and pool overhead.
• Tracking Tools: Flexible activity and resource status determination, up to 60 baselines per project,
earned value, cost estimates at completion, performance profiles.
Texlm can generate graphs such as resource and pool histograms and cost and schedule index curves. What-if
analysts can help users analyze alternative project scenarios.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
The system has not been designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, which typically would be the
manufacturing stage of the life cycle. The limited number of activities may make incorporating life-cycle cost
information difficult. The WBS levels can also be utilized to input life-cycle information.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
Texlm project has been designed to consider only conventional costs. Users can design their projects to incorporate
other costs as well. However, no additional cost categories can be defined in Texim. Costs will need to be entered
by adding activities.- Data sorting and filtering options may also be used for segregating information on different types
of costs.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not meant for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Texim has an on-line help system and a menu-driven Windows environment, which make tasks simpler for
inexperienced users. It is possible to customize screen-views and reports. Resources and work can be scheduled
using graphical year or month calendars. Texim also features automatic cost and schedule aggregation. Data can
be sorted, filtered, or highlighted according to users' requirements and data roll-up options help manage multiple
projects.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
User-support
WST offers training, consulting, and technical support to assist users in implementing their projects. They provide
press reviews, and references upon specific request. Maintenance support is provided free of cost for the first year
with the option for annual renewal at a cost of 20% of the (current) retail price thereafter. The support includes
technical support, enhancements and updates, and access to the bulletin board, where users can exchange .
information. No demo software of offered forTexim. •.-..', , •."-'.-.•' , ~
Limitations
Texim is designed for low-end project management but features seamless data integration with Open Plan, which
provides an option for future expansions or the need for advanced features. However, WST does not offer modular
options, which afford greater flexibility and can be more cost-effective for some users. Because Texim is designed for
low-end project management, it does not come with the same functionality and flexibility of the higher-end tools.
Texim is not built around a relational database, and the proprietary nature of the system limits customization by users.
There is no limit on the time horizon of projects, but the number of periods may be limited. Thus, the limit depends on
the manner of scheduling (by day, month, etc.).
WST will be replacing Texim Project in about a year with another product called Open Plan Professional—Desktop
version. This product will have the same source code as Open Plan Professional and limited functionality.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information received from WST in February 1995.
Welcom Software Technology (WST)
15995 North Barkers Landing Road
Suite 275
Houston, TX 77079-2494
Joyce Janda (National Sales Manager)
713-558-0514
713-584-7828 (FAX)
800-247-4WST
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Cost Control/Analysis
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Welcom Software Technology (WST)
Public purchase
Cost management. Cobra has been designed to consider only conventional costs, but
could accommodate the inclusion of other cost categories as well. It is not designed for
life-cycle cost analysis.
Cost control •
Resource control •
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
WST founded in 1984. Cobra was released in 1989. Cobra version 2.1 released in
1994. Updates are typically one (or more) per year.
Available
WST has supplied project management and cost management software to different
industries such as construction, engineering, oil and gas and also to government bodies
and universities. WST has a client list of over 150. Cobra is also marketed abroad in
countries in Europe, South America, Asia, and Africa.
The single-user price is $8,500.
The minimum system requirements are an IBM 386 or compatible computer, MS DOS
3.1,1 MB RAM, and FoxPro 2.0. Cobra runs on most PC network operating systems
and allows concurrent data access in a multi-user environment.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered:
Non quantifiable
Information:
Typically used in higher-end systems.
Other products supplied by WST include Open Plan and Open Plan Pro for high-end
project management, Texim Project for low-end project management, Opera for risk
analysis, and Optic for information management.
Some sections include a note writing capability.
Cobra is designed for cost and performance measurement and provides budget, actual cost, and earned value
Information. It features trend, summary, exception reporting, and cash flow management. No financial indicators are
calculated. However, the program does calculate earned value and can generate various graphs that depict current
performance and future performance based on estimated actuals. What-if analysis can be based on work package,
cost account, resource element, or hierarchical structure elements. Changes may be applied as percentages, target
amounts, or change amounts. There is no limit on the length of the projects. The periods that can be reported or
printed at one time may be limited. Cobra has been designed to integrate with users' existing schedule and financial
systems.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management — •.-.. . . . ...
The system is not designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, and it would typically consider the
manufacturing stage of the life cycle. However, users can apply different methods of including life-cycle information.
For instance, they can define life-cycle stages in a WBS structure (up to 20 levels available) or through code files
(defining work packages and assigning specific codes to them). The former method will probably work better with
sequential information. The flexibility of Cobra allows users to sort and report information on particular WBS levels or
work packages.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External . —
Cobra has been designed to consider only conventional costs. However, the flexibility of the system allows users to
enter any cost information they require. Cobra allows user-defined cost classes and an unlimited number of rate and
rate tables (for different or combined cost classes). It also allows a Resource Breakdown structure. The number of
cost classes is limited to 16 to 20 and it is advisable to restrict their use for things that need different rate tables.
Users may be able to enter information on different cost categories by designating separate resource categories or by
defining sorting codes. Cost categories (e.g., external costs) do not qualify per se as being resources as they are
defined (a source of project support assigned to activities), but users may be able to perform the desired functions by
assigning them in this manner. The data-filtering option can be used to exclude or include different cost categories
defined in this manner.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation. ,
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) — „
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
The system does not generate financial indicators within the system, but integrating Cobra with financial systems that
may perform these functions is possible.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
WST offers Cobra as a system for enabling complete cost and schedule integration with their scheduling software
products, Open Plan and Open Plan Professional. However, Cobra can import from CPM software (via ASCII files)
and pricing software as well. Cobra supports ASCII or dBase transaction files for actual cost collection. It can export
data to Lotus 123 and Excel.
Besides having a set of built-in reports, the software supports user-defined report conditions and custom reporting.
Cobra adheres to government-reporting criteria for contractors involved in defense, aerospace or energy contracts in
the U.S and elsewhere. The attributes include a context-specific help function, pull-down menus, and user-defined
prompts and responses.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
The package allows up to 20 WBS levels, with up to 190 children per element in a level. Also, users have the ability
to define cost classes and rates and assign resources in various ways. Users can maintain up to four separate
forecasts per project and these may be entered manually as bottom-up estimates or generated automatically via
efficiency factors. The program also supports subcontract management. This flexibility can support various kinds of
projects, with unique budget and cost information, and the evaluation of different hypothetical scenarios.
User-support
WST offers training, consulting, and technical support to assist users in implementing their projects. They provide
press reviews, and references upon specific request. Maintenance support is provided free of cost for the first year,
with the option for annual renewal at a cost of 20% of the (current) retail price thereafter. The support includes
technical support, enhancements and updates, and access to the bulletin board where users can exchange
information. No demonstration software is available for Cobra.
Limitations
Cobra does not provide users with information about including all cost categories. Not unlike other software systems,
it is designed to consider only one life-cycle stage. However, as mentioned previously, its flexibility may allow users
to include this life-cycle information. Although an unlimited number of resources can be defined in Cobra, the system
can slow down if too many are listed. However, the functionality afforded by FoxPro allows a lot more data than, for
instance, a Windows product could support (without substantial reductions in speed). Cobra can be used on low-end
systems but may be too expensive for users who need it for this purpose alone.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communications and information package received from WST in
March 1995.
Commercially available
Welcom Software Technology (WST)
15995 North Barkers Landing Road
Suite 275
Houston, TX 77079-2494
Joyce Janda (National Sales Manager)
Ruth Ann Schulte (Technical)
713-558-0514
713-584-7828 (FAX)
800-247-4WST
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Took
; '„„ Cost Time Management '{CTM) .'''-*
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Diagnostic tool for analyzing project time and costs. Since this has potential to be used
in any application, it can be used for analyzing environmental projects as well.
Environmental costs, if available, can be included in any analysis.
Cost control •
Resource control —
Estimating control —
$chedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date and
updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Information not available
Available in conjunction with consulting services from the Productivity and Quality
Center at WEC.
Currently being used in various Westinghouse projects and facilities. It is suitable for
applying to a wide range of problems and manufacturing processes.
Since the system is offered only in conjunction with consulting services, the price will
vary.
System requirements: MS Excel for Windows.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
May be a difficult task to incorporate project complexity, because the project needs to
be broken down into manageable components. It can conceptually handle all project
sizes.
Other compatible systems
offered: None
Non quantifiable
Information: None
CTM was developed as a diagnostic technique to identify opportunities to reduce cycle time and costs associated
with environmental restoration and waste management. CTM uses a cost-time profile of a process to serve as a
basis for analysis. A cost-time profile is a graphic representation of the accumulation of cost over time as a product
or service passes through its entire production cycle. CTM has been used at Westinghouse facilities to analyze
removal action processes, minimization of hazardous waste streams, RCRA permit processes, construction changes,
and CERCLA soil sampling and analysis processes. They report that the technique has been successfully applied
and has resulted in savings in time and money.
A cost-time profile illustrates the way costs build up over time as a product or service passes through its entire cycle
in a business operation. In the profile, vertical lines represent the cost of materials and services. Horizontal lines are
wait times, when no work is being done. Finally, the diagonal lines represent work in dollars per hour. The slope of
the line depends on the workers' pay rates and how long the work takes. The profile may reveal hidden relationships
or improvement opportunities that may otherwise be missed. The idea is to find ways to shrink the profile by
identifying solutions that are the most appropriate and that have the greatest impact. A decrease in the height of the
profile comes from reducing'costs (increased operating profit), and reducing the time axis results in improved quality
(and customer service).
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage • ' ••--.•, -.
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management • • s
The system is not designed to analyze more than one life-cycle stage, and it would typically be the manufacturing or
use/reuse stages of the life cycle.
If users have cost and time information related to other life-cycle stages, they use this software as an analysis tool.
The information can be analyzed in stages or together. However, this information (especially time factors) can be
difficult to obtain.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
The system has probably been defined to analyze usual and hidden costs (judging from the projects it has been used
for). However, because costs are not categorized in any way, users can include any kind of costs in their analysis.
However, the literature does not say how any useful analysis can be accomplished using these other categories. For
example, because a company does not directly incur external costs, users may not be able to do any kind of useful
cost-time analysis of them.
Method of cost estimation
The tool does not do any kind of cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (N PV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The technique can be applied to a wide range of projects and processes. The software package includes a detailed
discussion of the diagnostic techniques that users can study.
User-support
The tool was not designed to be a commercial product.
Limitations
The literature available expounds more on CTM as an analytical technique but does not really discuss the manner of
use of the system (or related requirements and features). There is no discussion of anything other than usual costs.
However, the system can be effectively applied to analyze hidden costs. The accuracy of the results will only be as
good as the estimates and data supplied by users (on variables such as cycle time, wait time, costs, etc.). The
package does not discuss the methodology that users may use to obtain this data (especially, estimating time). The
system mainly provides users with a graphical "snapshot" of their process/project and a means of comparison with
various alternatives. Cost details cannot be seen from the graphic. The tool will probably mask a great deal of
4-68
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software. Systems and Tools
information while dealing with large projects or those with long time horizons. These projects will need to be
effectively broken down to a suitable level of detail.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Manual on the CTM technique obtained through Westinghouse in February 1995.
Available, though not a commercial product. ,
Stephen Green
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Environmental Affairs
11 Stanwix Street, ' ... .
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
* - "• *
412-642-2455/642-4027
Ginny Blanchard
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Productivity and Quality Center
PO Box 160
Oakdale, PA 15230-0160
412-778-5169
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
. j'j..:-'"'.'..'. EasyABCPlus ' '. .*•;.'
ABC Technologies, Inc.
Public purchase
EasyABC Plus is an activity-based costing (ABC) system.
Cost control •
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control * —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Released in 1990. Updates are ~ once a year. The current version is 2.05, which was
released in 1995. The software is continually updated with new tools added to make
ABC and ABM functions such as data collection easier.
Available
Purpose and current use: The system is targeted to estimators, architects, and engineers. There are over 2000
copies of the software installed. A bulk of the clients have been from large companies,
but small-medium sized businesses have also started purchasing the system.
Cost Information:
System requirements:
The approximate cost of software and support for Easy ABC Plus is $5,500. The cost of
OROS starts from - $15,000.
This software is available in Windows, OS/2, and Macintosh versions.
Minimum system requirements for EasyABC Plus:
•DOS 3.1/MS Windows 3.x/OS/2 3.0/Apple Macintosh Finder 6.1/System 6.02
•DOS/Windows: 640K memory. OS/2: 4 MB. Macintosh: 1 MB
•DOS/Windows: 1 MB free disk space for installation. OS/2: 2 MB for installation
Macintosh: 1 MB for installation. For all versions, 6-8 MB recommended for operation
•DOS/Windows: EGA/VGA display. OS/2: OS/2 compatible display. Macintosh: Mac
compatible display
•Mouse (Windows 3.x/OS/2/Macintosh compatible)
Minimum system requirements for OROS "
•Windows 3.1
•4 MB memory (8 MB recommended)
•Hard drive with 12 MB available
•VGA monitor
•Windows 3.x compatible mouse or pointing device ,,,
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
The system can include an unlimited number of activities. Multiple projects can be
analyzed using the system.
OROS ABCPIus, a network version of the software, with additional features included.
Other compatible systems
offered:
Non quantifiable
information: Model and period notes can be entered.
This software enables users to develop and modify ABC models and generate information necessary to examine
processes and to make informed decisions to improve them. The system provides feedback about improvement
efforts and their effect on the bottom line. It helps users to recognize sustaining activities that give them a competitive
advantage, while weeding out high-cost activities. The program comes with a proprietary database. The system
helps users to organize information by dividing it into three categories that are included as three basic modules:
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Chapter 4 Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
• Resource module: This reflects the general ledger items, such as accounting, engineering, sales, general
administration, information systems, etc.
• Activity module: Activities can be grouped by department, where actual activities are identified through
interviews. , .
• Cost object module: Cost objects are products or services that use up activities. These can be measured
through drivers.
Although these modules are built individually, users use the same process to build each one. Information in the three
modules can be linked in two different ways. The first is the Output Measure method. This determines the ynit cost
of an activity, then adds the activity to a product to determine the product cost. The second method is the CAM-I or
the Cost Assignment method. This involves distributing overhead expenses to accounts, then to activities, and
finally, to the cost objects. The software automatically makes connections and assignments based on information fed
in by users. Features of EasyABC Plus include the following.
• Resources, activities, products, and services can be tagged with unique attributes, that can be used for .
analysis and comparisons •
• Unit costs calculation for each resource, activity, product, service, and attribute
• Generation of performance measures that are cost per unit for an activity
• Adding, deleting, or renaming drivers (output measures)
• Increment,"1 cost allocation, allowing calculation of a single account, a particular module, or the entire ABC
model
• Any number of levels of cost assignments between resources, activities, or products
• Data storage for more than one time period and period-by-period report generation
• Displays of actual and budgeted costs (performance against plan comparisons)
• File security
A network version of the software, OROS ABCPIus, is now available, which has additional features such as multi-user
capability, order-of-magnitude costing, and free-form reporting.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
The system is not designed for life-cycle cost analysis. The life-cycle stages included in the analysis would be based
on the company, or the type of project being analyzed. Hierarchies can be defined in the various program modules.
However, these hierarchies are not tailored to define project breakdowns.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
Activity based costing systems encourage significant breakdown of work activities and the proper allocation of costs,
automatically making a number of potentially hidden costs more visible. External or contingent costs could be
included/identified by specifying cost categories or additional activities. However, these are not included as default
categories in the program.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Method of cost estimation
The systems are not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-^Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Both systems have import/export capabilities, however; they are more simplified in OROS. EasyABC Plus supports
Import and export of ASCII and DIP files. It provides seamless interface for data interchange between leading
process modeling tools. EasyABC Plus includes 13 standard reports that allow flexibility in the type and amount of
information to be reported. OROS includes OROS Reports, a visual design report writing tool that supports ODBC
and allows users to create custom and standard reports from the databases. Using the OROS Links Engine
(provides open database connections), users can connect information already in their business networks
(spreadsheets, databases, host applications) to the activity database. Concurrent access to a single activity
database can be accomplished through OROS.
The user-interface and supporting documentation adhere to the CAM-I standards of terminology. On-line help is
available. The products run on all general purpose platforms and also meet all Windows and Macintosh user
interface standards.
User-support
Support is available by fax and through a toll-free number, and a two-day training course is offered. Demonstration
disks are available. However, these are not interactive, working demos. The company includes documentation,
tutorials, and toll-free customer support. Training workshops are also available. At the conclusion of these
workshops, users are given a free ABC kit that includes 60-day trial use of the software, a discount of $795 from the
price of the software, and a tutorial. Also included are a video entitled Understanding Activity—Based Management,
a checklist for implementing an ABM project, a seminar workbook, a disk with a working ABM model, and an ABC
demo disk. The workshops are organized on different themes, ranging from general to specific.
Consulting support is not offered directly through the company. However, ABC Technologies has partnered with
several consulting firms who are trained in using their software. These consultants can offer basic training on the
development of an ABC system, and methods of data collection,
Limitations
There is no specific focus on including environmental costs and cost categories in sample projects and in default
formats. For example, less-tangible or contingent costs are not included as default categories in the program.
However, the program can serve to automatically make some hidden environmental costs more visible.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information package received from ABC Technologies in June, 1995.
ABC Technologies, Inc.
5075 S. W. Griffith Drive,
Suite 200
Beaverton, OR 97005 ,
(503) 626-4895
(503) 671-1808
(503) 626-4003 (FAX)
Rick Musser
Information on factory support or training:
800-882-3141
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Primavera Systems, Inc.
Public purchase •••••• •:= • "• ' .;"
Cost control and performance measurement. It is not designed to include all cost
categories.
Cost control •
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control •
Scope control —
Risk control —
First release was in 1987. Updates -every 16 months. The current release of Parade
is version 4.0, released in April, 1995. ,
Available
Cross industry applications. Approximate number of users (not sites) of Parade are
7000. .. . ,
; - $3,000 for single user application
The system requirements are:
• IBM PS/2 or PC compatibles .
• 640 K hard drive
• MS DOS 3.1
• EGA/VGA monitor
Parade may also be used on a network (Novell, LAN manager, Banyan, Pathworks,
LANtastic).
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Various sizes and complexities
offered;0 Parade can utilize data from Primavera's P3, Project Planner for Windows, Finest Hour,
and Suretrak Project Manager.
Non quantifiable
information:
Provides logs for recording project notes
The Parade software is for measuring performance and allows users to track progress against the plan using earned
value analysis. It can be used for planning or for period-by-period control. Parade uses WBS (20 levels possible)
and OBS (20 levels possible) structures and supports earned value analysis for the project as a whole or for any work
element or group. The package has 60-year accounting calendars with 12 or 13 month years. Some features of
Parade are as follows:
• exception reporting based on variances from plan at any level;
• reports and graphics including a responsibility assignment matrix (department/person intersections with
work areas), performance bar charts and curves, variance trends in cost and schedule, cost performance
and budget reports (summarized at any level of detail);
• variance detection with defined thresholds for favorable and unfavorable deviations from plan; and
• compatible with C/SCS criteria: DOD 5000.1 and 5000.2, DOE 4700.1, NASA 533P;
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Parade can consolidate cost data from accounting, schedule data from a scheduler (P3, Finest Hour, and SureTrak
Project Scheduler users have special integration features), and also draw estimates from spreadsheet or database
files. Thus users have a choice of either building a project in Parade or importing data from elsewhere. Parade can
automatically import resource allocations, WBS codes, rate escalations, and resource distribution curves from P3.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
The system is not designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, and it will typically be used to consider the
manufacturing stage of the life cycle. Parade uses WBS (20 levels possible) and OBS (20 levels possible) structures,
and this is one way that life-cycle information can be entered into the system.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
Cost accounts in Parade can contain detailed, period-by-period task and resource plans. Parade tracks direct labor,
material, equipment, travel, and other costs. The analysis data are presented in units, direct costs, or burdened
costs. However, flexibility is afforded to users because it is possible to have unlimited resources per task and
unlimited tasks and work packages per project. Additional cost categories cannot be created in Parade, and codes
cannot be assigned to work packages.
Method of cost estimation
Parade is not designed for project cost estimation. It automatically calculates estimate to complete and latest revised
estimate costs for on-going projects.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Parade can integrate cost and schedule data from a variety of other accounting, cost, and scheduling systems. In a
multi-user environment, Parade permits simultaneous updating, reporting, and plotting.
User-support
Telephone hotline support and bulletin board. Working demonstration disks are available for Parade, limited by the
maximum number of activities (60).
Limitations
The system does not include all the cost categories. User-defined cost categories cannot be added into the system
Parade is not designed for Life-cycle cost analysis.
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Chapter 4—Cpmplete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information received from Primavera Systems in February 1995.
Primavera Systems Inc. , '.,....
TVVO Bala Plaza _ . ,
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004
610-667-8600 '
610-667-7894 (FAX)
Nicole Stephano
610-660-5830
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Abbreviated Profiles
FOREFRONT ?s a cost-tracking/accounting system targeted to the construction industry and project managers. It is
not a cost estimating system. It allows users to enter in one set of dimensions and generate all the quantities,
material prices, and labor hours for each activity defined. Crews can be set up with different labor and equipment
rates. Bids can be readily and rapidly revised. The software produces cost bid summaries and subcontractor
summary reports.
FOREFRONT allows users to define 60 different cost types that can be used for exception reporting and viewing.
This will enable users to define and track a full range of environmental costs using the system. However, all cost
categories are not included among the default data. Maintenance and repair costs are included in the demo data
provided. Jobs can be broken down into phases (up to 12 characters). Any number of multiple projects and activities
per project can be tracked.
The software can be customized to meet the needs of individual users. Users can obtain the source codes to alter
the software. FOREFRONT has multiple user capability. Current developments include developing the database
(Proisam from McDonald Douglas Info. Systems) and incorporating a project management capability. FOREFRONT
has full ODBC capabilities, which means that data can be exported and imported freely. In addition, there is a special
import module that ties in with Hard Dollar EOS, and with the Historical Cost Analysis System (HCAS) FOREFRONT
can also be integrated with an inventory system.
FOREFRONT was introduced in 1984. Most of the users are in the construction and environmental industry (for
remediation work), there being about 500 clients in all. There are approximately three revisions per year. Version 5.0
was released on February 1,1995. Demonstration disks are included, but these are not interactive. However, live
software demonstrations are offered by the vendors. User support is offered in the form of toll-free support, annual
maintenance, and on-site training. No consulting services are offered.
FOREFRONT consists of 22 modules (General ledger, accounts payable/receivable...), each of which cost
approximately $1,350.
Minimum Hardware; IBM PC with hard disk or equivalent; will run on UNIX, ZENIX and AIX. The system can be
used on Netware.
Dexter & Chaney Business Systems Inc.
3200 NE 125th St.
Seattle, WA 98125
206-364-1400
800-875-1400
206-367-9613 (FAX)
Brad Mathews
Basis for information: Based on excerpt from Watson (1995) and on information obtained from supplier in July, 1995.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and loots
P/X is a Windows-based comprehensive high-end project management system. It can handle an unlimited number of
inter-related projects and fully integrates schedule and cost data via resource-activity relationships. While P/X is not
an "estimating" system, it will track costs against the baseline estimate by utilizing user-defined cost categories. The
program contains a proprietary database. P/X is an open client/server, application that sits atop popular commercial
SQL databases (Oracle, Sybase, SQL Server, DB2/2 and others). It also contains earned value techniques to
support the requirements for C/SCSC cost control. , • .
P/X can be tailored to the unique needs of users with the optional P/X customization toolkit. Users can add additional
cost categories. The system can handle unlimited projects and activities per project. An unlimited number of WBS
structures per project can be defined, with each having a maximum of 20 levels, All these features can facilitate a
comprehensive inclusion of environmental cost data. The system has full import/export capabilities, using user-
defined formats. Sample projects are included. There are no sample environmental projects.
The software was initially released in June, 1992, with updates released twice a year (on an average). It is targeted
to Fortune 500 Corporations and government clients. It has been used by DOE contractors including Westinghouse,
Allied Signal, and others. The system has been used for environmental remediation projects as well. User manuals
and tutorials are provided along with the system. Consulting ana1 product support are offered.
Multi-user versions are sold, with a starting price of $40,000 for a five concurrent user license. Per user price drops
significantly with volume. •....-.
Minimum Hardware:
• IBM 486 PC or compatible . .
•16 MB RAM ,--.••>••-••.
• 15 MB hard disk space , .••--.•.
• VGA and mouse
•Windows 3.1
• ODBC driver for selected SQL DBMS
Supported networks (optional) include Novell, IBM LAN Server, Banyan Vines, and MS Lan Manager.
Project Software & Development, Inc.
20 University Road
Cambridge, MA 02138 . ,
(617)661-1444
Grace Ferry .
Jerry Schinski . .
201-909-3765
201-587-1336 (FAX) . . - ..
Basis for information: Based on excerpt from Watson (1995) and on information obtained from supplier in July, 1995.
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Risk Assessment and Contingency
Analysis Software Systems
(Class 3)
Contents
Page
Generic Risk Assessment 4.79
1. MOUSE (Modular Oriented Uncertainty SystEm) 4-79
Project Risk/Contingency 4-82
2. independent Cost Estimating Contingency Analyzer (ICECAN) 4-82
3. Monte Carlo 4.34
4. Range Estimating (REP) 4-86
Abbreviated Profiles 4.39
5. Environmental Risk Management Information System (ERMIS) 4-89
Items 8 and 18 In Class 1. and item 2 in Class 2, have risk analysis features or modules. Item 1 in Class 4 performs uncertainty
analysis. Item 4 In Class 4 includes a risk computational model. Some items in Class 5 (e.g., item#6) may have modules for
risk analysis.
4-78
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems ancfToofe
Generic Risk Assessment
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
.System requirements:
MOUSE (Modular Oriented Uncertainty SystEm) „ „ * *~~- ~ -~^
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, U.S. EPA
Use in Federal facilities and public purchase.
A computerized uncertainty analysis system using a special purpose simulation
language.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
The system only passively controls risk (although it can assist in dynamic control).
Latest version (Stage III) brought out in 1990
Available
The uses of MOUSE in the EPA include establishing regulations for hazardous wastes
in landfills and estimating pollution control costs. ••
The operational manual and the MOUSE computer system on disk are available from
the NTIS for a charge of $80.
MOUSE system utilities run on MS-DOS (version 2x or higher) based PCs, but,the
MOUSE programs themselves can run on any computer that has a FORTRAN compiler.
If substantive simulation models are to be run on a PC, a math co-processor is
recommended. •
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
MOUSE can support the use of up to 200 variables.
Other compatible systems
offered: None
Non quantifiable
information:
None
MOUSE is a Monte Carlo-based simulation system that is designed to deal with uncertainties in static mathematical
models, such as a set of environmental engineering calculations. Unlike deterministic algebraic models, stochastic
models contain input variables in the form of probability distributions that reflect the uncertainty about their values.
There are different approaches to solving algebraic models that involve uncertainty. MOUSE uses a form of Monte
Carlo simulation known as Model Sampling. This method is an attempt to address problems associated with
traditional approaches to uncertainty. These include an inability to show a combined net effect of changes in all
variables or the likelihood of various changes occurring together. Model Sampling involves the following:
1. It performs a random drawing of values for each input variable, from their probability distributions.
2. The models output is computed using each such set of values.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
3. The process is repeated many times and the output from all the iterations are gathered in the form of a
probability distribution. This transfers the uncertainties of the model inputs to the output, which can be
studied and used in the decision making process.
After the correct input of every equation, AutoMOUSE gives users the option of entering more equations or
proceeding towards analysis. When equation entry is complete, users have to specify the nature of distribution and
parameters for all stochastic variables, with the help of a menu. For example, users can select a normal probability
distribution and specify a certain mean and standard deviation. If it is not clear what probability distributions should
be used, the Interactive Modeler for Probability (IMP), which is a MOUSE utility program, can perform the following
functions:
1. Fit the data set to a classical distribution.
2. Integrate an empirical continuous distribution.
3. Analyze a bivariate distribution. •
4. Analyze a dataset for autocorrelation.
MOUSE possesses all the features for substantive uncertainty analysis, such as built-in probability distributions,
plotting and graphing capabilities, sensitivity analysis, and interest functions for cost analysis.
Life cycle stages
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
Not applicable.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional —
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
Not applicable. There are no cost categories or cost summary reports generated. MOUSE can be used to analyze a
set of equations related to any type of project or cost types.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation. However, it can be used to incorporate the risk element, thus
Improving the accuracy of various cost estimates, which can also include liability costs and less-tangible costs.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
4-80
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toots
Ability to include environmental costs
~ • • ..J': ,." ','''. '.,"-,' . ' ' - -' ' ' '• ' ' "' '
User friendliness and flexibility '
In its third and current stage of development, MOUSE can be used by individuals with little or no knowledge of
computer languages or programming or simulation. Yet it can be equally beneficial for experienced users. Unlike
earlier models of MOUSE, the current version does not require Users to write a FORTRAN program or perform other
cumbersome and erroriprone tasks. Using a program called AutoMOUSE, the current version actually writes all of
the MOUSE program. Users only have to input the equations of the model and answer queries regarding the output
desired, they also specify the probability distributions for uncertain (stochastic) variables in the model and • •
arguments for these distributions. AutoMOUSE operates in two modes: nonexpert and expert mode.
MOUSE has many advantages over other major approaches to conducting"Monte Carlo simulation analysis on
algebraic models. The other approaches use general purpose computer languages, such as FORTRAN; general
purpose simulation languages; and spreadsheet Add-on programs.
AutoMOUSE makes preliminary and detailed checks for errors during equation input and editing. The scans check for
syntactical and also logical errors (using a trace). The model equations can also be entered via a file prepared with
any ASCII text editor. In the expert mode, users can make other choices such as specifying the number of iterations
in the Monte Carlo simulation, performing sensitivity analyses for all or any of the independent variables and changing
the random number seed.
User-support . , ., .
Although it is available commercially, the system was not designed for that purpose. Hence, little user support (as
offered by private vendors) is provided. Queries can be directed to the EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
Limitations
Each equation is limited to three lines. One of the disadvantages of MOUSE is that the programs have to undergo
preliminary processing, such as compiling and linking, before they can be run. Advantages include its flexibility and
ability to run complex standard simulation routiries. AutoMOUSE is limited to a maximum of 200 variables, but it is
stated that this does not pose a problem for most models.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information received from the EPA Risk Reduction Lab in January 1995.
Commercially available through NTIS.
EPA, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
• 26 Martin Luther King
! Cincinnati, OH 45268
Contact person: Albert Klee
513-569-7931 * , : .
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
703-487-4660
800-553-6847
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Project Risk/Contingency
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Independent Cost Estimating Contingency Analyzer (ICECAN)
USDOE/IT Corporation
Public purchase
Determining cost contingencies. Cost contingencies due to environment-related
variables could also be analyzed.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
The system only passively controls risk (although it can assist in dynamic control).
-1983. The program is not periodically updated. It was updated to run using QBASIC
and no longer runs on BASICA or GWBASIC.
Available
Purpose and current use: A cost-estimating contingency model developed for the DOE. Typically used at the end
of a remedial design phase. The system is being used in DOE and by various DOE
contractors.
Cost information:
System requirements:
The program is free.
IBM PC running under DOS 2.0 with a minimum of 64K RAM and at least one disk
drive.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Limited by the maximum number of variables (approx. 20) and distributions (4) that can
be defined.
Other compatible systems
offered: None (although IT Corporation has developed other software tools for DOE).
Non quantifiable
Information: None
ICEAN produces a frequency distribution of total costs based on several random cost variables. The cost variables
can be fixed, normal, discrete, or step-regular.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
4-82
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
The system has been developed for considering conventional costs alone, but users can analyze other costs by using
the proper variables and relationships.
Method of cost estimation
The system uses the Monte Carlo method to compute random variables for the total cost function. The total cost
function is normally simply the sum of the random cost variables. The mean of the sampled value of the cost function
can be used as a reasonable cost estimate. However, the main purpose of the program is to estimate contingencies.
Users can determine the probability of project overrun as a function of various contingency percentages. The model
results are displayed in the form of a frequency distribution report and a contingency report.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
i
Software options are accessed through a main menu. Options on this menu allow users to enter, edit, store, load,
and delete files containing cost variable data. The software allows users to create one file for each estimate.
Estimate processing time can range from a few minutes to over an hour depending on the number of random values
(iterations) taken. Environmental costs can also be analyzed using the proper variables and relationships.
User-support
The user's manual describes the operation of the ICEAN program with regard to data entry, editing and filing, user
options, and reports generated. Since ICEAN is not a commercial program, user support will be limited to responses
to minor queries and information requests.
Limitations
Users do not have a wide choice of distributions by which to describe the cost variables. The ICEAN program is only
as accurate as the description of variables provided by users. The distributions of critical cost variables must be
carefully analyzed and require good estimating judgment. While items such as spent dollars and firm commitments
are fixed values, items such as direct labor and equipment may be prone to a high degree of risk.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on profile prepared in WEC (1992). Additional
information was obtained through communications with IT
Corp. in March 1995.
Not a commercial package. Available to private industry through request from DOE
(usually DOE contractors)
W.E. Gallagher/Susan Watson
IT Corp. (formerly PEl Associates Inc.)
4425 West Airport Freeway, Suite 350
Irving, TX 76062
214-570-2000
214-258-0399 (FAX)
Juan Castro
US Department of Energy
202-586-9706
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Monte Carlo
Primavera Systems, Inc.
Public purchase
Project risk analysis and simulation. It is not clear if risks due to environment-related
factors can be considered, or if contingent environmental costs (e.g., liability costs) can
be calculated.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control •
Scope control —
Risk control •
The first release was in 1990. The current release is version 2.0, released in 1993. A
Windows version of the program is expected to be released in the end of 1995/early
1996.
Available
Cross industry. Monte Carlo has - 1000 users (not sites).
The system costs ~ $5,000.
The minimum hardware requirements are an IBM PC (or compatible) with 80386 and
80387, 4 MB RAM (minimum), and DOS 3.1.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered:
Various sizes and complexities
Non quantifiable
Information:
Primavera Project Planner (P3—Project Planner for Windows), Finest Hour, and
SureTrak Project Manager.
Import text files
The Monte Carlo software is for analyzing risk and mitigation measures. It uses the Monte Carlo simulation method
to help quantify the effects of the many variables that can affect the outcomes of a project. It can be linked with
Primavera Project Planner (P3—project planner for Windows) project data to analyze expected dates, costs and
critically develop contingency plans or make go or no-go decisions. Features of Monte Carlo include the following:
• calculation of variables such as expected cost, expected completion date, criticality indices and
confidence intervals
• generation of reports and graphics for schedule, resource, and cost analysis.
• "quickrisk" feature allows assignment of global probability factors to project schedule and cost projections
• "cost time envelope" feature combines possible finish dates with corresponding costs to provide a series
of time/cost end points for the project
• data transfer (expected dates and costs) back to Primavera Project Planner
The system also has many other features such as variable resource availability, user-defined correlations among cost
elements and work efforts, probabilistic resource rates, and others. The reports and graphics for cost analysis
include cost histograms and history graphs, cost probability curves, and cost/performance risk reports.
4-84
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Chapter 4-^Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance — •, ,
-Recycle/waste management —
The system is not designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage, which would typically be the manufacturing
stage of the life cycle.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
It has been designed to consider only conventional costs. The accuracy of estimates if applied to other types of costs
or in estimating liability costs is unclear.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Unlike some other risk assessment tools on the market, Monte Carlo is geared specifically towards uncertainties
associated with project management. It has many additional features such as stochastic analysis of critical activity
paths, resource pools, unit cost tables, and probabilistic and conditional branching rules. The reports and graphics
are also tailored for project managers.
User-support
Telephone hotline support and bulletin board service. A working demonstration disk of Monte Carlo is available.
Limitations
The system has many different features but is also more expensive than many of the basic risk assessment tools that
are available. It does consider all cost categories.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information received from Primavera Systems in
February, 1995.
Primavera Systems Inc.
Two Bala Plaza
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004
610-667-8600
610-667-7894 (FAX)
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Softw.
'are
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost Information:
System requirements:
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Range Estimating (REP)
Decision Sciences Corp. (DSC)
Public purchase
Risk analysis tool. The system can consider conventional,'hidden, and contingent
costs. However, contingent costs do not necessarily include environmental liability
costs, and the accuracy of estimates in that regard has not been determined. These
cost elements can include non-environmental factors as well. There is no specific
guidance provided on how to include or handle environmental cost elements.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control •
Introduced in 1972. The current release of REP is version 4.0, released in 1993.
Available
The program was developed as part of a 7-year research effort, which began in 1968
and covered a broad spectrum of industries. REP has users both in the U.S. and
abroad. It is used by private industry and government agencies. It has been used for a
variety of problems including detailed cost estimating, negotiation, competitive bidding,
project management, engineering design, new product evaluations, and research and
development.
The current REP for PC licensing fee is $1,715.
REP is available for IBM and compatible PCs. Although the system has been used on a
network, it is not designed to be network compatible, and cannot be accessed
concurrently by multiple users.
No limit
Other compatible systems
offered: None
Non quantifiable
information: None
SSita^IUS W V*00' f°K '°^nS-a! •usk.and, sensitivitv of cost estimates. The Monte Carlo Simulation method
requires users to identify probability distribution functions for critical elements as well as parameters such as the
mean and standard deviation. DSC believes this method can be very difficult to use effectively by inexperienced
users. They believe that Range Estimating provides the solution by synergistically combining Monte Carlo simulation
S£M™ nnfvnl?1C~deVel°Pied hf uristics2 to ^^ty and rank ^ks and opportunities for decision making. Range
S5 iS? I ^ * ^ °,,ente;,a range to identify and c'uantify risk. By ranking the input elements, it allows
users to see why a decision's nsk profile looks the way it does. REP can assist users in doing the following.
• analyzing contingency for detailed and conceptual estimates.
™h; tet'f£2?!? °f USing a Prablem-solvina technique in which the most appropriate solution of several found by alternative
sSndcSfie Edition^ 6 *** ** Pr°9ram ** USS'" ** "eXt Step °f the pr0gram (Amerioan Heritage7 Dictionary!
4-86
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
• developing bidding strategies for fixed price and unit price contracts
• performing project selection and ranking between alternatives
• performing strategic and long-range planning
• communicating risks to involved parties . .- ' :
• developing communications between departments and management concerning project viability, estimate
reliability, and project progress ,; «"':
REP can produce five management reports, a modeling report and four technical reports. The reports are simple and
useful for managers (e.g., to estimate contingency, risks associated with each critical element, and the probability of
having a cost overrun).
Life cycle stages
-Raw material acquisition
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
The program is not designed to consider more than one life-cycle stage.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden , - •
-Contingent —
-External —
Any type of positive or negative flow can be analyzed using REP, as long as it can be conceptualized and a
probability distribution can be drawn for it. The user's manual discusses the division of all costs into three different
types- known, known-unknown, and unknown-unknown. The known elements affect the bottom-line in ways that can
be measured The known-unknown comprise those elements that are known to affect the bottom-line in ways that
cannot be measured exactly. These would relate to hidden costs. The unknown-unknown cannot be analyzed, as
there is no known methodology to handle them. Although the user's manual discusses all these cost types, there is
no specific reference to environmental costs, and the importance of including them into analyses. For example, REP
analyzes contingency for detailed and conceptual estimates. These are not necessarily contingent environmental
costs, although environmental variables can be factored as critical elements into the analysis. Also, hidden cost
elements would include environmental costs only at the user's discretion.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation. It is designed to improve on cost estimates by quantifying risk.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) • .
-Payback period — ; *•••,•
-Internal rate of return (IRR) • : >
-Benefits cost ratio — •
-Other — '
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The system does not accept inputs from other software systems, but the manufacturers feel that this increases the
productivity of the system by avoiding iatrogenic (induced by the assessor) risk. This happens because software
systems often move too much, and the wrong data in the transfer process. This,does not involve much extra effort on
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
the part of users because most analyses do not have more than 10 to 20 critical elements. They also believe that the
Monte Carlo method for risk analysis, especially when used on spreadsheets by nonstatisticians, can at times grossly
understate risk. This happens when users identify too many variables in the spreadsheet. REP, on the other hand
uses Pareto's law to highlight elements that are incorrectly defined as critical by users.
User-support
The price of the program includes one copy of the software, user's guide, 90 days telephone support, and 2 years of
program updates free of charge. Decision Sciences also offers a seminar that can be arranged at clients' facility at a
fee of $1,400. No demonstration disks are offered, to protect the trade secret algorithms contained in REP.
Limitations
The program does not run on Windows but can run on any IBM-compatible computer without the need for a math co-
processor or extended memory. DSC does not license its trade-secret heuristics to software developers for
Incorporation Into their programs. Although REP can consider conventional, hidden, and contingent costs, these will
not necessarily include environmental factors. DSC provides no specific references or guidance to users on how to
Include or deal with environmental variables and costs.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information received from Decision Sciences in February 1995.
Decision Sciences Corporation
Box 28848
St. Louis, MO 63123
314-739-2662
314-536-1001 (FAX)
4-88
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toofe
Abbreviated Profiles
Environmental Risk Management Information System (ERMIS) , ...
Woodward Clyde has developed a risk assessment tool for the management of environmental financialrisks. This,
method was initially developed in 1970, and has since been continually refined. ERMIS was developed in conjunction
with a specific project. The software and services for liability costing are available to Woodward Clyde clients.
ERMIS uses a decision analytic approach to quantify environmental impacts, rather than environmental outputs
alone. The purpose of ERMIS is to:
• Identify and describe high priority problems
• Quantify and describe, in financial terms, individual and aggregate environmental risks*
• Summarize risk data by site, medium, and type of problem
Environmental risk quantification is typically established through a team comprised of a decision analyst, an
environmental engineer, and a lawyer. The decision analyst structures the problem set and uses techniques
including event trees, probability distributions, level of confidence calculations, etc. The environmental engineer
estimates the costs and time frames of environmental damage and remediation alternatives. The liability lawyer
estimates the costs and probabilities of compensatory damages, fines, and penalties. The process relies on available
environmental data, and substitutes subjective expert opinions for hard environmental data, when that data is
unavailable.
The environmental data and the probabilistic estimates collected through this process are fed into ERMIS, a relational
database incorporating risk calculating algorithms and allowing flexibility in sorting and reporting. ERMIS calculates
the probability of occurrence and ranks problems. Finally, estimates of the present cost of correction and the future
liability from uncorrected problems are made. The present cost of correction and future liability are compared using
varying timeframes and at varying levels of confidence. This helps in devising strategies and options for risk
reduction. It is important that information derived be unbiased, as the initial data gathered is primarily subjective in
nature.
Woodward Clyde feels that the expertise employed in liability assessment often more crucial that the software. Site
specificity can make it difficult to make generic expert systems for environmental liability costing. This is because
conditions are often unique and future outcomes cannot be determined from precedents.
The cost of the service will be over $25,000 with typical costs being $40,000 - 50,000 (they can be much higher). The
service has primarily been used by large companies.
James. H. Schaarsmith (Managing Director)
Woodward Clyde Risk Management
500 12th Street, Suite 100
Oakland, CA 94607-4014
510-893-3600
510-874-3268 (FAX)
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Remediation Project-Related
Software Systems (Class 4)
Contents
Page
Cost Estimation1 , Scheduling
1. HAZRISK (database and models) 4_91
2. Remedial Action Cost Engineering and Requirements System
(RACER)/ENVEST 4_94
3. Remedial Action Cost Estimating System (RACES) 4.97
RI/FS: Planning and Risk Analysis 4_100
4. RAAS, MEPAS and ReOpt 4_10n
Cost Tracking2 4_103
5. Removal Cost Management System (RCMS) Version 4.2 4-103
PJeasa sea software systems in Class 1 for information on other cost estimating software systems.
2 Please see Items 8-11 In Class 2 for information on cost control / analysis products.
4-90
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Cost Estimation, Scheduling
HAZRISK (database and models)
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Independent Project Analysis, Inc. (IPA, Inc.)
A group of private companies and the U.S. DOE.
A parametric cost estimating tool to provide order-of-magnitude cost estimates for
Environmental Restoration (ER) projects.
Cost control •
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control •
Risk control •
Research study began in 1988. Efforts are being made to expand the program to cover
more projects.
Available to the sponsors of the HAZRISK research program
Purpose and current use: The development of HAZRISK is funded by private chemical and oil companies and the
US Army Corps of Engineers. The purpose is to provide industry and the government
with improved methods of evaluating the cost and schedule risks (order-of-magnitude)
of hazardous waste projects for both the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study
.(Rl/FS) and Remedial Design/Remedial Action (RD/RA) stages of Environmental
Restoration (ER) projects.
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
A software package was developed for the private-sector sponsors and includes the
models and database. The license fee for this program and joining the HAZRISK
research consortium is $35,000.
Models and proprietary database. IBM PC (or compatible) with Windows 3.1. The
software has a worksheet to guide the user and provides results as probability
distributions.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Primarily designed for larger projects.
Other compatible systems
offered System available in different modules.
Nonquantifiable
information
Information not available.
HAZRISK gives users an understanding of the factors driving the cost growth and schedule slippage in ER projects.
The database contains completed assessment and cleanup projects. The following type of information is contained in
the database:
general site information
type of contaminant
estimated and actual schedule
cleanup technologies evaluated and selected
project management information
project funding information
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
• actual costs
• estimated costs
• regulatory and external events
Two types of models were developed and are used in combination to estimate project cost and duration and
uncertainties surrounding the cost/schedule estimates:
• direct cost and schedule estimating models—use parametric techniques for estimation.
• cost contingency allowance—predicts contingency allowance required at alternative levels of risk.
Costs and schedules are systematically linked with project characteristics such as the nature of the site,
contaminant(s), technologies, regulations, etc. The links are forged using parametric statistical techniques such as
correlation and simple and multiple regression.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing —
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden —
—Contingent —
—External —
Method of cost estimation
The database includes historical costs and schedules for completed remedial actions. Data sources included EPA,
DOE, private-sector sponsors, engineering firms, and the Army Corps of Engineers.
The software has a worksheet to guide users. The required inputs are site characteristics, site cleanup history,
cleanup technology, and nature and type of contamination. Parametric statistical techniques are used to establish
links between these factors and cost and schedule.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Ability to include environmental costs
User-friendliness and flexibility
HA2RISK is useful when there are uncertainties in project and technology definition. It gives good early estimates for
cost and schedules, using only a few data inputs. The purpose is to complement and not to replace design-based
approaches. The advantages of the statistical models are that they do not require detailed data; they allow project
risk to be treated and measured explicitly.
User-support
IPA has produced two studies that are available to the HAZRISK sponsors: The HAZRISK Assessment Study and
The HAZRISK Cleanup Study. These describe the methodology and approach used in developing the HAZRISK
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
models. The program sponsors in 1991, and an independent DOE peer-review panel (reviewed it from the point of
view of applicability to DOE) validated the accuracy of the models.
Limitations , ...... ,,,
The assessment cost and schedule data are taken only from the RI/FS phase of an environmental remediation
project. Cost and schedule numbers reflect the costs of remedial construction and treating waste. Long-term
recurring expenses (site maintenance, monitoring) and estimates of hidden or less-tangible costs are not included.
HAZRISK is only available to the research sponsors. '.-.•.••
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in the WEC
(1992). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating updated product information
through telephone communications with IPA in May, 1995.
Independent Project Analysis, Inc. (IPA, Inc.) ,
11150 Sunset Hills Road, Suite 300
Reston, VA 22090.
Dean Findley/Jenny Painter
703-810-1266
703-709-0777
703-709-0838 (FAX)
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Ji-siS^ ReqtfrJmeiirtsJSysiim^ „ _ ~
Prepared by: Delta Research Corporation
Prepared for: U.S. Air Force, Directorate of Construction Cost Management (HQ AFCESA/CESM)
Application: Engineering-based environmental cost estimating system. Estimates costs for studies,
remedial design, remedial action, and related site-work for environmental restoration
projects. The target users are governmental and other remedial action estimators.
RACER estimates capital and O&M costs, contingencies, overhead and profit, and
general indirect costs.
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Cost control
Resource control
Estimating control
Schedule control
Scope control
Risk control
More remedial action models are being added to the program. Version 3.1 is expected
to be released in July, 1995, and will include ordnance remediation, drilling, field
sampling/mobile laboratory, preliminary assessment/site inspection, thermal oxidation,
low level radioactive soil remediation, etc. (96 total).
Available
RACER is in the third year of a continuing development effort. The software was
developed for the U.S. Air Force Civil Engineering Support Agency
(HQAFCESA/CESM) for use in environmental remediation projects beginning during the
Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI) phase and continuing through the
RI/FS, design, and remediation. RACER and its commercial version (ENVEST) have
over 900 trained/registered users in government agencies (including the EPA),
universities, and in private industry. Parties purchasing RACER as government
contractors need to be working on contracts that require remedial cost estimating.
$5,500(11 disks). The approximate cost for a government contractor is $1300. The
price includes software, documentation, system updates for one year, and help-line
support.
• IBM PC 386 with Windows (version 3.0)
• 45 MB hard disk
• 4 MB RAM
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered
Nonquantifiable
Information
Designed for medium—large sized projects.
The program is modular in design (and includes different models).
Information not available.
RACER was developed with the following objectives:
• budget preparation and cost comparison for treatment alternatives during the entire project execution.
• cost estimation and management
• collection and distribution of historical cost data and technical information
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
The RACER WBS is divided into five primary elements: PA/S1, RI/FS, RD, RA, and O&M. ,
Life-cycle stages covered t
—Raw materials acquisition — : ., .:•'.- •- > .^ it>
—Manufacturing , —
—Use/reuse/maintenance — ;
—Recycle/waste management • •'
The system is not meant for estimating costs of the entire life-cycle. The objective is to estimate remediation costs.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional • •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
RACER estimates capital and operating and maintenance costs for remedial action treatment technologies. The cost
categories that can be specified include equipment costs, material, and labor. It also estimates costs of studies,
remedial design, and site-work and utilities. Contingency costs are estimated, but these do not include environmental
liability costs. Users could detail additional costs by creating their own estimate (defining WBS levels). However,
additional cost categories cannot be created, and any such cost and quantity estimates would have to be developed
by users themselves. Lump-sum estimates of these costs can be included.
Method of cost estimation
RACER is a parametric cost estimating system, Which requires users to enter a minimal amount of information to
generate estimates. The estimates reflect the engineering design of the process in question, rather than relying on
historical cost data alone.' The required parameters that users need to supply are project specific. The secondary
parameters determined by the model, can be overridden by the estimator. RACER will supply default quantities
based on similar project case histories and engineering assumptions. The predefined engineering relationships link
the primary parameters with detailed engineering quantities. Finally, the quantities are priced using the cost
databases. Assembly defaultlvalues (quantity, unit costs, safety level) can also be changed by users. Cost data for
RACER is derived primarily from the Army Corps of Engineers Unit Price Book, which is supplemented from other
similar databases. In the last step, RACER provides estimates of Sampling and Analysis, RA professional labor,
contractor general conditions, contractor overhead and profit, and Remedial Design. Multiple design options can be
estimated to find the most cost effective solution.
RACER contains two study models (RCRA and CERCLA), a remedial design model, two project control models, fifty-
five remedial action models, and thirty-six site work/utilities models. RACER cost estimates are location-specific and
include contractor general conditions, overhead, profit, and escalation. RACER contains models to estimate low-level
radioactive waste cleanup costs, but not for estimating mixed waste cleanups.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) — ,
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (I RR) — ;, < :
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
RACER version 3.2 will include present worth calculations.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Ability to include environmental costs
User-friendliness and flexibility
RACER allows users to modify any parameter or quantity within the system, including the default quantities and unit
costs. System assumptions can also be analyzed and modified. Based on the information available, RACER can be
used to prepare preliminary or final estimates. RACER estimates are more accurate than order-of-magnitude
estimates, because they are based on engineering design and current cost data. The RACER cost models were
derived using information from previous projects, government laboratories, construction management agencies,
vendors, contractors, and engineering analysis. RACER system models use the Interagency Cost Estimating Group
(ICEG) Code of Accounts.
RACER has interface options with other software packages, special reporting capabilities. The WBS can also be
customized (to a limited extent) by users. Delta Research also provides options for customizing RACER, including
adding technology models, expanding current models, adding system features, different model defaults, and links to
software. In the next phase, Delta plans to enhance the user-defined model and templates to make the system more
flexible, and to add present worth analysis capabilities.
User-support
There is an on-line help option that features graphical displays of (most) process designs. System training is offered
at the training center in Florida and sometimes, at off-site locations. The class size is preferred to be between 5 and
15 individuals. In the commercial version of RACER (ENVEST), limited time program evaluations (15-20 days) are
available.
Limitations
The RACER models and cost databases are limited to estimating conventional and operating and maintenance
(hidden) costs. Other hidden, contingent, and less tangible costs are not estimated, but can be entered by users as a
percentage of the total costs. Users could include their own estimates of these costs through the user-defined model.
However, additional cost categories cannot be created. That is, users cannot have an additional category that details
less-tangible or regulatory costs associated with various treatment technologies. RACER does not allow users to
make changes in existing cost models (i.e., add their own algorithms).
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The profile presented here is based on product information provided by Delta Research
Corporation in April, 1995.
The commercial version of RACER is called ENVEST and is marketed by the Delta
Technologies Group.
Delta Research Corporation
1501 Merchants Way
Niceville, Florida 32578
Engineering questions:
Michael Reid
Software:
Bob Smith
Special requirements:
Scott Henson ',
Cost estimating support:
Michael Edgar
Customized RACER:
Dan Murphy
904-897-5380 , *
4.96
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Remedial Action Cost Estimating System (RACES)
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development/publication
date and updates:
International Technology Corporation (IT Corp.)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ' • «.
National Risk Management Research Laboratory (previously Risk Reduction L
Engineering Laboratory)
Engineering-based, order-of-magnitude, cost estimating system for hazardous waste
remediation.
Cost control •
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —> ' '
Scope control •
Risk control •
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
A "beta-version" of the RACES software was produced. This has a fully-functional user-
interface and a control technology estimation module for final covers.3
Beta version available
Engineering-based cost estimating tool for hazardous waste remediation. The tool
would have allowed users to build on engineering design and parameters (which other
tools such as CORA did not do). The system was to be built in the context of the Army
Corps of Engineers WBS and scheme to make RACES a front-end to MCASES. The
preliminary estimate would be built in RACES, and the details would be built in
MCASES (as remediation was not the main objective of MCASES). The development
of RACES stopped before a complete version was built.
Not applicable
Several cost estimation models. System requirements:
• IBM PC/XT or PS/2
• 1 MB of hard disk storage
•640KRAM
• MS/PC DOS 2.0 or higher
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
N/A. The development of the software system was not completed.
Other compatible systems
offered N/A. The development of the software system was not completed.
Nonquantifiable
information
N/A. The development of the software system was not completed.
RACES was designed to include technologies/activities (called system modules) that can be used in Superfund site
remediation. These were to include control technologies, treatment technologies, and general site work and site
improvement technologies. Each technology/activity was to have a cost-estimating model. The system was intended
as an interactive system for potential uses such as for developing scoping or budget estimates for planning purposes,
3 A final cover is defined as a system constructed of natural and/or synthetic materials designed to prevent or minimize infiltration of
surface water into a waste and subsequent generation of a leachate at hazardous waste sites. Secondary functions are to
provide a surface that would allow revegetation, reduce wind and/or water erosion, and control odors and gases. Owners or
operators of hazardous waste landfills permitted under RCRA must meet closure requirements specified under 40 CFR 264.310
that address design of these covers.
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comparing costs of alternative remediation technologies, calculating site-specific cleanup costs, checking cost
estimates prepared by others, and conducting present-worth analyses.
Operation of RACES was designed to include three steps. First, general information about the site is entered,
followed by module selection, and finally data entry. The first two steps are repeated as often as necessary. Each
module would contain information on technologies (definition), module operation/input definition, output report, and
bibliography.
A prototype of the system and one cost-estimating module have been developed, which includes details about ten
technologies.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing —
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
The maintenance database would consider use of materials. In general, the system estimates costs of equipment
and technologies for remedial/clean-up activities.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
The system only considers equipment costs and hidden costs associated with maintenance.
Method of cost estimation
The system uses a line-item approach for costing and relies on unit cost, cost estimating relationship (CER), and
operations and maintenance item databases. RACES would use a database, and users could tailoring input data to
the specific technical requirements of the specific site. Default values could be used to get "ballpark" estimates. Use
of RACES would be most effective in the later stages of a project, such as the design stage, when detailed data
would be available. The unit cost data would be from the RS Means company, but RACES was being modified to be
compatible with the MCACESAJPB cost system. RACES' treatment technology costs are derived from CER curves.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Ability to include environmental costs
User-friendliness and flexibility
The tool was not fully developed, which would make it difficult to judge these attributes.
User-support
The National Risk Management Research Laboratory also oversees the "Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) Program." The SITE program conducts full scale demonstrations of innovative remediation
technologies to collect cost and engineering data. They would have been in a good position to provide current and
historical information on technology costs in RACES models.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Took
Limitations
The level of detail required for estimates makes it more suitable for later stages of the design process. The
development of RACES has completely stopped, and it is unlikely that the work will be resumed.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool prepared in WEC (1992).
Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating updated product information from
reports and through telephone communications with the National Risk Management
Research Laboratory April, 1995,
the development of RACES is no longer an active project because of funding
constraints. The beta version of the software is available for review from the project
manager. Information about RACES:
Gordon M. Evans, Economist
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
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RI/FS: Planning and Risk Analysis
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Department of Energy (DOE)
To assist professionals at each stage in the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study
(RI/FS) process.
Cost control •
Resource control —:
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control •
Risk control •
Latest versions (version 1 of RAAS) available in April 1995.
Available
ReOpt and MEPAS have been available as stand-alone applications and are already in
use in the DOE, EPA, and industry. RAAS has not yet been released.
The total cost of ReOpt (for Federal contracts) obtained through the DOE's Energy
Science and Technology Software Center (ESTC) is approximately $600. Commercial
versions of ReOpt may be obtained through Battelle. Cost estimates for commercial
versions are not available.
System requirements for RAAS:
• IBM-compatible (386) computer
• 8 MB RAM
• 20 MB available hard disk storage space
• 31/2 inch high-density disk drive
• Windows 3.1
• VGA monitor, and mouse.
ReOpt is available for both Macintosh and Microsoft windows platforms.
MEPAS can run on IBM-compatible systems with 640 K RAM, 20 MB hard disk, and a
132 line printer.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Information not available
Other compatible systems
offered ReOpt and MEPAS
Nonquantiflable
information
Decisions are made using both quantitative and qualitative data. For example, users
can identify and document facts, assumptions, and operating constraints. Information
on any separate note-writing capability is not available.
Remedial Action Assessment System (RAAS), MEPAS (Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System)
and Remedial Options (ReOpt) are designed to assist professionals at each stage in the Remedial
Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) process. The development of RAAS began in 1985 and is expected to be
completed In April 1995. The RAAS software system will include the following:
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
1. ReOpt, an electronic encyclopedia that provides detailed information about contaminants, mediums, and
environmental remediation technologies.
2. MEPAS, a physics-based risk computational model.,,,
3. A site description module that helps users quantify site data and define cleanup strategies, constraints,
and assumptions. • •
4. A report writing feature that allows users to document information.
5. Simulations of over 100 state-of -the-art technologies.
6. Information on hundreds of contaminants.
RAAS is designed to help users understand what, how, why, and when environmental remediation alternative can
effectively solve site-specific problems. RAAS assists in users in the following:
1. Analysis of preliminary data (prior to availability of actual site data) and identification of other data
required. Also helps users identify and document facts, assumptions, and operating constraints.
2. Estimation of baseline risk through user-specified data in MEPAS portion 2. Detailed user-specified
information is used for creating holistic cleanup alternatives (though ReOpt).
3. Identification of feasible remediation options and comparison of performance of preliminary alternatives
can be made using criteria such as cost, residual contaminant concentrations and volume, toxicity and
mobility reauction. Defining remedial options consists of linking feasible technologies to find combinations
that will meet objectives. . . , .
4. Evaluation of complete remediation alternatives
Users supply RAAS with site-specific data, operating assumptions, and cleanup objectives. These are further refined
through a series of questions presented by RAAS. A short list of clean-up alternatives is given to users (based on
one or more environmental remediation technologies), which users can analyze in depth. RAAS allows users to
analyze various alternative scenarios and helps them decide which technology (or combination of technologies) will
be most effective in site cleanup.
ReOpt, a component of RAAS, is like an electronic database of information on remedial action technologies with
auxiliary data on contaminants and regulations. -It assists users in identifying potentially appropriate alternatives.
ReOpt includes references to, previous applications of remediation technologies and has as many as 500
bibliographic references for follow-up research.
MEPAS (Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System) is a human health risk model. MEPAS is a menu-
run program and an enhancement of the Remedial Action Priority System (RAPS). It can be used at both active and
inactive chemical and radioactive mixed-waste disposal sites. Within the RAAS methodology, MEPAS is used to
estimate baseline and residual risk to potential on-site or off-site receptors associated with a hazardous and
radioactively contaminated site. As a stand-alone application, it can estimate total population exposures associated
with a contaminated site. MEPAS computes risk using empirical, analytical, and semi-analytical mathematical
algorithms and methods specified in EPA risk assessment guidance.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage — .. . •
-Use/reuse/maintenance — .
-Recycle/waste management •
RAAS looks at remediation effects on-site and after the contaminants are removed off-site (ex situ technology
module). It'does not consider how the contaminants were generated in the first place.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional • ,
-Potentially hidden — • • ,
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-Contingent —
-External —
Costs are calculated based on algorithms associated with each remedial technology. RAAS does not use cost alone
to evaluate alternatives. Thus, data on risk and effectiveness, for instance, are not converted into costs. The system
mainly considers direct costs of particular remediation alternatives.
Method of cost estimation
Remedial alternative cost is estimated by combining RAAS methodology estimated parameters such as treated
volumes, treatment times, and other appropriate factors with corresponding cost factors. Such cost and technology
data are Included as part of the individual technology modules in RAAS to support these alternative comparisons.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (N PV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
RAAS has a graphical user interface that makes information easier to understand and use. It may be possible for a
company to use MEPAS and ReOpt to estimate risks and liability costs of on-going projects, using hypothetical
scenarios. ReOpt, for instance, contains data on regulations and technology requirements for remediation. However,
these tools were not developed with that objective in mind.
User support
Though an annual maintenance contract, ReOpt is updated and redistributed every six months to reflect regulatory
and technological changes.
Limitations
RAAS is not a tool to help users avoid generation of wastes or in waste management. It is designed primarily for
problem solving. In the end the decisions between alternatives are not based on one number, rather a list of
parameters that users can inspect to make their decisions. It is limited to remediation.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with Janet Bryant (Battelle) and information
package received in January 1995.
Commercially available
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Battelle Boulevard
PO. Box 999
Richland.WA 99352
Janet L. Bryant
Senior Research Editor
RAAS Technology Transfer and User Training
509-375-3765
509-375-6417 (FAX)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Cost Tracking
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
"Removal Cost Management System (ROMS) Version 4.2 v * '/
Roy F. Weston Inc.
USEPA Emergency Response Division
Cost accounting tool for Superfund sites. The system is designed to record
conventional and hidden cost information for projects at Superfund sites. Contingent
and less-tangible costs cannot be'estimated. The system does not facilitate project
scheduling nor does it allow project definition using a WBS. However, site costs can be
estimated using historical and rate data. Archived cost information can be used to
compare projected site costs with existing site costs. Archived information is not
factored in only for on-going projections. The system functions more as a passive cost
control system, through recording and monitoring of real time costs.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control •
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Developed - 1986. Updated periodically, latest version is 4.2.
Available
Developed by Roy F. Weston Inc., for the USEPA, as a cost management tool for
Federal On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs). It is designed for government and contractor
sites.
Available free of charge
Runs on a standard IBM PC and requires 640 K RAM with 560 K free. A rates disk
(personnel and equipment cost information) for a site is required to run cost tracking.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
The system could possibly support any project size. Incorporation of project
complexities could be limited. The system is specifically designed to handle projects at
Superfund sites. *
The system has four modules: cost tracking, cost projection, invoice certification, and
site summary. The cost tracking module can be used alone. The other modules require
input from the cost tracking module to run.
There is a general comments submenu item in the 1900-55 menu item in cost tracking
that can be used for writing memos pertaining to the site. Comments on personnel,
equipment, and other field items can also be entered.
The system is used to track costs on a real-time basis while on-site and minimize unnecessary expenditures. Users
track costs by entering known data inputs. RCMS comprises four modules:
1. Cost tracking: an accounting system to track personnel, equipment, and other direct costs.
2. Cost projection: an estimating system to project future costs based on information entered in cost tracking.
3. Invoice certification: for verification of contractor invoices
Other compatible systems
offered:
Nonquantifiable
information:
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
4. Site summary: for preparing contractor and USEPA/TAT reports using archived information.
Users begin by adding a contractor or a government site, along with corresponding rate and related information for
personnel, equipment, and other field costs. Rate information will appear automatically, if present in the rates disk, or
etee users have to enter it themselves. The cost tracking module uses cost codes and task codes. Cost codes show
the cost types for each activity performed on-site and only appear in the "other costs" area. Task codes are defined
by operation.
The transfer option allows the day's transactions to be transferred to another computer. Daily cost summaries under
the three predefined categories (personnel, equipment, other) can be generated. Items that are first purchased need
to be entered in the inventory status and do not appear in the daily report unless they are used. There are predefined
reports In cost tracking, including 1900-55 Form, contractor cost log (site costs summary), and preview reports. The
site summary module allows users various options to select categories and items for reporting purposes. For
example, personnel summaries can be generated by category, individual, by task, etc. The invoicing module is
designed for certifying contractor invoices by using archived information.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management • •
The system is primarily designed to monitor remediation jobs. Since costs are monitored on a real-time basis,
use/reuse and maintenance are taken into account. For example, health and safety costs and materials and supplies
are accounted for. Equipment costs are tracked in monthly cycles.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent •
-External —
ROMS is designed primarily to include information on conventional costs including labor, material, and equipment.
Since the system is designed for remediation work, these costs will include some upfront hidden costs such as site
preparation, engineering, and procurement, etc. There are pre-existing task codes for activities such as sampling,
disposal, health and safety, and others. The first-level task codes cannot be chosen by users: they can only further
define the task codes through a second-level code. The cost codes have to be used to enter cost information for
these different tasks. Costs information is entered using the unit cost method. If the correct units are chosen, it may
be possible to enter information on some other hidden costs as well. There is no framework to enter information on
all contingent or external costs, unless they can in some way be linked with a suitable cost driver. However, the
complexity of these costs may make this difficult. The cost projection module allows users to enter a percentage
figure for site and contractor contingency. These figures are input by users and may or may not include contingent
environmental costs. The system does not assist in the choice of these figures. Contingent costs cannot be broken
down. Additionally, users tfave to choose from a list of pre-defined units (they cannot choose any unit). In any case,
separate categories cannot be defined for these costs. Fields cannot be changed, and costs have to be detailed in
predefined formats.
Method of cost estimation
The ROMS cost projection module estimates future site costs for both initial and on-going site efforts by using
contractor and government rate information and historical cost data from the cost tracking module. The initial
projection will use only the rate information and is primarily intended for estimating costs of a new site start-up.
Archived site cost information can be used for comparison purposes. Projected costs for on-going sites are
calculated using rates and archived information. The projection separates the contractor from government expenses.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
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Chapter 4-^-Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Took
-Internal rate of return (IRR)
-Benefits cost ratio
-Other
Ability to include environmental costs ,
User friendliness and flexibility t
The system is menu driven apd methods of data entry are similar from one menu to another. There is an on-line help
function. Cost tracking personnel, equipment, and other field cost entries can be marked as disputed and further
flagged in the site summary and invoice modules.
User support
There is an RCMS support hotline to assist with user queries and problems. , ;
Limitations
Users need to be familiar with DOS commands and coding used throughout the system. The system does not have
the Windows structure and has no mouse support. Installation of RCMS can at times present problems. Initial site
information (name, location, number, etc.) cannot be changed once it is entered. The system uses traditional
methods of accounting and does not encourage users to break down activities to a significant level.
Users cannot add additional fields, and costs have to be detailed in predefined formats. Contingent and less-tangible
costs cannot be estimated or detailed. A percentage figure for contingency can be factored in cost projections, and
this may or may not include contingent environmental costs. The system is specifically designed for
government/contractor operations at Superfund sites. It may not be suitable for use in unrelated projects or by private
companies RCMS functions more as a passive cost control device and does not have functions that facilitate cost
minimization That is, it does not function to evaluate different scenarios and choices through viewing the effects on
total costs. It can only indirectly foster cost control by providing better cost records and by estimating site costs. It is
not meant for life-cycle cost estimation.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on information from RCMS version 4.2 user's guide.
Available to private and government agencies upon request to USEPA Emergency
Response division.
USEPA Emergency Response Division
Washington, DC 20460
BobCibulskis ,
USEPA/ERT, M/S 101
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837 ,
908-321-6746 . .
Melissa Bryant, R.O.W Sciences
(RCMS Support Line)
800-999-6990
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Environmental Management and
Regulatory Compliance Software
Systems (Class 5)
Contents
Page
Facility Management and Environmental Health and Safety 4-108
1. AWARE 4.108
2. DataPipe 4-111
3. Environmental Management System (EMS) 4-115
4. Facility Tracking System (FacTS) 4-119
5. FLOW GEMINI Information System—EIS, OHIS 4-122
6. TINIA 4-125
Waste Management and Tracking 4-123
7. Cradle to Grave Version 2.0 (Terralink Product Series) 4-128
8. Docuwaste for Hazardous Waste and other CHEMTOX systems 4-131
9. ENFLEXData 4-135
10. G2 Realtime Expert System, GDAand Neur-on-line 4-139
11. Gentrax, and other Wixel products 4-143
12. HAZE 4,147
13. HAZMIN, and other LOGICAL products 4-151
14. Material Inventory Report System 4-155
4For information on other environmental software that is not included in this guide, see G. Rich. 1995 "Software Selection"
Pollution Engineering January:31 -41. 708-390-2614. For further contact information of suppliers listed in the article, call the
Inquiries department at 800-828-6347.
Also ssa page 4-168 (abbreviated profiles) for information on ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE LIBRARY (86-92), 1993, and
1994. These are relational databases of all environmental software reviewed and summarized in Pollution Engineering starting
In 1986. They are available through Environmental Software and Systems, Inc. (419-353-8540)
4-106
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Chapter 4—Completeand Abbreviated Profiles of,Software Systems andToois,
15. PlantWare. 4'158
16. WASTE DB ™, and Other Envirogenics Products ..........;.............,. 4-161
17. Waste Trail and other Corbus Systems ••••--, 4-164
Abbreviated Profiles ......:.:................' '..........£! :...i;......L 4-168
18. Software from Environmental Software and Systems Inc. .• 4-168
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Facility Management and Environmental Health and Safety
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost Information:
System requirements:
. AWARE _ _ _ ~ A
RECRA Environmental Inc. (Chemical and Environmental Analysis Services)
Public purchase
Environmental management—tracking and reporting. The system can track all
conventional and hidden costs associated with environmental management in a facility.
However, additional fields can only be added through RECRA. There are no fields for
estimating or including information on less tangible or contingent costs. The system has
a separate module that can be used to detail strategies on waste minimization projects
which can further be tracked and analyzed using the system. However, there is no
framework for project planning or option generation in the system. There is no feature
for maintaining historical cost records.
'Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Developed - 1989. There is a general release every 1 to 1.5 years. Version 2.5 was
released in November, 1994.
Available
The system is designed for cross-industry applications because it can handle all
hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. Currently, the primary users are manufacturing
companies. The system currently has about six users. However, this does not include
out-sourcing. With this option, RECRA uses the AWARE system on a network (with the
appropriate security) to maintain and handle data from different clients internally.
The base price for the multiple-user license is -$25,000. The maintenance fee of
$1,250 includes free updates and support line. The price is an approximate figure
based on conversation with RECRA representative in April 1995.
AWARE can run on a 80386 IBM-compatible computer with DOS 5.0 (or greater) and
with a minimum memory of 640 K. The software includes Harvard Presentation
Graphics, R&R Report Writer runtime, and Foxpro runtime. It can be run on a PC or on
a network.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Not applicable; the system is not primarily designed for project management. It is
meant to manage and control areas of regular company activities. The waste
minimization projects that are entered basically detail strategies that can be monitored
using the system. Currently, users may not be able to size the system as required
through purchase, but they can through the out-sourcing option.
Other compatible systems
offered: System is modular in format
NonquantiHable
Information:
The module for waste minimization allows unlimited free-form text.
4-108
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toots
AWARE is marketed for use in private industry and by government facilities for meeting their environmental objectives
including waste minimization, toxics use reduction, and pollution prevention. The system comprises a series of
modules that allow users to document, track, and account for raw material consumption (including energy) and total
waste generation as a function of products produced. AWARE interfaces a database of waste characteristics with
users' existing raw material and production data (can share data with existing system). Since AWARE can calculate
loadings of individual components, users can track and account for where every targeted chemical originates and
exists in the operation. The AWARE modules are as follows: - .. . ; ,.
• waste directory: profiles waste materials and documents waste management practices
• waste tracking: produces a daily generation and movement of all wastes, including constituents and
costs ' . , . ,
• waste accounting: summarizes waste generation and handling over a specified period
• raw materials/product directory: supplements existing manufacturing data systems and defines,
standardizes, and tracks the raw material usage through production
• waste minimization: allows the documentation and tracking of all pollution prevention opportunity
assessments, source reduction codes, and strategies
Various reporting requirements of Federal and State regulatory agencies can be met using the system. It includes
waste minimization and pollution prevention reporting capabilities (under EPA guidelines), which allow users to relate
chemical releases to production activity, raw material usage, and costs. The waste minimization module does not
allow users to actually plan projects or interactively facilitate decision-making. -.It provides a framework to include
information on these projects, which can further be analyzed as it progresses using the data gathered in the AWARE
system. Each project can be assigned a separate space in the module. Trend charts and other graphics can be
utilized to analyze changes in quantities and costs over time. , •
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage • -.--.,. :
-Use/reuse/maintenance . • ,
-Recycle/waste management • ,
The life-cycle stages covered by the software may vary by module. Most of the modules cover the waste
management stage of the life cycle. The raw materials/product directory tracks raw material usage through
production. A product-tracking module tracks the movement of products in a facility. All the constituents that make
up raw materials and wastes are tracked. This is a unique feature of AWARE. A GIS system uses AWARE data to
compute material mass balances, An important feature of AWARE is that chemical releases can be linked to raw
material usage, costs, and production activity. That is, actual quantities of waste can be linked to quantities of raw
materials used or products. This can be accomplished for all waste products, including scrap. However, no
sensitivity analysis can be done to model changes in waste quantities and costs as a function of source reduction.
However, these life-cycle stages are not necessarily covered in the case of each individual chemical, material, or
product. For example, if a chemical is not manufactured in the facility, only use and waste disposal stages (for that
chemical) would be considered. Also, the products manufactured in the manufacturing stage are not covered in all
their life-cycle stages either. The life-cycle stages are not kept distinct within the system. . . : ' -
Type of costs considered
-Conventional , • , ; ,
-Potentially hidden • ...-,..•
-Contingent — , - ..•„ ••' •
-External —
Users can account for the quantities and costs associated with managing all documented waste. The system also
allows users to allocate costs back to the department or source responsible for waste generation. AWARE can
represent costing trends for corporations, plants, departments, operations, waste materials, and chemical
constituents. It can also manage and track production data including profit and revenue per unit (not calculated). All
management costs including, storage, labor, equipment, capital costs, transportation, and others are covered.
AWARE considers only conventional costs and hidden costs associated with waste management. It does not attempt
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
to put a dollar value on contingent or.external costs. Additional fields to cover these costs can be included only by
customizing the system through RECRA.
Thus, the full costs of using a material or product in a facility, including all but two of these cost categories can be
estimated using AWARE. However, the costs that are entered cannot be collated to form a historical cost library.
This would be useful in estimating costs in projects that propose to use those raw materials or for estimating actual
savings or waste minimization that could result through source reduction or process changes.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
AWARE generates reports to suit both the technical and nontechnical audience. It is designed so that it can be used
with ease by an inexperienced computer user. Users can add to some information in the system such as the
chemical database, but no user-defined fields can be added.
User support
RECRA offers a number of services to AWARE users including waste characterization, in-plant data collection as an
Input to AWARE, systems integration services, pollution prevention consulting, and personalized training programs.
Remote demonstrations of the software are provided by RECRA (with enabling software also provided).
Limitations
User-defined fields cannot be added in the system. Contingent and less tangible costs cannot be estimated or
detailed. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost records, as related to different activities, quantities, and
types of materials managed. The system cannot integrate with company accounting systems. This can result in
these costs being managed separately, rather than being integrated with other company costs. The system has a
module for waste minimization project monitoring. However, it cannot assist as an interactive decision-making or
project planning tool. Although the system is primarily designed to facilitate compliance, there is an effort to include
cost management as part of the system. If this area is further developed to provide information for capital budgeting
(for Instance using historical cost trends), pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives would be
encouraged as a result of more complete cost information.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with RECRA representative and information
brochure received in February 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
RECRA Environmental Inc.
Audobon Business Center
10 Hazelwood Dr.
Amherst, NY 14228-2298 , ...
Lori A. Gasiecki (AWARE support specialist)
716-691-2600
800-52-RECRA
4-110
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems ana1 Tbofe
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
-v, ~f 4-5 * VSf.,'1' * ° ««« •? y^^i™.*-*-* - * v-. v-c t^ -n^ ™ wo™
"„„<,«;,. .. ^ 'DataPJpe ^ „ ,, v
Knorr Associates
Public purchase
• • - • ' • . •<-; • •,?}" •• .•:
Environmental health and safety (EHS) and environmental software. As yet, the system
has no components for project management. Some cost fields exist, but cost control
and management is not a primary function of the software. There is no feature for
maintaining historical cost records. Customization of the system can be accomplished
only through the vendor. -•
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Introduced ~ 1989, periodic updates. There is no specific version number as different
modules are updated, as required, at different time periods.
Available
Purpose and current use: The software is designed to be suitable for a wide range of companies. The clientele for
the product are primarily manufacturing companies and utilities.
Cost information:
System requirements:
The single user price for the core module is $1,995 and additional modules range from
$1,000 to $5,000 (some are more expensive). The system can be used in a multiuser
environment, where each additional user (in increments of 5) adds 10% to the price.
Prices are approximate values based on telephone communication with Knorr
representative in March 1995.
PC-compatible computers using DOS and MS Windows. Minimum requirements:
• PC 386
« 4 MB of RAM
• 10 MB free space on the hard disk (for initial data storage) is recommended.
The requirements vary depending on how the system is used. The system can be used
on a LAN or a WAN. Supported networks include Novell, Vines, 3Com, IBM Token
Ring, and LAN Manager (any Windows-compatible LAN should work).
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. It is meant to
manage and control aspects of regular company activities. The modular design will
probably support operations of different sizes and requirements. Data from different
modules can be used together. The system allows users any type of customization for
reporting requirements. Different methods are available for searching records, and
databases are pre-indexed for speed and cross-referencing. However, there are no
user-defined fields, which can limit incorporation of unique requirements and
complexities.
Other compatible systems
offered:
System is offered in different modules that allow users to build a system that suits their
requirements.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Nonquantifiable
Information:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. Most DataPipe
forms have one or more 'notes' fields that can hold free form text. The current limit on
one such field in a record is 4,000 characters.
DataPipe has been designed to collect, integrate, recall, report, and analyze information on health, safety, and
environmental issues that face a company. It has environmental, safety and industrial health, and medical modules.
The areas covered by all the modules include the following:
• solid waste, hazardous materials and waste, storm water and runoff, wastewater, groundwater,
pretreatment, asbestos, and emissions management
• permit tracking, source inventory, MSDS and right to know management, health and safety management,
and training
• TSCA, Clean Air Act, and other State and Federal regulations
• cost management
• reporting—including SARA, NPDES, and Form R
The environmental modules include those for chemical inventory and agent mass balance, MSDS, training, spill
calculator, NPDES and emissions, waste manifests and PCBs, and waste treatment and minimization. The safety
and industrial hygiene modules include those for agent mass balance, agent use, cause codes, incidents, MSDS
ingredients, occupational injury and illness, radiation sources, work history, and training. The medical modules
Include (among others) the injury and illness module, worker's compensation module, blood and urinalysis module,
audiometrics module, and physical exam and physical history modules.
The software includes forms where information can be entered, edited, or displayed. The specific fields and the type
of Information that users can enter (e.g., text, numeric, dates) will vary according to the form. DataPipe can store and
search free-form text and can store images. Thus items such as photographs, facility maps, copies of permits, and
MSDS sheets can be stored as images along with text and numeric data.
DataPipe has three report writers, two of which are included in the standard system. The first allows users to quickly
design reports by selecting fields to print their order, selection criteria, etc. The second system is optional and allows
users to draw report layouts on a form, pasting database fields as they want them to appear. The third and most
sophisticated report writer allows any combination of any portion of data from DataPipe. Users have access to the
database programming language, which allows them to prepare custom reports. The system includes common
reports associated with each type of information.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage — . .
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management • .
Life-cycle stages covered may vary by module. All the modules would not cover these life-cycle stages, nor would
they do so for all materials and products. The life-cycle stages are not kept distinct within the system. The use/reuse
stage would be considered only within the confines of a facility. Materials and wastes may be tracked; however, all
costs associated with this may not be recorded (or estimated). The chemical inventory module, for instance, tracks
where (facility, department, area of building), and in what quantities, an agent is used. The waste TSD module can
identify the sources of waste production within a facility. The container mass balance module tracks the movement of
containers to and from spaces and the addition and removal of agents between containers. However, these life-cycle
stages are not necessarily covered in the case of each individual chemical, material, or product. For example, if a
chemical is not manufactured in the facility, only use and waste disposal stages (for that chemical) would be
considered. It may not be possible to link the different life-cycle stages. That is, a no quantitative relationship can be
made between the quantities and types of material used or type of production process and wastes generated. Thus,
users cannot simulate changes in waste quantities and costs as a result of process changes or source reduction.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
4-112
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toofe
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External = —
All costs are not covered. For instance conventional costs will include items such as worker's compensation and
costs of clinic visits. Hidden costs will include items such as costs of waste treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD).
All operating and labor costs associated with environmental and health and safety management are not recorded.
Users cannot themselves add additional fields to include costs that are not covered in the modules. External or
contingent costs that may be involved in the various life-cycle stages cannot be estimated or entered.
Thus, the full costs of using a material or product in a facility, including all these cost categories, cannot be estimated.
Also, all conventional and hidden costs are not tracked and entered into the system. The costs that are entered
cannot be collated to form a historical cost library. This feature could encourage companies to take some hidden
costs into account in capital budgeting or project management. For example, the chemical inventory module could
have an additional feature to record costs associated with using an agent in different areas (facility, department, area
of building), quantities, and costs incurred as a result of safety management, storage, etc. This could be useful in a
project that proposes to use that agent for estimating the actual costs involved.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation. ,
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period — • . •
-Internal rate of return (I RR) — , •
-Benefits cost ratio — .
-Other —
There are no financial functions within DataPipe. However, users can set up a Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) within
Windows, to send data to other applications that perform these financial functions.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
DataPipe has a graphical user interface, and most operations for performing particular tasks have been standardized
to be identical in all modules. The system has import and export capabilities that make it possible to connect it with
other computers (e.g., a corporate mainframe or an analytical lab) for exchanging information. DataPipe supports
about a dozen different common formats, including delimited ASCII spreadsheet and dBase. Data can also be
imported from instruments that either have an RS-232 interface, or can write to a PC-compatible floppy disk. The
system has record locking and other features for multi-user security. The security tables can limit the menus and
menu items, including forms, that users can select.
Each DataPipe database has preset indexes for speed and cross-referencing. All DataPipe fields (except images)
can be searched, whether or not they are indexed. This can be done by setting low and high limits on numeric, date
and time fields, text fields forusing words or parts of'words, or words that sound like the one being searched.
Although this system is not designed for project management, it does help companies maintain better information and
control over environmental management. Companies may avert some contingent costs and less-tangible costs by
using software systems such as these, but the costs and benefits cannot be quantified.
User support
The basic single-user system includes personnel, security, two report writers, menu management, and other common
parts. It includes one year of free support, including technical assistance, maintenance, and upgrades. The network
system has an additional pen-user license fee (cost depends on type of network—e.g., LAN/WAN). Annual support
costs 12% of the current system cost per year. Services for custom development and modification of modules and
training are provided at different negotiated rates. DataPipe supplies demonstration disks that explain the capabilities
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
of the system and allow users to look at sample screens and displays. On-site demonstrations of the system can also
be arranged.
Limitations
The fields in the various DataPipe forms are pre-defined and cannot be changed by users, and no additional fields
may be added (unless users specifically request the manufacturer to modify the forms). DataPipe does not have
features or existing fields for estimating, or including detailed information on all cost categories. External or social
impacts are not quantified or considered.
Modules in DataPipe will consider a variety of different costs. However, users cannot detail these costs. The system
has no feature for maintaining historical cost records, as related to quantities and types of materials managed or
operations related to environmental management. The system cannot integrate with company accounting systems,
which can result in managing these environmental costs separately, rather than integrating them with other company
costs. The system is not designed for, and has no modules for, project management. Like most other environmental
management software tools, the primary objective is to facilitate compliance, not to manage and minimize costs.
However, if this area were developed, pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives and projects would be
encouraged as a result of better cost information.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication and information package from Knorr received
March 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
Knorr Associates
10 Park Place, PO Box 218
Butler, NJ 07405-0218
Pete Singer (Senior Analyst)
201-492-8500
201-492-0453 (FAX)
4-114
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
f Environmental Management System (EMS)' "° r. " - »
Chemical Safety
Public purchase ,, ,
Environmental health and safety (EH&S) software. The system has some.fields where
cost information related to purchasing and waste management can be entered. These
costs cannot be detailed as required. Additional fields can be added only through
special customization service requests to Chemical Safety. There is no feature for
maintaining historical cost records. As yet, the system has no components for project
management. _
Cost control ,—• -
Resource control —
Estimating control -^
Schedule control —
Scopecontrol —
-Risk control —
The system was created at a research facility in the University of California at Berkeley.
It .was available for public use in 1988. The system is updated every quarter.
Available
Chemical Safety has about 40 clients using the system. Although designed for cross-
industry applications, EMS has primarily been purchased by research laboratories,
universities, medical centers and pharmaceutical companies. EMS is being used in
some government agencies as well.
Each of the EMS modular packages addresses specific compliance areas listed below
with their prices.
1. Chemical Inventory Management/MSDS Access: $2,800
2. Waste Management and Reporting: $3,800
3. Human Resources Management: $2,800
4. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Management: $1,500
The prices listed are for total packages, but users also have the option of purchasing
individual modules in each of these packages in which case the price would be higher.
These prices were effective from March 1994 and are subject to change without notice.
The minimum hardware requirements for EMS are:
• 386 PC
• DOS 5.0
• 640 K memory
• 100 MB hard disk (with at least 75 MB space available)
• 4 MB RAM
• LAN (for multi-user installations).
The system works on PC-based and Windows-based environments and interfaces with
various desktop, workstation, and mainframe-based computer platforms. It can be used
in a multiuser, network-based environment.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. It is meant to
manage and control areas of regular company activities. Since the system is modular in
design, users could size it according to their requirements.
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Other compatible systems
offered
Nonquantifiable
Information:
EMS can be bought as a complete integrated unit or in modular format.
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. Every database
record has a note field attached to it.
EMS is designed to manage environmental compliance and management requirements related to EH&S II makes
use of a database of information that is updated at least annually. The product is not designed to generate options
and does not do any risk assessment or liability costing. It has a required module for facility management, wherein all
company-specific information related to chemical inventories and regulations is managed. This module has additional
options for safety equipment (location and maintenance), import and maintenance of CAD diagrams, and safety plans
listings for the company. The various EMS modules address the following areas:
• hazardous materials and waste and wastewater management
• permit tracking, source inventory, MSDS and right to know management, health and safety and training
management, property transfers and audits, mapping, and GIS
• cost management .
• reporting requirements, including SARA reports and Form R
EMS has components for Federal, State, and local regulatory compliance and reporting requirements for EPA and
OSHA regulations. The tracking component allows users to maintain complete records of all materials by location
and department/person accountability. Built-in chemical reference tables are designed to include regulatory, hazard
and reporting data for EPA designated hazardous and extremely hazardous chemicals. The system supports waste'
minimization and source reduction by reducing material purchasing and disposal costs through surplus management.
The Waste Management System tracks hazardous waste handling from pickup to packing and disposal. It also
prepares manifests, tracks permits, and prints drum labels. Label and storage requirements are graphically
displayed. The waste management system also has a module for contract/cost/invoice management for waste
hauling and disposal, allowing users to maintain records on contracts, cost-effectiveness, and other miscellaneous
information. Chemical safety offers additional hazardous waste modules including those for PCB tracking container
tracking, generating land ban forms, and hazardous waste handling/transport look-up tables.
The MSDS management system allows users to develop and maintain MSDS sheets using libraries of standard
phrases and sections. The MSDS database cross-references with a chemical reference database that contains
hazard and regulatory information on over 4,500 substances. An MSDS management version has just been released
in the Windows format, which allows users to import and catalogue MSDS images in addition to MSDS in a database
format. MSDS sheets may be obtained and converted from a variety of sources including CD-ROM and printed
MSDS's scanned through OCR.
The human resources management component includes employee training, industrial hygiene monitoring and
incident/accident management and reporting, which includes generating the OSHA 200 log.
The other major modules include air emissions, R101 ad hoc management reports, and ICS inventory collection
D^!^"! Tn^air emiss'°ns module gives users the necessary information required for the Air Toxics Release Form
R. ICS is a data collection tool for chemical inventory data input, which also contains a database of chemicals with
their CAS numbers and tables with vendor names, units of measure, container types, product class, etc. It is offered
for both DOS and Macintosh systems.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
Life-cycle stages covered may vary by module. The Waste Management System covers the fourth stage as it tracks
hazardous waste handling from pickup to packing and disposal. MSDS management and the chemical inventory help
manage use and reuse of chemicals in the facility (although this information is not tracked). The human resources
management component also includes activities undertaken for environmental health and safety. The system covers
the manufaclunng stage only to the extent that byproducts (emissions) as a result of the manufacturing process can
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
be computed. The waste management portion of EMS is linked with the chemical inventory. Once a chemical is
declared as a waste, it is transferred to the waste management system.
However these life-cycle stages are not necessarily covered in the case of each individual chemical, material, or
product Vor example, if a chemical is not manufactured in the facility, only use and waste disposal stages (for that
chemical) would be considered. Also, the products manufactured in the manufacturing stage are not covered (if at
all) in all their life-cycle stages either. The life-cycle stages are not kept distinct within the system.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
The system considers hidden costs related to hazardous waste management. The contract/cost/invoicing module
could include information on some conventional costs such as labor and materials as well. It includes an area for
cost tracking in inventory that covers conventional costs related to purchasing chemicals and materials. The
preloaded databases in EMS contain some default cost information. The system includes a table that allows users to
enter information on waste amounts, which are converted into pounds, and disposal costs are estimated. EMS does
not have a framework to estimate or include liability or external costs. All other hidden and conventional costs
associated with use and reuse of materials, environmental management (e.g., capital, labor), and compliance (e.g.,
health and safety, administrative costs) are not included.
Thus the full costs of using a material or product in a facility, including all these cost categories cannot be estimated.
Also 'all conventional and hidden costs are not tracked and entered into the system. Users can customize the system
only through service requests to Chemical Safety. The costs entered cannot be collated to form a historical cost
library. This could be a useful feature for assisting in cost estimation for projects, because hidden cost estimates
cannot be found in most (if any) commercial cost databases.
Method of cost estimation
The system does not do any cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) — . .
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
EMS has the capability to interface with existing inventory, purchasing, employee and other systems. Users can
customize almost any facet of EMS, including reporting and adding new fields and features to suit their requirements.
EMS has a limited amount of flexibility in incorporating user-defined fields (usually up to three). The system has on-
line help. The modular format allows users to purchase only the kind of information they currently require with the
option to make additions in the future.
User support
The chemical database is compiled from Federal and State databases and is updated regularly. Upon request,
Chemical Safety also provides a list of clients for reference about the product. They provide options for system
support consulting, software/hardware leasing, and inventory analysis and data entry. The annual system support
fee is provided at 15% of the system license. Chemical Safety also offers services for system customization and
project/implementation management.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Limitations
Although cost information can be included in certain sections, it is not given special attention. Rather, the focus is on
management activities that would help prevent unnecessary expenses. However, there is no format to evaluate
ness initiatives. The operational costs associated with tracking, human resource management, etc., are not included
in the system. EMS is restricted to hazardous material and waste management. It does not address management of
all solid waste, stormwater, drinking water, and others.
The system considers only hidden costs of waste disposal with no options for additional fields to be added by users
These cost components cannot be detailed as required by users. Other conventional, contingent, or less-tangible
costs cannot be estimated or detailed. Changes in the system can be made only through service requests to
Chemical Safety that are charged on a time and expense basis. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost
records, as related to different activities, quantities, and types of materials managed. The system is not designed for
and has no modules for, project management. Like most other waste management and tracking tools, the primary '
objective is to facilitate compliance, not to manage and minimize costs. However, if this area were developed
pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives would be encouraged as a result of better cost information
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with Chemical Safety representative and
information package received in February 1995. Additional information obtained from
Rich (1995).
Commercially available
Chemical Safety
1301 S. 46th Street
RFS 180-11
Richmond, CA 94804
Joanne S. Levy (Marketing Representative)
510-231-5641
4-118
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
'">,"'„ ^fWility Tracing Syirtem
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
• permit tracking, source inventory, MSDS and right to know management, health and safety and training
management, risk analysis, property transfers, and audits
• TSCA, Clean Air Act
• cost management
CHher features of the system include the following:
• facility-specific data and corporate roll-up reporting across multiple facilities
• fourth generation language and relational database technology
• flexible data sharing with other databases including MRP, inventory and purchasing and accounting
systems a
• Interface with bar-coding, image scanning, and fax transmission systems
• customizable menus, on-line context specific help, and reference libraries for standardized terms policies
and procedures r
• over 600 standard (including SARA reports, Form R, NPDES) and unlimited custom reports
• data entry in the form of verbatim text, scanned images, codes, or combinations
. '"I?™3"0" on j^RA, RCRA, CERCLA, TSCA, OSHA, CAA, CWA, 67/548/EEC, State,
tocal and user-defined topics. The system does not address solid waste, stormwater, groundwater wastewater
drinking water or pretreatment management.
FacTs has three modules that are designed to support project management planning and monitoring activities
These are pnmanly used to monitor work progress and 'performance against plan" for project areas carried out bv
different contractors. These three modules are "Standard Operating Procedures," "Work Order " and
Information Requests." The "Standard Operating Procedures" module tracks and manages task's or projects and
de nes procedures to be followed for their safe completion. The "Work Order" module generates work orders
tZ * «L1S^' ?h°nt'eSJ dufdates, and resources required. Although not as detailed as other project management
tools offered in the market, this area can help environmental considerations more integrated with projects. However
K Is typically used in environmental projects (remediation related) and may not be utilized in other projects that only '
nave environmental components. *
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition
-Manufacturing stage
-Use/reuse/maintenance
-Recycle/waste management
•
•
may Vary by module- The waste management module (WIMS) covers cradle-to-grave
^ °°VerS W3Ste treatment- storage. disposal, and recycling. The MSDS and chemical
S) USS and -USe °f chemica's. The manufacturing stage is considered to the extent that
rn °f Pr°CeSS 3C IVitfes Can be calcu|ated. However, the actual products of manufacturing are not
tracked (unless the company manufactures hazardous chemicals, for example). However, these life-cycle stages are
not necessanly covered in the case of each individual chemical, material, or product. Also the products
within fh^system. °° °f * ^ '" *" th6ir life"Cyde Stag6S either' The life-cycle stages are not keP* distinct
Type of costs considered
-Conventional —
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
The software contains different fields where users can detail the types of costs, dollar amounts and units All fields
are user defined and users can add fields to detail costs as required. Thus, users couS Stop Tsystem to track
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toots
and record all costs. However, the system still does not assist in estimating external and contingent costs. There is
no feature for creating historical cost libraries (that can further be used in cost estimation). However, all information
from FacTs can be archived. Also, the report writer included in the system allows users to create custom reports
using any combination of fields. Mathematical equations can be created to perform various types of cost analyses.
The cost fields can also be sent to other packages, such as Excel. It may be possible to create historical cost
libraries in this manner. A package like Excel will allow users to perform different types of graphical and financial
analyses of the costs as well. However, there is no methodology to assist in dynamic cost control in the system.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) — • ,
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other — '.-.-,.. •
No financial indicators are generated within the package. However, cost data can be exported to spreadsheet
programs such as Excel that do have financial functions.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The modular structure allows users to move from simple to advanced applications, as required. The products offer
flexibility through customization options, such as custom exception reporting, user-defined default settings, and
menus. The relational database technology and integration with other systems simplifies data entry and affords a
wider perspective for users. The report writer allows customized reporting using any field combinations.
User support
Quantum offers remote demonstrations of their products. The products come with user manuals, on-line
documentation, and the option for an annual maintenance contract, which provides software updates and telephone
support. Other services provided include system integration and installation, custom software development, training,
and environmental engineering consulting.
Limitations
The system has some modules for project management, but these modules address limited areas. Users would not
be able to build and manage a complete project using these modules. The system as used contains qualitative and
quantitative information that can be useful in project management, such as hidden costs or safety considerations for
material selections. However, it doesn't have an interactive function that allows this information to be processed for
use in project planning. If this area is developed, the tool could prove useful for incorporating environmental costs
and considerations into projects and decision making. Like most other environmental management tools, the primary
objective is to facilitate compliance, although the tool allows detailed cost tracking. Users can add cost fields, but the
system as is does not consider a comprehensive list of costs. Less-tangible and contingent costs cannot be
estimated.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with Quantum representative and information
package received in February 1995. Additional information received from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
Quantum Compliance Systems Inc.
4251 Plymouth road, Suite 1200
Ann Arbor, Ml 48105
313-761-2175 ;
313-761-3058 •,•;/-. ."
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
FLOW GEMINI Information System—EIS, QHIS
GRC International, Inc.
Public purchase
Environmental, and occupational health and safety (EHS) management. The current
system does not consider environmental cost information. However, GRC plans to
expand the system to make this feature available. As yet, the system has no
components for project management.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Introduced ~ 1981, Updates twice a year.
Available
GRC has targeted the product to chemical and pharmaceutical companies in the past.
They also have clients in industries such as aerospace, construction, electronics,
environmental, and manufacturing. They are breaking down the modules further to
allow the system to be suitable to an even wider range of companies. They have not
targeted Federal facilities as yet. The system has some 50 clients.
Prices are based on individual modules. A range of prices of all modules is $5000 to
$15,000 (stand alone). Concurrent user pricing is available for networks, as well as site
licensing. The site license (unlimited users) typically ranges from $15,000 to $90,000
(depending on modules purchased). Prices are based on information provided by GRC
in June, 1995.
The system can be used by itself or on a network. Flow Gemini offers Client/Server
versions for PC, LAN, UNIX, DEC, and IBM.
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. It is meant to
manage and control areas in regular company activities. Current system is suited to
large operations. GRC plans to scale down the system to suit smaller companies and
operations as well.
Other compatible systems
offered: Modular format (can be purchased separately over the core modules or in an integrated
form).
Nonquantifiable
Information: Not applicable; the system is not primarily designed for project management. Users can
write operation/company specific notes (in MS Word).
GRC offers two basic systems to users: Occupational Health and Safety (OHIS) and an Environmental Information
System (EIS). The EIS covers areas such as chemical tracking, SARA reporting, monitoring, and waste
management. The areas covered by all the modules include the following:
• solid waste, hazardous materials and waste, storm water and runoff, wastewater, groundwater and
emissions management
• permit tracking, source inventory, MSDS and right to know management, health and safety manaqement
and training
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
• Clean Air Act (CAA) management
• reporting—including SARA, NPDES, and Form R
• on-site waste minimization and treatment
EIS has modules/areas for SARA compliance, monitoring, permit tracking, and waste management. Chemical
tracking functions include mass balance capabilities, material tracking (e.g., receipts, storage, transfers, process
consumption, product output, releases, shipments, waste generation and disposal) for intra-facility locations, and
relationships between manufacturers, suppliers, product codes, materials, and inventories. The SARA compliance
function allows users to maintain Federal and State chemical list information, information management for
emergencies, and reporting (Tier I and II and Form R reports in EPA formats). Information about samples (collection
conditions, preparation, chain of custody, laboratory information) from any type of environmental media and analysis
results can be logged, including a complete description of any type of release source. Information concerning any
type of permit can be managed in the system including basic descriptive information and parameter limits (maximum,
minimum, and average values can be logged according to permit, regulatory, and/or corporate specifications). Flow
Gemini catalogs all wastestreams and includes information on amounts, profiles, on-site minimization, treatment,
containers, storage, and shipping records. It generates the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifests and manages
information for annual waste generator reports.
The OH IS has a medical module, an industrial hygiene and safety module, and a hazard communications module.
The medical module helps comply with OSHA requirements and maintains information on employee health, training,
work history, and exposure. It automates equipment and medical supply inventories. The industrial hygiene and
safety module is designed to determine compliance with OSHA, generate and track requests for MSDSs (supports
ANSI Z400.1 format), comply with community right-to-know requirements, document sampling results, track employee
information, and audit laboratories. The hazard communications module generates and tracks requests for MSDSs,
schedules employee training, and documents workplace inventories.
RAMS, the Remedial Action Management System, is an optional module or stand-alone system that automates the
processes involved in monitoring chemically contaminated sites and RCRA facilities. A new MSDS system will be
released in March 1995. This will support the ANSI Z400.1 format for recording and printing, unlimited query
capabilities, multilevel security, a graphical user interface, expanded data dictionary, flexible customizable templates,
multiple notes features, flexibility in searching and reviewing MSDSs, editing capabilities including global updates,
and FAX and e-mail support.
Life-cycle stages
-Raw material acquisition — !
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
Hazardous wastes can be tracked (through a transaction-based management system) from the point of generation in
the facility to receipt of a certificate of disposal from a TSDF. The system can track wastes back to a process or
project. All the modules would not cover these life-cycle stages nor would they do so for all materials and products.
For example, if a chemical is not manufactured in the facility, only use and waste disposal stages (for that chemical)
would be considered. It may not be possible to link the different life-cycle stages. That is, a no quantitative
relationship can be made between the quantities and types 01 material used or type of production process and wastes
generated. Thus, users cannot simulate changes in waste quantities and costs as a result of process changes or
source reduction. The different life-cycle stages cannot be kept distinct in the system.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External —
The current system does not handle environmental costing. Only some conventional costs such as worker's
compensation and employee assistant program referrals can be entered. The next release will make environmental
costing part of the standard system. The company plans to have features that allow integration of the system with a
company inventory/accounting system. Users will be able to detail costs.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Flow Gemini is a client/server application that uses Oracle or other industry standard relational database
management systems (RDBMS). Since the product has an open-relational database structure, it can export and
import data to/from other relational database files, spreadsheets, and other files in ASCII format. It has a menu-
driven/windows format. The system has a built-in image viewer. The default database currently contains information
on areas such as materials tracking, mass balances, etc. They plan to include cost information in this as well. Flow
Gemini comes with a suite of tools for customizing and reporting, which gives clients the ability to customize the
system to incorporate their own terminology and business standards. The current MSDS module has query
capabilities on any number of fields. Multilevel security can be provided. The system covers a very broad range of
issues related to environmental management within a company. The RDBMS structure will allow companies to
integrate other systems that may cover areas that Flow Gemini does not address.
User support
GRC customizes the database on specific requests from users. For example, the system database can be
customized to add costing (not part of the standard system). The company provides customer support and training
classes for all levels of users.
Limitations
The system does not currently handle cost information although GRC anticipates including this component in the next
release. The present system only has fields for some conventional costs. It does not include a feature for
maintaining historical cost records, as related to quantities and types of materials managed. The system is not
designed for, and has no modules for, project management. Like most other environmental management software
tools, the primary objective is to facilitate compliance, not to include cost elements and detailing. However, if this
area were developed, pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives would be encouraged as a result of
better cost Information. The system is presently too expensive to be suitable for small to medium users, but the
company plans to break down the modules further to make using the system feasible for small to medium companies.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact Information:
Based on telephone communication with GRC representative, and information package
received in March 1995. Additional information received from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
GRC International, Inc.
1900 Gallows Road
Vienna, VA 22182-3801
Karen Ward
800-934-5917
703-760-8747 (FAX)
4-124
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
* ,v » - „ ; ~, TINIA , . „ , .-,„„,.
Alternative Systems Inc. (AS1)
Public purchase
Environmental health and safety (EH&S) management. All areas of TINlA have a
financial component that helps in tracking various costs related to EH&S. Users can
add fields to include costs that may not be covered. There is no feature for maintaining
historical cost records. The system has some limited components for project
management. These are primarily meant for project monitoring rather than planning.
The modeling and risk assessment functions in TINIA could be used in project planning
and assessment applications.
Cost control •
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Developed in 1986. Periodically updated. Version 3.3 was released in the first quarter
of 1995. A graphical user interface (GUI) version is expected in the last quarter of 1995
or first quarter of 1996. ••
Available
Applicable in a wide range of industries. Other information on specific industries and
number of clients not disclosed.
Information not available
TINIA can be run on many different platforms and operating systems (the system is built
on ORACLE).
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
The system is not primarily designed for project management. It is meant to manage
and control areas of regular company activities. The system is probably more
appropriate for larger operations. It can be used to monitor pollution prevention
projects. : •:
Other compatible systems
offered:
Nonquantifiable
information:
The system is offered in modular form. However, ASI advises against users buying
individual modules (although it te sometimes sold that way).
Information on any annotation capability is not available.
TINIA is an Oracle-based integrated and flexible tool for environmental health and safety and information
management. It focuses on the organizational issues that surround the management of hazardous waste and
strategies to fulfill these objectives. TINIA was initially introduced in 1989 to help industry comply with Federal, State,
and local regulations. It can be used on a LANl TINIA has functions that address industry, government, and Federal
facilities; thus, it can be used as a compliance tool and also to track facilities and waste sites while monitoring their
compliance and remedial status. TINIA has eight major functions (modules), which are as follows:
1. Material Index: Covers chemical information, MSDS management, spill modeling, and reporting, etc.
2. Facility Management: Covers facility information and history including compliance history, complaints,
regulatory fee, and fine tracking, etc.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
3. Release Management: Covers biological/chemical and physical releases into all environmental media
(air, water, and land). This features air emission factors/calculations, sampling and analysis, leak
detection, and repair, etc.
4. Material Management: Manages from purchase request to disposal including shelf life management,
material waste mass balance (materials are balanced against the wastestreams and environmental
releases they generate), container transfers, process safety, process costing/profitability, etc.
5. Waste Management: Covers waste cost tracking, pollution prevention, waste exchange, etc.
6. Human Resource: Covers workplace health and safety including employee information, education and
health, workplace monitoring and controls, and risk assessment.
7. Emergency management: Covers emergency plans and response actions including material behavior
and impact models, sensitive receptors, and decontamination procedures.
8. Commitment management: Includes functions for scheduling and communications.
All these functions are linked into a central relational database and common information is shared among all
functional areas, thus reducing data entry, permitting global changes, and facilitating the sharing of traditionally
segregated information. TINIA can generate all U.S. Federal and most State, local, and regional reports.
The pollution prevention component in the waste management module allows users to set up strategies, goal, and
baselines. The projects can be set up and exported to other software such as Primavera, for detailed cost estimating,
scheduling, etc. Project progress against plan can be monitored within TINIA.
The scheduling function is not as sophisticated as other scheduling software available. Critical paths cannot be
determined. It is used to track and meet day-to-day schedule requirements, including compliance report submissions,
etc.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
Life-cycle stages covered may vary by module. TINIA can track chemicals from cradle to grave. However, this
means from the use/reuse stage (including maintenance) to the point of waste generation and ultimate disposal point.
Wastestreams can be managed, taking into account treatment, storage, recycling, and destruction. For regulators,
TINIA tracks facilities and waste sites through all phases of compliance. They may also track waste shipments and
monitor environmental releases.
The process mass balance function can be used in conjunction with the modeling function to simulate changes in
waste quantities and costs as a result of process changes or source reduction. Thus, a quantitative linkage can be
developed between the quantities and types of material used or type of production process and waste generated,
which can be useful in evaluating pollution prevention projects. The actual products of the manufacturing process are
not tracked.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden • ,
-Contingent —
-External —
All areas of TINIA have a financial component, which helps in tracking capital costs, operating costs, efficiency, and
return on Investment (ROI) relating to EH&S. Thus the impact of EH&S on the overall profitability can be gauged.
Costs can also be assigned to fugitive emissions. Process profitability is gauged on the basis of all conventional and
hidden costs; by tracking inputs, outputs, and all equipment; and material and labor costs associated with a process.
Also, each screen has a user-defined field function that allows users to add fields to cover additional costs or cost
categories. TINIA does not include a means for estimating contingent and external costs, but it recognizes that
proper management reduces potential liability and enhances company images. Additionally, the risk assessment
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
function in the human resources module could be used to estimate contingent costs. However, users would need to
develop their own methodology to accomplish this.
Method of cost estimation
TINIA is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) — ,
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio , —
-Other —
*
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
ORACLE is platform-independent; therefore, TINIA can run on many different platforms and operating systems.
TINIA can be coupled with several interface products, for example with imaging applications, Geographic Information
Systems (GIS), Optical Character Recognition (OCR), and graphics. Modifications to TINIA are easily achieved by
the open database architecture. Thus, organizations can make appropriate changes and additions to the system as
they expand. TINIA is planning to convert to ORACLE Version 4.0, which will give users a complete graphic interface
and mouse support.
Although the primary objective is to facilitate compliance, there is an effort to include cost management and
minimization into the software features. Interface with company accounting systems is provided as an optional
feature.
User support
ASI provides each client with a needs assessment service that helps guide them through all phases of
implementation. They also offer training and consulting support services. Multilingual support is offered for
international clientele. Remote demonstrations of TINIA are offered (required software is provided).
Limitations
TINIA does not have a methodology for material selection based on costs, quotes, or attributes. However, the
modeling capability could be applied in conjunction with the process mass balance function to compare waste outputs
to material use in hypothetical situations. The system considers various conventional and hidden costs with options
for users to add additional fields; It provides no methodology for estimating contingent or less-tangible costs and has
no feature for maintaining historical cost records, as related to different activities, quantities, and types of materials
managed. The system is not designed for project management. It does have an area for recording and monitoring
pollution prevention projects. This area should be further developed to use historical cost and other information for
project planning, thus allowing users to use information that traditional cost-estimating tools typically leave out.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with ASI representative and information package
received in February 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
Alternative Systems Inc. (ASI)
225 S. Cabrillo Highway
Suite 124-C
Half Moon Bay, CA 94019
Jay D.Rades (Environmental Research Scientist)
Michael Brinck (Senior Marketing Executive)
415-726-5700
415-726-7846 (FAX) ,*
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Waste Management and Tracking
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Series)
Terralink Software Systems Inc. (previously Brand Software)
Public purchase
Hazardous waste tracking. As yet, the system has no components for project
management. A limited number of environmental costs can be entered,.though not
detailed. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost records.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Introduced - 1993. Last update was in June, 1995, when version 2.0 was released.
Updates are done once a year, on an average.
Available
Purpose and current use: Terralink is considering targeting the product to large companies in the chemical
industry. It can be used by generators, transporters, brokers, and TSDFs. Being a
relatively new release, the system currently has a client list of under a dozen
companies.
Cost information:
System requirements:
The price of the basic program is $5,000. The average sale price for the small to
medium companies has been observed as approximately $14,000 (single user). For full
service transporters approx. $5,000 to 9,000, and for TSDFs as $9,000 to 12,000.
Prices are only approximate values based on conversation with Terralink representative
in March 1995.
The system is IBM-PC based for single-user applications. Supported networks (LAN
and WAN) include Novell, Windows for workgroups, and LANtastic.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. It is meant to
manage and control areas of regular company activities. Available in different modules
that could allow the system to be scalable and flexible enough to be suited to single-
user small or large operations.
Other compatible systems
offered: System is offered in different modules.
Nonquantifiable
information:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. Note-writing
capability in every section of the program.
Terralink's product series is a Windows-based, wide ranging modular tool for solid and hazardous waste tracking.
The modules include a base module (Cradle to Grave) and subsequent tracking module (TerraTrac), profile module
(TerraPro), communications module (TerraCom) and a manifesting and profile satellite. The areas covered by the
various modules include the following:
• hazardous material and waste management
• cost management
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
• over 60 standard reports and customized report writing
Terralink's product series deals with profiling, manifesting, and tracking waste. Wastestream paths can be analyzed
and details can be entered on waste profiles, chemical information, manifest numbers, shipment dates, facilities,
exposure amounts, and final disposal methods. It includes reference libraries such as DOT hazardous material
tables and EPA waste codes. It also includes a complete TSDF library. The system can track waste by process,
department, or unit responsible, for generation. It helps in compliance with CERCLA and RCRA regulations. Reports
generated include Land Disposal Restriction Forms, transporter fee reports, and monthly and quarterly state reports.
TerraCom (through modem interface) facilitates information exchange between generators and transporters or
between various offices. The manifesting satellite allows companies to print manifests in a remote location while
keeping the information in a central office. The profile satellite can be used to gather profile information from remote
locations and can be installed on a laptop computer.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management •
The system currently tracks waste materials from the point at which they enter the system, to when they turn into
waste and are finally disposed of at their final resting place. Although Terralink's product series can track waste by
process, department, or unit responsible for generation, it does not detail these elements. There is no quantitative
linkage between the quantities 'and types of material used or type of production process and waste generated. Thus,
users cannot simulate changes in waste quantities and costs as a result of process changes or source reduction.
There is no tracking of raw material arid chemical use in production, or other activities. All materials and outputs are
not tracked. Recycling is not taken into account.
Terralink is planning to release an inventory module, TerraTory, which will additionally include the use/reuse stage of
the life-cycle. This module will track all incoming raw material throughout its life in a facility (including waste disposal
and recycling), and each section will have a costing portion. This will also include a library for MSDSs.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional —
-Potentially hidden ,','•''..
-Contingent —
-External —
The system has three costing fields in which users can enter hidden cost information associated with waste disposal,
such as transporter and manifest fees. Thus, only a limited number of-costs can be entered. Other conventional
costs, such as labor, capital, and material costs that companies would need to incur during the course of
environmental management activities, cannot be detailed. External or contingent costs that may be involved in the
various life-cycle stages that hazardous materials would go through cannot be estimated or entered. The actual cost
involved in the tracking activity is not included.
Thus, the full costs of using a material or product in a facility, including all these cost categories, cannot be estimated.
Also, all conventional and hidden costs are not tracked and entered into the system. The costs that are entered
cannot be collated to form a historical cost library. This could be a useful feature that could encourage companies to
take some hidden costs into account in capital budgeting or project management. For example, if a particular project
involved purchasing and using a hazardous material, they would be able to estimate some hidden costs that could be
expected for material tracking and regulatory compliance, etc.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period — ,
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The program is interactive in nature. It is written in FoxPro (now a Microsoft product) and therefore can access data
from other Windows products. Each section has ten extra information fields that users can fill according to their
requirements, providing some flexibility to users.
Terralink's product series comes with a built-in reference library that includes the DOT Hazardous Materials Table,
EPA waste codes, and the Emergency Response Guidebook. Although this system is not designed for project
management, it does help companies maintain better information and control over hazardous materials used.
Companies may avert some contingent costs and less-tangible costs by using software systems such as these, but
the costs and benefits cannot be quantified.
User support
The company currently gives users the option to test and use the actual software through a full working program
demo for a 30 day trial period. The company offers consulting support, on- and off-site training, toll-free telephone
support (9.00 - 6.00 PM Eastern), and annual maintenance programs. The price of the software includes free
maintenance and support for one year.
Limitations
The system is limited to hazardous waste management, and may not consider the full range of environmental costs a
company may incur. It does not consider social or other external impacts, and no custom reports can be generated.
The current system considers only a limited variety of costs with some options for customization. Users cannot detail
these cost components. The existing cost fields are only for some hidden costs related waste management. Other
conventional, contingency, or less tangible costs cannot be estimated or detailed. There is no feature for maintaining
historical cost records, as related to quantities and types of materials managed. The system cannot integrate with
company accounting systems, resulting in managing these costs separately, rather than integrating them with other
company costs. The system is not designed for, and has no modules for, project management. Like most other
waste management and tracking tools, the primary objective is to facilitate compliance, not to manage and minimize
costs. However, if this area were developed, pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives would be
encouraged as a result of better cost information.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact Information:
Based on telephone communication and information received from Terralink in March
1995. Additional information received from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
Terralink Software Systems Inc.
500 W. Cummings Park, Suite 3150
Woburn, MA 01801
Lisa Naglieri
800-343-5143
617-937-6060
617-937-5577 (FAX)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Wasteland other CrtEMTOX systjims " J . * ~ V
CHEMTOX—division of Resource Consultants, Inc.
Public purchase
Tracking and reporting of hazardous waste. The system has some predefined fields
where waste disposal cost information can be entered. The total costs are broken down
to an extent. As yet, the system has no components for project management. There is
no feature for maintaining historical cost records.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
(Scope control —
Risk control . —
i ' '
CHEMTOX database was developed ~ 1984 and updated quarterly since. All other
modules are updated periodically as well.
Available
Purpose and current use: CHEMTOX has installations in over 600 corporations, both in the U.S and abroad.
Docuwaste is designed for generators, transporters, and disposal facilities.
Cost information:
System requirements:
CHEMTOX database:.
MSDS Management module:
Chemical Inventory, Process
and SARA 312 Reporting:
SARA 313 Reporting:
Docuwaste for Haz. Waste:
Single-user license
$2,000
$3,000
$6,000
$4,100
$8,45
The purchase price for multiuser network license is $1,000 per additional user per
application. There are discounts offered for multiple unit purchases. These are January
1995 prices, which are subject to change without notice. All prices are for Windows
versions.
The system can support local PC environments as well as true client/server installations
in large corporations. As a stand-alone system, the minimum system requirements for
CHEMTOX database are:
• 25 MB hard disk
• 4.0 MB RAM
• CD-ROM drive (optional)
The minimum system requirements for.a stand-alone version of MSDS Access are:
• IBM-compatible PC (386 SX or higher)
• MS DOS 3.1
• 5 MB hard disk
• 2.0 MB RAM.
As a stand-alone system, the minimum system requirements for Docuwaste are:
• IBM-compatible 286 SX PC
• MS DOS 3.1
• 2 MB hard disk
• 640 K RAM.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. It is meant to
manage and control areas of regular company activities. Since the system is modular in
format, users can size the system to suit their requirements.
Other compatible systems
offered: System is offered in modular format.
Nonquantifiable
information:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. In the SARA 313
reporting module, electronic notes can be attached to each release result.
The CHEMTOX system is windows based with a graphical user interface and supports Microsoft's ODBC
architecture. The different modules can assist in tracking regulated and hazardous waste, maintaining chemical
inventories, reporting compliance issues, and maintaining Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and employee health
and safety records.
The CHEMTOX regulated chemicals database is an electronic library containing information on over 10,000
chemicals and hazardous substances. Each substance record has 240 data fields that users can search individually
or manipulate for custom reporting. Data include physical properties, reactivity data, exposure limits, transportation
requirements, etc. Users may also add their own unique lists of chemicals for custom searches. Chemical names
can be searched in a variety of ways such as searching by chemical name, CAS#, DOT ID, RCRA ID, etc. The
database can be linked with other modules in the CHEMTOX system, such as SARA reporting, or Docuwaste. The
database is also available on CD-ROM or as data elements on electronic tape. The information in the database has
a variety of uses, but the system itself does not assist in making decisions for material choices (e.g., choosing
between different chemicals to be used in a project). The database does not contain any cost information.
Docuwaste is designed for cradle-to-grave tracking of hazardous waste. Inventories can be tracked by waste
description, storage locations, inspections, movement histories, disposal, and costs. Profile information is managed
for generators, transporters, and disposal facilities. The detailed waste descriptions include the source of the waste.
It has built-in files on treatment codes, hazard classes, container types, etc. Waste profiles can be retrieved from the
CHEMTOX database. It facilitates the generation of EPA and state-specific manifests and container labels (EPA,
California, or New Jersey). State-specific modules are offered to meet users' specific needs. Year-end totals are
provided for completing SARA 313 TRI or Form R reports. It computes year end totals for hazardous waste
generator reports.
Other CHEMTOX products include MSDS management, SARA reporting, and chemical inventory. All these modules
can be bought as an integrated system called MSDS Access. The MSDS management module facilitates collecting,
organizing and managing, reporting, and archiving MSDS information. The chemical inventory module calculates
threshold amounts, used in compliance reporting, from information retrieved from the MSDS management module. It
automates SARA hazard categorization. It allows users to track chemicals on several levels based on their
requirements (building, location, process) and also combines like ingredients across a facility. The electronic notes
tied to release results in the SARA 313 reporting module can be stored for future reference, allowing users to record
information on pollution prevention or waste minimization. The worker right-to-know module can be used in a read-
only format (and printing) to access MSDS information from the MSDS management module. Other modules are the
CHEMTOX employee module for industrial hygiene, training, and safety; the CHEMTOX DOT system for compliance
with DOTs HM-181; and the CHEMTOX label system.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage — .
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
Life-cycle stages covered may vary by module. Docuwaste is a cradle-to-grave waste tracking system, which means
it covers the waste management stage of the life cycle. It covers the manufacturing process to the extent that it could
track the process responsible for waste generation. It primarily tracks the waste once it has already been generated.
The chemical inventory module can also allow chemical tracking in different life-cycle stages, primarily chemical use
and reuse in a facility. When the modules are used together, use of particular chemicals could be linked to the
generation of different forms of waste. However, Docuwaste only details the chemical composition of the waste and
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
the source. It has no feature for proactively reducing the amount of waste being generated or reducing costs
associated with environmental and waste management. These life-cycle stages are not necessarily covered in the
case of each individual chemical, material, or product. For example, if a raw material is used up in a manufactured
product and does not end up as waste in the facility, the waste management stage will not be covered. Also, the
products manufactured in the manufacturing stage are not covered (if at all) in all their life-cycle stages either. The
life-cycle stages are not kept distinct within the system.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional —
-Potentially hidden • ,
-Contingent —
-External — '
Docuwaste considers only hidden costs. It can calculate which waste is produced in the greatest amount with the
greatest processing cost. Cost information can be entered for waste descriptions and/or containers in Docuwaste.
The fields include disposal cost, freight cost, laboratory analysis, recycling, tax, and other costs. Thus, external and
contingent costs cannot be estimated or included. The actual costs (capital, labor and material costs, etc.) associated
with environmental management and tracking are not recorded. No additional fields may be added.
Thus, the full costs of using a material or product in a facility, including all these cost categories, cannot be estimated.
Also, all conventional and hidden costs are not tracked and entered into the system. The costs entered cannot be
collated to form a historical cost library. This could be a useful feature for assisting in cost estimation for projects,
because hidden cost estimate's cannot be found in most (if any) commercial cost databases.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) — , .'
-Payback period —
-internal rate of return (I RR) —
-Benefits cost ratio . —
-Other —'..,.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The system is available in modules that users can add to based on their requirements. It has pull-down menus, pop-
up windows, an optional mouse, and help screens. All modules have some features to make the system more user
friendly. These include a variety of search options in the CHEMTOX database, the automatic transfer of data from
the MSDS management module for SARA reporting, and flags for land ban chemicals in Docuwaste. The chemical
tracking module allows tracking on several levels according to user requirements. A relational report writer can be
added to the system to produce custom reports.
User support
CHEMTOX also offers a variety of professional services such as chemical inventory survey, MSDS evaluation, data
entry, and regular updating of system databases to keep abreast of changing regulations and new scientific
knowledge. All product purchases include toll-free support and updates in the first year. After the first year, the
maintenance contract can be renewed for a fee. An enhanced customer support service is also available. Training
sessions are available both on-site and off-site at Nashville (TN).
Limitations
The screens and formats in the CHEMTOX modules cannot be changed by users. The system considers only a
limited variety of costs with no options for additional fields to be added by users. The costs included in the forms are
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
for waste types and containers. Other conventional, contingency, or less-tangible costs cannot be estimated or
detailed. The software has no feature for maintaining historical cost records, as related to different activities,
quantities, and types of materials managed. The system cannot integrate with company accounting systems. This
can result In these costs being managed separately, rather than being integrated with other company costs. The
system is not designed for, and has no modules for, project management. Like most other waste management and
tracking tools, the primary objective is to facilitate compliance, not to manage and minimize costs. However, if this
area were developed, pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives would be encouraged as a result of
better cost information.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with CHEMTOX representative and information
package received in February 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
CHEMTOX
7121 Cross Roads Boulevard
PO. Box 1848
Brentwood.TN 37024-1848
Jeanie Mackey (Business Development Support Services)
800-338-2815
615-373-5040
615-370-4339 (FAX)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Logical Data Solutions '
Public purchase
Database management system for environmental and hazardous material management.
The system has some fields where cost information can be entered. Some open fields
may be designated as cost fields: There is no feature for maintaining historical cost
records. As yet, the system has no components for project management.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Manufacturing date: 1985. On an average, ENFLEX data is updated once a year.
The current release is version 5.01, released in March, 1995. A Windows version of the
product is expected in October, 1995. ENFLEX info (manufactured by another
company) is updated once every month.
Available
Purpose and current use: Not designed for a specific industry. The system is primarily being used in the
aerospace, utilities, and discrete manufacturing industries.
Cost information:
System requirements:
the average cost of each module in ENFLEX data is $2500. The base system, the
facility module, costs $1000.
the current version can be operated on a PC or a LAN. Hardware platform/operating
systems that ENFLEX is available for include IBM/MVS/TSO, IBM/VM/CMS,
1BM/RS6000/A1X, PC/LAN/DOS, DEC/VAX/VMS, and SUN/UNIX. Supported networks
are Novell and Windows NT.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered:
Nonquantifiable
information:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. It is meant to
manage and control areas in regular company activities. Since the system is modular in
design, users could size it according 'to their requirements. The vendors say the product
is being used in both small and large operations.
System has 17 modules. ENFLEX Data has a supporting product called ENFLEX info.
There is a limited amount of integration between the two systems.
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. Nearly all the
modules of ENFLEX data have a notes section.
ENFLEX Data is a 17-module system for environmental hazardous waste management, which includes chemical
inventory and SARA reporting. At the moment, ENFLEX info, is linked with ENFLEX Data in a limited manner. The
17 modules of ENFLEX Data are as follows:
• Facility Module: Required module for storing information on processes and locations.
• SARA Chemical Inventory: Storage of chemical information and amounts of Extremely Hazardous
Substances (EHS) and other chemicals used. Tierl/ll reports
• 313 Form R: Calculation of 313 chemical releases, reporting (313 Form R).
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
• MSDS:
• Chemical Approval:
• Tank Management:
• PCB Equipment:
• Container Tracking:
• Manifest:
• Air Emissions:
• LDAR:
• Water Reporting:
•Permit Tracking:
• Ground Water Monitoring:
• Auditing:
• Environmental Events:
• Calendar:
Automated MSDS database. Compliance with HCS, HAZCOM.
Formal approval process for chemical use: Requestor, Administrator,
and Reviewer. Automated questionnaire.
Inventory of all above and below ground tanks, including historical
information.
Information on all PCB contaminated equipment. Tracking of inspection
results, retrofilling process, and preparation of annual TSCA inventories.
Tracking of all on-site wastes regardless of containers used. Costs can
be allocated back to generating location.
Multi-part manifests for waste tracking, including transportation and
disposal costs.
Emissions monitoring for stacks and other sources. Emission history by
source or parameter, using built-in graphical or statistical analysis.
Tracking of testing and inspection information for equipment that
releases fugitive emissions. SARA 313 TCRR.
Monitoring water discharge points. Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR).
Creating, storing, and rhonitoring permit life-cycles, for any permit type.
Information and tracking water quality in ground water wells.
Audit preparation, storage of findings, costs, and follow-up plans.
Detailed comments for all facility environmental events.
Highlights key commitment dates for environmental personnel.
The program has over 150 pre-programmed reports. Report customization is not an option in the original system,
although modification is possible through specific service requests.
ENFLEX Data has a supporting product called ENFLEX info., which is a database that contains information on
hazardous chemicals and regulations. Users can subscribe to ENFLEX info, to receive periodic updates that
Incorporate new information and regulatory changes.
Th0 system does not currently have a risk assessment component, but the company is in the process of developing a
new module for industrial hygiene, which will include risk assessment. Health and safety is not covered in any other
module. The system assists users in product selection by considering the potential dangers in selecting one material
over another. This application can be used in projects to do qualitative assessments for choosing between different
materials based on their environment-related merits and demerits.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
Ufa-cycle stage covered may vary by module. For example, the module on container tracking considers information
on the waste management stage as the waste material is tracked from the time it is generated or enters a facility to
when it is finally disposed of. Use/reuse is covered to the extent that raw material use in a facility is covered. The
actual manufacturing process or products of manufacturing are not tracked. However, these life-cycle stages are not
necessarily covered in the case of each individual chemical, material, or product. They may not be linked in the
sense that the effects of source reduction or process changes on wastes produced and costs cannot be quantitatively
analyzed. Also, the products (not wastes) manufactured in the manufacturing stage are not covered (if at all) in all
their life-cycle stages either. The life-cycle stages are not kept distinct within the system.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional —
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles" of Software Systems and Tools
-Potentially hidden • '
-Contingent — . .-...:•-• •-•":•-.•,..'.-
-External —
The software contains cost fields in which users can enter information on various hidden costs. For example, the
waste management module has 5 cost fields; taxes, demurrage, transportation, disposal, and other. There are also
cost sections for spills and inspection (cleanup costs) and audits (repair costs). Users have a limited amount of
flexibility in defining fields and most screens allow users to define 2 to 4 fields (the system as a whole has about 80
open fields). This may allow users to enter some information on additional cost categories. For example, users could
enter information on labor or administrative costs involved in performing a certain activity.
The software does not attempt to put a dollar value on contingent or external costs. All other hidden and conventional
costs associated with use and reuse of materials, environmental management (e.g., capital, labor), and compliance
(e g health and safety, administrative costs) are not included in default formats. Thus, all conventional and hidden
costs are not tracked and entered into the system. The costs entered cannot be collated to form a historical cost
library to be used for cost estimation purposes. This could be a useful feature for assisting in cost estimation for
projects, because hidden cost estimates cannot be found in most (if any) commercial cost databases.
Method of cost estimation
The system does not do any type of cost estimation. -
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) — ,
-Payback period — . ,
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
There is a limited amount of flexibility in entering user-defined fields. The modular design of the system allows users
to size their systems as related to their operations and requirements. The product selection feature can be useful in
project management for qualitative assessments of some material or product choices.
User support
The company offers implementation assistance, assistance with custom reporting, on-site training, and toll-free
telephone hotline support. The company also brings out a newsletter and annual ENFLEX Users Group meetings are
organized. No demonstration disks are provided. However, remote demos (enabling software provided) and live on-
site demos can be done.
Limitations
The system does not consider all the costs associated with environmental management in a company. The costs
entered are hidden costs related to particular activities. Other conventional, contingency, or less-tangible costs
cannot be estimated, but can be entered to a limited extent using open fields. There is no feature for maintaining
historical cost records, as related to different activities, quantities, and types of materials managed. The system
cannot integrate with company accounting systems, resulting in managing these costs separately, rather than
integrating them with other company costs. The system is not designed for, and has no modules for, project
management. Like most other environmental management tools, the primary objective is to facilitate compliance, not
to manage and minimize costs. However, if this area were developed, pollution prevention and other environmental
initiatives would be encouraged as a result of better cost information.
Basis for evaluation:
Based on information received from Logical Data Solutions in July, 1995. Additional
information obtained from Rich (1995). ...
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Contact information:
Commercially available
Logical Data Solutions
6825 Capri Place
Bethesda, MD20817
301-365-4336
Bill Hope
419-886-4162
419-886-4172 (FAX)
For ENFLEX info:
610-594-4400
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
G2 Real Time Expert-System, GOX and Meurnoin-Hne ~~ 7 C * / *' ^**%
Gensym Corporation ; :
Public purchase
Tools for real-time monitoring and analysis of processes. The greater efficiency
afforded as a result of real-time monitoring will result in lower costs, although the
systems are not designed to include any cost information. However, cost information
could be incorporated into the systems (especially in the off-line applications). The
systems have numerous environmental applications, including real-time process and
environmental monitoring, identification and diagnosis of problems, and solutions. For.
example, G2 and GDA have been used for continuous emission monitoring for NOX
from utility boilers, real-time monitoring of process and pollution control equipment,
tracking waste content and burning, and modeling combustion processes to predict and
reduce emission levels and optimize processes. In design applications, the systems
may be used to design systems for the lowest life-cycle costs. The Batch Design Kit is
an example of such an application.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Bisk control •
Gensym Corp. was founded in 1986. G2 Version 4.0 was released in July, 1995. This
is usually updated once a year. GDA version 2.0 was released in February, 1995.
Neur-on-line version 1.0 was released in February, 1994. These two products are less
frequently updated (in comparison to G2).
Available :
Gensym markets its products to companies with automated processes, government
agencies responsible for environmental monitoring and remediation, agencies
responsible for traffic control, etc. They have sold their products in over 30 industry
sectors in over 30 different countries. The industries include process industries,
discrete manufacturing, telecommunications, environmental, power, and aerospace.
They have sold over 3,000 product licenses.
The range of prices for the products are $6,000 to $37,000. The prices vary with the
options chosen and also differ between the on-line and off-line versions.
G2 Diagnostic Assistant (GDA): Offered on UNIX workstations from DEC, IBM, HP, and
SUN, as well as DEC VAX systems. This requires:
• release 3.0 or higher of the G2 real-time expert system
• 32 MB of memory is recommended for a full GDA development system.
Another system, Neur-On-Line, is additionally offered in Alpha AXP systems. The
system requirements are the same as for GDA. 48 MB of memory is required for use
with GDA.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered
The G2 systems seem more suitable for large, complex operations.
Gensym brings out three different packages called G2 Real-Time Expert System, G2
Diagnostic Assistant, and Neur-On-Line.
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Nonquantifiable
Information:
Information on any note-writing capability is not available.
Real-time expert systems are on-line knowledge-based systems that combine analytical process models with
conventional process control and heuristics to judge and interpret sensory data, while reasoning about the past,
present, and future to assess on-going developments and plan appropriate actions. G2 real-time systems can be
applied to address the following environmental areas:
• solid waste, wastewater, pretreatment, drinking water, and emissions management
• TSCA, Clean Air Act, and other State and Federal regulations
• cost management
• waste minimization
Real-time expert systems have been used proactively to minimize leaks, emissions, and waste, as well as to improve
product quality, production yield, and energy consumption. They can assist in monitoring for regulatory compliance
and Identification and diagnosis of unexpected process changes. A real-time system can assist in waste minimization
by using ingredient information for a compound to suggest production alternatives and methods to minimize wastes
and production costs. It can also do mass-balance calculations.
The G2 Real Time Expert System is used to monitor complex industrial processes and to assist in problem
Identification. It combines rule and model-based expert system reasoning, real-time execution, user interface
graphics, and monitoring system and database interface capabilities.
The G2 diagnostic assistant (GDA) can be used along with G2 and is a graphical, object-oriented decision-making
tool. GDA contains predefined graphical blocks that represent information fed into the system through user- or
computer-generated input. This information is used to interpret and diagnose real-time data received from controllers
and sensors. GDA can be used for problem diagnosis and decision support. Users can also create their own
applications within G2. Besides identifying problems after they have occurred, problems can also be predicted using
statistical techniques. It can be used for prototyping, modeling, and simulation.
Neur-on-line is designed as a visual, object-oriented tool for building neural networks to monitor complex processes
that are difficult to monitor or control with conventional modeling tools or rule-based systems. Neur-on-line has to be
Integrated with G2 (also GDA), which will perform tasks such as filtering input data and taking actions on the resulting
outputs from the neural net.
There are on-line and off-line versions of the systems. A tool kit for modeling applications included in the packages
allows users to modify the systems as required.
The Emission Reduction Research Center (ERRC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Gensym are
working on designing a Batch Design Kit using the G2 Real Time Expert System. This project was funded by a
consortium of nine leading pharmaceutical and chemical companies, along with the US Army, New Jersey
Commission on Science Technology, and the USEPA. The goal was to create a software toolkit for use in
pharmaceutical and specialty chemical plants to reduce their environmental impacts (enable 'Zero Avoidable
Pollution') by optimizing batch process design to minimize pollution. The Kit functions in a Computer Aided Design
(CAD) environment for the design of batch processes with ecological constraints. Fed a list of ingredients for a given
compound, the program will advise users of different production alternatives and help pinpoint methods that minimize
wastes and production costs by selecting the most appropriate reactions; solvents, catalysts, diluents, etc.; reactors;
separation and purification processes; and treatment units. General features of the Batch Design Kit include the
following:
• Covers the complete life-cycle of the manufacturing process, beginning from the chemical reactions,
through pilot-scale tests, to the industrial scale plant, and the plant's operation, revamp, and final
shutdown.
• Integrates diverse databases including reactions, materials and their physical properties, equipment,
models, regulations, and plant facilities, etc.
• Intuitive In its use, with no programming requirements, intelligent graphic interfaces, and a high level
language for human-machine interaction.
* Operate in a distributed client-server architecture to allow access and parallel work by different groups of
people (chemists, process developers, process engineers...).
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
• Utilize existing commercial products, e.g., ASPEN Plus, AUTOCAD.
Idealized designs can be analyzed by enforcing environmental constraints, and more practical designs can be
evolved by the guided relaxation of the constraints. Operating and capital costs can be allocated through integration
with external databases. It is estimated that the kit would help companies save millions of dollars in non-compliance
fines, waste product, and raw materials.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance —
-Recycle/waste management —
Real-time systems can be used to address any part of the life cycle. Thus in real-time applications, it will typically
cover stages within one facility that can be monitored. All life-cycle stages will not be addressed in one application.
However, in off-line applications, the modeling capability could be used to include information on all life-cycle stages.
For example, expert systems could be used in designing applications to help in selecting materials with optimal life
cycles, while determining things like reusability of parts, ease of disassembly, best use of materials, etc. However,
the system is not preset or designed for this purpose.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional . • • —
-Potentially hidden —
-Contingent —
-External — , . " .
The system is not designed to include cost information, but users could possibly adapt the system to include some
variable costs through relationship models. However, users would need to develop estimation methods, such as
costs related to material use (and other real-time data),= or external costs related to emissions on their own. The
systems can be used to control some cost drivers by maximizing efficiencies. For example, predicting future
problems such as leaks or emissions could reduce contingent and external costs (without actually estimating or
recording them). Real-time data will allow quicker identification and solution of problems and possibly less damage.
In off-line versions, cost information could be incorporated in system models. Since the systems can be modified
according to user requirements, any cost information, if available, could be incorporated. However, the system is not
designed for estimation or resource control and therefore cannot assist in cost estimation.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Gensym's Telewindows application provides a multiuser client/server environment that allows multiple users to share
G2 applications. The bridge products enable plant-wide integration through standard interfaces to popular database
and control systems (PLC, DCS). User-defined blocks can be created in GDA. Users can build and maintain
applications without needing to do conventional programming. G2 can import bitmapped images and create trend
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charts for displaying real-time data. G2's internal clock works at subsecond levels for scheduling G2 events and
keeping data histories at subsecond time intervals. All systems have graphical user interfaces with the option to use
MS Windows or MOTIF style interfaces. The new tool kit for modeling allows users to develop and modify the system
application as required.
User support
Gensym provides consulting services to its customers, including project prototyping, application engineering, project
management, and customized training. Systems integration services include system architecture and data integration
services. No demonstration disks are available. However, remote and on-site demos can be organized.
Limitations
These systems are primarily designed to collect and process real-time data from automatic processes; therefore, they
are unsuitable for small, nonautomated operations. The software is not designed as a cost-estimating system or to
include cost data. It is meant primarily to be used to handle technical aspects of project planning and monitoring but
not other nontechnical (resource control, administration, management) elements.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with Gensym representative and information
package received in March 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
Gensym Corporation
125 Cambridge Park Drive,
Cambridge, MA 02140
Joanne Prairie/Betsy Gartner/Steve Fraleigh
617-547-2500
617-547-1962 (FAX)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
£{^3B3i«rax^^
Wixel, Inc.
Public purchase
Waste management and tracking. Users can enter different types of cost information
(hidden and conventional) into the system, depending on the modules used. It is not
clear whether additional user-defined fields may be created. However, historical cost
libraries cannot be created for use in project cost estimation. The system has no
modules that address project management.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Introduced ~ 1989, frequent updates. Version 5.2 of Gentrax was released in July,
1995. A Windows version is expected in end 1995/early 1996.
Available
Purpose and current use: Wixel has a client list of close to 500 large and small companies. They have sold their
products to the DOD, DOE, and EPA. Wixel targets a wide range of users including
generators, environmental service companies, and TSDs. They have special
capabilities suitable for public utilities and universities. They also target smaller
generators and recyclers (dealing with wastes such as composts, plastics).
Cost information:
System requirements:
Not available.
Designed for IBM-compatible 386 DX PCs. Capable of operating on mainframes and in
the Macintosh environment. Supported networks include Novell, and other PC-based
networks.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered
Not applicable; system is not designed for project management. The modular design
allows users to size the system according to their requirements.
Wixel offers a variety of packages for users—Gentrax, RecycleTrax, PackTrax,
HWTrax, UTrax, TSDTrax, SARATrax, BrokerTrax, and ClassTrax. They are planning
to introduce one called CompostTrax. All these packages have been formed using
three core programs, which have been coupled with a dozen or so modules.
Nonquantifiable
information:
Not applicable. Information on any annotation capability is not available.
These packages have been assembled for serving specific user needs. However, users can mix and match modules
themselves as well. Areas that these modules cover include the following:
• solid waste, hazardous materials and waste, storm water and runoff, asbestos, and emissions
management
• permit tracking, source inventory, MSDS and right to know management, health and safety and training
management, risk analysis, property transfers, and audits
• TSCA, Clean Air Act, and other State and Federal regulations
• cost management
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• recycling, composting
• reporting—including SARA, NPDES, and Form R
• mapping and GIS capability
GenTrax Is a waste management system for generating facilities. Gentrax monitors and tracks different parts of
users' operations with an option for user-defined parameters. It includes profile and sample tracking, container
labeling with optional bar-coding, and warning reports for violations. The billing system allows disposal costs to be
charged back to departments responsible for generation. It includes a complete historical database of waste
information. Reports include management, shipping, system listings, and cumulative snipping reports (by chemical,
waste stream, etc.).
TSDTrax is designed for TSD facilities that conduct various waste processing operations and handling of inbound
and outbound wastes. The system has specific portions assigned to management of on-site operations, inbound
waste, and outbound wastes. In the on-site operations, material flows are managed through different process
operations (including recycling), profiles are managed, manifest information can be electronically transferred, and all
site waste is inventoried and monitored. An optional invoicing and accounts receivable module can prepare
quotations, invoices, work-orders and include other accounting information.
HWTrax is designed for fixed-State and mobile facilities that deal primarily with household waste. Processes like
drop-and-swap, recycling, and bulking for reuse can be tracked. The system includes a chemical database and
allows user-defined parameters to add to the areas tracked by the system. Other products include PackTrax,
SARATrax, UTrax, UtiliTrax, CompostTrax, and TraxMan. PackTrax is designed for brokers and environmental
service companies dealing with labpacking and fieldwork. SARATrax is designed for managing SARA compliance
requirements, including inventory, tracking, air emissions, and automatic report generation for Form.R, Tier I, Tier II,
emissions reports, and actual vs. permit limits reports. UTrax is designed for waste management in universities and
research facilities. UtiliTrax is made for use in utilities to manage, track, and process RCRA waste and PCB
equipment/materials. CompostTrax is a management system for private and municipal composters. TraxMan is an
information management system for managing paperwork necessary for RCRA compliance. A special PCB module
option is available for all standard Wixel programs used by generators.
All systems have features for report generation, container labels, and automatic manifests. The packages include
relevant information databases, including information on chemicals, DOT container types, generating process codes,
etc. Changing regulations are factored in through frequent enhancements and upgrades.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage — '
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
Life-cycle stages covered vary by module. For example, SARATrax tracks individual processes in a production line,
calculates mass balances, and tracks emissions. It covers the use and reuse of chemicals. However, the actual
products (not by-products and wastes) of a manufacturing process are not tracked; hence this activity is not included
as a stage that is covered. GenTrax and TSDTrax will cover recycling/waste management. These different stages
cannot necessarily be linked to one another. For instance, users may not be able to link types and quantities of
particular chemicals used with a particular quantity of solid waste produced. Gentrax, for instance, does not make
this linkage. Thus, users cannot simulate changes in waste quantities and costs as a result of process changes or
source reduction. These life-cycle stages are not necessarily covered in the case of each individual chemical,
material, or product.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
Where cost information is included, the objective is mostly to facilitate cost tracking or invoicing, rather than cost
control and minimization. Gentrax does provide features like disposal cost comparison reports, interdepartmental
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
billing, and others. However, only the costs related to waste disposal are covered. Cost codes in Gentrax include
container disposal, consulting charges, miscellaneous charges, profile application, repacking, sample, special
handling, and transportation costs. Additional cost codes could possibly be added to cover other cost types.
Different types of cost information are covered in different modules. Some, like SARATrax and the PCB module, do
not have any cost fields. CompostTrax allows users to track operational costs associated with composting. The
optional invoicing module allows users to record costs associated with TSD, transportation, and labor (conventional
and hidden costs). Estimates of contingent and external costs could be detailed in this module.
However, the costs of using particular chemicals before they become waste—costs associated with use/reuse
(including costs of tracking, monitoring, and other compliance), capital (e.g., pollution prevention equipment) and
labor, and other operational costs—are not covered. The costs that are entered cannot be collated to form a
historical cost library. Thus, the life-cycle costs associated with using particular chemicals cannot be calculated using
the system. If this linkage were made and full costs accounted for, pollution prevention and waste management
projects would be encouraged because users would have better information about the full costs of using a particular
process, material, or chemical. , ,
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) — ...'...',
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other • —-
Information not available. In CompostTrax, various financial reports are available for commercial operations. There
is no information on whether any financial indicators are generated.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Pop-up boxes allow frequently used data to be reused by selecting it from a pop-up display list or table. The
quotation/invoicing module can transfer cost information to company accounting systems. Gentrax includes an
electronic mail system for communications. The system is menu-driven but has no mouse-support. No custom
reports can be generated. Changes infield names (if any) cannot b& made directly onscreen.
User support
Wixel offers an annual regulatory upgrade and hotline agreement (RUSH) at 20% of the current price of the Wixel
software purchased. This upgrade includes implementation support, hotline service, telephone training, and
upgrades and documentation. Wixel provides users with slide-show demonstration disks and video tapes to review
their products.
Limitations
. • j . . ~ "
Besides facilitating compliance, Wixel systems also aim to manage and simplify operations in different areas of waste
and environmental management. Various types of cost information can be recorded in different modules. However,
cost minimization is not a critical objective. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost records, as related to
quantities and types of materials managed. Also, all costs in the four cost categories are not recorded. For example,
if a facility generates and treats wastes on site, the system cannot link the life-cycle stages to produce life-cycle costs
of using particular materials or processes. The costs of monitoring, permitting, and other compliance are not tracked.
Although disposal costs are tracked back to departments of origin, other potentially hidden costs associated with
activities such as storage, maintenance, and safety are not recorded. Contingent and less-tangible costs are not
estimated or included. The system is not designed for, and has no modules for, project management.
Basis for evaluation:
Based on telephone communication with Wixel representative and information package
received in March 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995).
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Contact Information:
Commercially available
Wixel
7936 E. Arapahoe CT.
Suite 3200
Englewood, CO 80112
Ray Richeson (VP—marketing)
303-796-0045
303-796-0043 (FAX)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and-Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
facilitate cradle-to-grave management of hazardous substances through mass balance calculations. The areas
covered by all the modules include the following:
• hazardous materials and waste, asbestos, and emissions management
• permit tracking, source inventory, MSDS and right to know management, health and safety management,
and training
• TSCA, Clean Air Act, OSHA, and other State and Federal regulations (facilitates compliance with all
regulations governing storage, use, and disposal of hazardous substances)
• reporting—including SARA III Section 313, and Tier II inventory reports
The major components of HazE are the chemical inquiry, master chemical maintenance, reports, table maintenance,
utilities, and on-line help. The master chemical database allows users to locate various types of information
associated with each substance such as information on components, storage and use, chemical characteristics, and
inventory information. The table files allow user-defined table files that can be used to build databases according to
users' requirements.
HazEDisp is designed to track and collect disposal and analytical data. It has areas to enter information on waste
stream tracking, identification, composition, labeling, and costing. Other functions include waste entity generation
tracking, transportation tracking and manifests, and waste disposal and manifest reports. Users have the ability to
impose their own thresholds on chemicals.
HazEStream provides a mechanism to track sample collection and analytical data., Using sampling and analytical
data, the system does mass balance calculations to calculate the percentage and amount of hazardous constituents
discharged into the environment via air, water, soil waste disposal, or product produced. The system allows data to
be entered in the form of images.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
Life-cycle stages covered may vary by module. The product can track hazardous materials from the moment they
enter the facility to their final resting place. It can calculate the hazardous constituents discharged into the
environment through air, water, soil, or products manufactured. It tracks the amounts of hazardous substances
purchased, inventoried, used, and disposed of at various locations. The actual products manufactured are not
tracked nor are the manufacturing stages of the life cycle for the various chemicals and materials.
All materials and outputs are not tracked. There is no quantitative linkage between the quantities and types of
material used or type of production process and waste generated. Thus, users cannot simulate changes in waste
quantities and costs as a result of process changes or source reduction.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional —
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
The system aims to track hidden costs associated with hazardous waste management and generates cost summary
reports. This feature has been added recently. Costs can be detailed as much as users desire. Thus, other cost
categories such as conventional, external, or contingent costs could be added as well. It is not clear whether cost
fields can be defined in any area of the program. For instance, if users have a mechanism to quantify costs
associated with discharge of hazardous constituents in various media, they can add a cost field to mathematically
calculate this based on discharge information.
All conventional and hidden costs are not tracked and entered into the system. External or contingent costs possibly
Involved in the various life-cycle stages that hazardous materials would go through cannot be estimated using the
system. The actual cost involved in the tracking activity is not included. The costs entered in the program cannot be
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Chapter 4—-Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
collated to form a historical cost library. This feature could be useful for assisting in cost estimation for projects,
because hidden cost estimates cannot be found in most (if any) commercial cost databases.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed to assist users in cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period — .
-Internal rate of return (IRR) — .
-Benefits cost ratio j—
-Other , —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The system is PC based and menu driven and has an on-line help feature. It has interfacing capabilities for data
exchange with other computer systems (no "seamless" exchange with particular systems). Its import facility allows
imports from disks or CD ROM. Custom routines can be created for transferring data from company purchasing,
inventory, or bar code system. This feature may allow users to transfer some cost information to company
accounting systems, thus facilitating greater integration of environmental and other company costs. Such costs are
usually left hidden in company overhead accounts.
HAZE allows unlimited tracking and recording of chemical substances. The system can collect all company notes
and data to create a custom disaster plan. The system can compile information previously entered at various sites
(up to 999) to generate a centralized corporate report. Quantities entered into the system using various units of
measurement are automatically converted into pounds for standard reporting requirements.
User support
A comprehensive user's manual is included in the. package, and users can take advantage of toll-free support.
Telstar also provides computer consulting and system support. Users can request services for specialized
programming and on-sjte training. Slide-show demo disks and limited-time product trial copies are available.
Limitations
Although modular in design, the system modules are not broken down significantly. The system does not have the
popular Windows structure or mouse support. The system comeswith a full suite of reports but does not allow
customization of reports. The system is restricted to hazardous substances and waste. It may not cover ail the areas
of concern related to environmental management (employee health and safety, nonhazardous substances, pollution
prevention, etc.) in a company.
Although users can enter cost information in the system, the costing feature is not given as much attention (not
mentioned in the information package). The system has existing cost fields for some hidden costs that users can
detail. However, it is not designed to take in detailed cost information on all cost categories that could be affected as
a result of various activities. Other conventional, contingency, or less-tangible costs cannot be estimated using the
system. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost records, as related to various activities and quantities and
types of materials managed. The system is not designed for, and has no modules for, project management. Like
most other waste management and tracking tools, the primary objective is to facilitate compliance, not to manage and
minimize costs However, if this area were further developed, pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives
would be encouraged as a result of better cost information.
Basis for evaluation:
Based on telephone communication with Telstar representative and information
package received in March 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995)
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Contact information:
Commercially available
Telstar Associates Inc.
PO. Box 1642
Boise, ID 83701
Jose M. Tellaria, Jr. (President/CEO)
Jacques S. Dashnow (Marketing and Product Support Manager)
208-343-3894
208-385-9168 (FAX)
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Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Logical Technology Inc. (LOGICAL)
Public purchase
Hazardous and nonhazardous material and waste management and tracking. The
system has some fields where hidden cost information can be entered. No other cost
information can be ientered (other than in text portions), and the system cannot be
modified by users to enter other cost information. The environmental costs entered
cannot be detailed. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost records. As yet,
the system has no components for project management.
Gost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Introduced ~ 1985-86. At least two updates a year.
Available
Purpose and current use: The software is designed to be suitable for a wide range of companies. It is currently
being used in labs, machine shops, utility companies, manufacturing companies,
chemical companies, hospitals, and other industries. Currently, there are approximately
500 to 600 sites using the software.
Cost information:
System requirements:
Product
HAZMIN
LogiTrac
LogiTrac JR
MSDS SOLUTION
CCM
MSDS Image
Single user
$7,800
$2,950
$1,995
, $995
$695
$950
Site license
$22,800
$12,950
$7,900
$5,500
$4,000
$1,925
These are 1995 prices for single-user systems and site licenses. The company also
quotes prices for five users and ten user networks and other options, which are not
included here.
Can be used alone or on a network. System requirements for a single workstation are:
• DOS 3.1 (or greater)
• 100% IBM-compatible (386 or greater)
• 2 MB RAM
• one 100 MB hard disk (minimum)
• one floppy drive.
Data storage requirements will differ. Supported networks include different versions of
Novell, Banyan Vines, and IBM Token Ring Or PC network program.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Not applicable; the systems are not designed for project management. They are meant
to manage and control areas of regular company activities. The systems do have
various options for customization. Users can enter additional information in the
Directory or note fields. However, users cannot change the basic format and approach
I (three documents in HAZMIN) and field names. This may limit users' ability to
incorporate the uniqueness or complexities of particular operations.
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Other compatible systems
offered:
Nonquantifiable
information:
Logi Trac, MSDS SOLUTION (IMS), Chemical Compliance Monitor (CCM). All these
systems can be integrated (along with HAZMIN) or purchased separately. TMS and
LogiTrac can be upgraded to HAZMIN.
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. Notes can be
entered in the text portion.
Logical offers four major products: Chemical Compliance Monitor (CCM), TMS (the MSDS SOLUTION), LogiTrac
and HAZMIN. The areas covered by all the products include the following:
• solid waste, hazardous materials and waste, asbestos emissions
• permit tracking, source inventory, MSDS and right to know management, health and safety manaqement
and training
• TSCA, OSHA, and other State and Federal regulations
• reporting—including SARA reports
The Chemical Compliance Monitor (CCM) is a compilation of chemical regulatory and advisory lists and data
derived from selected U.S. government, international, State, and other sources. CCM is available as a stand-alone
system or as an option with TMS, LogiTrac, or HAZMIN. CCM is available either as a subscription service or as a
one-time license. Features of CCM include the following:
• contains over 30,000 chemical names from a variety of sources
• determines which Federal regulations apply to chemicals
• finds OSHA and American Congress of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) exposure limits,
reports quantities, and identifies human and animal carcinogens.
• includes an extensive bibliography for each chemical.
TMS, the MSDS SOLUTION, is a menu-driven package designed for managing Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDSs) and complying with right to know requirements through electronic distribution. TMS is completely
upgradable to HAZMIN. Features of TMS include the following:
• standardized format that includes fields for all common MSDS physical and chemical data and
components. This format assists in OSHA training by minimizing variance in MSDS formats.
• custom report-writing feature and any data fields, components, and text can be used to create a custom
report.
• unlimited number of locations can be identified for each MSDS showing use, transfer, etc.
• status system can be used to differentiate MSDSs for current/approved materials from others in the
system.
• password security system that can limit access in various ways
LogiTrac is a material tracking system, which can be used along with TMS and CCM to track all hazardous materials
and waste from purchase to disposal. When LogiTrac is linked with CCM and TMS, MSDSs can be cross-referenced
with regulatory and advisory lists. All MSDS fields and text can be queried. Features of LogiTrac include the
following:
• records necessary for regulatory compliance and reporting
• completely upgradable to HAZMIN and compatible with all other Logical products
• tracking can be customized according to user requirements
• allows users to establish names of storage areas, work areas, disposal streams, and wastes
• custom reporting feature allows queries of all movements and an unlimited number of subqueries
• can be integrated with existing purchasing and distribution reporting systems
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
HAZMIN, the Hazardous Materials Information Network, combines all the features of LogiTrac with a product review
for materials management and compliance with regulations such as SARA reporting, right to know training, and
OSHA's 30-year rule for record retention. HAZMIN uses three types of documents: the MSDS, Request, and Notice.
MSDSs are entered into HAZMIN using a combination of predetermined fields and user-named free-form text areas.
After an MSDS is loaded onto HAZMIN, a request can be made when use of a product is proposed or changed. The
request is reviewed (including looking for possible substitutes—nonhazardous or less expensive), and the request, is
either granted or denied. A notice is written by the committee for each approved hazardous material, which is used in;
safety and other procedural training. The notice is the principle training document for a specific product. A status
system allows currently approved materials to be distinguished from materials under review or other old information.
The system can be used to generate custom reports. LOGICAL also offers modeling software (included in HAZMIN
and LogiTrac) for Form R threshold and release calculations, disposal stream monitoring, flexible emission standards,
and other applications. Models can be based on material/waste as a whole or on a specific component.
LogiTrac, LogiTrac JR, and the MSDS SOLUTION do not contain CCM or MSDS text. The imaging software
integrates with existing Logical software and offers additional functions for using MSDS images.
None of the systems described above have any functions for project management. However, users can use them for
information to analyze some material options in a qualitative manner, such as choices between different chemicals to
be used. The MSDSs or the Chemical Compliance Monitor can provide information on this.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition ' —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
Life-cycle stages covered may vary by module. The use of materials can be tracked from initial use to final disposal.
These stages are riot differentiated in the system. Wastestreams can be tracked back to the process or department
that was responsible for generating them. Ideally, requests are reviewed prior to material acquisition and use in the
manufacturing process. The actual products of any manufacturing activity cannot be tracked using the system.
All materials and outputs are not tracked. There is no quantitative linkage between the quantities and types of
material used or type of production process and waste generated. Thus, users cannot simulate changes in waste
quantities and costs as a result of process changes or source reduction.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional — ,
-Potentially hidden • '
-Contingent —
-External — ,
Cost information can be entered in the text portion or incorporated in some existing cost fields. Thus, if users have
information on some other cost categories, they can enter that in the text portion, but this approach does not facilitate
cost control. The only types of cost fields that exist are for entering costs for manifests. Thus all hidden costs
associated with compliance are not included. The Requests are designed to additionally pick up external costs
associated with company image and relationship costs.
The full costs of using a material or product in a facility, including all these cost categories, cannot be estimated using
the system. The costs entered cannot be collated to form a historical cost library. This feature could be useful for
assisting in cost estimation for projects, because hidden cost estimates cannot be found in most (if any) commercial
cost databases. However, if users do enter cost information (e.g., costs associated with tracking in LogiTrac) they
may be able to export the cost information to another database or spreadsheet. This could enable them to separately
maintain cost records, which can further be used in project cost estimation.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
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Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
AH the software systems are menu-driven. CCM allows users to search for chemicals using full or partial names,
synonyms, or CAS numbers. TMS, LogiTrac, and HAZMIN have custom report-writing features. Some standard
reports are already included in the system. LogiTrac allows customized tracking in terms of how closely an item will
be tracked and where it is tracked to and from. Since the systems are written around a relational database (Paradox)
they have the capability to export and import data from a variety of software systems.
User support
The company provides licensed users with free maintenance and support for a period of 12 months, after which users
have the option to purchase the service. The fees for most products include different numbers of days of training with
additional training at a fixed price per day. Each product has a different maintenance and support fee associated with
it. The support includes toll-free phone support and semi-annual software updates. CCM customers receive four
updates per year. Services include a quarterly newsletter, semi-annual user-group meetings, and 24-hour
emergency support. LOGICAL also undertakes requests for custom programming, MSDS loading and database
maintenance, and consulting for hazardous materials management and for system implementation. The full price of
any LOGICAL system can be applied to the purchase of an upgrade.
Limitations
LOGICAL recognizes that material management saves a company money, but they do not give cost management as
much importance. Although LOGICAL customizes systems, they do this only through special requests to LOGICAL.
If users make changes in the system themselves, they can no longer receive LOGICAL's support.
The system currently has fields for only limited types of costs. Life-cycle information entered will vary according to
the type of material and compliance requirements. For most cases, dynamics outside the company such as social
costs will not be estimated or considered. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost records, as related to
different activities and quantities and types of materials managed. The system cannot integrate with company
accounting systems, which can result in managing these costs separately, rather than integrating them with other
company costs. The system is not designed for, and has no modules for, project management. Like most other
waste management and tracking tools, the primary objective is to facilitate compliance, not to include cost elements
and detailing. However, if this area were developed, pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives would be
encouraged as a result of better cost information.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with Logical representative and information
package received in March 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
Logical Technology
5113 N. Executive Drive
Peoria, IL 61614-4868
Connie Cummings (Sales Associate)
800-COMPLY1
309-689-2900
309-689-2911 (FAX)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Material Inventory fifepprt=System „
AV Systems
Public purchase
Environmental, materials and waste management. The primary function is compliance
with different environmental regulations. The system has some fields where hidden cost
information can be entered. No other cost information can be entered (other than in text
portions), and users cannot modify the system to enable this. The environmental costs
entered cannot be detailed. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost records.
As yet, the system has no components for project management.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
The system was developed in 1988. Updates are provided twice a year. The current
version is, version 3.31, released in April, 1995.
Available
Purpose and current use: The system is intended to have cross-industry applications. It has most commonly been
used by manufacturing companies (although also used in other industries).
Cost information:
System requirements:
The approximate price of each module (based on conversation with AV Systems
representative in April 1995) is $1,500. The purchase price will vary with options
chosen.
Designed for IBM PCs and PC networks (supports various networks, including Novell).
Concurrent user options are provided.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects :
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. It is meant to
manage and control regular company activities in different areas. The modular format
allows companies to size the system as required.
Other compatible systems
offered: Package is modular in design with options for EPA-approved Form R, SARA Title III,
Hazcom, MSDS, permit, air, water, waste, inventory, and State and local reporting.
Modules can be used alone or in integrated forms.
Nonquantifiable
information:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. No annotation
capability.
The company brings out packages that address specific areas of environmental management such as MSDS,
NPDES, Permit, etc. The Material Inventory Report System (MIRS) contains all the features of the various modules
offered.
• solid waste, hazardous materials and waste, storm water and runoff, wastewater, groundwater,
pretreatment, drinking water, asbestos, and emissions management
• permit tracking, source inventory, MSDS and right to know management, health and safety management,
and training
• TSCA, Clean Air Act, and other State and Federal regulations
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
• cost tracking
• reporting—including SARA, NPDES, and Form R
• pollution prevention
The MIRS module tracks hazardous and toxic chemical information for compliance with EPA SARA Title III and
includes a regulated chemical database. The MSDS modules are designed for OSHA HAZCOM compliance and
allow users to enter, track, update, and archive MSDS information. The Netview module facilitates company-wide
access to MSDS information. The Form R and Easy-R modules cover compliance with SARA Title III Section 313
toxic release reporting. Easy-R contains multiyear comparison reporting for pollution prevention. The VOC module
tracks emissions data and air permits using several methods of VOC computation. The WASTE container and
manifest module handles cradle-to-grave waste tracking. RCRA biennial and other reports can be generated using
this module. Other modules include INVENTORY for chemical inventory transactions recording, PERMIT for
organizing a facility's environmental permits, NPDES for Clean Water Act (CWA) compliance; and LOCAL to cover
reporting variations from the EPA.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
Ufa-cycle stages covered may vary by module. The waste tracking module tracks only waste materials from the point
of generation to final disposal. The INVENTORY and MSDS account for chemical and hazardous material use in a
facility. The raw material acquisition stage and the manufacturing of these materials are not covered. Thus, although
using different chemicals is covered in a different module, the actual link between quantity of chemical usage or
production and waste generation cannot be made. Users cannot simulate changes in waste quantities and costs as a
result of process changes or source reduction. However, the WASTE module can link wastes to the process,
chemical, or department responsible for creation. The air emissions module does function to link type and quantities
of particular chemicals to VOC emissions.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional —
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
Only the WASTE module has actual cost fields. It can include hidden costs such as manifest costs, transportation,
and disposal costs. These costs can be linked back to the process or department responsible for their creation.
There is a field called "other costs" where other costs can be specified. There is no function in the program to
maintain historical hidden cost records as related to types and quantities of chemicals used. However, cost data
could be exported to Excel or other spreadsheets and database packages, where users could develop cost trends
that could be used for estimating purposes.
Also, all conventional, hidden costs, and contingent costs are not tracked and entered into the system. Capital, labor,
material, and other costs associated with environmental management in a facility cannot be detailed. Thus, the full
costs of using a material or product in a facility, including all these cost categories, cannot be estimated using the
system.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
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-Payback period — • •
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio — :
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility .."':' c
The program is menu driven with an optional Windows format. Field and context-specific help is available. Since the
program is built in a dBase compatible.format, information' in the modules can be exported to other software
packages such as Excel.
User support
AV Systems offers consulting, training, and maintenance support. On-site training is also available. The
maintenance support includes unlimited telephone support and program updates. Slide-show demonstration disks
are provided.
Limitations
Life-cycle information entered will vary according to the type of material and compliance requirements. The system
currently has fields for only limited types of costs. Dynamics outside the company such as social costs cannot be
estimated or considered. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost records, as related to different activities
and quantities and types of materials managed. The system cannot integrate with company accounting systems,
which can result in managing these costs separately, rather than integrating them other company costs. The system
is not designed for, and has no modules for, project management. Like most other waste management and tracking
tools, the primary objective is to facilitate compliance, not to manage and minimize costs. However, if this area were
developed, pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives would be encouraged as a result of better cost
information. ...•..,..
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication and information received from AV Systems in
March 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
AV Systems
4657 Platt Road
Ann Arbor, Ml 48108-9795
Karen Wilson
313-973-3000
313-677-4480 (FAX) ....
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PlantWare
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
EnviroMetrics Software Inc.
Public purchase
Multimedia emissions tracking. The system has the potential to be developed for
environmental cost management. It includes existing fields where costs related to
treatment, storage, and disposal can be entered and tracked back to departments
responsible for waste generation. Information on other costs can be detailed as
required by users by adding additional cost fields. Costs due to fugitive emissions can
be estimated. As yet, the system has no components for project management. It is
possible to record, track, and report historical cost data for environmental activities,
including capital, acquisition, waste disposal, etc.
Cost control — ,
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Envirometrics has been in business since 1991. PlantWare was released in early 1994.
Version 1.4 was released in July, 1995.
Available
Purpose and current use: EnviroMetrics has a client list of close to 100 customers, primarily in the Chemical,
Utility, Pulp and Paper, and Pharmaceutical industries. Their clientele includes names
like Amoco, Mobil, Georgia-Pacific, DuPont, and Weyerhauser.
Cost information:
System requirements:
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
The average sale price for the three modules ranges from $12,000 to $15,000,
depending on volume purchased. Prices approximate values, based on conversation
with Envirometrics representative in April 1995.
Companies can choose from a variety of hardware and database engine options,
including SQL Server, ORACLE, and SYBASE. The database can be supported by a
variety of platforms and operating systems. PlantWare is a true client-server, Windows-
based product that can be used on a local area or wide area network. It supports many
popular networks such as IPX, NT, Novell, and NETBIOS.
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. It is meant to
manage and control areas of regular company activities. The ability to customize the
system allows users to modify the system to fit their requirements. However, the
system may not handle the full range of environmental issues a company may have to
address.
Other compatible systems
offered
Nonquantifiable
information:
The system is available in modular or integrated form. Thus, PlantWare can be
integrated with other available modules.
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. Complete
annotation is available via user-defined fields.
PtantWare is a Windows-based, client-server software tool for multimedia emissions management. It is designed for
managing air, water, and solid waste emissions, using one central relational database. At the heart of the system are
tools for mathematically representing facility emissions, using simple or complex expressions. For example,
emissions can be modeled as a function of time-dependent variables such as production rates. What-if scenarios can
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
be analyzed by altering values of input variables. Future emissions can also be projected. Features of the system
include the following:
• solid waste, hazardous materials and waste, storm water.and runoff, wastewater, and emissions
management
• permit tracking, source inventory, and training
• Clean Air Act management ;.;%:;. • -K- ?•,
• flow editor for graphically linking diagrams sources, control devices, and emission points
• engineering tools for calculating emissions with a library of standard emission equations and tools for
custom equations '
• standard batch emission equations for tracking emissions from batch chemical facilities
• tools for tracking hazardous and nonhazardous solid waste
• reminders and notes for important dates and activities
• interface with Oracle, Sybase, SQLServer, Ingress, RdB, DB2, and several other SQL database backends
• standard report library (SARA Form R, NPDES permits, Title V permitting, and others) and custom report
generator
Envirometrics offers other packages or modules that address MSDS and right to know management, waste
minimization, groundwater, drinking water, and those that address State and Federal regulations. They have another
product called the Fugitive Emissions Management System (FEMS).
Project managers can use the emissions modeling function and the "what if" capability to predict emissions and
related costs as a result of changes in production, chemicals used, etc. PlantWare has the ability to capture, track,
and report costs associated with specific chemicals, processes, equipment, etc. Thus, to an extent, it facilitates the
comparison of different materials or chemicals based on quantitative criteria. It may be possible to extend this feature
to predict costs associated with the use of a process/product for the purpose of project planning.
Life-cycle stages
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
PlantWare considers all waste management operations and emissions in a facility. It considers waste management
up to final disposal for some components such as hazardous materials. All materials and outputs are not tracked. A
quantitative linkage can be developed between the quantities and types of material used or type of production
process and waste generated. Thus, users can simulate changes in waste quantities and costs as a result of process
changes or source reduction. However, this can be done only for emissions management (not for all types of waste).
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
PlantWare comes with fields for recording some conventional and hidden costs associated with environmental
management within a firm. The waste-tracking module facilitates the allocation of treatment, storage, and disposal
costs to business units within a firm. All conventional costs, such as labor, capital, and material costs that companies
would need to incur during the course of environmental management activities are not included. However, users
have the ability to add custom fields that will enable them to detail costs as required. Proper cost detailing can help
facilitate recording information on all cost categories. However, users would need to estimate external and contingent
costs on their own. The system will not assist in cost estimation per se, but users can predict costs due to current
and projected emissions of particular chemicals. If users can estimate a external (social) cost per unit of emission,
this cost category,may be detailed in a similar manner, The costs entered cannot be collated to form a historical cost
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
library. However, they can be archived along with other information. Another option can be to export cost details to a
separate spreadsheet or to other packages. This feature could be useful for assisting in cost estimation for projects,
because hidden cost estimates cannot be found in most (if any) commercial cost databases.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation. However, users can estimate costs due to losses from projected
emissions by assigning a cost per pound for a chemical. They can use this to help.estimate true costs of chemical
uss as part of projects. For example, if users are considering using one solvent versus another, costs due to fugitive
emissions can be factored into the analysis.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
No financial indicators are generated, but it may be possible to export cost data to spreadsheets and other packages
that do have financial functions.
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
The system has options and features that give users the flexibility to modify the system according to their
requirements. For example, the Run-Time Data Dictionary can be used to configure and modify any window in the
system. Although the primary objective of the software is to facilitate compliance, the additional features such as
those for cost management indicate a move toward becoming a corporate environmental management system.
User support
PlantWare provides a demonstration disk of their software upon request. Complete user-support is offered, including
unlimited phone support and optional on-site services. Slide-show demonstration disks are available for PlantWare.
On-site demos are provided. FEMS has a working demo disk.
Limitations
The main focus of PlantWare is emissions modeling. The existing cost fields can be further detailed. However,
contingent and less-tangible costs associated with emissions, disposal mechanisms, etc., are not estimated. This
area, if developed, can be a useful feature in quantifying all costs related to using particular chemicals. For example,
an equation could be developed that estimates possible future liability costs as a function of fugitive emissions from
using a particular chemical. This can help project managers make more informed choices between different materials
to use (rather than one-time conventional costs alone). The costs entered into the system cannot be exported to
company accounting systems, which can result in managing these environmental costs separately, rather than
Integrating them with other company costs. The system is not designed for, and has no modules for, project
management.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with EnviroMetrics representative and information
package received in February 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
EnviroMetrics Software Inc.
92 Read's Way, Suite 103
Newcastle, DE 19720
Jim Braselman
302-324-9136
302-324-9138
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Ehvirogenics
Public purchase *
Manages hazardous waste from initfal disposal to final disposition. ;• Also prints • s
manifests, reports, and container labels. The system has one cost'field where
manifesting costs can be entered. No other costs are detailed, and custom fields
cannot be created. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost records that can
be used for estimation purposes. As yet, the system has no components for project
management.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
CHEM Master® line of products, including Waste DB™ were introduced in 1985. The
current version of CHEMMaster® is version 3.3, released in January, 1995. The most
current version of Waste DB™ was updated in the middle of 1 994.
Available
Envirogenics has sold their CHEM Master® systems to.almost 1 000 clients with names
including DuPont, General Electric, and AT&T.
The cost of the system is $950. It is licensed by SOFTTouch Systems Inc.
The system requirements are:
• IBM PC/PS2 with a minimum CPU recommendation of 80286 (base)
• PC DOS version 3.3
• 520 KB RAM'
• 0.3 MB initial hard disk space
• CGA/EGAA/GA monitors
• printer that can print 12-pitch.
The system can be upgraded to work on any network that can support DOS.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management, It is meant to
manage and control areas of regular company activities, including waste manifesting
and tracking. Not meant for very large/complex requirements.
Other compatible systems
offered: CHEMMaster®, MSDS Generator™.
Nonquantifiable
information:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. No notes can be
entered.
Waste DB™ is a system in which users can record and track information related to waste and waste management.
Users input information on work area, waste material, processing, waste handlers, waste containers, and waste
manifests. Waste DB performs functions that include the following:
• tracking waste disposal by manifest number and waste containers from point of origin to destination
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• tracking cost of waste by facility, process, or department
• printing manifests, hazard and shipping labels, and generates waste summary reports organized by
process, TSDF, and transporter ,
• codes and DOT hazard descriptions
• user-developed library of information on transporters and TSDFs and other historical information
• generates EPA Biennial Generator report
The system assists users in complying with State and Federal reporting requirements. Waste DB™ has generic
Federal templates, and user-designed templates can be used for creating State-specific templates. It prints Uniform
Hazardous Waste Manifests in the generic Federal format, or customized to individual state formats. Waste DBIM
can also generate cost reports. Data is organized with the objective of minimizing entry of information, and for easy
retrieval or long-term recordkeeping.
CHEM Master®, a separate product containing a regulatory database, is not included as part of Waste DB™. It
contains hazard information on all regulated chemicals that can be used for waste analysis and hazard evaluation.
Life-cycle stages
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance — ,
-Recycle/waste management •
The system only considers the life-cycle stages in which waste is created and finally disposed of. It covers only the
waste management stage of the life-cycle and does not consider recycling waste. Chemical and material use in a
facility is not inventoried or tracked. The system has the ability to track costs of waste by business group or
department. Users can assign a process number or work area to each waste container generated, which can provide
useful information for pollution prevention initiatives. However, the program itself does not assist in evaluating
options for waste minimization or for recording them.
There is no quantitative linkage between the quantities and types of material used or type of production process and
waste generated. Thus, users cannot simulate changes in waste quantities and costs as a result of process changes
or source reduction.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional , —
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
Cost Information can be recorded by manifest and/or waste container. This is a hidden cost associated with
regulatory compliance. This information can be entered as a single figure and cannot be broken down to show cost
details. Costs can be tracked and reported by manifest line items, work area codes, range of dates, manifest
document numbers, TSDF, and transporter.
AH conventional and hidden costs associated with waste management are not tracked and entered into the system.
Users cannot estimate or record any other costs, including usual operating costs, contingent, or external costs. Thus,
the full costs of using a material or product in a facility, including all these cost categories, cannot be estimated using
this system. The costs that are entered cannot be collated to form a historical cost library.
Method of cost estimation
The system does not do any cost estimation.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Waste DB™ only allows a limited amount of customization in printing reports, etc. It does not have many of the
advanced functions of other, more integrated software systems, but it may be less expensive than them as well.
Fields cannot be added or deleted. However, the company does add customized functions (for custom screens and
specific functions) upon specific request from clients. It has pop-up windows and an online help system that provides
information on every menu and input field, but it does not have a graphical user interface.
User support
The company offers services in the areas of environmental and industrial hygiene consulting, implementation,
programming, data entry, data analysis, and training. The system's price includes one year of toll-free user support.
However, the prograr i and documentation are provided only with a warranty of 90 days and the licensee assumes all
further costs related to any required servicing, repair, or correction. Demonstration disks can be purchased at a cost
of $24.95. The accompanying manual provides a detailed description of the software system and its capabilities.
Envirogenics also offers services to industry in the areas of hazardous waste management, indoor air quality,
environmental consulting, regulatory compliance, and health and safety training.
Limitations
Waste DB™ is not available in modular form and serves very specific functions. This can be a limitation to those who
wish to expand the system or integrate it with other environmental management activities (e.g., health and safety) in
the firm. The program cannot be modified without written consent from the licenser. Users can do only a limited
amount of customization. There is no mouse support and users will have to familiarize themselves with various key
commands to use the system.
The system considers only manifest and waste container costs, and users have no options for adding additional
fields. They cannot be detail cost components. Thus, other conventional, contingent, or less-tangible costs cannot
be estimated or detailed. It has no feature for separately maintaining historical cost records, as related to different
activities, quantities, and types of materials managed, for the specific purpose of use in future project cost estimation
(although the Waste DB™ data records can be maintained). The system cannot integrate with company accounting
systems, which can result in managing these costs separately, rather than integrating them with other company costs.
The system is not designed for, and has no modules for, project management. Like most other waste management
and tracking tools, the primary objective is to facilitate compliance, not to manage and minimize costs. However, if
this area were developed, pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives would be encouraged as a result of
better cost information.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with Envirogenics representative and information
package including a demonstration disk, received in February 1995. Additional
information obtained from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
Envirogenics
3812 B Quakerbridge Road, Suite 208
Mercerville, NJ 08619
800-437-7990
609-586-4426 (FAX)
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Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Elements of control:
Development date
and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and curreru use:
Cost information:
System requirements:
Corbus (A division of Compliance Management Systems Inc.)
Public purchase
Environmental and safety management. The system has some fields where cost
information can be entered. A limited number of environmental costs can be entered,
though not detailed. There is no feature for maintaining historical cost records. As yet,
the system has no components for project management.
Cost control —
Resource control —
Estimating control —
Schedule control —
Scope control —
Risk control —
Introduced in 1994
Available
TERMS is targeted to the manufacturing industry. Prolab (and Plus) is designed mainly
for laboratories. Corbus has clients in many different companies including Proctor and
Gamble, Westinghouse, and GTE.
The prices (effective September 1994) are as follows:
Software PC
TERMS $3,500
PROLAB PLUS $5,000
MSDS Standard $1,195
WASTE TRAIL $995
LAN
$8,000
$8,000
$2,000
$1,900
The multiuser price for TERMS is $5,900. These prices are subject to change.
System requirements for Prolab are:
• IBM-compatible PC (min. XT or AT preferred)
• 20 MB hard disk space (varies)
• MS-DOS 3.3 (or greater), and
• 640 K RAM.
System requirements for TERMS are:
• MS-DOS 3.3 (or greater),
• 640 K RAM, and
• 8 MB of hard disk space
The Windows version of TERMS is to be released in the fall of 1995.
Software summary
Size and complexity
of projects:
Other compatible systems
offered:
Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. It is meant to
manage and control areas of regular company activities. Corbus sells families of
products; these have a moderate amount of breakdown. Users can integrate most of
them. The products differ in the amount of customization possible, information sharing,
and comprehensiveness; thus, they cannot handle all operation uniqueness and
complexities.
Corbus offers software systems called Prolab Plus and TERMS that can be integrated
with Waste Trail. They also bring out a program called MSDS Standard.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Nonquantifiable , , .....
information: Not applicable; the system is not designed for project management. No note writing
. capability., •.,,...-,.
The other software systems—PROLAB Plus, TERMS, MSDS Standard, and Waste Trail—cover the following areas:
.solid waste, hazardous materials and waste, and emissions management
permit tracking, source inventory, MSDS and right Jto know management, health and safety
cost management, , • .
Clean Air Act, OSHA, CERQL>% and other Sjtate and Federal regulations
reporting—including SARA reports and Form R, CERCLA Spill "Report
The Environmental Regulation Management System (TERMS) assists plants with MSDS management, including
indexing MSDS by name, part number, synonyms, department, location, hazardous ingredients, and suppliers. It
automates SARA Title III reporting and Clean Air Requirements. It includes HAZCOM for MSDS management and
archiving, worker training, and hazardous materials checklist; a complete reference database (Federal and State
regulations) and chemical information; and inventory management.
MSDS Standard deals only with storing MSDS records. Its features include ANSI Z400.1 format for all MSDSs,
selector index to retrieve specific sections of MSDS, an emergency hot key, MSDS archiving that complies-with the
OSHA 30-year rule, and a written hazard communication plan. It has a multiple data entry option and options include
direct input and electronic data transfer. MSDSs can be organized into specific categories according to user
requirements. It also has multiple security levels.
Prolab Plus (and Prolab) has been designed for chemical inventory management in a laboratory setting. Prolab only
has inventory, container labeling, and MSDS management modules.
Prolab Plus additionally has features that include bar coding, a regulatory database (with pre-programmed chemical
lists with pertinent information), requisition and purchasing, incident reporting, and a custom report writer. It also
includes a free-form database manager.
Waste Trail is designed to track hazardous waste and includes cradle-to-grave container tracking, generation of
waste manifests and profiles, and various pre-programmed waste tracking reports. Waste definitions can be added
or edited including CAS#, EPA hazard #, and Hazard class. Cost breakdowns for waste removal can be tracked by
department. r ' •
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition — '
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management • '
Life-cycle stages covered may vary by module. Waste Trail allows cradle-to-grave container tracking (from moment
of generation in facility to final disposal). Prolab Plus (and Prolab) has been designed for chemical inventory
management in a laboratory setting, which covers the use/reuse stage of the life cycle. AH materials and outputs are
not tracked. There is no quantitative linkage between the quantities and types of material used or type of production
process and waste generated. Thus, users cannot simulate changes in waste quantities and costs as a result of
process changes or source reduction.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional • '
-Potentially hidden '••••' •
-Contingent ' "• >. — • . , . •
-External ' • •• — : . - •. .
Waste Trail allows users to track departmental cost breakdowns for waste removal. It is not clear how much the
costs can be broken down. Information on contingent and external costs is not estimated or tracked. The costs
entered cannot be collated to form a historical cost library. This feature could be useful for assisting in cost
estimation for projects, because hidden cost estimates cannot be found in most (if any) commercial cost databases.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
All conventional and hidden costs are not tracked and entered into the system. Conventional costs, such as labor,
capital, and material costs, that companies would need to incur during the course of environmental management
activities cannot be detailed. Thus, the full costs of using a material or product in a facility, including all these cost
categories, cannot be estimated.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Other —
Ability to include environmental costs
User friendliness and flexibility
Waste Trail is menu driven and has many look-up tables. Corbus provides HAZREG, which is a chemical and
regulatory database. Data export and import capabilities vary. TERMS can integrate data from other inventory
control and purchasing software systems. It can also provide modem interface.
ProlabPlus has features for handling custom reporting (from inventory records, purchasing records and employee
incident data) and unique regulatory requirements. Prolab has a menu-driven query system for referencing. It is
compatible with TERMS for SARA reporting and with MIDAS for MSDS management.
User support
All software comes with documentation, toll-free technical support, updates (free for the first year), and on-site
training ($750 per day). The price for maintenance options for TERMS and Prolab Plus are $800/year (PC) and
$1,900/year (LAN), with $1,600 for multiuser support TERMS. Corbus also provides MSDS data entry services.
Corbus provides training programs for groups (30 employees average) regarding the basic requirements on right-to-
know ($1,000). The training is customized to correlate with hazards specific to the company in question.
Corbus also has a team of experts who can provide environmental audit (for environmental and safety issues)
services to companies. The price of the comprehensive site audit (one day) is $1,250. Corbus offers users the
service to scan their MSDSs, with the option to store them on CDs. Scanned MSDSs are compatible with Corbus
TERMS™ and Prolab™ Plus. Working demonstration disks are available.
Limitations
The amount of customization depends on the product. WasteTrail, for instance, does not have very many features for
customization. TERMS does not have features for custom report writing. Displays, help screens, and work areas
cannot be customized. The system is limited to hazardous materials and waste management and does not address
the whole gamut of environmental issues that may face a company (multimedia emissions management,
nonhazardous waste management, waste minimization, pollution control, etc.). All the modules cannot share
Information in a comprehensive manner. Cost information and cost management is not covered in all the products.
All cost information related to environmental management (costs of permits, compliance, operating costs, etc.) in a
company cannot be viewed.
The system considers only a limited variety of costs with some options for users to add additional fields. All
conventional, contingent, or less-tangible costs cannot be estimated or detailed. There is no feature for maintaining
historical cost records, as related to different activities, quantities, and types of materials managed. The system
cannot integrate with company accounting systems, which can result in managing these costs separately, rather than
integrating them with other company costs. The system is not designed for, and has no modules for, project
management. Like most other waste management and tracking tools, the primary objective is to facilitate
compliance, not to manage and minimize costs. However, if this area were developed, pollution prevention and other
environmental initiatives would be encouraged as a result of better cost information.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Took
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Based on telephone communication with Corbus representative and information
package received in March 1995. Additional information obtained from Rich (1995).
Commercially available
Corbus
206 Line Road
Kennett Square, PA 19348
Mary Smucker (Marketing Representative)
610-444-5691
610-444-6461 (FAX)
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Abbreviated Profiles
Software from Environmental Software and Systemsinc.
ES&S supplies a number of different software packages, including those that are repackaged EPA programs. These
packages are for cost estimation, dispersion modeling, air emissions estimation and modeling, process analysis,
hazard evaluations, etc.
CHEMMIX: Determines the effects of combining chemicals with other chemicals, or with water. An unlimited number
of chemicals can be analyzed, and the program comes with over 3 million reactions between 1700 chemicals.
Additional chemicals can be added by users. This software can be used to alert users of a number of potential
hazards, compatibility determinations, emergency response plans, contingency plans, spill response, and chemical
shipments. The next update is expected in the fourth quarter of 1995.
The software is available in IBM (DOS, 384 KB RAM, 3 MB free disk space) and Macintosh (1 MB RAM, 3 MB free
disk space) formats. The cost of the software is $395.
CHEMICAL REACTION GUIDE: Aids in the identification of hazardous combinations.: $12.95.
EMERGENCY CALL SYSTEM: An IBM compatible hardware/software system designed to activate an emergency
response network.: $2500.
PART B OUTLINE: Version 6.0 for DOS or Macintosh. Guidance and outline for writing and updating a Part B permit
or permit application.: $49
Rl/FS: For DOS or Macintosh. Guidance for submitting a RI/FS for RCRA sites. $49
ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE LIBRARY (86-92): Relational database of all environmental software reviewed and
summarized by Pollution Engineering since 1986. $30.00
ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE LIBRARY (1994): Relational database of all environmental software published in
Pollution Engineering in 1993. $49.00
ENVIRONMENTAL SOFTWARE LIBRARY (1995): $69
Spreadsheet Templates (MS-DOS and Macintosh)
1. Method 5 Stack Testing: Calculates emissions from a source by using data collected in a stack test.
2. Storage Tank: Calculates hydrocarbon emissions from fixed roof, internal floating roof, and external floating roof
storage tanks.
3. VOC Calculations: Calculates actual coating line emissions in the RACT (Reasonable Available Control
Technology) format, and in the NSPS (New Source Performance Standard) format.
All four templates are priced at $39 each, or are available as a package at a special rate of $100.
Programs Developed for/by the USEPA (MS-DOS only)
1. CAT (Controlling Air Toxics): Equipment evaluation and selection for air toxics. Includes information on some
equipment types and calculates design parameters and costs for each.
2. ISC2 (Industrial Source Complexes Version 2): One of EPA's accepted dispersion modeling methodologies for
assessing pollutant concentrations from various sources associated with an industrial source complex.
3. SIMS (Surface Impoundment Modeling System): Estimates air emissions from surface impoundments.
4. LAND7: Analytical procedure for estimating compound-specific emissions from land treatment of organic
compounds.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems arid
\rid Tools
5. TANKS: Estimates emissions of organic chemicals from storage tanks according to EPA's AP-42.
6. SWAMI (Strategic Waste Minimization Initiative): Uses process analysis for identifying waste minimization
opportunities in an industrial setting.
7. SCREEN: Air pollution dispersion model for applying screening techniques to estimate the air quality impact of
stationary sources.
8. HAP-PRO: (Hazardous Air Pollutant Program): Calculates capital and annual costs for up to 6 VOCs and three
particulate control devices.
9. CHEMDAT7: Spreadsheet template that includes analytical models for estimating VOC emissions from TSDF
processes.
10. POTW Expert: Advisory system for improving the performance of wastewater treatment facilities.
11. LANDFILL AIR EMISSIONS: method for approximating nonmethane brganic compounds and individual air toxic
gas emissions from landfills.
12. MECHANICAL DUST SOURCES: Calculates emission estimates from paved and unpaved roads, materials
handling, agricultural tilling, and construction/demolition. Includes WIND EROSION program.
13. AIR TOXIC EMISSION FACTOR DB: Compilation of emission factors for toxic air pollutants and sources.
Each costs $50 individually, or $400 as a package.
Other Software
1. LEAD (Uptake/biokinetic model for lead): Determines total lead uptake in children (0-6 years) from various
sources.
2. ARCHIE (Automated Resource for Chemical Hazard Incident Evaluation): Assessment procedure for mitigating
hazardous material accidents.
3. GEOPHYSICS ADVISOR EXPERT SYSTEM: A system for the non-geophysicist for applying geophysics to
hazardous waste site investigations.
4. WW Process: Wastewater treatment process programs for calculating different variables including settleable ,
solids, waste gallons, BOD, etc.
5. METHODS: A database of all EPA, NIOSH, OSHA, ASTM, and other methods for sampling and analysis of toxics
in ambient and indoor air.
6. ORGANIC FATE IN WATER: Steady state and dynamic models for rapid evaluation of behavior of organic
chemicals in lakes, rivers, and estuaries.
7. LC50: Estimates LC50 using the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method.
8. POLLUTANT FATE IN WATER: Set of routines that computes the direct photolysis rates and half lives of
pollutants in the aquatic environment.
9. ACCESS EPA: A guide to EPA information resources, services, and products.
10. INDOOR AIR QUALITY: Estimates indoor air quality in a multiroom building.
11. TOXST (Toxic Modeling System Short Term): Addresses the problem of estimating expected exceedances in
short-term health effects thresholds in the vicinity of continuous and intermittent toxic releases from a complex
industrial site.
12. TOXLT (Toxic Modeling System Long Term): Evaluation of lifetime cancer risks and chronic noncancer hazards
that may result from long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants.
All these programs cost $50 each.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Contact information
Environmental Software and Systems Inc.
PO Box 1182
Bowling Green, OH 43402-1182 "
Roger Weith
419-353-8540
419-353-8540 (FAX)
Basis for information: Based on information received from supplier in May, 1995.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Financial Analysis Software
Systems and Tools (Glass 6)
Contents
Page
1. Costing and Financial Analysis of Pollution Prevention Projects 4-172
2.
Economic Analysis for Pollution Prevention 4-175
3. *P2/FINANCE: Pollution Prevention Financial Analysis and Cost Evaluation
System 4-178
4. Pollution Prevention Benefits Manual ..4-181
5. *PRECOSIS 4-184
Abbreviated Profiles 4-187
6. *PAPA Investment Model 4-187
*Software based products
1 Items 2-4, 8,11, and 13 in Class 7, and items 4-6,8, and 10 in Class 8, have financial analysis components. However, financial
analysis is not the primary feature of these products.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
;i| Posting and Financial Analysis of Pollution Prevention Projects
Prepared by: The Northeast Waste Management Officials'
Association (NEWMOA) and the Massachusetts Office of Technical Assistance
Prepared for: Prepared under grant from the North-East Hazardous Substances Research Center
(EPA funded)
Application: Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: —
This method provides the format for the financial evaluation of pollution prevention
options. The training manual in the updated version has industry-related examples.
1992. Updated version, "Improving your competitive position," published in 1994, and
comes in two styles - a Training Manual and an Instructors Guide.
Available
NEWMOA has sold the manual and has also used it in training sessions organized
through contract with Waste Reduction Institute for Training and Applications
(WRITAR). NEWMOA has used the manual in training workshops in various EPA
regions around the country. It has also been used in some industry conferences.
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Old manual:
For-profit organizations $40
Non-profit organizations $20
Training manual: $15
Instructors Guide: $30.
Spreadsheet formats, case studies
Summary of methodology
The method consists of both a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the pollution prevention project. Quantitatively,
costs are lumped into three major categories:
1. Direct material,
2. Direct labor, and
3. Overhead
Overheads include indirect materials and labor, including hidden environmental costs. Qualitatively, the method
considers:
1. Intangible factors
2. Potential liability
Intangible factors include market share, employee/union relations, and shareholder relations, corporate image,
community image). Potential liability includes disposal, storage, transportation, real property damage, civil actions,
toxfe tort suits, economic loss from remediation, and fines/penalties.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management •
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and loots
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent • -••"•••
—External — .-,....
The method looks at conventional and hidden costs of inputs and outputs, and liability costs of outputs (qualitatively).
The updated manual also discusses the assessment of potentially hidden less tangible factors such as public image,
shareholder relations, etc. These have also been defined as potentially hidden costs; It does not include external,
that is, social costs into the analysis.- •
Method of cost estimation
The evaluation involves six steps:
1. Gathering complete, relevant cost information from the current process
2. Estimating relevant cost information for the proposed pollution prevention projects
3. Listing all differential costs resulting from the options
4. Applying financial analysis tool(s) • ; . •
5. Interpreting the quantitative result
6. Considering the qualitative factors
The method calculates the total annual amount, represented as:
(wage rate) x (number of hours spent for the activity) x (number of occurrences of the activity per year)
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) •
—Payback period •
—Internal rate of return (IRR) •
—Benefits cost ratio — -
—Others •
The updated manual describes all these indicators along with methods of calculation. It also describes the
accounting rate of return as an indicator. Capital budgeting, cash flow, and the economic lifetime of the project are
considered in cost calculations. Discounted cash flow methods are used. ? ,
Attributes :.-.„••
The method performs qualitative analyses of activities not accounted for by conventional costs. The updated manual
has been published in two parts. The manual itself contains basic course material. The Instructors Guide additionally
contains teaching notes, exercises, overheads, and more case studies.
Limitations
Social (external) costs are not taken into account. The liability and potentially hidden less tangible costs (e.g., public
image, etc.) that are taken into account are not quantified. The method does not assist in life-cycle costing.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating updated information from
reports and through telephone communications with NEWMOA in May, 1995.
Available from NEWMOA.
Terri Goldberg (Pollution Prevention Program Manager)
NEWMOA
129 Portland Street, Suite 502
Boston, MA 02114-2014
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
617-367-8939
617-367-8558
The Massachusetts Office of Technical Assistance
Executive Office of Environmental Affairs
100 Cambridge Street, Suite 2109
Boston, MA 02202
617-727-3260
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• - Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toots
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
\,s™ Economic Analysis for Pollution Prevention^ , C,2 * ;
Pollution Prevention Division •. . . •
Washington State Department of Ecology ._,
Washington State Department of Ecology
Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: —•
Waste management/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: •
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: —
This method compares pollution prevention options with current operating practices.
July 1992. A fact sheet on the same topic was published in 1995.
A 4-page fact sheet is available
Information fact-sheet.
the fact sheet is available free of charge through the Washington State Department of
Ecology.
Cost analysis spreadsheet formats, activities for analysis
Summary of methodology
The method recommends including only those differential costs that would change if the pollution prevention
opportunity was implemented. The method also recommends a scoring system risk analysis with considerations
based on risks such as property contamination, compliance violations, health effects, accidents, and long-term
disposal liability. The updated fact sheet does not discuss this. Total cost" is calculated as the usual cost of running
an industrial process plus the environmental costs such as compliance and oversight or management. The updated
version of the fact sheet requires users to enter estimates of compliance and oversight costs.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing ' •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management •
The method considers raw materials acquisition, processing/manufacturing, transportation/storage/packaging, and
waste management. The raw material acquisition stage is not check-marked, as our definition of this stage is
different from the implication jn this case. This is covered to the extent that product/vendor research is done. The
updated version does not include waste management costs in the sample spreadsheet.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent •
—External —
The method estimates conventional and hidden costs of inputs and outputs, and liability costs of outputs. Typical
costs and activities are listed as follows:
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Usual Costs
Compliance Costs
Oversight Costs
Depreciable.Capital Costs
engineering
procurement
equipment
materials
utility connections
site preparation
facilities
installation
Operating Expenses
start-up
training
initial raw materials
working capita)
raw materials
supplies
direct labor
utilities
maintenance
salvage value
Operating Revenues
revenues
by-product revenues
Receiving Area
spill response equipment
emergency response plan
Raw Materials Storage
storage .facilities
secondary containment
right-to-know training
reporting and record keeping
safety training
container labels
Process Area
safety equipment
right-to-know training
waste collection equipment
emission control equipment
sampling and testing
reporting and record keeping
Solid and Hazardous Waste
sampling and testing
containers
labels and labeling
storage areas
transportation fees
disposal fees
Air & Water Emissions Control
permit preparation
permit fees
capital costs
operating expenses
recovered materials
inspection and monitoring
record-keeping and reporting
sampling and testing
emergency planning
discharge fees
Purchasing
product/vendor research
regulatory impact analysis
inventory control
Engineering
hazard analysis
sampling and testing
Production
employee training
emergency planning
medical monitoring
re-work
waste collection :
disposal management
inspections and audits
Marketing
public relations
Management
regulatory research
legal fees
" information systems
penalties and fines
insurance
Finance
credit costs
tied-up capital
Method of cost estimation
Users estimated costs for activities. The following methods of estimation are recommended in the 1992 fact sheet:
1. Differential accounting: only the future cash flows that would change if the pollution prevention project
was implemented are accounted for.
2. Inclusion of labor hours.
3. Extended time frame: a 5-year period is recommended for analysis.
4. Modified financial criteria: a lower rate of return, lower discount rate, or shorter payback period is
recommended because of intangible benefits such as reduced risk, improved quality, fewer sick days, or
better public image.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (N PV) •
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Instructions and tables on how to calculate the NPV are provided.
Attributes
This method not only accounts for conventional costs, but also liability costs. Reduced risks are accounted for with a
weighting system. The method in the 1992 fact sheet identifies risk factors, estimates their importance using a "risk
score," and provides a way of using the results for decisions. High risks are weighted most heavily; unknown risks
are given a "medium" score.
Limitations
External (social) costs are not included in the analysis. The sampte spreadsheet calculates the NPV for a 5 year
project. This time frame may be too small for some environmental projects.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented Weitz et al.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating updated product information
obtained from the Washington State Department of Ecology in May, 1995.
A 4-page fact sheet called "Cost Analysis for Pollution Prevention" is an update of the
original paper and is available through the Washington State Department of Ecology.
Ecology report - Publication # 95-400.
State of Washington,
Department of Ecology
PO Box 47775
Olympia, WA 98504
General number:
360-407-6730
Michael Johnson
360-407-6338
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
P2/FINANCE: EoHutioni Ereyention .J^'anciai Analysis and fijost Evaluation System
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Tellus Institute
State of New Jersey
Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: •
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
Analysis for the financial evaluation of pollution prevention (and other) projects.
1993. Version 2.1 of P2/FINANCE was released in 1995.
Available
Purpose and current use: This system was prepared as part of a project under the State of New Jersey.
P2/FINANCE currently has 870 official copies5 out of which 532 are businesses6
(including consultants), 165 are in-state agencies,7 and 165 are federal facilities.
Cost information:
For government agencies (federal/state/local), the tool is available free of charge
through the Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse. Tellus has license
agreements with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Maine
Department of Environmental Protection, and Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction
Institute from which businesses within the state can obtain the software directly for
nominal charges. All other organizations that do not meet the criteria of the EPA or
state agency license agreements can obtain the software directly from the Tellus
Institute for the following, charges:
Contents and system
requirements:
National agencies:
State/regional agencies:
Private firms:
>$100 million in worldwide sales:
$10-$100 million:
<$10 million:
Industry trade associations:
Non-profit organizations:
Individuals:
Software, user's manual.
Windows Version 4.0
• IBM-compatible PC, XT, or AT
• MS Excel 4.0 for Windows
Version 3.4a for DOS
• IBM-compatible PC, XT, or AT
• Lotus 123 Version 3.1 or higher
Other requirements:
• Color monitor recommended
• Graphics printer, HP LaserJet
$10,000
$5000
$1000
$500
$200
$500
$100
$50
^Thase Includecoples that have licensed directly from Tellus, and those that have been obtained from an intermediate organizatii
(such as the EPA) that has licensed the software for distribution.
^Businesses include those who have received the software from state agencies and Tellus.
^In-state agency" refers to any state government agency who orders the software, e.g., the Department of Public Health.
ion
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Topis
Summary of methodology
The approach has four key features:
• a broad inventory of costs and savings
• the allocation of all costs and savings to specific process and product lines
• extended time horizons for the capture of long-term benefits
• the use of profitability indicators that incorporate the time value of money
The inventory of costs and savings helps users in building their analysis and including all costs and revenues.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management •
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden - •
—Contingent •
—External , —
The methodology is primarily used to account for conventional and hidden costs of inputs and outputs. Liability costs
can also be included by specifying the year in which the liability is expected to occur. Potentially hidden less tangible
costs (e.g., public image) could be entered as part of the 'other costs' category. However, external (social) costs are
not included in the analysis (In our definition, less-tangible (internal) costs are included as hidden costs). The
following indicate the major cost elements that P2/FINANCE typically includes.
Operating Costs
Direct materials
Waste management (materials and labor)
Utilities
Direct labor
Other
Regulatory compliance
Insurance
Revenues
Future liability
Capital Costs
Purchased equipment
Materials
Utility Connections and new utility systems
Site preparation
Construction/installation
Engineering/contractor
Start-up/training
Contingency
Permitting
Initial charge for catalysts and chemicals
Working capital
Salvage value
Most of the costs listed above.will include several sub-categories, with examples provided of additional cost elements
that users can consider. For example, examples of sub-elements for revenue include change in sales from market
share and corporate image. Social costs (externalities) are not included.
#
Method of cost estimation
The method provides blank templates for data input by users for current and alternative practices. Pre-defined
category names are included. Operating costs are entered for both the current and alternative processes, while
capital costs are entered for the alternative process only. Other optional inputs include debt and equity parameters,
interest and tax rate estimates, and an escalation rate.
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) •
—Payback period •
—Internal rate of return (IRR) •
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Several financial indicators are calculated including NPV, IRR, and simple payback. The time horizons illustrated for
each indicator are 5,10, and 15 years, as well as one user-defined time horizon.
Attributes
P2/FINANCE provides a mechanism to compare current and alternative practices. Its use is not limited to the
analysts of P2 projects. The software comes equipped with an embedded cost list to remind users of potential costs
and revenues that they might otherwise omit. Users can change field names in P2/FINANCE to tailor it to their
requirements or facilitate tn« analysis of other projects. The familiar spreadsheet format facilities use by non-financial
persons, such as process engineers. Demonstration disks of P2/FINANCE are available through Tellus. Tellus has a
user-support technical hotline that is available free of charge to users.
Tellus is currently developing some industry-specific versions of P2/FINANCE. These versions are different from the
original spreadsheet version in that they are programmed in FoxPro, a database language, which makes the software
much more flexible. Pome of the new features:
• capital costs can be input for the current scenario
* profitability of multiple scenarios can be assessed
• capital costs can be input in any year
• variable operating costs can be defined
• cost items can be added to the predefined lists
These versions are based on Total Cost Assessment principles (such as version 2.1 of the spreadsheet), but contain
process-specific tailored lists for the particular industries. For example, in the screen printer's version, P2/FINANCE
for Screen Printers, Version 1.0, costs are entered in one of the major screen printing processes and the cost list
contains relevant screen printing materials under the heading materials, such as ink. This specificity can better assist
screen printers in estimating the profitability of pollution prevention projects.
P2/F1NANCE for Screen Printers will be unveiled soon. It can be obtained through the Screen printers' trade
association, Screen Printing and Graphic Imaging Association, International (SGIA). Soon Tellus will be working on
three other industry-specific versions with funding from NIST: lithographic printing, printed wiring board, and metals
fabrication and finishing.
Limitations
Users cannot enter any additional rows and columns to the spreadsheet. The system does not currently facilitate
bullding-ln of any algorithms. External (social) costs are not included in the analysis.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz
et al. (1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating updated product
information obtained through communications with the Tellus Inst. in May 1995.
Tellus Institute
11 Arlington Street
Boston, MA 02116-3411
Angela Dierks
Deborah Savage, Ph.D
617-266-5400
617-266-8303 (FAX)
Email: adierks@tellus.com
Email: dsavage@tellus.com
P2/Finance is available free of charge for federal, state, and local government
agencies through the Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse:
202-260-1023
4-180
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
'Pollution Prevention Benefits Manual
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
ICF Incorporated
Office of Solid Waste/Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: •
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: — , -
The manual was designed to help industry incorporate environmental costs into
decision-making. The objective was to help industry increase environmental protection
and reduce compliance costs by using true costs of current materials and waste
management and by evaluating financial paybacks of pollution prevention alternatives.
October 1990
Available
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use: The manual was produced under the direction of Dr. Ron McHugh, Office of Policy
Planning and Evaluation, U.S. EPA by ICF Incorporated. The manual is being
distributed through the Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse. A recent study
showed that out of 50 companies estimating environmental liabilities, 20% were using
the P2 Benefits Manual method. The rest were using methods created inhouse.8
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Free from the Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (PPIC).
Consists of a manual and worksheets.
Summary of methodology
This method compares pollution prevention alternatives as compared to the current practice. The method sets up a
hierarchy of costs. The costs jn the hierarchy progress from obvious internal to not-so-obvious hidden costs. The
manual stresses that companies need not address all the tiers in every analysis. Rather, companies should include
just enough tier's to show the economic gain from choosing the P2 product or process. At each tier of the hierarchy,
users complete worksheets that identify inputs and outputs to be estimated and provide formulas with suggested
values based on user-specified situations.
The hierarchy of costs is as follows:
TIER
EXAMPLE
Tier 0—Usual
Tier 1—Hidden
Tier 2—Liability
Tier 3—Less Tangible
equipment, labor, materials
compliance, permitting
penalties/fines, liabilities
consumer response, employee relations
Although the costs in Tier 3 have been referred to as less tangible in the manual, we include them as hidden costs
(since they are internal). However, in the calculation of liability costs events such as natural resource damage is
taken into account. This can be classified as a social or external cost.
Information taken from the forthcoming document "Environmental Cost Accounting for Capital Budgeting: A Benchmark Survey of
Management Accountants," 1995, being prepared by the Tellus Institute for EPA, OPPT.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management •
The manual considers on-site waste generation and waste management on- and off-site. The second stage
(manufacturing) is considered to calculate possible future liability costs, according to the manner of disposal and
applicable regulations. Use/reuse does not include the use of a product once it leaves the company.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent •
—External —
The manual considers conventional and hidden costs of inputs and outputs, liability costs of outputs, and the impact
costs of consumer response, employee relations, etc.
Method of cost estimation
Costs in Tiers 0 and 1 are estimated users. The model provides cost equations to assist in calculating future liability
costs. Each equation consists of several variables for which the manual provides suggested values. Liability
equations incorporate user-identified values and are provided for the following:
soil and waste removal and treatment,
ground-water removal and treatment,
surface sealing,
personal injury,
economic loss,
real property damage, and
natural resource damage.
To calculate less-tangible costs, the manual recommends users use their own judgments, and provides methods of
making percent adjustments to expenses and operating revenues. However, users must decide the number of tiers
they want to include in their analysis.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) •
—Payback period • —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) •
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
The report guides users in preparing incremental annualized cash flows and calculating after-tax total annualized
savings, NPV, and the IRR. It suggests generating these figures after calculating each tier of costs, which can be
very useful for users. The worksheet allows users to calculate NPVs using four different discount rates, one of which
Is user-specified.
Attributes
The model considers that consumer acceptance and employee/union relations change when wastes are reduced.
Further, the tiered approach provides a progression of detail for users that may aid in comparing previous costing
methods. The appendix provides an example case of a hypothetical firm. The section on hidden regulatory costs is
discussed in detail with brief descriptions of specific requirements in the regulatory cost protocols of six acts (RCRA
CERCLA, Superfund, CAA, CWA, OSHA).
4-182
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Although the manual does not go into detail on the Tier 0 facility analysis and cost development, it refers readers to
another manual prepared by EPA, Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual (EPA/625/7-88/003), that
covers the subject in detail.
Limitations
'...•: - , . , - - • . •-,-..••; Jj-4J>* •'• '
The manual discusses only certain aspects of calculating liability costs. The assumptions behind ,formulating.,thev
given equations and references for additional information.are not provided. Users are.expected to use assumptions
and equations that suit their particular cases. However, the manual makes an important point that liability cost
calculations should not be left out only because they are difficult to calculate. The section on hidden regulatory costs
under the six acts is now outdated and will need to be updated by users to reflect changes in regulations since, 1989.
Calculations can become cumbersome without a software system. However, some simplifying tables are provided.
The manual does not discuss the pros and cons of using one financial indicator as a decisive factor over the other.
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating updated product information
from a copy of the manual (Volume I, October 1989), and through telephone
communications with the U.S. EPA in April, 1995. /.',.•
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Holly Elwood
USEPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
401 M, Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
202-260-4362
Report'humber: EPA230-R-89-100
Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse
202-260-1023
Joseph Karam/James Faulstich/James Dickson
ICF Technology, Inc.
Fairfax, Virginia 22031 -1207
703-934-3000
. ••>»&, • • •.!•,'; •» .(_,?• ;.'
iJ- •'•> JU? ','.'. •.,!.•>"; ' ':
Prepared by, RTI. for £PA,:Qffice of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
.4183
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
PRECOSIS
George Beetle, George Beetle Company
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, Ohio
Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
Financial analysis of waste reduction projects.
1989. There have been some enhancements and updates.
Available
The software was designed to support participants at a series of seminars on waste
minimization sponsored by the EPA in 1989. Approximately 1000 copies of the older
version (uncompiled and more difficult to use than the current version) were distributed
at the seminars. The method has since been enhanced and placed in general
distribution under license by the George Beetle Company.
-$50
Manual and software. A menu-driven program consisting of ten data input tables and
two output reports containing financial calculations. Requires an IBM-compatible
computer with 512 KB (or more) of base memory.
Summary of methodology
The method first prompts users to describe the current process. Then they enter cost data for labor, materials,
facilities and waste management, revenue data, and financial parameters.
Cost data are grouped into three categories:
• resources effects (labor, materials, facilities)
• revenue or value effects (changes in output quantity and quality, secondary products and services)
• waste management effects (storage, handling, disposal, compliance, insurance, litigation)
Users need to enter unit cost data for labor, materials, facilities, and waste management. Also, users need to specify
the number of units needed for the current process. Users are asked for cost information concerning the following
activities for the current practices and the alternative practices:
1. labor resources and labor requirements by labor class, average hourly labor rates, benefits by labor
class
2. materials usage rates, delivery costs
3. facilities equipment and building sizes and capacities, average service life, typical salvage value, usage
rates
4*184
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
4. revenues from current production rates for primary and secondary products and expected changes for
alternative practices, revenue rates for products
5. waste management quantities, waste management cqsts including monitoring and reporting, insurance
for workers and third parties
PRECOSIS calculates various financial indicators to evaluate the profitability of alternative processes. Data on other
alternative strategies can be entered to compare financial differences between alternatives (can compare up to 5).
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management •
These life-cycle stages are considered within the confines of a company.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
Method of cost estimation
Users enter cost data for labor,'materials, facilities and waste management, revenue data, and financial parameters.
To calculate costs associated with the alternative process, users need to enter an expected increase or decrease
(called 'effects') in the number of units used, waste generated, and product produced as a result of the process
change. The software calculates the net present value, estimated payback period, internal return on investment, and
other financial indicators.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) •
—Payback period •
—Internal rate of return (IRR) •
—Benefits cost ratio — ,
—Others •
Attributes
PRECOSIS facilitates the side-by-side comparison of up to five waste reduction alternatives. Improvements in
production due to waste reduction alternatives are considered. Facility and equipment salvage values are also
entered into the equations. The software is a menu-driven program .consisting of ten data input tables and two output
reports containing financial calculations.
Limitations
The approach does not consider contingent and external costs. It is not designed for life-cycle cost analysis. Users
need to spend some time understanding the methodology and structure of PRECOSIS (different from conventional
project financial analyses). Most of the calculations are not explained in the user's manual, nor would the typical user
be able to examine the formulas in the software.
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
4-185
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Basts for evaluation:
Contact Information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994) and in White et al. (1991). Subsequent reviews were done through telephone
communications with George Beetle in May 1995.
533 Arbutus Street
Philadelphia, PA 19119
George Beetle
215-438-0598
215-438-7876 (FAX)
4-186
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Abbreviated Profiles
'•''•<„" ,, „'. ' PAPA" Investment Model , „
This is a multi-objective, mathematical programming model to maximize pollution prevention, cost and energy
savings, and minimize investment and life-cycle costs. It is built around the Army / DOD environmental policy goals.
The model was developed by the Army Concepts Analysis Agency (CAA), in October, 1994.
The program develops and evaluates investment strategies in support of environmental policy and program
requirements, using previously accumulated data and incorporating policy and budget parameters. Project cost
benefit data is collected from all available sources such as hazardous waste minimization reports, databases,
completed project economic analyses, etc. Where the cost benefit data was absent, it was estimated from
comparable projects with assistance from the Army Environmental Center (AEC). Types of costs taken to account
include procurement, facility modification, and labor costs, and recurring (operation and maintenance) costs. Annual
pollution reduction (tons per year) can also be recorded. Annual savings or payback periods can be computed. The
definition of life-cycle costs used here is the total (full) internal costs of a project. The model can incorporate changes
in policy, budgetary, and technical data elements to develop and evaluate alternate investment strategies.
The program runs on an IBM workstation using an IBM optimization package. The program is primarily being used by
the Army Chief of Staff for Installation Management. It has not as yet been adapted for use by other organizations or
Federal facilities.
Contact Information:
US Army Concepts Analysis Agency
8120 Woodmont Avenue
Bethesda, MD 20814-2792
Jim Connelly- 301-295-1682
Maj. Tyrone Allen- 301-295-1443
FAX: 301-295-1662.
Basis for evalution: Based on information on tools received from the DOD and telephone communications with Jim
Connelly in August, 1995.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Environmental Life-Cycle Costing
and Impact Analysis Software
Systems and Tools
(Class 7)
Contents
Page
1. *APACS Life Cycle Cost Software Demonstration 4-189
2. 'EOO-SYS 4-192
3. EE Energy/Environmental Life-Cycle Assessments 4-196
4. The EPS Enviro-Accounting Method 4-199
5. *Hazardous Material Life-cycle Cost Estimator (HAZMAT) 4-202
6. Hazardous Material Life-Cycle Cost Model: System Manager's Guide 4-206
7. *Life Cycle Costing Program—Version 2.0 4-209
8. *Models Developed for the Total System Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 4-212
9. *TEAM™ (Tools for Environmental Analysis and Management) 4-215
10. Tellus Packaging Study 4-217
Abbreviated Profiles 4-220
11. Abridged LCA Matrix 4-220
12. *ASEAM (A Simplified Energy Analysis Method) 4-221
13. *BLCC (Building Life Cycle Cost Program) 4-222
14. *FEDS Release 3.0 4-223
'Software based products
Items 11,14, and 15 In Class 8 have an LCA / LCC component
4-188
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
ApACS
Moore Products Co. ••-,.''
Use as a marketing tool for their product—the Advanced .Process Automation Control
System (APACS). ' "" ' '' " ' '
Financial analysis: ' '• : • • V
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste minimization/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: , '• ,- —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
Calculating life-cycle costs (LCC) of APACS control system. The program can be used
as an example of a method for financial analysis of product life-cycle costs for capital
budgeting decisions. The program does not cover all life-cycle stages or all cost
categories, but users can incorporate such information in their versions. '
1994. No updates
Available
Not a commercial product. Designed to help users evaluate the APACS system.
Available free of charge with APACS information brochure.
The disk runs on a PC and requires MS Excel (version 4.0 or greater) for Windows.
Summary of methodology
This software product has been brought out by Moore Co. for educational purposes to allow users to conduct a life-
cycle cost analysis on their computer control system and compare that with Moore's product, APACS. The system is
not commercially available. The disk was brought out to demonstrate the principles discussed in an article "Just How
Expensive is Your Control System," in the November 1994 issue of INTECH (volume 41, number 5, page 33).
The demonstration disk consists of three files. The first calculates life cycle costs and guides users through an
exercise that already has default values (users can'change these). The system prompts users for input information
related to design, purchase, installation, start-up, and yearly costs. It calculates the present value of all the costs.
The second file calculates the safety and reliability metrics of several common system architectures. The inputs
include failure rates, diagnostic coverage factors, and common cause factors. The third file is a spreadsheet, similar
to that in the first file, and includes a number of input variables grouped in categories and calculates LCC as a
function of these.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management — . . ; ;
The definition of a life cycle used here is the total cost of a process/product from the initial outlay through all related
future costs (maintenance, replacement and other operations) that may be incurred as a consequence of the initial
investment decision. Thus, it would actually cover only one stage in the life cycle, the use/reuse of a process control
system, including the initial purchase cost. No effects (if any) external to the company are considered. Information
on the efficiency and key features is not included. However, examples are provided of how safety and reliability
metrics related to systems can be calculated, with some common systems as examples
Prepared by RTI for EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
The methodology considers conventional costs and hidden costs associated with maintenance, failure, and operating
expenses. Since the program also includes an Excel spreadsheet, within which users can include estimates for other
cost categories. However, they would need to develop these estimates on their own. The same structure can also
be used to compare two completely different items-^products, materials, or projects. However, since Excel is not
designed as an estimating program, users should enter project totals for simplicity.
Method of cost estimation
As discussed in the software summary, the system consists of Excel files that list input variables and default values.
It uses unit costs and time, or data plugged into list estimates. The formulas used can be viewed and analyzed.
Users can customize the files to include information that reflects their applications. The system does not help in
general cost estimation, other than providing default values related to the APACS system.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Others •
The files contain formulas to perform various arithmetic functions (totals and subtotals) and to calculate present
values of all future expenses. The software does not compute NPV because no benefit information is entered.
However, users can always modify the formulas and information to do so. Excel has financial functions that include
PV, NPV and IRR.
Attributes
The program includes functions performed within an Excel spreadsheet. Even though the definition used for LCC is
different from ours, the software gives a useful example of total cost calculation. The INTECH article points out that
most users do not take total costs into account, despite the intuitive logic for doing so. This is due to the uncertainty,
difficulties and unfamiliarity involved in estimating costs such as future maintenance and failure costs. This is
probably true of other cases as well.
Limitations
The system does not discuss the issues involved in the choice of discount rate and the example given does not take
inflation into account. No life-cycle environmental cost information or estimating methods are provided. The
recycle/waste management stage is not included in the analysis. The system and the cost estimates provided and
the discussion serve a narrow purpose: to demonstrate life-cycle cost calculation for process control systems. If
users want to apply this for other applications, they will need to develop the required information. Since this is not a
commercial product, there is no user-support for applications that are not related to the original purpose.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Software disk and information package received in early 1995.
Not a commercial product
Moore Products Co.
Spring House, PA 19477-0900
215-646-7400
215-283-6358 (FAX)
4-190
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Too)s
Intech article reprint information:
Instrument Society of America
P.O. Box 12277
RTP, NC 27709
919-990-9282
919-549-8288 (FAX)
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
ECO-SYS
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost Information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Randall D. Watkins/Ted Wheelis
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: •
Waste management/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
SNL is involved in the development of an information and expert system called EcoSys
that performs impact analyses of product design and manufacturing processes. This
program will help process and product engineers assess the environmental
consequences of their decisions. The software can provide decision support in a
number of areas including comparative process and product assessments, process
optimization, and environmental needs assessments.
Version 1 of EcoSys was released in October, 1993. Version 2 was released in 1994.
Various papers are being written focusing on the EcoSys software development.
Available
In March, 1983, SNL brought out a document called "IMDIECM Life-Cycle Costs Part I.
Environmental Impact Metrics Definition, Stakeholder Survey and Panel Review." This
document was prepared as part of an SNL program, Integrated Manufacturing and
Design Initiative (IMDI). In the study, the panel developed an IMDI Environmental
Impacts Model that builds on earlier SETAC work. The panel discussed the possibility
of using Colby's (1990) five environmental management paradigms as a basis for
assigning weights to environmental impacts. This exercise has since led to the
development ECO-SYS. The software is being used in some private companies,
primarily with the objective of evaluating the software and providing feed-back to SNL.
EcoSys is currently available free of charge. DOE may consider commercializing the
software at a later date.
The Eco-sys software operates on a Sun workstation, using X-Windows. Users can
remotely access the system using their PCs, Macs, or other SPARCstations.
Summary of methodology
The environmental modeling in ECO-SYS employs principles of life-cycle analysis as defined by the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and the USEPA. The approach is structured around the life-cycle
inventory. The system includes environmental impact decision models that are based on the application of the
Analytic Hierarchy Process. The goals of EcoSys are identified as the following.
• Identify and quantify the relationships between product design, material consumption, and waste
generation, within a manufacturing process.
• apply these relationships to compare environmental consequences of competing product designs and
processes.
There are three databases in the system. The first contains process knowledge, which assists users in building a
tree (product/process hierarchy) that incorporates process and material information. Alternate processes can be
built-in from this point. Ideally, the bottom level of the hierarchy should contain the most basic constituent sets of
processes and materials.
The second database contains information that links material information to environmental impacts. Thus,
processes can be defined by their environmental impacts. An in-built materials library assigns values to each of the
environmental attributes for a set of selected materials. This takes to account the quantities into a process, and
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
quantities out of a process. Currently, the EcoSys library consists of over 400 single and multi-component materials
classified according to a wide variety of organic and inorganic chemical families.
Finally, the third database contains information on three different impact models. The impact models are built
around three of Colby's paradigms: Environmental protection, Resource management, and Eco-development. Users
can compare the different conclusions through the application of these paradigms. The models are based on the
application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which supports to the subjective nature of environmental impact
analysis. The criteria that were selected for inclusion in these models are based on: *
• Environmental risk: issues include global warming, ozone depletion, land-use, species extinction, and air
and water toxics.
• Waste production: issues include quantity, percentage hazardous, disposition route, and fugitive
emissions.
• Resource consumption: issues include quantity, energy, renewable materials use, and reuse.
Sub-criteria under risk that were given the maximum priority were derived from the findings reported by an EPA
Science Advisory Board study9 on risks associated with global environmental problems. Weights were assigned
based upon interpretations of the three different paradigms.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management —
EcoSys contains inventory information only for the manufacturing stage of the life-cycle. However, the environmental
attributes were chosen in such & manner to permit the creation of a life-cycle perspective, without complete inventory
data. Thus, full life-cycle inventories are considered only in a more qualitative sense.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional —
—Potentially hidden —
—Contingent —
—External —
The "costs" associated with these impacts were not evaluated.
Method of cost estimation
The IMDI report discusses a weighting method of cost estimation based on Colby's five environmental management
paradigms: frontier economics; environmental protection; resource management; eco-development; deep ecology.
The ECO-SYS software is built around three of these paradigms: environmental protection, resource management,
and eco-development. However, no costs are estimated in ECO-SYS. Associated with each paradigm are differing
philosophies of human nature relationships. The paradigms are overlapping and encompass several schools of
thought. The following is a description of the possible environmental costing methodologies under each of the three
paradigms considered in ECO-SYS.
Environmental Protection
• Taxpayers (public at large) pay environmental costs.
• Analytic modeling and planning methodologies include environmental impact assessment after design,
optimum pollution levels, equation of WTP and compensation principles.
9 EPA/SAB, 1990. Science Advisory Board, "Reducing Risk: Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental Protection," U.S.
EPA, Washington DC, EPA SABEC 90-021.
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• Economic analysis is based on the neoclassical model of the closed economic system. Ecological
benefits are difficult to quantify, so environmental management in this paradigm is treated strictly as an
added cost.
Resource Management
• "Polluter* (producers and consumers) pay environmental costs.
• Analytic modeling and planning methodologies include natural capital, true (Hicksian) income,
maximization of United Nations System of National Accounts, ecosystem and social health monitoring,
and linkages between population, poverty, and environment.
• Economic analysis is based on an extension of neoclassical economics that incorporates all types of
capital and resources—biophysical, human, infrastructural, and monetary—into calculations of national
accounts, productivity, and policies for development and investment planning.
• Pollution can be considered a "negative resource" (causing natural capital degradation), rather than as an
externality.
• The concern for nature stems from the fact that hurting nature is beginning to hurt economic man.
Environmental expenditures are considered necessary to avoid "more" costs.
Eco-Devetopment
• A "pollution prevention pays" concept rewards those who do not pollute. The economy is structured to
reduce pollution as a throughput.
* Analytic modeling and planning methodologies include ecological economics; open-system dynamics;
socio-technical and ecosystem process design; integration of social, economic, and ecological criteria for
technology; and trade and capital flow based on community goals and management.
• The relationship between society and nature can be considered a "positive sum game." Human activities
are organized to be synergistic with ecosystem processes and services.
• Emphasis is placed on efficient, clean, renewable energy sources, increasing environmental information,
community consciousness, and experiential quality of economic activity.
• An example of the eco-development paradigm is the International Joint Commission (IJC) between U.S.
and Canada, which explicitly uses a stakeholder, positive-sum approach.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Attributes
The EcoSys software provides a method by which impacts of different manufacturing processes and materials can
actually be assessed and compared under three different paradigms. Thus, the assessment methodology goes
beyond the quantification of input and output streams. EcoSys focuses on the process for performing impact
analyses, the reasoning being that the impacts result from human activity (processing) rather than from the materials
or products themselves.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Limitations
No impact costs are estimated. The software uses a rating system that typically assigns values of 1 for low impact, 5
for moderate impact, and 9 for high impact. This will be refined as more data on the environmental impacts becomes
available. EcoSys currently contains inventory data only on the manufacturing stage of the life-cycle. As customer-
supplier relationships evolve, Eco-Sys can better support detailed analyses of upstream and downstream effects.
The Eco-sys software is still in the developmental stage.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on information received from SNL in May, 1995.
The report and software are available through SNL. A demonstration version of the
software is also available.
Sandia National Laboratories
Org. 6611
Albuquerque, NM 87195-5800
Randall Watkins
Ted Wheelis
505-845-9298
505-844-0116 (FAX)
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Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
i^r~ZlZ!M"isi^^ " •*''•>"" ••> ^
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, and
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency (EE) and Renewable Energy
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: •
Waste minimization/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: - —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
Total Energy Cycle Assessments (TECAs): A specialized form of energy/environmental
life-cycle assessment that facilitates the evaluation of the supply and demand sides of
energy systems. This handbook addresses the management, methodology, and tools
being developed by EE to support TECAs. Discusses basic approaches for evaluating
life-cycle environmental impacts associated with technologies. Applications can extend
to non-DOE projects as well.
Development/publication
date and updates: July 1993. Several other follow-up studies have been done, including the development
of computer models for LCA.
Public availability:
Available
Purpose and current use: Developed as part of the DOE's on-going efforts to respond to the National Energy
Policy Act of 1992 which required that energy decisions should include costs of health
and ecological impacts. Public distribution of the report was not an objective. The
primary purpose was to present LCA methodologies for potential use by the EE office.
Cost Information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Available free of charge/in a limited mariner.
Worksheets, guidelines
Summary of methodology
A TECA examines the environmental impacts of energy systems, considering various life-cycle stages. The near-
term focus of TECAs is the accounting of inputs and outputs of material, energy, and environmental residuals
associated with each unit of "use" service.
The method consists of first conducting an environmental inventory analysis. TECA worksheets are provided to aid in
identifying the following inputs and outputs.
• Inputs: energy, labor, and materials
• Outputs: energy, material and residuals
Data quality is assessed through indicators and a recommended matrix format.
The inventory items are then translated into an inventory of impacts. Two steps are involved in the estimation of
impacts:
1) the estimation of changes in ambient environmental conditions and
2) the estimation of health, ecological, and other impacts.
Step 1 predicts the level of exposures that will be realized for the specific environmental conditions being considered.
Step 2 is used in conjunction with Step 1 and dose-response relationships to determine the associated impacts.
Finally, an economic valuation of the impacts is performed. This is done by measuring the changes in well-being of
those either "damaged" or "benefiting" from the environmental or health impacts.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition •
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management •
The following life-cycle information is considered:
• raw materials acquisition
• transportation (of materials)
• processing (conversion to a useful energy form, for example, electricity)
• transportation (of the energy form)
• use
Assumptions about the waste management and pollution control methods used can be factored into the analysis.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional —
—Potentially hidden — ,
—Contingent —
—External •
The methodology discusses various methods for estimating non-market goods, but does not actually perform the
valuation in any examples. It is suggested that capital and O&M costs be included in the technology characterization
database, as part of an integrated TEC tool.
Method of cost estimation
The economic valuation suggested is in terms of "willingness-to-pay" (WTP) for or "willingness-to-accept" the changes
in well being. WTP is defined as the maximum amount of money a consumer would be willing to pay to avoid the
change, before it happened. Travel cost techniques and hedonic techniques are also discussed.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —:
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Attributes
The report discusses various energy and fuel cycles and other elements of TECAs. Various methodological and data
issues are discussed. The method attempts to identify and value environmental impacts. Examples of objectives and
environmental impact issues are discussed from EE's perspective.
Limitations
There are no case-study examples of non-market valuation. The document does not attempt to provide a complete
description of all the methods used to estimate these costs. The focus is on environmental impact analysis rather
than full cost accounting. .
Basis for evaluation:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994).
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Contact information:
Pacific North-west Laboratory
MSIN K8-15, 3230 O Avenue
Richland, WA-99352
Ken Humphreys (PNL)
509-372-4279
509-372-4378 (FAX)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
BengtSteen- •
Swedish Environmental Research Institute
Sven-Olof Ryding -
Swedish Federation of Industries
Swedish Waste Research Council (APR)
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: •
Waste management/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
A method of valuing various types of environmental impacts from emissions and use of
resources. This can be used to help determine less-tangible costs in projects and
pperations.
Publication/development
date and updates: December 15,1992 (Version 2)
Public availability:
Report available.
Purpose and current use: The methodology was developed to provide industry with a tool to develop products in a
sustainable manner by allowing them to calculate the ecological consequences of
alternative products and processes. It can also be used by policy-makers to put costs
on environmental impacts. Information on current use is not available.
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Information not available
Not software-based
Summary of methodology
The approach used is to describe impacts on the environment in terms of one or several safeguard subjects and
value changes in them according to the willingness to pay to restore them to their normal status. The five safeguard
subjects are
• human health,
• biodiversity,
• production,
• resources, and
• aesthetic values.
Activities are then valued according to their estimated contribution to the changes in the five safeguard subjects. The
EPS Enviro-Accounting method
• sets a value to a change in the environment, and
• estimates the contribution that resource depletion, emissions, or other activities will have on the
environment.
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Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition •
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management •
Background information is derived from LCA-based inventories of the materials and processes under review.
However, the methodology itself does not categorize impacts as they occur in various life-cycle stages of a process or
product. Much of the EPS Enviro-Accounting method is applicable to life-cycle cost integration and to the
development of the E-CYCLE.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional —
—Potentially hidden —
—Contingent —
—External •
The methodology can be used for valuing external intangible costs. Costs of environmental impacts on the five
safeguard subjects listed previously are evaluated. The report includes estimated indices for a wide range of
environmental impacta. The system is not meant to include internal company costs; it is designed to value external
environmental impacts.
Method of cost estimation
WTP to avoid environmental effects is used to estimate costs. Impacts are valued on a relative scale using
environmental load units (ELU) according to the WTP for avoiding negative effects on the safeguard subjects. Using
life-cycle data, users can calculate environmental indices for the materials and processes being studied. Users can
also include qualitative information for describing how the indices were estimated. The values are not absolute
figures but rather points of reference for further analysis and refinement.
The output from the EPS system is a value, based on a common metric, for different environmental impacts. The
value may be broken down into its individual components for further analysis and users can determine the level of
detail desired. The authors address several criticisms of using monetary values to assess environmental impacts.
These include the following:
• the large gap between rich and poor in terms of disposable resources for environmental care,
• needs of today often outweigh the needs for tomorrow,
• insufficient knowledge to value environmental impacts because the full consequences of impacts are not
fully understood, and
• monetary valuation focuses on the needs of humans.
Environmental impact valuation is described as a subjective matter that can be given some degree of objectivity by
studying decisions made in society or by surveying people's opinions. Contingent valuation is cited as a method for
generating a relative rating of various environmental effects. Contingent valuation is used here to determine
individuals' WTP to avoid certain environmental effects.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Attributes
Some positive characteristics of the tool are as follows.
• The indices and databases can be easily supplemented and updated as knowledge of environmental
issues increases and changes.
• Sensitivity and error analyses can be performed.
• The outcomes can be grouped in various levels of aggregation to facilitate comparisons, as per user
requirements.
The EPS system goes a step beyond the complex flows in a life-cycle analysis to provide users with easy to
understand and manageable information.
Limitations
The method itself does not evaluate, various alternatives, rather it supports decision-making by providing users with
information that they can further use in analysis or further refine to suit their.requirements. It is aimed to be used to
value current and foreseeable impacts within legal limits (not sudden spills or accidents). The choice of unit effects
also has certain limitations, such as the ability for the effects to be quantitatively valued. Additionally, the authors
acknowledge the difficulty in assessing the actual value of an ecosystem in its entirety. The EPS method does not
generate financial indicators such as NPVs, because it assesses environmental impacts alone—not costs and
benefits.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
"The EPS Enviro-Accounting Method. An application of environmental accounting
principles for evaluation and valuation of environmental impact in product design."
Bengt Steen, Sven-Olof Ryding. Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL).
APR-REPORT nr 11. ISSN 1102-6944. ISRN AFR-R-11 -SE
;
Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL)
P.O Box 47086
Gagjamningsgaten 1
S-402 58, Goteborg • . . .•
Sweden
Bengt Steen . . . . ,
+46-031-460080
+46-031-4821 80 (FAX)
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Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Hazardous Material Life-cycle Cost Estimator (HAZMAT)
The Analytic Sciences Corporation (TASC)
U.S. Air Force—HCS/EMP. (Human Systems Center, Brooks Air Force Base)
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: •
Alternative product/process comparison: •
An analytical tool to support trade-off analyses in selecting alternatives to hazardous
materials.
March 1991. Version 3.0 released in December, 1993.
Available to Federal facilities
The purpose of the system is to facilitate cost trade-off analyses for comparisons
between one hazardous substance and another hazardous/nonhazardous substance.
The objective is to reduce the kinds and amounts of hazardous materials used in
weapon systems and their associated development, production, maintenance, and
decommissioning processes. HAZMAT is manufacturing and maintenance process
oriented.
Free of charge.
HAZMAT is programmed in Ada using the Ada-Sage programming tool and compiler.
Minimum system requirements are:
• IBM-compatible computer (386 recommended)
• MS-DOS 3.1 (or higher)
• 640K RAM
• 20MB hard drive (HAZMAT requires ~ 5MB of storage space)
• EGA/VGA color monitor
Summary of methodology
Users enter chemical-specific information, after which the system allows them to perform trade-off studies of one
hazardous material versus another. The goal of this method is to include hazardous materials cost elements in four
phases of the system: development, production, operation and support, and system disposal. Cost elements are
Identified for each phase for the inputs and outputs of different life-cycle stages. Model outputs are either
documentation or cost outputs. HAZMAT functions in the following manner
1. Users enter information in the HAZMAT main menu. Options include generating a new estimate,
modifying a previous on, viewing and/or print reports, entering a user inflation table, or exiting HAZMAT.
2. Users enter general estimate information such as the title, date, base and cost input years, discount
rate, inflation table selection, and type of analysis. The analysis types are either modeling the cost of
hazardous materials for one subsystem10 for one year, or total phase11 cost calculation.
3. Users select the systems, types, subsystems and phase. The phase choices are acquisition, operating
and support, and decommissioning. The system moves on to different screens depending on the phase
choice.
l^A system is the major classification, such as an aircraft. The type is the major subdivision, such as a fighter plane, and the
subsystem is the major subdivision of the type (e.g., Airframe).
' IA phase represents tine period of interest in the life of the subsystem.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
4. The system enters into a process loop in which users select one or more processes of interest, either
from the HAZMAT database or by adding or modifying processes. Processes include items such as depot
painting, repairing, base aerospace ground equipment, etc. In the process information screens, users can
either use default values from the database or modify the information.
5. HAZMAT then moves into a substance (the materials—[e.g., lubricating oil, cleaning compound, etc.]
loop, where substances can be arranged into up to three groups with up to five substances each
(baseline and alternatives). Again, users can choose substances from the database, or add or modify
substances. Entering the custom substance would involve entering related data such as quantity used in
phase or process, disposal percentages, etc.
The reports generated include parameter list reports (general, process, and substance information), a base-year
dollars report (reflect the purchasing power for that year, prior years adjusted to base year, and future years
estimated without inflation), then year-dollars report (escalated or inflated dollars), and the discounted-dollar report
(present value costs). If users selected the one subsystem for one-year option, HAZMAT generates costs for the 12
(predefined) cost elements.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing —
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste manigement •
The acquisition phase includes information on acquiring various systems and subsystems. The operating and
support phase uses information on the economic life of the subsystems, operating sites, etc. This corresponds to the
use/reuse/maintenance stage of the life-cycle. The decommissioning phase uses information on the numbers and
types of subsystems being decommissioned. This corresponds to the waste management stage of the life-cycle.
Recycling is not taken into account.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent •
—External —
The system has 12 different cost elements for actual costs of items such as facilities used, medical exams, etc. The
cost elements are as follows:
• Procurement: actual purchase price of materials, plus transportation costs to site of use
• Transportation: costs of transporting materials from one location to another
• Personal Protection: three subelements include cost of personal protection equipment (including
maintenance and support), cost of inefficiency (as a result of using that particular equipment), and the cost
of dispensing the equipment
• Management: includes functions necessary to maintain oversight of materials (primarily a labor cost)
• Training: includes cost of training personnel
• Handling: cost of subdividing, labeling, and distributing materials, and the cost of controls placed on
hazardous materials and their distribution '
• Potential Legal/Environmental Liability: covers potential liability for violations (legal/environmental) of
12 Federal environmental acts or liability laws (related to amount of hazardous waste disposed). The cost
has two subelements—one for contractor disposal and the other for air-borne contaminants. The
subelement for contractor disposal primarily covers third-party liability resulting from the transportation and
storage at a waste disposal site. The subelement for air-borne contaminants addresses provisions of the
Clean Air Act.
• Medical: four subelements are occupational physical exams (including lost time while physical is being
administered), medical surveillance, cost associated with lost time due to illness/injury as a result of
hazardous materials, and industrial hygiene surveys
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• Facilities: cost of constructing and maintaining facilities, especially for hazardous materials and
hazardous waste
• Support Equipment: cost of special equipment to handle hazardous materials and hazardous waste,
including sensing devices and laboratory equipment
• Emergency Response: cost of emergency personnel and equipment
• Disposal: encompasses the cost to operate an Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant, where applicable,
waste collection and handling, contractor disposal, and hazardous waste analysis and classification.
The third basic HAZMAT algorithm employs factors from the Pollution Prevention Benefits Manual (EPA230-R-89-
100), prepared by the EPA and ICF Incorporated, to estimate the Potential Legal/Environmental Liability cost element
(and all subordinate cost elements). The developers of HAZMAT also cite a TASC Technical Information
Memorandum as part of the basis for this algorithm.
Method of cost estimation
The methods used for calculating the costs are predicated on estimating the costs attributed to hazardous materials
for the entire weapons system. Model algorithms are based on data collected for the estimates and are chemical
specific. HAZMAT uses general and estimate information entered by users to do cost calculations. HAZMAT has
algorithms for calculating costs under each of the categories explained above. The type of calculation depends on
the choices entered Hy users. The algorithms may be the same or may vary depending on the phase under
consideration. For instance, the algorithm for Transportation cost is the same for all subsystems and all phases.
Algorithms to compute the cost of Training are different in different phases. Cost units available are thousands of
dollars (default) or millions of dollars.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others •
HAZMAT calculates the Present Value (PV) of costs. The discount rate and the inflation table are entered in the first
screen. The inflation table can be user defined, or HAZMAT defined. Users also enter the estimate base year and
the cost input base year. Both these values have to be between the years 1975 and 2050, or else HAZMAT will
default to 1993. Tables include raw and weighted indices.
Attributes
Output can be exported to a word processor or spreadsheet (after reports are generated). However, some
reformatting may be necessary, and in a spreadsheet application, no arithmetic operations are retained. The system
is menu-driven and Is easy to understand and use.
All system-level parameter files are maintained in files or lists, rather than being hard coded. HAZMAT has
permanent files and estimate files. The permanent files contain the entire HAZMAT database and cannot be changed
by users. The estimate files contain the information on estimates (and data drawn from permanent files for the
estimate). Any changes made to the data affects only the estimate files. HAZMAT cost algorithms are explained in
the manual and are available for users to review.
Customer service is provided at HSC/EMP from 7.30 AM to 4.15 PM CST. HSC/EMP is also attempting to set up
user groups in different geographical areas to enable trading of information on uses of the model, data from specific
sources, and other information.
Limitations
The system is chemical specific and is not designed for estimating life-cycle costs of products. Users have to identify
a system and subsystems that use one or more hazardous materials and make comparisons in that context. Users
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
can enter up to three groups of chemicals with a maximum of 15 substances for the cost trade-off analysis. HAZMAT
performance and run-time is highly dependent on the hardware used. The maximum number of years (schedules)
that can be selected for any phase is 15 and not less than 1 year. The maximum cost is less than $10 trillion when
cost units are expressed in millions of dollars. The system does not include external costs or list the environmental
costs/benefits of using a particular hazardous substance. No additional cost categories may be added, and cost
algorithms cannot be modified.
The information provided here is derived from the HAZMAT user's manual and software
provided by HCS/EMP in March, 1995. '
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Available to any government facility/government contractor.
U.S. Air Force—HSC/EMP
8213 14th Street
Brooks Air Force Base
TX 78235-5246
Betty West
210-536-5121
TASC
2555 University Boulevard
Fairborn, Ohio 45324
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Hazardous Material LHe-Cycle Cost Model: System Manager's Guide
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Hermansen, L.A., J.A. Mooney, and W. Pugh.
Naval Health Research Center, Medical Information Systems and Operations Research
Department,
San Diego, CA
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: •
Alternative product/process comparison: —
An instruction manual (29 pages) for a computer-based mathematical model that allows
the computation of certain LCCs associated with the use of hazardous materials in the
construction, maintenance, and repair of U.S. Navy systems and facilities.
Development/publication
date and updates: September 1992
Public availability:
Available
Purpose and current use: This prototype model was developed to estimate the total life-cycle costs of using
various hazardous materials in the construction, maintenance, and repair of U.S. Naval
systems and facilities.
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Available at a cost of $17.50 from NTIS.
Software, guidance manuals
Summary of methodology
The model estimates those costs derived from the need to protect the health and safety of workplace personnel and
the need to protect the environment. The model considers three different exposure states: (1) no exposure, (2)
personal exposure (the people involved are exposed over the personal exposure limit (PEL)), and (3) environmental
exposure (unacceptable amounts of a hazardous material escape the confines of the facility).
The system allows users to use the materials, items, and costs provided by the system or enter project-specific
materials, items, and costs. Cost sources include the Naval Health Research Center's Hazardous Materials
Department, Environmental Planning and Compliance Department, Industrial Hygiene Department, Environmental
Planning and Compliance Department, Office of Personnel Management and Department of Labor, as well as
Medical Surveillance Procedures Manual, Industrial Safety Equipment Catalogue, and medical costs paid by San
Diego County to private health care facilities.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management •
The model includes five life-cycle stages:
1. research and development
2. raw materials acquisition
3. processing/manufacturing (construction)
4. use (maintenance and repair)
5. waste management (final disposition)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Storage and transportation are also considered. Raw material acquisition has not been check-marked, because our
definition of the term is different from the one implied here.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
The methodology is used to compute only conventional and hidden costs (conventional costs of inputs and outputs)
associated with hazardous material .and waste management.
Method of cost estimation
The model requires users to specify values for a number of parameters including the type of material, phase of the life
cycle, process, exposure type, and costs. The latter are given in a three-level hierarchical arrangement of cost item,
cost element, and cost factor. One or more cost items are combined into a cost element, and one or more cost
elements are combined into a cost factor. From the specification of these parameters total LCCs are determined by a
mathematical formula presented in the manual.
The manual provides -10 indication of actual costs of any of the contributing factors. However, appendix C indicates a
number of sources from which these costs may be obtained. To compute the cost for activities taken at each
exposure level, users first group them into cost factors. These factors include claims and compensation, disposal,
engineering controls, fines and penalties, medical surveillance, medical treatment, permits and certification, personal
protective equipment, procurement, spill containment and cleanup, storage, training, and workplace monitoring.
Costing includes considering the probability the items will be used, the number of people involved, the number of
days involved, and the quantity of the material.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Attributes
This model considers the costs associated with research and development.
Limitations
The system is flexible, allowing the addition of processes, materials, etc., but users cannot add to the database. The
model estimates only the LCCs incurred in assuring the health and safety of workplace personnel and the protection
of the environment. There is no information on specific materials, processes, levels of protection and costs in the
report.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating information from a profile
presented Hombach (1995).
Available through NTIS, accession number: ADA269156. Hermansen, LA., J.A.
Mooney, and W. Pugh. Hazardous Material Life-Cycle Cost Model Systems Managers
Guide, Naval Medical Research and Development Command, Naval Health Research
Center, Report No. 92-17, September 1992, AD-A259156.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
For copies of the manual:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
300-553-6847
703-487-4679
703-321-9038
703-321-8547 (FAX)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Took
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Ufe Cycle Costing Program—Version 2.0 *
Specialty Steel Industry of the United States (SSIUS)
Public use for comparing the life-cycle costs of stainless steel in comparison with other
materials.
Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
Cost benefit analysis of life-cycle costs for material selection. Life-cycle costs of
materials other than stainless steel can also be compared, which can form a component
of an environmental project. The system cannot take all life-cycle stages and costs into
account. Not meant to compare project costs. Both large and small project data may
be analyzed. However, cost details cannot be shown and the program cannot handle
calculations that involve over 9 digits. There may be a practical limit on the time horizon
that can be covered. Twenty to 100 years is typically used.
The program was developed in Switzerland (in EURO INOX—a sister organization of
SSIUS) and modified by the International Chromium Development Association (South
Africa) in ~1991. There are no plans for further development of the tool.
Available
The software was developed as part of the SSIUS's effort to promote the use of
stainless steel. Many users consider stainless steel to be an expensive option, but the
economics can be different if other life-cycle stages are included in the analysis (other
than capital costs). However, the vendor claims that the tool is suitable for designers
and material specifiers dealing with a wide range of applications.
The program is available free of charge for anyone in a position to use it for materials
selection. There is (~) a $10 charge for people who plan to use the program as a sales
tool.
The minimum system requirements are an IBM (or compatible) PC, DOS version 2.2
and 640 K RAM.
Summary of methodology
This LCC program assesses the potential long-term costs and benefits against short-term expediency, when making
materials selection. The program compares likely lifetime costs of up to three material alternatives in present value
terms. The program functions include the following:
• sensitivity analysis (what-if analysis) on the primary input variables
• on-screen display of cost summaries
• printouts of cost summaries, detailed analysis, and sensitivity analysis
The sensitivity analysis can view effects on total costs of changing the base case values of primary input variables by
selected percentages. The results are displayed in Mu's (monetary units). The tool does not allow any qualitative
information to be entered. The program converts all costs (other than initial costs) to present values, to calculate total
life-cycle costs in present value terms. The software does not limit the length of the life cycle as long as the total LCC
figure does not exceed 9 digits.
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Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition —
-Manufacturing stage —
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management —
The system Is not designed to consider all than one life-cycle stages. A different definition of life-cycle costing is used
here. It Is defined as the total costs of a project from the initial outlay through all related future costs (maintenance,
replacement and other operations) that may be incurred as a consequence of the initial investment decision. Thus it
focuses on just one life cycle stage—typically the use/reuse of a particular material and the initial cost.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent —
-External —
Tha tool is designed to consider conventional and hidden costs (e.g., maintenance, replacement) associated with an
Investment decision. The system does not consider all potentially hidden, contingent, or external costs associated
with different material alternatives.
Since users enter only total values, they can make operating cost inputs more comprehensive (if they so desire) by
including waste management and other environmental costs. Alternatively, they may be able to estimate the
percentage impacts, for instance, of liability or waste management costs on the operating costs. These impacts can
be analyzed in the sensitivity analysis (limited, however, to values between 1% and 99%). The program allows costs
to be broken down only to a certain extent, which may force users to lump certain cost categories together. Users
have to set up a single value for downtime periods for maintenance and repair.
Method of cost estimation
Tha program calculates life-cycle costs as
Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) = Initial materials acquisition costs + Initial material installation and fabrication costs + Present
Value (PV) of operating and maintenance costs + PV of lost production costs during downtime + PV of replacement
materials costs.
Users first need to enter the following information:
1. collected data on material options (up to three) for a specific application
2. values for rates and duration (any)
3. Initial costs
4. operating costs
Details need to be entered for downtime per maintenance/replacement event, value of lost production per day and
initial total (per unit) material costs, fabrication and installation costs, other installation costs, maintenance costs,
replacement costs, and annual material-related costs (indirect operating costs). Users also need to estimate the
number of maintenance/replacement events and elapsed time between them. They can take into account the
residual or scrap value of material after replacement.
The program calculates the following:
1. Real Interest rate (corrected for inflation), using the formula:
where
n = cost of capital (nominal bank rate)
q s Inflation rate
This is the actual discount rate that is used for the PV calculations.
2. Cost of lost production—in present value terms
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Chapter. ,4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software SysCems and Tools
It performs sensitivity analysis using percentages that can be selected between 1% and 99%.
Costs should be entered as per-unit values, which are later multiplied by the number of units to obtain overall costs.
The inflation rate is always assumed to be less than the cost of capital.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) .. —
-Paybackperiod ! -.. - •—
-Internal rate of return (IRR) ^ , —
-Benefits cost ratio — .
-Others •
The program discounts all cash flows to get PVs, which can then be used as a basis for comparison. The program
takes material, fabrication, and installation and other installation costs as initial costs and therefore does not discount
them. These are taken as total initial costs. Using the real interest rate and the PV formula, the program calculates
PVs for maintenance costs, replacement costs, cost of lost production, and annual material related costs. However,
users cannot enter values for benefits. Thus the program does not compute NPVs.
Attributes
Users do not have to «nter data for all input prompts, although the study would be more comprehensive if they did.
There really is no other avenue for modifying or customizing the program. The guide warns that the calculated real
interest rate can sometimes be too high for projects with long time periods. Appropriate adjustments need to be
made to the chosen cost of capital. The program has a help menu that assists with input definitions and program
functions. The program gives an error message for inconsistent values.
Limitations
The program is suitable for preliminary analysis of material alternatives. The program does not support cost
estimation or the input of detailed cost data. Total costs have to be estimated elsewhere before input into the
program, which performs the financial analysis. Also, the program only calculates the PV of costs not net benefits.
Users receive no information on estimating the life-cycle costs included (e.g., maintenance or replacement costs).
However, the tool can be utilized along with cost estimating systems to perform financial analyses.
The program does not export/import data from elsewhere. This is not a major limitation because it does not call for
large inputs. The program inputs for material costs are divided into 1) plate, sheet; 2) pipe, tube, fittings; and 3) bar
and other. Thus the input prompts are tailored toward selecting steel and related substitutes. This may limit the types
of materials that users want to consider, unless they choose to ignore the category names. The program cannot
support calculations that have greater than 9 digits. This can be a problem with, for example, long life cycles and
high operating costs. This is not meant to be a commercial product and hence no user support is provided (beyond
minor inquiries).
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Review of disk and information. Additional information
obtained through telephone conversation with Brian Leslie in
March 1995.
Available, but not a commercial product
Brian Leslie, Director of Market Development
Specialty Steel Industry of the United States
3050 K Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20007
202-342-8630
202-338-5534 (FAX)
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
•..'.:!; ModelsjDeyelppedfqrtheTotaiS^
Prepared by: Roy F. Weston Inc.
Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management
(OCRWM)
Application: Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: •
Alternative product/process comparison: —
Description of the models used in the 1989 Total System Life-Cycle Cost (TSLCC)
analysis, which is an annual study of costs for the radioactive waste disposal program
administered by the OCRWM. The TSLCC analysis establishes the long-term financial
plan for the OCRWM. This integrated set of models was developed by OCRWM to
provide an analytical basis for establishing this financial plan. The TSLCC models have
also been used to prepare cost estimates contained in several other DOE documents,
and have applications in cases involving variations in many types of waste management
system parameters. Any applications would have to be reviewed on a case-by-case
basis.
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
1990. Published in Transactions of the American Nuclear Society', Volume 60, 1989.
The report, "Analysis of Total System Life Cycle Cost for the Civilian Radioactive Waste
Management Program" is an annual publication.
This would need to be established from the DOE.
The total system life-cycle cost analysis for the DOE Civilian Radioactive Waste
Management Program is an ongoing activity that determines whether the revenue-
producing mechanism established by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982—a fee
levied on the producers of nuclear power—is sufficient to cover the cost of the program.
The use of these models formed the basis for the annual report to Congress. These
models are not currently being used by the DOE.
Cost of the models cannot be determined at this point. The TSLCC report is available
free of charge through OSTI.
Software packages. The models used for total-system cost analysis consist of a series
of computer programs operating in both mainframe and microcomputer environments,
which are integrated through a file management system.
Summary of methodology
Separate computer programs have been designed for the major cost components of the waste management system;
each program is structured to accommodate the best available data and the most recent design information relevant
to performing the cost analysis. The following sections describe how the models integrate and function sequentially.
• Spent nuclear fuel logistics (WASTES) model and the defense waste logistics (DHLWLOG) model
analysis: together determine the waste transfer rates between system components and the
characteristics of the waste relative to the cost algorithms (e.g., waste age, burnup). The WASTES model
also calculates from-reactor spent-fuel transportation costs.
• Waste Package Logistics (WPLOG) model: processes the output from the WASTES model to determine
the number of waste packages to be placed in the repository.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
• URCOST for the subsurface costs and REPCOST for the surface facility costs: two large spreadsheet
models that use the information from WPLOG to estimate the repository construction, operating, and
decommissioning costs.
• MRSCOST: a spreadsheet that uses the WPLOG output is as input for estimating the monitored
retrievable storage facility costs.
• ARSCOST: a cost routine that uses the output of the WASTES model for storage requirements to
estimate at-reactor storage costs.
• DECOST: name for a series of spreadsheets that estimate development and evaluation costs.
• WITCOM model: takes in output from all of the above programs and performs several cost functions to
yield the total-system cost.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing — ..
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
The following life-cycle information is considered.
• transportation/packaging
• waste management (development and evaluation costs, repository costs, costs for a monitored retrievable
facility, costs of at reactor storage)
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent , —
—External • —
The method are used to estimate conventional costs of inputs and outputs and considers some aspects of hidden
costs.
Method of cost estimation
Cost data is from various DOE sources and reports.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Attributes
The modular programming system facilitates updating specific units when appropriate. Some of the major types of
parameters that have been analyzed using these models include alternative engineering designs for facilities,
alternative facility locations, alternative waste forms, alternative waste acceptance schedules, and others.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Limitations
The systems are not applied for total product life-cycle cost analysis, as all the life-cycle stages are not covered.
External and contingent costs are not included in the analysis (although they potentially could be).
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz at ai.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating information obtained through
telephone communications with Roy Weston Inc. in May, 1995
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
955 L'ensant Plaza, SW, 8th floor
Washington, DC 20024
202-646-6654
For copies of the report "Analysis of the Total System Life Cycle Cost for the Civilian
Radioactive Waste Management Program," DOE/RW/0236, May 1989;
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
615-576-8401
Copies of the 1985,1986,1987, and 1990 reports are also available through OSTI.
Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM)
800-225-6972
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and curren: use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Ecobalance, Inc.
Internal and commercial use
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
Life Cycle Cost and Life Cycle Assessment software
TEAM™ has been developed for Ecobalance by Net-ID, Inc., a California-based
company specializing in advanced computer science and computations in hierarchical
networks. Development started in 1992. Version 1.15 released in May, 1995.
Available
LCC and LCA. The model has been licensed to approximately 40 companies and
government agencies worldwide.
Contact Ecobalance
Windows-based program, developed in C++ with object-programming and an open
architecture. Windows NT version available end of 1995. For the current version, the
requirements are: IBM-compatible PC(486 or higher), Windows 3.1 or 3.11, 8 MB RAM,
40 MB hard drive (recommended use, program needs 3 MB).
Summary of methodology
TEAM™ is a Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) calculation tool. It is also a comprehensive
database on processes and materials, DEAM™ (Data for Environmental Analysis and Management). The
information provided in the database is usually referring to the 1988-1994 period. In all cases, the origin,
geographical and technical representativeness of the data, and the underlying assumptions are mentioned.
Users can build their own database to use in conjunction with the DEAM™ database and model any type of industrial
system The software generates life cycle inventories and life-cycle cost results, including sensitivity analysis. Users
deal with operations or "modules" (industrial processes, transport, commercial activities, etc.), and systems (set of
operations linked together). Modules and systems have inputs and outputs, corresponding to costs, natural
resources, intermediate or finished products, energy sources, wastes and environmental releases. Modules are
connected through their inputs and outputs (a module accepts any number of connections). In addition to storing
numerical inventory values, one can store information on the source of information, uncertainty, variability,
measurement techniques, etc. Modules and systems created for a given project can be stored to be reused for other
purposes.
A wide variety of projects can be performed in TEAM™, ranging from simple life cycle estimates (built in a few days)
to complex projects. The largest system built to date gathers approximately 2,200 linked operations in several layers
of nested sub-systems.
Life-cycle stages covered
-Raw material acquisition •
-Manufacturing stage •
-Use/reuse/maintenance •
-Recycle/waste management •
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
All life cycle stages, including transportation, are covered.
Type of costs considered
-Conventional •
-Potentially hidden •
-Contingent •
-External —
The software does not come with a default format that address any of these cost categories. However, the software
has been designed with the intent to provide users with the ability to incorporate cost information into life cycle
analysis. An indefinite number of user-defined cost categories can be added to the model. In particular,
conventional, potentially hidden, and contingent costs can be addressed. Consideration of external costs is not
recommended due to the uncertainty involved in doing so.
Generation of financial indicators
-Net present value (NPV) —
-Payback period —
-Internal rate of return (IRR) —
-Benefits cost ratio —
-Others •
User-defined formulas allows one to create specific indicators. All classic mathematical functions are available.
Attributes
TEAM permits very complex systems to be analyzed while keeping the interaction with users simple. Features
include.- full documentation of data (origin, uncertainty, etc.) and assumptions in dedicated fields, ability to protect
confidential data, and use of variables and formulas in modeling systems, allowing one to carry out what-if analyses.
Key parameters (e.g., design parameters, recycling rates, transportation distances) can be centralized in a single
monitoring panel. The embedded database contains information on a variety of commodity materials and processes,
including pulp and paper, petrochemicals, plastics, inorganic chemicals, steel, aluminum, glass, energy conversion,
transportation and waste management.
Annual and indefinite maintenance and database updation contracts can be provided. Training classes and user-
support is available. The software comes with on-line help. The program supports the full ranqe of Windows
capabilities.
Limitations
TEAM™ does not have any default format. It essentially provides users with the modeling tools using which they
can build their analysis. Step by step instructions are not provided by the software. The software is flexible enough
to include any type of costs, but there is no specific guidance provided to users on what types of costs to consider.
Sample profile prepared by Ecobalance Inc., in August, 1995.
Available
Ecobalance, Inc.
1 Church Street, Suite 700
Rockville, MD 20850
Remi Coulon (Technical Manager)
301-309-0800
301-309-1579 (FAX)
E-mail: 100135.2667 @ Compuserve.com
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toofe
Teilus Packaging Study
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Teilus Institute
The Council of State Governments,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: •
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
Assessment of the impacts of production and disposal of packaging and public policy
measures to alter its mix.
May 1992. No updates
Available
Analysis of all major packaging materials. Teilus uses the system for their LCA and
other environmental policy work. Teilus has sold a number of copies of the study to
industry, universities, non-profits, and government organizations be used for various
purposes, including support for policy decisions and frameworks.
The complete study is available at a price of $295 for non-profit organizations, and $495
for for-profit organizations. The executive summary is available for $35 and $55 for
non-profit and for-profit organizations, respectively.
Detailed analysis of all major packaging materials, including an evaluation of the relative
importance of different environmental impacts and pollution control costs. Case studies
of packages.
Summary of methodology
The Teilus approach uses the marginal cost of pollution control for regulated and non-regulated pollutants to
evaluate the environmental cost of production associated with twenty packaging materials, including several
comparisons of virgin and recycled streams.
Teilus works within the SET AC/EPA LCA framework—consisting of a life-cycle inventory, impact assessment, and
improvement assessment. The Teilus inventory report on packaging material production processes coincides with
the inventory component of life-cycle analysis. Ranking health effects and pricing them are part of the life-cycle
impact assessment.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition •
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
The Teilus study evaluates environmental impacts/costs for a portion of the life cycle and includes information on
• raw materials extraction/processing
• packaging material production and
• disposal of packaging material.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
The Tellus study omitted the following life-cycle stages:
• package forming
• filling
• transportation
• shipping materials (e.g., pallets, wrappings)
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External •
The costs considered are environmental costs of production, conventional (monetary) costs of disposal, and
environmental costs of disposal.
Environmental costs of production
• Uses the marginal cost of pollution control (MCPC) as a proxy for estimating cost
• MCPC values pollutants at the price society is willing to pay for pollution controls
• Pollutant "prices" for regulated pollutants established using their MCPCs, and pollutant prices for non-
regulated pollutants established using the MCPC of lead as a benchmark
• Total costs for each packaging material determined by multiplying each pollutant's price by the amount of
each pollutant released to the environment per ton of material produced
Conventional costs of disposal
• Measurement of the marginal cost of handling various packaging materials.
• Includes costs of landfilling, incineration, and recycling
• Uses New Jersey's solid waste system as baseline model
Environmental costs of disposal
• Costs were determined using the pollutant price, as in estimating production costs, multiplied by the
amount of pollutant released per disposal method:
—For landfills, the leachate pollutants per ton of landfilled waste were estimated and these were added
to the waste stream components based on the quantities and chemical composition of wastes.
—For incinerators, the air pollutants and ash produced by burning a ton of waste were estimated and
these were added to the waste stream components based on the quantities and chemical composition
of wastes.
—For recycling, the air pollutants associated with recycling a ton of recycled waste were estimated and
these were added to the waste stream components based on the quantities of waste. One published
study was used that measured ambient air pollution levels at a fairly small recycling facility. The
reason why only one data set was used was the paucity of published data on recycling facility
emissions.
—For landfilling, incineration and recycling, the air pollutants associated with collecting a.ton of waste
were estimated, and these were added to the waste stream components based on the quantities and
volumes of wastes.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Method of cost estimation
Full cost of packaging production and disposal =
Environmental costs (pollutant prices) of packaging production +
Conventional (monetary) costs of the solid waste system +
Environmental costs (pollutant prices) of the solid waste system
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Attributes
Most applicable aspects of the Tellus study are the approaches used to place monetary values on environmental
impacts. Although csw production and disposal stages are considered by Tellus, the use of social WTP (as given by
the MCPC) as a proxy for pollutant prices may be built upon, refined, and/or extended to all life-cycle stages.
Limitations
The conventional costs of packaging production are not taken into account. All the life-cycle stages are not included
in the analysis.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating updated product information
through telephone communication with Tellus in May 1995.
Tellus Institute
11 Arlington Street
Boston, MA 02116
Karen Shapiro
Brian Zuckerman
617-266-5400
617-266-8303 (FAX)
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Abbreviated Profiles
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
Abridged LCA Matrix
AT&T developed an abridged matrix approach for LCA to facilitate semi-quantitative, efficient assessments of
complex manufactured products or industrial manufacturing processes. This is in recognition of the complexities of a
complete LCA coupled with the difficulties in relating inventory analysis to impact and improvement analysis. The
abridged approach attempts to allow firms to do rapid LCAs, for example, 2 days for a typical product or one week for
a typical facility.
The matrix uses a scoring system for comparing options while focusing on those design and implementation aspects
whose modification could most dramatically affect the rating. Five life-cycle stages are taken into account:
Stage 1 Premanufacturing
Stage 2 Manufacturing
Stage 3 Product delivery (including installation)
Stage 4 Customer stage
Stage 5 Termination of product's life
Each stage is controlled by different parties, for instance, the customer stage is not directly controlled by the
manufacturer, but is influenced by how products are designed. A 5 x 5 assessment matrix , called the
Environmentally Responsible Product Assessment Matrix, is recommended. One dimension is the life-cycle stage,
and the other is the environmental concern. The ratings are from 0 (lowest impact) to 4 (highest impact), with higher
numbers reflecting more positive evaluations. The assessment is subjective and the assessors need to have
adequate information to allow comparative ratings and evaluations on a variety of characteristics. For example,
products can be compared against materials choice, energy use, solid residue, liquid residue, and gas residue, in
each of the life-cycle stages. According to some AT&T evaluations, these informal assessments vary only slightly
among different groups of assessors. The matrix approach can be made more detailed by applying weighting factors
to the matrix elements.
This approach does not take cost considerations into account, nor does it consider all the environmental impacts.
The subjective nature of the evaluations will cause some value judgments and the accuracy of the assessment is
dependent on the expertise and knowledge of the assessor(s). However, the approach does provide organizations
with an approach to take to account environmental considerations that would otherwise be ignored.
Contact Information
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Room ID 349
Murray Hill, NJ 07974
Tom Graedel
908-582-5420
The description of the model can also be found in a textbook called 'Industrial Ecology' by Tom Graedel and Brad
Allenby. This book is available for $37 from Prentice Hall Publishing (515-284-6761), ISPNO-13-125238-0.
Basis for evaluation: Graedel T.E., Allenby B.R., Comrie P.R. "Matrix Approaches to Abridged Life Cycle
Assessment.". Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 29, No. 3,1995.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and roofs
, ASEAM (A Simplified Energy Analysis Method) •' ; . „' „ > „./v,»
The program is targeted to Federal Energy managers, contractors on Federal building construction projects, State
and local government energy managers, and other contractors. ASEAM is a method for calculating energy
consumption of residential and simple commercial buildings.
ASEAM uses the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers) energy file
closest to the area to calculate annual and monthly energy requirements. It permits evaluating options for energy
conservation. ASEAM calculates monthly and annual energy consumption for buildings and allows calculations of
energy savings through options such as more insulation, higher energy heat pumps, and double glass windows. By
feeding in costs of these options and using BLCC to determine life-cycle costs, the economics of energy conservation
can be evaluated. ASHRAE-maintained national weather data are included with the software.
It is expected that future upgrades will include manufacture-specific systems replacement and compatibility with
hourly analysis techniques. The program can be obtained free of charge. ASEAM is updated every few years. The
new release of ASEAM (version 5.0) is expected later in the year.
Minimum Hardware: IBM PC with a floppy disk or equivalent; will not run on a Macintosh. The system cannot be
accessed by multiple users on a network.
USDOE, Federal Energy Management Program
1000 Independence Ave., SW
Washington, DC 20585
Dean DeVine
EE-92
202-586-6784
Purchase of software
Advanced Sciences, Inc.
1525 Wilson Blvd, Suite 1200
Arlington, VA 22209
703-243-4900
Basis for evaluation: Based on Watson (1995):
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
JBLCC (Building Life Cycle
The program was developed to support LCC evaluations, which are required for all Federal building construction
prelects. The program is also available to the private sector. BLCC is used to evaluate life-cycle costs for a building
to evaluate the impact of energy and water cost saving measures on life-cycle costs. It can provide economic
analysis for different project evaluation environments, including federal government and private sector projects with
taxes, and general projects that do not require tax analysis or specific LCC guidelines. BLCC allows users to
compare life-cycle costs for various energy and water conservation measures with user-supplied energy and/or water
usage rates and prices. It allows users to decide between construction options (e.g., whether to use a higher initial
cost energy system to reduce energy costs throughout the building life). Costs of different options can be compared.
BLCC computes life-cycle costs, savings-to-investment ratio, net savings, internal rate of return, and cash flow
analysis for project alternatives. Up to 99 alternative designs can be evaluated simultaneously. Six reports including
reports by project alternative and reports comparing project alternatives can be generated. BLCC complies with
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards related to building economics. Other software that is
Included on the BLCC diskette:
• Quick Input (Ql) program: Convenient for solving relatively simple LCC problems and preliminary economic
evaluations of multiple design alternatives.. It can generate BLCC input data files.
• DISCOUNT: A stand-alone program that performs the individual discounting operations required in LCCA, and
generates various financial indicators. This program can access the DOE projections of energy price increases used
In the BLCC program. It is useful for evaluating individual components of a LCC problem that do not require
comprehensive analysis.
ERATES is another stand-alone program that can be used for generating block-rate, time-of-use rate and demand-
rate schedules for energy prices, which are further used to compute monthly and annual electricity costs. BLCC and
Ql can also compute annual and kWh and kW demand charges with monthly block-rate schedules imported from
ERATES. This program is included on a separate diskette.
BLCC and Ql 2.0 are compatible with ASEAM (for whole building analysis) as well as with Motor Master (for motor
replacements) The Federal version comes with the required federal discount rates and is revised annually. The
private sector version allows user-defined discount rates. BLCC is menu-driven (not Windows-based) with data entry
screens. There is no cost database, and users need to input the required cost information, including capital and O&M
costs, and utility costs. Users can define up to six components in a project, which may enable the incorporation of
additional cost categories, such as less tangible costs.
All these programs were developed under sponsorship of the Federal Energy Management Program. They all
include user's guides. The BLCC guide includes information on Ql. The program is free to Federal users, and private
users pay some nominal charges. BLCC is updated every October. The current version is 4.23-95. BLCC Version
4.3-96 will include enhancements such as the ability to work with DOD's ECIP (Energy Conservation Investment
Program) reporting requirements, and an improved ability for dealing with air pollution emissions (related to energy
use).
Minimum Hardware: IBM PC with floppy disk or equivalent. The software is on two 31/2 inch, 1.4 MB disks. No
special hardware or graphics capabilities are needed.
Software purchase by Federal facilities and contractors
Advanced Sciences, Inc. (Arlington, VA): 703-243-4900
Software purchase by other groups
Energy Information Services (St. Johnsbury, VT): 802-748-5148
FtowSoft (St. Charles, MO): 314-441 -1022
NTIS Accession #: PB91-507970/XAB
Information on DOE sponsored LCC workshops conducted by NIST
US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technologies
Computing and Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Office of Applied Economics
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
301-975-6132
Steve Petersen
301-975-6136 . . „
Instructional videos produced by NIST in the series "Least-Cost Energy Decisions for Buildings":
Video Transfer Inc. (Rockville, MD): 301 -881 -0270
Basis for evaluation: Based on Watson (1995), and on information received from NIST in July, 1995.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
FEDS is a tool for assessing and analyzing energy efficiency in multiple buildings and at a single site. It is targeted
an analysis tool for a wide range of energy systems professionals including energy managers, facility managers,
architect-engineers, utility planners, and energy consultants. FEDS uses data entered by users (data on energy,
building information, location, consumption, energy price data, building types, characteristics, operating hours and
utility incentives) to develop a building prototype and inferred engineering parameters. These inferred parameters
can be changed by users if better information is available.
FEDS helps in identifying energy improvements that offer maximum savings. It identifies and selects minimum life-
cycle cost retrofits, determines payback periods, and enables users to prioritize options. FEDS includes a current
database of hundreds of proven retrofit technologies, such as retrofits for lighting, heating, cooling, etc. Other
features include an interactive format, life-cycle cost optimization, technology and fuel independence (no technology
type or fuel is favored over the other), peak-demand modeling, and analysis using site specific data or projections.
FEDS includes the same energy cost escalation rates as BLCC (Building Life-Cycle Cost program), and meets the
life-cycle cost requirements of 10 CFR Part 436 used in BLCC. FEDS~3.0 includes enhancements such as ne
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Waste Reduction Software
Systems and Tools- (Class 8)
Contents
Page
1. Avoidable Wa~t? ^.nr.gemsnt Costs at DG£ Facilities 4-226
2. *Eco-AccountingSM • 4'229
3. Facility Pollution Prevention Guide 4-231
4. 'Historical Cost Analysis System (HCAS) 4-234
5. Industrial Waste Prevention, Guide to Developing an Effective 4-237
6. Low-Level and Transuranic Waste Transportation, Disposal, and Facility
Decommissioning Cost Sensitivity Analysis 4-240
7. Model Pollution Prevention Opportunity Assessment Guidance 4-242
»
8. Process Waste Assessment Guidance Manual —— 4-245
9. SRS Waste Cost Analysis 4-248
10. 'Systems Cost Model (SCM) 4-251
11. Waste Cost Avoidance Model Template 4-255
12. Waste Life-cycle Cost: Generic Guidance and Assumptions 4-257
13. *WastePlan 4-260
Proprietary Software Systems and Tools 4-262
14. *Rohm and Haas Environmental Cost Model 4-262
Case Studies *-26*
15. Activity-Based Economic Evaluation Methodology for Pollution Prevention
Projects that Require Modification of the Production System 4-264
16. Paperboard versus Polystyrene (PS) Foam Clamshell Containers: A Life-
Cycle Cost Analysis 4-266
Many of the software systems covered in Class 5 have modules that address non-compliance related environmental issues (e.g.,
item* 18). For more information, please review the summary tables in Chapter 3 and the product profiles. Items 9 and 11 in
Class 2 can be applied as waste reduction tools. Also, item 5 in Class 5 can be applied as a waste reduction tool..
4-224
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Took
Abbreviated Profiles 4-268
17. Consolidated Hazardous Material Reutilization and Inventory Control
Program (CHRIMP).... .„... 4-268
18. *Decommissioning and Decontamination Cost Database 4-268
19. *GreenWare™ Software Products 4-269
20. *P2P 4-270
21. Pollution Prevention (P2) Equipment Program 4-271
22. *Strategic Waste Minimization Initiative (SWAMI) 4-271
23. *Sustainable Building Resource Specifier Database 4-272
'Software based products
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost Information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Los Alamos National Laboratory. Charles E. Teclaw (LANL), Annette Youngblood
(LANL), Russell Kidman (LANL), and James Betschart (HAZWRAP).
Prepared For U.S. Department of Energy,
Division of Waste Minimization (EM-352)
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: •
Alternative product/process comparison: —
The objoctK- of *hic j-iud*,' was to develop w. Jo,--of-magnitude estimates of current
waste management costs at DOE facilities. Low level radioactive, mixed low level,
transuranic and hazardous waste types are analyzed. The methodology and the data
sources could be useful for other projects as well. However, the cost information
presented in the report will now be dated, and may have little or no application for non-
DOE projects.
March 29,1993. The report itself has not been updated. DOE is currently working on
another related project: "Baseline Environmental Management Report" (Beamer). This
report aims to analyze waste generation over a period of 75 years, for different waste
types, and estimates costs of cleanup.
Available
This study was commissioned by EM-352 to meet the objective of generating
preliminary estimates of "business as usual" waste quantities and waste management
costs in a timely manner. The main objective of this method was to provide a basis for
pollution prevention expenditures by quantifying the costs that would be avoided as a
result of such investments.
The report is currently available through LANL at no charge. The "Baseline
Environmental Management Report" is also available free of charge through EM-4.
DOE Cost References, Tabulated Estimates of Waste Management Costs
Summary of methodology
Low-level radioactive waste, mixed low-level radioactive waste, transuranic waste, and hazardous waste are
considered. For the purposes of the study, knowledge of the precise chemical makeup of the waste stream is
considered to have no affect on the cost. The objectives of this study were to identify life-cycle components for the
four waste types, estimate the corresponding costs, and develop order-of-magnitude estimates of the costs of
managing future waste at DOE facilities.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing —
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
The inputs and outputs considered make up only part of the life-cycle as follows:
• processing/manufacturing (waste generation, volume reduction)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
• packaging/transportation/storage (packaging, assaying, certifying, documenting, loading, transporting,
unloading, transferring to Environmental Management, storing)
• waste management (treating, disposing, closing, monitoring)
The study concentrates on estimating costs considered over the waste life cycle, as the physical inventories related to
DOE waste streams are fairly well documented. The manufacturing stage is not check-marked as our definition of the
stage is different.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
The costs considered include capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, overhead (insurance, rent,
administration, personnel, accounting, etc.), and post-operational costs. Future liability, increased regulatory
compliance costs, potential technology forcing legislation, and all externalities are specifically omitted.
Method of cost estimation
Dollar figures are associated with waste generation through disposal activities. Waste volume information was
provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Integrated Data Base. Many cost data sources within DOE and the
private sector are listed. Total DOE waste management costs for the four designated waste types were estimated
through the year 2030.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Attributes
The appendices provide cost per cubic foot data for each type of waste. A subsequent report, Factors That Can
Drive Future Avoidable Waste Unit Costs, discusses how changes in management practices can affect disposal costs
at Sandia National Laboratories. There is some discussion of the estimating methods utilized, and cost assumptions
and information sources are provided for every cost element.
Limitations
The study provides "low and high" cost data which bracket the range of expected costs. Because the cost data for a
waste type are due to variations within that type (such as waste form) and site-specific characteristics, the cost data
does not represent a population. Other waste types, such as D&D and high radioactive waste were not addressed in
the report. Since a full range of hidden, contingent and external costs are not included in the analysis, waste
management costs could be underestimated. Future costs are not projected.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating information obtained through
telephone communications with LANL, DOE (EM-352 and EM-4) and Charles Teclaw in
May, 1995.
Report number - LAUR-93-1154. The "Baseline Environmental Management Report" is
available through EM-4: Report number - DOE-EM-0232.
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4-227
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
For copies of the report:
Classification department
505-667-5011
Charles Teclaw
RW-34, DOE
1000 Independence Avenue
Washington, DC 20585
Charles.Teclaw@HQ.DOE.GOV
202-586-7292
James K. Hancock (EM-352)
301-903-1378
For information on the "Baseline Environmental Management Report":
Office of Strategic Planning and Analysis (EM -4)
202-586-9280
For copies of the "Baseline Environmental Management Report":
800-736-3282
4-228
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems ana* Tbofe
Eco-Accountlng®?*
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Arthur Andersen & Co.
Commercial use
Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: •
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
Environmental costs and data management for decision-making, capital budgeting, and
forecasting. Cost-benefit analysis of alternatives. Activity definitions and cost matrices
can be tailored to meet specific company requirements.
Developed in Spring, 1994 .
Available
Developed to allow companies to manage environmental costs and data for decision-
making, budgeting, and forecasting, without using complex methodologies such as
Activity-Based Costing (ABC), full-cost accounting, or LCA. This is based on
information that more than half the companies do not track environmental costs and
performance, even though this could be very profitable. The tool has been applied in
the oil and gas industry.
Not available. Eco-AccountingSM is sold as part of a package along with other
consulting services.
Windows-based program, a series of Excel spreadsheets.
Summary of methodology
Eco-AccountingSM uses a three step approach. These steps are identifying environmental costs, establishing a set
of performance measures, and analyzing strategic alternatives. Performance measures are based on a set of
process and output measures. Alternatives are analyzed using cost and performance information. Product and
process changes can be analyzed. Features of Eco-AccountingSM include the following.
• activity dictionary with over 100 environmental activities
• cost matrix to capture and organize data
• organization of environmental costs by activity in five categories
• performance measures for key environmental activities
• customized software component allowing future additions and information updates
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
The cost matrix includes information in five categories: strategic positioning, risk prevention, compliance,
remediation, and disposal and claims.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
Additional cost categories and cost information could be added using the customized software component of Eco-
AccountIngSM.
Method of cost estimation
Costs are identified through employee Interviews in specific departments, project logs, operating statements, and
general ledgers. The objective is to determine the time and money spent on significant environmental activities by
broadly accounting for time and non-payroll expenditures of employees.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Attributes
Eco-AccountlngSM permits benchmarking environmental costs by allowing users to determine and compare the time
and money spent by different facilities and divisions for similar activities. Capital appropriation requests and
environmental costs in product design can be evaluated. The software includes over 100 standard activities and 50
performance measures that users can choose from. The program consists of a series of Excel spreadsheets linked
together.
Limitations
This method does not reflect a way to change general company accounting practices. The accuracy of the results is
dependent upon the proper identification of all key environmental activities and cost drivers. There is no information
on methods for estimating contingent and external costs. These categories are not included in the original matrix.
The program is not designed for life-cycle costing.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact Information:
The information provided here is based on product information and through telephone
communications with an Arthur Andersen representative in April, 1995.
Available as a tool only to those companies for whom Arthur Andersen is acting as a
consultant for identifying and managing environmental costs.
Arthur Andersen LLP
33 West Monroe Street
Chicago, IL 60603
Ronald E. Van Epps (Senior Manager)
312-507-8448
Mary K. Zinski (Marketing Manager)
312-507-5198
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Toofe
Facility Pollution Prevention Guide
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Battelle, Columbus (OH) under contract No. 68-CO-003.
Office of Solid Waste and Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA ;^f
Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: ,—
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: — ,
Generalized approaches directed to small-medium sized production facilities for the
development of multi-media pollution prevention programs.
May 1992. The guide is an update of the 1988 report, "Waste Minimization Opportunity
Assessment Manual," that focused primarily on wastes under RCRA, As of now, there
have been no further updates of the guide.
Available
Developed as part of programs in the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and the
Office of Solid Waste, to encourage pollution prevention (Pollution Prevention Act,
1990). 21,000 copies of the guide have been distributed. This does not include any
from NTIS, or any camera ready copies sent to requesting organizations.
The guide is available free of charge from the Risk Reduction Lab. The guide is also
available through NTIS at a cost of $27.
Profitability analysis for a hypothetical waste minimization project, assessment
worksheets, sources of additional information, examples. A separate product, the
Strategic Waste Minimization Initiative (SWAMI) is a software program developed for
EPA by PEER consultants and the University of Dayton Research Institute. This
product uses process analysis to identify pollution prevention opportunities and is to be
used along with the Facility Pollution Prevention Guide. A summary paragraph on
SWAMI is included at the end of this section of the resource guide.
Summary of methodology
This economic evaluation example presents a profitability analysis for a hypothetical waste minimization project. The
example considers improvements in plant production while reducing raw material consumption and disposal costs.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management •
The activities considered primarily make up the waste generation stage of the life cycle and include the following:
• activities associated with capital costs
— equipment (purchase, taxes, insurance)
— installation (labor, utilities, building modifications)
— internal and external project engineering
— environmental permitting
— raw materials (purchase chemical inventories/supplies)
•_,., Prepared by RTI.forEPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
— start-up activities
— contingency (unforeseen costs/overruns)
• activities associated with operating costs and revenues
— decrease in raw material consumption
— revenue from sale of product
— disposal
— * off-site disposal fees
* state generator taxes
* transportation costs
* other costs
— labor, supervision, overhead
— operating supplies
— maintenance labor and supplies
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
The methodology estimates only conventional and hidden costs associated with a production process. The hidden
costs mainly include O&M costs and permitting costs. Liability and less-tangible (potentially hidden internal) costs are
discussed briefly in the chapter on "Economic Analysis of Pollution Prevention Projects." Potential liability is to be
rated on a scale of 1 -10 in the waste stream worksheet, but no costs are estimated. Contingency is taken into
account, but this does not factor in liability costs.
Method of cost estimation
Users estimate all costs as lump sums. No default values or sources of data are provided.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) •
—Payback period •
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
The document briefly discusses NPV, IRR and Profitability Index (PI). These are recommended as appropriate long-
term indicators that account for all cash flows and the time value of money. The payback period is not recommended
as an appropriate method for assessing pollution prevention projects. However, the sample worksheet for calculating
profitability uses this method.
Attributes
The manual provides general information and guidelines on developing pollution prevention programs, implementing
projects, and measuring progress. It discusses the economic analysis of projects, the design of environmentally
compatible products, and energy conservation. It also includes information on sources of technical and financial
assistance.
4*232
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Limitations
Default sources of cost data and methods of cost estimation are not provided. The guide is a generalized document,
and is not designed as a comprehensive guide for pollution prevention. It does not discuss methods of estimating
external and liability costs. ,, ... ,.-.,. , -.. ., •.-.".- > ,3,:j >
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the "tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994). •'
Available through the EPA Risk Reduction Laboratory, ORD Publications. Report
number: EPA/600/R-92/088. It is also available through NTIS, accession number:
PB92213206
For copies of the guide and information on reprinting and distributing the guide:
ORD Publications
Pollution Prevention Research Branch
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
U.S. EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7562 *
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
800-553-6847 ' *
703-487-4679 -
703-321-9038
703-321-8547 (FAX)
For information:
Lisa Brown (project coordinator)
U.S. EPA
M/S 466, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH - 45268
513-569-7634 """'' ' "
Information on SWAMI
Doug Williams
(CERI), Cincinnati, OH
513-569-7361
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Historical Cost Analysis System (HCAS)
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Tri-service joint effort, Excalibur Inc. (Centreville, VA)
Army, Air Force, and Navy.
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: •
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: —
Historical records of conventional and hidden costs associated with Hazardous, Toxic,
and Radioactive Waste (HTRW). HCAS can track cost data from the original estimate
through the actual costs after project completion. Used as a guide to develop budget
costs. HCAS can also be used for rudimentary project management and tracking.
Hombach (1995) concluded that HCAS provides sufficient information to generate
order-of-magnitude estimates for similar projects.
Developed - 1994.
Available
HCAS was developed for the Environmental Historical Cost Committee of the
Interagency Cost Estimating Group (ICEG) for HTRW remediation by the Naval
Facilities Engineering Command. Currently being used. Designed to provide a
consistent model for tracking historical costs. Several government agencies including
Army, Navy, Air Force, DOE, and EPA are contributing to the cost data in accordance
with the HCAS structure. The Logistics Management Institute (VA) receives and
screens data from various agencies and sources.
The cost of a 1 year CCB subscription through the National Institute of Building
Sciences (includes 7 CDs) is $750.
• IBM-AT 286 (or higher) or compatible
• 4 MB memory (8 MB optimal)
• Extended memory manager (such as HIMEM.SYS or QEMM-386)
• MS - DOS 3.3 (or greater)
• Dot matrix printer compatible with either the Epson LQ series or the IBM pro-printer
series, or a laser printer compatible with HP LaserJet II
• 3 MB hard disk space (at least)
• MS-compatible mouse (optional)
Summary of methodology
All data In HCAS Is defined according to a five level hierarchy. These are:
• Contracts: Information to identify contracting mechanisms, e.g., contract number, agency, prime
contractor, and contract type.
• Projects: Site-related information, e.g., name, description, design cost, climate, innovative technology,
and distance to population.
• Phases: Project-related information at different points of time, e.g., phase description (% complete),
construction cost, contingency, markup, area, and exclusion area.
•Tasks: Information about the actual work, e.g., waste location, technical approach, and overall level of
protection.
• Details: Detailed information about actions done within each task: e.g., waste type, primary and
secondary contaminants, WBS number, cost type, and confidence level.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Each of these levels contain records into which users enter specific project-related information. Records in different
levels are related to each other through 'key fields'. A number of HCAS fields are mandatory such as contract
number, project ID number, project name, state, and area. In each level, users have the option to enter up to 32
pages of notes, such as for contract information, or detail information.
HCAS has a 5-level WBS. Information entered in the task and detail level has to relate to specific WBS level
numbers. For example, the WBS number will describe the work being done at the detail level. Non-standard items
can be specified and also explained. The pre-defined categories for the second WBS level are as follows/- (
• mobilization and preparatory work
• monitoring, sampling, testing, and analysis
• site work
• surface water collection and control
• groundwater collection and control
• air pollution collection and control
• solids collection and containment
• liquids/sediments/sludges collection and containment
• drums/tanks/struct./misc. demolition and removal
• biological treatment
• chemical treatment
• physical treatment
• thermal treatment
•stabilization/fixation/encapsulation
• decontamination and decommissioning
• disposal (other than commercial)
• disposal (commercial)' site restoration
• demobilization* alternate water supply
• population relocation* site security* owner costs
• non-standard WBS summary level
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing —
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
HCAS is limited to considering HTRW remediation projects. It does not provide cost data for the entire life-cycle.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden • -
—Contingent —
—External —
The cost categories at the phase and task level are construction cost, operating cost, and supporting facility cost.
Cost data in all levels of HCAS needs to be specified as burdened or direct costs.12 The two cost fields that do not
have this setting are the design cost field in the projects level, and the contingency fund in the phase level. Costs
correspond to user-selected units of measure (including one user-defined unit). Costs may also be entered as lump-
sum amounts.
A number of items that correspond to potentially hidden costs are present in the WBS, and can be specified in the
detail level. Other activities that are not included in the original WBS can also be specified in the 'other1 cost
categories in each level. Thus, users can further detail their estimates to include contingent costs and external costs
as well. However, HCAS currently does not contain items reflecting external costs. The contingency fund may or
may not reflect contingent environmental costs. This cost data cannot be rolled up to reflect totals in the above
^Direct costs are those directly related to cleanup: labor, materials, and equipment. Burdened costs are direct costs plus all
indirect costs, such as fringe benefits, profits, and overheads. The two are related by applying a certain percentage markup
(ratio of direct to indirect costs).
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
mentioned categories. For example, total hidden costs and total external costs cannot be separately computed. This
is due to the fact that additional categories cannot be added, and the original coding and WBS structure cannot be
changed.
Method of cost estimation
The system is not designed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Attributes
The WBS is a listing of tasks performed in HTRW work and has been standardized by several government agencies.
For each HCAS revision, new items that have been entered as non-standard WBS items, are considered for inclusion
in the standard WBS. Both government and private users are encouraged to provide cost data for HCAS.
The system features mouse support, pop-up lists, pull-down menus, and on-line help to facilitate ease of use. HCAS
allows import and export of data, by sending and receiving contracts to disk. Only entire contracts (not parts) may be
sent or received. HCAS includes a reporting feature for pre-defined and customized reports. Users can query HCAS
by specifying criteria for individual fields. There are some options for customizing HCAS, such as selecting the cursor
size, editing at different levels, and restricting the number of tasks and details viewed.
Limitations
Th0 HCAS WBS does not currently contain items related to less-tangible (internal) external, or contingent
environmental costs (fees, fines). HCAS can to used to assist in the cost estimating process, but is not an estimating
tool by itself. It is limited to HTRW remediation projects. Although HCAS can be used by private industry as well, its
data Is (currently) primarily supplied by governmental agencies.
The program requires some expertise for setting up projects to be entered into HCAS! Users need to first break-
down their projects into a five-level hierarchical formats, consistent with the HCAS WBS. Users cannot query for
fields that contain free-form text, such as project name, or notes. HCAS does not normalize or manipulate data. A
test run of HCAS by for the MDAP concluded that HCAS does not provide sufficient parametric information. Their
recommendations (among others) were that HCAS be updated to include fields to record the parameters associated
with a technology, and that it be converted into a true Windows format. The data screening and quality checks are
crucial to reliable data quality in HCAS.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
This profile is based on information received from LANTNAVFAC-ENGCOM in May,
1995. Additional profile information was derived from Hombach (1995).
Aubrey Sadler
US Navy HQ
LANTNAVFAC-ENGCOM
1510 Gilbert Street, Norfolk VA 23511-2699
804-444-9733, 814-444-9907
CD-ROM subscription service:
National Institute of Building Sciences
Construction Criteria Base (CCB)
202-289-7800
Logistics Management Institute (McLean, VA)
804-461-8304
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Industrial Waste Prevention, Guide to Developing an Effective
- / j r , Waste Minimization Program „- ' >>
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Waste Advantage, Inc., (Southfield, Ml) '.'''"•
Commercial use " :
Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: . •
Alternative product/process comparison: —
Tool for calculating waste generation costs. Contains instructions for developing a
waste prevention program. Waste Advantage is also working on a Waste Prevention
software system. This will have applications beyond passive tracking, as it will feature
suggested solutions for reducing waste generation.
1988. Waste Advantage is working on a software product for waste prevention. It is
anticipated that this will be available by September, 1995. The equipment database
(part of the program) is currently being tested in a GM plant.
Available
Purpose and current use: The document came about as a collation of the field experience that Waste Advantage
Inc. has in 400 plants in over 60 different industries. It is primarily being used in large
private companies.
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
$50 (including shipping and handling). The cost of the software product is as yet
uncertain.
Data collection sheet, cost worksheet, examples.
Summary of methodology
This method assists users in developing 'a "waste generation cost." Costs are calculated per waste stream on an
annual basis. For each input or output, the method provides a detailed breakdown of subactivities that should be
included in the waste generation cost calculation.
The features of the waste prevention software are to be the following.
• tracking of waste costs and quantities
• waste source location and cause information
• waste reduction ideas •
• generation of material balance reports • •
• equipment supplier database
The waste prevention examples will include waste prevention solutions, projected waste reduction quantities, savings
through waste prevention, and payback periods. The software will also feature bar and pie charts for graphically
displaying waste costs per unit of production, waste generation cost per pound, waste trend analysis, and others.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
The inputs and outputs considered in the life-cycle stages are as follows:
• processing/manufacturing (wasted raw material costs, labor costs)
• transportation (waste transportation costs)
• waste management (treatment, storage, and disposal facility costs; other costs including compliance,
consulting fees, drums, and public image; future waste disposal liability costs)
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent •
—External —
The methodology considers conventional and hidden costs of inputs and outputs, liability costs of outputs, and costs
of impact on public image (potentially hidden, less-tangible). However, no external (social) costs are taken into
account.
Method of cost estimation
Costs are estimated by users for prompted activities.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period •
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
The waste prevention software will detail payback periods for various waste prevention methods and technologies.
Attributes
The method may be used to provide a unit cost for waste generation, which may be valuable for decision-making.
The waste prevention solutions, the equipment supplier database, and the factoring in of raw material losses will be
unique attributes of the software. The equipment database will detail over 10,000 pieces of equipment for waste
prevention. The waste prevention solutions are related to specific waste streams and detail projected waste
reduction, costs, savings, and payback. Waste material and quantity distributions can be graphically displayed. The
focus is on providing solutions that do not require major process changes.
Waste Advantage Inc. provides toll-free waste prevention assistance and consulting services that include waste
prevention program guidance and equipment and supplier referrals.
Limitations
The software system cannot be applied for building and managing projects. It can assist in providing direction, but
not in detailed estimation of the costs and savings of various solutions. Social (external costs) are not accounted for.
The system is not designed for life-cycle costing.
Basis for evaluation:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
' (1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating updated product information
and through telephone communications with Waste Advantage Inc. in May, 1995.
4*238
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Contact information:
Waste Advantage, Inc.
PO Box 37616, Oak Park
Ml 48237-0616
Belle F. Selman (President)
810-569-8150
810-967-4015 (FAX)
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Low-Level and Transuranic Waste Transportation, Disposal, and Facility Decommissioning Cost Sensitivity,
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost Information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
EG&G Idaho, Inc. (now called Lockheed)
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Restoration ancl Waste
Management
Financial analysis: — *
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: —
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: •
Alternative product/process comparison: —
Cost estimation for transportation, disposal, and facility decontamination and
decommissioning. The application is limited to remediation projects. The report and
cost information is related to a specific project. However, the methodologies utilized
could be instructive for other applications.
May 1992. No updates.
Available
This method is a follow-up analysis of the System Design Study (SDS) that was
intended to explore the basis for the life-cycle cost segments of transportation, disposal,
and facility decontamination and decommissioning (D&D). The report was prepared as
part of a currently on-going INEL project.
Available at a cost of $17.50 through NTIS. , , . .
Description of transportation, disposal, and D&D life-cycle cost considerations
Summary of methodology
The purpose of the method is to develop a basis for low-level and transuranic waste life-cycle costs.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition — .
—Manufacturing —
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
The following information on inputs and outputs is considered
• packaging/transportation
• waste management—disposal surcharge, D&D: decommissioning planning, radiological characterization,
contracting and procurement, dismantling of heavy process equipment, decontamination, volume
reduction, segregation, facility decontamination, radiological surveillance and technical support, final
surveys, reports and independent clarification, building demolition, rubble disposal, site restoration (to
natural environment)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External — , •
The system is mainly used to estimate conventional and hidden costs of inputs and outputs associated with waste
management. The hidden costs do not include environmental compliance-related costs.
Method of cost estimation
Factors considered in developing transportation costs include product density, transportation unit rates, rail versus
truck transportation, and container size and container weight limitations. Disposal costs were estimated from a
survey of DOE sites including Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Nevada Test Site, Harford, Savannah River Site, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, Rocky Flats Plant, Sandia National
Laboratory, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Commercial facilities and state compacts provided input for disposal
costs. Facility D&D costs were based on the square footage of the facility.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) — .
—Payback period — ,
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio — :
—Others —
Attributes
Site restoration to natural environment is considered. Transportation figures are based on product density and
considered the form of the waste when transported (i.e., post treatment if applicable). Densities (given in Ib/ft^) are
given for low-level and transuranic wastes.
Limitations
The approach is limited to remediation activities. All cost categories and life-cycle stages are hot considered. Since
the document was not updated, the costs may no longer be relevant.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating information obtained through
telephone communications with Lockheed in May, 1995.
Available through NTIS, accession number: DE92018036. Report number: EGG-
WTD-10092 E 1.99 DE92 018036
Lockheed, Inc., - -.
P.O. Box 1625, M/S2414
Idaho Falls, ID 83415-3875 '
Jim Schafer
208-526-9699
For copies of the report: , - ,••..-,
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
800-553-6847
703-487-4679
703-321-9038
703-321-8547 (FAX)
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Model Pollution Prevention Opportunity Assessment Guidance
Allied Signal Aerospace. Contributions from DOE personnel and contractors are
acknowledged in the manual.
USDOE, Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs. The manual was prepared for the
DOE Complex.
Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
The objective of this methodology is to compile essential facts characterizing activities,
generate pollution prevention options, analyze option feasibility, and project further
option implementation costs. The assessments are not limited to process wastes,
rather they aim to address all releases. The methodology, although developed for the
Kansas City plant (KCD), can be applied in other industries as a component of their
pollution prevention and waste management strategies.
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost Information:
Contents and system
requirements:
December, 1993. This report is an update of February, 1990 report, "Process Waste
Assessments" that was prepared by Baker and Kosinski at Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant.
Available
The methodology was developed for and is currently being employed at KCD.
Available at no charge.
Consists of a manual and worksheets. Software (on Filemaker Pro) to complete the
worksheets is provided to people attending PPOA training class (21/2 days). The
software is available only through the training class.
Summary of methodology
This report replaces the term "Process Waste Assessment" that was used in the previous report, with the term,
"Pollution Prevention Opportunity Assessment" (PPOA). The new term was applied to stress that assessments
should address all releases rather than be limited to process wastes. A PPOA documents the amount of material that
Is disposed of as waste during operations. It provides a summary of material usage, process by-products, and waste
generation. It targets processes and operations that require improvement or replacements in order to promote waste
minimization or pollution prevention.
The report first describes a graded approach to prioritize efforts, using priority material/waste stream lists developed
according to DOE guidelines. It further discusses organization of PPOA teams, assessment of activities and waste
streams, development and evaluation of options, and recommendations. The appendices contain information on
general considerations for prioritizing waste streams, sources of material balance information, an example PPOAs for
Levels I, II, and III, and model worksheets.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Recycle/waste management • '.
The method mainly considers the manufacturing and waste management stages of the life-cycle by assessing
processes and their associated waste streams. The use/reuse portion may be considered through
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Chapter'4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
use/reuse/maintenance of materials and chemicals in the facility. In the options generation portion, the method
suggests considering waste minimization methods (good operating practices) and recycling and use/reuse of
materials.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent •
—External —
The method takes implementation, incremental operating savings/costs, and incremental intangible costs (hidden and
liability) into account. The intangible costs include penalties and fines, future liabilities, and other costs. The manual
provides a worksheet that allows for weighted sum options evaluation, based on weights assigned to criteria such as
regulatory compliance, employee health and safety, etc. This allows users to do rough comparisons of the different
options based on internal, less-tangible factors. Social (external) costs are not quantified. The level of detail and the
types of costs considered will depend on the level of the assessment.
Method of cost estimation
The manual does not provide any cost data, and all costs have to be estimated by users. It does not provide
information on how this cost data can be collected, or how costs such as liability costs, may be estimated.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period •
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
The manual describes financial analysis of projects using the payback period as an indicator.
Attributes
The manual takes to account the difficulties in data collection and detailed analysis for projects. It attempts to counter
this problem by providing simplified methodologies through prioritization of projects, a graded approach, and a
weighted sums approach for less-tangible factors. The approaches and methodologies can easily be transferred for
applications other than manufacturing as well.
Training classes on opportunity assessment are provided for the DOE and DOE contractors on site. Others may be
admitted into the class on a limited basis. Attendees are provided with software (available only through the class) to
complete the worksheets.
Limitations
Users are not provided information on method of cost estimation, such as for estimating liability costs. External costs
are not taken into account. The payback period is suggested for use as a financial indicator. This indicator often
(incorrectly) does not favor pollution prevention projects that typically have longer gestation periods.
The information provided here is based on information derived from the manual, "Model
Pollution Prevention Opportunity Assessment," obtained from KCD in May, 1995.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
Allied Signal Inc., Kansas City Plant
D/EEG MF39
P.O. Box419159
Kansas City, Missouri 64141-6159
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Susan Pemberton (KCD PWA Coordinator)
816-997-2000 (General number)
816-997-5435 • 816-997-2129 (FAX)
For copies of the "Model Pollution Prevention Opportunity Assessment" manual:
Stuart Altman (Defense Programs, DOE HQ)
301-903-6407
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• •'•"• ' • ' • •- ; '. ';' •<: ••< -,'
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Waste Minimization/Pollution Prevention Program
U.S. DOE under contract DE-AC04-76DP00789
Financial analysis: , —
Environmental impact analysis: — ; •
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: •
This method is designed specifically for use at SNL/NM, and is tailored from process
waste assessment procedures recommended by DOE. With appropriate modifications,
the methodologies discussed can have applications in other facilities and firms as well.
November 1992 (updated January 1993). Completed in early 1994. Sandia Report:
SAND92-2343, Version 1.0
Not available
The manual was prepared by the waste minimization/pollution prevention program, as
part of SNL's commitment to DOE to significantly reduce the generation of hazardous
wastes. This method identifies and evaluates waste minimization projects at SNL. The
manual was used to a limited extent at SNL.
Not applicable. The cost of the conference paper (through NTIS) is $17.50 plus $4 for
shipping and handling.
Worksheets, data forms, software for chemical information/MSDS, and Environmental
Health and Safety reporting. A software product was developed for phase 4 of the
method: selection of optimal projects.
Summary of methodology
The method consists of four phases:
1. Process definition
2. Process characterization
3. Waste minimization opportunities assessment
4. Project selection, optimization, implementation, and tracking
Process definition provides qualitative information concerning the nature of processes and operations that contribute
to generating wastes. This phase calls for describing overall operations, describing specific processes or operations
that consume or generate wastes, developing a schematic flow diagram for these processes, and documenting
previous waste minimization activities associated with these processes. Process characterization collects information
concerning the quantity and nature of the wastes .and other pollutants generated. Waste minimization opportunities
assessment identifies and evaluates various alternatives for reducing or eliminating wastes generated in a process.
Process descriptions (e.g., flow diagrams, system interactions, and mass balances) that are more detailed than those
produced in the previous phases may be necessary to identify waste minimization opportunities. The final phase—
project selection, optimization, implementation and tracking—involves managing and evaluating the chosen options.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Phases 1 and 2 are fully documented with blank and completed-example worksheets. Only overall summaries were
available for Phases 3 and 4 as of the January 1993 version. Since an updated copy of the report is not available,
there is no detailed information on these phases.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
Type of costs considered
—Conventional —
—Potentially hidden —
—Contingent —
—External —
Cost and technical analyses were done as part of the waste minimization opportunities assessment phase. These
were based on EPA guidance. There is no information on the cost categories that were included in the analysis.
Method of cost estimation
There is no information available on the methods employed for cost estimation.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Information not available.
Attributes
A paper presented at the Waste Minimization/Pollution Prevention conference, called "Waste Minimization/Pollution
Prevention at R&D Facilities: Implementing the SNL/NM Process Waste Assessment Program" is available through
Limitations
This document provides background for evaluating SNL processes. It will not have direct application in other areas.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating information obtained through
telephone communications with SNL in May, 1995.
The report is not available for public distribution. A related conference paper called
"Waste Minimization/Pollution Prevention at R&D Facilities: Implementing the SNL/NM
Process Waste Assessment Program," is available through the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS): report number SAND-93-0466C, NTIS accession number
DE 93012860.
Sandia National Laboratories
Org. 6641, M/S 0718
Albuquerque, NM 87195-5800
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Ed Kjeldgaard
505-845-8011
505-844-0116 (FAX)
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
703-487-4660
800-553-6847
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Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
JSRS Waste Cost Analysis ,
Advanced Planning and Analysis, Westinghouse Savannah River Company
Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Savannah River Site (SRS)
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: •
Alternative product/process comparison: —
This method provides waste cost data and modeling techniques used to derive life-cycle
costs for input for operational studies and evaluation of alternatives. The methodology
uses a combination of cost/budget and bottoms-up task-based cost estimation.
May 15,1992. An updated document is called FY-1993 SRS Waste Cost Analysis:
report number WSRC-RP-93-942, Revision 1.
Available
The purpose of this report is to provide a life-cycle cost (that is, from the point of waste
generation to disposal) for a unit volume of waste generated in SRS in the year 1992.
The methodology is not currently being used at SRS. They are currently considering
the use of a new, activity or task-based methodology.
The document is not commercially available.
Method for cost calculations, cost figures for SRS. The report is also available on disk
(Macintosh) and includes two Microsoft Excel spreadsheets used in documenting and
calculating life-cycle costs.
Summary of methodology
Issues that can be resolved using the data and techniques suggested by the method include waste minimization
alternatives, cost charge-back to waste generators, legacy costs for long-term waste management, and comparison
of options in decontamination and decommissioning.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing —
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
Costs are calculated for only part of the life-cycle: from waste generation to final disposal, including surveillance of
the waste after isolation from the environment and closure costs for facilities, burial grounds, etc. The manufacturing
stage is considered to the extent that costs of waste minimization activities are taken into account.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Only conventional and hidden costs of inputs and outputs are considered. These include costs of handling,
packaging, characterization, storage, treatment, disposal, pre and post-closure, environmental health, safety, quality
assurance, site services, storage, and disposal.
Inputs and outputs include the following: ". .
• generator costs
• facility operation . /
•transportation
• capital equipment .-..••
• facility upgrades , . .
• monitoring .
• support services '
• technical center . .
• replacement facilities . '..'.'
Specific items not included in the waste costs include the following:
• raw material costs of waste
• existing facility capital costs
• DOE costs
• decontamination and decommissioning/corrective action costs
• infrastructure capital costs -=,-.••
• liability/risk costs
• recycling, reclamation activities
Method of cost estimation
Costs are divided into fixed and variable components. Variable costs vary in direct proportion to changes in the level
of activity or the quantity of waste for treatment or disposal. Fixed costs remain constant regardless of changes in
throughput within a reasonable range of operation of the waste facilities. Sunk costs are omitted. Current and future
waste costs, based on the fiscal year 1992 waste generation arid handling rates, have been compiled for all types of
waste generated at SRS. Forexample, the cost categories in the case of sanitary waste (relatively similar for the
other cases as well) are generator costs, transportation costs, waste management costs, closure costs, and
monitoring costs. Cost estimations are done on the basis of a number of assumptions that are explained in the
manual. The model used for life-cycle cost analysis is as follows.
Total life-cycle cost for a waste category = Fixed cost + £ (Unit variable cost for each waste stream within a
• , - waste category) * (Forecasted volume for each waste stream)
The first in — first out (FIFO) accounting principal was used to simplify cost calculations when'programs associated
with managing a waste stream were predicted to be relatively constant. The current and future scheduled operating
budgets were assumed to represent the level of funding required to effectively support the activities associated with
managing waste.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period — >
—Internal rate of return (IRR) — ......
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
Attributes
Values for the SRS site provide a basis for comparing sanitary waste, solid low-level waste, liquid low-level waste,
transuranic waste, hazardous waste, mixed waste, and high-level waste. The manual itself does not guide users
toward decision-making or generating alternatives. However, by estimating waste management costs, it gives users
important data that can be used for making such decisions. A number of different assumptions are used to calculate
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
ftxed and variable costs. These assumptions were discussed in the context of waste type. The information on
assumptions can be helpful to other users.
Limitations
The manual needs to be revised periodically to reflect the changes in the cost database. The authors had envisioned
annual updates of the document. However, SRS is currently considering moving to a new methodology. The report
has been produced for SRS and is based on their forecasts, waste facilities, and waste characteristics. Outside users
cannot use the manual "as is" to support their waste management plan. It can only be used as a guide for cost
estimation or the preparation of a similar guide specific to another company or area, with the relevant assumptions
and objectives.
The manual is restricted to conventional and some hidden cost calculations and does not attempt to estimate either
liability costs or external costs. Future costs are not discounted, although the manual mentions that a zero discount
rate had been chosen for simplicity. Also, the total costs calculated are not inclusive of sunk costs and cannot be
used to calculate a "full cost recovery" fee.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact Information:
The information provided here is based on a copy of the manual (May, 1992), and on a
profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al. (1994).
Both versions of the report are available in SRS library (the updated version is
recommended).
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
Savannah River Site, PO Box 616, Bldg 705-C
Aiken, SC 29802
John P. Harley
Site Waste Minimization Group
803-557-6332
803-725-3011 (General)
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
," Systems Cost Model (SCM) I, ',
Lockheed, Idaho
U.S. DOE Assistant Secretary for Environmental Management (EM-30), under DOE
Idaho Operations Office. '-'•*••
Financial analysis: —
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: • *
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: •
Alternative product/process comparison: —
Parametric life-cycle cost estimation for radioactive and hazardous waste treatment and
disposal. Although developed specifically for the DOE, this model could possibly be
applied (with appropriate modifications) to other facilities as well.
The software has been released, but additional development is continuing. A non-
integrated version of SCM. called the PEIS model, has been developed. The latest
version was brought out in December, 1994. This deals with radioactive waste.
Lockheed is currently developing the hazardous waste area of the system.
Information on SCM available
The system was developed specifically for DOE facilities. SCM will support
management planning for the Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS)
and DOE's cost baseline for the total program estimate. Initial users of SCM will be the
Lockheed Idaho Technical Support Program and MK Environmental. Future users
include DOE-HQ EM-33, EM-353, Ross and Associates, and DOE sites.
Free of charge to DOE facilities
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Software, user's manual. The system is stand-alone, currently without networking
capabilities. The minimum requirements for SCM:
• IBM-compatible PC 386 SX (DX recommended)
• Windows 3.1
• DOS 5.0 (or higher)
• 4 MB RAM (8 recommended)
• 10 MB free space on hard disk
• VGA display, and a mouse.
The existing PEIS model requires:
• IBM-compatible PC using DOS
• Lotus 123 Version 3.4
• Baler (of Baler Software Corp.v.
Summary of methodology
The non-integrated version of SCM (PEIS model) has the following programming elements.
• Volume Input Model
• Bottom-up model
• Waste Management Estimating Program
• Socio-economic model
• Transportation model
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The main task will be to further automate and integrate the PEIS models. Appropriate modifications and
developments for SCM are established through prototyping. SCM will not initially include the socioeconomic and .-
bottom-up model (although they may be added later). The minimum features of SCM (Version 1.0) will include the
following:
• Static analysis capabilities of the current PEIS model (except the bottom-up and socioeconomic model)
• Integration of remaining three PEIS models
• Expanded user-defined input parameters
• Support of cosf and manpower profiles over time
• Expanded Work Breakdown Structure
The system will also include on-line help screens and other features to increase user-friendliness to allow the system
to be used by a wider audience. It will also feature a report generator with expanded report generation including
graphical output. Output data includes module capacities and costs.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition — .
—Manufacturing —
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden • •
—Contingent —
—External — '
SCM includes cost input elements for items such as labor, construction, O&M, D&D, infrastructure, and costs per
volume of waste. Users will have the capability to select, enter, or change data including site-specific cost factors,
existing or new DOE facility cost information, commercial total or unit costs, off-site DOE treatment total or unit costs,
and cost escalation factors. This may be a way to factor in contingent or external costs that have been excluded in
the estimation. For example, users can change operating-cost contingency percentages to ;factor in contingent costs
due to environmental variables. Cost per unit volume of waste can be modified to include external costs. However,
users will need to develop these estimates. No additional cost elements can be added.
Method of cost estimation
SCM uses cost capacity relationships and internal data that have been developed for treatment and disposal
processes for radioactive waste. The cost estimating modeling techniques used in the Volume Input Model and the
Waste Management Estimating Program Model will be used in SCM. The total life-cycle costs will be calculated in
three different modules for the waste types, low level waste, mixed low-level waste, and transuranic waste. SCM will
hava an eight element WBS:
• Pre-Operations
• Facility Construction Costs
• Operations and Maintenance
• Decontamination and Decommissioning
• Contracted Services
• Off-site Treatment, Storage, or Disposal (DOE)
• Special site costs
• Transportation
SCM estimates costs based on internal cost and schedule data, facility capacity and operating parameters, facility
costs, maximum and minimum scaling factors for parametric cost/capacity equations, transportation miles and
costs/mile, standard operating parameters, and a standard rate table. SCM also features waste load inventory data
from 50 DOE sites including an allowance for complex cost roll-ups.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Thus, users enter input data, or accept default values for a variety of elements including waste load by site and waste
type, treatment technology option by site, site schedules by site and waste type, existing or planned approved
facilities, and site specific cost factors. SCM will estimate costs based on user-input and default information, and
parametric relationship models.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) — .
—Payback period — , -
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio ' —
—Others —
Attributes
Although the software model is still under development, the methodology can be reviewed in a series of reports that
are being prepared by Lockheed that describe preconceptual designs and planning level life-cycle cost estimates for
four waste categories: Low level waste, mixed low-level waste, transuranic waste, and hazardous waste.
SCM will be designed to allow easy updating and addition of features. Users can select, enter, or change a variety of
data types, which allows the evaluation of various options. Costs of new versus existing facilities can be compared.
Anticipated enhancements for versions 1.3 and 2.0 include expanded integration and automation of the cost model
and extensions such as risk indicators. Other considerations include interface to an interactive scheduling tool, user
specification of module capacities, and variations in mass/volume reduction treatment factors to reflect technology
improvements.
Limitations
SCM does not include environmental liability (contingent) and external costs. No financial indicators are generated to
compare options and results. However, present value analysis may be included in future versions of SCM. SCM is
designed primarily with the purpose of estimating waste management facility costs. It does not assist in generating
waste minimization options or pollution prevention.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The profile presented here is based on the report, "Waste Management Facilities Cost
Information: System Cost Model Product Description," and through telephone
communications with Lockheed in May, 1995.
Lockheed Martin, Idaho Technologies
PO Box 1625
Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-2420
Dave Shropshire
208-526-6800
Mike Sherick
208-526-6922
Jay Rhoderick (DOE, EM-30) •
301-903-7211
SCM description:
F. Feizohalli, R.K. Fink, B.L. Peterson, D.E. Shropshire, "Waste Management Facilities
Cost Information: System Cost Model Product Description," Lockheed Idaho
Technologies Company, November 1994. Report number: INEL-94/0115
The following reports will be available (-June/July 1995) in public reading rooms around
the country as support documentation for Programmatic Environmental Impact
Statement.
1. F. Feizollahi, D.E. Shropshire, "Interim Report: Waste Management Facilities Cost
Information for Mixed Low-Level Waste" Report number: INEL-95/0014
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Similar reports for other waste types:
2. Low-Level Waste: INEL-95/0013
3. Transuranic Waste: INEL-95/0015
4. Hazardous Waste: INEL-95/0016
Information about the PEIS model:
1. "Waste Management Estimating Program User's Guide," Revision 3, May 1993.
2. "Waste Management Facilities Cost Information Work Plan," EGQ-WM-11233.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated, Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Waste Cost Avoidance Model Template
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
EG&G (now called Lockheed) '
All Department of Energy Facilities
Financial analysis: •• ; — '
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: •
Cost estimation: —
Alternative product/process comparison: —
Framework for accounting for cost elements associated with each waste type and
treatability group produced at a site. There is a fundamental basis that describes how
costs were collected, that could possibly be applied to other sites and facilities as well.
Published as part of a final report called "Avoidable Waste Management Cost" (INEL-
94-0205) in January, 1995.
Available
Provide basic information and guidelines on methods to calculate waste life-cycle costs.
The objective was to support better decision-making concerning waste minimization,
generation, facility upgrades, and process changes at DOE facilities.
The price of the report through OSTI is $36 (including shipping and handling).
Worksheets
Summary of methodology
This set of worksheets lists input and output costs to be estimated by the user. Work sheets are divided into waste
types and treatability groups: high-level waste, transuranic waste, transuranic-mixed, low-level waste, low-level
mixed waste, hazardous RCRA, hazardous non-RCRA, TSCA waste, sanitary waste, and other nonregulated wastes.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing —
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
The method lists four life-cycle stages (the first tier) of waste management: generation, treatment, storage, and
disposal. Each first tier stage is broken down into several inputs and outputs (second tier costs) as follows:
•processing/manufacturing:
•packaging/transportation/storage:
•waste management:
waste generation, characterization
packaging, lag storage at each life-cycle stage, in-process
transportation, transportation from each life-cycle stage to the
next, storage facility replacement costs, emplacement
treatment: operating costs, materials, disposal facility
replacement cost, handling cost, closure
Prepared:bytl?TlforEP/(, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent — •
—External — , :.
The hidden costs include costs associated with the operation of a waste treatment facility, packaging, waste storage,
etc. Costs associated with compliance, such as permitting costs, are not included. •
Method of cost estimation
The template recommends using the most current (in this case, 1992) waste management costs or older cost data
(1991 costs) if the information is deemed better.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio •—
—Others —
Attributes
This method is straightforward and simple to use. Transportation and lag storage between life-cycle stages is
considered. There are worksheets for listing definitions and assumptions. The document on "Waste Life-cycle Cost:
Generic Guidelines and Assumptions," is recommended as the guide to developing waste life-cycle costs. The fixed
and variable costs are also defined in this document.
Limitations
External and contingent costs are not taken into account. Life-cycle costs are computed for the waste management
stage of the life-cycle.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating information obtained through
telephone communications with Lockheed and INEL in May, 1995.
Available for government agencies and contractors through OSTI. The report will
ultimately be sent to the NTIS library (order/accession number: DE-95008669, from
where other parties may purchase it).
Lockheed Martin, Idaho Technologies
PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ' •
ID 83415 ' '"
Chris Ischay
208-526-4382
For purchase:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
615-576-8401
The report is also available at the INEL Technical Library (not for purchase):
208-526-5856
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
800-553-6847
703-487-4660
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
EG&G (now called Lockheed)
All Department of Energy Facilities
Financial analysis: ••-.-•- — "» ' ,
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: • .~ ••'-.. :; ;.
Environmental cost listing/database: •
Cost estimation: — ., ,.-......
Alternative product/process comparison: — <• •.
Generic guidance for developing waste life-cycle costs. The guidance is directed
toward DOE facilities, and definitions of life-cycle costs are consistent with DOE '
assumptions. Uses include prioritization of waste minimization activities, cost-benefit
analysis of process modifications, and computing current costs of waste processing.
Published as part of a final report called "Avoidable Waste Management Cost," number
INEL-94-0205, in January, 1995. '"'...'
Available ;..
The objective was to enhance the ability of various DOE facilities to make better
decisions concerning waste minimization, generation, facility upgrades, arid process
changes.. ••• .•-,.• • ..'.,„.. , '.".;
The price of the report through OSTI is $36 (including shipping and handling).
General guidelines, assumptions, suggestions
Summary of methodology
This method considers costs associated with waste materials only. A cost/benefit analysis is recommended for the
comparison of options.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition — ....... , -,...„,
—Manufacturing • -.','.. '"•;-.'..
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
The inputs and outputs considered include the following.
• processing/manufacturing: waste generation, accumulation, .and characterization
> packaging/transportation/storage:
• waste management:
waste packaging and handling, transportation capital and
operating -,
treatment, storage, disposal [including allocation of costs for
extended storage and disposal capacity], disposal site closure,
pre- and post-closure monitoring and surveillance
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
Inputs and outputs are divided into generic cost categories:
• activities associated with fixed costs
—facility management
—environmental program development
—permitting
—equipment replacements/required upgrades
—quality assurance
—preventive maintenance
—fire protection/emergency management . .
—records management system—operating procedures development/management training
—generator waste certification program
—site planning and design
—utility construction
—health protection program
—regulatory compliance
activities associated with variable costs
—waste handling/transport
—records origination/management
—earth moving
—spent storage/disposal capacity
—waste packaging
—waste inspection, sampling, characterization
—radiation monitoring
-Hob control/scheduling
—corrective maintenance
—waste treatment
Method of cost estimation
Costs are divided into three categories:
1. fixed costs—costs that remain constant, in total, regardless of business activity,
2 sunk costs—costs that have already been incurred, committed, or planned and are not affected by
waste generation rates in the present or future (e.g., cost of existing facilities, capital and operating
costs for existing and new facilities required to handle legacy waste regardless of current waste
generation), and
3. variable costs—costs that vary, in total, in direct proportion to changes in the level of activity.
Costs are calculated as follows:
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Total cost for a waste category =
sunk costs for a waste category +
fixed costs for a waste category +
(sum of unit variable costs for each waste stream within a category) x
(forecasted amount of each waste)
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) —
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
A cost/benefit analysis is recommended for comparing options. The guide does not provide information on the
calculation of any indicators.
Attributes
Costs for treatment, storage, and disposal facilities are recommended to be consistent. The guidelines recommend
the sharing of these cost elements among sites that can be facilitated through the Waste Minimization Subcommittee
of the GOCO Waste Management Committee.
Limitations
The guidance is directed toward DOE facilities. Less tangible (internal, potentially hidden) and contingent costs are
mentioned, but not included in the costs considered. External costs are not considered.
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The information provided here is based on a profile of the tool presented in Weitz et al.
(1994). Subsequent reviews were done by incorporating information obtained through
telephone communications with Lockheed and INEL in May, 1995.
Available for government agencies and contractors through OSTI. The report will
ultimately be sent to the NTIS library (order/accession number: DE-95008669, from
where other parties may purchase it).
Lockheed, Idaho Technologies
PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls,
ID 83415-2420
Chris Ischay
208-526-4382 \
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
615-576-8401
The report is also available at the INEL Technical Library (not for purchase):
208-526-5856
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
800-553-6847
703-487-4660
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WastePlan
Prepared by:
Prepared for:
Application:
Development/publication
date and updates:
Public availability:
Purpose and current use:
Cost information:
Contents and system
requirements:
Tellus Institute
US Congressional Office of Technology Assessment
Financial analysis: •
Environmental impact analysis: —
Waste management/P2: •
Environmental cost listing/database: —
Cost estimation: •
Alternative product/process comparison: —
Solid waste planning and management. Applications include policy and aberration
analysis.
1988. Updates were released in 1990,1992, and 1994.
Available
The system has been developed as a policy analysis tool. Tellus currentlyhas 36
clients using the system. The software has been used in municipal, state, federal, and
international agencies. State waste management agencies have used it for planning
and training programs in various states including New York, Indiana, Missouri, Illinois
and Minnesota. It has also been applied abroad in countries including China, Mexico,
New Zealand, and Canada. There are no users in industry.
The cost of the system is $2000 for private sector users, or $1500 for government, non-
profit, and academic users.
Software, user-guide. IBM compatible PCs.
Summary of methodology
WastePlan allows users to build integrated solid waste plans. Any number of distinct sectors and waste types can be
defined. The generated wastes are sent through user-defined sequences of source reduction, composting, recycling,
and garbage collection. Finally, the wastes are routed to various facilities such as transfer stations, incinerators,
landfills, recycling, or composting facilities. The results of this simulation describe waste flows, diversion rates,
equipment and labor requirements, processing and disposal capacity needs, total costs, and costs per ton.
Assumptions regarding technologies, efficiency, etc., can be altered. WastePlan has generally been applied for the
following types of analyses.
• solid waste management planning: integrates various aspects of solid waste generation, management,
and disposal.
• data organization and management: standard formats for input and output
• capital and operating cost analysis: least cost system planning for different combinations of options.
• user-fee analysis: modeling option for user-fees including weight and volume-based fees and subscription-
based programs
• sensitivity analysis: analysis of alternative scenarios through changes in assumptions
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw materials acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance —
—Recycle/waste management •
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
The manufacturing stage is covered to the extent that source reduction is included in the analysis.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially hidden —
—Contingent —
—External —
Typical costs included are labor, administrative and operating costs. Some other costs such as long-term care costs
for landfills can also be included.
Method of cost estimation
Cost information is estimated and entered into the system by users.
Generation of financial indicators
—Net present value (NPV) •
—Payback period —
—Internal rate of return (IRR) —
—Benefits cost ratio —
—Others —
The system calculates the NPV of the solid waste plan.
Attributes
WastePlan features context-sensitive help screens, choice of mouse or keyboard input, and an on-screen display of
the entire data structure. Various report and graph options are also available. The system is designed as a very
flexible, generic system. WastePlan has an interactive database that takes changes in waste-flow into account. For
example, if the generation rate changes, the diversion rates will automatically change.
Limitations
WastePlan does not include contingent, hidden, and external costs in the analysis. It is not designed for life-cycle
cost analysis. It focuses on the waste management portion of the life-cycle, and thus does not include other costs
and environmental impacts of products, processes, and raw materials that are responsible for generating the waste.
The downside of the system flexibility is that there is very little default information in the system, and users have to
source and develop a lot of information on their own (or with technical support from Tellus).
Basis for evaluation:
Contact information:
The profile presented here is based on information provided by the Tellus Inst. in May
1995.
Multiple and single site licenses are available
Tellus Institute
11 Arlington Street
Boston, MA 02116
PaulJ. Ligon Email: PLIGON@TELLUS.COM
(Tellus Solid Waste Group)
617-266-5400
617-266-8303 (FAX)
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Proprietary Software Systems and Tools
Rohm and Haas Environmental Cost Model
Source:
Objective:
ST. Thomas, V. Weber (RUST Environment and Infrastructure), S.A. Berger, I.L
Klawiter (Rohm and Haas company). April 1994. "Estimate the Environmental Cost of
New Processes in R&D." Prepared for Presentation: AlChE Spring National Meeting,
Atlanta, GA.
Presentation of a model for estimating present and future costs for process
environmental issues at all phases of process development. The model is meant to
serve as a research and development tool.
Summary of methodology
The authors recognize the logistical difficulties associated with total waste cost accounting. The model uses
quantitative and qualitative data and assumes conservative default values for data that are unavailable. The following
steps are involved in the estimation process:
• Generating a process material balance using a process simulator, spreadsheet, or manual methods.
• Establishing two levels of detail for process information:
Level I is the base level for the model and is to be used when limited or no process-specific data
are available.
Level II is more detailed and is used when the material balance and process flow diagram
development stage is complete.
• Estimating environmental costs by the model, based on EPA's four tiers of costs. Costs are estimated
based on four types of input:
chemical-specific data
process-specific data
operational data
project overview information
If new processes are generally implemented as minor installations or expansions, only incremental costs need to be
calculated. Significant expansions may necessitate including cost equations and additional cost information.
Cost outputs are produced for total capital costs, total operating costs, and total liability costs by using the following
summation approach:
Total Capital Cost ($) =
Total Operating Cost ($/yr) =
Total Liability Cost ($): =
Equipment cost (Tier 0)+ First time permit cost (Tier 1)
Equipment operating costs (Tier 0) + Compliance and disposal costs
(Tier 1) + Remedial costs associated with accidental releases and spills
(Tier 2) + Relationship costs (Tier 3)
One time remediation costs associated with project shut-down (Tier 3)
Levels I and II include different levels of detail for the four tiers of costs. For example, for Tier 0 costs for solid waste
disposal, Level I costs are based on the single worst-case per drum disposal costs, and Level II costs are refined by
considering the hazard nature of the waste stream.
The model is structured around a relational database, and the paper includes a description of the organization and
relationships. The cost parameters can be changed and updated as required, and MSDS information can be
downloaded into the model. Users can access either Levels I or II, and the model can be expanded to include
additional levels as well. It also includes on-line help screens. P2 notes can be pasted onto input screens. The
paper includes a brief example of three processes that can be compared using the model.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Life-cycle stages
—Raw material acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Waste management •
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially Hidden •
—Contingent •
—External —
The costs identified are as follows:
• Tier 0: Usual costs associated with environmental control equipment, installation, and engineering
• Tier 1: Hidden costs associated with environmental compliance and waste disposal
• Tier 2: Liability costs associated with penalties, fines, future remediation, and mitigation of accidents and
spills
• Tier 3: External costs associated with employee, customer, and regulatory agency relationships
The definition of external costs is different from the one in this guide, in that social costs are not included. This guide
defines image/relationship costs as hidden (internal) costs.
Conclusions
The tool is designed to present a realistic appraisal of present and future environmental and waste disposal costs for
a project when it reaches commercialization. It can facilitate design and process changes early in the project and
allow a more accurate estimation of project costs. As the project progresses, the model identifies cost reduction
opportunities. It also does financial analysis of projects that include environmental risk factors.
Less-tangible social or external costs are not taken into account. Thus, the methodology has an internal corporate
focus and does not take external life-cycle costs into account. The model is a proprietary tool and is not available as
a commercial product.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Case Studies
Activity-Based Economic Evaluation Methodology for Pollution Prevention Projects that Require
Modification of the Production System
Source:
Objective:
R. Sawhney, Ph.D.
Department of Industrial Engineering
Dean Menke
Center for Clean Products and Technologies
University of Tennessee
153 Alumni Memorial Building
Knoxville.TN 37996-1506
615-974-3333 (Phone)
Compare traditional economic analysis with analysis based on using an activity-based
costing (ABC) technique for valuing pollution prevention projects.
Summary of methodology
Pollution prevention projects are generally among the first to be eliminated in the capital budgeting process that uses
traditional methods of economic analysis. Reasons for this, as cited in the literature, are as follows:
• Practitioners lack detailed knowledge of costs and benefits associated with pollution prevention projects.
• No standard methods exist for determining certain costs, such as liability costs.
• Pollution prevention projects are seen as a hindrance to efficient production.
• Most costs and benefits of pollution prevention projects are aggregated into overhead accounts.
This paper discusses activity-based analysis as a method that can define overhead costs in a more appropriate and
accurate manner. Activities are defined as discrete repetitive tasks performed directly in association with production
or indirectly in support of the manufacturing process. A key requirement for performing this type of analysis is a
thorough understanding of the production process, a lack of which forces aggregation of costs. The paper presents
an organizational framework for a better understanding of activities and their impacts.
At the bottom of the hierarchy are activities that are directly related to production, such as assembly and parts
cleaning. Linked to this, at the next level, come production support activities, such as receipt and storage of
materials. Next come administrative support activities, such as environmental compliance activities. Finally, at the
top of the tier are strategic support activities, which are top management activities that support the production
process. The paper stresses that support and indirect activities are greatly affected by pollution prevention projects.
The analysis methodology consists of ten steps within four distinct phases.
• System Definition Phase
—Step I. Define the boundaries of the production system to be evaluated. Activity-Based Data
Collection Phase: Baseline Process
—Step II. Develop a bill of activities (BOA) for the production system, classified in the hierarchical
fashion described above.
—Step III. Identify cost drivers for each activity in the BOA.
—Step IV. Collect data for the baseline.
• Activity-Based Data Collection Phase: Pollution Prevention Project
—Steps V
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
through VII. Perform Steps II to IV after the pollution prevention project is implemented (estimate if
project has not been implemented).
• Activity-Based Analysis Phase
—Step VIII. Compare the two BOAs, identifying only those differences (costs/savings) resulting from
the pollution prevention project. These differences can be due to the elimination or
addition of activities, changes in frequency of activities, or differences in the types and
. costs of resources used for existing activities.
• Economic Analysis Phase
—Step IX. Use information for a comprehensive economic analysis.
—Step X. Perform sensitivity analysis.
This methodology is tested at Calsonic Manufacturing Corporation for evaluating a pollution prevention project. The
case study compared a chlorinated solvent degreasing system and an alternative aqueous wash system on a
production system that manufactures radiators. The traditional economic analysis method is briefly described, and
the results show an additional cost of the aqueous cleaning system of $7,750 per year. The activity-based analysis,
on the other hand, shows that the aqueous cleaning system eliminated or reduced the frequency of many costly
activities. This outcome did npt show up in the traditional analysis. The conclusion showed annual savings of
$68,300 as a result of using the aqueous cleaning system. Both results are based on NPV calculations (at i = 10%)
using a 7-year depreciation schedule.
Life-cycle stages covered
—Raw material acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Waste management •
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially Hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
Conclusions
The traditional method of analysis greatly simplifies the analysis procedure by lumping overhead costs into one
category. However, this method often leads to misrepresenting the full range of costs and benefits associated with
pollution prevention projects. The ABC analysis method attempts to overcome this problem by allocating costs
toward individual activities performed in the organization associated (directly or indirectly) with the production
process. Indirect costs (traditionally lumped in overhead accounts) are often greatly affected by pollution prevention
projects, and this method makes them more visible. The case study demonstrated the wide difference in the results
obtained using the traditional approach versus the activity-based analysis.
The paper does not discuss a methodology for estimating liability or less-tangible (internal) costs. Although it
discusses a framework within which activities need to be identified, it does not discuss the level of breakdown of
activities that is appropriate. It does not discuss external/social environmental impacts.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Paperfaoard versus Polystyrene (PS) Foam Clamshell '.Cqitalnets: '
le^Cwft Artilylis
Source:
Objective:
Jeff Dieffenbach, "Paperboard versus Polystyrene Foam Clamshell Containers: A
Lifecycle Cost Analysis."
IBIS Associates, Inc.
Wellesley, Massachusetts
617-239-0666
Compares life-cycle costs of PS foam clamshells versus a competing material, coated
paperboard, using a methodology for assessing the economics of production and post-
production costs.
Summary of methodology
This paper tries to analyze McDonald's proposed decision to drop the use of PS in its foam forms in favor of an
alternative such as paperboard. At the time, McDonald's consumed 34,100 metric tons/year of PS, and 18,200 will
be eliminated with this decision.
Product-related costs are examined in two categories: production and post-production. Technical cost modeling is
used to simulate manufacturing costs, and life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is used to incorporate these manufacturing
costs to calculate post-production costs. Sensitivity analyses evaluate and compare various options and scenarios.
Technical cost models are process-specific tools implemented on computer spreadsheets and have been applied for
a variety of purposes including material/process/design comparisons, effects of manufacturing process or
environment changes, merits of design/process improvements and to simulate manufacturing costs for complete
production and assemblies. In this case, these models were used to assess manufacturing costs. The model divides
the total product cost into variable and fixed cost elements. Costs are assigned to each block or unit operation from a
process flow diagram. Users supply information on product specifications, exogenous cost factors, process-related
factors, and a material database. Process parameters are arrived at using regression-based algorithms or through
user Input.
Using add-on modules, technical cost models can be extended for various types of analyses including ABC
simulations, LCCA, business cost analysis, cost-performance tradeoffs, and design for manufacturability. In this case
LCA models were used to calculate life-cycle product costs. Production costs are generally carried forward from
appropriate technical cost models. LCCA follows a descriptive approach that requires users to supply specific inputs.
LCCA can also be implemented on computer spreadsheets.
Life-cycle stages
—Raw material acquisition —
—Manufacturing •
—Use/reuse/maintenance •
—Waste management •
The LCCA in this paper aims to measure the costs and revenues experienced by the manufacturers and consumers
through the useful life of the product. That is, "cradle to grave" costs that include impacts of material inputs of the
product are not assessed. Production (manufacturing) and post-production are considered.
Type of costs considered
—Conventional •
—Potentially Hidden •
—Contingent —
—External —
Fixed and variable cost elements are considered in estimating manufacturing or production costs. Utility or energy
costs are considered as a variable cost element. Post-production costs considered include transportation, storage,
installation, maintenance, and disposal. Disposal is taken to mean landfilling, incineration, or recycling.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
Conclusions
Results of the cost simulations and sensitivity analyses are presented in the paper. The major conclusions are as
follows:
• The most significant difference in manufacturing costs is due to material costs.
• In post-production costs, installation and maintenance costs have no significance.
• The materials are environmentally equivalent.
• Life-cycle costs forpaperboard exceed PS foam by ~$7 per thousand.
• PS foam is favorable, except at annual production volumes below 3.5 million units.
McDonald's claims that the decision was prompted more by public outcry than by actual evidence. However, it is
important to note that this study does not include the entire life-cycle in the analysis and leaves out less-tangible
internal and external and contingent costs. Inclusion of these factors could lead to different conclusions.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Abbreviated Profiles
Consolidated Hazardous Material Reutilization and lhyehfbry^hltn>('']program:(C*HiFilMP)
This is a Navy developed concept to centrally manage and control hazardous material for an entire installation or ship
resulting in substantial economic benefits. CHRIMP was first developed and implemented at the Naval Air Weapons
Station, Point Mugu (CA) in March, 1991. It was prototyped on LANTFLT and PACFLT ships and shore activities in
1993.
CHRIMP provides a way for the Navy as well as other organizations to control and manage large volumes of
hazardous material, protect the environment, enhance worker safety, and comply with Federal, state, and local
environmental laws and regulations. Control management of HM procurement, inventory, and reutilization results in
greatly reduced hazardous material procurement and disposal costs. Navy's CHRIMP uses electronic information
management procedures through the Hazardous Inventory Control System (HICS) computer program developed at
the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) in Pt. Mugu, CA. HICS automates the centralized management of hazardous
materials at activity Hazardous Material Minimization (HAZMIN) centers. The program controls and tracks every
aspect of the identification, receipt, issue and costs associated with hazardous materials (new and reutilized). Since
procurements are made solely through the HAZMIN center, units of issue are made to meet customer needs and
unnecessary purchases are reduced. Inventory reductions are achieved from consolidating line items and reducing
procurements. It also encourages recycling of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes.
The CHRIMP manual and HICS software have been provided to over 310 DOD installations. The program can be
tailored and expanded for implementation Federal sector-wide with modifications to the US Navy developed computer
software.
Contact Information:
CDR Ed Payne, NAVSUP, 703-607-1206
Mr. Paul Murphy, NAVSUP, 703-607-1206, 703-607-0250 (FAX)
Basis for evaluation: Based on information on tools received from the DOD and CNO in August, 1995.
Decommissioning and Decontamination Cost Database
This database is currently under development in the Decision and Information Sciences Division at the Argonne
National Laboratory. The contact person is Jerry Gillette, (708) 252-7475.
The system is being designed to provide cost estimates for D&D using historical cost data from previous DOE
projects. There is no decision on whether the system will be made available to private industry as well.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
--.> v , /„' s> •• " x - ' GreenWare Software Products -: *>
GreenWare Environmental Systems Inc. is an environmental consulting firm that specializes in environmental
information management systems. The following paragraphs describe some of the software products developed by
GreenWare.
GreenWare™ Template Series
GreenWare Environmental Systems Inc. has developed GreenWare™, a line of software tools to assist its clients in
managing their environmental information effectively. GreenWare™ products contain a generic software platform *
that can be adapted to automate a variety of environmental activities, including environmental auditing, reporting and
management systems. The platform is based on the Caseware software platform, a audit and reporting software
package used by accounting and auditing professionals worldwide to handle their working paper preparation, financial
statement reporting and practice automation. The GreenWare™ platform easily lends itself to the development of
industry-specific tools, particularly in the areas of environmental compliance, environmental auditing, accounting and
corporate environmental accounting. ''-..' . ;
Each of the templates described below has been designed specifically to handle environmental issues, while retaining
Caseware's ability to ensure data integrity and controls. Single user licenses for individual templates can be
purchased for CDN$599 or CDN$199 for those already using Caseware. Full network arid multi-user licenses also
may be purchased.
GreenAudit Module
This software product has features to meet simple and comprehensive audit requirements through tracking and
monitoring action plans, recommendations, protocols and performance. A complete scoring system can be used to
help measure.environmental risk. Audit documents can include action plans, memos, protocols, review sheets, and
free format forms, spreadsheets and word processing type documents. The system has the ability to link with audit
documents created by other programs and new audit files can also be created from components of other files.
WasteManager
This template is an integrated, customizable auditing and monitoring system for solid waste containing checklists and
protocols, as well as worksheets, forms and a tracking database which all can be completed interactively on screen.,
It is also a capital budgeting and financial analysis tool that can itemize waste management costs by expense
category .such as capital, O&M, compliance, and future liability costs. Financial indicators such as Net Present Value,
Internal Rate of Return, Payback Period, Profitability Index and Return on Investment can be computed as well.
WasteManager is companion software to 'Waste Management Systems: Guidelines for Implementation, Monitoring,
and Reporting', a paper-based text authored by GreenWare Environmental Systems Inc. and published by the
Canadian Institute for Chartered Accountants that provides detailed information on how to implement an effective
waste management system. The 340-page publication may be purchased for CDN$55 plus shipping and handling.
MapMosaic™
Greenware js integrating its software platform with MapMosaic, a technology developed by the University of Waterloo
in Waterloo, Ontario. This new technology combined multimedia environmental information sharing via the Internet
and allows data files of any description to be input, searched and interrogated by map coordinate reference, mapped
object or hypertext. The software has been designed for use in outcomes-based environmental education and may
be customized to meet the specific needs of industry, government agencies, environmental areas are being
developed, including Wetlands Monitoring, Cultural Heritage and Hazardous Materials templates.
World Wide Web Products
Greenware also designs and develops interactive World Wide Web home pages for its clients. The Web is a powerful
vehicle on the Internet for communicating and sharing environmental information around the world.
Contact Information
GreenWare Environmental Systems Inc.
.145 King Street East, Suite 200
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5C 2Y7
416-363-5577
416-367-2653 (FAX)
E-mail: greeninfo@greenware.ca
Basis for evaluation: Based on product information brochures obtained from GreenWare in August, 1995.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
P2P
P2P is a software system for measuring progress in pollution prevention (P2) that may have been achieved from a
single project from redesign, reformulation, or replacement. Pollution generated by the original versus the modified
product are compared taking one or more life-cycle stages into account. Users need to input all the required data and
need to have information on the product and amounts of pollution. The effects on the different media and three
impact categories are detailed (human health impacts, use impairment impacts, and disposal capacity impacts. The
output also includes information on the nature of the pollutants, such as organic toxics, global warmers, etc.
The methodology makes use of certain simplifying assumptions such as, 1) Function and performance of old and
modified product are the same, 2) Unit of use is the same. The volume of pollutants generated are compared taking
product life into account. Pollutant potencies are not taken to account in this version, but version 3 is expected to
include this feature.
The program runs on DOS and requires a color monitor. There is no user's manual, but the program includes a
tutorial. A second version of P2P is being written and will be available by the end of the year. This will include the
capability to categorize the pollutants prevented or increased according to various EPA regulated lists. Additional
pollutants will be added to the pre-classified list.
Contact information
Dave G. Stophan
(Senior Engineering Advisor)
Systems Analysis Branch, Sustainable Technology Division
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, USEPA
Cincinnati. Ohio 45268
513-569-7393, 513-569-7111 (FAX)
Additional information on methodology:
Stephen D.G., Knodel R.M., Bridges J.S. "A 'Mark I' Measurement Methodology for Pollution Prevention Progress
Occurring as a Result of Product Design Decisions". Environmental Progress, Volume 13, No 4, November, 1994.
Basis for evaluation: Based on information obtained from EPA, ORD in July, 1995.
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Chapter 4—Complete and Abbreviated Profiles of Software Systems and Tools
>i\ y \ ' *"T "~ * Pollution Prevention (P2) Equipment Program > ~ -,»* - »',
The P2 Equipment Program was designed to provide pre-production P2 equipment to the Navy Environmental
Leadership (NELP) activities for the demonstration and evaluation and for transfer of successful technologies to Navy
Fleet activities through centralized procurement. A spreadsheet package is used to input data obtained from the
various claimants (who in turn receive data from the bases) into predefined formats. The CNO provides assistance
on the types of P2 initiatives that may be taken, including process changes, material substitutions, etc.
Cost data, compiled from pre-production equipment demonstrations at NELP sites, is evaluated for technical
feasibility and operational cost savings. Immediate cost avoidance savings are determined simply by evaluating
where savings occur as a result of implementing the P2 equipment. Long-term assessments are determined by
conducting Life Cycle Cost Analyses that incorporate costs associated with the entire program over a ten year period.
Parameters include costs associated with hardware, logistics, workload requirements to procure and implement
equipment, and equipment installation. The payback for a given piece of equipment is usually computed. The
program has a number of benefits:
• Savings per unit of equipment (due to economies of scale)
• Standardization of equipment throughout the Navy
• Equipment with all the essential logistics
• Accurate cost analysis using real time data
• Reduced cost of hazardous material purchase and waste disposal
Contact Information:
Dave Asiello, CNO N451H, 703-602-5334, 703-602-2676 (FAX)
Dan Glass, CNO N541T, 703-602-4497
Basis for evaluation: Based on information on tools received from the DOD and conversation with Dave Asiello
from CNO.
svs^t^ ' „, '
This software program was developed for EPA by PEER consultants and the University of Dayton Research Institute.
SWAMI uses process analysis to identify pollution prevention opportunities within an industrial setting. Users need to
supply process information, including material inputs and products for each unit operation and outputs associated
with waste streams. SWAMI then identifies and prioritizes P2 opportunities on a cost and volume basis. It also
performs mass balance calculations and draws process flow diagrams. The software is based on standard systems
analysis concepts in which the entire process is looked upon as a system of interacting unit operations or
components.
This program is to be used in conjunction with EPA's "Facility Pollution Prevention Guide".
Contact Information
Douglas Williams
Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI)
513-569-7361
513-569-7585 (FAX)
Basis for evaluation: Based on telephone communication with CERI in July, 1995.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Sustainable Building Resource Specifier Database
Th0 Sustainable Building Resource Specifier Database was developed by Environmental Works, a non-profit
community design center, with financial assistance from the Washington State Department of Ecology.
Environmental Works established the Sustainable Building Resource Center to provide architects, builders, agencies
and the public with information on environmentally friendly materials and processes.
The database uses the CSI numbering system and is designed to be user friendly to both technical and non-technical
users. CSI categories can be used to separate particular building components with information on the alternatives
available. Comparative ratings of several characteristics including embodies energy, toxicity, and recycled content,
are provided for over 2000 products. Information on manufacturers and local distributors is also listed. Some limited
cost information will be included; however, up-to-date prices can be derived from the supplier contacts provided.
The software is currently in the final testing phase and is expected to be available in fall of 1995. Initially, the program
wil) be available only for the Windows™ environment. Software and product updates are expected to be provided
every 6-12 months following the release. The product is expected to cost anywhere from $50 to $100.
Contact Information
Environmental Works, Sustainable Building Resource Center
402 15th Avenue East
Seattle, Washington 98112
Tom Paladino (Project Manager)
206-329-3848
206-329-5494 (FAX)
Basis for evaluation: General product information obtained from Tom Paladino in August, 1995.
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Glossary of Terms
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Appendix A—Glossary of Terms
A
ABC:
Activity:
Activity base:
Activity splitting:
ADM:
Arrow Diagram
Method: (ADM)
B
Back-end costs:
Bar chart:
Benefit cost ratio:
Activity-based costing. ABC techniques associate costs and profits with
products, product families, product mix, and business and manufacturing
processes. The important activities in the manufacturing process that
consume costs and resources are determined. Cost models then compute
the cost of performing each activity and the consumption of activities for
each product (Dragoo and Letendre, 1994). ABC techniques can often
serve to make many environmental costs, previously hidden in overhead
accounts, visible.
A self-contained unit of work within a project (Welcome Software
Technology, 1993).
A measure of volume of business activity that is highly correlated with
the amount of cost incurred (Schall and Haley, 1986).
A method to resolve resource conflicts wherein an activity that has been
started is put on hold and another shorter activity utilizes the resource in
conflict, after which work on the first activity is completed. Software
packages differ in how many activity splits they allow (Welcome
Software Technology, 1993).
See arrow diagram method.
Also known as the critical path method (CPM), ADM is a diagramming
method used for project planning. It mainly involves drawing an arrow
for each job, where the sequence of arrows indicate the flow of work
from the beginning to the end of each project. The complete diagram
has one beginning and one end point. Arrow junctions are called nodes
(or events) (Spiner, 1989).
Include environmental costs that arise following the useful life of
processes, products, systems, or facilities. Examples include D&D and
site survey costs (ICF Inc., 1995).
Data can be entered interactively though a barchart screen, which is a
graphical representation of a project with horizontal bars on a time scale
depicting activity information (Welcome Software Technology, 1993).
The ratio of total benefits to total costs of a project. A value greater than
one implies that a net profit is made. This method recommends using
projects that have the highest benefit cost ratio.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Budget estimates:
C
CAA:
Capacity restrictions:
Capital budgeting:
Cash Flow:
CER:
CERCLA:
Contingency:
Contingent costs:
Contingent pricing:
Contract
management:
These are prepared with the help of flow sheets, layouts, and equipment
details. In other words, enough preliminary engineering has taken place
to further define the project scope. An estimate of this type is normally
expected to be accurate within +30% or -15%. They are also called
"design development," "semi-detailed," "appropriation," or "control"
estimates (AACE International, 1992). Also see "order-of-magnitude" and
"definitive estimates."
Clean Air Act.
Scheduling software. Refers to restrictions upon the maximum number of
items (activities per project, resources per activity, etc.) that can be
handled (Welcome Software Technology, 1993).
The process of analyzing alternative investments and deciding whether
they will be included in a firm's investment budget (White, Becker, and
Goldstein, 1991).
The actual cash available to a company after expenses and taxes
(Winston, 1995).
Cost estimating relationship (Hombach, 1995). See "parametric cost
estimating."
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability
Act.
An amount added to the estimate to allow for changes that experience
shows will likely be required. This amount may be derived either
through statistical analysis of past project costs or by applying experience
gained on similar projects. Contingency usually does not include
changes in scope or unforeseeable major events such as strikes or
earthquakes (AACE International, 1992).
Environmental costs that may occur following uncertain future events.
These are also referred to as liability costs. Examples include costs of
penalties, remediation, and legal expenses (ICF Inc., 1995).
Unit prices in the contract, additional to the fixed-price elements, which
can be used in lieu of or to supplement the fixed price elements of the
contract as the work develops and the actual quantities become known
(Seig, 1993).
Aspects of project management that relate to the daily interaction
between the owner and contractor. This interaction includes all specific
coordination roles between such parties as well as the administration of
contract terms and conditions (such as payments, change orders,
directions, etc.) (Selg, 1993).
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Appendix A-—Glossary of Terms
Contract price:
Conventional costs:
Cost engineering:
Cost estimate:
Cost estimating:
Cost index: !
Costing:
CPA:
CPM:
Value of the work as established by the contract provisions. In Jump-sum
contracts, the contract price is firmly established. In other types of
contracts the contract price is determined by quantity surveys or audits of
the contractor's costs (Selg, 1993).
Costs that are usually addressed in cost accounting and capital
budgeting, including raw materials, capital goods, and supplies. Some
aspects of these costs, such as cost savings through decreased use of raw
materials, and utility costs, are sometimes overlooked (ICF Inc., 1995).
The art and science of total cost management with broad components
being cost estimating, cost analysis, cost and schedule control, and cost
and value improvement (AACE International, 1992).
A compilation of all the costs of the elements of a project or effort
included within an agreed-upon scope. Estimating is a process
accomplished in steps that include the take-off, costing, and pricing. The
components of'a cost estimate include direct and indirect cost elements,
including labor material, equipment (direct types) and taxes, risk, and
overheads (indirect types) (AACE International, 1992).
The determination of resource and material quantities and the predicting
or forecasting of associated costs, within a defined scope (AACE
International, 1995). It is'an essentially computational process that
attempts to predict the final cost of a future project, even though ail the
parameters and conditions are not known when the estimate is prepared.
" Estimating methods vary considerably, depending on the available
information, nature of the project, and the time available to prepare the
estimate (de la Garza and Rouhana, 1995). The accuracy of the estimate
will vary, depending on the stage of the project and information with
which it is prepared.
A number that relates the cost of an item at a specific time to the
corresponding cosTat some arbitrarily specified time in the past. A cost
index is useful in taking known pastcosts and relating them to the
present (AACE International, 1992).
Using the take-off and the information presented in the scope documents
to assign cost values to the elements of work previously catalogued
(AACE International, 1992).
Contemporaneous period analysis. Also known as what-if or but-for
evaluations. CPA breaks the construction period into discreet time
periods and examines the delays as project participants would have
(Schumacher, 1995).
Critical path method. This network technique allows the analysis Of the
relationship of the timing of the completion of specific work activities
(and delay activities) to the completion of the project as a whole
(Schumacher, 1995).
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Crew:
Critical path:
C/SCS:
C/SCSC:
Customization:
CWA:
D
D&D:
Definitive estimates:
Depreciation:
Direct cost:
Discount rate:
DOD:
DOE:
A crew is a group of trade personnel and equipment necessary for a
particular task (Estimator's Notes, 1993). A crew database will contain
information such as hourly rates for equipment and labor. The estimator
can determine unit labor and material costs (per unit of output, for
example, for each glass made) by dividing output (units per hour, for
example, glasses made per hour) by crew labor or material costs. With
this information, changes in labor or material costs can be incorporated
into the estimate (or their effects analyzed) (Schall and Haley, 1986).
The sequence of activities through a network with the least float and
therefore the longest path (Welcome Software Technology, 1993). The
chain of interrelated activities in the schedule network having the longest
duration and therefore the earliest possible completion of the project
(Schumacher, 1995). Most scheduling software will (at the minimum)
compute start and finish dates and critical path.
Cost/schedule control system.
Cost/schedule control system criteria.
The modification or addition of features by users as per their
requirements. This can include adding new fields and generating custom
reports (Welcome Software Technology, 1993).
Clean Water Act.
Decontamination and Decommissioning (Hombach, 1995).
Estimates prepared from very defined engineering data. These include
fairly complete plot plans and elevations, piping and instrument
diagrams, single-line electrical diagrams, equipment data sheets and
quotations, structural designs, etc. This includes all types of estimates,
from minimum order-of-magnitude to the maximum definitive types.
They are also called "check," "lumpsum," "tender," and "post-contract
change" estimates. It is expected to be accurate within +15% or -5%
(AACE International, 1992). Also see "order-of-magnitude" and "budget
estimates."
The decrease in the value of a capital asset with time. The method of
depreciation is set by income tax rules that allow various rates of
depreciation. The amount depreciated each year is considered an
expense for tax purposes (Winston, 1995)
A cost that can be economically traced to a single cost object.
The time value of money or the rate of interest that a company wants to
earn on its investments (Winston, 1995).
Department of Defense.
Department of Energy.
A-4
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Appendix A—Glossary of Terms
DOT:
E
EA:
EAC:
Earned value:
Economic and
financial analysis:
ECT
EM
Emission:
Environmental cost
accounting:
EPA:
EPCRA:
Equipment costs:
ER:
Department of Transportation.
Environmental Assessment. EA is a written environmental analysis that is
prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to
determine whether Federal action would significantly affect the
environment and thus require preparation of a more detailed
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (EPA, 1989).
Estimate at completion.
The quantification of the overall progress of a project defined in dollar
terms to provide a realistic yardstick for comparison with actual cost to
date (Welcome Software Technology, 1993).
The evaluation of economic considerations and financial requirements of
a program, operation, project, process, manufactured product, or service
within a specific time frame, it includes the application of fundamental
techniques such as the time value of money, rate of return, break-even
analysis, and profitability analysis, as well as advanced economic .
comparison methodologies such as cost optimization studies (AACE
International, 1995).
Environmental Costing Tool
Environmental Management (Hombach, 1995).
Pollution discharged into the atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents,
and surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities; from residential
chimneys; and from motor vehicle, locomotive, or aircraft exhausts (EPA,
1989).
The addition of environmental cost information into existing cost
accounting procedures and/or recognizing embedded environmental
costs and allocating them to appropriate products and processes (ICF
Inc., 1995).
Environmental Protection Agency.
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.
Construction: The cost of equipment that a contractor uses to perform a
contract (cranes, bulldozers) and not of the equipment installed
permanently as part of the contract. If the equipment is leased, the costs
consist of lease costs and the costs of fuel. If the contractor owns the
equipment the costs include ownership costs and operating costs (AACE
International, 1992).
Environmental restoration. Measures taken to return a site to previolation
conditions (EPA, 1989).
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Escalation:
ES&H:
ETC:
External / societal /
social costs:
Extremely hazardous
substances:
F
Facility:
Financial accounting:
FS:
Float:
Float suppression:
Full cost:
Provision for an increase in cost of equipment, material, labor, etc., over
the costs specified in the contract, due to continuing price-level changes
over time. Escalation has the same effect on project costs as interest does
on the value of a savings account: each year becomes a new base for
calculating escalation for the following year (compounded) (AACE
International, 1992).
Environmental Safety and Health.
Estimate to complete. '
Costs resulting from impacts on the environment and society for which
firms are not held financially responsible. These include environmental
degradation and adverse health impacts for which firms are not held
legally liable. These costs are intangible in nature and need to be valued
by nontraditional methods (ICF Inc., 1995). Some private costs can also
be less tangible (see less tangible costs).
Any of 406 chemicals identified by EPA on the basis of toxicity and listed
under SARA Title III. The list is subject to revision (EPA, 1989).
Any industrial, commercial, or industrial structure, installation, or
building (Selg, 1993).
Refers to the preparation of financial reports for use by investors, lenders,
and others, using generally accepted accounting principles.
Environmental accounting in this context refers to the estimation and
public reporting of environmental liabilities and financially material
environmental costs (ICF Inc., 1995).
Feasibility study. Analysis of the practicability of a proposal (e.g., a
description and analysis of the potential cleanup alternatives for a site or
alternatives on the National Priorities List). The feasibility study usually
recommends selection of a cost-effective alternative. It usually starts as
soon as the Remedial Investigation (Rl) is underway. Together they are
commonly referred to as the RI/FS. The term can apply to a wide variety
of proposed corrective or regulatory actions (EPA, 1989).
In CPM scheduling, it is the amount of slack time between a noncritical
activity and the critical path. In contract management, the amount of
time between the contractor's forecast for completion and the contract
times specified in the contract (Selg, 1993).
Reducing the amount of float time in a CPM schedule through clever
network techniques such as preferential sequencing, unusual use of
lead/lag restraints, and/or inflated durations for activities (Selg, 1993).
Industry definition: annual fixed and variable costs for producing a good
or service. For pricing purposes, the full cost may also include an
allocated portion of selling and administrative costs (Schall and Haley,
1986).
A-6
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Appendix A—Gfossary.of Terms
Full cost accounting:
FY:
G
COCO:
H
Accounting: In the context of management accounting, this is a method
of financial and management accounting that allocates all direct and
indirect historical costs to a product or process (ICF Inc., 1995).
Environment: Used in the environmental context,, this refers to desirable
environmental accounting practices. Full-cost environmental accounting
is basically the same concept, except that it aims to highlight the
environmental elements (ICF Inc., 1995).
Fiscal year
Government-owned contractor-operated.
Hazardous substance: Any material that poses a threat to human health and/or the environment.
Typical hazardous substances are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive, or
chemically reactive (EPA, 1989). ,
Historical costs:
Costs that were incurred in a past period.
Indirect cost:
Input controls:
IRR:
A cost that is not directly traceable to the manufactured product is
associated with manufacturing two or more units of finished product or is
an immaterial cost that cannot be traced to a single unit of finished
product (SchalI and Haley, 1986).
In construction, it is all costs that do not become a final part of the
installation. They include, but are not limited to, field administration,
direct supervision, capital tools, start-up costs, contractor's fees,
insurance, and taxes (AACE International, 1992)r
Controls needed to verify that the input into the computer process is
complete and accurate (Schall and Haley, 1986).
Internal rate of return. This is the discount rate that results in NPV = 0.
The IRR is the rate of interest that will make the present value of the cash
proceeds expected from an investment equal to the present value of cash
outlays required by the investment. This method does not require any
assumptions about reinvestment or discount rates (Winston, 1995). The
general rule is to accept projects with an IRR greater than the cost of
capital or minimum acceptable rate of return (Brown, 1994).
Labor cost:
The base salary, plus all fringe benefit costs and labor burdens associated
with labor, that can be definitely assigned to one item of work, product,
process area, or cost center (AACE International, 1992).
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
ICC:
Less-tangible costs:
Life-cycle
assessment/analysis
(LCA):
Life-cycle design:
Lump-sum contract:
M
Management
accounting:
Manufacturing costs:
Material costs:
MSDS:
Life Cycle Costing. The systematic process of evaluating the life-cycle
costs of a product, product line, process, system, or facility by identifying
life-cycle consequences and assigning measures of monetary values to
those consequences (1CF Inc., 1995). LCC is also referred to as Life Cycle
Cost Assessment (LCCA). However, the definition of life cycle costing
traditionally used by Federal facilities does not typically encompass all
life cycle stages or external costs. See the definition of Life cycle
assessment for a description of the life cycle stages.
This refers to expenses incurred for corporate .image purposes or for
maintaining or enhancing relationships with regulators, customers,
suppliers, host communities, investors/lenders, and the general public
(ICF Inc., 1995). These are private costs, but social and environmental
costs can also be less tangible. See "external / societal / social costs."
A holistic approach to identifying the environmental consequences of a
product, process, or activity through its entire life cycle and to identifying
opportunities for achieving environmental improvements. EPA has
specified four major stages in a life-cycle of a product, process, or
activity: raw materials acquisition, manufacturing, consumer use/reuse
maintenance, and recycle/waste management. LCA focuses on
environmental impacts not costs (ICF Inc., 1995).
An approach for designing more ecologically and environmentally
sustainable product systems and integrating environmental requirements
in the earliest stages of design (ICF Inc., 1995).
A type of contract in which the cost of the work to be performed is ,
shown as an all-inclusive price; also known as a fixed-price contract
(Selg, 1993).
The process of identifying, collecting, and analyzing information
primarily for internal purposes (ICF Inc., 1995). Management accounting
is meant to support a businesses forward looking management decisions.
All costs from the acquisition of raw materials through production, until
the product can be turned over to the marketing division (Schall and
Haley, 1986).
The costs for everything of a substantial nature that is essential to
constructing or operating a facility, both direct and indirect.
Manufactured equipment costs generally comprise a large part of
material costs (AACE International, 1992).
Material safety data sheet. A compilation of information required under
the OSHA Communication Standard on the identity of hazardous
chemicals, health and physical hazards, exposure limits, and
precautions. Section 311 of SARA requires facilities to submit MSDSs
under certain circumstances (EPA, 1989).
A-8
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Appendix A—Glossary of Terms
Multi-project
scheduling:
N
National Priorities
List (NPL)
Network diagram:
Neural network:
NPDES:
NPV:
NTIS
O
Operational costs:
The ability of a software system to support more than one project at a
time. However, the level of flexibility and functions performed will vary.
For example, some programs allow users only to define subprojects
under a master project and may or may not roll back results to the
project level (Welcome Software Technology, 1993).
EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous
waste sites identified for possible long-term remedial action .under
Superfund. EPA is required to update the NPL at least once a year (EPA,
1989).
A graphical representation of a project depicting activity information and
the relationships between activities (Welcome Software Technology,
1993). Some programs allow interactive data input and editing in
network screens.
Computer programs loosely modeled after the biological structure of the
human brain; they consist of thousands of interconnected computing
units called neurons. An artificial neural network can be constructed to
simulate the action of a series of neurons, the analogous word being
"processing unit." A neural net is normally constructed by arranging
processing units in a number of layers. In its simplest form, a neural net
consists of three layers: an input layer, an output layer, and a hidden
layer (de la Garza and Rouhana, 1995).
National Pollutant Discharge Eliminating System. A provision of the
CWA, which prohibits discharge of pollutants into the waters of the
United States unless a special permit is issued by EPA, a state, or (where
delegated) a tribal government on an Indian reservation (EPA, 1989).
Net present value. The algebraic sum of the discounted values of cash
flows each year during the project (Winston, 1995). The general rule is
to adopt all projects with NPVs greater than zero or choosing (between
two mutually exclusive alternatives) projects that have the highest NPVs
(Brown, 1994).
National Technical Information Service
Costs incurred during the operating lives of processes, products, systems,
and facilities. Examples include maintenance and energy costs (ICF Inc.,
1995). •
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Order-of-magnitude
estimates:
Organizational
breakdown structure
(OBS):
OST!
Overhead/indirect
costs:
Estimates made without detailed engineering data... Examples include an
estimate made from cost capacity curves, an estimate using scale-up ,or
scale-down factors, and an approximate ratio estimate. An estimate of
this type would normally be expected to be,accurate within +50% or
-30%. They are sometimes referred ,to as conceptual or "ball park"
estimates. They are usually prepared using only basic criteria and as
desired output, total square feet, or number of. units (AACE International,
1992). Also see "budget estimates" and "definitive estimates."
A hierarchical system for organizing pools and resources to provide data
roll-up for planning, reporting, and what-if analysis (Welcome Softv/are
Technology, 1993). , . • • .
Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
All manufacturing costs other than direct materials and direct labor
(Schall and Haley, 1986). A cost or expense inherent in performing an
operation that is not traditionally charged tp or identified with a part of
the work, product, or asset and, therefore, must either be allocated on
some arbitrary basis believed to be equitable or handled as a business „
expense independent of the volume of production (AACE International,,
1992).
Parametric cost
estimating:
PA/SI:
Payback period:
This method of cost estimating uses statistical techniques ranging from
simple graphical curve fitting to multiple correlation analysis. In either
case, the objective is to find a functional relationship between changes in
cost and the factor (or factors) upon which cost depends. Parametric
cost-estimating techniques often lead to a mathematically fitted function
called a cost-estimating relationship, which is a functional model that ,
mathematically describes the cost of a structure, module, or system as a
function of one or more independent variables (de la Garza and
Rouhana, 1995). ,
Preliminary assessment/site inspection. PA is the process of collecting
and reviewing available information about a known or suspected waste .
site or release. SI is the collection of information from a Superfund site to
determine the extent and severity of hazards posed by a site. It follows a
PA and is more extensive. The purpose is to gather information .to score
the site, using the Hazard Ranking System and to determine if the site
presents an immediate threat that requires prompt removal action (EPA,
1989).
The length of time it takes for future net positive cash flows to equal the
initial investment. Projects are accepted if the payback period is less
than some management guideline. The greatest asset of the payback is
its simplicity. However, it ignores all cash flows and the time value of
money. On the other hand, the discounted payback reflects the length of
time it takes for the discounted future net positive cash flows to equal the
initial investment (Brown, 1994).
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'Appendix A—Glossary of Terms
Performance
measurement:
Permit:
PM
Potentially hidden
costs:
Present value (PV):
Pricing:
Private costs:
Production
department:'
Profitability index
(PI):
Project:
The systematic application of methods to monitor performance against
plan and to control cost and schedule as well as changes to scope,
configuration, and functional/operational requirements. It also aims to
measure and determine causes of variance from established baselines so
that effective and timely action may be taken (AACE international/1995).
The ability to track and calculate cost performance and schedule
performance. The former is based upon a comparison of earned value
and actual costs and the latter on a comparison of earned value and
budgeted costs (Welcome Software Technology, 1993).
An authorization, license, or equivalent control document issued by EPA
Or an approved state agency to implement the requirements of an
environmental regulation (e.g., a permit to operate a wastewater
treatment plant or to operate a facility that1 may generate hartnfuI
emissions) (EPA, 1989). ; , ,; \'; ^
Project Management
Costs that are obscured in overhead accounts or overlooked in business
decision-making, including costs of upfront, operational, and back-end
activities undertaken to comply with environmental laws (ICF Inc., 1995).
The value today of money received in the future at a specified discount
rate (Winston, .1995).
Determining the amount to be charged to the owner/client to fully
include the direct and indirect cost items, as well as contingency and
profit (AACE International, 1992).
Costs that directly affect firm's profits and for which firms are held
financially responsible. These are costs that directly affect a firm's
bottom line. Private costs are sometimes referred to as internal costs (ICF
Inc., 1995).
A department that is directly engaged in a manufacturing activity and
contributes directly to the content and form of the finished product
(Scha 11 and Haley, 1986).
This index is the ratio of the present value of after-tax inflows to the
outflows. An index greater than one indicates that a project has a yield
greater than the discount rate (Winston, 1995).
A Unique goal to be accomplished in a specific time frame, using a
Iimited set of resources and characterized by a sequence of activities
(Welcome Software Technology, 1993).
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Project management:
In business and industry it is defined as the managing and directing of
time, material, personnel, and costs to complete a project in an orderly
and economical manner and meet established objectives of time, cost,
and technical results. The three major phases of a project (project
phases) are plan, schedule, and control (Spiner, 1989).
Our definition of project management (for the purpose of this resource
guide) goes beyond the industry definition. In our definition, we include
planning, cost estimation, economic and financial analysis, cost
engineering, scheduling, and performance measurement.
Quality
assurance/quality
control:
R
Rate of markup:
RCRA:
RD:
Regulatory/complianc
e costs:
Reimbursable cost
contract:
Relational database:
Remedial response:
Relevant costs:
A system of procedures, checks, audits, and corrective actions to ensure
that all EPA research design and performance, environmental monitoring
and sampling, and other technical and reporting activities are of the
highest achievable quality (EPA, 1989).
The target rate applied against the cost of a product or service to establish
a selling price for goods and services in the external market (Schall and
Haley, 1986).
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Remedial design. A phase of remedial action that follows RA/FS and
includes developing engineering drawings and specifications for a site
cleanup (EPA, 1989).
Costs incurred to comply with Federal, state, or local environmental
laws. Examples include costs for notification, waste management, and
pollution control (ICF Inc., 1995).
A type of contract where the cost of the work is determined by actual
cost incurred by the contractor. Contractors' profit and overhead costs
can be a fixed amount or a percentage of the actual costs. Also
commonly referred to as a time-and-materials contract (Selg, 1993).
A relational database is built and operated in accordance with a
relational model of data that provides a simple and intuitive method for
defining a database, storing and updating data in it, and submitting
queries of arbitrary complexity to it. It provides a consistent foundation
for all other topics that database managers commonly cover. It enables
individual users to work with customized database schemas instead of all
having to use the same underlying schemas (Ralston and Reilly, 1993).
A long-term action that stops or substantially reduces a release or threat
of a release of hazardous substances that is serious but not an immediate
threat to public health (EPA, 1989).
Future costs that are different under one decision alternative than under
another (Schall and Haley, 1986).
A-12
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Appendix A—Glossary of Terms
Resource:
RI/FS
Risk:
Risk assessment:
S
SARA:
Scheduling:
Scope:
Sensitivity/what-if
analysis:
Service department:
Solid waste
management:
Standard cost:
A source of project support assigned to activities (labor, materials,
facilities, etc.) (Welcome Software Technology, 1993).
Remedial Investigation / Feasibility Study. See FS...
The quantification, normally through statistical methodologies, of the
potential known, known-unknown, and unknown variations to the result
(McDonald, 1995). Construction: elements of risk include profit and
contingency. The amount of profit to be added to factor in risk is very
subjective and depends on considerations such as competition, the job
market, local conditions, etc. Contingency is the amount added to an
estimate to allow for changes or project cost growth that experience
shows will likely be required. It can be derived through statistical
analysis of past project costs or by applying experience gained on similar
projects (AACE International, 1992).
Environment: the qualitative and quantitative evaluation performed in an
effort to define the risk posed to human health and/or the environment by
the presence or potential presence and/or use of specific pollutants (EPA,
1989).
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
The assignment of the estimated duration and the desired start and finish
times to each activity in a project within the overall time cycle required
fpr completion according to plan (AACE International, 1995).
The equipment and materials to be provided and the work to be done.
Scope is documented by the contract parameters for a project to which
the company is committed (AACE International, 1992).
Examines the effect on the outcome for changes in one or more input
values (Schall and Haley, 1986).
Evaluates various project scenarios by modifying certain data (Welcome
Software Technology, 1993).
A department that provides services or assistance to production
departments (Schall and Haley, 1986).
Supervised handling of waste materials from their sources through
recovery processes to disposal (EPA, 1989).
The expected cost of production under normal operating conditions. A
standard cost is typically a unit cost concept (Schall and Haley, 1986).
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
Superfund:
The program operated under the legislative authority of CERCLA and
SARA that funds and carries out the EPA solid waste emergency and
long-term removal activities. These activities include establishing the
National Priorities List (NPL), investigating sites for inclusion in the list,
determining the priority level on the list, and conducting and/or
supervising the ultimately determined cleanup and other remedial
actions (EPA, 1989).
Take-off:
Total cost
accounting:
Measuring and cataloging the quantities of work derived from the scope
documents (AACE International, 1992).
A hybrid term sometimes used as a synonym for either of the definitions
given to "full cost accounting," or as a synonym for "Total Cost
Assessment" (see the definitions of Total Cost Assessment and Full Cost
Accounting).
Total cost assessment: Long-term, comprehensive financial analysis of the full range of internal
(i.e., private) costs and savings of an investment (White and Becker).
Total cost
management:
TRU:
TSCA:
TSDF:
Tracking:
Transferred-in-costs:
U
Unavoidable fixed
costs:
Unit price contract:
UPB:
The application of professional and technical expertise to plan and
control resources, costs, profitability, and risk. It represents a systematic
approach of managing costs throughout the life cycle of any enterprise,
program, facility, project, product, or service (AACE International, 1995).
Transuranic (Hombach, 1995).
Toxic Substances Control Act.
Treatment, storage, and disposal facility. Site where a hazardous
substance is treated, stored, or disposed of. TSD facilities are regulated
by EPA and States under RCRA (EPA, 1989).
The act of progressing the project status, also called updating qrs'tatusing
(Welcome Software Technology; 1993). '
Accumulated costs of materials, labor and overhead applied in all
previous processes or departments (Schall and Haley, 1986).
Costs that cannot be reduced or eliminated by reducing the level of
operations or by discontinuing some level of operations (opposite of
avoidable fixed costs) (Schall and Haley, 1986).
A type of contract in which the cost of the work is shown as a schedule
of unit prices to be used against a measured set of quantities (Selg, 1993).
Unit price book
A-14
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Appendix A—Glossary of Terms
Upfront costs:
• t •
USAGE:
V
Value engineering:
Variable costs:
VOC:
Voluntary costs:
W
What-if analysis;
WQrkJbreakclpwri
structure (WBS):"
Include preacquis.ition and preproduction costs incurred for processes,
.products, systems, and facilities. Examples include site studies, R&D,
and installation (ICF Inc., 1995).
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
A technical review process in which changes to the specified facilities
are considered in an effort to reduce the total cost of the project. In the
case of a contractor-initiated request for value engineering changes,
many contracts allow sharing of the recovered savings due to the new
idea (Selg, 1993).
The objective of value engineering is to develop or design a facility or
item that will yield the least life-cycle costs or provide the greatest value
while satisfying all performance and other criteria established for it
(AACE International, 1992).
Costs that vary in total as the volume of production or sales changes
(Schall and Haley, 1986).
Volatile organic compound ,
Costs that are not required for, or go beyond, compliance with
environmental laws. These include among others, costs for community
relations, some types of training, audits, and recycling (ICF Inc., 1995).
(Scheduling). The what-if method uses an anticipated or planned
schedule that indicates key milestones, as a baseline to measure project
delays (Schumacher, 1995). Also see "Sensitivity/what-if analysis."
A hierarchical system for organizing projects and activities to provide
data roll-up for planning reporting, and what-if analysis (Welcome
Software Technology, 1993).
A-15
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References
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Appendix B—References
AACE International. 1992. Skills and Knowledge of Cost
Engineering. 3rd Ed. Morgantown, WV: AACE Inc.
AACE International. 1995. "Total Cost Management." Cost
Engineering 37(2):27.
Brown, D.R. 1994. "Levelized Production Cost: An Alternative
Form of Discounted Cash Flow Analysis." Cost Engineering
36(8):13-16.
Capstone Corporation. August 30, 1994. "Environmental
Management Category Report for the Survey of Resources
Available for Estimating the Environmental Costs of Major
Defense Acquisition Programs." Alexandria, VA: Capstone
Corporation.
de la Garza, J.M., and K.G. Rouhana. 1995. "Neural Networks
Versus Parameter-Based Applications in Cost Estimating."
Cost Engineering 37(2):14-18.
Ditz, D., Ranganathan, J., and Banks, Darryl R. May, 1995. Green
Ledgers: Case Studies in Corporate Environmental
Accounting. World Resources Institute (WRI). Baltimore,
MD: WRI Publications.
Dragoo, R.E., and R.A. Letendre. 1994. "Manage Costs in Real
Time." Cost Engineering 36(2):11-18.
Estimator's Notes. Summer 1993. Composer Gold, Building
Systems Design (BSD).
FitzGerald, Chris. 1994/1995. "Environmental Management
Information Systems: New Tools for Measuring
Performance." Total Quality Environmental Management
Winter: 21-33.
Hombach, W.G. March 22, 1995. "Evaluation of Environmental
Management Cost-Estimating Capabilities for Major Defense
Acquisition Programs." Communications Training Analysis
Corporation (CTAC). Prepared for the Office of the Secretary
for Defense (PA&E). Arlington, VA: CTAC. Richard H.
Rener is the contractor's project director and can be reached
at 703-683-4220. William G. Hombach is the
subcontractor's principal investigator and can be reached at
703-415-7774.
ICF Inc. June 1995. An Introduction to Environmental Accounting
as a Management Tool: Key Concepts and Terms. Prepared
for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Design for the
Environment, Environmental Accounting Project. EPA-742-
R-95-001. Washington, DC.
Martin, Bruce. 1992. "Aspects of Cost Control." Cost Engineering
34(6):19-23.
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Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software
McDonald, D.F. Jr. 1995. "Defining and Communicating Total
Cost Management Principles in the Workplace." Cost
Engineering 3 7(1 ):20-24.
Owen, J. (Senior Editor). 1995. "Environmental Compliance:
Managing the Mandate". Manufacturing Engineering 114(3):
59-66.
Parker, D.E. 1994. "Project Budgeting for Buildings." Cost
Engineering 36(12):13-18.
Ralston, A., and E.D. Reilly (eds). 1993. Encyclopedia of Computer
Science. 3rd Ed. New York, NY: VN Reinhold.
Rich, G. 1995. "Software Selection." Pollution Engineering
January: 31 -41.
Schall, L.D., and C.W. Haley. 1986. An Introduction to Financial
Management. 4th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Schumacher, Lee. 1995. "Quantifying and Apportioning Delay on
Construction Projects." Cost Engineering 37(2): 11 -13.
Selg, Richard A. (ed). 1993. Hazardous Waste Cost Control. New
York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). 1991.
"A Technical Framework for Life Cycle Assessment."
January. Washington, DC.
Spinner, M. Pete. 1989. Improving Project Management Skills and
Techniques. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Spitzer, Martin A., Robert Pojasek, Francis L. Robertaccio, and
Judith Nelson. "Accounting and Capital Budgeting for
Pollution Prevention." Presented at the Engineering
Foundation Conference, "Pollution Prevention—Making It
Pay: Creating a Sustainable Corporation for Improving
Environmental Quality." San Diego, January 24 - 29, 1993.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Communications
and Public Affairs. December 1989. A Glossary of
Environmental Terms and Acronym List. (A-107).
Washington, DC.
Watson, Susan. February 1995. "1994 Survey. Personal
Computer-based Cost Estimating Software Survey and
Software Used at DOE." Prepared for the U.S. Department
of Energy, Filed Maintenance. Irving, TX: PEI Corporation.
WEC, Environmental Cost Estimating Task Group. August 1992.
Westinghouse COCO Environmental Cost Estimating
Manual, Cleaning Up the DOE Complex. Pittsburgh, PA.
B-2
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Appendix B—References
Weitz, K.A., J.K. Smith, B.F. Fagg, J.L. Warren (Research Triangle
Institute), D. Adolphson, K. Tschritter, and B. Odegard
(Sandia National Laboratories). April 1994. DOE/SNUEPA
Joint Effort to Develop Waste Minimization Techniques for
DOE R&D Laboratories. Prepared for the U.S. DOE,
Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, Office
of Waste Management, Waste Minimization Division.
Research Triangle Park: Research Triangle Institute. The
project was managed by Merri Lewis (SNL).
Welcom Software Technology (WST). 1993. Evaluating Project
Management Software. Houston, TX: WST Corporation.
White, A.L., M. Becker, and J. Goldstein. 1991. Total Cost
Assessment: Accelerating Industrial Pollution Prevention
through Innovative Project Financial Analysis. Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pricing
Planning and Evaluation, Office of Pollution Prevention.
Boston, MA: Tellus Institute.
Winston, R.E. 1995. "Rapid Method for Capital Investment
Decisions." Cost Engineering 37(4):41 -43.
Youngblood, Annette, and Steven Booth. June 1992.
Environmental Remediation Cost and Risk Estimating
Software Summary. Submitted to the U.S. Department of
Energy. Los Alamos: Los Alamos National Laboratory.
B-3
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