•E?A/'" 4 2/R-95-0.0-3
Pollution Prevention
Educational Resource Compendium:
Engineering
NATIONAL POLLUTION PBtVtNTlOM C1NTIB FOB Mig>l£gjgUCATION_
Univ«r»ity of Michigan. D«n« Building
430 Eut Univ«r»cty Av».
i- ' Ann Arttor. Mi 48109-1115
313-764-1412 • F»r: 313-93Si219S 'E-n/ui: nppe«umieB.«du
-------
Sta
one
t and Summary.
a wore sustthuMe society. Tool's ttadeids wfl be
« amfen&far fexlty in « wrirfy
- rc
ten as^id a*H^«n»»f fBto«w•••eWWt-aiaiJfias.
s/W«^^03inwidiB.
sucfc-as
w«wr» •••*• «•«• • • —- — Q»- ^- ----- . — - *•
Strategy, Environmental Engineering, EnvtronmenW Stsaus,
Operations Management. For more information, contact the NPPC drndbf.
O Copyright 1995 by the Regents of the University of Michigan.
Educators may freely reproduce these materials for non-commercial educational purposes.
Original produced on Hammermill Unity DP, a 50% post-amsumer/50% pre-corsumer
recycled paper made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
1
Published by:
Th« National Pollution Prevention Center
for Higher Education
Univtrerty of Michigan, Dana BuikHng
430 Ernst University Av«.
Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1115
• Ptvon«: 313-764-1412
•Fax: 3^3-936-2195
• E-mail: nppcOumich.tdu
Th» mliaJon of th« NPPC is to promot* susta«wbl« d«v»lopnw\t
by tducating studtnta, faculty, and professionals about po«utton
pr«v«ntlon; cr«at« oducatlonal matsrials; provid* tools and
strmt«oi«s for addr«ssing relevant environmental problems; and
establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.
In addition to developing educational materials and conducting
research, me NPPC also offers "an internship program, profes-
sional education and training, and conferences.
Apnl 1995
Your Input IfWdeomi
We are very interested In your feedback on these matenals.
Please take a moment to offer your comments and communicate
them to us. Aisowtactusifyww^toreceweadc«.imentt
list orier any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
resource*, or be listed in our Dinctory of Pollution PnvrtOon
to mgr*r Education.
Wt'n Going Onllntl ^^
The NPPC provides information on its programs and educanonaj
materials through the internet's World Wide Web; our URU is:
htlp-JAww.sore.umleh.edu/(dick on-Natkjnal Pollution
Prevention Center1).
We may also update the NPPC information available through
aooher (gopher.snre.umich.edu) and anonymous FTP
(ftp.snre.umich.edu). Please contact us if you have comments
about our online resources or suggestions for publicizing our
educational materials through the Internet. Thank you!
-------
and Operations Research
HKSHtfl
Table of Contents
Explanation of Compendium Contents
Introductory Materials
D' Overview of Environmental Problems ,
Q Pollution Prevention Concepts and Principles
D Pollution Prevention: A Logical Role for the Industrial Engineer
Pollution Prevention and IBOR Resource List
• Educational Tools
• Reference Materials
NPPC Resources
D Annotated Bibliography
D Selected Readings
D Course SyUabi
D ' Article With Discussion Questions and Teaching Note:
-"Pollution Prevention and Facilities Planning"
D Article Wi A Discussion Questions and Teaching Note: 'Total
Quality Management A Methodology for Pollution Prevention"
D Case Study With .Teaching Note: "Amoco and the
Environmental Decision Analysis: Cases A and B"
D Case Study With Teaching Note: "Pollution Prevention
as Continuous Improvement at Ford Motor Company"
D Problem Set With Teaching Note:
"The Tragedy of the Commons and the Decision Maker"
D Video: "Second Victory at Yorktown" • _
All documents can be^^ord«ed «parately—see the NPPC Order Form.
Short dooanerrts are free of charge; to covet the cost of photocopying,
there is a small fee for longer documents.
April 1995
-------
^^ Industrial Engineering
.mmm and Operations Research
.~*nit »n>, .mm. • •CUCIST10N CENTER FOR M1O>«B £PUC*TIOH
Explanation of Compendium Contents
Introductory Material*
D Overview of Environmental Problems. This lengthy paper
highlights major areas of environmental concern: energy use,
global change, stratospheric ozone depletion, resource depletion,
land use and development, waste, air quality, water, quality and
quantity, ecological health, and human health. It includes
definitions of concepts and terms, current data and research
findings on the state of the environment, tables, figures, and
guidance on obtaining additional information.
This document is designed to assist faculty members from
all disciplines in preparing course materials and lectures. For
faculty (and students) who may not have extensive knowledge
of environmental issues, it provides background information;
for people already familiar with environmental problems, it is
a convenient, concise source of current data. The document
is formatted so that individual topic areas can be easily repro-
duced for distribution to students; all figures and tables are
provided in a full-page format suitable for overhead projection.
D Pollution Prevention Concepts and Principles. This short
paper introduces the concepts, terminology, objectives, and
scope of pollution prevention. It discusses how government
and the private sector are currently perceiving and implementing
pollution prevention and describes the barriers and benefits
encountered in implementing pollution prevention activities.
D Pollution Prevention: A Logical Role for the Industrial
Engineer. Describes the inherent and critical role industrial
engineers must play in developing successful pollution preven-
tion programs, explains regulatory and market factors for
pollution prevention, and outlines a framework for pollution
prevention within *firm. Further/it outlines how the materials
provided by the NPPC relate to the various subdisaplines of
the industrial engineering.
April 1995
-------
Pollution Prevention and IE/OR Resource List
This is a list of all relevant resources known to the NPPC, including
materials that we produce and/or distribute. NfPPC has strived to make
this list as comprehensive & possible— we welcome your suggestions on
what to include in future editions. Note that all NPPC Resources (see'
next section) appear in the Resource List.
• Educational Tools. Lists four case studies, three articles, one
exercise, four course syllabi, and one video. :
• Reference Materials, Lists 15 books and 42 articles, three
organizations, and 11 faculty involved in pollution prevention
education. Includes matrix showing how each document.relates
to each IE/OR subdiscipline. '
NPPC Resources
The-NPPC distributes all of these resources; in many cases, the NPPCtes
also developed them. All appear in the Resource List (see previous section).
H Annotated Bibliography. Alphabetically lists and describes all
. books, articles, and case studies listed in the Resource List.
Includes matrix showing how each document relates to each
IE /OR subdiscipline.
D Selected Readings. , .
- Robert A. Frosch and Nicholas E. Gallopoulois. "Strategies
for Manufacturing." Scientific American 261 (September
1989): 144-152.
- H.C. Haynsworth and R. Tim Lyons. "Remanufacturing By
Design." Production and Inventory Management (2nd Quarter
1987): 24-29. , '
- Robert L. Kraft. "Incorporate Environmental Reviews into
Facility Design." Chemical Engineering Progress 88 (August
D Course Syllabi: ; f
-.William Clark and Robert Frosch. ESPP 987 ENR 204: , -
Reducing Industrial Wastes. Harvard University, Spring 1994.
- Rex T. Ellington. HON 3993: Clean Fuels and Clean Technology:
'• The Technical, Environmental, and Policy Issues. University of
Oklahoma, May 1994.
- Robert B. Pojasek. CE-194/: Pollution Prevention. Tufts
University, Spring 1994.
- Wayne C. Turner. INDEN5943: Hazardous Material/ Waste
Management, Oklahoma State University, Spring 1994.
D Article With Discussion Questions and Teaching Notes:
"Pollution Prevention and Facilities Planning." Discusses the
need for facility planners to consciously include environmental
considerations when locating and designing facilities. Provides
accompanying questions and possible answers.
"~ ~~~ Apnl 1995
-------
D
Article With Discussion Questions and Teaching Notes:
Total Quality Management A Methodology for Pollution
Prevention." Discusses how the four elements of Total Quality
Management - customer focus, continuous improvement
teamwork, and strong management commitment — can all be
applied to prevent pollution. Provides questions and answers.
Case Study With Teaching Note: "Amoco and the Environ-
mental Decision Analysis: Cases A and B." Investigates the
failure of the rational decision model under certain resource
allocation conditions. Provides questions and answers.
Case Study With Teaching Note: "Pollution Prevention
as Continuous Improvement at Ford Motor Company.
Describes Ford's successful use of continuous improvement
techniques to reduce waste at its Livonia, MI, transmission
plant. Discusses a cross-disciplinary team and the waste-
prevention opportunities it developed as well as a pollution
prevention guidebook that could be used for waste prevention
at other Ford plants. Provides questions, answers, and discus-
sion points.
Problem Set With Teaching Note: "The Tragedy of the
Commons and the Rational Decision Maker." Investigates
the failure of the rational decision model under certain resource
'allocation conditions. Provides questions and answers.
Video: "Second Victory at Yorktown." This 30-minute video
documents the cooperative project between Amoco and the
EPA to explore pollution reduction at a petroleum refinery
The results of the project have important implications for bom
engineering and business.
Apnl 1995
-------
industrial Engineering
and Operations Research
•MTION/U. °O.U.U~'CN "EVENT'ON CEWTC3 FOB HIGHER BOUCJT1OK
For the Instructor: Teaching Note
on "Incorporating Pollution
Prevention in Facilities Planning"
Purpose
When designing new facilities, planners must ask
themselves "Can this facility's environmental impact
be reduced?" The accompanying article and exercise
are designed to help future facilities planners address
this question. , •
"Pollution Prevention and Facilities Planning" discusses
the need for facility planners to consciously include
environmental considerations when locating, and de^-
signing facilities. The first section discusses pollution
prevention considerations in the design process; the
second examines modeling environmental variables
into the facilities location problem. ,
These articles were designed for an introductory
Facilities Planning course. The material requires 50
minutes of class time for discussion; the questions
can be assigned as a homework. Students should be
familiar with the basic concepts of both; facilities design
and facilities planning prior to the class. For those
courses that do not teach facilities location, the facilities
design component can be assigned alone.
Before assigning the accompanying article and
exercises, you may want to have your students read
this compendium's introduction, "A Logical Role for
the Industrial Engineer." It discusses the inherent and
critical role industrial engineers must play in developing
successful pollution prevention programs, explains
regulatory and market factors, and outlines a frame-
work for preventing pollution within a firm.
Answers
I. Wastes are usually generated by productive use of
an activity's components. Production waste has
traditionally been seen as a necessary, if unwanted,
by-product of an activity. Pollution prevention
questions the necessity of waste,and calls for
activities to prevent it wherever possible (rather
than merely controlling it as is common today).
2. As a facilities planner involved in product design
review, apply value analysis techniques to the choice
of materials or the method of manufacture to deter-
mine if pollution can be prevented.
i -' •
The process selection procedure offers significant
opportunities to prevent pollution. Interacting with
the process planner, the facilities planner, can call for
pollution prevention to be evaluated along with cost
flexibility, efficiency, reliability and maintainability.
Good schedule design lends itself to pollution preven-
tion — correct volume determinations will minimize
excess inventory and possible waste. The same
point applies to scrap estimates and machine fractions:
When determining these values, minimizing waste
is naturally a goal.
National Pollution Prevention Canter lot Higher Education • University ot Michigan
Dana Building, 430 East University, Ann Arbor Ml 48109-1115
Phone: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936.2195 • E-mail: nppc«umich:edu
May be reproduced
freely for non-commercial
educational purposes.
Facilities Planning Note • 1
April 1995
-------
3. x-axis
Location
1
4
3
2
5
6
1
2
4
5
8
8
10
4
8
12
16
6
10
14
22
34
50
56
>56/2
4. x-axis
Location
1
4
3
2
5 .
6
ai
1
2
4
5
8
8
Wi
5
4
4
6
16
6
I VVj
5
9
13'
19
35
41
>41/2
xe» = a5'= 8
y-axis
Location
1
2
3
5
4,
6
bi
1
2
4
6
8
8
Wi
10
12
8
16
4
6
Iwi
10
22
30
46
50
56
y* = b3 = 4
>56/2
y-axis
Location
1
2
S
5
4
6
bi,
1
2 '
4
6
8
8
Wi
5
6
4
' 16
4
6
Iw
5
11
15
31
35
41
ye* =
>41/2
1 2 3
*5678
2 • Facilities Planning Note
Apnl 1995
-------
5. The solution in problem #3 tends to "center" the 8.
facility .with regard to all other facilities. In contrast, •*•
#4 tends to place the facility away from the popu-
lated areas.
6. The environmental weights take on.smaller values •
to force the model to place the facilities away from
the populated areas. High positive values would
drive the facility closer to the very places that need
to be kept apart from the facility. In determining
weights, the "costs" associated with the environ-
mental'issues should be subtracted from the tradi-
tional costs to rea;ch the new weis.
7. In this example, all the population areas are located
in. a certain quadrant of the area. If the population
areas are more dispersed, the solutions will show a
tendency toward the center which might be the
worst possible solution.
Hy* 5
-1
•an*1
, -1/14
3/1*
»14
I
1
•t4/9
. .4
•1 .
•If}
1/3
1 ,
14/9
1
•28/11
-18/11
. -2/11
3
6/11
18/11
»11 .
•an
•«
•2/3.
2
2
«
28/3
2«
1/2
219
•2/3 ,.
-1/2
•28/9
1
W14
1/14
•3/14
•»u
-1
2 3 4 5 87- 8
MQ.-M Mj—22 M4-
-------
9.
The matrix at the end of this compendium's
Resource List indicates eight books and articles
on facilities planning and industrial engineering
opt * (5.5)
Original produced on Hammennill Unity DP,
a 50% post-consumer/50% pre-consumer recycled paper
made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
Published by:
Tha National Pollution Prevention Center
for Higher Education
University of Michigan, Dana Building
430 East University Ave.
Ann Arbor. MI 48109-1115 •
• Phone: 313-764-1412
• Fax: 313-936-2195
• E-mail: nppcOumrch.edu
The .mission of the~NPPC is to promote sustainable development
by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
prevention; create educational materials; provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and
establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.
In addition to developing educational materials and conducting
research, the NPPC also offers an internship program, profes-
sional education and training, and conferences.
Your Input It Welcome!
We are very interested in your feedback on these materials.
Please take a moment to offer your comments and communicate
them to us. Also contact us if you wish to receive a documents
list, order any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
resources, or be listed in our D/recfory of Potation Prevention
in Higher Education. >
We'r* Going Onllml
The NPPC provides information on its programs and educational
' materials through the Internet's Worldwide Web: our URL is:
http://www.snre.umtch.edu/ (click on "National Pollution
Prevention Center").
We may also update the NPPC information available through
gopher (gopher.snre.umich.edu) and anonymous FTP
(ftp.snre.umich.edu). Please contact us if you have comments
about our online resources or suggestions for publicizing our
educational materials through the Internet. Thank you!
4 • Facilities Planning Not*
Apnl 1995
-------
Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research
Incorporating Pollution Prevention in
Facilities Planning
s.
By leith Harmon, NPPC Research Assistant, under the supervision of .•.
Yamiz Bozer, Associate Professor of Industrial and Operations Engineering,'
University of Michigan. ......
Introduction
Facilities planning represents a significant economic
activity. The U.S. Bureau of Census estimates that U.S.
industry spends eight percent of the GNP on new
facilities. As environmental concerns continue to grow,
new facilities will have to be designed with pollution
prevention in mind. It is important that the facilities
planner ask the question, "Can this facility's environ-
mental impact be reduced?" By considering pollution
prevention, and including environmental variables in
analytical models, that impact can indeed be reduced.
Facilities planning involves many disciplines. Civil,
electrical, industrial and mechanical engineers;
architects; consultants; general contractors; managers;
real estate brokers; and urban planners all participate
in facilities planning. Although all play,an important •
role, this article will focus on the industrial engineer's
role in preventing pollution in facilities planning.
Because facilities planning is frequently divided into
"facilities design" and "facilities location," this paper
addresses pollution prevention in regards to both.
Facilities Design
Tompkins and White define facilities design as "the
determination of how the components of an activity,
support achieving the activity's objectives." ' These
objectives usually take the form of generating profit,
providing quality products, and providing quality
service. Thus, the components are purchased, and uti-
lized to be as efficient and productive as possible.
Wastes are usually generated by productive use of an
activity's components, and it is then the responsibility
of the'environmental engineering department to get
rid of the waste in a safe and legal manner. The tradi-
tional approach to production waste has been to view
it as a necessary, if unwanteoVby-product of an activity.
Pollution prevention questions the necessity of waste
and calls for activities to prevent pollution wherever
possible, rather than merely controlling. Generally,
pollution prevention is not explicitly defined as a means
to meeting an activity's objectives. Yet, by consciously
including pollution prevention in facilities planning, a
more efficient and productive facility can result.
Tompkins and White stress that "the success of a firm
is dependent on having an efficient production sys-
tem." 2 Further, "it is essential that product designs,
process selections, production schedules and facilities
plans be mutually supportive." Thus, before a facility
can be adequately designed, these other activities must
be performed. While the facilities planner will not be
involved in much of the detailed work in product
design, process selection, or production scheduling,
s/he will have the opportunity to review these func-
tions as they relate to facilities planning and pollution
prevention.
PRODUCT DESIGN
Within product design, value analysis is employed to
determine me interaction between product function
- and cost The facilities.planner involved in product
design review might ask if the choice of materials or
the method of manufacturing best prevent product and
process waste.
' - • ' - •/ .' '
PROCESS SELECTION
The process selection procedure offers significant
opportunities to prevent pollution. Interacting with
the process planner, the facilities planner can ask that
pollution prevention be evaluated along with cost,
flexibility, efficiency, reliability and maintainability.
Production Scheduling design call for scrap estimates.
National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education • University of Michigan
Dana Building. 430 East University, Ann Arbor Ml 48109-1115
Phone: 313.764.1412 'Fax: 313.936.2195 • E-mail: nppcOumich.adu
May be reproduced
freely for non-commercial
educational purposes.
Facilities Planning Exercise • 1
March 1995
-------
and it is during the process selection procedure that
process and facilities planners must ask if and how
much scrap is really necessary.
Step 1: Define elemental operations
Step 2: Identify alternative processes for each operation
Step 3: Analyze alternative processes
Step 4: Standardize processes
Steps: Evaluate alternative processes
Step 6: Select processes3
PRODUCTION SCHEDULING
Good schedule design lends itself to pollution preven-
tion — correct volume determinations will minimize
excess inventory and possible waste. The same point
applies to scrap estimates.and machine fractions.
When determining these values, minimizing waste is
naturally a goal.
Once the product designs, process selections, and
scheduling activities have been completed, the facilities
planner can develop requirements for space, material
handling, and personnel. Each of these activities
provides opportunities for preventing pollution, and
will be considered in turn.
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
Good space requirement design inherently prevents
pollution. Efficient flow of material and personnel in
and out of departments naturally reduces waste by
reducing energy consumption and possible work-in-
progress (WTP) losses. Within departments, space
should be allocated to ensure stable flow of WIP. Too
much space may allow WIP to accumulate, causing
stress and possible waste for the downstream depart-
ment. Too little space may cause employees to store
WIP outside the department, where it can be lost
Interdepartmental space allocations are even more
important. A good layout minimizes the flow of mate-
rial and energy through the facility. Not only are costs
minimized, but waste is reduced when high-volume
departments are in close proximity. As aisles provide
the routes by which material is transferred between de-
partments, good aisle arrangement also reduces waste.
. . „„, „„ .;..... .„. . ,
MATERIAL HANDLING REQUIREMENTS
Material handling deals with moving raw material,
work-in-progress, and finished goods within the facility.
When determining "what to move," "where to move
it," "how to move it," and "when to move it," good
material handling design naturally minimizes waste.
-Not often asked however, is the question "what to
move it in." Many parts and supplies are brought into
a facility and moved through it in single-use packaging.
This packaging can take the form of cardboard boxes,
weak wooden pallets, or shrink-wrap plastic, all of
which become waste after one use. Reusable materials,
such as metal or plastic bins, can often replace disposable
packaging. Ford Motor Company uses this "reusable
dunnage" with both internal and external suppliers.
When designing material-handling requirements, the
facilities planner should investigate reusable dunnage
as well.
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
When defining the needs of employees,, consider
pollution prevention as well. For instance, the facilities
planner can encourage alternatives to commuting in
single-occupant vehicles. The state of Calif ornia
currently provides tax incentives to employers who
develop transportation alternatives; other states may
soon follow suit Parking facilities can have secure,
convenient bicycle storage; locker rooms can include
showers for employees who cycle long distances to
work. Employee shuttle services from home or a com-
mon "park-fc-ride" area might also be viable. Because
parking facilities can tie up large tracts of land, reducing
them with these other alternatives might reduce real
estate costs as well as gain tax breaks and improve the
environment
The facilities planner should also investigate the waste
to be generated by the proposed food service facility.
In facilities with less than 200 employees, vending
machines are considered sufficient. However, this type
of food service often results in a significant amount of
packaging waste. As landfill costs soar, the removal of
this waste can become a significant expense. The
facilities planner should investigate the viability of
reusable dishware and utensils — when weighed
against disposal costs, they can save the firm money
and prevent pollution.
• .'"'• ..'flO'Wl
:? •• ••."• ar 'ffl
n 'I* '
it 3
if''; sr; :ymc,,-
'•'lac. 'j/f '• you >**.
2 • FacitrtiM Planning Exercise
March 1995
-------
Facilities Location
Traditional facilities location is concerned with placing
the facility to best provide for the interactions with
customers, suppliers, and other facilities. To determine
the "optimal" location of the facility, planners often use
analytical models that ignore environmental issues such
as pollution prevention. However, simple awareness of
environmental factors enable the planner to incorporate
these issues into the models. Two commonly used -
models — minisum and minimax — can be modified
to address environmental considerations. .
Minisum seeks to find the value of the objective, X,
which minimizes the weighted sum of distance
traveled, or: •
Minimize f(X) = I wi d(X,PO for i = 1 to n
where d(X,Pp is the distance between X (tfie new •
location) and Pi (the existing location), and w{ is the
"weight" between the new location and the existing
location- '••.'.'
i . '
The objective function usually includes the minimi-
zation of cost or distance (cost would be assigned as
part of the weight, wi). By default, these values
generally prove to benefit (or minimize the impact on)
the environment: the shortest distance traveled will
require the least amount of energy consumption.
Sometimes, however, environmental considerations
must be explicitly included in the model.
For example, a facilities planner is responsible for siting
a manufacturing facility that generates toxic waste.
While developing a process that does not generate me
waste at all should be a goal, it might not be technologi-
cally or financially feasible at the time Siting the facility
upstream from a town might affect the town more
adversely than siting it downstream. These adverse
affects can translate into financial liabilities. To address
this issue, the environmental consideration can be in-
corporated into the weights for the minisum model.
An industrial engineer probably doesn't have the
expertise to assess these weights independently.
However, just as accountants provide necessary cost
data, environmental experts should be available to. pro-
vide guidance on envtronmerital issues. .The facilities
planner should understand how me weights were
determined and question the viability of those values
before incorporating them into the model. As a facility
planner, it is important to ask the questions/even if
one is not necessarily able to provide the answers.
The other model, minimax, seeks to find the value of
the objective, X, which minimizes the maximum
distance between the new location and any existing
location, or: '
Minimize f(X) = max d(X,PO - for i = 1 to n
Minimax models are often used when transaction time
cannot exceed a defined value (firehouse siting, for
example). A variation — maximin (maximizing the
minimum distance between the new location and any
existing location) — can be used in certain environ-
mental applications For example, a hazardous waste
facility must be sited. No one can live closer than X
miles from the facility. Further, the more remote the
facility the better. Thus, the minimum distance is
maximized for any neighbor.
Conclusions
Environmental concerns are here to stay. Facilities
planners will have to take these concerns into account
when designing new facilities, now and into the fore-
seeable future. Again, it is important mat a facilities
planner ask the question, "Can mis facility's environ-
mental impact be reduced?" By considering pollution
prevention, and including environmental variables in
analytical models, the facilities planner will be
addressing these growing environmental concerns.
ENDNOTES
1 James A. Tompkins and John A. White. Facilities
Planning. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1984, p 2.
2 Ibid, p 33.
Xlbid,p.42.
Facilities Planning Exercise«3
March 199S
-------
Questions
1. What has been the traditional approach to an
activity's waste, and how does pollution prevention
change that approach?
2. When interacting with product, process, and
schedule design, how can the facilities planner
introduce pollution prevention considerations?
3. Consider the location of a manufacturing facility
where the costs (wis) of traveling between the plant
and existing suppliers and customers (Pis) are
shown below. Solve and graph the minisum facility
location problem.
Location
1
2
3
4
5
6
Coordinates
1,1
5,2
4,4
2»
8,6
8,8
Weights
10
12 •
8
4
16
6
4. A new weighting table includes the adverse affects
of locating the facility closer to populated areas (Pi,
?2/ PS)- Solve and graph the minisum facility
location problem with the environmental consider-
ation weights.
Original produced on Hammermill Unity DP,
a 50% post-consumer/50% pre-consumer recycled paper
made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
Location
1
2
3
4
: s
6
Coordinates
1,1
5,2
4,4
2,8
8,6
.8,8
Weights
• 5 '
6
4
4.
16
6
'5. Discuss the differences between the solutions in #3
and #4.
6. Why do the environmental weightings take on
smaller "cost" values?
7. If me population areas are more dispersed how will
the model place the manufacturing facility?
8. Using the data from #3, develop and graph
minisum contour lines for the rectilinear distance
• problem.
9.° Now assume that a constraint is placed on the new
facility whereby its location cannot be within two
rectilinear units of locations 1,2, and 3 (represented
populated areas). On the graph developed for #8,
show the optimal location.
Published by:
The National Pollution Prevention Centsr
for Higher Education
University of Michigan, Dana Building
430 East University Ave.
Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-1115 • .
• Phone: 313-764-1412
• Fax: 313-936-2195
• E-mail: nppcOumteh.edu
The mission of the NPPC is to promote sustainable development
by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
prevention: create educational materials; provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and
establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.
In addition to developing educational materials and conducting
research, the NPPC also offers an internship program, profes-
sional education & training, and conferences.
Your Input it We/com*/
We are very interested in your f eedbacfc on these materials.
Pleas* take a moment to offer your comments and communicate
them to us. Atao contact us if you wish to receive a documents
list order any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
resources, or be listed in our Directory of PottuOon Prevention
in Highw Education.
Wf'n Qolng OnilMl
The NPPC provides information on its programs and educational
materials through the Internets Worldwide Web; our URL is:
http://www.snre.umich.edu/ ' ' .. .
(dick on National Pollution Prevention Center)
We may also update the NPPC information available through
gopher (gopher.snre.umich.edu) and anonymous FTP
(ftp.snre.umich.edu). Please contact us if you have comments
about our online resources or suggestions for publicizing our
educational materials through the Internet Thank youl
4 • Facilities Planning Exerasa
Marcn 1995
-------
, Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research
»9EVBVPC»I
SOB UKSHEa EDUCATION
For the Instructor:
Amoco Case Teaching Note
Purpose
Increasingly, decision-analysis techniques are being applied
to decisions outside the traditional engineering and business
spheres. These are designed to show students that decision
analysis is an effective tool for complex environmental issues.
"Amoco and the Environmental Decision Analysis" is composed
of two case studies. Case A briefly'discusses the Analytical
Hierarchy Process and presents criteria arid" option information
on a pollution prevention project at Amoco's Yorktown refinery;
included are discussion questions and exercises that allow
students to develop a hierarchy and perform AHP computations.
Case B investigates Amoco's use of the AHP in a pollution
prevention project at its Yorktown refinery.
This material was designed for inclusion in an introductory
Decision Analysis or Management Science course; it is appropriate
for bom MBA and industrial engineering students. It is recom-
mended that you allow 50-80 minutes over two class periods,
assigning Case A prior to the first class and Case B prior to the
second class. Students should have some familiarity with the
Analytical Hierarchy Process before undertaking this assignment
National Pollution/ Prevention-Camekfoj-Higher Education • Uni
Dana BuildjngV^SO" East University; AJIJI Arbor Ml 48109-1115
Phone: 313.764.14f2 -.Fax: 31X936.2.19.5 • E-mail: nppcaumich.edu
University of Michigan
'
May be reproduced
freely for non-commercial
educational purposes.
April 1995
-------
Case A Exercise Answers
1, One possible criteria hierarchy:
Oort:
Identity ttw Mott Otdribto Pollution Prtvwrfon Option* for
Yorktown Rcflnwy
Transferabiltty
R«aourc*
UtUiatfon
2. Workshop member #1 developed the following
priority weights.
Risk Reduction: .763
Cost .063
Technical Characteristics: .173
Workshop member #2 developed the following
priority weights.
Risk Reduction: .111
Cost: .333
Technical Characteristics: .561
3. Assuming that students develop the following
priority scores (and any weighting is acceptable),
Risk Cost Tech
5c .333 .204 .140
9 .069 .739 .287
lib .598 .057 .564
and use the workshop members' priority weights,
the following results:
.763 (.333) + .063 (.204) + .173 (.140) = .289
.763 (.069) + .063 (.739) + .173 (.287) . .149
.763 (.598) -t- .063 (.057) + .173 (564) = .557
Therefore, choose lib.
.111 (.333) + .333 (.204) * .561 (.140) = .183
.111 (.069) + .333 (.739)- + .561 (.287) = .415
.111 (.598) + .333 (.057) + .561 (.564) = .402
Therefore, choose 9 or lib.
4. One party viewed the reduction of risk as all-
important almost to the exclusion of the other factors,
while the other viewed cost considerations as most
important. Yet, even with these seemingly disparate
~ perspectives, given the technical and financial attri-
butes of Option lib (quarterly LDAR program with
a 10,000 ppm hydrocarbon leak level), an agreement
l,~ - , can be reached to develop a pollution prevention
' '
2 • Arroco Now
April 1995
-------
Industrial Engineering •
and Operations Research
Case Study: Amoco and the
Environmental Decision Analysis
The major part of this document is excerpted, with modifications, from the
executive summary and project summary of Amoco-U.S. EPA Pollution
Prevention Project, Yorktown, Virginia, by Amoco Corporation and the'U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. The Analytical Hierarchy Process subsection
is by Uith Harmon, NPPC research assistant. The Case A discussion questions
are by Martin Young, assistant professor at the U-M School of Business
Administration.- Harmon and Young collaborated on the Case A exercises. The
'NPPC thanks Amoco for granting permission to reproduce the 'text of this case.
Introduction
Environmental issues are playing an increasing role in
many firms' strategic, tactical and operational activities.
Regulatory pressure and public concern demand that
manufacturing process wastes be dealt with effectively.
Historically, industry has dealt with pollution using
< increasingly sophisticated and expensive methods of
control, adding an ever-increasing, non-value-added
component to a product's cost. In many cases, however,
it may be more economical to prevent pollution, rather
than try to control it after the fact
To this end, in late 1989, Amoco Corporation and the
United States Environmental Protection Agency began
a voluntary, joint project to study pollution prevention
opportunities at an industrial facility. EPA, Amoco, and
Commonwealth of Virginia staff formed the Amoco/
EPA Workgroup. This group conducted a multimedia
assessment of releases to the environment atAmoco
Oil Company's refinery at Yorktown, Virginia, and
then developed and evaluated options to reduce those
releases. To evaluate these options, the Workgroup
used a decision analysis technique called the Analytical
Hierarchy Process (AHP).
Case A discusses AHP and presents the Amoco/EPA
criteria and options; Case B discusses the results of
Amoco/EPA's application of AHP. Much of the work
done in assessing releases (defining the Refinery Re-
lease Inventory), developing options, and reviewing
implementation obstacles and incentives is beyond the
scope of thi* :ase, and will not be covered as such.
Amoco/EPA Project Backgroynd
At the time the Amoco/EPA project began, pollution
prevention was a concept predicated on reducing or
eliminating releases of materials into the environment
rather than managing the releases later, the Work-
group adopted this concept and agreed to consider all
potential management opportunities: source reduction,
recycling, treatment, and environmentally sound dis-
posal. Since then, Congress (in passing the Pollution
Prevention Act of 1990) and other organizations have
put greater emphasis on source reduction as the pri-
mary, if not exclusive, means to prevent pollution.
A central goal of mis project was to identify criteria
and develop a ranking system for prioritizing environ-
mental management opportunities that recognized a
variety of factors: release reduction, technical feasibility,
cost, environmental impact, human health risk, and
risk reduction potential: Due to the inherent uncertain-
ties in risk assessments, the project focused on relative
changes in risk compared to current levels, rather than
establishing absolute risk levels. Because of difficulties
in quantifying changes in ecological impact from air-
borne emissions, changes in relative risk were based
primarily oh human health effects indicated by changes
in exposure to benzene. The risk assessment did not
quantitatively analyze volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) due to limited information on their health ef-
fects. This Project focused on ppllution and potential
risks posed by normal operation of the Refinery and
chronic exposure to its releases into the environment.
National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education • University of Michigan
Dana Building, 430 East University, Ann Arbor Ml 48109-1115 _
Phone: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936.2195 • E-mail: nppceumich.edu
I1-- ,
May be reproduced
freely for non-commercial
educational purposes.
t.f. Amoco Case • 1
Apnl 199S
'•'.: • n
-------
Case A: The Analytical Hierarchy Process, Selection Criteria, and Options
The Analytical Hierarchy Process
The Analytical Hierarchy Process addresses the issue
of how to structure a complex situation in five steps.
1. Identify the overall goal and the important decision
criteria. For the Amoco/EPA Project, the goal was to
select the most effective pollution prevention options
for the Refinery.
2. Organize the criteria into a hierarchical structure
based on the relationships among criteria and the
project objective.
3. Establish the relative significance (weight) of each
criterion. This usually is accomplished by choosing
pairs of criteria on the same hierarchical level and
directly comparing them. The decisio-maker (in this
case, the Workgroup) establishes the importance of
one criteria relative to the other. All possible combi-
nations of unique pairs at each level are compared.
AHP then translates the pairwise comparison results
into a relative weight for each criterion.
4. Evaluate each option within the context of the
proposed hierarchy. Base the overall score for each
option on its performance on the criteria in the
hierarchy—this establishes a comparative ranking
of options among themselves.
5. Adjust and/or revise the hierarchy on the basis of in-
formation acquired during the preceding steps in the
decision-making process. Using sensitivity analyses,
decision-makers can review the overall contributions
of specific criteria and judgments to the final decision;
how changes in criteria weights affect outcomes; or
how changes in the hierarchical structure influence -
the decision. This review may lead to altered judg-
ments and /or revised hierarchy.
AHP has been used in a variety of complex decisions.
Examples include use by the U.S. Department of En-
ergy to prioritize hazardous waste remedial efforts at
federal energy facilities, use by the Regional Advisory
Committee of the National Health Care Management
Center to identify problem areas for research affecting
health care in the U. S., and use for setting priorities in
development of a transportation system for the Sudan.
The Analytical Hierarchy Process has been found to be
a flexible model;'-: solving problems — it allows indi-
viduals or groups to shape ideas and define problems
by making their own assumptions and deriving the
desired solution from them.
The Yorktown Refinery
Exhibit 1 shows a schematic diagram of the Refinery,
potential release sources, and a number of pollution
prevention options identified in this Project. Exhibit 2
describes specific options to reduce releases.
Project Definitions
WORKGROUP
Monthly Workgroup meetings provided project over-
sight, a forum for presentations on different project
components, and an opportunity for informally dis-
cussing differing viewpoints about environmental
management. Although attendance varied, each
meeting included representatives from various EPA
offices, the Commonwealth of Virginia, and Amoco.
WORKSHOP
In March 1991, more man 120 representatives from
EPA, Amoco, the Commonwealth of Virginia, and
academic, environmental, and consulting organiza-
tions met for a three-day brainstorming Workshop in
Williamsburg, Virginia. Workshop sessions included
both a structured review of process synthesis tech-
niques and a more free-wheeling discussion of ideas,
resulting in suggestions that further refined and directed
Project activities. Participants reviewed sampling data
and considered ranking criteria, permitting issues, and
obstacles and incentives for implementation. They
developed a variety of release reduction options and
proposed more than 50 concepts for further considera-
tion, covering energy conservation (affecting criteria
pollutant releases), volatile hydrocarbon controls, solid
waste, groundwater, and surface water streams.
PEER REVIEW
At the Workgroup's request, Resources for the Future
organized a group of outside scientific and technical
experts. This Peer Review Group provided evaluation
and advice on the project workplan, sampling, analy-
tical results, and conclusions. The EPA paid members
of this group small honoraria for their participation
and reimbursed them for travel expenses to Washington.
2 • Amoco Cass
April 1995
-------
EXHIBIT-1: SIMPLIFIED FLOW DIAGRAM OF AMOCO'S YOfiKTOWN REFINERY
CrucXo*
Pnrataumeok*
Amoco CoM*3
April 1995
-------
PARTICIPANTS
More than 200 people, 35 organizations, and many
disciplines have been involved in this project
COST
Total cost for this project was approximately $2.3 mil-
lion. Amoco Oil Company provided 70 percent of the
funding and EPA the remainder.
Criteria
The Workshop participants identified and organized
the following criteria into an analytical hierarchy:
• Risk Reduction: Changes in relative risk were based
primarily on human health effects indicated by
changes in exposure to benzene.
• Capital Cost Cost estimates with a ±25 percent
accuracy were made for these scoping studies.
Additional engineering effort would be required to
prepare an estimate with the ±10 percent accuracy
typically needed for management approval
• Operating and Maintenance Cost Costs were esti-
mated as a percentage of total capital cost and option
complexity. Depending upon the option, this cost
varied between three and six percent of total capital.
It also includes depreciation, taxes, insurance, and
other indirect costs.
• Recovery Cost For liquid hydrocarbons or VOC
emissions, the equivalent annual cost was divided
by the net release reduction volume to determine
an averageS/gallon for each option. This number
is equivalent to the price which would nave to be
charged per gallon of recovered material to recover
capital, operating, maintenance, and distribution
costs.
• Coat-Effectiveness: The equivalent annualized cost
was divided by the net release reduction to deter-
mine a $/ ton cost effectiveness for all options.
. Net Present Values: Present value of all cash flow,
including initial capital, operating expenses, taxes,
depreciation, indirect costs, revenues, etc.
«
• Annualized Cost: These costs were estimated as
the sum of annualized capital costs and all variable
expenses^ Future costs were discounted at 10 percent
(or 15 percent) to determine their present value,
assuming a option life of 15 years.
• Liability Cost Rating: Each option was evaluated
qualitatively for its potential to affect future remedi-
ation, catastrophic, and product-quality liability
concerns.
• Timeliness: The number of years needed to com-
plete each option was estimated, subject to current
equipment maintenance schedules and operating
limitations.
• Traiuf erability. Qualitative assessment of the ability
to use the option technology within other refineries
and other industries was made.
• Net Release Reduction: Estimates of emissions
reduction (tons/year) vary in accuracy. Additional
emissions sampling and more detailed engineering
analysis would be needed to improve these estimates.
Where possible, generation and transfer of releases
in other media were included in estimating the "net"
change in release Within the release reduction criteria,
one or more of the pollution prevention modes in the
pollution prevention hierarchy was assigned based
on review, discussion, and consensus among Work-
group members. These classifications were not obvi-
ous in several cases and required extended debate.
• Resource Utilization: Ojualitative estimates were
developed for each option's effect on raw materials
and utilities requirements.
• Effects on Secondary Emissions: The impacts of
each option on other emissions were judged qualita-
tively. POT example, increased power requirements
--rould normally increase emissions in utility systems.
we
• Revenues: Revenues were estimated forthose op- ^^ prioritizing these options required spe-
tions where salable materials were recovered The "^J^ (and Betimes qualitative data)
quantity of recovered material was eqmvalentto me ^'^^.J
emissions reduction. All recovered hydrocarbons
were Valued as gasoline at $0.75/gallon, with an
average density of 6.5 Ibs/gallon.
about each choice.
4-Amoco CM*
Aprti199S
-------
SELECTED
The following options
I he following options weie iu<=i."—- . ^t,ant
as a result of the March 1991 Workshop and subsequent
Workgroup meetings. - .
1 Reroute Desalter Effluent Hot desalter effluent
water currently flows into the process water
drainage system at Combination unit. This option
would install a new line and route this stream
• directly to the API Separator. This process lowers
• sewer temperature and oil content. Volatile losses
at the API Separator increase slightly.
3a. Replace FCU Cyclones. Assess P*«*J|««
reducing emissions of catalyst fines (PM10) by
adding new cyclones in the regenerator.
3b Install Electrostatic Precipitator at FCU. Assess
the potential of electrostatic precipitator in reduc-
ing catalyst fines (PM10) emissions.
4. Eliminate Coker Slowdown ?ond. Change
operating procedures for coke drum quench
and cooldown so that an open pond is no longer
needed. This reduces volatile losses from the hot
blowdown water.
5a. Secondary Seals on Gasoline Tanks. Install
secondary rim-mounted seals on tanks containing
gasoline.
5b Secondary Seals on Gasoline and Distillate
Tanks. Install secondary rim-mounted seals on
tanks containing gasoline and distulate material.
5c. Secondary Seals inallFloating Roof Tank*.
Install secondary rim-mounted seals on all floating
roof tanks. : '
PROJECT OPTIONS
3Cy>Ci. system, particularly from Tankfarm area.
Estimate cost for installation on a Refinery-wide
basis. Both items reduce soil infiltration, in turn
reducing hazardous solid waste generation.
5d. Option 5c •(• Internal Floaters Fixed Roof Tank*.
Install secondary rim-mounted seals on floating
roof with a primary seal in all fixed roof tanks.
5e Option 5d + Secondary Seals on Fixed Roof Tanks.
- Install secondary rim-mounted seals on all floating
roof tanks and then installa floating roof with a
primary and secondary seal on all fixed roof tanks,
6. Keep Soils out of Sewers. Use road sweeper to
remove dirt from roadways and concrete areas
which would otherwise blow or be washed into the
drainage system. Develop and install new sewer
boxes designed to reduce soil movement into
7a. Convert Blowdown Stacks. Replace existing
^ atmospheric blowdown stacks with flares. This
reduces untreated hydrocarbon losses to the
atmosphere but creates criteria pollutants.
7b. Drainage System Upgrade. Install above-grade,
pressurized sewers, segregating storm water and
process water systems.
7c. Upgrade Process Water Treatment Plant Replace
API Separator with a covered gravity separator
and air floatation system. Capture hydrocarbon
vapors from both units.
8. Modify Sampling Systems. Install flow-through
sampling stations (speed loops) where required
on a refinery-wide basis. These replace existing
sampling stations and would reduce oil load in
the sewer or drained to the deck.
9. Reduce Barge-Loading Emissions. Estimate
cost to install a marine vapor loss control system.
Consider bom vapor recovery and destruction in
a flare. •
10. Sour Water System Improvements. Spur water is
the most likely source of Refinery odor problems.
Follow up on options previously identified by
Lmnhoff-March engineering to reduce sour water ,
production, and improve sour water stripping.
11. Institute LDAR Program. Institute a leak detection
and repak (LDAR) program for fugitive emissions
from process equipment (valves, flanges, pump
seals, etc). Consider costs and benefits of the
following configurations:
a. Annual LDAR Program with a 10,000 ppm
hydrocarbon leak level
b. Quarterly LDAR Program with a 10,000 ppm
hydrocarbon leak level
c. Quarterly LDAR Program with a 500 ppm
hydrocarbon leak level
-------
Options Identification and Analysis
After assembling the Refinery Release Inventory, the
Workgroup identified potential process and operating
changes that might impact these releases.
To meet option schedule and budget constraints, the
Workgroup later selected 12 options for more detailed
analysis. The options chosen were felt to: (1) be feasible
with current technology, (2) offer significant potential
for release reductions, (3) have manageable (or no)
impact on worker safety concern, (4) be amenable to
more quantitative analysis in the time available, and
(5) address concerns in different environmental media.
Preliminary material balances and engineering designs
were used to analyze each potential option. Some of
this work was completed specifically for this option.
Other portions were completed as part of environmental
engineering work at Amoco for the Refinery.
Important characteristics of the 12 options, and their
alternatives, are summarized in Exhibit 3. For three
options — 3,5, and 11 — only one of the several alter-
natives considered would be implemented.
Two options reduce solid wastes (catalyst fines and
listed hazardous wastes), while-the remaining 10 focus
on air emissions (VOC HC, H2S, and NH3); five em-
ploy source reduction to reduce releases. Capital costs
range from a low of $10,000 to a high of $22,500,000.
Annual costs, based on discounting capital, operating,
and maintenance costs at a 10-percent discount rate,
range from $30,000 to $7,400,000.
6 • Amoco Case
April 1995
-------
EXHIBIT 3: IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 12 OPTIONS AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
Compl. (yr»)
Reroute desatter
Install FCU ESP
btowdown coker
Secondary seals
Secondary seals
on gas &
distribution tanks
Secondary seals
on floating roof
tank internal
floaters
tank secondary
seals
5301 0.34 0.20
5,0961 5.10 1.63
Upgrade
btowdown
113 18.80 5.94
Upgrade VOC
drainage system
581 22.501 7.40
Upgrade process
water treatment
63T-0.081 0.03
8 | Modify sampling VOOHC
system
7681 4.70 1.61
18 0.06 0.20
10 | Improve sour
water system
48IMACT
orHON
320 0.01 0.09
46IMACT
ozone
511 0.01 0.1
11 b Quarterly LDAR
706 0.011 0.2
Quarterly LDAR [VOC
(500 ppm)
D=disposa|, R= recycle, SR=source reduction, T=treatment
NESHAP=National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
April 1995
-------
Case A Exercises
1. Structure the criteria discussed in the case into a
sensible hierarchy.
2. Two workshop members developed pairwise
preferences for the following criteria:
Workshop member 1:
Criteria Bisk Cost IfiCh
Risk 1 9 7
Cost V, 1 '/„
Tech V7 4 1
Workshop member 2:
Criteria Risk Cast T«h
Risk 1 V7 V,
Cost 7 I V4
Tech 3 4-1
Compute the priority weights for each criterion.
3. Using Options 5c, 9, and lib from Exhibit 2, and
information from Exhibit 3, develop pairwise
comparison matrices for the options. Compute
the overall scores for each decision alternative
(using the workshop members' priority weights).
4. Draw conclusions from the computations.
Case A Discussion Questions
What decision does the AHP analysis suggest?
What are the numbers to which the analysis is most
sensitive? (e.g., if the estimate of cost for option 5c is
increased by $1,000, does the final conclusion change?)
What do you think are the major criteria and why?
!|'" Vt : (I 1 .
n .;*i;
te' ".^rtT.
„..., .-D:.'^:.
Z467
8-Amoco CM*
-------
Case 8;. Results of Applying AHP to the Amoco/EPA Project
Single Criterion Ranking Methods
and Results
This section describes the process the Amoco/EPA
team used to rank pollution prevention options.
Important characteristics of the 12 options, and their
alternatives, are summarized in Exhibit 3- For three-
options — 3, 5, and 11 — only, one of the several alter-
natives considered would be implemented, ,
• As mentioned in Case A, two options reduce solid
wastes (catalyst fines and listed hazardctus wastes),
while the remaining 10 focus on air emissions (VOC, HC,
HjS, and NH,); five employ source reduction to reduce
releases. Capital costs range from a low^ of $10,000 to a
high of $22,500,000. Annual costs, based on discount-
ing capital, operating, and maintenance costs at a 10-
percent discount rate, range from $30,000 to $7,400,000.
Members-of the Peer Review Committee suggested that
the options be ranked according to a single criterion,
such as risk reduction: In addition to risk reduction,
two other single criterion rankings are of interest
total release reduction and cost. • •
EXPOSURE REDUCTION
Since the risk assessment is still being conducted, a risk
proxy of benzene exposure at a nearby residence was
used to finish ranking the options. Benzene concentra-
tions calculated at a nearby residence were assumed to
reasonably indicate population exposure and the expo-
sure reactions achievable by implementing a particular
option. Several rankings were produced using this
measure and the option characteristics developed by
Amoco engineers (Exhibit 3).
The second set of columns in Exhibit 4 shows the ranks
resulting from using benzene exposure reduction as
the sole criterion for valuing the options. Reducing
barge-loading emissions is the outstanding option using
this criterion — no other option comes close. The other
ranking values provide insight into which options gen-
erally provide greater exposure reduction. For example,
all secondary seal alternatives achieve significant expo-
sure reduction, and the blowdown system upgrade also,
performs effectively in this regard. Four options achieve
no benzene exposure reduction because these options
deal with release sources that do not emit benzene.
EXHIBIT 4:
SINGLE CRITERION RANKINGS BASED ON RELEASE AND EXPOSURE REDUCTION
Exposure Reduction
Reduce baroe loading losses
sd * fixed roof tank sec, seals
Rnduea baroe loading losses
Sec. seals on gas tanks
Sec, seals on gas & dist.tante
Sec. seals onfloatin
fixed roof tank sec, seals
fixed roof tank int. floaters
5c + fixed roof tank int. floaters
Sec. seals on fl
7a I Upgrade blowdown system
soils out of sewers
LDAR (10,000
Upgrade oroc. water treatment
las & dist.tanks
Sec. seals on
LDAR (10.000 ppm)
Sec, seals on gas tanks
T"1 el Quarterly LDAR (500 ppm)
Install FCU ESP
Eliminate blowdown coker pond
Annual LDAR (10.000 ppm)
Annual LDAR (10.000 ppm)
Reroute desatter effluent
Eliminate blowdown coker pond
soils out of sewers
Modify sampling system
Modify sampling system
Improve sour water system
Jpqrade proc. water treatment
Replace FCU Cyclones
Reroute desalter effluent
Install FCU ESP
Improve sour water
-------
T>a rankings are intended to provide an approximate
gu.ue to which options rank near the top with regard
to certain criteria and which rank near the bottom. On
this basis, the preferred options are those that consis-
tently rank near the top across all criteria felt by the
decision-maker to be important. Options that receive
comparable scores during the ranking process should
be considered equivalent independent of their rank.
For example, from an exposure reduction perspective,
Exhibit 4 indicates that (a) controlling barge-loading
emissions is the best single action; (b) installing second-
ary seals and implementing an upgrade of the blowdown
stacks also will achieve beneficial'exposure reductions;
and (c) the remaining options achieve minimal or no
reduction in benzene exposure.
RELEASE REDUCTION
The results obtained when pollution prevention options
are ranked by extent of release reduction are shown in
the first set of columns of Exhibit 4. Upgrading the
blowdown stacks is a clear winner, reducing releases
more man six times as much as the nearest competitor;
the remaining options diminish gradually in terms of
release reduction. All of the highest ranked release
reduction options — blowdown stack upgrade, barge
loadings, quarterly LDAR program (500 ppm), and
double seals on tanks — also rank at the top in terms
of exposure reduction.
COST
It is interesting to compare the exposure reduction and
release reduction results with the ranking based on
cost, shown in the first set of columns of Exhibit 5. In
this case, modifying the sampling procedure is the best
option, costing three times less than its closest competi-
tor. Comparing this result with the results based on
exposure reduction and release reduction, modifying
sampling ranked near the bottom with respect to these
other criteria. On the other hand, two options ranked
highly with regard to exposure reduction and release
reduction — (secondary seals and quarterly LDAR 500
ppm) — also rank well with respect to costs. Barge
loading and blowdown system upgrade, which rank
near the top from the-exposure reduction and release
reduction respectively, rank near the bottom from the
cost perspective. Based on these three single criterion
rankings, the secondary seals and quarterly LDAR op-
tions look promising, and, if sufficient funding is avail-
able, barge loading and the blowdown system upgrade
may be promising as well.
EXHIBIT 5: SINGLE-CRITERION RANKINGS BASED ON ANNUALIZED COSTS ANDt4ET ANNUAL CASH FLOW
t
1
3
4
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
8
5a
1a
5b
11b
So
6
11C
4
5d
5e
9
7a
3a
an
7h
Annualizad Costs !
Annual LDAR (10,000 ppm)
Quarterly LDAR (10,000 ppm)
Quarterly LDAR (500 ppm)
3c + fixed roof tank int. floaters
Reduce barge loading losses
Upgrade blowdown system
Replace FCU cyclones
Ins:*' FCU ESP '..
Upgrade drainage system
Upgrade process water
Annual-
zed cost
n SMU)
0,09
0.09
0.11
0.14
0:16
0.20
0.2C
0.32
o.e:
0.6'
0.7<
1.6'
1.6:
3.0:
3.5
5.94
7.4
— T
-
-
Rank
4
5
6
7
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1
•
1la
Sa
11C
8
5b
6
"To"
1
5d
4
5e
9
7a
33
3b
7b
7c
Nat Cdst
•
Prolaet
Annual LDAR (10,000 ppm)
Sec. seals on gas tanks
Quarterly LDAR (500 ppm)
5d + fixed roof tank sac. seals
Upgrade blowdown system
Replace FCU cyclones
Install FCU ESP
Upgrade drainage system
Upgrade process water
T=3
cash flow!
(In $m
•1
-1
l — -^
3
110
131
246
281
568
734
1,158
1,54fi
2,467
3,1 2C
10* Amoco Ca$»
Apnl 1995
-------
Exhibit 5 provides annualized cost arid net annual
cash Oow information'for each option. The two num-
bers differ because the net annual cash flow .includes
. revenue generated' through product recovery; the
annualiaed cost values do not.
In viewing these rankings, it is important to remember
that the capital cost estimates are within 25 percent
Thus, values in the table are a best estimate, but have
an unstated probable range. For example, the $90,000
annualized cost shown for modifying sampling systems
(Option 8) has a range of $73,000 to $107,000.. Similarly,
the $632,000 annualized cost shown for eliminating the
coker blowdown pond (Option 4) is the average of a
range between $500,000 and $764,000. While it is pos-
sible to rank the options in the order shown, to find a
distinction would be difficult, if not foolish, in practice.
Options 10 through 19 are ranked identically in both
columns. These options have small or no product
recovery revenues. Thus, no differences in ranking
would be expected. The same group of options fall in
the top half of both lists, although the order does change
within each list. This is not unexpected, since a ranking
based on the lowest cost would not necessarily coincide
with a ranking based on the highest net annual cash flow.
Options that generate income (primarily the LDAR
programs and adding secondary seals to gasoline tanks)
rank near the top of the list on a cash-flow basis. The
top seven options that require least annualized cost to
implement include modifying sampling systems and .
adding secondary seals to gasoline tanks (options that
are also ranked near the top in the Net Cost column).
This indicates that options that minimize annualized
costs either generate income or minimize negative net
annual cash flow.
Again, this ranking process provides a rough screen on
the basis of one criteria, highlighting options that may
merit further consideration and more detailed analysis.
OTHER CRITERIA
The decision-maker typically will augment rankings
of the type established in this section by considering
other criteria that have not been quantitatively evalu-
ated. For example, institutional factors were originally
included in the multiple criteria ranking process dis^
cussed below. When taking such institutional factors
into account, a lower ranked option that significantly
improves refinery odor or visibility performance might
be elevated _- rank if odor or visibility are of significant
public concern in the region. Resource constraints are
another important consideration. For example, some ." -
options may be precluded by their cost, or a group of
options in the middle rank may, taken together, achieve
better results at lower cost than the top ranked option.
Such resource constraints may initially be addressed
elsewhere, and a composite option then included in the
multiple criteria ranking process as discussed below.
Multiple Criteria Ranking
Conducting a set of single criteria rankings and com-
paring results, as was done in the preceding section, lets
the decision-maker quickly identify the more promising
and least promising options. Often this provides suffi-
cient perspective to proceed with inrdepth evaluation
of the more promising options.
In some cases, however, a more integrated'multiple-
criteria process is desired to help with selection. For
example, the importance attributed to each criterion
may be in dispute, and a systematic process may be
needed to enable the decision makers to resolve these
differences. In such cases, it is helpful to have a con-
ceptual and computational framework for assessing
the effect that alternative viewpoints have on the
rankings. Usually, some differences can be put aside
because they have limited effect on the rankings, and
attention can be focused on those differences that do
significantly affect the end result -'
• <
The Workgroup considered a number of multiple-
criteria decision-making techniques for ranking options.
The three approaches given greatest attention were:
(1) the Analytical Hierarchy Process or AHP (Saaty,
1988 and 1990); (2) the Kepner-Tregoe approach
(Kepner and Tregoe, 1979 and 1981), which Amoco
has used in. reviewing selected corporate decisions;
and (3) Computation of Alternative Equivalents
(Stokey and Zeckhauser, 1978), which a member of
the Peer Review Committee suggested.
Ultimately, the Workgroup selected AHP as the ranking
methodology, because it has proven useful in making
.decisions involving a large number of diverse criteria
and options. As its name implies, AHP devotes a great
deal of attention to *he process by which the decision is
made. Since the Amoco/EPA project involved a diver-
sity of viewpoints at the federal) state, and industrial
levels, a systematic process was needed for reaching a
consensus or for identifying where and to what extent
viewpoints differed. AHP provides such a framework:
Amoco Case • 11
April 1995
-------
it proceeds by using group discussion to identify criteria,
organize them into a hierarchy that embodies relation-
ships among the criteria, and establish priorities (i.e.,
catena weights) with respect to an overall goal.
An initial list of criteria was generated from the project
workplan and two brainstorming sessions at the
Waiiamsburg Workshop. The project workplan pro-
vided overall perspective for criteria selection. Criteria
identified at the Workshop provided a "base" list that
was refined at subsequent Workgroup meetings. Initial
criteria lists, broad in scope, were made more specific
as the Workgroup gained knowledge about the charac-
teristics of the options and the availability of data.
Through a process of elimination and refinement, the
following criteria ultimately were selected for ranking
options based on quantitative (and sometimes qualita-
tive) assessment of the following characteristics:
Risk
• Relative benzene exposure reduction
Technical Characteristics
• Release reduction (mass)
• Status in pollution prevention management
hierarchy (e.g., source reduction versus treatment)
• Transferability of option to other refineries/'industries
• Timeliwess of option implementation
• Secondary emissions
Cost Factors
• Resource utilization (raw materials and utilities)
• Capital, operating, and maintenance costs
• Effects of option implementation on potential
remedial, product, and catastrophic liabilities.
Hierarchy structure was developed in parallel with
refining the criteria list. The Workgroup identified
relationships among criteria and constructed a hierarchy
to represent these relationships. Within the hierarchical
structure, each level is influenced only by the next
higher level and can influence only the next lower level.
The most general criteria contributing to achievement
of the overall goal were identified as primary criteria or
subgoals; these form the first level of hierarchy under
the primary goal. Remaining criteria were grouped
within these subgoal areas. Over the course of three
iterations, the hierarchy evolved as Workgroup
members gained information. Exhibit 6 presents
the hierarchy used to rank options.
To rank options, each criterion on the hierarchy must
be assigned a relative weight Developing weights
EXHIBIT 6: HIERARCHY AND CRITERIA WEIGHTS USED FOR RANKING
Goal:
Identify the Most Desirable Pollution
Prevention Options for Yorktown Refinery
Rtek 0.479
Reduction
Technical 0.283
Characteristics
Coat 0.238
Factors
RMOUTC*
0280
0.201
L-Shoct 0.517
L-M**jm 0273
I—Long 0.110
Raducfton
0.362
0.156
I—Yottown 0.31 S
0.500
I—Ottwr 0.185
UtllHtM 0.50
I—tncrMM 0818
I—Nocnangt 0384
-(ncrMM In 1~ 0.2SS
**+.-.
— ineruMlnS 0,143
-4ncrMMin4 0.005
Soura* Recycling TrMUmnt OtapoMl
Reduction 0'349 0.173
0.381
,- 0.571
0 0288
» 0.143
Capital 0.033
L— 0.438
(—0 0.387
L* 0.147
L** 0.048
Product 0.033
L- 0.571
Lo 0288
I— * 0.143
12 • Amoco Casa
Apnl 1995
-------
EXHIBIT 7: COMPARISON OF CRITERIA WEIGHTS
0.8
0.7
Institutional
Factors
Human/Geologic*!
Effects
Characteristic
Cost
Factors
[ = Weighted Average Weight 0 = Workgroup Weight
involved two steps: completing a survey of pairwise
comparisons for each set of criteria, and convening an
all-day session to review survey results and revise the
criteria weights and hierarchy structure.
It is interesting to compare the weights proposed by
the Amoco representatives with those proposed by EPA
and state regulatory personnel. In three of four areas,
tfie variability of proposed weights is much greater for
the EPA/state personnel than for the Amoco represen-
tatives, and the spread of weights proposed by Amoco
is nearly entirely encompassed within the spread of
weights proposed by EPA and the state. Exhibit 7
shows the weights proposed by each group and com-
pares the weights obtained via the survey of individual
respondents with weights established via extended
discussion at a full-day Workgroup meeting, which
were the principal weights used in the AHP analysis.
The Workgroup placed greater emphasis on human/
ecological (risk) effects, less emphasis on technical
characteristics and comparable weight on cost factors.
Institutional factors were deleted as a ranking crite-
" rion, with the intent that these considerations be ad-
dressed external to the completed AHP ranking.
AHP Ranking Results
Exhibit 8 presents the results of the AHP ranking using
the Workgroup's hierarchy and criteria weights. There
appear to be three distinct groupings of options: most
preferred, least preferred and a middle ground where
no strong preference.exists for one choice over another.
Two major factors influenced the overall ranking of
options —exposure reduction and cost. Technical
characteristics determine the rankings within the mid-
and low-performance groups.
The option of reducing barge-loading emissions, which
achieves a 55 percent benzene exposure reduction,
receives a ranking score more than two times greater
than the next best option. The five mid-performance
options (double seals, quarterly LDAR, sampling, blow-
down system, and annual LDAR) have low to moderate
costs arid (except for sampling) a positive exposure
reduction. The eight projects ranked lowest (drainage
upgrade, treatment upgrade, reroute desalter, sour
water improvements, soils out of drain, coke blowdown
pond, install FCU ESP, and replace FCU cyclones) all
have minor or no impact on the benzene exposure to
the surrounding human population.
-------
As discussed above, Amoco and EPA personnel pro-
posed somewhat different weights for the AHP ranking
criteria. AHP analyses were conducted to compare the
results obtained using the criteria weights proposed by
EPA and state Workgroup members to those suggested
by Amoco. The results are presented in Exhibit 9.
This analysis suggests how the options might be ranked
from an industry outlook as compared with the ranking
from a regulator's viewpoint. Despite differences in
perspective, the results show that reducing barge-loading
emissions is the preferred choice for both groups. In
addition, while other options change order, the readjust-
ments are minor. The average weights proposed by each
group are shown at the'bottom of the exhibit Workgroup
members from Amoco assigned nearly equal weights to
all three categories, while EPA/state members assigned
the highest weight to risk reduction, next highest weight
to technical factors, and the lowest weight to cost.
Project Options and
Regulatory Requirements
As indicated in Exhibit 3, eight of the 12 project
options would, if implemented, contribute to meeting
current or anticipated regulatory and statutory program
requirements. The characteristics of these eight options
are summarized in Exhibit 10 (listed by compliance
year). Legal requirements dictate that these options or
equivalent be undertaken at the Refinery. The eight
options, at an annual cost of $17300,000, achieve a
release reduction of 7,280 tons per year and a benzene
exposure reduction equaling 99 percent of that associ-
ated with all 12 options.
For purposes of comparison, analyses were conducted
to assess what options might be selected .to achieve
comparable release and exposure reduction objectives
in the absence of the existing regulatory constraints.
To avoid double-counting, a specific alternative was
arbitrarily selected for those options involving multiple
alternatives. The alternatives selected were 3b for FCU
fines recovery, 5c for secondary seals, and lib for LDAR.
The goal in this analysis was to attain the desired envi-
ronmental targets — release reduction or exposure
reduction — at a lesser cost.
The 12 options are ranked in Exhibit 11 with respect
to cost-effectiveness of release reduction, expressed in
dollars per ton. The results indicate mat five options
— lib, 5c, 7a, 6, and 8 — are significantly more cost-
effective with regard to release reduction. Taken to-
gether, these five options attain a release reduction of
6,741 tons per year at an annual cost of $2,160,000. When
compared to the regulatory requirement options, the
cost-effectiveness options attain more than 90 percent
EXHIBIT 8: AHP RANKING USING WORKGROUP WEIGHTS
14 • Amoco Caso
April 1995
-------
EXHIBIT 9: COMPARISON OF AHP RANKING USING WORKGROUP WEIGHTS
VS. AMOCO AND EPA WEIGHTS
EPA WEIGHTS !
AMOCO WEIGHTS
WORKGROUP WEIGHTS
Reduce barge
Reduce barge
loading losses
Sec. seals on gas
Sec. seals on gas
Sec. seals on gas
Sec. seals on gas
Sec. seals on gas
and dist. tanks
and dist. tanks
Sec. seals on gas
Sec. seals on
Sec. seals on
and dist tanks
floatina roof tanks
floatino roof tanks
Sec. seals on
5d + fixed roof tank
5d + fixed roof tank
5c + fixed roof tank
5c + fixed roof tank
5c + fixed roof tank
Upgrade Wowdown
7a ) Upgrade btowdown
7a I Upgrade btawdown
11c I Quarterly LDAR
Quarterly LDAR
Quarterly LDAR
500
(500 pom)
9 |Hb Quarterly LDAR
Quarterty LDAR
Quarterly LDAR
11a I Annual LDAR
11a I Annual LDAR
Annual LDAR
(10.000 pom)
Upgrade drainage
11 I 4 | Efiminate btowdown
11 | 7b | Upgrade drainage
system . . , —,
12 I 4 I Eliminate btowdown | 12 | 11 | 6 |Keep.soils out of
Efiminatei btowdown I 13
7c Upgrade process
8 | Modify sampling
7c I Upgrade process
water treatment
water treatment
Reroute desalter
effluent
Reroute desalter
effluent
Reroute desalter
effluent
Keep soils out of
10 i Improve sour water I 19 I 14
6 I Keep-soils out of
system
16 I 7b Upgrade drainage
Modify sampling
Modify sampling
system
10 I Improve sour water 10
Upgrade process
10 Improve sour water 10 I 16 I 7c
water treatment
3a I Replace FCU
18 3a Replace FCU
18 I 3a I Replace FCU
3b llratalFCU
3bllnsta«FCU
CRITERIA WEIGHTS
Risk reduction
JTechnical characteristics
Cost factors
Amoco Caw-15
April 1995
-------
of the release reduction at less than 15 percent of the
annual cost. Adding Barge Loading Emission Reduc-
tion to the five most cost-effective options achieves 103
percent of the required tonnage reduction for just over
a quarter of the annual cost.
The cost-effectiveness values in Exhibit 11 do not
include the potential revenue stream that could result
from product recovery associated with source reduction
and recycling activities. Including potential revenues
in calculating a net cost effectiveness, results in the
option ranking are shown in Exhibit 12. Because the
revenue streams are relatively small for most options,
the ranking changes very little: the option ranked
highest — the Quarterly LDAR Program (Option lib),
which generates a positive cash flow and an estimated
19 percent rate of return —is the same in both tables, as
are the options ranked 6 through 12. However, the
ranking order for Options 2 through 5 does change
somewhat Installing secondary seals on all floating
roof tanks (Option 5c) moves from the second choice to
third. Upgrading blowdown stacks (Option 7A moves
from third to fifth. Reducing soil intrusion into the
sewer system (Option 6) moves from fourth to second.
EXHIBIT 10: REGULATORY REQUIREMENT OPTIONS
BzNESHAP, non-at
BzNESHAP
Quart LDAR (10,000 pom)
EXHIBIT 11: COST-EFFECTIVE RELEASE REDUCTION RANKING
Annual-
lad Cost
Cum. R«l.
JRcd'n
ten*/d
511
R«l«a«e
raduet.
HblQuart LDAR (10,000 ppm)
Sec. seals-all fttRfTK
Blowdown Upgrade
Modify Sampling
Barge Loading
Elim. coker pond
6.279
8.106
11.056
52,809
Reroute desalter
Install FCU ESP
10 | Sour water improvement
7b | Drainage Upgrade
Treatment Pit Upgrade
16* Amoco Cas«
April 1995
-------
A similar, analysis is .shown for exposure reduction in
Exhibit 13. In this case, six options — 5c, 9, lib, 7a, 4,
&'l - are much more cost-effective in terms of benzene
exposure reduction, collectively attaining-90 percent
benzene exposure reduction at an annualized cost of
$4,500,000, which is about one-fifth the annualized cost
of the regulatory requirements options.
The regulatory requirements shown in Exhibit 10 have
been or will be developed using administrative proce-
dures. The regulatory development process includes
review and comment opportunities for the public and
for industry organizations. It is not the intent of the
analysis presented here to critically assess all of those
regulatory requirements, because the level of evaluative
detail here is considerably less. The results presented
above merely indicate the possibility that when the
collective requirements of the regulations imposed on
a given facility are taken into account; granting the
industrial organization greater flexibility in how to
achieve the designated standards may enable a facility
.attain standards at a significantly reduced cost.
EXHIBIT 12: COST-EFFECTIVENESS VS. NET CASH FLOW EFFECTIVENESS
Effectiveness
Cost-Effectiveness
Quart LDAR (10,000 ppm)
Quart LDAR (10.000 ppm)
Sec. seals-all fflRfTk
Sec. seals-all fflRfTk
Slowdown Upgrade
Modify Sampling
Slowdown Upgrade
Modify Samplir
Barge Loading
Barge Loading
Elim. coker pond
Reroute desatter
Reroute desalter
Install FCU ESP
Install FCU ESP
Sour water improvement
Sour water improvement
Drainage Upgrade
Drainage Upgrade
Treatment Pit U
Treatment Pit Upgrade
EXHIBIT 13: COST-EFFECTIVE BENZENE EXPOSURE REDUCTION RANKING
Cost Eft.
BzExRed
Annuit-
ized Cost
Cost SMIRsd'n
Material
voc
Project
Sec. seals-all fltflfTk
a. red'n
rec/treat
Barge Loading
Quart LDAR (10.000 ppm)
Slowdown Upgrade
Elim. coker pond
1 I Reroute desalter
7b I Drainage Upgrade
Treatment Pit U
Install FCU ESP
Modify Sampling
10 I Sour water improvement
-------
EXHIBIT 14: OPTION SCORES BY RANKING TECHNIQUE
Cost-
Effective
EXD Red'n
Cost-
Effective
Rel Red'n
Exposure
Reduction
Release
reduction
=l9fout9 (tesaltgf
Replace FCU Cyclones
nstall FCU ESP
Elim. cokar pond
Sec. saals-gas Iks'
Sec. seals-das/dist tks*
Sac. seals-all fflRfTk'
Opt 5c &flt on RxTk'
Opt 5d &S.seal FixTV
Treatment Pit Upgrade
Modify Sampling
Sour water improvement
Ann. LDAR (10,000 ppm)
Quart LDAH (10.000 ppm)
Quart LDAR (SOO ppm)'
Summary of Ranking Results
The scores achieved by each pollution prevention option
under each of the ranking methods are summarized in
Exhibit 14. Disregarding minor differences between
option scores, the scores achieved under each method
are grouped into high, medium, or low categories Only
the high (H) and medium (M) scores are shown; the ab-
sence of a score under a particular ranking method in-
dicates that option received a low score for mat method.
Those options (or alternatives) that received at least a
high or medium score under all but one of the rankings
are marked with an asterisk (»)• These include all five
double-seal alternatives, the blowdown system upgrade,
barge loading emission reduction, and the two quarterly
LDAR alternatives. By virtue of their consistently favor-
able ranking under a variety of perspectives, the Work-
group concluded that these four options show the most
promise among the 12 considered. The three options
faring next best across the ranking protocols are annual
LDAR, sampling system modification, and soil control
Several options also ranked consistently low and were
thus least preferred. These included replacing the FCU
cyclones (3a)Iand upgrading the drainage system (7b)
and treatment plant (7c). None of these received a
medium or high score. Just above this group, a third
tier included Options 1, 2, 3b, 4, and 10. The table be-
low separates the options into preference categories.
Most Preferred
5 Install secondary seals
7a Upgrade blowdown system
9 Reduce barge-loading losses .
lib, lie Quarterly LDAR program
Next Most Preferred
lla Annual LDAR program
8 Modify sampling system
6 Keep soils out of sewers
Next Least Preferred
1 , Reroute desalter effluent
3b InstallFCUESP
4 Eliminate coker blowdown pond
10 Sour water system improvements
Least Preferred
3a Replace FCU cyclones
7b -"Upgrade drainage system
•7c _T Upgrade process water treatment plant
18 • Amoco Caw
April 1995
-------
Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research
HU. OCU.--CN
csvrsa =OH MIGHES SS
For the Instructor: Teaching Note
on "Total Quality Management: A
Methodology for Pollution Prevention"
Purpose
This exercise is designed for inclusion in an introduc-
tory total Quality Management course. The material
requires between 50 and 80 minutes of class time for
discussion of the articles and case study. The reading
material should be assigned to students prior to class.
There are in-class discussion points as well as home-
work questions.
While designed for industrial engineering students, the
material is appropriate for other engineering students
and business school students (both undergraduate and
graduate levels). Students should have a familiarity
with the concepts of customer focus, continuous
improvement; teamwork, and strong management
commitment prior to the class.
Answers
1. Students should mention some of the following:
• Customer focus calls for reduction of waste.
• Root-cause analysis prevents waste rather than
controls it ...
• "Zero waste" is analogous to "zero defects."
• Deming's.principles call for elimination of waste.
• Continuous improvement of process waste also
identifies quality issues.
• Team approach encourages different perspectives
on the problem.
2. Potential answers include:
• Plant workers '',-.'..
• People downstream from plant who
use the river for drinking water
• Fish downstream from plant
• Birds dependent on fish for food'
• Fishermen
• Farmers who use river water for irrigation
•. Children playing near dump (land or water)
• Asthmatics downwind from plan
, • Homeowners near the plant who want to sell
their houses '
• Nearby residents who are allergic to pollutants
(air or water)
3. It doesn't get to the root of the problem. It controls
existing waste rather than rinding ways to prevent it
It is reactive to regulation rather than proactive.
Also, environmental engineers are not familiar
enough with the processes to suggest improvements.
4. The team approach allows more factors of the envi-
ronmental issue to be considered, because more
staff are. contributing specialized knowledge of the
various processes that affect those issues.
.National Pollution Prevention Center lor Higher Education • University of Michigan
Dana Building. 430 East University. Ann Aroor Ml 48109-1115
Phone: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936.2195 • i-r^ail: nppc«umicti.edu
May Be reproduced
freely for non-commercial
educational purposes.
TQM Teaching Note • 1
Apnl 1995
-------
Some answers are:
• Results of customer focus groups' requesting
"environmentally friendly" products
• Publicity of competitors' economic success With
TQEM '
• Legislation requiring pollution prevention
• pnclusion of environmental quality criteria, such
as those required by the Malcolm Baldridge
Awaid, ISO-9000, and Ford Q-l.
The. matrix at the end of Has compendium's
Resource List indicate* 20 books and articles
an TQM and industrial engineering.
Further information on quality awards can be obtained
from the following organizations:
Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award -
A537 Administration Building
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001
301/975-2036
ISO9000
CEEM Information Services
10521 Braddock Road
Fairfax, VA 22032
800/745-5565
Ford Q-l
Ford Motor Quality Publications
c /o EDCOR Data Services
P.O. Box 9079
Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9079
-810/626-3077
Original produced on Hammermill Unity DP,
a 50% post-consumer/50% pre-consumer recycled paper
made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
Published by:
The National Pollution Prevention Canter
for Higher Education
University of Michigan, Dana Building
430 East University Ave.
Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1115
• Phona: 313-764-1412
• Fax: 313-936-2195
• E-mail: nppcOumich.edu
The mission of the NPPC is to promote sustainable development
by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
prevention: create educational materials; provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems: and
establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.
In addition to developing educational materials and conducting
research, the NP°0 also offers .an internship program, profes-
sional aducaoof -i.-o trammg^and conferences.
Your Input is Mfe/com*/
We are very interested in your feedback on these materials.
Please take a moment to offer your comments and communicate
them to us. Also contact us if you wish to receive a documents
list, order any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
resource!, or be listed in our Dinctoiy of Pollution Prevention
/flH/gner Education.
W»'r» Going Onliml
The NPPC providee information on its programs and educational
materials through the Internets Worldwide Web; our URL is:
http-JAnrww.enre.uniieh.edu (dick on 'National Pollution
Prevention Canter").
We may also update the NPPC information available through
gopher (gopher.snre.urnich.edu) and anonymous FTP
(ftp.snre.umich.edu). Please contact us if you have comments
about our online resources or suggestions for publicizing our
educational matenals through the Internet. Thank you!
2 • TQM Teaching Mots
Apnl 1995
-------
- CNAL =CU— ~
Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research
N CEWTEB =OS HIGHgB EOUCATIOM
Total Quality Management:
A Methodology for Pollution Prevention
Prepared by Leith Harmon, NPPC Research Assistant,
under the supervision of Katta Mvrty, Professor of Industrial
and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan. • •-•'•_•
Introduction
As a result of global competition, consumers demand
better product and service quality. At the same time,
some consumers' environmental concerns continue to
grow. Total Quality Management (TQM), a system
that can help companies achieve high .product and
service quality, has inherent strengths that effectively
address some environmental issues.
Professionals who apply TQM concepts to environmental
issues have coined the term Total Quality Environmental
Management (TQEM). This is a logical method for pro-
Educing the results of another, concept gaining speed in
industry, pollution prevention. This paper explains
how the concepts of TQEM can be employed to sue-
cessfully prevent pollution. '
Background
In Total Quality Control, Armand Feigenbaum defines
product and service quality as: .','-,
[T]he total composite product and service
characteristics of marketing, engineering,
manufacture, and maintenance through which
the product and service in use will meet the
expectations of the customer.1
To achieve product and service quality many organiza-
tions employ TQM. Its management elements include:
• Customer focus i
• Continuous improvement
• • Teamwork -
• Strong management commitment
Yet, who is the customer, and how can TQM principles
be applied to environmental concerns?
CUSTOMER FOCUS
In the context of quality, the customer is defined as the
person who "employs the product and service charac-
teristics."2 Customers fall into two categories. The
internal customer is the next person in the production
chain; the external customer is the end-user of the prod-
uct. For instance, in the auto industry, the person who
installs the bumper is an internal customer to the
department producing the bumpers; the external cus-
tomer is the purchase of the finished car.
If the definition of the customer is expanded to include
the people and environments effected by production
process waste, TQM requires us to understand how this
waste affects those customers and take steps to reduce _
it. Both W., Edwards Deming and Kiyoshi Suzaki,
legends in the field of TQM, have defined waste as
"that which does not add value."3 For this paper, we
define waste more specifically: the physical by-products
of a process. This can be excess paper in an insurance
office as well as waste chemicals from a paper mill.
When we more narrowly define waste, the principles
of its elimination put forth by Deming and Suzaki are
no less pertinent.
As,an example, many industries use the solvent
trichloroethylene (TCE) in their operations. This
highly toxic chemical " •-<---> -
> facility. Here
U1&C1L ICMU**^ fc***» ».»»••»—— ——— -— . *
the plant workers are the unwilling internal customers
of TCE fumes. The external environment is also an un-
willing customer. Rivers downstream can be affected
by the effluent of a paper mill or oil refinery. Aquatic
life in the river and people dependent on the river for
drinking water are unwilling customers of this effluent.
National Pollution Prevention Center tor Higher Education • University of Michigan,
Dana Building, 430 East University, Ann Arbor Ml 48109-1115
Phone: 313.764.14ia • Fan: 313.936.2195 • E-maii: nppc« umieh.edu
*> •
May be reproduced
freely for non-commercial
educational purposes.
-------
Continuous Improvement
Those who have embraced TQM understand that qual-
ity can only be built into the product, not inspected into.
This requires the producer to continuously identify
and eliminate the root causes of impediments to quality.
Continuous improvement is also the key to reducing
the environmental impacts of the production process.
The traditional approach to industrial waste has been
to view it as a necessary, though unwanted, by-product .
of manufacturing. While production generates the
waste, the responsibility to dispose of the waste in a
safe and legal manner usually falls on the environmen-
tal engineering department. Because environmental
engineers receive the waste after it has been created,
they are not intimately familiar with the processes that
create it. Further, because waste reduction is not a
component of their performance reviews, they do not
have the institutional motivation to reduce the waste.
The environmental engineering department is also
responsible for completing government forms docu-
menting the facility's wastes. Government regulations
are created to ensure the health of plant workers, the
surrounding community, and the environment in
general. However, these regulations often create
requirements that are very cumbersome and expensive
for industry. For instance, under the Superfund law, a
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) must be completed each
year. The TRI process, which records the volumes of
waste generated by a facility, requires paperwork that
can take up to three months to complete; like product
quality inspection, this is certainly not value-added!
Replacing-toxic materials used in the manufacturing
process with more environmentally benign materials
reduces the paperwork.
TQEM is the logical method for preventing pollution
wherever possible. Employing a customer focus and
classifying the waste itself and the activities required
to control it as non-value-added, TQEM calls for waste
generation to be brought to a minimum.4 Operators
and process engineers, not environmental engineers,
are responsible for identifying and eliminating the root
causes of process waste. Employing the continuous
improvement approach, "zero waste" is as important
a goal as "zero defects."
As a result of TQEM projects, prqdurfxjuality often
improves while -Castekreduced. "One possible
explanation might be that TQEM efforts empower
employees to become more familiar with all aspects of
,the process, not those just associated with production.
When employees are forced to consider process wastes,
improvements to quality characteristics can result.
Teamwork
The team approach allows all factors of1 the environ-
mental issue to be considered. Accountants are
familiar with cost considerations, product engineers
are familiar quality considerations, process and
chemical engineers are familiar with feasibility consid-
erations, and environmental engineers are familiar
with environmental impacts. Because environmental
engineers are trained to deal with waste after it has
been generated, and not in methods of preventing it
from being created in the first place, engineers with
knowledge of the process characteristics must be
involved.
For example, degreasing certain aluminum components
with TCE has required extensive safety mechanisms
and procedures. Building better containment systems
reduces the risk of exposure, but does not get to the
root cause of the problem — the use of TCE. With this
in mind. Ford, an active TQEM proponent, looked for a
•TCE-free solution to degreasing radiator coils.5 Ford
formed a team that included a chemical engineer, an
environmental engineer, a process engineer, an
accountant, and a product engineer. The variety of
backgrounds on the team ensured that the pertinent
issues of cost, product quality, process feasibility and
environmental impact were all addressed. The Ford
team designed an aqueous degreasing system (i.e.,
soap and water) to replace the TCE. Not only does the
plant avoid using this toxic chemical, but the water in
the new system is recycled as well. Significantly, the
aqueous degreaser exhibits better quality characteristics
than the TCE degreaser.
The above project is an example of the best of all
worlds: improved quality, reduced cost, and reduced
environmental impact Certainly not all projects will
prove so fruitful. Some "clean" alternatives may cost
more than their polluting rivals, but that cost must be
balanced with the benefits of the environmental
improvement* To justify this viewpoint, one needs
only to look to the increasing expectations of external
customers for "environment^Uy. friendly" products.
2 • TQM Lesson
April 1995
-------
Strong Management Commitment
It should now be clear that three of the elements of
TQM! — 'customer focus, continuous improvement,
team approach — readily apply to environmental
issues. As in traditional TQM settings, the last —
strong management commitment — is perhaps the
most important No TQEM program will succeed
without the commitment of senior management.
Senior management, those who have built their careers
when waste was seen as a necessary.by-product, must
come to; understand that both internal arid external
customer expectations include environmentally
conscious products and processes. They must learn to
see the value of applying TQEM to get to the root
causes of waste, and call on the cross-disciplinary
teams to employ continuous improvement to.imple-
ment ever "cleaner" solutions.
Conclusion
• - - . \
In the manufacturing setting today, the focus on
environmental issues mirrors the focus on quality
issues in the 1980s. As environmental regulations get
stricter and more costly, as consumers demand more
environmentally conscious products/and as competitors
; begin to see economic benefits from reducing waste,
industrial management will employ TQEM as it
employed TQM throughout the 1980s. The technology
and the innovative spirit of employees exists; it must
now be focused on the root cause of process waste to
reap the rewards. ,
ENDNOTES
1 Armand V. Feigenbaum. Total Quality Can trot.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991, p 7,
< ibid. •'•--'" .': . " • .• v •
3 W. Edwards Deming. Out of the Crisis. •Cambridge,
MA: MIT, 1986, p. 92.
Kiyoshi Suzaki. The New Manufacturing Challenge. .
New York: The Free Press, 1987, p. 8. ' .
4 It is worth noting that some process waste (such as
some wastewater) is relatively benign to the environment.
The principles of TQEM should be focused on those waste
streams that pose the highest risk to environmental and
human'health. .
5 President's Commission on;. Environmental Quality,
Quality Environmental Management Subcommittee. Total
Quality Management: A Framework for Pollution Prevention.
Washington, 1993.
6 Current accounting systems often neglect to apply the
costs of toxic waste removal and potential liability and
fines (under ever-tightening regulations) directly to the
process department. These costs are generally grouped
together for the whole facility. When these costs factored
in, the "dean" solution often appears more attractive.
Questions
1. Relate how TQM principles apply so well to
environmental issues.
2. Name three environmental customers that might
be affected by a faciHty's waste.
3. Why is the traditional approach to industrial waste
handling insufficient?
4. Why is it necessary to use the team approach when
attacking waste issues?
5. What are some ways to make senior management
more aware of the benefits of TQEM?.
TQM Lesson • 3
Apn41995
-------
Original produced on Hammermill Unity DP,
a 50% post-consumer/ 50% pre-consumer recycled paper
made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
Published by:
The National Pollution Prevention Canter
for Higher Education
University of Michigan. Dana Building
430 East University Ave.
Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-1115.
« Phone: 313-764-1412
• Fax: 313-936-2195 . '
• E-mail: nppc9umich.edu
'.aif'"''
The mission of the NPPC is to promote sustainable development
by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
prevention: create educational materials; provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and .
establish a national network of pollution prevention educators. _
In addition to developing educational'materials and conducting,
rssearch. the NPPC also offers an internship program,
sional education and training, and conferences.
Your Input l» We/com*/
We are very interested in your feedback on these materials.
'Please take a moment to offer your comments and communicate
them to us. Alsd contact us if you wish to receive a documents
list order any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
resources, or be listed in our Oinctory of Pottutton Prevention
in Higfitr Education.
Wi'n Going OnUntl
The NPPC provides information on its programs and educational
materials through the Internes Worldwide Web; our URL is:
http:tfwrww.anre.uinicn.edu/ (dick on "National Pollution
Prevention Center").
We may also update the NPPC information available through
gopher (gopher.snre.umich.edu) and anonymous FTP
(ftp snre.umich.edu). Please contact us if you have comments
about our online resources or suggestions for publicizing our
educational materials through the Internet. Thank you!
4 • TQM Lesson
Apnl 1995
-------
Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research
.NATIONAL POLLUTION PREVENTION CENTER FOR
For the Instructor: Teaching Note
on "The Tragedy of the Commons
and the Decision-Maker"
Purpose
Increasingly, decision analysis techniques are being
applied to decisions outside the traditional engineering
and business spheres. This exercise is designed to
show students that decision analysis is an effective
tool for complex environmental issues. ;
The accompanying article, "The Tragedy of the
Commons and the Decision Maker/' investigates the
failure of the rational decisipn model under certain
resource allocation conditions. Students step through
a decision matrix quantitatively showing "the tragedy
of the commons." Further questions investigate social
systems that can be employed to reduce the impact of .
the "tragedy." . .'."•'
This material was designed for inclusion in an intro-
ductory decision analysis course in industrial engineer-
ing; it is also appropriate for MBA students. Students
should be familiar with the basic concepts of expected
value and decision matrices.
Answers
A510S- •
' IK
weight/cow
2. The Commons collapses with 120 cows.
3. Using the formula: (20 + y)(500 - 10(y + 4x)) where
y=you and x=others, the following is obtained: .„
You add:
0
' 1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
.3
0
•:**?.
- Others
each add:
0
0
L
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
- ..' 3
3:
Your
payoff:
10,000
10,290
9,200
9,450
10,000
10,560
8,400
8,800
10,000
10,810
,• «7,600
"•;*S35SO
vtafi'tf.
Others'
payoff:
10,000
9,200
10,290 >
9,450
10,000
8,400
10360
8300
10,000
7,600
10,810
.. 8,050.
National Pollution Prevention Centsr for Higher Education • University of Michigan
-------
4. As a profit maximizes you and the other farmers
will add cows until the commons collapses.
5. Using the formula ((100 + y + 4x)(500 - 10(y + 4x)))/5
where y=you and x=others, the following results:
You add:
0
1
0
1
1 Others
each add:
! o
i . • o
! i
i
Your
payoff:
10,000
9,898
9,568
9,450
Others'
payoff:
10,000
9,568
9,898
9,450
6. To succeed, the common herd plan must be accepted
by all farmers. If one farmer breaks the agreement,
s/he makes profits at the other farmers' expense (as
is evident in Question 3). Further, this system hints
of socialism—an idea that has its own problems.
Generally, the problem must become bad enough to
encourage participants to adopt the mutual system.
7. Some examples include:
• groundwater (industrial use vs. drinking water)
• breathable air
• timber
• fisheries
The matrix at the end of this compendium's
Resource List indicates eight books and articles
on decision analysis and industrial engineering.
Original produced on Hammennill Unity DP,
a 50% post-consumer/50% pre-consumer recycled paper
made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
Published by:
The National Pollution Prevention Center
for Higher Education
University of Michigan, Dana Building
430 East University Ave.
Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-1115
• Phono: 313-764-1412
• Fax: 313-936-2195 t,
• E-mail: nppcOurruchiadu
The mission of the NPPC is to promote sustainable development
by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
prevention: create educational materials: provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and
establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.,,.
In addition to developing educational materials and conducting,,
research, the NPPC also offers an internship program^profes- ;
sicnal education and training, and conferences. --fcirvr
Your Input i» Wfleomtl
We are very interested in your feedback on these matenals.
Please take a moment to offer your comments and communicate
them to us. Also contact us if you wish to receive a documents
list order any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
resources, or be listed in our Dinctory of PoUutton Prevention
in Higher Education.
Wi'rs Going Onllntl
The NPPC provides information on its programs and educational
matenals through the Internets Worldwide Web; our URL is:
http^/www.snr«.umich.edu/ (click on -National Pollution
Prevention Center*)-
We may,also update the NPPC Information available through
gophe'f (gbpher.snre.umich.edu) and anonymous FTP
(ttp.snrtSniich.edu). Please contact us if you have comments
, abo'ufojif online, resources or suggestions for publicizing our
educational materials through the Internet. Thank you!
2 • Commons Teaching Note
March 1995
-------
Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research
The Tragedy of the Commons
and the Decision-Maker
Prepared by'Leith Harmon, NPPC Research Assistant.
Background and Problem Statement
In 1968, Garret Hardin wrote:an article in Science1
titied "The Tragedy of the Commons." The article had
a significant impact, and the issues if presented were
much debated in the fields, of ecology, law, philosophy,
and psychology. An excerpt of the article that defines
the problem follows: ','-.;
The tragedy of the commons develops this way.
Picture a pasture open to all. It is to be expected
that each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle
as possible on the commons. Such an arrangement
may work reasonably satisfactorily for 'centuries
because tribal wars, poaching, and disease keep
the numbers of both man and beast well below the
carrying capacity of the land. Finally,1 however,
comes the day of reckoning, that is, the day when
the long-desired goal of social stability becomes
a reality. At this point, the inherent logic of the
commons remorselessly generates tragedy.
As a rational being, each herdsman seeks to
maximize his gain, Explicitly or implicitly, more or
less consciously, he asks, "What is the .utility to me
of adding one more animal to my herd?" This util-
ity has one negative and one positive component
1, The positive component is a function of me
increment of one animal: Since the,herdsman
receives all the proceeds from the sale of the ad-
ditional animal, the positive utility is nearly +1.
2. The negative component is a function of the ad-
ditional overgrazing created by one more animal
r Since, however, the effects of overgrazing are
shared by all the herdsmen, the negative utility
for any particular decision-making herdsman is
only a fraction of -1. ...
Adding together the component.partial utilities,
the rational herdsman concludes that the only
sensible course for him to pursue is to add another
animal to his herd. And another, and another... ;.
But his conclusion is reached by each and every
rational herdsman sharing the commons. Therein
is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system
that compels him to increase his herd without limit
— in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination
toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own
best interest in a society that believes in the freedom
of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings
ruin to all.
The article continues with the moral, legal, and
philosophical implications of the dilemma. While
these discussions are beyond the scope of this exercise,
you are encouraged to read the entire article.
Questions
You and four other fanners lease land from the govern-
ment to graze your cattle. The land can support 100
healthy cows, where a healthy cow weighs 500 Ibs.
(For the sake of simplicity, assume that a cow cannot
exceed 500 Ibs., and mat the entire 500 Ibs, is meat
available for market). For every cow (above 100)
added to the field, each suffers a 10-lb. reduction in
weight Further, assume a cow cannot survive (or is not
marketable) below 300 Ibs. The government believes
in a self-policing policy — you and your fellow farmers
must manage your herds on your own. Then answer
the questions on the next page.
1 Hardin, Garrett. "The Tragedy of the Commons." -
Science (December 13,1968): 1243-1248.
National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education • Univeniily of .Michigan
Dana Building, 430 East University, Ann Arbor Ml 48109-111S
Phone:313.764.1412• Fax: 313.936.2195'E-mail:nppcOurnicn.»eiu
May b« reproduced '
freely for non-commercial
Common* Exercise • 1
March 1995
-------
1. Graph the weight of each cow as a function of the
number of cows in the field.
4. As a profit-maximizing farmer, do you add cattle?
What do the other profit-maximizing farmers do?
Z How many cows will cause the commons to collapse
(i.e., at what point does the field fail to support any
cattle)?
3. Each farmer (you and the four others) has 20 head
of cattle. Develop a spreadsheet that shows the
"payoff" that results from your decision to add or
not add one cow vs. every one of the other farmers'
decision to add or not add one cow each (the payoff
should be in total pounds for each farmer's herd).
As an example, the payoff for no. one adding more
cattle would appear as follows:
You add:
. 0
Others add:
0
Your payoff:
10,000
Others' payoff:
10,000
5. Now, assume mat the other farmers come to you
with a plan to share the profits of a common herd
(assuming all five farmers). Show, on a spreadsheet,
the results of your decision to add or not add one
cow vs. every one of the other fanners' decisions to
add or hot add one cow.
6. What stands in the way of implementing the plan
in Question 5?
7. What other agricultural and industrial systems
might be prone to the "Tragedy of the Commons"
problem?
Repeat for two and three cows.
Published by:
The National Pollution Prevention Center
for Higher Education
University of Michigan, Dana Buikflng
430 East University Ave.
Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-1115
• Phona: 313-764-1412
• Fax: 313-936-2195
• E-mail: nppcOumich.edu
The mission of the NPPC is to promote sustainable development
by educating students, faculty, and professional* about pollution
prevention; create educational materials; provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and
establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.
In addition to developing educational materials and conducting
research, the'NPPC also offers an internship program, profes-
sional education and training, and conferences.
Your Input I* We/come/
We are very interested in your feedback on these materials.
Please take a moment to offer your comments and communicate
them to us. Also contact us if you wish to receive a documenta
list orter eny of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
resources, or be listed m our Ofrecftxy of Potation Preventtan
linHfgfterEcfcJcafea
We're Goto? Ontfne/
The NPPC provides information on its programs and educational
materials through the Internet's Worldwide Web; our URL Is:
httpaf/Www^nre.umiehjedu/ (eft* on -National Pollution
Prevention Center")-
We may also update the NPPC information available through
gopher (gopher.snre.umich.eduV and anonymoua FTP
(ftp.snre.umich.edu).,, PJNMise contact us if you have comments
'about our online resources or suggestions for publicizing our
' educational materials through the Internet Thank you!
2 • Common* EXIKIM
March 1995
-------
Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research
NATIONAL POLLlTTON PREVENTION CSHTER'FOS MICHES EOUCAT1ON
Pollution Prevention: A Logical
Role for the Industrial Engineer
Prepared 6y Leith Harmon, NPPC Research Assistant,
under the supervision of Katta Murty, Professor of Industrial
and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan.
Introduction
Industrial engineers do not generally concern them-
selves with pollution, but with the production process.
Historically, that has meant minimizing cost and .maxi-
mizing throughput and quality. The waste generated
in these processes has been taken as a given, to be dealt
with by environmental engineers.
However, as Stephan Schmidheiny of the Business
Councilfor Sustainable Development describes the
environmental crisis, it is everyone's concern:
' Several global trends demand any thinking
person's attention .... First, the human
population is growing extremely rapidly
Second, the last few decades have witnessed
an accelerated consumption of natural resources
Third, both population growth and the
wasteful consumption of resources play a role
in the degradation of many parts of the environ-
ment Fourth, as ecosystems are degraded,
the biological diversity and genetic resources
they contain are lost Fifth, this overuse and
misuse of resources is accompanied by the pol-
lution of atmosphere, water and soil r—often
with substances that persist for long periods.'
Currently as well as historically, industry has dealt
with pollution by using increasingly more sophisti-
cated and expensive methods of control and treatment
. In light .of the issues Schmidheiny raises, the use of
these technologies adds an ever-increasing, non-value-.
added component to product cost. A more proactive
approach is demanded: pollution must be prevented,
not just comrolled after the fact.
The more pollution is prevented from ever being pro-
duced, the less money has to be spent controlling it.
The prevention/control issue arises in other settings
outside of process waste. For instance, antibiotics con-
troi illnesses; vaccines prevent them. Similarly, inspec-
tion controls defects; design for quality prevents defects.
Therefore, the question arises: What role can and
should the industrial engineer play in pollution
prevention? Because industrial engineers (along with
chemical and mechanical engineers) are, responsible for
the production process, they should have a role in
managing its undesired outputs (waste) as well as its
desired outputs (product). Environmental engineers
should be called on in instances when wastes cannot
be prevented at their source by process engineers.
Why Pollution Prevention?
In me past, governmental regulations have emphasized
pollution control. The Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA,
or "Superfund") and the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA) oversee the resolution of
past toxic waste disposal activities mat have adversely
impacted the environment The Resource Conserva-
tion and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulates current dis-
posal activities. The U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) is authorized to fine parties that do not
follow the stipulations of these, acts. Not only are com-
panies legally bound to dispose of their waste pursuant
with these laws, but they are also required to produce
extensive documentation of the wastes they generate,
which is both time-consuming and expensive.
National Pollution Prevention Center tor Higher Education • University of Michigan
Dana Building, 430 East University, Ann Arbor Ml *B109-1115" ' '
Phone: 313.764.1412'Fix: 313.936.2195'E-mail: nppcOumtoh.edu
May be reproduced
f reefy for non-commercial
educational purposes.
Introduction • 1
April 1995
-------
O: way pollution prevention saves companies money
is through decreased regulatory compliance and waste
treatment costs. It can also position them more com-
petitively for future regulation. In 1990, Congress
passed the Pollution Prevention Act, which established
a national policy that "pollution should be prevented
or reduced at the source whenever feasible."2 Unlike
the acts discussed above, the Pollution Prevention Act
Is not enforceable. However, as of 1993,15 states had
issued mandatory, enforceable regulations on pollu-
tion prevention3; others will likely follow. Other coun-
tries already have enforceable policies in place. In Ger-
many, for example, companies are required to collect
and recycle all packaging of their product; they are
thus forced to develop innovative methods of reducing
unnecessary packaging." Whether or not a similar law
is passed in the United States', farsighted companies
will see pollution prevention as a proactive and cost-
effective method of dealing with waste in the future.
Pollution prevention also allows a company to minimize
the future waste-disposal liability. Under Superfund,
businesses can be held liable for the future cleanup
costs of contaminated sites, even if the company followed
the waste disposal procedures put forth by regulations at the
time of disposal. Thus, preventing pollution reduces
costs a firm can expect to pay in the future.
Government isn't the only group calling for pollution
prevention: consumers as well are demanding that
manufacturers produce products sensitive to the envi-
ronment All things being equal Ford Motor Company's
market research shows that consumers are more likely
to buy a product manufactured by the company mat is
perceived as "green." Roper Starch Worldwide annual
surveys show that
as the public's environmental knowledge grows,
so will the cost of being perceived as a polluter....
McDonald's is a [good] case in point In the 1980s,
the company had a negative environmental image
associated with its use of polystyrene packaging.
Now it has become one of the leading proponents
of recycling and consumer education, and it is the
top-rated company in the U.S. in terms of its
environmental reputation among consumers.
Principles of Pollution Prevention
for the Industrial Engineer
While pollution prevention focuses on the reward of a
cleaner environment, the benefits to a company's bottom
line should not be overlooked. L. P. Sullivan states
that quality-focused actions and expenditures are:
strongly centered in the problem-solving arena,
with less attention to the other end of the spectrum:
product development.... To move to the same
position as the Japanese ... the quality issue must
be pushed farther and farther upstream.6
This paradigm can also be used to illustrate pollution's
impacts (5n and costs to the production process. The
Taguchi loss function and the Taguchi methods have
shown that engineers who initially perform to specifi-
cation and subsequently design products and processes
for quality can reduce the costs of production. The
same concepts apply equally well to preventing pollu-
tion. Focus on waste treatment should be replaced by
efforts to continuously improve current manufacturing
processes to minimize waste. As these projects reach a
mature state, focus should in turn be placed on design-
ing products and processes that prevent waste in the
first place. (See Figure 1)
In current practice, products and processes are generally
designed without regard to waste. The responsibility
for dealing with waste falls to the environmental
engineer, who must handle these process by-products
after they are produced. This is similar to designing
a product merely for function, concerned more with
short-term cost and throughput than with quality and
long-term cost (per Taguchis Loss Function), and relying
on inspection to root out defective products.
For example, for the majority of companies painting
auto bodies, the process utilizes solvents containing
toluene and xylene. These toxic chemicals comprise
the majority of airborne pollutants released to the
environment by auto companies. Sophisticated smoke
stack scrubbers send solvents skyward. Per Sullivan's
paradigm, using scrubbers qualifies as treatment.
In following Sullivan's model, businesses should first
begin to address pollution at the manufacturing pro-
cess level. While treatment focuses on handling waste
after the fact, waste reduction is a proactive approach:
taking an existing process and minimizing the waste
it produces by making small mechafvical and chemical
process changes.
Introduction • Z
Apnl 1995
-------
Product
Development
Product & Process
Design
Manufacturing
Process
Problem-Solving
(Treatment)
Production Phase
FIGURE 1: POTENTIAL FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION
Some forward-thinking companies (such as 3M, Dow,
Ford, S. C. Johnson & Sons, Polaroid, and IBM) have
begun to study their current manufacturing processes
in an effort to reduce the waste they generate. While
Toyota has made continuous process improvement fa-
mous in an effort to reduce defects, 3M and Dow have
used the idea of continuous improvemerit in an effort
to reduce process waste. Through a formalized pro-
gram, "Pollution Prevention Pays," 3M has been able
to halve its pollution between 1975 and 1989. Dow's
program, "Waste Reduction Always Pays" (WRAP),
has resulted in a 21% reduction in overall releases
reported under SARA between 1987 and 1989.
In the paint shop example, it is common'for American
auto companies to change paint color with each car
that goes through the process. As a result, any paint
remaining in the previous lines must be purged before
painting each car; in addition, the purging and refilling
setup activity adds time to the process. When auto
manufacturers change from this process to"block
painting" (sending like-colored cars through the paint
line in batches), they reduce purged paint sludge and
the fugitive solvent emissions of toluene and xylene.
Further, block painting decreases me setup time in-
volved in the process.
Whether addressing quality, or waste, continuous
improvement can only go so far in improving a process
that has already been designed. Once all marginal
gains are realized in the current process, attention
needs to be directed to designing processes that
prevent waste rrom ever being created.
Continuing the paint shop example, technology now.
exists to paint cars without the toxic toluene and xylene
solvents. Similar to the way a photocopier affixes ink
to paper, electrostatic painting can adhere paint to
treated metal. While the scrubber represents treatment
and block painting represents waste reduction, shifting
to the electrostatic painting process represents pollution
prevention by design. According to data from Toyota,
the electrostatic technology exists, and actually exhibits
better quality characteristics man solvent-based painting.
Unfortunately, paint booths represent a large capital
investment (upwards of $10 million) that is usually
amortized over a decade. Because the Big Three auto-
makers have all invested in new solvent-based paint
booths within the past five years, electrostatic painting
will not become commonplace in the U.S. for another
five to ten years.
The IE/OR Pollution Prevention
Educational'Resource Compendium
It should now be obvious that industrial engineers,
along with their chemical and mechanical engineering
colleagues, must play a role in developing industrial
processes that prevent pollution. To adequately train
future engineers, curricula must be developed, cata-
logued; and disseminated to industrial engineering
faculty. The accompanying "Pollution Prevention and
IE/OR Resource List" addresses-this need by taking
inventory of the pollution prevention educational
resources available in the field. TO assist readers in ^
focusing on their, field of specialty, these materials are
introduction • 3
April 1995
• V7-
-------
organized by industrial engineering subtopics: Decision
Analysis, Facilities Planning, Operations Research,
Production Contol, Total Quality Management, Capital
Budgeting, and Organizational Design/Management
of Change. Existing educational material includes
books, journal articles, case studies, and syllabi. Other
materials in this compendium include articles, case
studies with teaching notes, and problem sets.
Conclusion
The goal of pollution prevention in the design process
is an ideal toward which all companies should strive.
Given the present state of American industry, however,
significant gains can still be achieved in altering current
manufacturing processes. And, as long as this is the case,
industrial engineers will to play a crucial role in the
successful implementation of pollution prevention.
ENONOTES
1 Stepnan Schmidheiny. Changing Course. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, 1992.
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, 42 Pub. L. No. 101-508,
§§6601-6610,104Stat, 1388.
3 A list of current state pollution prevention laws is
available in the NPPC's Business Law Compendium,
in "Business Law and Pollution Prevention Resource
List."
••Joanna D. Underwood and Bette Fishbein. "Making
Wasteful Packaging Extinct." The New York Times
(April 4,1993): sec. 3, p. F13.
'Peter Stisser. "A DEEPER Shade of Green." American
Demographics (March 1994): 26,28.
SL.P. Sullivan. "The Seven Stages of Company-wide
Quality Control." Quality Progress, (May 1986): 39-50.
."raw i
Introduction • 4
Apnl 1995
-------
Discussion Points
Why should a company look to pollution prevention?
Historically, industry has dealt with pollution using
increasingly more sophisticated and expensive methods
of control. The use of these technologies 'adds an ever
increasing non value-added component to a product's
cost. A more proactive approach is demanded when
• addressing this issue. Pollution must be prevented,
not just controlled after the fact. With pollution pre-
vention, there Will be less pollution to control, resulting
in lowered costs.
Companies are legally bound to dispose of their waste
properly. Further, they are also required to produce
time consuming documentation of the wastes they
generate. Far sighted companies will see pollution
prevention as a proactive and cost-effective method of
dealing with waste in the future. |
What an other examples of the prevention/control issue?
The prevention/control issue arises in other settings
outside of pollution prevention. For instance, vaccines
prevent illnesses, while antibiotics control illnesses. Pre-
ventative car maintenance prevents wear, while replac-
ing worn parts deals with the problem after the fact.
Design for quality prevents defects, while inspection
controls defects. -
6 " . •
What is the industrial engineer's rote in P2?
i 'i '
Because the industrial engineer (along with chemical
and mechanical engineers) is responsible for the
production process, he/she should be responsible for
managing the undesired outputs (waste) of the pro-
duction process as well as the desired output (product).
The environmental engineer should be called on to
treat only those wastes that cannot be prevented by
process engineers.
What are examples of pollution treatment and control?
- smoke s&ck scrubbers ,
- waste water treatment
- landfill disposal
What are some examples of existing manufacturing
process change to reduce pollution?
- block painting
- recycling rinse water
- recycling washer chemicals
. i •"
- recycling office paper
- reusable containers
What are some examples of process design to
prevent pollution?
- electrostatic painting
- packaging redesign
- "paperless" office automation
-------
Original produced on Hammennill Unity DP,
a 50% post-consumer/50% pre-consumer recycled paper
made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
Published by:
The National Pollution Prevention Canter
for Higher Education
University of Michigan. Dana Building
430 East University Ave.
AnnArbOf. Ml 48109-1115
• Phone: 313-764-1412
• Fax: 313-936-2195
• E-mail: nppcOumich.edu
The mission of the NPPG is to promote sustainable development
by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
prevention; create educational materials; provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and
establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.
In addition to developing educational materials and conducting
researcfi, lie NPPC also offers" an internship program, profes-
sional 'education and training, and conferences.
Your Input I* Wdcom*!
We are very interested in your feedback on these materials.
Pleas* take a moment to offer your comments and communtcate
them to us. Also contact us if you wish to receive a dcxuments
list order any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
rMOurces.or be «sted in our Dfrectory of Pollution Pnvtrtion
in Hfghtr Education.
Wt'n Going Onlln»l
The NPPC provide* information on its programs and educational
materials through the Internet's Worldwide Web; our URt .s:
h^/«w»w.«me.umich.edu/ (dick on -National Polluton
Prevention Center*)-
We may also update the NPPC informafion available through
gopher (gopher.snre.umich.edu) and anonymous FTP
• (ftp snre.umteh.edu). Please contact us if you have comments
V about our online resources or suggestions for publicizing our
educational matsrials through the Internet Thank you!
Introduction • 6
Apnt 1995
-------
Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research
NATKHUU. "OU.UTKX
CSffTW Fa* M10XB tDUCATKX
Pollution Prevention and IE/OR
Resource List
The following educational tools and research materials an suggested for faculty
who are incorporating pollution prevention concepts and tools into their courses;
please contact us if you can suggest additions. This list is organized by .publication
type with relevant IE/OR subdisdplines noted in brackets: General [GJ, Derision
Analysis IDA], Facilities Planning [FPJ, Operations Research [OR], Production
Control [PCLTotal Quality Management (TQM/, Capital Budgeting ICB], and
Organizational Design/Management of Change fOD/MCj. This information is
also shown by the matrix on pp. 6-7. Documents available through the NPPC .
are mar/ted with our logo( A). Att publications Usted here are described mthts
compendium's AnMtatedBmiograpry.whick is isrgm
Educational Tools
Articles
Harmon, Leith S. "A Logical Role for the Industrial
Engineer: Pollution Prevention." NPPC, 1995. [GJ 4*
. "Pollution Prevention and Facilities Planning."
NPPC, 1995. [FP] A :
——-. Total Quality Management: A Methodology
for Pollution Prevention." NPPC, 1995. fTQM] «m .
Case Studies
Amoco Corporation and the University of Michigan.
"Amoco and the Environmental Decision Analysm."
NPPC, 1995. [DA] A ,
Harmon, Leith S., and Katta Murty. -Pollution
Prevention as Continuous Improvement at Ford
Motor Company." NPPC, 1995. [TOM] A
Bodily, Sam. "Armco Inc.—The Bubble Policy"
(Report #UVA-QA-227). Chariottesville, VA: Darderi
Graduate School of Business, 1982. Cost $2.50.
To order, call Darden Educational Services at
804/924-3009. [OR] .. •
Upton, Dave, and Joshua MargcHis. "Australian
Paper Manufacturers." Cases A and B (Report ttN9^
691-041). Boston: Harvard Business School, 1990.
Cost $5.25. Available by calling Customer Service
at 800/545-6785. [PC]
Exercises
Harmon, Leith S. "The Tragedy of the Commons and
the Decision Maker." NPPC, 1995. [DA] 4*
Syllabi
Clark, William, and Robert Frosch. ESPP 98 /ENR
204: Reducing Industrial Wastes. Harvard University,
Spring 1994.
Ellington, Rex T. HON3993: Clean Fuels and Clean
Technology: The Technical, Environmental, and
PoUcy Issues. University of Oklahoma, May 1994.
Ppjasek, Robert B. CE-194J: Pollution Prevention.
Tufts University, Spring 1994.
Turner, Wayne C. INDEN 5943: Hazardous Material/
Waste Management. Oklahoma State University,
.Spring 1994.
Video
Amoco Corporation. Second Victory at Yorktown.
1993.30 minutes, $14. jt
National Pollution Prevention Center for Higtw Eo^tton • Urtverwty of Michigan
Dana Building. 430 East University. Ann Aroor Ml 48109-111.5 .
Phone: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936.2195-E-mail: nppcOurnich.e
-------
Research Materials
Books
Ausubel, Jesse H., and Hedy E. Sladovich. Technol-
ogy and the Environment, pp. 143-252. Washington:
National Academy Press, 1989. [OD/MC, PC]
Brown, Lester. Building a Sustainable Society, pp.
284-348. New Yoric Norton, 1981. [OD/MC, PC]
Burall, Paul. Green Design. London: The Design
Council, 1991. [FP.OD]
Caimcross, Frances. Costing the Earth, 143-252.
London: Economist Books, 1991. [OD/MC, PC, TQM]
Chechile, Richard A., and Susan Carlisle. Environ-
mental Decision Making. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1991. [DA] ;
Dauncey, Guy. "How Green Is Your Company?—A
Corporate 'Green Rating.'" In Green Business: Hope
or Hoax? edited by Christopher Rant and Judith Plant,
66-70. Philadelphia: New Society, 1991. [G, TQM]
Hirschhom, Joel S., and Kirsten U. Oldenburg.
Prosperity Without Pollution. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. [OD/MC, PC, TQM]
Kharbanda, O.P., and E.A. Stallworthy. Waste
Management. New York: Auburn House, 1990.
[G, FP, OD/MC, PC]
Konz/Steven A. Facility Design, pp. 347-353.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1985. [FP]
Molinaro, Lawrence, Jr. Production and Operations
Management and the Environment. Washington:
Management Institute for Environment and Busi-
ness, 1991.470 pp. Available for $79 (plus $11.85
S&H) from MEB, 202/833-6556. [OD/MC, PC, TQM]
Piasecki, Bruce, and Peter Asmus. In Search of
Environmental Excellence. New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1990. [OD/MC, TQM]
President's Commission on Environmental Quality,
Quality Environmental Management Subcommittee.
Total Quality Management A Framework for Pollution
Prevention. Washington: President's Commission on
Environmental Quality, 1993. To obtain a copy, call
PCEQ 202/395-5750 (fax: 202/395-3745). [TQM].
Schmidheiny. Stephan, with the Business Council
for Sustainable Development. Changing Course: A
Global Business Perspective on Development and
the Environment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992..
[G, FP, OD/MC, PC]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Pollution Prevention. Pollution Prevention 1991:
Progress on Reducing Industrial Pollutants. EPA/
21P-3003. Washington: U.S. EPA, 1991. To order,
call the U.S. EPA's Pollution Prevention Information
Clearinghouse at 202/260-1 023. [OD/MC]
Journal Articles
Aim, Alvin L. "Pollution Prevention and TQM."
Environmental Science and Technology, 26 (1992):
452.
Bender, Paul S., William D. Northup, and Jeremy F.
Shapiro. "Practical Modeling for Resource Manage-
ment." Harvard Business Review 60 (March/April
1981): 163-1 73. [DA, OR]
Berglund, R.L., and C.T. Lawson. "Preventing
Pollution in the CPI." Chemical Engineering 98
(September 1 991 ): 1 20-1 27. [G]
Caplan, Dartene W. "Syivania's GTE Products
Problem Stoppers: #1 Employee Involvement Team."
Total Quality Environmental Management 2 (Winter
1992/93): 159-164. [OD/MC, TQM]
Cramer, J.M., and B. Roes. Total Employee
Invplvement: Measures for Success." Total Quality
Environmental Management 3 (Autumn 1993): 39-
52. rtQM, OD/MC]
Deland, Michael R. "An Ounce of Prevention ...
After 20 Years of Cure." Environmental Science and
Technology, 25 (1991): 4. [G, TQM]
Early, William F., and Mark A. Eldson. "Design for
Zero Releases." Hydrocarbon Processing 69 (August
1990): 47-49. [FP]
Evanhoff, Stephan P. "Hazardous Waste Reduction
in the Aerospace Industry." Chemical Engineering
Progress 86 (April 1990): 51-61 .
Fetohtinger, G., and M. Luptacik. "Optimal Produc-
tion and Abatement Policies of a Firm." European
Journal of Operations Research 29 (1987): 274-
285. [OR]
Freeman, Henry, Teresa Harten, Johnny Springer,
Paul Randall, Mary Ann Curran, and Kenneth Stone.
"Industrial Pollution Prevention: A Critical Review."
Air and Waste (Journal of the Air and Waste Manage-
ment Association) 42, no. 5 (May 1992): 618-656.
[G, PC, TQM] -
Z • Rtaourca Ust
April 1995
-------
Friedlander, Sheldon K. "Pollution Prevention: Impli-
cations for Engineering Design, Research and Educa-
tion.' Environment 31 (May 1989): 10-15, 36-38. [G]
Frosch, Robert A., and Nicholas E. Gallopoulos.
"Strategies for Manufacturing." Scientific American
261 (September 1989): 144-152, [Q, PC, TQM] *
Goldner, Howard J. "Waste Minimization Starts at
the Top." Research and Development Magazines*
(September 1991): 48-52. [G, OD/MC]
Green, Philip EJ. "Environmental TQM," Quality
Progress 26 (May 1993): 77-80. [TQM] ,
Gregory, Paul, Richard Larspn, and Alan Minkoff.
"Dirty Work." ORMS Today19 (June 1992): 34-39.
[OR]
Hahn, Robert W. "On Reconciling Conflicting Goals:
Applications of Multi-Objective Programming." Opera-
tions Research 32, no. 1 (1984); 221-288. [OR]
Harnalainen, Raimo P. "Decision Analysis Makes Its
Way Into Environmental Policy in Finland." OR/MS
Today (June 1992): 40-43. [DA]
Haynsworth, H.C., and R. Tim Lyons. "Remahu-
facturing By Design." Production and inventory
Management (2nd Quarter 1987): 24-29. [PC] A
Hethcoat, Henry G. "Minimize Refinery Waste." -
Hydrocarbon Processing 69 (August 1990): 51-54.
> Hocking, Martin B. "Paper vs. Polystyrene: A Comptex
Choice." Science 251 (February 1,1991): 504-505
Imbler, C. Clarke'. "Who Pays the Price for Environ-
mental Pollution?" Pollution Engineering 21 (Sept
1989): 92-94. [G, CB]
Keeney, Ralph L. "Structuring Objectives for Prob-
lems of Public Interest." Operations Research 36,
no. 3 (May/June 198&): 396-405. [DA]
Kirsh, F.W., and G.P. Looby, "Case Study: Pollution
Prevention in Practice." Pollution Prevention Review
1, no. 2 (Spring 1991): 25-28. [G]
Koelsch, James R. "Knee Deep in Liability?" Manu-
facturing Engineering 107 (August 1991): 28-33. [G]
Koenigsberger, M.D. "Preventing Pollution at the
Source." Chemical Engineering Progress 82 (May
. 1986): 7-9. [G]
- Kraft. Robert L. "Incorporate Environmental Reviews
into Facility Design." Chemical Engineering Progress
88 (August 1992): 46-52. [FP] A
Maruchek, Ann, and Lansdon Robbins. "Business
Ethics: The Materials/Manufacturing Perspective."
Production and Inventory Management Journal 29
(4th Quarter 1988): 16-19. [PC]
O'Sulltvan, Dermot A. "Bayer Targets Process
Modification as Approach to Pollution Prevention,"
Chemical & Engineering News 69 (October 21 ,
1991): 21-25. [G, OD/MC, PC]
CHsen, Marvin E. "Public Acceptance of Consumer
Energy Conservation Strategies." Journal of Eco-
nomic Psychology 4, no. 2 (October 1983): 183-
196.[OD/MC1
Oskamp, Stuart Psychology's Role in the Conserving
Society." Population and Environment 6, no. 4 (Winter
1983: Behavioral Science Issue): 255-293. [OD/MC]
Painter, John, Rachel Semenik, and Russell Belk.
•Is There a Generalized Energy Conservation Ethic?
A Comparison of the Determinants of Gasoline and
Home Heating Energy Conservation." Journal of
Economic Psychology 3, no. 3-4 (September 1983):
317-331. [OD/MC]
Pojasek, Robert B. "For Pollution Prevention: Be
Descriptive Not Prescriptive." Chemical 'Engineering
98 (September 1 991 ): 1 36-1 39. [G]
Pojasek, Robert B., and Lawrence J. Coli. "Measuring
Pollution Prevention Progress." Pollution Prevention
Review 1 , no. 2 (Spring 1 991 ): 1 1 9-1 30; [G]
Price, Roger L "Stopping Waste at the Source."
CMI Engineering 60 (April 1990): 67-69. [G, PC]
Remmers, J., Th. Morgenstem, G. Schoens, H.-D.
Haasis, and 6. Rentz. "Integration of Air Pollution
Control Technotogies-in Linear Energy-Environmental
Models." European Journal of Operational Research
47 (1990): 306-316. [OR]
Robinson, Alan G., and Dean M. Schroeder. "Detect-
ing and Eliminating Invisible Waste." Production and
Inventory Management Journal 33, no. 4 (Fourth
Quarter 1992): 37-42. [PC, TQM]
Tusa, Wayne. "Developing an Environmental Audit
Program." Risk Management 32 (August 1987):
24-29.
Van Steen, Jacques F.J. "A Methodology for Aiding
Hazardous Materials Transportation." European Jour-
nal of Operational Research 32 (1987): 231-244, [DA]
Van Weenen, J.C, and J. Eckels. "Design and Waste
Prevention." The Environmental Professional 11.
(1 991): 231-235. [FP, TQM] "esr .
April 1995
-------
V in Winteneidt, Detlo* '" - Standards for
Offshore Oil Discharges, - egulatory Decision
Analysis." Operations Research 30 (September/
October 1982): 867-886 [DA]
Winett, Rachel A., and Peter Ester. "Behavior Sci-
ence and Energy Conservation: Conceptualizations,
Strategies, Outcomes, Energy Policy Applications."
Journal of Economic Psychology 3, no. 3-4 (Sept.
1983): 203-229. [OD/MC]
Wisner, Joel D., and Stanley E. Fawcett. "Linking
Firm Strategy to Operating Decisions Through
Performance Measurement." Production and Inven-
tory Management Journal 32, no. 3 (Third Quarter
1991): 5-11. [PC, TQM]
Contacts
Contributors to Pollution Prevention
Education in IE/OR
Ken Baker
Amos Tuck School of Business
Dartmouth College
Hanover, NH 03755
603/646-2064
Developing curricula in pollution prevention to be
incorporated into operations management courses.
YazuvBozer
Industrial and Operations Engineering Department
University of Michigan
1205 Seal Ave.
Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-2117
313/936-2177
Plans to incorporate pollution prevention concepts into
the next edition of the popular textbook Facilities Plan-
ning, of which he is an editor. Supervised the facilities
planning lesson available in this compendium.
Peter Dewhurst
Industrial Engineering .
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, Rl 02881
401/792-2455
"Design for disassembly" is one of the criteria in his
research work in Design for Service. He investigates
design-for-disassembly issues with students in their
senior design projects.
Charles R. Hadlock, Chair
Mathematical Sciences Department
Bentley College
175 Forest St.
Waltham, MA 02154-4705
617/891-2178
Researches analytical techniques for environmental
risk management and environmental transport models.
Teaches a popular multidisciplinary course on environ-
mental risk that requires students to apply a variety of
quantitative techniques to analyze environmental issues.
H.C. Haynsworth, Associate Professor
Business Administration
Winthrop College
Rock Hill, SC 29733 • ' • t
803/323-2211 '
Works with students conducting pollution prevention
opportunity assessments at local businesses; these
assessments are sponsored by the U.S. EPA and the
state of South Carolina.
Ian I. Mitroff, Director
Center for Crisis Management
Graduate School of Business
Bridge Hall 200
University of Southern California
Los Angetes, CA 90089-1421
213/740-8504 .
While pollution prevention is not an explicit research
area for this professor, many cases he analyzes deal
with environmental crises and how to avert them:
pollution prevention is often one of the answers. Im-
presses upon students the need for cross-discipline
thinking as a way to address today's complex problems.
4 • Hflsourcs List
Apnl 199S
-------
William Moomaw ... ; . ,
Center for Environmental Management ••
Tufts University,
474 Boston Ave. '
Medford,MA02155 :
617/627-2732 • ., ' ;
Focuses on incorporating environmental factors into
traditional decision models. His courses ;include
"Introduction to Environmental Studies" and "Envi-
ronmental Policy Analysis," which apply decision
techniques to environmental issues.
Katta Murty, Professor
Industrial and Operations Engineering
University of Michigan
1205Beal Ave.
Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-2117
313/763-3513
Working on a book that will apply operations research
techniques to environmental issues. Supervised
several of the lessons in this compendium.
Dundee Navin-Chandra, Research Scientist
School of Computer Science/Robotics Institute
Carnegie-Mellon University
5COO Forbes Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 ,
412/268-7019 (e-mail: dchandra®cs.cmu.edu)
Dr. Navin-Chandra's interests lie in the design and
production of "green" products. He has pioneered &
product design methodology mat includes both prod-
uct quality and environmental sensitivity, which are
discussed in his "EngmeeringjPublic Policy" course.
Robert Pojasek __ ^
Civil/Environmental Engineering Department
Tufts University
1021 Main Street
Winchester, MA 01890
617/721-4000
His popular graduate course. "Pollution Prevention."
examines how a manufacturer can go about manufac-
turing a product more efficiently based on a thorough
f process analysis and material balance. He is past presi-
dent of the American Institute of Follution Prevention.
Wayne C. Turner, Professor ,
: School of Industrial Engineering and Management
Oklahoma State University
322 Engineering North
Stillwater, OK 74078
-" 405/744-6055
Teaches a course in the I.E. department that explores
the issues of hazardous waste management, of which
pollution prevention is a part. Pollution prevention
figures prominently in his research in industrial
hazardous waste management.
Organizations
Brad Sperber, education liaison
Coalition for Environmentally Responsible
Economics (CERES)
711 Atlantic Avenue
Boston, MA 02111
617/451-9495 •
An independent, non-profit organization that pro-
motes environmentally conscious business practices
through its ten-point code of environmental conduct
Businesses sign an agreement to follow the code of .
conduct and report on their performance. This infor-
mation is then available to the public.
JaneMcGuire
The Global Environmental Management Initiative
2000 L Street NW, Suite 710
Washington, DC 20036
202/296-7449
A business coalition of 27 leading American compa-
nies, dedicated to fostering environmental excellence
in businesses worldwide. Through workshops, an
annual conference, and many documents, GEMI shares
its mission with corporations, government, non-profit
organizations, and academia. Specific educational
tools include primers on Total Quality Environmental
Management fTQEM) and Benchmarking. Under
development are primers on Environmental Reporting
and Cost Effective Pollution Prevention.
Lawrence Mblinaro, Jr. .
Management Institute for Environment and Business
122016th Street NW
Washington, DC 20036
202/833-6556
Fax: 202/833-6228 ,
An independent non-profit organization that promotes
environmentally conscious and competent general
management by integrating environmental issues into
management research, education and practice. Its edu-
cational initiatives include Production and Operations
Management and the Environment, the first of seven
modules on environmental considerations in business.
Rt«ourc* Lat • 5
April 1995
55
-------
TQM
OR OD/MCi PC
Amoco, 1995
Ausubel and Sladovich, 1989
Bender etal., 1981
Berglund and Lawson. 1991
Bodily, 1982
Brown, 1981
Caimcross, 1991
Caplan, 1992/93
Chechile and Carlisle, 1991
Cramer and Roes, 1993
Dauncey, 1991
Deland, 1991
Feichtinger and Luptacik, 1987
Freeman et al., 1992
Friedlander, 1989
FroschandGaUopoulos. 1989
Goldner, 1991
Green, 1993
Gregory et al.. 1992
Hahn, 1984
Hamalainen, 1992
Harmon (Logical Role), 1995
Harmon (P2 and Fac. PlanT 1995
Harmon (TQM), 1995
Harmon (Tragedy). 1995
Harmon and Murty. 1995
Haynsworth and Lyons, 1987
Hirschhom and OktenburgTl991
Imbler, 1989
Keeney, 1988
Kharbanda and Stallworthy. 1990
Kirsh and Looby, 1991
Koelsch, 1991
Koenigsberger, 1992
ut 01
6 « Rttourc* List
Apnl 1995
-------
1- - i
Konz,1985
Kraft. 1992
Maruchfik and Bobbins. 1 988 ,
Molinaro, 1991
O'Sullivan, 1991
Olsen, 1983
Oskarnp, 1983
Painter etal., 1983
Piasecki and Asmus, 1990
Poiasek, 1991
Pojasek and Coli, 1991
PCEQ, 1993 '
Price. 1990
Remmers etal., 1990
Robinson and Schroeder, 1992
Schmidheiny, 1992
Tusa. 1 987
Upton and Margolis, 1990
U.S. EPA, 1991
VanSteen, 1987
Van Weenen and Eckels, 1991
Von WinterfeWt, 1982
Winett and Ester, 1983
Wisner and Fawcett, 1991
Q
,
X
"
X
X
X
X
:
*
CB
-DA
*
X
FP
X
X
>;
X
•x
OR J^
i
X
' .,
OD/MC|
X'
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
PC |
X
X
X
X
X
X
.»
TQM "-
Ml. 1 I.I '— '
X '
X
*
X
^ _____«___
X
•
: x
X
Resource List • 7
April 199S
5
-------
Original produced on Hammermill Unity DP,
a 50% post-consumcr/50% pre-consumer recycled paper
made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
Published by:
Th« National Pollution Pr«v«ntion Center
for Higher Education
University of Michigan. Dana Building
430 East University Ave.
Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-1115
• Phone: 313-764-1412
•Fax: 313-938-2195
• E-mail: nppcOurmch.edu
The mission of the NPPC is to promote sustainable development
by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
prevention; create educational materials; provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and
establish a national -.- -«ork of pollution prevention educators.
In addition to developing educational materials and conducting
research, the NPPC also offers an internship program, prpfes- -
stonal education and, training, and conferences.
Your Input It Wilcomel
We are very interested in your f eedback on these materials.
PIMM take a moment to offer your comments and communicate
themtous. AJaoca^usifyouvirishtoreceiveadocuriMnts
list order any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
resourcas. or be listed in our Directory of Pollution Prevention
in Higfttr Education,
»n Going Onlln*! ^^
The NPPC providM information on Ha programs and educational
mattrkls through the Internet's Worldwide Web; our UflL. is:
http://www.8nre.umleh.edu/ (dick on "National Pollution
Prevention Center*).
We may also update the NPPC information available through
'"gopHe'r (gopher.snre.umich':edu) and anonymous FTP
" -(fS5riri.umich.edu). Please contact us if you have comments
about our online resources or suggestions for publicizing our
educational materials through the Internet Thank you! •
8 • RtMurc* Ust
ApfH 1995
-------
industrial Engineering
and Operations Research
rr,™. ooEucunaN CEKTCB FOP HIGH6B EDUCATION
Annotated Bibliography of IE/OR-
Related Pollution Prevention Sources
For information on obtaining many of the sources listed here, see
which is arranged by publication type. Bracketed abbreviations indicate the IE/OR
subdisapline(s) to which each document is relevant: General [Gl, Decision
Analysis [DA], Facilities Planning ffPl Operations Research IORL Production
Control {PCI Total QualityMdnagement [TQM], Capital Budgeting ICBL and
Organizational Design/Management of Change [OD/MCl This infomaiwn *
also shown in the matrix at the end of this document.
Aim, Alvin L "Pollution Prevention and TQM." Envi-
ronmental Science and Technology, 2G (1992): 452.
The author discusses the conceptual similarities of
TQM and pollution prevention. He calls on environ-
; mental professionals to embrace TQM, and calls on
companies with existing TQM programs to embrace
pollution prevention. [TQM]
Amoco Corporation. Second Victory at Yorktown.
, 1993. :
This 30-minute video documents the cooperative
project between Amoco and the EPA to explore pollu-
tion reduction at a petroleum refinery.;The results of
the project have important implications for both engi-
neering and business.
Amoco Corporation and the University of Michigan.
"Amoco and the Environmental Decision Analysis."
NPPC, 1995.
; Investigates Amoco's use of the Analytical Hierarchy
Process in a pollution prevention project at its
Yorktown refinery. Includes discussion questions.
Ausubel, Jesse H., and Hedy E. Sladovich. Technol-
ogy and the Environment, pp. 143-252. Washington:
National Academy Press, 1989.
Under the subject titles of "Industrial Metabolism,"
"Dematerialization," and "Regularities in Technologi-
cal Development," this book presents the concept of
how technology interacts with the environment. While
the material is somewhat technical in nature, the sys-
tems approach to environmental problems makes it
relevant to industrial engineering. Production pro-
cesses are reviewed to identify associated environmen-
tal problems. The authors discuss the use of technology
to solve environmental problems, specific opportunities
to use technology, and the importance of educating
current and future engineers and managing techno-
logical change in employing this technology. The tone
of the book tends toward the "technology can solve all
our problems" side qf the debate. [6D/MC][PC]
Bender, Paul S., William D. Northup, and Jeremy F.
Shapiro. "Practical Modeling for Resource Manage-
ment." Harvard Business Review 60 (March/April
1981): 163-173.
International Paper is the world's largest manufacturer
of paper products. Managing these resources is clearly
a formidable task. The authors discuss the successful
design, implementation and use of a practical model-
ing system to manage these resources. Implicit in ttus
model is the requirement to minimize waste. [DAJIOKI
Berglund, R.L., and CT. Lawson. "Preventing Pollu-
tion in the CPI." Chemical Engineering^ (September
1991): 120-127.
This article provides a thorough review of the compo-
nents of'pollution prevention in the chemical process
industries (CPI). Successful pollution prevention
programs demand the attention to eight aspects of a
.manufacturing operation: product design, process
design, plant configuration, information and control
systems, human resources, research and development,
suppliers' role and relationship, and organization. [GJ
National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education • University of Michigan
Dana Buildina. 430 East University. Ann Artxjr Ml 48109-1115
May be reproduced
fre«lv for non-comm«reiiil
Annotated Bibliography-1
-------
Bodily. Sam. 'Armco Inc.-The Bubble Policy; (Report
*UVA-QA-227). Charlottesville, VA: Darden Graduate
School of Business (University of Virginia), 1982.
This case employs a simplified linear programming
model to evaluate operating and capital investment
options under the "bubble policy" method for measur-
ing air pollution emissions. [OR]
Brown, Lester. Building a Sustainable Society,
pp. 284-348. New York: Norton, 1981.
The author first discusses the effects of industrializa-
tion on the environment. He then identifies social and
economic strategies for sustainable development. Of
these strategies, changing social values and altering the
role of business are particularly relevant to organiza-
tional design; the strategies relevant to production
control include alternative energy sources and altering
the role of business. [OD/MC][PC]
Burall, Paul. Green Design. London: The Design
Council, 1991.
This book is a reference for the use of environmentally
considerate materials and technologies. The specific
industrial examples about material substitution, recy-
cling, packaging and energy use, and efficiency are rel-
evant to facilities planning; the author looks at motiva-
tion and management of technological change as it re-
lates to implementing these technologies. [FP][OD/MC]
Caimcross, Frances. Costing the Earth, 143-252.
London: The Economist Books, 1991.
This book looks at the unique environmental challenges
facing business and government today.. The shortcom-
ings of contemporary accounting methods and process
control techniques in dealing with environmental issues
are explored in detail. The author shows that internal-
izing environmental costs can lead to prosperity. To
this end, a "green" checklist is provided for industry.
Similar to quality checklists in many ways, this check-
list includes management-of-change elements managers
should employ as well as factors for consideration in
production control. The author also provides data for
societal costs of pollution and the value of natural re-
sources that go unused. [OD/MC][PC][TQM]
Caplan, Dartene W. "Syivania's GTE Products Prob-
lem Stoppers: #1 Employee Involvement Team."
Total Quality Environmental Management 2 (Winter
1992/93): 159-164.
The article discusses the winner of the 1992 Association
for Quality and Participation's National Team Excel-
lence Competition. A nine-person work team called
the Problem Solvers from Sylvania Lighting in York,
Pennsylvania, won for eliminating glass waste at York
by recycling it in the plant. [TQM][OD/MC]
Chechile, Richard A., and Susan Carlisle. Environ-
mental Decision Making. New York: Van Nostrand
ReinhoW, 1991.
This book discusses the following topics: psychological
factors; ecosystem perspectives; probability, utility and
decision trees; factoring risk; the economic model; re-
source allocation; ethical aspects; public policy deci-
sion making; regulatory decisions; and international
decision making. Of particular interest to industrial
engineers are the introductory chapter (which expands
the currently used elements of the decision making
process to include costs external to the decision-maker),
and the use of utility theory in environmental decision
making. [DA]
Cramer, J.M., and B. Roes. Total Employee Involve-
ment: Measures for Success." Total Quality Environ-
mental Management 3 (Autumn 1993): 39-52.
Whether environmental management is successful de-
pends partly on whether managers can actively involve
employees in policy formulation and implementation.
This not only generates shop-floor support for environ-
mental policy, it also makes use of employees' environ-
mental knowledge and expertise. [OD/MC][TQM]
Dauncey, Guy. "How Green Is Your Company?—A
Corporate 'Green Rating.'" In Green Business: Hope
or Hoax? edited by Christopher Plant and Judith
Plant, 66-70, Philadelphia: New Society, 1991.
Describes how a company can set up a framework for
judging its "greenness": (1) establish cross-departmental
"environmental action teams"; (2) appoint an "environ-
mental vice-president" with responsibility to improve
the company's environmental profile; (3) commission
an environmental audit; (4) develop staff and customer
questionnaires to solicit company actions and products;
(5) hold cross-company environmental hearings to en-
,3,;gage staff; and (6):instruct each department to develop
.- an environmental plan. Includes examples. Such ma-
terial is easily adapted to quality audit programs. 1TQM]
2 • Annotated Bibliography
Apnl 1995
-------
Deland, Michael R. JAn Ounce of Prevention ...
After 20 Years of Cure: Environmental Science and
Technology, 25 (1991): 4. ' •
As chair of the President's Council on Environmental
Quality under George Bush, Deland writes on why _
business should embrace PZ He argues that company
should implement pollution prevention because of cost
and regulatory advantages in addition to protecting fu-
ture generations of workers; he also suggests applying
TQM methods to implement pollution prevention pro-
grams. Although from a previous administration, the
article still provides a good look at the government s
• perspective. [G][TQM] ',
Early-,-William F., and Mark A. Eldson. "Design for '
Zero Releases." Hydrocarbon Processing'^ (August
.1990): 47-49. • ,
Provides methods for incorporating environmental
'issues into chemical facility design. (This article is .
written specifically about chemical manufacturing
processes and design considerations — flanges and
welded connections, valves, relief valves, pumps,
transfer lines/hoses, installation, and operation--and
thus is not recommended for general reading.) [FP]
Evanhoff, Stephen P. "Hazardous Waste Reduction
in the Aerospace Industry." Chemical Engineering
Progress 86 (April 1990): 51 -61. .
This article outlines the aerospace industry's manufac-
turihg'process wastes, explaining the processes used
(decreasing, surface finishing painting, surface cleaning,
maintenance; transportation, and laboratory R&D) and
the wastes generated. It then outlines; current recycling
and recovery technologies used in the industry. The
information describes processes and their chemical and
mechanical attributes. While it is too specific for gen-
eral industrial engineering curricula, it provides a
good overview for industrial engineers interested in
the' aerospace industry.
Feichtinger, G , and M. Luptacik. "Optimal Production
and Abatement Policies of a Firm." European Journal
of Operations Research 29 (1987): 274-2857
This article examines the relationship between the loss
of jobs caused by increased environmental regulation
and the loss of environmental quality caused by pollu-
tion. The authors develop a model that determines an
optimal path where pollution control increases as the
number of employees rise. [OR]
Freeman, Henry, Teresa Harten, Johnny Sponger, . •
Paul Randall, Mary Ann Gurran, and Kenneth Stone.
"Industrial Pollution Prevention: A Critical Review."
Air and Waste (Journal of the Air and Waste Manage- •
ment Association) 42, no. 5 (May 1992): 618-656.
A comprehensive review of pollution prevention activi-
ties around the country, this article discusses pollution
prevention; governmental legislation and programs;
industrial programs; pollution prevention assessments
and measurement issues; arid incentives and barriers
to pollution prevention, life cycle analysis, and product
design. Identifies and critiques topical material for each
topic. A very good reference for gathering comprehen-
sive pollution prevention information. [G] [TQM] [PC]
Friedlander, Sheldon K. "Pollution Prevention: Impli-
cations for Engineering Design, Research and Edu-
cation." Environment^ (May 1989): 10-15, 36-38.
As pollution prevention and other proactive strategies
gain momentum as environmental strategies, engineers
are faced with the challenge of developing technological
solutions. The author looks at source reduction .and
product design as they effect research and education. [G]
Frosch, Robert A., and Nicholas E. Gallopoulos.
"Strategies for Manufacturing." Scientific American
261 (September 1989): 144-152.
The authors present the idea of the "industrial ecosys-
tem" in this article. As natural resources become more
scarce, this idea should gain interest in industry. Three
"industrial ecosystems" are presented: the production
of plastics from petroleum, the conversion of iron ore to
steel and the use of platinum as a catalyst[G][PC][TQM]
Goldner, Howard J. "Waste Minimization Starts at
the Top." Research and Development Magazine 33
(September 1991): 48-52.
This article presents the importance of a company's re-
search and development department in bringing about
successful pollution prevention projects. Not only
should R&D focus on the product/but it should focus
on the manufacturing process, as well. To motivate
this shift in R&D's orientation, top management must
understand the need and benefits of pollution preven-
tion initiatives. [G][OD/MC]
Annotatad Bfcliograptiy • 3
April 1995
-------
Green, Philip E.J. "Environmental TQM." Quality
Progress 26 (May 1993): 77-80.
The author stresses that "quality professionals have a
tremendous contribution to make. As iconoclasts, they
have learned to challenge sacred assumptions and de-
velop new and better ways to work. They have learned
to establish credibility for new work and management
practices." Deming's 14 points to environmental issues
are discussed, as well as benefits to protecting the envi-
ronment, and altering managers' attitudes. [TQM]
Gregory, Paul, Richard Larson, and Alan Minkoff.
"Dirty Work." OR/MS Today 19 (June 1992): 34-39.
The authors discuss the increased use of marine trans-
port to dispose of New York City's waste due to closed
landfills. To optimize allocation of the garbage barge
armada, the authors developed the Barge Operation
Systems Simulation. As a result of this model, refuse
barges move through New York Harbor more effectively.
An issue unanswered by the article is the necessity to
reduce the waste generated by New Yorkers. [OR]
Hahn, Robert W. "On Reconciling Conflicting Goals:
Applications of Multi-objective Programming." Opera-
tions Research 32, no. 1 (1984): 221-288. •
In most mathematical programming problems, the goal
is to minimize cost subject to feasibility constraints and
a set of targets. In contrast, multi-objective program-
ming treats the objectives as the choice variables, and .
cost as a parameter. This article uses the two approaches
to analyze a pollution emission problem. The compari-
son reveals that the traditional cost-minimizing ap-
proach can generate solutions that are inefficient, in
the sense that greater emissions reductions could have
been attained at the same cost. Because the solution
sets to the two problems may differ, the author derives
conditions under which, the two approaches yield a
similar set of results. [OR]
Hamalainen, Raimo P. "Decision Analysis Makes Its
Way Into Environmental Policy in Finland/ OR/MS
Today (June 1992): 40-43.
The author discusses using decision analysis tech-
niques in developing decisions outside the traditional
engineering and business spheres. He then describes
his HIPRE decision-support software, which was used
to assist the Finnish government in making acid rain
policy. [DA]
i;. .6 ••
in dr>
de?;
Harmon, Leith S. "A Logical Role for the Industrial
Engineer Pollution Prevention." NPPC, 1995.
Discusses the inherent and critical role industrial
engineers must play in developing successful pollution
prevention programs. Explains regulatory and market
factors for P2 and outlines a framework for P2 within a
firm. Provides accompanying questions and answers. [G]
. "Pollution Prevention and Facilities Plan-
ning." NPPC, 1995.
Discusses the need for facility planners to consciously
include environmental considerations when locating
and designing facilities. Provides accompanying
questions and possible answers. [FP]
. Total Quality Management: A
Methodology for Pollution Prevention." NPPC, 1995.
Discusses how the four elements of Total Quality Man-
agement — customer focus, continuous improvement,
teamwork, and strong management commitment —
can all be applied to prevent pollution. Provides
accompanying questions and possible answers. [TQM]
. The Tragedy of the Commons and the Deci-
sion Maker." NPPC, 1995.
Investigates the failure of the rational decision model
under certain resource allocation conditions. Provides
accompanying questions and answers. [DA]
Harmon, Leith S., and Katta Murfy. "Pollution Pre-
vention as Continuous Improvement at Ford Motor
Company." NPPC, 1995.
Describes Ford's successful use of continuous improve-
ment techniques to reduce waste at its Livonia, ML
Transmission Plant Discusses a cross-disciplinary team
and the waste-prevention opportunities it developed
as well as a P2 guidebook that could be used for waste
prevention at other Ford plants. Provides accompany-
ing questions, answers, and discussion points. [TQM]
Haynsworth, H.C., and R. Tim Lyons. "Remanufac-
turing By Design." Production and Inventory Manage-
ment (2nd Quarter 1987): 24-29.
"Design for remanufacturability" is an idea that is
gaining ground both here and in Europe. The auto-
motive industry is the primary industry utilizing this
strategy. The benefits of using remanufactured parts
? include increased saviri|i'lor customers, better perfor-
1 a irnance than reconditioned*-pa'rts;1reduction of capital
4 • Annotated Bibliography
April 1995
-------
spending/and reduced need for raw material. The
author points put how this strategy can be incorporated
into the product life cycle. Problems include difficulties
. in developing a collection and distribution network for
the used parts, and the perceived quality problem of
using "previously used" parts. [PC]
Hethcoat, Henry G. "Minimize Refinery: Waste."
Hydrocarbon Processing 69 (August 1990): 51-54.
This article outlines the petroleum industry's manufac-
turing processes and their attendant wastes. The author
explains the current recycling and recovery technologies
'(integrated units, in-line bleeding; crude tank mixers,
air cooler maximization, demineralized river water,
amine degradation prevention) used in the industry.
The information describes processes and their chemical
and mechanical attributes. While it is too specific for
general industrial engineering curricula, it provides a
-good overview for industrial engineers interested in
the petroleum industry.
Hirschhom, Joel S., and Kirsten U. Oldenburg. Pros-
perity Without Pollution. H&N York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1991. ;
This comprehensive book looks at the issue of pollu-
tion prevention from social, organizational, and indus-
"trial management perspectives (in contrast to many
pollution prevention guides, which primarily provide
a technical perspective). The first half of the book is
particularly relevant to production control. Chapter 3,
"Achieving Success By Overcoming Obstacles," is per-
tinant to organizational design and the management
of change along with quality management programs.
Chapter 4, "Data Tells the Story: Too Much Waste,"
presents the surprisingly complex issues mat surround
, tracking waste. Chapter 7, "Changing Consumption:
Reducing Garbage," discusses how consumers are a
factor in the reduction of waste. Chapter 9, "No Time
to Waste," discusses public policy responsibilities in
• pollution prevention-
From an educational standpoint, the significance of
this article lies not in the authors conclusions but in his
methodology. As such, the article can be used to intro-
duce the process of life cycle analysis.
Hocking. Martin B. "Paper vs. Polystyrene: A Complex
Choice." Science 251 (February 1,1991): 504-505.
Using life cycle analysis, the author analyzes the envi-
ronmental effects of paper vs. polystyrene packaging.
This article is one of the ground-breaking discussions
of life-cycle analysis. While the author concludes mat
polystyrene is less damaging to the environment for
single use situations, recent changes in paper produc-
tion technology cast doubts on that conclusion today.
Imbler, C. Clarke, ^ho Pays the Price for Environ-
mental Pollution?" Pollution Engineering 21 (Sept.
1989): 92-94.
This editorial piece outlines the weaknesses inherent in
the many regulatory "solutions" to the country's waste
problems. The author discusses how RCRA and Super-
fund create litigious behavior and do not fully address
the true costs of pollution cleanup. This article might
be used to make a strong case for pollution prevention:
if the waste is not generated, liability under the various
regulations will not occur. Total cost accounting
(including the expected costs pf waste handling, waste
disposal, and liability in the capital budgeting process)
can make pollution prevention projects appear more
economically attractive. [G][CBJ
Keeney, Ralph L "Structuring Objectives for Problems
of Public Interest.' Operations Research 36, no. 3
(May/June 1988): 396-^05.
Sustainable development requires that industry view
all costs (not just those internal to the firm) of doing
business when making decisions. When the environ-
mental issues are included in the business decision
process, the set of stakeholders must be expanded be-
yond the traditional group of stockholders, customers,
and employees. The author presents a model of deci-
sion analysis that includes a hierarchy of multiple
^objectives representing all stakeholders affected by
the decision. [DA]
Kharbanda, O.P., and E A Stallworthy. Waste
Management. New York: Auburn House, 1 990.
This book presents a good introductory discussion on
why industrial engineers should be concerned with
pollution prevention. The increasing costs and hazards
associated with waste handling require more compre-
hensive waste management The authors describe the
pollution hierarchy and call for wasteless processes
wherever possible. .Waste should be minimized only
when wasteless processes do not exist Where waste
minimization is infeasible, recycling should ^'em-
ployed; waste treatment should be viewed as an alter-
native of last resort
The book describes our society's waste problems,
emphasizing management's role in implementing
-Annotated Bibliography • S
April 1995
13'
-------
solutions. Specific production control and management
techniques are discussed along With clear examples of
pertinent technologies that can be employed in facilities
planning; these examples would be very appropriate
for classroom discussion of pollution prevention tech-
niques. [G][FP][OD/MC][PC]
Kirsh, F.W., and G.P. Looby, "Case Study: Pollution
Prevention in Practice." Pollution Prevention Review
1, no. 2 (Spring 1991): 25-28.
This article presents four case studies that show how
small- and medium-sized companies can not only re-
duce waste, but also save enough'money to pay for any
capital changes. [G]
Koelsch, James R. "Knee Deep in Liability?" Manu-
facturing Engineering 107 (August 1991): 28-33.
The article outlines the negative results of not handling
spent coolants properly. It discusses how one produc-
tion manager faces fines and imprisonment for not
handling spent coolants as outlined in the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). It also covers
management techniques (planning, documentation,
and proper maintenance) that not only reduce liability,
but reduce spent coolant as well. While pollution pre-
vention is not explicitly discussed, it is the underlying
message in the article. [G]
Koenigsberger, M.D. -Preventing Pollution at the
Source." Chemical Engineering Progress 82 (May
1986): 7-9.
The article briefly outlines 3M's efforts in pollution pre-
vention. It suggests methods for implementing a P2
program and discusses the following potential barriers:
• Senior management support may be difficult to get
• Even though operating and maintenance costs
almost always make pollution more expensive to
control than prevent, the initial investment for pollu-
tion prevention equipment might still be higher.
• P2 technology may not be viable.
• P2 may be viewed as an untried substitute.
• Marketing often hinders reformulation. [G]
Konz, Steven A. Facility Design, pp. 347-353;'":
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1985.
This is a is a textbook for the field of facilities planning.
The section cited 7 -.efly discusses the importance!)?
including waste reduction criteria in the facility design
process. Includes industry examples. [FP]
Kraft, Robert L. "Incorporate Environmental Reviews
Into Facility Design." Chemical Engineering Progress
88 (August 1992): 46-52.
This article provides a comprehensive plan for incor-
porating environmental concerns into facility design.
Although the issues addressed tend to be chemical
process-oriented, the techniques outlined can be gener-
alized to all manufacturing. The 10 components of the
review process are:
1. Conduct initial and pre-design assessments.
2. Assign project environmental responsibility.
3. Define the project's environmental objectives.
4. Identify the need for any permits.
5. Determine environmental compliance requirements.
6. Perform an overall waste minimization analysis.
7. Apply "best environmental practices" for emission-
free and discharge-free facilities.
8.. Determine waste treatment & disposal requirements.
9. Perform engineering evaluations of waste manage-
ment options.
10. Complete project environmental review. [FP]
Maruchek, Ann, and Lansdon Bobbins. "Business
Ethics: The Materials/Manufacturing Perspective."
Production and Inventory Management Journal 29
(4th Quarter 1988): 16-19.
The authors contend that true impacts of "green"
consumerism can be made in the supplier/customer
relationship rather than in the consumer sphere. In-
creasingly, the supplier's product affects the customer's
reputation and even liability. The authors show how
environmental sensitivity is everyone's concern, and
that activities such as purchasing can effect the envi-
ronment. [PC]
Molinaro, Lawrence, Jr. Production and Operations
Management and the Environment Washington: Man-
agement Institute for Environment and Business, 1991.
This reader, the first of seven MEB modules on envi-
ronmental considerations in business, includes articles
and case studies relevant to several subdistiplines in
IE/OR. Chapter 1, "Introduction to Pollution Preven-
tion and Waste Reduction," applies to all. Chapters 6,
"Managing Technology for Environmental Strategy,"
and 7, "The Regulatory Environment and Operations,"
apply to organizational design and management of
change. Chapters 2, "Waste Minimization in the
Production Process," 3, "Materials Management," and
4, "Quantitative Models: Environmental Management
6 • Annotated Bibliography
Apn! 1995
-------
AppUcahons," apply to produchon control. Chapters 2
and 5, "The Environmental Audit," *PP%*>?°*1
Quality Management, [OD/MC][PC][TQM]
O'Sullivan, Dermot. "Bayer Targets Process Modifica-
tion as Approach to Pollution P™*?^™*™™'
& Engineering News 69 (October 21,1991): 21-25. ,
This article discusses how the large chemical company
has tatgeted one sixth of its capital spending in pollu-
tion prevention. The article discusses incorporating ,
the "prevention, reduction, recycling" idea into the.
corporate culture. Specific projects are also discussed.
[OD/MC][G][PC]
Olsen, Marvin E. "Public Acceptance of Consumer
Energy Conservation Strategies.' Journal of Eco-
nomic Psychology 4, no. 2 (October 1983): 183-196.
•The policy of reducing consumer energy consumption
can be implemented through several broad courses of
action. This study investigates six alternative strategies
for promoting energy conservation: financial incentives,
community programs; efficiency standards, land-use
changes, consumption limits, and price increases. Pub-
lic acceptance of the strategies varies widely, from 83 /o
for financial incentives to 9% for price increases. The
single best predictor of acceptance is preference for a
soft rather than hard energy policy path; the second-
best predictor is perceived seriousness of the energy
problem. In general, Americans can be described as
.supporting a diverse set of strategies for encouraging
consumer energy conservation. [OD/MC]
Oskamp, Stuart. "Psychology's Rote in the Conserv-
ing Society." Population and Environment 6, no. 4
(Winter 1983: Behavioral Science Issue): 255-293.
The author defines the hard energy path as: heavy
reliance on high technology, highly centralized power
plants, and recklessly high leveb of energy use. This is
perpetuated by extremely powerful institutional and
societal forces. Industry has huge investments in present
equipment and procedures. Many policy implications
can be drawn from psychological research: Emphasize
individual benefits of conservation rather than sacrifices.
Don't make financial savings the sole justification for
conservation. Don'^expect information alone to moti-
vate people to conserve. Stress benefits of conservation
to society in order to give people an altruistic rational
for conserving. Finally, whenever possible, spread con-
servation information through interpersonal interaction
and "hands on" demonstrations rather than through
the impers.-nal mass media. [OD/MC]
Painter, John, Rachel Semenik, and Russell Belk.
"Is There a Generalized Energy Conservation Ethic?
A Comparison of the Determinants of Gasoline and
Home Heating Energy Conservation." Journal of
Economic Psychology 3, no. 3-4 (September 1983):
317-331. ,
Compared to other socially responsible behaviors such
as pollution reduction, the conservation of energy is
more likely to be motivated by more purely economic
incentives. The study suggests that studies of conser-
vation behavior that combine conservers of different
fuels or that attempt to generalize from conservation -
of one fuel to conservation of others may be quite mis-
leading. [OD/MC] .
PiasecW, Bruce, and Peter Asmus. In Search of
Environmental Excellence. New York: Simon and
Schuste/, 1990.
Chapter 5, "Industry and the Environment: Creating
Affordable Beliefs," discusses the need and provides
- examples of how companies have made the organiza-
tional and cultural changes required for successful
pollution prevention. Many of these changes mirror
those required for the successful implementation of
quality programs. [OD/MC][TQM]
Pojasek, Robert B. "For Pollution Prevention: Be
Descriptive Not Prescriptive." Chemical Engineering
98 (September 1991): 136-139.
The author describes a "descriptive" approach to pol-
lution prevention. This type of strategy is required for
studying unique processes. Under this plan, those
people closest to the process are called upon to develop
creative and innovative solutions to the pollution prob-
lems at hand. [G] .
Pojasek, Robert B., and Lawrence J. Coli. "Measuring,
Pollution Prevention Progress." Pollution Prevention
Review 1, no. 2 (Spring 1991): 119-130.
Successful pollution prevention programs require
quantifiable measures, which are used in identifying
waste streams and providing goals for future
improvement. Issues in developing these measures
are discussed. [G]
Annotated Bibliography • 7
April 1995
''
-------
.--esident's Commission on Environmental Quality,
Quality Environmental Management Subcommittee.
Total Quality Management: A Framework for Pollu-
tion Prevention. Washington: President's Commis-
sion on Environmental Quality, 1993.
Under the auspices of the President's Commission on
Environmental Quality (PCEQ), 11 corporations volun-
teered to demonstrate the viability of TQM as a meth-
odology for achieving pollution prevention. Included
are summaries of the results of projects at AT&T,
Chevron, Dow, DuPont, Ford, GE, International Paper,
Merck, Procter & Gamble, 3M, arid the U.S. Generating
Company. [TQM]
Price, Roger L "Stopping Waste at the Source."
Civil Engineering 60 (April 1990): 67-69.
Inventory control, material-handling, and scheduling
all provide opportunities for waste reduction. These
traditional industrial engineering fields require an envi-
ronmental "spin" before waste reduction opportunities
can be identified. The author also discusses process
redesign, raw material substitution, and industrial
ecology. [PC][G]
Remmers, J., Th. Morgenstem, G. Schoens, H.-D.
Haasis, and O. Rentz. "Integration of Air Pollution
Control Technologies in Linear Energy-Environmen-
tal Models." European Journal of Operational Re-
search 47 (1990): 306-316.
This article discusses alterations to the Energy Flow
Optimization Model (EFOM) to address pollution re-
duction. The model was generated as a result of concern
over Europe's increasing levels of air pollution. [OR]
Robinson, Alan G., and Dean M. Schroeder. "Detect-
ing and Eliminating Invisible Waste." Production and
Inventory Management Journal 33, no. 4 (Fourth
Quarter 1992): 37-42.
This article discusses the idea of invisible waste in the
production process. It explores why the waste is invis-
ible, identifies sources of those wastes, and proposes
the following principles to detect and eliminate them:
I. When evaluating or applying a new management
technique, identify the sources of waste that it ex-
poses or eliminates, those that it cannot expose or
eliminate, those it will create, and the complementary
techniques required to address these limitations.
2. Do not limit training to specific job methods —
employees must also know how to make improve-
ments to their jobs.
3. Increase the number of perspectives from which the
process is seen.
4. Whenever significant change is made to any compo-
nent of the productive system, examine the entire
process for new sources of waste.
While the authors expand the definition of waste to in-
clude labor inefficiencies, the principles presented are
relevant to pollution prevention. [PC][TQM]
Schmidheiny, Stephan, with the Business Council
for Sustainable Development. Changing Course: A
Global Business Perspective on Development and
the Environment Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992.
Developed under the auspices of an international
group of business leaders, this comprehensive book
looks at ail aspects of integrating environmental con-
cerns into industrial management The chapters are (1)
"The Business of Sustainable Development"; (2) "Pric-
ing the Environment Markets/Costs, and Instruments";
(3) "Energy and the Marketplace"; (4) "Capital Markets:
Financing Sustainable Development"; (5) "Trade and
Sustainable Development"; (6) "Managing Corporate
Change"; (7) "The Innovation Process"; (8) "Technology
Cooperation; (9) "Sustainable Management of Renew-
able Resources"; and (10) "Leadership for Sustainable
Development" The case studies about managing
change in business, business partnerships, stakeholder
partnerships, financial partnerships, cleaner production,
cleaner products, and sustainable resource use are
apropos to industrial engineering. Chapters 1,6,7,8,
9, and 10 are especially relevant to organizational de-
sign and management of change, as are the case studies
about managing business, business partnerships, stake-
holder partnerships, financial partnerships, and sustain-
able resource use. Chapters 1,3,7, and 8 are especially
relevant to production control, as are the case studies
about managing cleaner production, cleaner products,
and sustainable resource use; those cases are also rel-
evant to facilities planning. IG][FP][OD/MC][PC1
Tusa, Wayne. "Developing an Environmental Audit
Program." Risk Management 32 (August 1987): 24-29.
The article discusses reasons for and ways to set up an
environmental audit program. Though not stated in
the article, such a program ties in nicely with quality
audit systems. [TQM]
8 • Annotated Bibliography
Apnl 199S
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of'
Pollution Prevention. Pollution Prevention 19J1:
Progress on Reducing Industrial Pollutants. EPA/
21P-3003. Washington: U.S: EPA, 1991.
This EPA publication presents trends and describes
industrial and governmental programs. Chapter 3
provides examples of specific organizational efforts to
better facilitate pollution prevention. It is good refer-
ence for governmental contacts. [OD/MC]
Upton, Dave, and Joshua Margolis. "Australian
Paper Manufacturers," Cases A and B (Report #N9-
691 -041). Boston: Harvard Business School, 1990.
In the light of a competitor's problems with toxic
chemicals, these cases explore Australian Paper Manu-
facturers' options in expanding uncoated, fine paper
capacity, along with dealing with toxic chemicals,
- forestry and recycling. [PC]
Van Steen, Jacques F.J. "A Methodology for Aiding
Hazardous Materials Transportation," European
Journal of Operational Research 32 (1987): 231-244.
Risk assessment plays a large role in environmental
decision-making. This article develops a model for
risk analysis associated with the transportation of
hazardous waste. Value judgments and the perception
of risk are included in the model. [DA]
S i
Van Weenen, J.C, and J. Eckels. 'Design and Waste
Prevention." The Environmental Professional 11
(1991): 231-235.
The article discusses methods for designing products
and processes with waste prevention as a specific goal.
A matrix method — the Design Environment Cube
(similar to lifercycle matrices and "house of quality"
models) — is presented. The authors then point out
that further research is needed irrthe areas indecision-
making systems, influencing systems, and design for
durability and reuse. [FP][TQM1 ,
Von Winterteldt, Detlof. "Setting Standards for Off-
shore Oil Discharges: A Regulatory Decision Analysis.
Operations Research 30 (September/October 1982):
867-886.
Offshore.oil production platforms continually discharge
oily water into the surrounding marine environment
To reduce the environmental risk from these discharges,
emission standards are set on the oil concentration in
the effluent. This paper describes a decision-analysis
model for aiding regulators and platform operators in
the standard-setting process The model combines
three submodules: a regulator model, an operator
model; and an impact model. [DA]
Winett; Rachel A., and Peter Ester. "Behavior Science
and Energy Conservation: Conceptualizations, Strat-
egies, Outcomes, Energy Policy Applications." Journal
of Economic Psychology 3, no. 3-4 (September 1983):
203-229.
The importance of human behaviors in energy conser-
vation is well-known in behavior science, but this posi-
tion has hardly made its way into policy. The authors
suggest these preliminary steps as a minimum:
1. Delineate the most significant energy-consuming
practices.
2. Assess technical contexts — make sure policy is
pertinent to consumer behavior.
3. Assess attitudes, beliefs, information, values,
and current behaviors concerning the practices in
different population, segments. .
4. Conduct analyses by population segments-
mismatches lead to failure.
5. Pre-test material to assure quality.
6. Analyze higher-level influences limiting change.
7. Use substitution strategies —decrease an inappro-
priate behavior and increase the appropriate one.
8. Use reciprocal reinforcement —reward multiple
and concerned parties for their efforts. [OD/MC]
Annotated Bibliograpny • 9
April 1995
-------
Wisner. Joel D., and Stanley E. Fawcett. Linking
Firm Strategy to Operating Decisions Through Per-
formance Measurement.' Production and /wentory
Management Journal 32, no. 3 (Third Quarter 1991).
f 44
5-11.
Companies must reevaluate their approach to compe-
tition in the global economy. One area that needs re-
evaluation is performance measurement. In order to
guide a firm's operating decisions toward strategic
objectives, performance criteria must be flexible, easy
to implement, timely, clearly defined at all manage-
ment levels, and derived from the firm's strategic
objectives. The article discusses the characteristics of
world-class manufacturers and how they use perfor-
mance measures competitively. It then discusses the
development of a successful performance measurement
system with criteria in quality, cost; flexibility, dependa-
bility, and innovation. Noticeably missing is the area of
environmental performance. But, given (a) the authors
premise that these performance measures should be
derived from a firm's strategic plan, and (b) the in-
creasing strategic emphasis on environmental quality,
environmental performance measures are a logical
extension. The development of such criteria might serve
as a good classroom exercise in a production control,
operations management, or quality class. tPC][TQM]
Original produced on Hammermill Unity DP,
a 50% post-consumer/50% pre-consumer recycled paper
made from de-inked old newspapers and magazines.
• S'-ct we
10 • Annotated Bibliography
April 1995
-------
CB
DA I FP
OR
OD/MC
PC I TQM
Aim.1992
Amoco, 1995
Berglund and Lawson, 1991
Bodily, 1982
Caplan, 1992/93
Cramer and Roes. 1993
Dauncey, 1991
Deland, 199T
Early, 1990
Feichtinger and Luptacik, 1987
Freeman etal.. 1992
Friedlander, 1989
Frosch and Gallopoulos, 1989
Goldner, 1991
Green. 1993
Gregory etal, 1992
Hahn, 1984
Hamalainen. 1992
Harmon (Logical Role). 1995
Harmon (P2 and Fac. Plaa)Tl995
Harmon (TQM), 1995
Harmon (Tragedy), 1995
Harmon and Murty, 1995
Haynswofth and Lyons, 1987
Hirschhom and Oldenburg, 1991
Imbler, 1989
Keeney, 1988
Kharbanda and Stallworthy, 1990
Kirsh and Looby. 1991.
Koelsch. 1991 -
Koenigsberger, 1992
Konz, 1985
Annotatad Bibliography • 11
Apr)! 199S
-------
Kraft, 1992
Maaichek and Robbins, 1988
Molinaro, 1991
O'Sullivan, 1991
Olsen, 1983
Oskamp, 1983
Painter et al., 1983
Piasecki and Asmus, 1990
Pojasek, 1991
Pojasek and Coli, 1991
PCEQ, 1993
Plica, 1990
Rammers et al., 1990
Robinson and Schroeder, 1992
Schmidheiny, 1992
Tusa, 1987
Upton and Margolis, 1990
U.S. EPA, 1991
Van Steen,- 1987
Van Weenen and Eckels, 1991
Von Winterteldt, 1982
Winett and Ester, 1 983
Wisner and Fawcett, 1991
G
X
X
X
'
X
X
CB
DA
X
X
FP
X
X
X
OR
X
OD/MC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
PC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TQM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X -
Published by:
The National Pollution Prevention Center
for Higher Education
University of Michigan. Dana Building
430 East University Av«.
Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1115
• Phone: 313-764-1412
• Fax: 313-936-2195
• E-mail: nppcOumich.edu
The mission of the NPPC is to promote susta'naWe development
by educating students, faculty, and professionals about pollution
prevention; create educational materials; provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and
establish a national network of pollution prevention educators.
In addition to developing educational materials and conducting
research, the NPPC also offers an internship program, profes-
sional education and training, and conferences.
Your Input it We/com*/
W« are very interested in your feedback on these materials.
Please take a moment to offer your comments and communicate
them to ua. Also contact us if you wish to receive a documents
list, order any of our materials, collaborate on or review NPPC
resources, or be listed in our Oinctory of Pollution Prevention
in High* Education.
Wfrrn Going Onllml
The NPPC provides information on its programs and educational
materials through the Internets Worldwide Web; our URL is:
http://www.snre.umtch.edu/ (dick on the -National Pollution
Prevention Center*
We may also update the NPPC information available through
gopher (gopher.snre.umich.edu) and anonymous FTP
(ftp.snre.umich.edu). Please contact us if you have comments
about our online resources or suggestions for publicizing our
educational materials through the Internet. Thank you!
12 • Annoutad BibHograprty
April 1995
-------
Industrial Engineering •;
and Operations Research j
'"ON =a€VENTION CSMTSO COB UIQHEB EDUCATION j
Annotated Bibliography of IE/OR-
Related Pollution Prevention Sources
For information on obtaining many of the sources listed here, see the Resource List,
which is arranged by publication type. Bracketedr abbreviations indicate the IE/OR
$ubdistipline(s) to which each document is relevant: General [G], Decision
AnalysiS'iDAL Facilities Planning [FPL Operations Research [OR], Production
Control [PC], Total Quality Management (TQMJ, Capital Budgeting. fCBj, and-,
Organizaiioml Design/Management of Change [OD/MCl This information is
also shown in the matrix at the end of this document.
Aim, Alvin L. "Pollution Prevention and TQM." Env/-,
ronmental Science and Technology, 26 (1992): 452.
The author discusses the conceptual similarities of
TQM and pollution prevention. He calls on environ-
mental professionals to embrace TQM, and calls on
companies with existing TQM programs to embrace
pollution prevention. [TQM]
Amoco Corporation. Second Victory at Yorktown.
1993.
This 30-mmute video documents the cooperative
project between Amoco and the EPA to explore pollu-
tion reduction at a petroleum refinery. The results of
the project have important implications for both engi-
neering and business. . '. •'
• . . ' , • '
Amoco Corporation and the University of Michigan.
"Amoco and the Environmental Decision Analysis."
NPPC, 1995.
Investigates Amoco's use of the Analytical Hierarchy
Process in a pollution prevention project at its
Yorktown refinery. Includes discussion questions.
Ausubel, Jesse H., and Hedy E. Sladovich. Technol-
ogy and the Environment, pp. .143-252. Washington:
National Academy Press, 1989. \
Under the subject titles of "Industrial Metabolism,"
"Dematerialization;" and "Regularities in Technologi-
cal Development," tWs bcwk presents me concept of
how technology interacts with the environment. While
the material. somewhat technical in nature, the sys-
tems approach to environmental problems makes it
relevant to industrial engineering. Production pro-
cesses are reviewed to identify associated environmen-
tal problems. The authors discuss the use of technology
to solve environmental problems, specific opportunities
to use technology, and the importance of educating
current and future engineers and managing techno-
logical change in employing this technology. The tone
of the book tends toward the "technology can solve all
our problems" side of the debate. [OD/MC][PC]
Bender, Paul S., William D. Northup, and Jeremy F.
Shapiro. "Practical Modeling for Resource Manage-
ment." Harvard Business Review 60 (March/April
1981): 163-173. -.'..,'-.
International Paper is the world's largest manufacturer
of paper products. Managing these resources is dearly
a formidable task. The authors discuss the successful
design, implementation and use of a practical model-
ing system to manage these resources. Implicit in this
model is the requirement to minimize waste. [DA][OR]
Berglund, R.L, and C.T. Lawson. "Preventing Pollu-
tion in the CPU" Chemical Engineering 98 (September
1991): 120-127.
This article provides a thorough review of the compo-
nents of pollutiotv prevention in the chemical process
industries (CPI). Successful pollution prevention
programs demand'the attention to eight aspects of a
manufacturing operation: product design, process
design, plant configuration, information and control
systems, human resources, research and development,
suppliers' role and relationship, and organization. [G]
National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education • University of Michigan
Dana Building, 430 East University, Ann Arbor Ml 48109-1115
Phone: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936.2195 • E-mail: nppcOumich.edu
May be reproduced
freely for non-commercial
educational purposes.
Annotated Bibliography • 1
April 1995
-------
Bc-rly, Sam. "Armco Inc.-The Bubble Policy* (Report
SUVA-QA-227). Charlottesville, VA: Darden Graduate
School of Business (University of Virginia), 1982.
This case employs a simplified linear programming
model to evaluate operating and capital investment
options under the "bubble policy" method for measur-
ing air pollution emissions. [OR]
Brown, Lester. Building a Sustainable Society,
pp. 284-348. New York: Norton, 1981.
The author first discusses the effects of industrializa-
tion on the environment. He theri identifies social and
economic strategies for sustainable development. Of
these strategies, changing social values and altering the
role of business are particularly relevant to organiza-
tional design; the strategies relevant to production
control include alternative energy sources and altering.
the role of business. [OD/MC][PC]
Burall, Paul. Green Design. London: The Design
Council, 1991.
This book is a reference for the use of environmentally
considerate materials and technologies. The specific
industrial examples about material substitution, recy-
cling, packaging and energy use, and efficiency are rel-
evant to facilities planning; the author looks at motiva-
tion and management of technological change as it re-
lates to implementing these technologies [FP][OD/MC]
Caimcross, Frances. Costing the Earth, 143-252.
London: The Economist Books, 1991.
This book looks at the unique environmental challenges
facing business and government today. The shortcom-
ings of contemporary accounting methods and process
control techniques in dealing with environmental issues
are explored in detail. The author shows that internal-
izing environmental costs can lead to prosperity. To
this end, a "green" checklist is provided for industry.
Similar to quality checklists in many ways, this check-
list includes management-of-change elements managers
should employ as well as factors for consideration in
production control. The author also provides data for
societal costs of pollution and the value of natural re-
sources that go unused. [OD/MC][PC][TQM}
Caplan, Dartene W. "Sylvania's GTE Products Prob-
lem Stoppers: #1 Employee Involvement Team."
Total Quality Environmental Management 2 (Winter,
1992/93): 159-164.
The article discusses the winner of the 1992 Association
>for Quality and Participation's National Team Excel-
lence Competition. A nine-person work team called
the Problem Solvers from Syivania Lighting in York,
Pennsylvania, won for eliminating glass waste at York
by recycling it in the plant. [TQM][OD/MC]
Chechile, Richard A., and Susan Carlisle. Environ-
mental Decision Making, New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1991.
This book discusses the following topics: psychological
factors; ecosystem perspectives; probability, utility and
decision trees; factoring risk; the economic model; re-
source allocation; ethical aspects; public policy deci-
sion making; regulatory decisions; and international
decision making. Of particular interest to industrial
engineers are the introductory chapter (which expands
the currently used elements of the decision making
process to include costs external to the dedsioivmaker),
and the use of utility theory in environmental decision
making. [DA]
Cramer, J.M., and B. Roes. Total Employee Involve-
ment: Measures for Success." Total Quality Environ-
mental Management 3 (Autumn 1993): 39-52.
Whether environmental management is successful de-
pends partly on whether managers can actively involve
employees in policy formulation and implementation.
This not only generates shop-floor support for environ-
mental policy, it also makes use of employees' environ-
mental knowledge and expertise. [OD/MC][TQM1
Dauncey, Guy. "How Green Is Your Company?—A
Corporate 'Green Rating.'" In Green Business: Hope
or Hoax? edited by Christopher Plant and Judith
Plant, 66-70. Philadelphia: New Society, 1991.
Describes how a company can set up a framework for
judging its "greenness": (1) establish cross-departmental
"environmental action teams"; (2) appoint an "environ-
mental vice-president" with responsibility to improve
the company's environmental profile; (3) commission
an environmental audit; (4) develop staff and customer
questionnaires to solicit company actions and products;
(5) hold cross-company environmental hearings to en-
gage staff; and (6) instruct each department to develop
• an environmental plan? ^Includes examples. Such ma-
terial is easily adapted to quality audit programs. |TQM]
2 • Annotated Bibliography
April 1995
-------
Deland, Michael R. "An Ounce of Prevention ... _
Atter 20 Years of Cure." Environmental Science and-
rec/inotogy,25(1991):4.
As chair of the President's Council on ^ronmental
QuaUty under George Bush, Deland wntes on why
business should embrace PZ He argues *at companies
should implement pollution prevention because of cost
and regulatory advantages in addition to protecting fu-
ture generations of workers; he also suggests applying
TQM methods to implement pollution prevention pro-
grams: Although from a previous administration, the
article still provides a good look at the government s .
perspective. [G][TQM] . .
Early, William F... and Mark A. Eldson, "Design for
Zero Releases." Hydrocarbon Processing 69 (August
1990): 47-49;
Provides methods for incorporating environmental
issues into chemical facility design. (This article is
written specifically about chemical manufacturing
processes and design considerations - flanges and
welded connections, valves, relief valves, pumps,
transfer lines/hoses, installation, and operation— and
, thus is not recommended for general reading.) [FFJ
Evanhoff, Stephan P. "Hazardous Waste Reduction
in the Aerospace Industry." Chemical Engineering
Progress 86 (April 1990): 51-61.
This article outlines the aerospace industry's manufac-
turing process wastes, explaining the processes used
(degreasing, surface finishing painting,; surface cleaning,
maintenance; transportation, and laboratory R&D) and
the wastes generated. It then outlines current recycling
and recovery technologies used in the industry. The
information describes processes and their chemical and
mechanical attributes. While it is too specific for gen-
eral industrial engineering curricula,it providesa
good overview for industrial engineers interested in
the aerospace industry. .•'.'.
Feichtinger, G.. and M. Luptacik. "Optimal Products
and Abatement Policies of a Firm.' European Journal
of Operations Research 29 (1987): 274-285,
This article examines the relationship between the loss
of jobs caused by increased environmental regulation
and the loss of environmental quality caused by pollu-
tion The authors develop a model that determines an
optimal path where pollution control increases as the
number of employees rise. [OR]
Freeman, Henry, Teresa Harten, Johnny Spnnger,
Paul Randall, Mary Ann Curran, and Kenneth Stone.
"Industrial Pollution Prevention: A Critical Review.
Air and Waste (Journal of the Air and Waste Manage-
ment Association) 42, no. 5 (May 1992): 618-656,
A comprehensive review of pollution prevention activi-
ties around the country, this article discusses pollution
prevention; governmental legislation and programs;
industrial programs; pollution prevention assessments
and measurement issues; and incentives and bamers
to pollution prevention, life cycle analysis, and product
design. Identifies and critiques topical material for each
topic. A very good reference for gathering comprehen-
sive pollution prevention information. [G][TQM][PC]
Friedlander, Sheldon K. "Pollution Prevention: Impli-
cations for Engineering Design, Research and Edu-
cation." Environment 31 (May 1989): 10-15, 36-38.
As pollution prevention and other proactive strategies
gain momentum as environmental, strategies, engineers
are faced with the challenge of developing technological
solutions. The author looks at source reduction and
"product design as they effect research and education. [G]
Frosch, Robert A., and Nicholas E. Gallopouios.
"Strategies forManufacturing." Scientific American
261 (September 1989): 144-152.
The authors present the idea of the "industrial ecosys-
tem" in this article. As natural resources become more
scarce, this idea should gain interest in industry. Three
"industrial ecosystems" are presented: the production
of plastics from petroleum, the conversion of iron ore to
steel arid the use of platinum as a catatyst.lG][PCllTQM]
Goldner, Howard J. "Waste Minimization Starts at
the Top.' Research and Development Magazine 33
(September 1991): 48-52. ,
This article presents the importance of a company's re-
search and development department in bringing about
successful pollution prevention projects. Not only
should R&D focus on the product, but it should focus
on the manufacturing process, as well. To motivate
this shift in R&IXs orientation, top management must
understand the need and benefits of pollution preven-
tion initiatives: [GKOD/MC1
-------
Green, Philip E.J. "Environmental TQM." Quality
Progress 26 (May 1993): 77-80.
The author stresses that "quality professionals have a
tremendous contribution to make. As iconoclasts, they
have learned to challenge sacred assumptions and de-
velop new and better ways to work. They have learned
to establish credibility for new work and management
practices." Deming's 14 points to environmental issues
are discussed, as well as benefits to protecting the envi-
ronment, and altering managers' attitudes. [TQM]
Gregory, Paul, Richard Larson, and Alan Minkoff.
"Dirty Work." OR/MS Today 19 {June 1992): 34-39.
The authors discuss the increased use of marine trans-
port to dispose of New York City's waste due to closed
landfills. To optimize allocation of the garbage barge
armada, the authors developed me Barge Operation
Systems Simulation As a result of this model, refuse
barges move through New York Harbor more effectively.
An issue unanswered by the article is the necessity to
reduce the waste generated by New Yorkers. [OR]
Hahn, Robert W. "On Reconciling Conflicting Goals:
Applications of Multi-objective Programming." Opera-
tions Research 32, no. 1 (1984): 221-288.
In most mathematical programming problems, the goal
is to minimize cost subject to feasibility constraints and
a set of targets. In contrast, multi-objective program-
ming treats the objectives as the choice variables, and
cost as a parameter. This article uses the two approaches
to analyze a pollution emission problem. The compari-
son reveals that the traditional cost-minimizing ap-
proach can generate solutions mat are inefficient, in
the sense that greater emissions reductions could have
been attained at the same cost. Because the solution
sets to the two problems may differ, the author derives
conditions under which the two approaches yield a
similar set of results. [OR]
Hamalainen, Raimo P. "Decision Analysis Makes Its
Way Into Environmental Policy in Finland." OR/MS
Today (June 1992): 40-43.
The author discusses using decision analysis tech-
niques in developing decisions outside the traditional
engineering and business spheres. He then describes
his HIPRE decision-support software, which was used
to assist the Finnish government in making acid rain
policy. [DA]
Harmon, Leith S. "A Logical Role for the Industrial
Engineer Pollution Prevention.' NPPC, 1995.
Discusses the inherent and critical role industrial
engineers must play in developing successful pollution
prevention programs. Explains regulatory and market .
factors for P2 and outlines a framework for P2 within a
firm. Provides accompanying questions and answers. [G]
. "Pollution Prevention and Facilities Plan-
ning." NPPC, 1995.
Discusses the need for facility planners to consciously
include environmental considerations when locating
and designing facilities. Provides accompanying
questions and possible answers. [FP]
. Total Quality Management: A
Methodology for Pollution Prevention." NPPC, 1995.
Discusses how the four elements of Total Quality Man-
agement — customer focus, continuous improvement,
teamwork, and strong management commitment —
can all be applied to prevent pollution. Provides
accompanying questions and possible answers. [TQM]
. The Tragedy of the Commons and the Deci-
sion Maker." NPPC, 1995.
Investigates the failure of the rational decision model
under certain resource allocation conditions. Provides
accompanying questions and answers. [DA]
Harmon, Leith S., and Katta Murty. "Pollution Pre-
vention as Continuous Improvement at Ford Motor
Company." NPPC, 1995.
Describes Ford's successful use of continuous improve-
ment techniques to reduce.waste at its Livonia, MI,
Transmission Plant Discusses a cross-disciplinary team
and the waste-prevention opportunities it developed
as well as a P2 guidebook mat could be used for waste
prevention at other Ford plants. Provides accompany-
ing questions, answers, and discussion points. [TQM]
Haynswortn, H.C., and R. Tim Lyons. "Remanufac-
turing By Design." Production and Inventory Manage-
ment (2nd Quarter 1987): 24-29.
"Design for remanufacturability" is an idea that is
gaining ground both here and in Europe. The auto-
motive industry is the primary industry utilizing this
strategy. The benefits of using remanufactured parts
include increased savings for customers, better perfor-
mance than reconditioned parts, reduction of capital
4 • Annotated Bibliograpny
April 1995
-------
spending, and reduced need for raw material. The
author points out how this strategy can be incorporated
into the product life cycle. Problems include difficulties
in developing a collection and distribution network for
the used parts/and the perceived quality problem of
using "previously used" parts. [PC]
Hethcoat, Henry G. "Minimize Refinery Waste."
Hydrocarbon Processing 69 (August 1990): 51-54.
This article outlines the petroleum industry's manufac-
turing processes and their attendant wastes. The author
explains the current recycling and recovery technologies
(integrated units, in-line bleeding, crude tank mixers,
air cooler maximization, demoralized river water,
amine degradation prevention) used in the industry.
The information describes processes arid their chemical
and'mechanical attributes. While it is too specific for
general industrial engineering curricula, it provides a
good overview for industrial engineers interested in
the petroleum industry. ,
Hirschhom, Joe! S., and Kirsten U. Oldenburg. Pros-
perity Without Pollution. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold,1991.
This comprehensive book looks at the .issue of pollu- -
tion prevention from social, organizational, and indus-
trial management perspectives (in contrast to many
pollution prevention guides, which primarily provide
a technical perspective), the first half of the book is .
particularly relevant to production control. Chapters,
"Achieving Success By Overcoming Obstacles," is per-
tinant to organizational design and the management
of change along with quality management programs.
Chapter 4, "Data TeUs the Story: Too; Much Waste,"
presents the surprisingly complex issues mat surround
tracking waste. Chapter 7, "Changing Consumption:
Reducing Garbage," discusses how consumers are a
factor in the reduction of waste. Chapter 9, "No Time
to Waste," discusses public policy responsibilities in
pollution prevention. {PCirTQM][OD/MC]
Hocking, Martin B. "Paper vs. Polystyrene: A Complex
Choice." Science 251 (February 1,1991): 504-505.
Using life cycle analysis, the author analyzes the envi-
ronmentaleffects of paper vs. polystyrene packaging.
This article is one of-the ground-breaking discussions
of life-cycle analysis. While the author concludes that
polystyrene is less damaging to the environment for
single use situations, tecent changes in paper produc-
tion technology cast doubts on that conclusion today.
From an educational standpoint, the significance of
this article lies not in the authors conclusions but in his
methodology. As such, the article can be used to intro-
duce the process of life cycle analysis.
Imbler, C. Clarke. "Who Pays the.Price for Environ-
mental Pollution?" Pollution Engineering 21 (Sept.
1989): 92-94;
This editorial piece outlines the weaknesses inherent in
the many regulatory "solutions" to the country's waste
•' problems. The author discusses how RCRA and Super- '
fund create litigious behavior and do not fully address
the true costs of pollution cleanup. This article might
be used to make a strong case for pollution prevention:
if the waste is not generated, liability under the various-
regulations will not occur. Total cost accounting
(including the expected costs.of waste handling, waste
disposal, and liability in the capital budgeting process)
can make pollution prevention projects appear more
economically attractive. [G][CB]
Keeney, Ralph L 'Structuring Objectives for Problems
of Public Interest/ Operations Research 36, no. 3
(May/June 1988): 396-405.
Sustainable development requires mat industry view
all costs (not just those internal to the firm) of doing
business when making decisions. When the environ-
mental issues are included in the business decision
process, the set of stakeholders must be expanded ber
yond the traditional group of stockholders, customers,
and employees. The author presents a model of deci-
sion analysis that includes a hierarchy of multiple
objectives representing all stakeholders affected by
the decision. [DA]
Kharbanda, O.P., and E.A. Stallworthy. Waste
Management. New York: Auburn House, 1990.
This book presents a good introductory discussion on
why industrial engineers should be concerned with
pollution prevention. /The increasing costs and hazards
associated with waste handling require more compre-
hensive waste management The authors describe the
pojlution hierarchy and call for wasteless processes
wherever possible. Waste should be minimized only
when wasteless processes do not exist Where waste
minimization is infeasible, recycling should be em-
ployed; waste treatment should be viewed as an alter-
native of last resort.
The book describes our society's waste problems,
emphasizing management's role in implementing
ratne
Annotated BiWtograpny • 5
April 1995
-------
.olutions. Specific production control and management
techniques are discussed along with clear examples of
pertinent technologies that can be employed in facilities
planning; these examples would be very appropriate
for classroom discussion of pollution prevention tech-
niques. [G][FP][OD/MC][PC]
Kirsh, F.W., and G.P. Looby, "Case Study: Pollution
Prevention in Practice." Pollution Prevention Review
1, no. 2 (Spring 1991): 25-28.
This article presents four case studies that show how
small- and medium-sized companies can not only re-
duce waste, but also save enough money to pay for any
. capital changes. [G]
Koelsch, James R. "Knee Deep in Liability?' Manu-
facturing Engineering 107 (August 1991): 28-33.
The article outlines the negative results of not handling
spent coolants properly. It discusses how one produc-
tion manager faces fines and imprisonment for not
handling spent coolants as outlined in the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). It also covets
management techniques (planning, documentation,
and proper maintenance) that not only reduce liability,
but reduce spent coolant as well. While pollution pre-
vention is not explicitly discussed, it is the underlying
message in the article. [G]
Koenigsberger, M.D. "Preventing Pollution at the
Source." Chemical Engineering Progress 82 (May
1986): 7-9. -
The article briefly outlines 3M's efforts in pollution pre-
vention. It suggests methods for implementing a P2
program and discusses the following potential barriers:
• Senior management support may be difficult to get
• Even though operating and maintenance costs
almost always make pollution more expensive to
control than prevent, the initial investment for pollu-
tion prevention equipment might still be higher.
• P2 technology may not be viable.
• P2 may be viewed as an untried substitute.
• Marketing often hinders reformulation. [G]
Konz, Steven A. Facility Design, pp. 347-353.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1985.
This is a is a textbook for the field of facilities planning.
The section cited briefly discusses the importance of
including waste reduction criteria in the facility design
process. Includes industry examples. [FP]
Kraft, Robert L. "Incorporate Environment^ Reviews
Into Facility Design." Chemical Engineering Progress
88 (August 1992): 46-52.
This article provides a comprehensive plan for incor-
porating environmental concerns into facility design.
Although the issues addressed tend to be chemical
process-oriented, the techniques outlined can be gener-
alized to all manufacturing. The 10 components of the
review process are:
1. Conduct initial and pre-design assessments.
2. Assign project environmental responsibility.
3. Define the project's environmental objectives.
4. Identify the need for any permits.
5. Determine environmental compliance requirements.
6. Perform an overall waste minimization analysis.
7. Apply "best environmental practices" for emission-
free and discharge-free facilities.
8. Determine waste treatment & disposal requirements.
9. Perform engineering evaluations of waste manage-
ment options.
10. Complete project environmental review. [FP]
Maruchek, Ann, and Lansdon Bobbins. "Business
Ethics: The Materials/Manufacturing Perspective.
Production and Inventory Management Journal 29
(4th Quarter 1988): 16-19.
The authors contend that true impacts of "green"
consumerism can be made in the supplier/customer
relationship rather than in the consumer sphere. In-
creasingly, the supplier's product affects the customer's
reputation and even liability. The authors show how
environmental sensitivity is everyone's concern, and
that activities such as purchasing can effect the envi-
ronment [PC]
Molinaro, Lawrence, Jr. Production and Operations
Management and the Environment. Washington: Man-
agement Institute for Environment and Business, 1991.
This reader, the first of seven MEB modules on envi-
ronmental considerations in business, includes articles
and case studies relevant to several subdisciplines in
IE/OR. Chapter 1, "Introduction to Pollution Preven-
tion and Waste Reduction," applies to all. Chapters 6,
"Managing Technology for Environmental Strategy,"
and 7, "The Regulatory Environment and Operations,'
apply to organizational design and management of
change. Chapters 2, "Waste Minimization in the
Production Process," 3, "Materials Management," and
4, "Quantitative Models: Environmental Management
6 • Annotated Bibliography
April 1995
-------
Applications," apply to production control Chapters 2
and 5, "The Environmental Audit" apply to Total
Quality Management [OD/MC][PC][TQM]
O'Suilivan, Dermot. "Bayer Targets Process Modiftoa-
tion as Approach to Pollution Prevent.on Chemcal
& Engineering News 69 (October 21,1991). 21-25.
This article discusses how the large chemical company.
has targeted one sixth of its capital spending in pollu-
tion prevention. The article discusses incorporating
the "prevention, reduction, recycling" idea into the
iorporate culture. Specific projects are also discussed.
[OD/MC][G][PC] ;..'...
Olsen, Marvin E. "Public Acceptance of Consumer
Energy Conservation Strategies." JoumaI*****--
nomic Psychology 4, no. 2 (October 1983)M83-196.
The policy of reducing consumer energy consumption
can be implemented through several broad courses of
action. This study investigates six alternative strategies
for promoting energy conservation: financial incentives,
community programs; efficiency standards, land-use _
changes, consumption limits, and price increases. Pub-
lic acceptance of the strategies varies widely, from 83 /b
for financial incentives to 9% for price increases^The
single best predictor of acceptance is preference for a
soft rather than hard energy policy path; the second-
best predictor is perceived seriousness of the energy
problem. In general, Americans can be described as
supporting a diverse set of strategies for encouraging
consumer energy conservation. [OD/MC]
Oskamp, Stuart. -Psychology's Role in the Conserv-
inq Society." Population and Environments, no. 4
(Winter 1983: Behavioral Science Issue): 255-293.
The author defines the hard energy path as: heavy
reliance on high technology, highly centralized power
plants, and recklessly high levels of energy use. This is
perpetuated by extremely powerful institutional and
societal forces. Industry has huge investments in present
equipment and procedures. Many policy implications
can be drawn from psychological research:. Emphasize
individual benefits of conservation rather than sacrifices.
Don't make financial savings the sole justification for
conservation. Don't expect information alone to moti-
vate people to conserve. Stress benefits of conservation
to.society in order to give people an altruistic rational
for conserving. Finally, whenever possible, spread con-
servation information through interpersonal interaction
and "hands on" demonstrations rather than through
the impersonal mass media. [OD/MC]
Painter, John, Rachel Semenik, and Russell Belk
"Is There a Generalized Energy Conservation Ethic?
A Comparison of the Determinants of Gasoline and
• Home Heating Energy Conservation." Journal of
Economic Psychology--3, no. 3-4 (September 1983).
317^-331. -
Compared to other socially responsible behaviors such
as pollution reduction, the conservation of energy is
more likely to be motivated by more purely economic
incentives. The study suggests that studies of conser-
vation behavior that combine conserves of different
fuels or that attempt to generalize from conservation
of one fuel to, conservation of others may be quite mis-
leading. [OD/MC]
Piasecki, Bruce, and Peter Asmus. In Search of
Environmental Excellence. New York: Simon and ;
Schuster, 1990.
Chapter 5, "Industry and the Environment: Creating
Affordable Beliefs," discusses the need and provides
examples of how companies have made the organiza-
tional and cultural changes required for successful
pollution prevention. Many of these changes mirror
those required for the successful implementation of
quality programs. [OD/MC][TQM]
Pojasek, Robert B. "For Pollution Prevention: Be
Descriptive Not Prescriptive." Chemical Engineenng
98 (September 1991): 136-139.
The author, describes a "descriptive" approach to pol-
lution prevention. This type of strategy is required for
studying unique processes. Under this plan, those
people closest to theprocess are called upon to develop
creative and innovative solutions to the pollution prob-
lems at hand. [G], •••,••.
Pojasek, Robert B., and Lawrence J.,Coli. "Measunng
Pollution Prevention Progress." Pollution Prevention
Rewewl, no. 2 (Spring 1991): 119-130.
Successful pollution prevention programs require
quantifiable measures, which are used in identifying
waste streams and providing goals for future
improvement. Issues in developing these measures
are discussed. [G]
-------
President's Commission on Environmental Quality,
Quality Environmental Management Subcommittee.
Total Quality Management: A Framework for Pollu-
tion Prevention. Washington: President's Commis-
sion on Environmental Quality, 1993.
Under the auspices of the President's Commission on
Environmental Quality (PCEQ), 11 corporations volun-
teered "to demonstrate the viability of TQM as a meth-
odology for achieving pollution prevention. Included
are summaries of the results of projects at AT&T,
Chevron, Dow, DuPont, Ford, GE, International Paper,
Merck, Procter & Gamble, 3M, and the U.S. Generating
Company. [TQM]
Price, Roger L "Stopping Waste at the Source."
Civil Engineering 60 (April 1990): 67-69.
Inventory control, material-handling, and scheduling
all provide opportunities for waste reduction. These
traditional industrial engineering fields require an envi-
ronmental "spin" before waste reduction opportunities
can be identified. The author also discusses process
redesign, raw material substitution, and industrial
ecology. [PC][G]
Remmers, J., Th. Morgenstem, G. Schoens, H.-D.
Haasis, and O. Rentz. "Integration of Air Pollution
Control Technologies in Linear Energy-Environmen-
tal Models." European Journal of Operational Re-
search 47 (1990): 306-316.
This article discusses alterations to the Energy Flow
Optimization Model (EFOM) to address pollution re-
duction. The model was generated as a result of concern
over" Europe's increasing levels of air pollution. [OR]
Robinson, Alan G., and Dean M. Schroeder. "Detect-
ing and Eliminating Invisible Waste." Production and
Inventory Management Journal 33, no. 4 (Fourth
Quarter 1992): 37-42.
This article discusses the idea of invisible waste in the
production process. It explores why the waste is invis-
ible, identifies sources of those wastes, and proposes
the following principles to detect and eliminate them:
1. When evaluating or applying a new management
technique, identify the sources of waste that it ex-
poses or eliminates, those that it cannot expose or
eliminate, those it will create, and the complementary
techniques required to address these limitations.
2. Do not limit training to specific job methods —
employees must also know how to make improve-
ments to their jobs.
3. Increase the number of perspectives from which the
process is seen.
4. Whenever significant change is made to any compo-
nent of the productive system, examine the entire
process for new sources of waste.
While the authors expand the definition of waste to in-
clude labor inefficiencies, the principles presented are
relevant to pollution prevention. [PC][TQM]
Schmidheiny, Stephan, with the Business Council
for Sustainable Development. Changing Course: A
Global Business Perspective on Development and
the Environment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992.
Developed under the auspices of an international
group of business leaders, this comprehensive book
looks at all aspects of integrating environmental con-
cerns into industrial management The chapters are (1)
"The Business of Sustainable Development"; (2) "Pric-
ing the Environment Markets, Costs, and Instruments";
(3) "Energy and the Marketplace"; (4) "Capital Markets:
Financing Sustainable Development"; (5) "Trade and
Sustainable Development"; (6) "Managing Corporate
Change"; (7) "The Innovation Process"; (8) "Technology
Cooperation; (9) "Sustainable Management of Renew-
able Resources"; and (10) "Leadership for Sustainable
Development." The case studies about managing
change in business, business partnerships, stakeholder
partnerships, financial partnerships, cleaner production,
cleaner products, and sustainable resource use are
apropos to industrial engineering. Chapters 1,6,7,8,
9, and 10 are especially relevant to organizational de-
sign and management of change, as are the case studies
about managing business, business partnerships, stake-
holder partnerships, financial partnerships, and sustain-
able resource use Chapters 1,3,7, and 8 are especially
relevant to production control, as are the case studies
about managing-cleaner production, cleaner products,
and sustainable resource use; those cases are also rel-
evant to facilities planning. [G][FP]IOD/MC][PC1
Tusa, Wayne. "Developing an Environmental Audit
Program." Risk Management 32 (August 1987): 24-29.
The article discusses reasons for and ways to set up an
environmental audit program. Though not stated in
.the article, such a program ties in nicely with quality
audit systems. [TQM]
8 • Annotated Bibliography
Apnl 1995
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Pollution Prevention. Pollution Prevention 1991:
Progress on Reducing Industrial Pollutants. EPA/
21P-3003. Washington: U.S. EPA, 1991..
This EPA publication presents trends and describes
industrial and governmental programs. Chapter 3
provides examples of specific organizational efforts to
better facilitate pollution prevention. It is good refer-
ence for governmental contacts. [OD/MC]
Upton, Dave, and Joshua Margolis. "Australian
Paper Manufacturers," Cases A and B (Report #N9-
691:041). Boston: Harvard Business School, 1,990;
In the light of a competitor's problems with toxic
chemicals, these cases explore Australian Paper Manu-
facturers' options in expanding uncoated, fine paper
capacity, along with dealing with toxicchemicals,
forestry and recycling. [PC]
Van Steen, Jacques F. J. "A Methodology for Aiding
Hazardous Materials Transportation." European
Journal of Operational Research 32 (1987): 231-244.
Risk assessment plays a large role in environmental
decision-making. This article develops a model for
risk analysis associated with the transportation of
hazardous waste. Value judgments and. the perception
of risk arejncluded in the model. [DA]
Van Weenen, J.C, and J. Eckels. "Design and Waste
Prevention." The Environmental Professional 11
(1991): 231-235.
The article discusses methods for designing products
and processes with waste prevention as a specific goal.
A matrix method — the Design Environment Cube
(similar to life-cycle matrices and "house of quality"
models) — is presented. The authors men point out
that further research is needed in the areas in decision-
making systems, influencing systems, and design for
durability and reuse. [FPJ[TQM]
Von Winterfeldt, Detlof. "Setting Standards for Off-
shore Oil Discharges: A Regulatory Decision Analysis.'
Operations Research W (September/October 1982):
867-686.
Offshore oil production platforms continually discharge
oily water into the surrounding marine environment
To reduce the environmental risk from these discharges,
emission standards are set on the oil concentration in
the effluent This paper describes a decision-analysis
model for aiding regulators and platform operators in
the standard-setting process. The model combines
three submodules: a regulator model, an operator
model, and an impact model. [DA]
Winett, Rachel A., and Peter Ester. "Behavior Science
and Energy Conservation: Conceptualizations, Strat-
egies, Outcomes, Energy Policy Applications." Journal
of Economic Psychology $>no- **- (September 1983):
203-229.
The importance of human behaviors in energy conser-
vation is well-known in behavior science, but this posi-
tion has hardly made its way into policy. The authors
suggest these preliminary steps as a minimum:
1. Delineate me most significant energy-consuming
practices.
2. Assess technical contexts — make sure policy is
pertinent to consumer behavior.
3. Assess attitudes, beliefs, information, values,
and current behaviors concerning the practices in
different population segments. _-
4. Conduct analyses by population segments —
mismatches lead to failure.
5. Pre-test material to assure quality.
6. Analyze higher-level influences limiting change.
7. Use substitution strategies — decrease an inappro-
priate behavior and increase the appropriate one.
8. Use reciprocal reinforcement —reward multiple
and concerned parties for their efforts. [OD/MC]
Annotated Bitttography • 9
April 1995
-------
Wisner, Joel D.. and Stanley E. Fawcett. "Linking
Firm Strategy to Operating Decisions Through Per-
formance Measurement." Production and Inventory
Management Journal 32, no. 3 (Third Quarter 1991):
5-11.
Companies must reevaluate their approach to compe-
tition in the global economy. One area that needs re-
evaluation is performance measurement In order to
guide a firm's operating decisions toward strategic
objectives, performance criteria must be flexible, easy
to implement, timely, clearly defined at all manage-
ment levels, and derived from the firm's strategic
objectives. The article discusses the characteristics of
world-class manufacturers and how they use perfor-
mance measures competitively. It then discusses the
development of a successful performance measurement
system with criteria in quality, cost flexibility, dependa-
bility, and innovation. Noticeably missing is the area of
environmental performance. But, given (a) the authors'
premise that these performance measures should be
derived from a firm's strategic plan, and (b) the in-
creasing strategic emphasis on environmental quality,
environmental performance measures are a logical
extension. The development of such criteria might serve
as a good classroom exercise in a production control,
operations management, or quality class. [PC][TQM]
Original produced on Hammennfll Unity DP,
a 50% po6t-consumer/50% pre-consumer recycled paper
made from delinked old newspapers and magazines.
10 • Annotated Bibliography
April 1995
-------
•^' - '' ,...' CE'-176 POLLUTION PREVENTION
\
J
Catalog Description ^ . _ __^^< Cnrineers are often
^^^S^^^Sl^^^^SSS^&^L, •
Pojasek: Spring.
Rationale
Using a
<«^;&w**«>>*s«£3^
g^i4£^
PE^^J!^J±SS5iS^^^«»«A« pollution pr«v«non >
-------
** tr nr Poiasekwm be available one hour before every class, i.e.. 5:30 to
is also fvaifabfe by a^ent and by tdephone during *e normal busmcss
day at the following location:
GEI Consultants, Inc.
1021 Main Street
Winchester, MA 01890 ,
(617) 721-4097 (Voice Mail)
(617) 721-4073 (Fax)
53
-------
DA
FP I OR iO.D/MC! PC
TQM
Amoco, 1995
Ausube! and Sladovich, 1989
Bender ei al.. 1981
Berglund and Lawson, 1991
Bodily, t982
Brown, 1981
Caimcross, 1991
Caplan; 1992/93
Chechile and Carlisle, 1991
Cramer and Roes, 1993
Dauncey, 1991
Deland,1991
Feicntinger and Luptacik, 1987
Freeman et al., 1992
Friedlander, 1989
Frosch and Gallopbulos. 1989
Goldner, 1991
Green. 1993
Gregory et al.. 1992
Hann, t984
Hamalainen, 1992
Harmon (Logical Role). 1995
Harmon (P2 and Fac. Plaayi995
Harmon (TQM), 1995
Harmon (Tragedy), 1995
Harmon and Murty, 1995
Haynswortn and Lyons, 1987
„ Hirschhom and Oldenburg. 1991
Imbler, 1989
Keeney, 1988
Kharbanda and Stallworthy. 1990
Kirsh and Looby, 1991
Koelsch. 1991
Koenigsberger, 1992
Konz, 1985
Annotatad Bibliography • 11
April 1995
-------
G : CB ; DA i
Kraft, 1992
Maruchekand Robbins, 1988
Molinaro. 1991
O'Sullivan, 1991
Olsen, 1983
Oskamp, 1983
Painter etal., 1983
Piasecki and Asmus, 1 990
Pojasek, 1991
Pojasek and Coli, 1991
PCEQ, 1993
Price, 1990
Remmers et al., 1990
Robinson and Schroeder, 1992
Schmidheiny, 1 992
Tusa, 1987
Upton and Margolis, 1990
U.S. EPA, 1991
VanSteen, 1987
Van Weenen and Eckels, 1991
Von Winterfeldt, 1982
Winett and Ester, 1983
Wisner and Fawcett, 1991
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FP '
X
X
X
OR JOD/MC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
PC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TQM
X
• x
X
X
X
X
X
Published by:
The National Pollution Prevention Center
for Higher Education
University of Michigan, Dana Building
430 East University Ave.
Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-1115
• Phone: 313-764-1412
• Fax: 313-936-2195
• E-mail: nppcOumich.edu
The mission of the NPPC is to promote sustainable development
by educating students, faculty, and professionals'about pollution
prevention: create educational materials; provide tools and
strategies for addressing relevant environmental problems; and
establish a national -*
-------
Industrial Engineering and
Operations Research
CM •xtvtxTXX CtKTES fOK HIOM€* IOUCATIOH
Course Syllabi
Environmental Science and Public Policy:
**«« MM. >
univerejty
Clean Fuels and Clean Technology:
The Technical, Environmental, and Policy Issues.
RexT. Ellington, University of Oklahoma
Pollution Prevention
Robert B. Pojasek, Tufts University
Hazardous Material/ Waste Management^ _
Wayne C. Turner, Oklahoma State University
National Pon=«on Prevantign C.nwr for Higher Educatton • Umversity of Michigan
Dana Building. 430 East University, Ann Artxjf M! 48109-1115
Phon«: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936.2195 • E-mail: nppcOumich.adu
f rMly tor non-comnweal
educational purpoM«.
Pollution Prevention Syllabi
February 1995
-------
-------
Industrial Engineering and
Operations Research
Course Syllabi
Environmental Science and Public Policy:
Reducing Industrial Waste ,. ;
William Clark and Robert Frosch, Harvard University
Clean Fuels and Cfean Technology:
The Technical, Environmental, and Policy Issues.
Rex T. Ellington, University of Oklahoma
Pollution Prevention
• Robert B. Pojasek, Tufts University
•=•-'"' ; . , • . • - ' . '•
Hazardous Material/ Waste Management
Wayne C. Turner, Oklahoma State University
Na«ona.PoUu«on,Pf.v«ntionCWwHofHl^rEdi«ton.UnivW»tty of Michigw
y, Ann ArtorMI 48109-1115
,
F« 313.936.2195 • E-m.it nppe«i.mie«,.«lu
educabon«l puipOM*.
Pothrion P»v«ntloo Sytttt
February 1995
-------
-------
Industrial Engineering and
Operations Research
i mr»i OPCVFWTK3W CSMTER fOB «K1H£I» 60VC*T1OI
Clean Fuels and Clean Technology:
The Technical, Environmental, and
Policy Issues
Rex T. Ellington
HON 3993, May 1994
University of Oklahoma
National Pollution Prevention Canter lor Hlghar Education • yniv«r»lty ot MicJiigtn
Dana Building, 430 East University, Ann Art»r Ml 48109-1115,
Phone: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936.2195 • E-mail: nppcOumie»i.«
-------
-------
HON 3993 002- .•'-•'-..!•. ./'.••
CUan Fuels and CUan Technology: The Technical, Environment, and Policy Issues \
Dr. Mark Meo and Dr. Rex Ellington •
Course Description:
- e
Requirements:
Students will be asked to prepare two brief papers, midterm and final, based otT
^J^J^™,^***^**- Access to reference and speaalUbrary
materials will be facilitated by the instructors.
Reading List: ,
•Energy for PUn« Eslrth,- Virmifir ftmcrian. V°l- 2«, No. 3. September WO.
Oaober 1992).
Additionally, selected readings from books and journals will be assigned.
-------
-------
Industrial Engineering and
Operations Research
TION PHEYIWTIO* .CZWTES FOfl HK1H€R iOUCATM*
Clean Fuels and Clean Technology:
The Technical, Environmental, and
Policy Issues
Rex T. Ellington
HON 3993, May 1994
University of Oklahoma
National Pollution Prevention C«mar (or Hlglw Education • University o« Michigan
Dana Building, 430 East University, Ann Artof Ml 48109-1113
Phon«: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936^195 • E-mail: npocOumich.***
May b« reproduced
f nMly for ncn-comnwdal
•dueattonal punxiM*.
• Ellington
Febraaty 1995
-------
-------
HON3993 002 :
Clean Fuel, and Clean Technology, The Technical, Environmental, and Policy I*u«
' '.-',-" " . . # '
Dr. Mark Meo and Dr. Rex Ellington
Course Description:
Requirements:
Students will be asked to prepare two brief papers, midterm and final, based on
assigne^ [^gs h^outs, and ^ discussion. Access to reference and speaal hbrary
materials will be facUitated by the; instructors.
1 ' * :"'"'•.' -
Reading List: . .
"Energy for Planet Earth." Virntific American. Vol. 263, No. 3. September 1990.
October 1992); '
Additionally, selected readings from books and journals will be assigned. • . . ;
-------
-------
Industrial Engineering and
Operations Research
Pollution Prevention
Robert B. Pojasek
CE-194/, Spring 1994
Tufts University
Na.ona, Po-.ut.on Pr
Mayb«f«pro
-------
-------
• CE-194J Pollution Prevention: _
Instructor: Dr. Robert B. Pojasek
Spring 1994
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Rather than designing water
to help V^
5, evaluate a designated
diagrams, materials ^ountmg
don prevention, and a rank ordeM8
then research one of the pnm^
mendations for implementation.
allows students to exploit the
. ^ ^
feasibility study, and make recom-
p/oject in-an actual facility
about pollution preyenuon
procedures are introduced in
prevention is stressed'
January 24,1993
COURSE SCHEDULE
INTRODUCnON TO POLLUTION PREVENTION
m the terminolbgy and definitional problems fl*
« id cnme eeneric pollution prevention tneones ana
currently exist in this emerging neia, so™ ^ ^^ cnemical use cycles, the waste
concepts will be P»»ei^:'nw.ff*??Miits use and loss control, efficiency concepts,
management hierarchy, shifting ^?™^^fflt. Incentives and impediments to the use
and broader concepts of sustaina e' ®^°P . examined along with pressures that have
"-"
-------
, „„. 1W
^phasis * *is course is placed on ^n^o^^fS^n
cuons. ture of the
supplier/customer connecuons. ^.^weCtior, Understanding the culture of the
<°^^^^
^^ — «-
— «-
3 February 7, 1994 PREPARING FOR AN ASSESSMENT
Process mapping is utilized t<
* **^ * * j . - .J — — D «e/"S IVMT1W LT1C UXAAW* *^***""_ . evaluated along with analogies
variety of mappmg and omer visualization tectoqueswm .^-flow diagrams to help
to road maps and electrical schematic <"*^' "i^ye approach to poUution pre-
are skills mat are required for a proper assessment
4. February U. 1994 CONDUCTTNG THE FAOUTV ASSESSMENT
tinn assessment, one must learn to become
To conduct a successful pollution prpennon ^ ^ worksheets and question-
a good EXPLORER. Utilizing Pre*nPW*l°°*^s associated with them. Process flow
. ^ f j,,<.*,-«o. aecMsments have many prooiems a»»uviai nniintion
res) for conducting assessments ^£%**£% f Spuve approach to pollution
(Wednesday)
An ARTIST takes informadon §**«*! ^ identmeQ m u» »~~
to present the data and find trends. f^J 1™wfwnili!fM11 toois can be used to
6. THE PEASIBE.ITY STUDY
Avoiding the search for "right
bility study. Use of brainstorming, storyboarding
-------
to
,-OOA "CHARACTERIZING THE ALTERNATIVE
7. March 7, 1994
* „ ^fcn-ed to as the "low hanging fiuit" of pollution
Operating practices are orten rcicn ^pigmentandmay often lead to the largest
prevention. These are the ^^.^"JJ^j^ -IS most rrequently utilized by industry to
^^^^^\^^^^^^:^^^-:
^^S^SsSf&sssff^s^
'toformation resources :wiEb« explored. . ' ;
March !4.1994 : MID-TERM EXAMINATION
9 March 21.1994 : NO CLASS—SPRING BREAK—
10 March 28.1994 ' CONDUCTING tHE FEASIBILITY STUDY
,
8.
9.
program,
11 April 4 1994 PLANN^
applied requiieinents.
12 April 11, 1994 IMPI^MENTATIQN
-------
NO CLASS
DESIGN FOR X
is
don prevention.
13. April 18. 1994
14. April 25, 1994 »
It is always preferable to design
products. The "X" can stand for the ^ow£f. *™s' ^^have been in use for
assembly, remanufacturability, reliability,
-------
day at the foUowing location:
!
GS Consultants, Inc.
1021 Main Street ^
Winchester, MA 01890
(617) 721-4097 (Voice Mail)
(617) 721-4073 (Fax)
lol
-------
CE-176 POLLUTION PREVENTION
Catalog Description
water air and waste treatment facilities, engineers are often
•event tne generation of these wastes. Tools for understanding, .
QE and managing industrial manufacturing processes are presented using
actual cases. Practical problem-solving methodologies are incorporated! using; a rigorous
engineering framework of problem assessment, data management, feujbihgand
unpmenlrion. Senior standing and engineering or physical science background.
Pojasek. Spring.
Rationale
Usina a pollution prevention project in a designated manufacturing facility,;allows
stodeitt wwlcSt the knowledge tfiey have learnelabout pollution PreY«u°a ^°tdhs:
OeauVe probTem-solving and total quality management procedure!; arc^troduced^ui the
context of pollution prevention. The course includes examples djtomUWSSj^
Practices materials substitution, process/product changes and recycling. The proper use
!fi£ engSteri^gmetiiod for planning a£d implementing pollution prevention is
stressed. " • •
This is an elective course in both the Hazardous Materials Management^rogram
times as CE-194J Pollution Prevention,
-------
Industrial Engineering and
Operations Research
MOKE* COUCAT1OM
Hazardous Material/Waste Management
Wayne C. Turner
INDEN5943, Spring 1994
Oldahoma State University
National Pollution Prevention Center for High«r Education • Unhwsity o» Michigan
Dana Building, 430 East Univwsity, Ann Artsor Ml 4«109-1115
Phone: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936.2195 • E-mail: nppc«umi«Si.adu .
May be raproducad
fraaly 'or non-«omRMfeial
educational punpoM*.
Tum«f
Febhjaryi995
-------
-------
. "•;•• INBEN5943
HAZARDOUS MATE3UALAVASTE MANAGEMENT
SPRING 1994
CATALOG DESCRIPTION
Management of hazardous materials and waste by the generator to reduce operating
costs and protect employees. Emphasis on hazardous communication program,
reducing volume and toxicity, and management activities. .
PREREQUISITES !
INDEN 3503, CHEM 1515 or equivalent
Several sources of reference will be used but the primary text is:
Handbook on H—ninmi Materials Management. Edited by Tom Carson and Doye
Cox, Institute of Hazardous Materials Management, Fourth Edition, 1992,
Rockville, MD. ,
REFERENCES
o Code of Fffferal pegul«ti"«"- Volumes 29, 40, 49 and others as needed, U.S.
Government Printing Office. ; ,
o Turner, W. C., Text material developed for extension courses over the last 10
years at OSU.
o serious Reducfrm irf Hair*™* w^te For PoHution Prevention and
Efficiency. Congress of me United States, U.S. Government Printing Office.
o Huisingh, Donald, Vicki Bailey, Makiny Pollution Prevention Pav, Pergamon,
New York, NY 1982.
o Overcash, Michael R., Techniqiiea for Industrial Ponution Prevention, Lewis
Publishers Inc, Chelsae, Michigan, 1986.
o Blakeslee, H. William, etal., A Practical G»ide to Plant Environmental Audits,
Van Nostrand Reinhold; New York, NY 1985. , .
-------
o Noll, Kenneth E.. ct.al. Frmym *«**» 11*1
,
Publishers Inc., Chelsae, Michigan, 1985.
o Tavlarides, Lawrence L., Pmrm Modification* fiTT Mntrinl
des, Lawrence L., Pmrm ocaon*
oji, Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsae, Michigan, 1985.
OBTECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to
o - design, implement, and manage a hazard coinmunication pfogram including
employee and community "right to know'
o design, implement, and manage a hazardous material/waste Volume and toxicity
reduction program.
o prepare contingency plans, training programs, record keeping systems, and
management structure for a comprehensive hazardous material/waste management
program. .
o deal effectively (from a gsae&BL viewpoint) with all state, federal, and local
regulation agencies.
Mat/-ml/Waste Perasctes 5%
significance of the problem, impact on
industry and commerce, cost reduction
potential
Employee and Community Right to KJIOW,
training, record keeping, management
review, labeling
-------
Waste Management 35%
Definition of hazardous waste, volume in
industry, Federal and State regulations,
coordination, record keeping, transportation,
route selection, choosing transporters arid ;
disposal facilities, trends
o Eftfr«"'y Volume and Toricitv 15%
Objectives, product redesign, process
redesign, management systems, decision
model, "True Cost" model, industrial
process resource recovery
o Mana?ement Systems Review 10*
Review of program, coordination, dealing
with regulations agencies, avoiding duplication
O Want T«m. Qnttilfr
-------
INDEN5943
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL/WASTE GENERATION MANAGEMENT
INSTRUCTOR::
W. C. Turner, PhD, PE
318 Engineering North
Industrial Engineering
Oklahoma State University
(405) 744-6055
OFFICE HOURS:
GRADUATE ASSISTANT:
CLASS HOURS: Stillwater (TO BE DI
Tuba
Monday 4:30-7:15 P.M.
(with 1-15 minute break)
SYLLABUS: See attached
GRADING: Two Teats®
1 Term. Paper
Homework-Presentation
Exam
25%
20%
10%
20%
TOTAL
50%
20%
10%
20%
Tests will be one hour in length and in class; but I retain the right to give a take home
test if I feel it's best
j '"''.'
Term Paper: Topic must be agreed upon in advance. Paper should be of graduate
level and written accordingly, (spelling, grammar, etc. will be
graded), e.g. "Waste Management Plan for ACDZ Co.*
-------
Presentation-Homework: In addition, you will research into one topic (normally
same topic as term paper) of general interest to the class and
make a 10 minute presentation. You wifl be graded on the
use of visuals, etc. (I want a copy of your visuals.)
Text: TTflndhnnk on WawrdniM Materials M^nflgemgBfc Edited by Tom Carson
and Doye Cox, Institute of Hazardous Materials Management, Fourth
Edition, 1992, Rockville, MD.
In addition, I will have 1 or 2 sets of my transparencies and actual regulations
at UCT (OSU office) and in Industrial Engineering 322 Engineering North
(Stillwaler). You may xerox these or simply use as necessary by dropping by
the office. You may not take them home.
For Spring 1994, I will have an abbreviated set available to yon for $10.00
each. Please make checks out to "Industrial Engineering*. I will bring them
each week. First week is "on the house".
-------
WEEK OF
SUBJECT
Dr. Turner's Transparencies and Reading
From Text Shown Below
January 10
Introduction & Basics
P59-82,179-186,187-194,195-204
213-228,229-249,249-265,265-
272,285-296, (1st & 3rd week)
January 17
January 24
•January 31
February 14
February 21
February 28
March?
March 14
March 21
Introduction & Basics
UCT will have a short meeting
September 8 to make up Labor Day
Practices & Procedures
P83-122
Chemistry - Radiation Pl-55
BRING SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR TO CLASS
"""February 7 Practices and Procedures
CIEST1)
Employee Right to Know
Community Right to Know
Transportation .
Spring Break
i
Transportation Choosing
P83-122, P273-284
P175-178
P2Q5-212
P145-174
P145-174
Choosing Transporters, Disposal Options, Disposal Sites
P113-122, P389-406
March 28
Spill Prevention & Control
P305-370 (Misc. Reading)
-------
April4 (TEST2)
Environmental Audits (Operations) P371-378
April 11 Environmental Audits (Operations) (Real Estate)
P407-454
,-,-•'.. i - . / ' • *
***April 18 Hazardous Material/Waste Tank Management
April 25 Reducing Volume & Tenacity P297-304, P379
May 2 EXAM-Tuls* ,
* Talks Begin
** Topics Chosen
*** Papers Doe (FIRM) - 5 points off each day late
GRADING OF TERM PAPERS
1) Choice of Subject Maximum
2) Grammar, Spelling Maximum 25 points
3) Report Structure Maximum 25jsantt
Abstract, Table of Contents,
List of Tables & Figures, Bibliography - format, overall appearance of report,
conclusions
4) Report Content Maximum 40 points
Development of Subject, flow, closure, amount of research, content of Bibliography
-------
TERM
* Please note the grading on format (#3 25 pts)
I beUeve it's important to have a prop^^ Thus,
Abstract 5 pts.
Table of Contents 5 pts.
Format of Bibliography 5 pts.
Conclusions - Summary , 5 pts.
• . Overall Appearance 5 pts.
* On grammar and spelling I will deduct 4 points each mistake up to the maximum of 25
points.
* On choice of nibjfft, y™ ""«* **" ' «"« ™**y *t>8 appropriate for von in this course. You
must do this in a separate memo to me that is turned in with the report
Remember we are studying how to be better managers of hazardous materials/waste in
operating entities (hospitals, niairafacturiiig plants, schools, etc.) You then must address this
in your argument.
-------
Industrial Engineering and
Operations Research
SOLUTION POev^KDOH-CSKT^fl COP MIQHeB EDUCATTC*
Hazardous Material/Waste Management
Wayne C. Turner
INDEN 5943, Spring 1994
Oklahoma State University
National Pollution Prevention Center (or Higher Education • University of Michigan
Dana Building, 430 East University, Ann Arbor Ml 48109-1115
Phone: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936,2195 • E-mail: nppcOumich.«du
May b« raproducad
freely for non-commercial
educational purposes.
February 1995
' !/?
-------
-------
INDEN5943
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL/WASTE MANAGEMENT
SPR3TNG 1994
Management of hazardous materials and waste by me generatOT to reduce operating
costs and protect employees. Emphasis on hazardous communication program,
reducing volume and toxicity, and management activities.
INDEN 3503, CHEM 1515 or equivalent
TEXT' ' "• • .••..'• ..'•./' V ' •''•'
Several sources of reference will be used but the primary text is:
fflmifrTflfc- Tn F*™^™* Materials Management Edited by Tom Carson and Doye
Cox, Institute of Hazardous Materials Management, Fourth Edition, 1992,
Rockvilie, MD.
rf Fr^r»l p^rthrioM.- Vokmes 29, 40, 49 and others as needed, U.S.
Government printing Office.
; . •= ^
o Turner, W. C., Text material -developed for extension courses over the last 10
years at OSU.
o frpnin Redurtiim Tf F***"1""* Waste For PoUution Prevention md Industrial
Efficiency. Consgess of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office.
o Huisingh, Donald, Yield Bailey, MaMny PoUution Prevention Pay, Pergamon,
New York, NY 1982.
- _.
o Overcash, Michael R., T^*1™^11^ fer Industrial Pollution Prevention. Lewis
Publishers Inc, Chelsae, Michigan, 1986.
o Blakeslee, H Willie, '^.^'v fr .-p*"^1 G"ide to Plant Environmental Audits,
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY 1985. •
115
-------
o Nan, Kenneth E.. rt ~! Fff-1Y"y Regvcle "** *™^ of TndnrtiTil Waite, Lewis
Publishers Inc., Chelsae, Michigan, 1985.
o Tavlarides, Lawrence L., P™^ Modifications for Indmtrial Pollution
Reduction. Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsae, Michigan, 1985.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to
o design, implement, and manage a hazard communication program including
employee and community "right to know"
o design, implement, and manage a hazardous material/waste Volume and toxicity
reduction program.
* ' '
o prepare contingency plans, training programs, record keeping systems, and
management structure for a comprehensive hazardous material/waste management
program.
o deal effectively (from a generator viewpoint) wim all state, federal, and local
regulation agencies.
OUTLINE PERCENT TIME
Material/Waste Perspective 5%
significance of the problem, impact on
industry and commerce, cost reduction
potential
Hazard ConHMIH^**011 ^iutffam 20%
Employee and Community Right to Know,
training, record keeping, management Yi
,* i ' • »**.*•*•*«> '• >••• ••'*•"-• "-<•'*"< '•"•
review, labeling
-------
o Hazardous Waste
35%
Definition of hazardous waste, volume in
industry, Federal and State regulations,
coordination, record keeping, transportation,
route selection, choosing transporters and
disposal facilities, trends :
Educing V^m™ and ToTJcitv
Objectives j product redesign, process
redesign, management systems, decision
model, "True Cost" model, industrial
process resource recovery
Management Systems Review
Review of program, coordination, dealing
with regulations agencies, avoiding duplication
15%
10%
O Plant Tours.
ft?**1"** Teat
Industrial Engineering consultants talk
about oppq«l""irie« in industry, tours of
successful operations :
10%
7
-------
INDEN5943
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL/WASTE GENERATION MANAGEMENT
INSTRUCTOR::
W. C. Turner, PhD, PE
318 Engineering North
Industrial Engineering
Oklahoma State University
(405) 744-6055
OFFICE HOURS:
GRADUATE ASSISTANT:
CLASS HOURS: Stfflwater (TO BE DETERMINED)
Tuba
Monday 4:30-7:15 P.M.
(with 1-15 minute break)
SYLLABUS:See attached
GRADING: Two Tests©
1 Term Paper
Homework-Presentation
25%
20%
10%
20%
TOTAL
50%
20%
10%
20%
Tests will be one hour in length and in class; but I retain the right to give a take home
teat if I feel it's best,
, •'' 'If, .' ' ' •
Term Paper: Topic must be agreed upon in advance. Paper should be of graduate
level and written accordingly, (spelling, grammar, etc. will be
graded), e.g. "Waste Management Plaafor ACDZ Co."
-------
Presentation-Homework: In addition, you will research into one topic (normally
same topic as term paper) of general interest to the class and
make a 10 minute presentation. You wifl be graded on the
useofvisuab, etc. (I want a copy of your visuals.)
Text: Handbook an Hazacfous Materials Management: Edited by Tom Carson
and Dbye Cox, Institute of Hazardous Materials Management, Fourth
Edition, 1992, Rockvffle, MD.
In addition, I will have 1 or 2 sets of my transparencies and actual regulations
at UCT (OSU office) and in Industrial Engineering 322 Engineering North
(Stfflwater). You may xerox these or simply use as necessary by dropping by
the office. You may not take them home.
For Spring 1994, I will have an abbreviated set available to you for $10.00
each. Please make checks out to "Industrial Engineering'. I will bring them
each week Fint week is "
-------
WEEK OF
STIRJECT
Dr. Turner's Transparencies and Reading
From Text Shown Below
January 10
Introduction & Basics
January 17
January 24
•January 31
"""February?
February 14
February 21
February 28
March?
March 14
March 21
P59-82,179-186,187-194,195-204
213-228,229-249,249-265,265-
272,285-296, (1st & 3rd week)
Introduction & Basics
UCT will have a short meeting
September 8 to make up Labor Day
Practices & Procedures
P83-122
Chemistry - Radiation Pl-55
BRING SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR TO CLASS
Practices and Procedures
CIEST1)
Employee Right to Know
Community Right to Know
Transportation
Spring Break
Transportation Choosing
P83-122, P273-284
P175-178
i
P205-212
P145-174
P145-174
Choosing Transporters, Disposal Options, Disposal Sites
PI 13-122, P389-406
March 23
Spill Prevention & Control
P305-370 (Misc. Reading)
-------
April 4 (TEST 2)
Environmental Audits (Operations) P371-378
April 11 Environmental Audits (Operations) (Real Estate)
P407-454
:***April 18 Hazardous Material/Waste Tank Management
April 25 Reducing Volume & Toxicity P297-304, P379
May 2 EXAM-Tulsa ,
* TalksBegin
** Topics Chosen ~
*** Papers Due (FIRM) - 5 points off each day late
GRADING OF TERM PAPERS
1) Choice of Subject Maximum 10 points
2) Grammar, Spelling Maximum 25 points
3) Report Structure Maximum 25 points
Abstract, Table of Contents,
List of Tables & Figures, Bibliography - format, overall appearance of report,
conclusions .,-••- .
> . ' . - : , " . , ' '
4) Report Content Maximum 40 points
Development of Subject, flow, closure, amount of research, content of Bibliography
-------
TERM PAPER SUPPLEMENT
* Please note the grading on format (#3 25 pts)
I believe it's important to have a properly structured paper. Thus,
Abstract 5 pts.
Table of Contents 5 pts.
i '
Format of Bibliography 5 pts.
Conclusions - Summary 5 pts.
Overall Appearance 5 pts.
* On grammar and spelling I will deduct 4 points each mistake up to the maximum of 25
points.
« On choice of subject, you must tell me why it's appropriate for van in this course. You
must do this in a separate memo to me that is turned in with the report
Remember we are studying how to be better managers of hazardous materials/waste in
operating entities (hospitals, manufacturing plants, schools, etc.) You men must address this
in your argument.
-------
Industrial'.Engineering and
Operations Research
T1C« WSVSKTXW CEWTSS, FOfl HIOHES EOUCAT1CH
Environmental Science and Public Policy:
Reducing Industrial Wastes
William Clark and Robert Frosch
ESPP 98/ENR 204, Spring 1994 '•
John F.Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
National Pollution Prevention C«m«r lor Hign«f Education • University ol Michigan
Dana Building. 430 East University, Ann Arbor Ml *alo9-1J15.. .
Phone: 313.764.1412 • F«: 313.936.219S-6-nnll: nppc«umicfi.»du
May b« r«prcduc«d
fro«ly for non-commercial
educational purposes.
February 1995
-------
-------
John F, Kennedy School of Government .
Harvard University ;
MEMORANDUM
• , • i . •
. March 8, 1994
To: ESPP98 / ENR204 Students
From: Bill Clark, Bob Frosch (L-360; 5-3981)
Subject: The Commission on Managing the Industrial Ecosystem
As an exercise to explore the intersection of environmental science and public policy, and as
a vehicle for development of your term papers, you will serve for the remainder of this^term
on a (simulated) Commission on Managing the Industrial Ecosystem. The purpose of this
note is to set forth the terms of reference for the Commission and its schedule of tasks, [in
fact, three Commissions have been established, each with an identical charge. You will -
conduct your work and report out your results in parallel.]
Convenor: The Commission has been convened by the New England Governors'
Council, a bi-partisan coalition of Governors from each of the region's states. .
: -. ' . , ' " ' •:'" , ' ... •'• .; . . ••• .. ' , \ . • •
Motivation: Three factors have motivated the Governors to establish me "
Commission; • / . . . ' ....
* First, business, state and local governments and environmental groups alike
have been expressing increasing dissatisfaction with the current management system.
Regulations have grown increasingly complex, costs of waste disposal are rising, and yet
many citizens do not feel that they are being protected from risks associated with industrial
wastes. . ' •'•'••
* Second, experience with some product lines (eg. automobiles) and some
policy experiments abroad (eg. Germany's takeback requirements) have led the Governors to
believe that radical improvements in the management of the region's industrial ecosystem
might in fact be accomplished. . v. . . .
* Third, the upcoming review of Federal legislation pertaining to industrial
wastes provides an opportunity for the states to help shape the national policy within which
the management of New England's industrial ecosystem is embedded.
Charge: The Commission has been charged by the Governors with developing a
vision of how the region's industrial ecosystem should evolve into the next century.
Consistent with their commitment to an economically vibrant and environmentally
responsible future for New England, the Governors seek an inspiring but realistic set of goals
-------
to guide the evolution of the .i
irpcrtant actions needed to u^1 ^ob They therefore have instructed, the
conviction that ^^^^-^SeSfrom the private and non-governmental, as well as
Commission to consider af ^"^d-hUting, but authoritative report on which they can
public sectors. They want a ^ J^t^£Bch and development, monitoring
"
chair the Commission. individual rather than institutional
-8^
-------
aobroval of the Governors). These papers should provide backgrounder and help to
S te worfofAe Commission. Final drafts should be about 12,000 words m length
(and not more than 16,000). . .
In carrying out its work, the Commission should strongly consider addressing, the following
iSSU6S: l) What should be the goals of the region's industrial ecosystem? What are we trying
to accomphshr ^ of changes in technologies, instimtions, behavior andknowledge are
needed to meet these goals? In particular: What should government do? What should
industry do? What should environmental groups do?
^^^^^^^
move from'to analysis to a specification of what additional acfons are needed m
order that overall goals are achieved. ,
Schedules and Procedures: Three formal meetings of the Commission have been
scheduled, together with a number of briefings by outside experts and a site visit to an
ShSry wresding with industrial ecology challenges. Additional working, «>«»£<£
Commission wiU almost certainly be necessary, and should be arranged^ ^ <4*"**"
needed by the Commission members. Scheduled meetings are summarized i^^i^ly
Sw, a^d discussed in more detail in the following paragraphs. Unless otherwise noted, all
meetings and briefings take place in Hoffman Lab from l-3pm:
Summary Schedule:
15 - March 1: technical briefings
March 8: First formal meeting of the Commission
il: Briefings on regulatory and economic issues
(10am-3pm)i Site visits to affected industries
{Term paper prospectus due]
March 29: Spring break ,
April 5: Progress report of Commission to Governors
{Term paper outline due] ,
April 12: Expert witnesses: topics defined by Commission
April 19: Expert witnesses: topics defined by Commission
April 26: Final Report of Commission presented to Governors
Mav 3: Response of Governors to Commission
Mav 17 (5cm): Supporting papers due
7^ "7
-------
Formal Commission Meetings:
n Final nresentation- Presentation of final report to Governors (April 26): At that
time the Commisstn wS deUver a 20 minute oral presentation, backed by a 10 page written
Sumrn^ Cab™ca ^300 words each) of all 10 staff papers 'i**^ **££!?&
and conies of any presentational materials. Questions and comments from the Governors will
a week later. Staff (ie. term) papers requested by th« > <*<™
d a wee ater. a e. y
should be drawn on in this presentation, and abstracts should be presented ^^ItoKnto
Summary. Final drafts of the fuU papers are not due with the Governors until 5pm on May
11 ' 2) First meeting: The first formal meeting of the Commission is scheduled for March
8 The Governors will welcome the Commissioners and give them their formal cnarge.
Commission members will be introduced to each other. A schedule of subsequent meetings
and task assignments will 'be developed by the Commission; '
3) pmpr^ rsnort VmiH-tern^ meeting: A report on the Commission's progress is due
to the- Governors on AprilS. This should include:
a) a written outline of the planned report (loss than 3 pages);
b) a written list of the 10 most important staff papers chartered by the -^
Commission, with a paragraph justifying each and reporting on its status (ie. being developed
by a Commission member, or sought from the existing literature);
c) an oral presentation (less than 15 minutes) of the above.
Briefings: The Commission will receive a number of informal briefings from relevant
experts in the course of its work: ,«..•* «.«h-«
1) In anticipation of their appointment to the Governors' Commission, most members
have been attending over the past month a series of informal technical briefings on mdu^ial
ecology run by Dr. Robert Frosch of the National Academy of Engineering (February 15 and
21, and March 1). ' .„ .
2) Economic and regulatory dimensions of industrial waste management will DC
addressed by expert witnesses to the Commission on March 15.
3) Briefings on other topics, or more detailed discussions of topics already touched
on, may be requested by the Commission in the course of its work.
Written submissions: Several written submissions are expected from the Commission as a
whole and from its individual members:
1) By the Commission as a group: .
a) April 5: Accompanying the oral presentation of its progress report, the
Commission will submit i) a written outline of the planned report, *^"^^<*™u »
covered with what approach (less than 3 pages); ii) a written list of the 10 most "Jpo^Vn
staff papers chartered by the Commission, with a paragraph justifying each and reporting on
its status (ie. being developed by a Commission member, or sought from the existing
literature ). . , . _ . _ ' ..„
b) April 26: Accompanying the oral presentation of the final report, tne
-------
Commission will submit i) a 10 page Summary of its findings and recommendations; ii)
abstracts (ca. 300 words each) of all 10 staff papers requested by the Commission, whether
these are written by Commission members or drawn from the existing literature; and iii)
copies of any presentational materials. [Note that the full report of the Commission is indeed
a fiction and need not be written]. ; .
2) By individual Commission members:
a) March 22 flOamh A one page prospectus for each member's "staff" (ie.
term) paper must be turned in for discussion with and approval by faculty.
a) April 5: An extended (ca. 5 pages) outline of each member's "staff (ie.
term) paper must be submitted in class. This should include a 1-pg. draft Executive
Summary of the paper, and the identification of major sources of information (ie. principal
articles, data sets, or interviews) on which the final report will be based. .
b) Mav 17: A final draft of each member's "staff" (ie. term) paper must be
submitted by 5pm. [Target ca. 12,000 words; must be less than 16,000].
—•Finally, back in. the worick... ~
Grading: Grading for the course will be based on individual and group participation [4056],
the extended outline of the term paper [10%], and the final draft of the term paper [50%].
In fairness to others in the class, late submissions of the written material will be
penalized at a rate of 20% of the submission's value per day (eg..a final paper presented one
day late will receive at most a weight of 40 out of 100 points to the final grade).
Participation grades will be informed by anonymous rankings of individual
contributions to the Commission's work provided by each Commissioner's peers in his/her
group. Rankings will be performed in class after the Progress Report presentation and again
after the Final Report presentation.
/at
-------
SAMPLE TOPICS FOR STAFF PAPERS
* The current industrial structure of the region.
* A vision for the future industrial structure of the
region. , '
* The current uses and flows of materials in the region.
(Possibly for some particular material or materials.)
* Desirable/proposed changes in >the uses and flows of
. materials in the region. (Possibly for some particular
material or materials.)
* Waste disposal and pollution problems of the region.
* The current regulatory system for industrial waste in the
region.
* Alternative possibilities for pollution prevention and the
regulation of industrial waste in the region.
* An economic incentives system for waste minimization.
(Waste prevention, waste reuse.)
* Are scrap and waste materials an asset or a liability for
industrial competitiveness?
' x ' ' • \ •.'•-..
-------
ESPP98 / ENR204 -- Spring 1994
Environmental Science and Public Policy:
Reducing industrial wastes .
SS
syllabus (January 25, 1994)
, approach and expectations of
reduction efforts, summarized in a handout. ,
Part I: Science and engineering issues
consumption. Introduces typology of recoverable vs
disli^ltive material flows, illustrates trends with
time, and across countries.
Waste flows from a product life cycle perspective: The case
°f ^xSmtnlS lhi°Satertal flow, waste and
as In^^ra^on^f f
integrated product cycle in which a high ^action of
wSsSs Slve either been eliminated through green design
or are recovered for reuse.
Waste flows from a regional perspective: The case of cadmium
in the Rhine Basin
'
production- and consumption-related sources of the
waste stream.
Part II: Policy Perspectives
5 Economic dimensions of industial waste
Examines the economic dimensions of _sts
waste nroblem. Includes discussion of relative cosrs
ora?ternative waste reduction, disposal, and recycling
- ?echnologies, pricing of externalities associated with
-------
wasta, and impact of on waste treatment of liability
rulings. .
Legal and regulatory dimensions of industrial waste
industrial ecology.
7 organizational information *».« »«.._.._—
Part HI. A "«"1f utudininnd«Si|neWwas?ermanSe»2nt problems
a S5^-^S?^«ttsr ="-
well"as discussions with key staff.
to waste reduction.
Part IV: A Massachusetts Commission on Industrial Waste Reduction
=a=
in «anu u^v. «*• w*—, --—
-------
v - • '
11 presentation of Commission findings in class
Teams will present their findings to the class and-
answer questions from a panel of critics.
12 Retrospective on commission findings and the prospects for
reducing industrial wastes.
3
33
-------
-------
industrial Engineering and
Operations Research
TIQH »«EVtKTX» CEWTCH FO«. MKU*R COOCATICH
Environmental Science and Public Policy:
Reducing Industrial Wastes
WUUam Clark and Robert Frosch
ESP? 98/ENR 204, Spring 1994 •
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
a
National Pollution Prsvention Canwr tor High«r Education • University o« Michigan
Dana BuHding, 430 East University, Ann Arfior Ml 48109-1115
Pnon»: 313.764.1412 • Fax: 313.936.2195 • E-mail: nppe«umlch.edu
May be reproduced
freely for non-commercial
educational purposes.
Clark & Frosen
•. February 1995
-------
-------
John F. Kennedy School of Government '
- '.. Harvard University ., . ,
,.- " ' '•'.'•. MEMORANDUM • ' ', . • /
i . • ..."
i . , March 8, 1994
To; ESPP98 / ENR204 Students. ,
.-•.-..[ .. •• • - -. • ...
From: Bill Clark, Bob Frosch (L-360; 5-3981)
Subject: The Commission on Managing the Industrial Ecosystem
As an exercise to explore the intersection of environmental science and public policy, and as
a vehicle for development of your term papers, you will serve for the remainder of this term
on a (simulated) Commission on Managing the Industrial Ecosystem. The purpose of this
note is to set forth the terms of reference for the Commission and its schedule of tasks. [In
fact, three Commissions have been established, each with an identical charge. You will -
conduct your work and report out your results in parallel.]
Convenor: The Commission has been convened by the New England Governors'
Council, a bi-partisan coalition of Governors from each of the region's states.
' • ... '•• ' .•• / •' ' •'•••'. v-- ';- ; ' ,
Motivation: Three factors have motivated the Governors to establish the
* First, business, state and, local governments and environmental groups alike
have been expressing'increasing dissatisfaction with the current management system.
Regulations have grown increasingly complex, costs of waste disposal are rising, and yet
many citizens do not feel that they are being protected from risks associated with industrial
* Second, experience with some product lines (eg. automobiles) and some
policy experiments abroad (eg. Germany's takeback;requirements) have led the Governors to
believe that radical improvements in the management of the region's industrial ecosystem
might in fact be accomplished. . . _, . .
* Third, the upcoming review of Federal legislation pertaining to industrial
wastes provides an opportunity for the states to help shape the national policy within which
the management of New England's industrial ecosystem is embedded.
• Charger The Commission has been charged by the Governors with developing a
vision of how the region's industrial ecosystem should evolve into the next century.
Consistent with their commitment to an economically vibrant and environmentally
responsible future for New England, the Governors seek an inspiring but realistic set of goals
'.•'.: ,. ;\ •'.'- •."'•'. : : '.737
-------
,0 suide *. ev0lution of f .
.mportant actions needed to \mPlc^1 ™°* g iob They therefore have instructed the
conviction that government alone can "o^^eeJ^a^dmnon.gOVernmental, as well as
dimensions of industrial ecology problems and opportunities.
ComDOsition- In keeping with the charge outlined above, the Governors have
£ - -
-------
upon approval of the Governors). These papers should provide background for and help to_
muminate.the work of the Commission. Final drafts should be about 12,000 words in length
(and not more than 16,000). - ; , '. • T •, . ' v '
In carrying out its work, the Commission should strongly consider addressing the Mowing
1SSUCS' 1) What should be the goals of the region's industrial ecosystem? What are we trying
to accomplish? . .
2) What kinds of changes in technologies, institutions, behavior and knowledge are
needed to meet these goals? In particular: What should government do? What should
industry do? What should environmental groups do?
A possible approach to these questions would be to begin with the Commissioners
representing the industrial sector proposing what industry should do, those from government
proposing what government should do, etc. The Commission could then move on to
examine, as a group, .the "systems" consequences of each sector's proposed actam Finally,
it could move from this analysis to a specification of what additional actions are needed in
order that overall goals are achieved. .
Schedules and Procedures: Three formal meetings of the Commission have been
scheduled, together with a number ,of briefings by outside experts and a site visit to an.
industry wrestling with industrial ecology challenges. Additional working sessions of the
Commission will almost certainly be necessary, and should be arranged and scheduled as
needed by the Commission members. Scheduled meetings are summarized immediately^
below, and discussed in more detail in the following paragraphs. Unless otherwise noted, au
meetings and briefings take place in Hoffman Lab from l-3pm:
Summary Schedule:
February 15 -Match 1: Technical briefings
MaiSb_S: First formal meeting of the Commission
March 15: Briefings on regulatory and economic issues
March 22 (10am-3pm): Site visits to affected industries
. [Term paper prospectus due]
March 29: Spring break :
April 5: Progress report of Commission to Governors
pTerm paper outline due]
April 12: Expert witnesses: topics defined by Commission
April 19: Expert witnesses: topics defined by Commission
April 26: Final Report of Commission presented to Governors
Mav 3: Response of Governors to Commission
Mav 17 (5cm): Supporting papers due
-------
Formal Commission Meetings:
n Final Dresentation; Presentation of final report to Governors (April 26): At that
time, the SnSSieliver a 20 minute oral presentation, backed by a 10 page written
Summary, abstracts (ca. 300 words each) of all 10 staff papers requested by the Commission
and copies of any presentational materials. Questions and comments from the Governors will
begin then and continue a week later. Staff (ie. term) papers requested by the Commission
should be drawn on in this presentation, and abstracts should be presented with the Executive
Summary. Final drafts of the full papers are not due with the Governors until 5pm on May
IT •
2) First meeting: The first formal meeting of the Commission is scheduled for March
8 The Governors will welcome the Commissioners and give them their formal charge.
Commission members will be introduced to each other. A schedule of subsequent meetings
and task assignments will be developed by the Commission;
3) progress-renort fmiri.ternrt meeting: A report on the Commission's progress is due
to the Governors on April 5. This should include:
a) a written outline of the planned report (less than 3 pages);
b) a written list of the 10 most important staff papers chartered by the
Commission, with a paragraph justifying each and reporting on its status (ie. being developed
by a Commission member, or sought from the existing literature);
c) an oral presentation (less than 15 minutes) of the above.
' ' >, ' ,
Briefings: The Commission will receive a number of informal briefings from relevant
experts in the course of its work: . . ' u
1) In anticipation of their appointment to the Governors' Commission, most members
have been attending over the past month a series of informal technical briefings on industrial
ecology run by Dr. Robert Frosch of the National Academy of Engineering (February 15 and
21, and March 1). '
2) Economic and regulatory dimensions of industrial waste management will &e
addressed by expert witnesses to the Commission on March 15.
3) Briefings on other topics, or more detailed discussions of topics already touched
on, may be requested by the Commission in the course of its work.
Written submissions: Several written submissions are expected from the Commission as a
whole and from its individual members:
1) By the Commission as a group:
a) April 5: Accompanying the oral presentation of its progress report, the
Commission will submit i) a written outline of the planned report, stating what topics will be
covered with what approach (less than 3 pages); ii) a written list of the 10 most important
staff papers chartered by the Commission, with a paragraph justifying each and .reporting on
its status (ie. being developed by a Commission member, or sought from the existing
literature ).
b) April 26: Accompanying the oral presentation of the final report, tne
-------
Commission will submit i) a 10 page Summary of its findings and recommendations; ii)
abstracts (ca. 300 words each) of all 10 staff papers requested by the Commission, whether
these are written by Commission members or drawn from the existing literature; and iii)
copies of any presentational materials. [Note that the full report of the Commission is indeed
a fiction and need'not be written].
' - . ' i - ' ''•'"' . ' • . .
2) By individual Commission members:
ai March 22 (10am): A one page prospectus for each'member's "staff" (ie.
term) paper must be turned in.for discussion with and approval by faculty.
a) April 5: An extended (ca. 5 pages) outline of each member's "staff" (ie.
term) paper must be submitted in class. This should include a 1-pg. draft Executive
Summary of the paper, and the identification of major sources of information (ie. principal
articles, data sets, or interviews) on which the final report will be based.
b) Mav 17: A final draft of each member's "staff* (ie. term) paper must be
submitted by 5pm. [Target ,ca. 12,000 words; must be less than 16,000].
— Finally, back in the world...—
Grading: Grading for the course will be based on individual and group participation [40%],
the extended outline of the term paper [10%], and the final draft of the term paper [50%].
In fairness to others in the class, late submissions of the written material will be
penalized at a rate of 20% of the submission's value per day (eg., a final paper presented one
day late will receive at most a weight of 40 out of 100 points to the final grade).
Participation grades will be informed by anonymous rankings of individual
contributions to the Commission's work provided by each Commissioner's peers in his/her
group. Rankings will be performed in class after the Progress Report presentation and again
after the Final Report presentation.
-------
SAMPLE TOPICS FOR STAFF PAPERS
* The current industrial structure of the region.
* A vision for the future industrial structure of the
region.
* The current uses and flows of materials in the region.
(Possibly for some particular material or materials.)
* Desirable/proposed changes in the uses and flows of
materials in the region. (Possibly for some particular
material or materials.)
"* "
* Waste disposal and pollution problems of the region.
* The current regulatory system for industrial waste in the
region.
* Alternative possibilities for pollution prevention and the
regulation of industrial waste in the region.
* An economic incentives system for waste minimization.
(Waste prevention, waste reuse.)
* Are scrap and waste materials an asset or a liability for
industrial competitiveness?
-------
ESPP98'/ ENR204 -- Spring 1994 '.
Environmental Science and Public Policy:
Reducing industrial wastes
T 1:00-3:00 — Hoffman Lab Penthouse (Adjoins Peabody Museum)
[LIMITED ENROLLMENT: All interested attend first session]
syllabus (January 25, 1994)
1 Introduction to the course ' . . . • . '
Outlines the objectives/ approach and expectations or
the course. Sketches a framework for analysis of
public policy interface with technical dimensions of
waste production and management. Substantive
discussion focuses on a number of .paradoxes of waste
reduction efforts, summarized in a handout.
Part I: Science and engineering issues
2 waste production: An overview '.-'-. .§-
Provides an overview of the waste production problem,
distinguishing flows associated with raw material
acquisition, industrial production, and end use
consumption. Introduces typology of recoverable vs
dissipative material flows. Illustrates trends with
time, and across countries.
3 Waste flows from a product life cycle perspective: The case
of the modern automobile
Examines the material flow, waste and recovery streams
inherent in production and use of the automobile. Case
selected as an illustration of a relatively well-
integrated product cycle in which a high fraction of
wastes have either been eliminated through green design
or are recovered for reuse.
4 Waste flows from a regional perspective: The case of cadmium
in the Rhine Basiii . . - .
Develops a systems perspectives on the multiple
sources, pathways, and sinks for a single industrial
chemical (cadmium) in a large river basin. Traces
changes through time on the relative importance of
production- and consumption-related sources of the
waste stream. ' . ' ,
Part II: Policy Perspectives -.-•
5 Economic dimensions of industial waste reduction
Examines the economic dimensions of the industrial
waste problem. Includes discussion of relative costs
of alternative waste reduction, disposal, and recycling
technologies, pricing of externalities associated with
-------
waste, and impact of on waste treatment of liability
rulings. .
6 Legal and regulatory dimensions of industrial waste
"^ExpJores the impacts of alternati- legal definitions
of industrial wastes and hazards. Considers the
unintended consequences of current regulations for
industrial ecology.
7 organizational intelligence for waste reduction
7 g considers the role of information and non-economic
incentives in waste reduction. Special attention paid
to ?£e uSlity of regional electronic "clearing houses"
for waste producers and users, such as Proposed by the
Chicago Board of Trade. Looks at role of accounting
and reward structures within corporations for
encouraging innovations in waste reduction.
Part III: A field study in industrial waste reduction
The class will study in depth the waste management problems
an"! projects of a major manufacturing "company in the Boston
Sea! The study will involve a visit to the company, as
well as discussions with key staff.
a introduction to wastes in the XX Company
8 Inteo™5J°. official from XX provides an overview of waste
problems and management efforts at the Company.
9 SitS ciais v?sSsCxTSLerves general flow of materials
coquets small group interviews with relevant officials
concerning efforts at, opportunities for, and obstacles
to waste reduction.
in Analvsis of site visit experience
10 Analy|£ud°nts£eaffis report on data gathered on Company XX.
Class discussion of prospects for improvements, plus
relative importance of economic, regulatory,
information barriers to improvements in performance.
Part IV: A Massachusetts Commission on Industrial Waste Reduction
The manor class exercise will be a simulation of a
will .be broken into groups and given their charge *•
commission members early in the term. Subsequent meetings,
in and out of class, will pave the way for presentation and
discussion of the commission's findings.
-------
questions from a panel of critics.
12 Retrospective on Commission findings and the prospects for
reducing industrial wastes.
-------
-------
Industrial Engineering and
Operations Research
DUAL POLLLTT1O*1* '
CENTER foa HOHCR couexnox
Pollution Prevention
Robert B. Pojasek
.CE-194J; Spring 1994
Tufts University
National Pollution Prevention Cantir tor Higher Education • University o« Michigin
Dana Building, 430 Eist Univarsity, Ann Arbor Ml 43103-1 1 15
Photw: 313.764.1412 • Fmx: 313.936.2195 • £-m«H: nppcOufrUch.odu
Mty b« rtproductd
frMly for norvcomrMfcial
•ducattonat purpo»«i.
PojassK
February 1995
-------
fc"
-------
CE-194J Pollution.Prevention ^
Instructor: Dr. Robert B. Pojasek
Spring 1994.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
V • w water air and waste treatment facilities, engineers are often asked
Rather than designing water, ur, _ ana understanding, communicating,
to help prevent the generation of these wastei. ioo .
and
turn pwveawn.
then research one of the primary
-
^^ Each student in the group will
esconduct a feasibility study, and make recom-
; 'uti Dreventioix project in-an actual facihty
about pollution prevention
allows students to exploit the ^™&*^™*0 v^t procedures are introduced in
methods. Creative problem-solving ^^^^exaniples of changing operating
COURSE SCHEDULE
•1.. January 24,1993 INTRODUCTION ^POLLUTION PREVENTION
Without dwelling extensively
currently exist in this em«
concepts will be presented.
management hierarchy, shifting
and broader concepts of sustainable ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
definitional problems that
nu^A prevention theories and
chemical use cycles, the waste
control, efficiency concepts,
impediments to the use
-------
iKi-
3 Rbr-ry 7,1*4 FOR AN ASSESSMENT
is utili^d
To conduct a success^ poU-tae J»»|jJ- .
good EXPLORER. Uai^gP''^^^^^ with them. Process flow
Jres) for conducting assessments nave many J«*toni «s ^ to poUuaon
iapis — »«-wii s»-t « * *• iosses &om *•
5.
_
ARTIST takes information gathered ^lwSii an
------- |