vv EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics
Washington, DC 20460
EPA 744-R-97/002b
June 1997
Printed Wiring Board
Cleaner Technologies
Substitutes Assessment:
Making Holes Conductive
Volume II: Appendices
Design for the Environment
Printed Wiring Board Project
DRAFT
Lori E. KincaicI, Principal Investigator
Jack R. Geibig, Research Associate
Mary B. Swanson, Senior Research Associate
and the
PWB Engineering Support Team
University of Tennessee
Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies
This document was produced under EPA Grant # CX823856 from
EPA's Environmental Technology Initiative Program.
U.S.EPA
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Appendix A
Data Collection Sheets
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APPENDIX A
Appendix A includes:
A.1 Workplace Practices Questionnaire
A.2 Observer Data Sheet
A.3 Facility Background Information Sheet
A.4 Supplier Data Sheet
DRAFT
A-1
-------
APPENDIX A
A.1 Workplace Practices Questionnaire
/PC
WORKPLACE PRACTICES QUESTIONNAIRE
FOR THE
MAKING HOLES CONDUCTIVE PROCESS
DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT (DfE)
PRINTED WIRING BOARD PROJECT
This document is prepared by the University of
Tennessee Center for Clean Products and Clean
Technologies in Partnership with U.S. EPA
Design for the Environment (DfE) Program, IPC,
PWB manufacturers, and other DfE Partners
March 1995
*Note: This survey is not as long as it looks
since you will only complete a part of it.
This survey has 7 sections; however, we ask
you to complete only sections 1,2,3 and
the section that pertains to your making
holes conductive (MHC) process.
DRAFT
A-2
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APPENDIX A
WORKPLACE PRACTICES QUESTIONNAIRE
FOR THE MAKING HOLES CONDUCTIVE PROCESS
Design for the Environment Project
PLEAS1 RETURN BY FRIDAY, MARCH 31,1995 TO: IPC - ATTN: STAR
SUMMIRFULB, 7380 N. LINCOLN AVENUE, LINCOLNWOOB, IL 66646-1705
DO NOT COMPLETE ALL SECTIONS OF THE QUESTIONNABRE. The
following explains which sections you should complete based on the type of making
holes conductive (MHC) process used at your facility, provides background
information on the questionnaire, and describes how the data will be handled to
ensure confidentiality.
1. This questionnaire was prepared by the University of Tennessee Center for Clean
Products and Clean Technologies in partnership with the EPA DfE Program, IPC, PWB
manufacturers, and other members of the DfE PWB Industry Project.
2. For the purposes of this survey and the DfE Project, the "Making Holes Conductive
(MHC)" process is defined as beginning after the desmear and etchback steps and ending
prior to the dry film resist outer layer step (if required) and copper electroplating step.
3. Shaded sections of the questionnaire denote areas where responses to questions should be
entered. Unshaded sections are instructions or keys required to answer the question.
4. Throughout the questionnaire, many questions request specific data, such as chemical
volumes, the amount of water consumed by the MHC line or the characteristics of
wastewater from the MHC line. If specific data are not readily available, estimates based
on your knowledge of the process and the facility, are adequate. In cases where no data
are available and there is no basis for an accurate estimate, mark your response as "ND."
5. Please complete Sections 1 through 3 of the questionnaire, regardless of which process is
used at your facility to make drilled through-holes conductive prior to electroplating.
6. After completing Sections 1 through 3, please complete only the section(s) of the survey
that corresponds to the MHC processes) currently being operated at your facility, as
listed below.
Electroless Copper Section 4
Graphite-based Sections
Carbon-based Section 6
Palladium-based Section 7
DRAFT
A-3
-------
APPENDIX A
If the MHC process used at your facility is not listed, you have completed the
questionnaire.
7. If your responses do not fit hi the spaces provided, please photocopy the section to
provide more space or use ordinary paper and mark the response with the section number
to which it applies.
8. Appendix A contains the definitions of certain terms and acronyms used in the survey
form.
9. Confidentiality
All information and data entered into this survey form are confidential. The sources
of responses will not be known by IPC, University of Tennessee, EPA, or other project
participants. Any use or publication of the data will not identify the names or locations of
the respondent companies or the individuals completing the forms.
Please use the following procedures to ensure confidentiality:
(1) Compete the survey form. Make a copy of the completed form and retain it for
your records.
(2) Separate the facility and contact information page of the survey form from the
remainder of the form. Place the facility and contact information into Envelope #
1 and seal the envelope.
(3) Place the remainder of the survey form plus any additional sheets or exposure
monitoring data into Envelope # 2 and seal it.
(4) Place sealed envelopes # 1 and # 2 into the larger return envelope and mail it to
IPC.
(5) When the package is received by IPC, only Envelope # 1 will be opened. IPC
will place a code number on the outside of Envelope # 2 and forward it to the
Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies at the University of Tennessee.
Envelope # 1 will not be sent to the University of Tennessee.
(6) Questions, clarifications, or requests for further information from the University
of Tennessee will be relayed by code number to IPC, who will be able to contact
the respondent. When it is determined that no further communications with
respondents are necessary, the matrix of code numbers and respondents will be
destroyed by IPC.
10. If you have any questions regarding the survey form, please contact Jack Geibig of the
University of Tennessee Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies at 615-974-
6513 (e-mail: JGEIBIG@UTKVX.UTK.EDU).
PLEASE RETURN BY FRIDAY* MARCH 31,1995 TO: IPC - ATTN; STAR
SUMMERFIELD, 7380 N. LINCOLN AVENUE, LINCOLNWOOD,IL 60646-1705
(PH; 708-677-2850 EXT, 347; FAX; 708-677-9570)
DRAFT
A-4
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APPENDIX A
Section 1. Facility Characterization
Estimate manufacturing data for the previous 12 month period or other convenient time period of 12 consecutive
months (e.g., FY94). Only consider the portion of the facility dedicated to PWB manufacturing when entering
employee and facility size data.
1.1 General Information
Size of portion of facility used
for manufacturing PWBs:
Number of full-time equivalent
employees (FTEs):
Number of employee work
days per year:
sq.ft.
days/yr
Number of days MHC line is in
operation:
Total PWB panel sq. footage
processed by the MHC process:
days/yr
*sq,&/yr
1.2 Facility Type
Type of PWB manufacturing facility (check one)
Independent
OEM
1.3 Process Type
Estimate the percentage of PWBs manufactured at your facility using the following methods for making holes
conductive (MHC). Specify "other" entry.
Standard electroless copper
Palladium-based system
Carbon-based system
Graphite-based system
Electroless nickel
Other:
TOTAL
%
%
%
%
%
%
300%
A-5
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
1.4 General Process Line Data
Process Data
Number of hours per shift:
Numbers of hours the MHC line is in operation per shift:
Average square feet of PWB panel processed by the
MHC line per shift:
Shift
1
2
3
4
1.5 Process Area Employees
Complete the following table by indicating the number of employees of each type that perform work duties in the
same process room as the MHC line for each shift and for what length of time. Report the number of hours per
employee by either the month or the shift, whichever is appropriate for the worker category. Consider only workers
who have regularly scheduled responsibilities physically within the process room. Specify "other" entry.
Type of Process
Area Worker
Line Operators
Lab Technicians
Maintenance Workers
Wastewater Treatment
Operators
Supervisory Personnel
Contract workers
Other:
Other:
Number of Employees
per Shift
1
2
3
4
Hours per Shift
per Employee
in Process Area
(first shift)
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs :
Hours per Month
per Employee
in Process Area
(first shift)
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
His
Hrs
Hrs;
Hrs
DRAFT
A-6
-------
APPENDIX A
Section 2. General Process Data
The information in this section will be used to identify the physical parameters of the process equipment as well as
any operating conditions common to the entire process line.
2.1 Process Parameters
MHC process line dimensions Length:
Width:
Average time for panel to complete process:
Size of the room containing the process:
Temperature of the process room:
Is the process area ventilated (circle one)?
Air flow rate:
Type of ventilation? (Check one) general
ft.
ft.
trdit,
sq.ft
°F
Yes No
caJUfoto.
j local
2.2 General Water Usage
Amount of water used by the MHC process line when operating:
galJday |
2.3 Wastewater Characterization
Estimate the average and maximum values for the wastewater from the making holes conductive line.
Flow
TDS
PH
Cu
AVERAGE
gP»
«g/i
mg/1
MAXIMUM
gp»
mg/1
mg/1
Pd
Sn
TSS
TTO
AVERAGE
rag/I
rng/1
mg/1
mg/1
MAXIMUM
Glg/l
Iftgfl
mg/1
rag/1
2.4 Wastewater Discharge and Sludge Data
Wastewater discharge type (check one) Direct | Indirect
Annual quantity of sludge generated:
Percent solids of sludge
Percentage of total quantity generated by the MHC process:
Method of sludge recycle/disposal (see key at right)
| Zero | -
Methods of Sludge
Recycle/Disposal
[R] - Metals reclaimed
[D] - Stabilized and
landfilled
[O] - Other
2.5 Panel Rack Specifications - (non-conveyorized MHC process only)
Average number of panels per rack:
Average space between panels in rack:
Average size of panel in rack: Length f in.
to.
Width f in.
A-7
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
ll
CO I
T
tt<
DRAFT
A-8
-------
APPENDIX A
3.2 Rinse Bath Water Usage
Consult the process schematic in Section 3.1 to obtain the process step numbers associated with each of the water
rinse baths present. Enter, in the table below, the process step number along with the flow control and flow rate
data requested for each water rinse bath. If the water rinse bath is part of a cascade, you need only report the daily
water flow rate of one bath in the cascade.
Process Step
Number*
Flow
Control11
Daily Water
Flow Rate*
gal/day
gal./day
gal./day
gal/day
gal/day
gal./day
gal./day
gal/day
Cascade Water
Process Steps'1
' Process Step Number - Consult the process schematic in question 4.1 and enter the
process step number of the specific water rinse tank.
b Flow Control - Consult key at right and enter the letter for the flow control method used
for that specific rinse bath.
c Daily Water Flow Rate - Enter the average daily flow rate for the specific water rinse
tank.
d Cascade Water Process Steps - Enter the process step number for each water rinse tank
in cascade with the present tank.
Flow Control Methods Key
[C] - Conductivity meter
[P] - PH meter
[V] - Operator control valve
[R] - Flow restricter
[N] - None (continuous flow)
[O] - Other (explain)
3.3 Rack Cleaning - (non-conveyorized MHC process only)
Complete the following section by using the keys to the right of the table to identify the rack cleaning process used.
Personal Protective Equipment Key
Frequency of cleaning:
lumber of personnel involved:
Personal protective equipment
^see key at right):
Rack cleaning method used (see key at right):
*If the above answer is [C], also enter the
process step number from the process
schematic (section 3.1) and do not complete
section 3.4 below.
Average time required to chemically clean rack
(if applicable):
Cleaning schedule (see key at right):
Is rack cleaning attended (circle one)
min.
Yes No
[E] - Eye protection [G] - Gloves
[L] - Labcoat/sleeved garment [A] - Apron
[R] - Respiratory protection [B] - Boots
[Z] - All except Respiratory [N] - None
protection
Rack Cleaning Methods Key
[C] - Chemical bath on making holes
conductive line
[D] - Chemical bath on another line
[T] - Temporary chemical bath
[S] - Manual scrubbing with chemical
[M] - Non-chemical cleaning
[N] - None
Rack Cleaning Schedule
[A] - After hours
[L] - During operating hours - in MHC
process room
[M] - During operating hours - outside
MHC process room
A-9
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
3.4 Rack Cleaning Chemical Composition (non-conveyorized MHC process only)
Chemical Name Cone. Volume
;• ' -
-• .> .• ' "
g*L
-gal
«al.
3.5 Conveyor Equipment Cleaning
Complete the following table on conveyorized equipment cleaning in the MHC process line by providing the
information requested for each cleaning operation performed. If more space is needed or more than two cleaning
operations occur, report them on a separate sheet of paper.
Equipment Cleaning
Data
Description of cleaning operation:
(briefly describe equip, cleaned)
Process steps affected*
Frequency of cleaning:
Duration of cleaning:
Number of personnel involved:
Personal protective equipment
(see key at right):
Cleaning method used
(see key at right):
Cleaning chemical usedb
Cleaning
Operation No. 1
""
nun,;
Cleaning
Operation No. 2
>
,,,
mm.
Personal Protective
Equipment Key
[E] - Eye protection
[G] - Gloves
[L] - Labcoat/sleeved garment
[A] - Apron
[R] - Respiratory protection
[B] - boots
[Z] - All except Respiratory
protection
[N] - None
Conveyor Cleaning
Methods Key
[C] - Chemical rinsing or soaking
[S] - Manual scrubbing with
chemical
[M] - Non-chemical cleaning
[N] - None
* Process Steps Affected - Consult the process schematic from section 4.1 and enter the process step numbers of the specific steps
affected by the cleaning operation.
k Cleaning Chemical Used - Enter the name of the chemical or chemical product (or bath type, if applicable) used in the specific
cleaning operation.
3.6 Filter Replacement
Complete the following table on filter replacement in the MHC process line by providing the information requested for
each set of filters replaced.
Replacement Information
Bath filtered (enter process step from 3.1):
Frequency of replacement:
Duration of replacement:
Number of personnel involved:
Personal protective equipment (see key below):
Type of filter (see key below):
Number of filters changed hi assembly:
Area of filter:
Filter Assembly
No. 1
min.
sq.jit.
Filter Assembly
No. 2
min.
sq. in.
Filter Assembly
No. 3
min*
sq. in.
Personal Protective Equipment Key
[E] - Eye protection [G] - Gloves
[L] - Labcoat/sleeved garment [A] - Apron
[R] - Respiratory protection [B] - Boots
[Z] - All except respiratory protection [N] - None
Filter Type Key
[B] - Bag Filter
[O] - Other (specify)
DRAFT
A-10
-------
APPENDIX A
3.7 Process History
Complete the table below by indicating what making holes conductive process(es) your facility has employed in the
past. Briefly explain the reasons for the process change and summarize how the change has had an affect upon
^reduction.
FORMER MAKING HOLES
CONDUCTIVE PROCESS
ELECTROLESS COPPER
PALLADIUM-BASED
GRAPHITE-BASED
CARBON-BASED
COPPER SEED
ELECTROLESS NICKEL
OTHER (specify)
DATE OF
CHANGE TO
CURRENT
PROCESS
,,
--
•-
REASONS FOR CHANGE AND RESULTS
Reason Result
(see key) (see key)
'
Water Consumption
Process Cycle-time
Cost
Worker Exposure
Performance
Customer Acceptance
Product Quality
Process Maintenance
Other:
Other:
Other:
Reasons
[X] - Mark all of the selections
that apply
Results of Change
[B] - Better
[W] - Worse
[N] - No change
The remainder of the survey is dedicated to questions that are
strictly specific to the type of making holes conductive process
operated at your facility. You should complete only the section(s)
of the survey that corresponds to the MHC process(es) that is
currently being operated.
Select the making holes conductive process(es) that your facility
currently operates and complete only the section(s) listed. If your
process is not listed, then you have completed the questionnaire.
Electroless Copper Section 4 (pgs. 9-17)
Graphite-Based Section 5 (pgs. 19-26)
Carbon-Based Section 6 (pgs. 27-34)
Palladium-Based Section 7 (pgs. 35-43)
A-ll
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
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-------
APPENDIX A.
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DRAFT
A-13
-------
APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX A
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DRAFT
A-15
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APPENDIXA
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A-16
-------
APPENDIX A
4.5 Chemical Bath Sampling
Provide information on the chemical bath sampling procedures used in your facility. Duration of sampling and
personnel involved should include only the portion of the testing procedure involving the manual sampling of the
chemical baths, not automated sampling or the testing that may occur in another part of the facility, such as the lab.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
MICRO-ETCH
PRE-DIP
ACTIVATOR/
CATALYST
ACCELERATOR
ELECTROLESS
COPPER
REDUCER/
NEUTRALIZER
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF
SAMPLING8
FREQUENCY11
DURATION OF
SAMPLING'
mia.
mm
flite.
. i»»t
ttiin.
jnin.
jnin.
mm,
min.
NO. OF
PEOPLE11
„
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT1
* Type of Sampling - Consult the key at right and enter the type of
sampling performed on the specific chemical bath.
b Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel .
sq. ft. processed between samples. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.).
c Duration of Sampling - Enter the average time for manually taking a sample
from the specific chemical tank. Consider only time spent at the chemical bath..
d Number of People - Enter the number of people actually involved in manually
taking the chemical samples. Exclude people doing the testing but not the sampling.
' Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key at right and enter the letters for
a]l protective equipment worn by the people performing the chemical sampling.
Type of Sampling Key
[A] - Automated sampling [B] - Both
[M] - Manual sampling [N] - None
Personal Protective Equipment Key
[E] - Eye protection [G] - Gloves
[L] - Labcoat/sleeved garment [A] - Apron
[R] - Respiratory protection [B] - Boots
[Z] - All except respiratory [N] - None
protection
4.6 Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Sampling
Complete the table below by indicating what method your facility uses to manually collect bath samples and the type of
container used.
Method of Obtaining Samples
Chemical Sample Container
Dram/Spigot:
Pipette:
Ladle:
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:
A-17
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
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lloll
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-------
APPENDIX A
Q
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If the amount of a particular chenc
enter the weights in pounds and c
•C
S
s
gopc g.S S*
§£3 i o.2*»;sj
" concentration - tnter tne cone
volume being added.
c Frequency - Enter the average i
replacements. Clearly specify uni
d Duration of Addition Method
that specific bath.
c Duration of Addition - enter tb
completion of the addition of all c
' Personal Protective Equipmen
worn by the people physically ma
DRAFT
A-19
-------
APPENDIX A
4.8 Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Additions
Complete the following table by indicating the methods your facility uses while performing chemical additions.
ACTIVITY
Chemical Retrieval
from Stock into
Container
Container
Method of Chemical
Addition
OPTIONS
Pump:
Pour:
Scoop (solid):
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:
Safety container:
Other (specify):
Pour directly into tank:
Stir into tank:
Pour into automated chemical addition
system:
Other (specify):
4.9 Other Bath Related Activities
Complete the following table for any other bath related activities that your facility engages in.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
MICRO-ETCH
PRE-DIP
ACTIVATOR/
CATALYST
ACCELERATOR
ELECTROLESS
COPPER
REDUCER/
NEUTRALIZER
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF ACTIVITY
(describe)
FREQUENCY "
DURATION
OF
ACTIVITY"
NO. OF
PEOPLE
'
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT c
"1
* Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel sq. ft. Processed since the last time the activity was
performed. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.)
• Duration of Activity-Enter the average time for performing the specified activity. Clearly specify units.
' Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key on the previous page and enter the letters for all protective equipment worn by
the people performing the activity.
DRAFT
A-20
-------
APPENDIX A
_
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[?
5.1 Physical, Process, and Operating Conditions
Complete the table below by entering the data requested for each
the data for a single tank only.
r
1T1OJ
3
T
0
U
0
\
1
S
«$
•H
-------
APPENDIX A
i°
f~4 2u
CLEANER/
ONDITIONER
E
A-23
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
— -g
£
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DRAFT
A-24
-------
APPENDIX A
5.5 Chemical Bath Sampling
Provide information on the chemical bath sampling procedures used hi your facility. Duration of sampling and
personnel involved should include only the portion of the testing procedure involving the manual sampling of the
chemical baths, not automated sampling or die testing that may occur in another part of the facility, such as the lab.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
GRAPHITE
FIXER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF
SAMPLING"
FREQUENCY b
DURATION OF
SAMPLING'
mitt.
raicu
mm.
mitt.
ttiin.
min.
NO. OF
PEOPLE"
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT*
Type of Sampling - Consult the key at right and enter the type of
sampling performed on the specific chemical bath.
b Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel
sq. ft. processed between samples. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.).
c Duration of Sampling - Enter the average time for manually taking a sample
from the specific chemical tank. Consider only time spent at the chemical bath..
d Number of People - Enter the number of people actually involved in manually
taking the chemical samples. Exclude people doing the testing but not the sampling.
' Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key at right and enter the letters for
all protective equipment worn by the people performing the chemical sampling.
Type of Sampling Key
[A] - Automated sampling [B] - Both
[M] - Manual sampling [N] - None
Personal Protective Equipment Key
[E] - Eye protection [G] - Gloves
[L] - Labcoat/sleeved garment [A] - Apron
[R] - Respiratory protection [B] - Boots
[Z] - All except respiratory [N] - None
protection
5.6 Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Sampling
Complete the table below by indicating what method your facility uses to manually collect bath samples and the type of
container used.
Method of Obtaining Samples
Chemical Sample Container
Dram/Spigot:
Pipette:
Ladle:
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:
DRAFT
A-25
-------
APPENDIX A
M
0) 0
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S? jf a
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M ^2 ^O (f^
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e 5s"
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en
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en
*
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FIXER
-------
APPE1VDIXA
1
1
S
^
-------
APPENDIX A
5.8 Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Additions
Complete the following table by indicating the methods your facility uses while performing chemical additions.
ACTIVITY
Chemical Retrieval
from Stock into
Container
Container
Method of Chemical
Addition
OPTIONS
Pump:
Pour:
Scoop (solid):
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:
Safety container:
Other (specify):
Pour directly into tank:
Stir into tank:
Pour into automated chemical addition
system:
Other (specify):
'
5.9 Other Bath Related Activities
Complete the following table for any other bath related activities that your facility engages in.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
GRAPHITE
FIXER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXEDANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF ACTIVITY
(describe)
FREQUENCY "
;
DURATION
OF
ACTIVITY11
;
NO. OF
PEOPLE
'
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT '
,_.
* Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel sq. ft. Processed since the last time the activity was
performed. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.)
b Duration of Activity - Enter the average time for performing the specified activity. Clearly specify units.
' Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key on the previous page and enter the letters for all protective equipment worn by
the people performing the activity.
DRAFT
A-28
-------
APPENDIX A
«
cc S
-S
.S3
•— '
%
8
1
WIDTH
(inches)
LENGTH
(inches)
I
tn
0
tf
CM
4
(A
i
-S
[CLEANER
JL,
^
d
w
d
fa
it
.s
[CONDITIONER
X,
d
d
d
Cfl
73
i?S
[CARBON
PL,-
0
0
i
t
8
P-i
P
~
VI
O5
H
U
O
S "o3 Bi "* i>
a, i S u rS
•s IvSf -s
1 5 at 1
111 ! ^
8 ^-S"^ ^s ;2
* Immersion Time - Enter the average elapsed tii
immersed in the specific process bath.
b Drip Time - Enter the average elapsed tune thai
to hang above the specific bath to allow chemical
c Agitation - Consult the key at right and enter th
method used in the specific chemical bath.
d Vapor Control - Consult key at right and enter
control method used for that specific chemical.
Agitation Methods Key Vaoor Control Methods
_c
'*- /M1
- Push-Pull
| - Bath cover (when no
1 - Plastic Balls (floatinj
| - Fully Enclosed
| - Other (explain)
[P] - Panel Agitation [P]
[F] - Fluid Circulation Pump [C
[A] -Air Sparge [B:
[0] - Other (explain) [E]
[0]
DRAFT
A-29
-------
APPENDIX A
«
S E3 ®
H
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j w o a
3 s a w
s g s "»
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^s ^g
^Is
H
lip
s|§
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2 w o
H U W
III
J
2
y
m
r? ^
u |
BATH TYPE
[CLEANER
[CONDITIONER
'
25
U
[POST-CLEAN
IETCH
:
[ANTI-TARNISH/
JANTI-OXIDANT
OTHER (specify)
DKAJ^l
A-31
-------
APPENDIX A
« T3
w >t)
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H
DRAFT
A-32
-------
APPENDIX A
6.5 Chemical Bath Sampling
Provide information on the chemical bath sampling procedures used in your facility. Duration of sampling and
personnel involved should include only the portion of the testing procedure involving the manual sampling of the
chemical baths, not automated sampling or the testing that may occur in another part of the facility, such as the lab.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER
CONDITIONER
CARBON
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXTOANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF
SAMPLING8
FREQUENCY b
DURATION OF
SAMPLING0
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
tain,
mm.
NO. OF
PEOPLE"
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT"
Type of Sampling - Consult the key at right and enter the type of
sampling performed on the specific chemical bath.
b Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel
sq. ft. processed between samples. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.).
c Duration of Sampling - Enter the average time for manually taking a sample
from the specific chemical tank. Consider only time spent at the chemical bath..
d Number of People - Enter the number of people actually involved in manually
taking the chemical samples. Exclude people doing the testing but not the sampling.
c Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key at right and enter the letters for
all protective equipment worn by the people performing the chemical sampling.
Type of Sampling Key
[A] - Automated sampling [B] - Both
[M] - ManualsSampling [N] - None
Personal Protective Equipment Key
|E] - Eye protection [G] - Gloves
[L] - Labcoat/sleeved garment [A] - Apron
[R] - Respiratory protection [B] - Boots
[Z] - All except respiratory [N] - None
protection
6.6 Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Sampling
Complete the table below by indicating what method your facility uses to manually collect bath samples and the type of
container used.
Method of Obtaining Samples
Chemical Sample Container
Drain/Spigot:
Pipette:
Ladle:
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Clc sed-top container:
DRAFT
A-33
-------
APPENDIX A
II
en ™ «2
.g .S S w
«ill
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u s ~i 3
f^i ^ S «
u &'§ J
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en W g
11
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3° 31
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e
a
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2
3
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o
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5
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u
s
Cd
S
u
BATH TYPE
r— «
(CLEANER
cs
CO
1
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CONDITIONER
CS
.„-,,
m
...
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a
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—
9
ts
en
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i i i i
a
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lt
s o".a
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B s»*
ath.
•-SS1
A-34
-------
APPENDIX A
ill
s|l
i|
Igll
CHEMICAL
ADDITION
METHOD"
J
A
a
!
•*> w «
!M
i
j
BATH TYPE
—
JANTI-TARNISH/
CN
•*<
C
I
m
'a
•*
^
OTHER (specify)
(N
en
1
•*
DRAFT
A-35
-------
APPENDIX A
6.8 Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Additions
Complete the following table by indicating the methods your facility uses while performing chemical
additions.
ACTIVITY
Chemical Retrieval
from Stock into
Container
Container
Method of Chemical
Addition
OPTIONS
Pump:
Pour:
Scoop (solid):
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:
Safety container:
Other (specify):
Pour directly into tank:
Stir into tank:
Pour into automated chemical addition
system:
Other (specify):
6.9 Other Bath Related Activities
Complete the following table for any other bath related activities that your facility engages in.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER
CONDITIONER
CARBON
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXTOANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF ACTIVITY
(describe)
FREQUENCY"
DURATION
OF
ACTIVITY"
NO. OF
PEOPLE
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT c
.r
* Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel sq. ft. Processed since the last time the activity was
performed. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.)
• Duration of Activity - Enter the average time for performing the specified activity. Clearly specify units.
* Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key on the previous page and enter the letters for all protective equipment worn by
the people performing the activity.
DRAFT
A-36
-------
APPENDIX A
C
J3
lif
0
1
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3
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ra
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8
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e
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PTCH
e-
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(ANTI-OXIDANT
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(OTHER (specify)
PL,
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g -SISjB « J
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M o-"3 -^ M^a CJ
S* CQ "^ ,f^ «^ o »^
2A\ "^ "ti ^*_G W
" Immersion Time - Enter the
the specific process bath.
b Drip Time - Enter the averaj
above the specific bath to allov
c Agitation - Consult the key '<.
in the specific chemical bath.
d Vapor Control - Consult ke;
method used for that specific ci
Aeitation Methods Kev V
f
If
11,-ff
p ^-^ tn ^
^8111
OH S " UZT
i ^ -5 >• §
[P] - Panel agitation P
p1] - Fluid circulation pump C
[A] - Air sparge P
[0] - Other (explain) P
DRAFT
A-37
-------
APPENDIX A
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5
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DRAFT
A-38
-------
APPENDIX A
ANNUAL
QTY. USED'
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specify the units (Ibs.).
DRAFT
A-39
-------
APPENDIX A
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DRAFT
A-40
-------
APPENDIX A
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DRAFT
A-41
-------
APPENDIX A
7.5 Chemical Bath Sampling
Provide information on the chemical bath sampling procedures used in your facility. Duration of
sampling and personnel involved should include only the portion of the testing procedure involving the
manual sampling of the chemical baths, not automated sampling or the testing that may occur in another
3art of the facility, such as the lab.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
PRE-DEP
PALLADIUM
CATALYST
ACCELERATOR
ENHANCER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXTOANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF
SAMPLING-
FREQUENCY"
DURATION OF
SAMPLING'
mitt.
min.
min.
mlBu
min.
rain.
miO.
min.
NO. OF
PEOPLE*
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT'
.• ftS
Type of Sampling - Consult the key at right and enter the type of
sampling performed on the specific chemical bath.
b Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel
sq. ft. processed between samples. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.).
c Duration of Sampling - Enter the average time for manually taking a sample
from the specific chemical tank. Consider only time spent at the chemical bath..
* Number of People - Enter the number of people actually involved in manually
taking the chemical samples. Exclude people doing the testing but not the sampling.
* Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key at right and enter the letters for
l£ protective equipment worn by the people performing the chemical sampling.
Type of Sampling Key
[A] - Automated sampling [B] - Both
[M] - Manual sampling [N] - None
Personal Protective Equipment Key
[E] - Eye protection [G] - Gloves
[L] - Labcoat/sleeved garment [A] - Apron
[R] - Respiratory protection- [B] - Boots
[Z] - All except respiratory [N] - None
protection
7.6 Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Sampling
Complete the table below by indicating what method your facility uses to manually collect bath samples and the type of
container used.
Method of Obtaining Samples
Chemical Sample Container
Drain/Spigot:
Pipette:
Ladle:
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:
DRAFT
A-42
-------
APPENDIX A
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A-43
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
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DRAFT
A-44
-------
APPENDIX A
7.8 Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Additions
Complete the following table by indicating the methods your facility uses while performing chemical
additions.
ACTIVITY
Chemical Retrieval
from Stock into
Container
Container
Method of Chemical
Addition
OPTIONS
Pump:
Pour:
Scoop (solid):
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:
Safety container:
Other (specify):
Pour directly into tank:
Stir into tank:
Pour into automated chemical addition
system:
Other (specify):
7.9 Other Bath Related Activities
Complete the following table for any other bath related activities that your facility engages in.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
PRE-DDP
PALLADIUM
CATALYST
ACCELERATOR
ENHANCER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF ACTIVITY
. (describe)
FREQUENCY "
DURATION
OF
ACTIVITY"
NO. OF
PEOPLE
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT c
a Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel sq. ft. Processed since the last time the
activity was performed. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.)
b Duration of Activity - Enter the average time for performing the specified activity. Clearly specify units.
c Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key on the previous page and enter the letters for all protective
equipment worn by the people performing the activity.
DRAFT
A-45
-------
APPENDIX A
Direct discharge
Indirect discharge
Zero discharge
Cu
cu.ft.
Dffi
EPA
F
ft.
gal.
gal./day
gpm
hrs.
Ibs.
MHC
min.
mg/1
OEM
Pd
PWB
sec.
sq.ft.
sq.in.
Sn
TDS
TSS
TTO
yr.
Definitions and Abbreviations
Wastewater discharge directly to a stream or river
Wastewater discharge to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
No industrial wasteater discharge
copper
cubic feet
Design for the Environment
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
fahrenheit
feet
gallons
gallons per day
gallons per minute
hours
pounds
making holes conductive
minutes
milligrams per liter
original equipment manufacturer
palladium
printed wiring board
seconds
square feet
square inch
tin
total dissolved solids
total suspended solids
total toxic organics
year
DRAFT
A-46
-------
APPENDIX A
A.2 Observer Data Sheet
Observer Data Sheet
DfE PWB Performance Demonstrations
Facility name and location:
MHC Process type:
Date: Contact name:
Installation Date:
Hesfe Panel
/lake and Model of rack or panel transport system:
Overall MHC process line dimensions
Length (ft.):
Width (ft.):
Height (ft.):
temperature of the process room:
Desmear type (permanganate or plasma):
Werage number of panels per rack:
Average space between panels in rack:
Werage size of panel in rack: Length (in.):
Width (in.):
^t what % of capacity is the line currently
unning?
At what % of capacity is the line typically
running?
Dpen the panel bags. Were the bags still sealed the day of the demonstration?
If no, when was the bag opened and where/how were the panels stored?
Jlace the panels in the system. For rack systems, note the rack configuration (diagram the rack
:onfiguration and note the locations of the 3 test panels):
WMn running foe test ftaaels, verify each pj&Maass step and complete tfafe table &A
Overall System Timing: from system start (after loading racks) to system stop (before unloading
racks); [Do not include desmear time]:
After processing the panels through the MHC line, flash plate with 0.1 mil copper. Record the
current used and time used:
Current = A Time= sec.
DRAFT
A-47
-------
APPENDIX A
, — -, ;T^t£a»*lH«a *
Test Board Serial Numbers: 1. 2. 3.
(from schematic)
1.
2,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7,
8.
9.
10.
11,
2,
13.
14,
15,
Tank or
Station #
Equipment3
Bath
Temp
Immersion
Time
* List number^ type of; "- " - -"; - "y- %^'
Agitation: Vapor Control? , Filter 'Type! Heater C»»trafe Water 8i»sest
JA\ • Panel Agitation {PFJ- Pushball ' ., , pPjnSag CJ!H^»'B«aaastat ^3 + CoalteBotts
CPJ-ClccufationPump {&C] - $$fj Cw?f J.CP] - Csilstige CTM] -'fitnifr (J>J*3 - Owfisaws
ASJ-AirSporge fP0]Hipf
-------
APPENDIX A
Verification of Part A (taatfc any dhaages on warMng sopy of Part A):
Throughput:
Verify the overall throughput (Part A, Q 1.1) is recorded as surface square feet and that it is
equal to the per shift throughput (Part A, Ql .4): D
Ventilation:
Verify the type of ventilation as recorded in Part A, Question 2.1:
Wastewater characterization:
Review discharge and sludge data recorded in Part A, Question 2.3 with wastewater treatment
plant operator. Did the data recorded refer to plant-wide data or MHC process line-specific data?
Verify the estimate of the percentage of waste treatment due to MHC process:
Tank volumes:
Verify the length, width, and nominal volume of each tank, as recorded in Part A: D
Water Use:
Verify Part A, Question 3.2, for each tank:
Flow Controls verified D
Daily water flow rate verified n
Cascade process steps verified n
Have you implemented any other water conservation measures on the MHC line?
If yes, describe:
Is water consumption dependent upon capacity of the line?
Pollution Prevention:
Have you used any other pollution prevention techniques on the MHC line? (e.g., covered tanks to
reduce evaporation, measures to reduce dragout, changes to conserve water, etc.)
If yes, describe and quantify results (note: if results have not been quantify, please provide an
estimate):
If your throughput changed during the time new pollution prevention techniques were
implemented, estimate how much (if any) of the pollution prevention reductions are due the
throughput changes:
DRAFT
A-49
-------
APPENDIX A
Fitter Replacement
Replacement Information
Bath(s) filtered (enter process step ff)
Frequency of replacement:
Duration of replacement process:
Number of personnel involved:
Personal protective equipment (see key):
Type Of filter (see key):
Number of filters changed in assembly:
Filter make and model number:
Personal Protective Equipment; Key* ""^ ?'
Filter Ass'y Type 1
Filter Ass'y Type 2
Filter Ass'y Type 3
Sk^JTsB^Kev' '••
[El-Eye Protection IGJ-Gfeves. gg&Aft %xx$t Ksspirsifory Jrofectioa C&]-Bag :
[LHibeoat/Steeved garment , " iAi*ApTpa 0>>fi*?k>fl& '"""" "" CC]HCffFfrt(i|ge. i
iRI-Respitatoiy IPtotectioft ... pj-B&its. '^4MMr (Spfefclls'}!
Equipment Maintenance ' ' :
Estimate the maintenance requirements (excluding filter changes and bath changes) of the MHC process equipment for both
outside server calls (maintenance by vendor or service company) and in-house maintenance (by facility personnel).
Describe the typical maintenance activities associated with the MHC process line (e.g., vibration rack
repairs, motor repair/replacement, conveyor repairs, valve leaks, etc.):
OUTSIDE SERVICE CALLS ;V\ , , „ j
Average time spent per week:
Average cost:
Average downtime:
Do you call service for a recurring problem?
If yes, describe:
IN-HOUSE MAINTENANCE ' >' : 7"
Average time spent per week:
Average downtime:
Is there a recurring maintenance problem?
If yes, describe:
DRAFT
A-50
-------
APPENDIX A
Rack or Conveyor Cleaning
s rack or conveyor cleaned continuously
during the process?
Frequency of rack or conveyor cleaning:
Number of personnel involved:
'ersonal protective equipment (see key):
Rack Cleaning Method (see key): OR
Conveyor Cleaning Method (see key):
Average time required to clean:
Cleaning chemical used:
Cleaning Schedule (after hours, during hours in
MHC room, or during hours outside MHC room)
Personal Protective Equipment Kev:
[E]-Eye Protection [G]-Gloves
[L]-Labcoat/Sleeved garment [A]-Apron
[R]-Respiratory Protection [B]-Boots
[Z]-A11 except Respiratory Protection [N]-None
Rack Cleaning Method:
[C]-Chemical bath on MHC process line
[D]-Chemical bath on another line
[T]-Temporary chemical bath
[S]-Manual scrubbing with chemical
|M]-non-chemical cleaning
IN]-None
Conveyor Cleaning Method:
[C]-Chemical rinsing or soaking
[S]-Manual scrubbing with chemical
fM]-Non-chemical cleaning
[N]-None
Chemical Bath Sampling 7 i
Bath Type
Cleaner/
Conditioner
Micro Etch
Activator/
Catalyst
Accelerator
Electroless
Copper
Reducer/
Sfeutralizer
Anti-tarnish/
Anti-oxidant
Other (specify)
Other (specify)
a Tvpe^f Sampling
$3~AwtoBO;a&4 s
Mfj-Maaaal
b Frequency ; Enter the ai
elapei oc ntaober-of -pa*!
processed: betwe&) samji.
srj[a<;ify pnks
-------
APPENDIX A
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-------
APPENDIX A
on
has switched from a prsvioas system to t&e s»rreat system, complete $m page<
'rocess History:
in Part A, Question 3.4, the facility recorded their reason(s) for changing to their current system.
Have they realized this benefit to a greater or lesser extent than expected? Explain and obtain
(attach) quantitative information if not given in Part A.
I Were any changes made when the line was installed that were not part of the system or were optional
(e.g., flow control valves added to water rinses? cascaded water rinses? etc.)? Explain:
Product Quality:
What, if any, changes were noticed in the quality of the boards produced?
of Use:
Does the current process require more or less effort than the previous process and why (e.g., chemica
bath replacement, process steps or activities created or eliminated, such as rack loading, etc.)?
Does this process require more "fine tuning" than the previous process? (e.g., can it handle a range of
operating concentrations, such as bath temperature variations? does it need more frequent chemical
additions or monitoring? etc.). Explain:
Installation:
tow long was the debug period when this system was installed?
lat were the types of problems encountered?
low does this compare with the previous system installation?
ufacturing Process Changes: How did you change your upstream or downstream processes
'hen this system was installed? (e.g., did you change your desmear? did you have to make changes in
your electrolytic line?)
Personnel: Do you need the same number of operators to operate the current line as your previous
ic? [Verify that any changes were not caused by a change in throughput].
DRAFT
A-53
-------
APPENDIX A
Waste Treatment:
Have any of your waste treatment methods or volumes changed due to the installation of this system
(not associated with volume changes due to throughput changes)?
If yes, describe the change(s) and attach quantitative information, if available:
Process Safety:
Have any additional OSHA-related procedures or issues arisen as a result of changing to the
present system (e.g., machinery lock-outs while cleaning, etc.)? If so, describe:
international Sites
For international sites only, do any bans or phase-outs of chemicals affect your choice of chemicals
or technologies used in the MHC process? (e.g., Quadrol or EDTA ban)
For international sites only, what is the regulatory atmosphere in the country and what effects does ii
have on the MHC process? Are applicable regulations local, regional, or national?
DRAFT
A-54
-------
APPENDIX A
A.3 Facility Background Information Sheet
Design
for the
Environment
Printed Wiring Board Project
Performance Demonstrations Questionnaire
Please complete this questionnaire, make a copy for
your records, and send the original to:
Cheryl Keenan
Abt Associates
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Note: The completed questionnaire must be returned
PRIOR TO the scheduled site visit.
FACILITY AND CONTACT INFORMATION
Facility Identification
Company Name:
Site Name:
Street Address:
City:
" ' ', ,~ ".'•''.' :
' ","','" ' v --"•-"»,. ''_ •• „"' ;•'; '-'.^ ',,,-„*"-','''
.. .:• ,, - ; r, State: -, Zip: , ,
Contact Identification
Enter the names of the persons who can be contacted regarding this survey.
Name:
Title:
Phone:
Fax:
E-Mail:
DRAFT
A-55
-------
APPENDIX A
Section 1. Facility Characterization
Estimate manufacturing data for the previous 12 month period or other convenient time period of 12
consecutive months (e.g., FY94). Only consider the portion of the facility dedicated to PWB
manufacturing when entering employee and facility size data.
1.1 General Information
Size of portion of facility used
for manufacturing PWB's :
Number of full-time equivalent
employees (FTE's):
Number of employee work days
per yean
-sq.ft.
"" •*"!* 'I
-P -„ «
•,+ V*t r,
S^^1'*
•> «t t
ft r
* " Asysfyr
Number of days MHC line is in
operation:
Total PWB panel sq. footage
processed by the MHC process:
'ItPt
•SSf^
• surfaceiil|lK^
't^sw1; •>•:.<•.
''fjK: !lj
:• .'-••sjiii^i*!-1 • • .•'$&
1.2 Facility Type
Type of PWB manufacturing facility (check one) Independent
:^'S'-'
OEM
1.3 Process Type
Estimate the percentage of PWBs manufactured at your facility using the following methods for
making holes conductive (MHC). Specify "other" entry.
Type of PWB process
Standard electroless copper
Palladium-based system
Carbon-based system
Graphite-based system
Non-formaldehyde electroless
Percent of
Total
%
%
%
• A IV 4 .A°
' %
Type of PWB process
Conductive Polymer
Conductive inks
Other:
Other:
TOTAL
Percent of
Total
%
,,%
i -
J i
" '1 *
1 n
#
100 %
. i
DRAFT
A-56
-------
APPENDIX A
1.4 General Process Line Data
Process Data
Number of hours per shift:
Number of hours the MHC line is in operation per
shift:
Average surface square feet of PWB panel processed
by the MHC line per shift:
Shift
1
, > *
2
-
3
„
X „
4 ^
1.5 Process Area Employees
Complete the following table by indicating the number of employees of each type that perform work
duties in the same process room as the MHC line for each shift and for what length of time. Report the
number of hours per employee. Consider only workers who have regularly scheduled responsibilities
physically within the process room. Specify "other" entry. Enter "N/A" in any category not applicable.
Type of Process
Area Worker
Line Operators
Lab Technicians
Maintenance Workers
Wastewater Treatment Operators
Supervisory Personnel
Other:
Other:
EXAMPLE
Number of
Employees per Shift
Shift
1
3
Shift
2
.
2
Shift
3
1
'
, ,.
2' \
Shift
4
s 1
-
jj_
Hours per Shift per
Employee
in Process Area
(first shift)
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
Hrs
', Hrs
\ C;: «.;•;. 'fts
A-57
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
Section 2. General Process Data
The information in this section will be used to identify the physical parameters of the process equipment as well
as any operating conditions common to the entire process line.
2.1 Process Parameters
Size of the room containing the process:
Is the process area ventilated (circle one)?
Air flow Rate:
Type of ventilation? (check one) general
Amount of water used by the MHC process line when operating:
iil'J !3ij»r .VpSSt SKjJvf '•'•'! ^ SWi
local 'E
2.2 Wastcwater Characterization
Estimate the average and maximum values for the wastewater from the making holes conductive line before
treatment Enter "ND" for not detectable.
Flow
TDS
pH
Cu
AVERAGE
gpm
mg/1
—
mg/1
MAXIMUM
gpm
__ * •* , ;mg/l
," t.f i 5- j, v,
** >% f
{i mg/1
Pd
Sn
TSS
TTO
AVERAGE
i "I "Hj, tog/I
,f jvr *^
1 ^ f tOg/l
,1 mg/1
MAXIMUM
s \ iag/1
> £Wft
i if.ijfng!'!
r ' jj,ng/l
Z3 Wastewater Discharge and Sludge Data
Wastewater discharge type (check one) Direct ? fe;
Indirect
Annual weight (pounds) of sludge generated:
Duration of treatment (e.g., length of time for a gallon to be treated):
Number of employees in waste treatment:
Hazardous chemical disposal costs (annual):
Percent solids of sludge:
Percentage of total quantity generated by the MHC process:
Method of sludge recycle/disposal: Hl^KSUw
[0]— Other (specify)
Zero
K , i^ j »
/»H '<- i
J !,«• 1
' f
f f'Wi
i < AS ?
1 i
*l "I * » f
1 *
Waste treatment chemicals used for treatment of MHC process line wastewater:
Type (Chemical name)
l "*'.J
'""* t * «U^l
h it tfrHit
^ /ufr f s^atf fr
J ' -^*— -. '' IT * *i^ ' ^ ^it-i»i^i¥lil
; sc ^ * >M£> !«!«" ^ iS 1*!*i!S!BrjOT|a!SaitS3*
» -n f ^ rtf NiFfS!-,* if&. i -ffapf "Si JiT9t(
A. - <•„ ^ rfj^ ^ t*
~ "*
Quantity (gal./yr.)
. i/*! ' ^ , /i i , •', • 3i/!^ii4it}
r" iu ' jii ' '• • 'jj »f * ^iri 'fin , II
Alff,! I «,ffHH i^ U1!1 , ^LWiTOIl
ij1jlili!lfli1iii|IiiilM|iliiiii|iJiiiil|ilri HM|iiMlitii|Minn-pl||''"ii ••• 4T''|' f" t^f
^ ^fj *h, ;t r' vl\ -;4^^|j
1 ^''rfM^f ;', ifiii * I-*, i Ui' jJ'ifii1 (IjlVfli
IM,^/ ^i^v.C' ^ ^v *v ilsm
DRAFT
A-58
-------
APPENDIX A
1 3. Process Description
af
» §
iS .S •§ -.r-
^ w *3«£ C1* ,---"-.
olU.Mr3ti -„- ii
r* x .S a S "
^"J »*S 1 r- . •" -'
fe-S|^8J «* "."?
opper) your facility uses. Then, using the prof
x (see example). Continue using the key to fil
ented by a key below, complete the chart by w
cey at bottom right and enter the appropriate t;
.ach step in the upper right-hand comer box (s
hi)
Process Steps of
Your Facility
(begin here)
S -° 8 S fe Si; f-i
i B & i t 1 1 r
s « i g a = « x
§^8|S It/
ill 5-1 <1 <
H J b a § £^ w /
S * b w X <*••! /
a""-_i":; *?/-"":
^IZ£
«, «JS
s 3 s-
S f S
£00-2-
jj™-..jf,.,.-,,,,--, r-j.jl- j.rvr- sj_5^-^r~"~»- ~
^^iPss^gir^^sSsi^iff
-""JgT^^icr'&^-^SrKl^ -
_ -,3^r-^^^^.^^^-=:miH-,
Sfifes?^
»x;i5rfQ:-V3-->--" i''
-SitiKK-*""'- -f * -""*• --~l= ~«--3?-J5-=r
.^1 ™"~HLS4-"~-"^ ""'"' "~S-S Oj =<-
s"~-^- " j^g'^i
J^jgl:;
=*J*"S
E2£i
1JL I JLI 111
A-59
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
3.2 Rinse Bath Water Usage
Consult the process schematic in section 3.1 to obtain the process step numbers associated with each of the
water rinse baths present Enter, in the table below, the process step number along with the flow control and
flow rate data requested for each water rinse bath. If the water rinse bath is part of » cascade, you need
only report the dally water flow rate of one bath in the cascade.
Cascade Water
Process"Steps
•Proc«Mitepntunber-Co«Bult1hepro«ssichem*lic in question 3.1 andcnterlhe
process step number of «he specific water rinse tonic.
fcFIow eonlrol- Consult key at right ind enter the letter for the flow control method used
(or thil specific rinse bath.
«D»Hy wnter flow «te- Enter the avenge daily flow rale for the specific water rinse tank.
*Gucade Water Process Steps- Enter the process ttep number for each water rinse tank in
cascade with the present tank.
Flow Control Methods Key
[CJ— Conductivity Meter
[P]—PH Meter
[V]— Operator control valve
[R]— Flow Restricter
[N]— None (continuous flow)
[O]— Other (explain)
3.3 Rack or Conveyor Cleaning
Complete the following table for your rack cleaning chemicals (for non-conveyorized MHC
processes) or for conveyor cleaning equipment.
Arc chemicals listed below used in rack cleaning or conveyor cleaning?
Chemical
"'•'• * 4»*
• t
1 Conveyor 1 !?;';,: rl
Quantity used per year
t I - ? \ figjfl.
1 ,|., .r-.-
'^' n'/.il'M
DRAFT
A-60
-------
APPENDIX A
3.4 Process History (complete only if you have changed from one system to another)
Complete the table below by indicating what making holes conductive process(es) your facility has employed in
the past In the second table, indicate the reasons for the process change and estimate or quantify, if possible,
how the change has had an effect upon production.
FORMER MAKING
HOLES CONDUCTIVE PROCESS
ELECTROLESS COPPER
PALLADIUM-BASED
GRAPHITE-BASED
CARBON-BASED
COPPER SEED
ELECTROLESS NICKEL
OTHER (specify)
DATE OF CHANGE TO
CURRENT PROCESS
Reason
(check all
that apply)
•
"
REASONS FOR CHANGE AND RESULTS
Water Consumption
Process Cycle- time
Cost
Worker Exposure
(provide monitoring data if available)
Performance
(provide data on changes in rejection rate,
number of cycles before failure, etc.)
Customer Acceptance
Product Quality
Process Maintenance
Other:
Other:
Other:
Prior to this system*
• gal/day
mm/cycle
$/ft2
< , ,
*•
•< *
r
""iT BI-
31 ,., *• c
••'*r * V-.r"'"'
Present system
gal/day
min/cycle
$/ft2
, .„ ,
-
-
»
- n
•
• j ,' :
'
• If no quantitative information is available, enter IB]— Better, [W]— Worse, [N]— No Change.
A-61
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
Section 4. Palladium-Based Process
The information requested below will allow us to generate an exposure assessment and risk
characterization profile for each of the following baths and the associated activities involved in the
operation and upkeep of the palladium-based process.
4.1 Physical, Process, and Operating Conditions
Complete the table below by entering the data requested for each specific type of chemical bath listed.
If two tanks of the same type are used within the process, list the data for a single tank only.
BATH
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
PRE-DIP
CATALYST
ACCELERATOR
ENHANCER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT
OTHER(sp«cify)
LENGTH
(inches)
,in.
' V
.•„. fa-
in.
in
~ f
in.
in.
>
*" f* Jr .
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
WIDTH
(inches)
jttf* 1"! . 1
<- •*#•£ i in,
•• ^^lifs, f/r
f , ' in,
it
in.
in.
! >-
^ rf
in.
in..
•B i«-
. in*
^
hx
1- F&
„ m.
i (
1 T*«
, f* "t
s T"
NOMINAL
VOLUME
' I1.**.
i-.y i,'
"' ' "" '" "•••M-^
igal
gal
gal.
gal.
gal
gal.
gal
Sal.
gal.'
iga.
f * i
DRAFT
A-62
-------
APPEJVJWXA
£1
0 «
f
||
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5s 1?
So
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ill
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II
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II
A-63
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
1
I
if
S
£ 6
2 &
«
-I
o
DRAFT
A-64
-------
APPENDIX A
a
o
s1
•3
I
. &
4) O
OS -o
II
I*
8 a
New Bath
Make-Up
Method1
o
ill
"3 ™ —
3 H °
3 fe
"S C "a
•o 2 8
111
1
H
.g
•a
P
1
O
- «*S
S5 1
i s i
S £ '5
Duration of
Replacment
Procedure"1
•sIS
u S
requencyb
i*
c
03 O
•g i. E
•c ^ «
0 -E
PS
Bath Type
',? "'-';'•"
r-,^ -^r-
=r":--~>
.
'-"-- ;-
,
fi-
-- Tr.
J-,
Z
T.
-
Cleaner/
Conditioner '
'YSlU:
""•^.-M
'T^5is
:i; " •' - '.
r-"--~ rrr
--.- ' --r"
'i-
"=".v ---r
;is
;_ "^ _•"
r-
z. .. .
- /4~_*
:
/
:=. " ",==-:
S
&:_;V;
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.-"'" =*-"."::
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:fv
t" _ -
- -
• : -
,;/-•
z
. - •
Accelerator
,rr"-"--^
-'IV^i
l"i ^:--
;; "~ _ -
V: -:f-" y.
: - ;-V-
•~
-• .- '• -
.-"'-"--
If
..- - - '•
^;V:
2
- --
- : " ".
Enhancer
'Jfi'^-f
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.f-V"-^
~ -~T_- - " -Z.
.
^"~. ^~.'
A_." -"":
."- "
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__^ __
^ -'-_- -_ =^T
ir_
f ^
Z; .-
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; " -;_ _:
Anti-Tarnish/
Anti-Oxidant
HI
"^?V~-^T_-
;-vrSj=
^|S
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•frfl
-~ -_„-
n
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= -:\-
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Other (specify)
A-65
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
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rls
£_
l-if I"
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the retrieval of the c
chemicals.
t and enter the letters
ally replacing the sp
wed time from
addition of all
ultkeyatrighl
ivorkers physic
II is
111!
ffllflllfff!
ftl?^l*l*«f
5j •£ o *c
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DRAFT
A-66
-------
APPENDIX A
H
Z
O
u
o
•s
'•S
13
fill.
w w
I
B S
£ §
y 5
•o ^J o
o g ts
£ o -S
11
£ 8
1 i
a §
?fsi
Hi]
>0coi
A-67
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX A
4.5 Other Bath Related Activities
Complete the following table for any other bath related activities diat your facility engages in.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
PRE-DIP
CATALYST
ACCELERATOR
ENHANCER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OJUDANT
OTHER («pedty)
TYPE OF ACTIVITY
(describe)
*t i
a
1
r* - tup jrti**
*.,*
-*• ^ * <>
*»*»«j 4& 1-
**••> <• trfl *
«r ,, 41, * •*(,,»
^ ', I"".!?
"' *S««f
^ n*«w 11 ^ H*- ^ ^ s, 7 f
mtt, *
». *f ,
«-, j> . ** p.» V
,
K
FREQUENCY*
w
!- S
^1* «
jr
f e*
f* !i
*l
-,
i ,*l
>% J
DURATION
OF
AcnvrrY"
j-
' 1
i i
1 1,
» >
E» j (1
* , '"I
, /I'
t •
i, i*
pp
t
!*
^
r
NUMBER
OF PEOPLE
1
,;!'(.;
/, W
1 |H»
1 ^ i^i?'!
!i.f !
11 H, !
'l 'h
1 l ''w
Is in
» ^i'
i
*
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT1
I1' 1
1 « J^,
i"^>n
\ :•"{<
', ' .',
* {V \
f. If1? I
'. ; - 1
t>.
' ' Jl
, . , ^\
I
I j
* Frequency- Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel sq. ft. processed since the last time
the activity was performed. Clearly specify units (e-g., hours, square feet, etc.)
fc Duration of Activity- Enter the average time for performing the specified activity. Clearly specify units.
1 Personal Protect Equip.- Consultkey on the previous page and enter the letters for all protective
equipment worn by the people performing the activity.
DRAFT
A-68
-------
APPENDIX A
A.4 Supplier Data Sheet
DfE Printed Wiring Board Project
Alternative Technologies for Making Holes Conductive (MHC)
Manufacturer/Supplier Product Data Sheet
Manufacturer Name:
Address:
Contact:
Phone: _
Fax:
How many alternative making holes conductive product lines will you submit for testing?
Please complete a Data Sheet for each product line you wish to submit for testing. In addition, if you
have not already done so, please submit the material safety data sheets (MSDS), product literature,
and the standard manufacturer instructions for each product line submitted.
Product Line Name:
Category:*
* Categories of Product Lines:
A. Electroless copper
B. Carbon-based
C. Graphite-based
D. Palladium-based
E. Non-formaldehyde electroless
F. Copper seed
G. Anisotropic
H. Electroless Nickel
I. Drill Smear (Lomerson)
J. Conductive inks
* K. Conductive polymer
L. Other
For the product line listed above, please identify one or two facilities that are currently using the
product line at which you would like your product demonstrated. Also, identify the location of
the site (city, state) and whether the site is 1) a customer production site, 2) a customer test site,
or 3) your own supplier testing site.
Facility 1 Name and Location:
Type of Site:
Facility Contact:
May we contact the facility at this time (yes or no):
.Phone:
Facility 2 Name and Location:
Type of Site:
Facility Contact:
May we contact the facility at this tune (yes or no):
.Phone:
DRAFT
A-69
-------
APPENDIX A
Process Description
Process Schematic
Fill in the table below by identifying what type of making holes conductive process (e.g., electroless
copper) your facility uses. Then, using the key at the bottom left of the page, identify which letter
corresponds with the first bath step in your process and write that letter in the first box (see example).
Continue using the key to fill in boxes for each step in your process until your entire making holes
conductive process is represented. If your process step is not represented by the key below, complete the
chart by writing in the name of the process step in your particular making holes conductive line. Finally,
consult the process automation key at bottom right and enter the appropriate type of automation for the
MHC process line. If the process is partially automated, enter the appropriate process automation letter
for each step in the upper right-hand corner box (see example).
Process Automation
Letter (see key below right)
•r L
•i* L
>„
^^
^
8. |_
13. [_
>„
>,
9- L_
14. |_
>,
10. |_
15. L_
^
11. |_
16. |_
Siamlrad Bnth Types
[A] - Center
[B] - Conditioner
[C] - Micro-Etch
[DJ - Pro-dip
[E] - Catalyst
IF] - Activator
[G] - Accelerator
{H] - Enhancer
[1] - Electroless Copper
[K] - Graphite
[L] - Carbon
[M] - Fixer
[N] - Reducer
[P] - Air Knife/Oven
[OJ - High pressure water
[R] - Neutralizer
[S] - Anti-tarnish
[W] - Water rinse
[O] - Other (specify step)
Process Automation
Type of Process Automation for Entire MHC Process
(Consult the key below)
If the MHC process is partially automated (option R), enter 'R" on above line.
Then, for each process step in chart above, consult the key below and enter the
appropriate process automation letter in the box located in the upper right hand
corner of each process step (see example).
Process Automation Key
[P] - Automated on-conveyorized
[Q] - Automated conveyorized
[R] - Partially automated
[S] - Manually controlled hoist
[T] - Manual (no information)
[A]-All of the above
[V] - Other (specify)
DRAFT
A-70
-------
APPENDIX A
Product Line Name
Please fill in the following table (for bath listings, please refer back to your process description
on page 2):
Baths — Chemical Composition
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Chemical
Composition/Characteristics
of Spent Batha
Standard Container
Size
Comments:
*
a Do not include drag-out.
DRAFT
A-71
-------
APPENDIX A
Special Product Characteristics
1. Does the process operate as a vertical process, horizontal process, or either?
2. Is the process pattern-plate or panel-plate?
3. Does the process require scrubbing of panel after completion?
4. Does the process require spray etch, scrub, or high-pressure rinse before imaging or electroplating?
If so, which?
5. Are there any limitations for the acid copper plating process (e.g., pattern microetch, tank
configuration, ASF)? Please explain.
6. Are there any constraints on hold times as a result of the MHC process?
7. Please state cycle time.
8. Please describe any special process equipment recommended (e.g. high pressure rinse, air
knife, dryer, aging equipment, etc.)
Product Line Constraints
1. Please list substrate compatibilities (e.g. BT, cyanate ester, Teflon, Kevlar, copper invar
copper, polyethylene, other [specify])
2. Please list compatibilities with drilling techniques
3. Please list compatibilities with desmear processes (e.g. neutralization after permanganate, plasma,
etc.) _
4. List range of aspect ratio capacity
5. List range of hole sizes
6. List recommended oxide processes
Other general comments about the product line (include any known impacts on other process steps)
DRAFT
A-72
-------
APPENDIX A
Bath Life
Please fill in the following table (for bath listings, please refer back to your process description on
page 2):
Bath
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Recommended treatment/
disposal method0
Criteria for JBumping Bath"
{e.g., time, iil? of panel processed,
condttetivity, eto.)
Recommended Bath
Life
a Attach and reference additional materials, if necessary
Please specify criteria for calculation in the space below:
DRAFT
A-73
-------
APPENDIX A
Costs:
Fill in the price of your product for each facility category.
Horizontal
Process
Vertical
Process
Other
(specify)
Estimated manufacturer price of product line to be tested
based on recommended bath life*
Low-level
throughput shopa
Medium-level
throughput shopb
High-level
throughput shopc
Low-level
throughput shop
Medium-level
throughput shop
High-level
throughput shop
Low-level
throughput shop
Medium-level
throughput shop
High-level
throughput shop
Chemical cost per
square foot panel
per day
Equipment cost per
square foot panel
per day
Water use
(gallons per
minute)
a2,000 surface square feet per day; 18" x 24" panel = 6 square feet
b6,000 surface square feet per day
C15,000 surface square feet per day
* Please include a description of the basis for your estimates (including assumptions about holes sizes,
dragout, replenishment/replacement times, equipment life, and frequencies) in the space below.
Cost Estimate Calculation:
DRAFT
A-74
-------
Appendix B
Publicly-Available Bath
Chemistry Data
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
B.I Range of Bath Concentrations for the Electroless Copper Technology
B.2 Bath Concentrations for the Carbon Technology, Non-Conveyorized
B.3 Bath Concentrations for the Carbon Technology, Conveyorized
B.4 Product Concentrations for the Conductive Ink Technology
B.5 Bath Concentrations for the Conductive Polymer Technology
B.6 Range of Bath Concentrations for the Graphite Technology
B.7 Bath Concentrations for the Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper Technology
B.8 Bath Concentrations for the Organic-Palladium Technology
B.9 Range of Bath Concentrations for the Tin-Palladium Technology
DRAFT
B-l
-------
APPENDIX B
Table B.I Range of Bath Concentrations for the Electroless Copper Technology
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Micro-Etch
Predip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Chemicals"
Sulfuric Acid
p-Toluene Sulfonic Acid
Isopropyl Alcohol; 2-Propanol
Hydroxyacetic Acid
Potassium Hydroxide
Ammonium Chloride
Formic Acid
Cationic Emulsifier
Triethanolamine
Phosphate Ester
Ethylene Glycol
Dimethylformamide
Confidential Ingredients
Ethanolamine
Potassium Peroxymonosulfate
Potassium Bisulfate
Potassium Sulfate
Magnesium Carbonate
Potassium Persulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Copper Sulfate - Pentahydrate
Ethylene Glycol
Sodium Bisulfate
HCL
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Stannous Chloride as Tin (II)
Palladium (Dissolved)
Methanol
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Chlorite
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium Hypophosphite
Fluoboric Acid
Bath Concentration (g/1)
Low
9.90
9.90
1.65
34.7
0.53
12.9
12.9
6.44
30.3
30.3
2.44
1.32
2.00
16.3
25.8
13.8
19.2
1.20
9.80
1.84
13.8
0.30
0.50
1.93
2.58
31.7
2.58
1.98
6.32
0.36
2.52
45.2
12.6
2.53
4.52
18.2
8.58
60.0
High
6.44
340
35.9
46.6
182
158
16.6
60.0
Average
3.36
121
19.9
24.6
85.6
50.9
10.3
60.0
DRAFT
B-2
-------
APPENDIX B
Bath
Electroless Copper
Acid Dip
Anti-Tarnish
Cleaner/Conditioner
Predip
Catalyst
Chemicals"
Formaldehyde
Copper Chloride
Copper Sulfate as Copper
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
Ethylenediamine-Tetraacetic Acid
Tetrasodium Salt (EDTA)
Methanol
Potassium Cyanide
Potassium-Sodium Tartrate
Sodium Carbonate
Tartaric Acid
Sodium Cyanide
Alkaline Mixture
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Dimethylarninoborane
Boric Acid
Methanol
Sulfuric Acid
Isopropyl Alcohol
Potassium Hydroxide
Benzotriazole
2-Ethoxyethanol
Sodium m-Nitrobenzenesulfonate
Nonionic Surfactant
Potassium Carbonate
Monoethanolamine; 2-Aminoethanol
Triethanolamine; 2,2'2"-Nitrilotris (Ethanol)
2-Propanol
Surface Agent (non-haz)
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Tin(II) chloride, Stannous Chloride as Tin
Palladium (Dissolved)
Palladium Chloride
Vanillin
1,3-Benzenediol
Bath Concentration (g/I)
Low
1.58
5.06
4.79
0.48
5.78
34.2
0.04
0.22
31.4
0.05
1.03
0.23
154
1.15
NR
0.72
5.00
0.95
28.8
2.02
0.30
0.12
45.9
0.12
4.50
6.16
14.2
5.1
2.04
15.3
46.6
360
1.85
42.9
653
9.60
21.1
0.96
0.50
1.50
0.73
High
5.59
8.32
11.6
15.7
56.2
2.80
1.25
25.4
25.4
17.1
46.0
46.0
0.70
Average
3.68
6.69
6.98
10.1
45.2
1.39
1.10
19.8
15.2
10.3
22.9
31.8
0.60
B-3
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX B
Bath
Accelerator
Micro-Etch
Acid Dip
Chemicals3
Fluoroboric Acid as Fluoride
Copper as CU(II)
Copper Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Carbonate
Lithium Hydroxide
Monoethanolamine
Copper Sulfate as Copper
Sulfuric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Sodium Persulfate: Disodium Peroxydisulate
Sulfuric Acid
Bath Concentration (g/1)
Low
18.9
2.55
0.23
0.93
14.4
318
20.3
3.49
13.3
9.20
NR
17.5
135
191
High
1.38
43.5
20.3
35.0
175
Average
0.81
29.0
11.9
20.9
151
May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the MSDSs.
DRAFT
B-4
-------
APPENDIX B
Table B.2 Bath Concentrations for the Carbon Technology, Non-Conveyorizeda
Bath
Cleaner
Conditioner
Carbon Black
Micro-Etch
Chemicals11
Monoethanolamine
Ethylene Glycol
Monoethanolamine
Potassium Carbonate
Potassium Hydroxide
Sulfuric Acid
Carbon Black
Sodium Persulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate
Concentration in Bath
11.6
NR
11.5
62.3
0.46
0.04
NR
200
1.84
5.0
The carbon technology was the only MHC technology listing different chemical concentrations depending on the
equipment configuration (e.g., conveyorized or non-conveyorized.)
b May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the MSDSs.
DRAFT
B-5
-------
APPENDIX B
Table B.3 Bath Concentrations for the Carbon Technology, Conveyorized"
Bath
Cleaner
Conditioner
Carbon Black
Micro-Etch
Chemicals5
Monoethanolamine
Ethylene Glycol
Monoethanolamine
Potassium Hydroxide
Carbon Black
Sodium Persulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate
Concentration in Bath
12.7
NR
34.5
20.4
NR
200
1.84
5.0
" The carbon technology was the only MHC technology listing different chemical concentrations depending on the
equipment configuration (e.g., conveyorized or non-conveyorized.)
b May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the MSDSs.
DRAFT
B-6
-------
APPENDIX B
Table B.4 Product Concentrations for the Conductive Ink Technology
Bath
Micro-Etch
Screen Print Ink
(5 different product
formulations are listed)
Chemicals"
Constituent
Concentration
(weight %)
Conventional micro-etch cleaning processes may be used as well as light
brushing
Formulation A
Formulation B
Formulation C
Formulation D
Formulation E
Silver
2-Butoxyethanol Acetate
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
Trade Secret Resin*
Methanol
Isophorone
Modifiers
Additives & Modifiers
Silver-Coated Copper Powder
Phenol-Formaldehyde Co-Polymer
Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Additives & Modifiers
Silver-Coated Copper Powder
Phenol-Formaldehyde Co-Polymer
Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Silver-Plated Copper Powder
Phenol-Formaldehyde Polymer
Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Modifiers
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
Trade Secret Resin*
Graphite
Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether
Diethylene Glycol Ethyl Ether
Carbon Black
Butyl Cellosolve Acetate
Methanol
60-80
15-25
5- 10
1-5
<5
1 -2
<1
<5
70-90
1 0-20
<10
<5
70-90
10-20
<10
80-90
10-20
5- 15
<3
20-30
25-35
10-20
10-20
<10
5- 10
5- 10
<5
May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the MSDSs
DRAFT
B-7
-------
APPENDIX B
Table B.5 Bath Concentrations for the Conductive Polymer Technology
Bath
Micro-Etch
Cleaner/Conditioner
Catalyst
Conductive Polymer
Chemicals3
Potassium Peroxymonosulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Natrium Carbonate (Sodium Carbonate)
Phosphoric Acid
Alkali Permanganate
Sodium Hydroxide
Phosphoric Acid
Potassium Hydroxide in Azoles
Bath Concentration
(g/1)
100
20
7.5
2.75
815
0.9
26.8
3
May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the MSDSs.
DRAFT
B-8
-------
APPENDIX B
Table B.6 Range of Bath Concentrations for the Graphite Technology
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Graphite
Micro-Etch
Chemicals3
Non-Haz-Ingredients
Surfactant
Potassium Carbonate
Ethanolamine
Graphite
Non-Haz-Ingredients
Ammonia
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium Persulfate
Potassium Peroxymonosulfate
Copper Sulfate as Copper
Non-Haz Ingredients
Concentration in Bath (g/I)
Low
437
2.06
7.39
19.7
29.8
127
1.95
28.0
23.5
30.1
2.67
15.6
High
61.2
90.3
90.3
Average
45.5
59.1
56.9
May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the MSDSs.
DRAFT
B-9
-------
APPENDIX B
Table B.7 Bath Concentrations for the Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper Technology
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Micro-Etch
Predip
Catalyst
Postdip
Accelerator
Electroless Copper/Copper Flash
Anti-Tarnish
Chemicals3
Bath Concentration
Potassium Persulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Copper Sulfate - Pentahydrate
9.80
20.2
16.1
0.30
0.50
Hydrochloric Acid
Stannous Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Chlorite
Copper Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
Isophopyl Alcohol
Potassium Hydroxide
2.96
9.48
NR
4.52
22.4
2.56
NR
2.02
0.30
* May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the MSDSs
DRAFT
B-10
-------
APPENDIX B
Table B.8 Bath Concentrations for the Organic-Palladium Technology"
Bath
Conditioner
Micro-Etch
Predip
Conductor
Postdip
Chemicals
Trade Secret
AQ Solution, Cationic Resin
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Persulfate
Sodium Bisulfate
HCL Acid (25% pure)
HCL Acid
Trade Secret
Sodium Hypophosphite-1 Hydrate
Sodium Carbonate
Trisodium Citrate - 5.5 Hydrate
Trade Secret
Concentration in Bath (g/1)
5
NR
3
5
75
75
3.12
3
3
3.06
12.6
12.6
34.5
May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the MSDSs
DRAFT
B-ll
-------
APPENDIX B
Table B.9 Range of Bath Concentrations for the Tin-Palladium Technology
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Predip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Micro-Etch
Acid Dip
Chemicals3
Nonionic Surfactant
Potassium Carbonate
Monoethanolamine; 2-Aminoethanol
Triethanolamine; 2,2',2"-Nitrilotris (ethanol)
2-Propanol
Surface Agent (non-haz)
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Tin(II) Chloride, Stannous Chloride as Tin
Palladium (dissolved)
Palladium Chloride
Vanillin
1,2-Benzenediol
Fluoroboric Acid as Fluoride
Copper as Cu (II)
Copper Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Carbonate
Lithium Hydroxide
Monoethanolamine
Copper Sulfate as Copper
Sulfuric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Sodium Persulfate; Disodium Peroxydisulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Low
4.50
6.16
14.2
5.1
2.04
15.3
46.6
360
1.85
42.9
653
9.60
21.1
0.96
0.50
1.50
0.73
18.9
2.55
0.23
0.93
14.4
318
20.3
3.49
13.3
9.20
NR
17.5
135
191
High
25.4
25.4
17.10
46.0
46.0
0.70
1.38
43.5
20.3
35.0
175
Average
19.8
15.2
10.3
22.9
31.8
0.60
0.81
29.0
11.9
20.9
151
* May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the MSDSs.
DRAFT
B-12
-------
Appendix C
Chemical Properties Data
-------
-------
: APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR 1,3-BENZENEDIOL
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the tin-palladium
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of 1,3-benzenediol are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 1,3-BENZENEDIOL
Characteristic/Properly Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
108-46-3
resorcinol: m-dihydroxybenzene
OH
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
white, needle-like crystals
110.11
109-1110C
280 °C
1 g in 0.9 mL
1.272
3.79
10.36, measured
0.80, measured
2xlO-4mmHg@25°C
hygroscopic; sensitive to light, air;
may react with iron
incompatible: acetanilide, albumin, alkalies,
antipyrine, camphor, ferric salts, menthol,
spirit nitrous ether, urethan
combustible
127.2°C
pKa, 9.32, measured
7.11xlO-10@30°C
8.1 x 10-" atm-mVmole @ 25°C
no data
no data
2.4 (estimated)
faint, characteristic odor
1 mg/m3 = 0.22 ppm;
1 ppm = 4.55 mg/m3
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Keith and Walters 1985
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985
Budavari et al. 1989
Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Allan 1994
Calculated using:
ppm = 1 mg/m3 x 24.45/MW
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
1,3-Benzenediol may be released into the environment in waste effluents associated with coal
gassification and conversion, coal-tar production, shale oil processing, and from the combustion
of wood and tobacco (HSDB 1995). 1,3-Benzenediol is found in cigarette smoke (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
C-l
-------
APPENDIX C
1,3-Benzenediol is not one of the chemicals reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) by
certain types of U.S. industries.
B. Transport
1,3-Benzenediol is expected to leach readily in soil; however, leaching may not be important if
concurrent biodegradation occurs at a rapid rate (HSDB 1995).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — If released to the atmosphere, 1,3-benzenediol can be expected to exist almost
entirely in the gas-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,3-benzenediol is expected
to degrade rapidly in air (estimated half-life 1.9 hours) by reaction with photochemically
produced hydroxyl radicals. Night-time reaction with nitrate radicals may also contribute to
atmospheric transformation (HSDB 1995).
2. Soil — 1,3-Benzenediol is readily degradable in soil. The degradation rate decreases at low
temperatures (CHEMFATE 1995).
3. Water— 1,3-Benzenediol is confirmed to be significantly degradable in water
(CHEMFATE 1995). By analogy to other phenol compounds, 1,3-benzenediol may react
relatively rapidly in sunlit natural water with photochemically produced oxidants such as
hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals (HSDB 1995). Hydrolysis, volatilization, and adsorption to
sediments are not expected to be important (HSDB 1995).
4. Biota — Bioconcentration of 1,3-benzenediol is not expected to be important (HSDB
1995).
DRAFT
C-2
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR 1 H-PYRROLE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive polymer
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of IH-pyrrole are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IH-PYRROLE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1 )
Data
109-97-7
pyrrole; azole; divinylenimine; imidole
C,HSN
liquid (colorless when freshly distilled)
67.09
-23 °C
129.8 °C@ 760 mm Hg
sparingly soluble
specific gravity, 0.969 120'4
2.31
Reference
Trochimowicz et al. 1994
Trochimowicz et al. 1994
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Trochimowicz et al. 1994
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Trochimowicz et al. 1994
Trochimowicz et al. 1994
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
not found
0.75 (measured)
1100-1136 Pa @ 25°C (8.3-8.5 mm Hg)a
can react with oxidizing materials; when
heated to decomposition, emits highly
toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen
must be moderately heated before ignition
occurs
102°F(390°C)
pKa, -3.8 to -4.4
1.640 Pa mVmol (calculated)
(1.6xlO-5atm-mVmol)b
not found
not found
not found
not found
1 ppm = 2.74 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.36 ppm
Mackayetal. 1995
Mackayetal. 1995
HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Mackayetal. 1995
Mackayetal. 1995
HSDB 1996
a) mm Hg calculated from Pa based on the formula: mm Hg = Pa-^ 1.333 x 102 (Lukens 1979).
b) Pa converted to atm by the following formula: atm = Pa-*- 1.013x 10s (Lukens 1979).
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
of IH-pyrrole. IH-pyrrole is one of a group of compounds containing five-membered rings with
one or more nitrogen atoms (Trochimowicz et al. 1994). The industrial use of the simpler
members of this group of chemicals is limited (Trochimowicz et al. 1994). IH-pyrrole may be
released to the environment from plants that manufacture it or use it either as a chemical
intermediate in the production of drugs, dyes, herbicides, and perfumes, or as a cross-linking
agent for resins (HSDB 1996). However, its limited use would likely preclude the release of
large volumes of the chemical to the environment. IH-pyrrole occurs naturally as part of the
DRAFT
C-3
-------
APPENDIX C
structure of pigments such as bilirubin and herae and is a constituent of coal tar and bone oil
(Trochimowicz et al. 1994).
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental
transport of IH-pyrrole. The vapor pressure (1100-1136 Pa [Mackay et al. 1995]) and the
Henry's Law Constant (1.6 x 10'5 atm-mVmol) of the chemical indicate that some volatilization
from soil or water could occur. IH-pyrrole is slightly soluble in water and small amounts may
move through the soil, possibly to groundwater.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — IH-pyrrole in air would undergo oxidation, probably within hours. For gas-phase
reaction at room temperature the rate constant has been estimated at 1.2 x 10"10 cm3
molecule'1 sec'1, assuming the concentration of OH radicals to be 1 x 106/cm3 during the
daytime. This value corresponds to a calculated lifetime of 2.3 hours (Mackay et al. 1995).
In other studies, the calculated lifetime was 1.4 minutes for reaction with NO3 radicals
during nighttime hours and 24 hours for reaction with O3 molecules (Mackay et al. 1995).
2. Soil—No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
degradation of IH-pyrrole in the soil.
3. Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
degradation of IH-pyrrole in water.
4. Biota — The log Kow for IH-pyrrole (0.75 [Mackay et al. 1995]) indicates that the chemical
has a low to moderate potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
DRAFT
C-4
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR 2-BUTOXYETHANOL ACETATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online data bases, government
publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify
information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of 2-butoxyethanol acetate are listed below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-BUTOXYETHANOL ACETATE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammabiliry
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Air Diffusivity Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
112-07-2
ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate;
Butyl Cellosolve acetate HSDB 1996
C8H,6H, Gingelletal. 1994
C4H9-O-(CH2)2-OCOCH3 NIOSH1994
colorless liquid HSDB 1996
160.21 Gingelletal. 1994
-64.5°C Howardl993
192.3°C Howard 1993
15,000 mg/L at 20°C Verschueren 1996
0.9422 @ 20/20°C HSDB 1996
5.5 HSDB 1996
26 (calculated) HSDB 1996
1.51 (measured) Verschueren 1996
0.375 mm Hg @ 20°C Howard 1993
can react with oxidizers NIOSH 1994
NFPA rating = 2; must be moderately
heated before ignition can occur HSDB 1996
71°C (160°F) (closed cup) HSDB 1996
no data
no data
no data
7.19 x 10° atm-mVmole Howard 1993
3.2 (calculated) Howard 1993
0.10 ppm, abs. perception limit;
0.35 ppm, 50% recognition;
0.48 ppm, 100% recognition Verschueren 1996
1 ppm = 6.64 mg/m3
1 mg/m-' = 0.15ppm Verschueren 1996
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
2-Butoxyethanol acetate may be released to the atmosphere by evaporation when it is used as a
solvent in paints, lacquers, thinners, inks, and resins. The emission rate into the atmosphere
from painting operations in an automobile assembly plant in Wisconsin was estimated at 37.9
gallons/hour (Howard 1993). 2-Butoxyethanol acetate was detected in 0.4% of 275 solvent
products that were sampled in various industries and analyzed between 1978 and 1982 (HSDB
1996).
In 1993, releases of all glycol ethers to environmental media, as reported in the TRI by certain
types of industries, totaled about 45.9 million pounds; 2-butoxyethanol acetate is not listed
separately (TRI93 1995).
C-5
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
The estimated relatively low KQC of 26 suggests that 2-butoxyethanol acetate can leach readily
into groundwater from soils. However, if rapid biodegradation occurs, leaching may be less
important. Volatilization from water is expected to be slow, with the possible exception from
very shallow rivers. Physical removal via wet deposition is likely because the chemical is
soluble in water (Howard 1993; HSDB 1996).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Based on a vapor pressure of 0.375 mm Hg at 20°C, 2-butoxyethanol acetate should
exist almost entirely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere. It is expected that 2-
butoxyethanol acetate will degrade by reaction with hydroxyl radicals with an estimated
half-life of about 18.4 hours (HSDB 1996).
2. Soil — When released to soils, biodegradation is expected to be the most important removal
process. One biodegradation screening study demonstrated that the chemical is readily
(>90%) biodegraded (HSDB 1996).
3. Water — Biodegradation is likely to be the most important removal mechanism of 2-
butoxyethanol acetate from aquatic systems. In a screening assay, 2-butoxyethanol acetate
total degradation exceeded 90%, with a measured rate of 12%/day under the test conditions.
No observable lag period was required before onset of degradation. Estimated
volatilization half-lives from a model river (1 meter deep) and model pond are 6.6 and 74
days, respectively. Adsorption to sediment is not expected to be important (HSDB 1996).
4. Biota — The estimated bioconcentration factor of 3.2 suggests that 2-butoxyethanol acetate
would not bioconcentrate significantly in aquatic organisms (Howard 1993).
DRAFT
C-6
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR 2-ETHOXYETHANOL
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of 2-ethoxyethanol are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-ETHOXYETHANOL
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =1)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
110-80-5
ethylene glycol monoethyl ether;
Cellusolve; Oxitol
C4H1002
HOCH2CH2OC2H5
colorless liquid
90.12
-70°C
135°C
miscible
ilOOmg/mL
0.93
3.10
0.12 (calculated)
-0.10
3.8mmHgat20°C
reacts with strong oxidizers
combustible
44°C (closed cup)
49°C (open cup)
no data
5.13 x 10-2atm-mVmol
no data
no data
no data
0.55 ppm (50% recognition)
1.33 ppm (100% recognition)
1 ppm = 3.75 mg/m3
1 mg/m1 = 0.27 ppm
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari etal. 1996
Keith and Walters 1985
Budavari etal. 1996
Verschueren 1996
Howard 1990
Howard 1990
Verschueren 1996
Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985
Budavari et al. 1996
Howard 1990
Verschueren 1996
Verschueren 1996
Verschueren 1996
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Environmental release of 2-ethoxyethanol can occur from wastewater effluents and atmospheric
emissions from production and use facilities. Information on the amount of 2-ethoxyethanol
released to the environment was not found in the secondary sources searched. Chemical
concentrations detected in the Hayashida River (Japan) were 250-1200 ppb (Howard 1990; U.S.
EPA 1985a). Effluent from a facility in Brandenburg, KY contained 0.10 ug/L in 1974 (U.S.
EPA 1985a).
DRAFT
C-7
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
The Henry's Law constant of 5.13 x 10"2 atm-m3/mol (Howard 1990) indicates rapid
volatilization from soils and surface waters. The complete water solubility and low Koc indicate
that leaching from soils into ground water may occur.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — In the atmosphere, 2-ethoxyethanol will react with both nitrogen oxides and
hydroxyl radicals. The half-life of the chemical was 9.8 hour when mixed with nitrogen
oxides (20:1,2-ethoxyethanol:nitrogen dioxides) in a smog chamber. For reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxy radicals, the estimated half-life is 11.41 hours (Howard
1990).
2. Soil — Volatilization and biodegradation are the main removal mechanisms for 2-
ethoxyethanol from soils. Adsorption is not expected to be significant, so leaching into
ground waters may occur (Howard 1990). A soil microbe acclimated to triethylene glycol
was capable of utilizing 2-ethoxyethanol as a sole carbon source. In a standard evaporation
test at 77°C and 15% relative humidity, 100% loss of the chemical occurred in 20 minutes
(U.S. EPA 1985a).
3. Water — 2-Ethoxyethanol will volatilize readily from surface waters with biodegradation
also contributing to removal. After incubation of the chemical for 5 days with either
sewage seed or activated sludge, 7.6% and up to 65%, respectively, of the theoretical
biological oxygen demand was achieved. Adsorption to suspended particulates and
sediments is not expected to occur (Howard 1990). Hydrolysis of 2-ethoxyethanol is not
expected to be important (U.S. EPA 1985a).
4. Biota — Based on the complete water solubility and low Kow of 2-ethoxyethanol, the
chemical is not expected to accumulate in aquatic organisms (U.S. EPA 1985a).
DRAFT
C-8
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR AMMONIA
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the graphite process.
This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources
(see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions
that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of ammonia are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7664-41-7
ammonia gas; liquid ammonia; ammonia,
anhydrous; Spirit of Hartshorn; Nitro-Sil
H3N
H—N—H
f
H
colorless gas
17.03
-77.7 °C
-33.35°C
47% @ 0°C; 38% @ 15°C; 34% @ 20°C
0.7710 g/L (gas)
0.59
no data
no data
7.508 x 10'mmHg@25°C
incompatible with halogens, acid chlorides,
acid, acid anhydrides, oxidizing agents,
chloroformates, galvanized iron; reacts
with zinc, copper, tin, and their alloys;
pHof IN solution =11.6
flammable
no data; autoignition @ 649°C
pKa = 9.249; pKb = 4.751 @25°C
7.3 x 10* atm-mVmole (pH 7,23.4°C)
1.6 x lO'5 atm-mVmole (25°C)
no data
no data
no data
1.5 ppm (water); 25 ppm (air)
1 ppm = 0.708 mg/m'
1 nig/ny1 = 1.41 ppm
Lockheed Martin 1995a
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
ATSDR 1990a
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Lockheed Martin 1995a
Budavari et al. 1989
Lockheed Martin 1995a
U.S. EPA 198la
ATSDR 1990a
ATSDR 1990a
ATSDR 1990a
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Ammonia is an important component of the nitrogen cycle such that concentrations in nature and
natural media are in dynamic equilibrium (ATSDR 1990a). Natural sources of ammonia include
volcanic eruptions, forest fires, microbial fixation of nitrogen, microbial decomposition of dead
plants and animals, and decay of livestock, pet, and human wastes (ATSDR 1990a).
Approximately 80% of the ammonia produced in the U.S. is applied to soils as fertilizer
(ATSDR 1990a).
DRAFT
C-9
-------
APPENDIX C
Average concentrations have been measured at <0.18 mg/L in surface waters and approximately
0.5 mg/L in waters near metropolitan areas; concentrations were lower in the summer than in the
winter (U.S. EPA 198la). Average global atmospheric ammonia concentrations are 1-3 ppb
(ATSDR 1990a).
In 1993, as reported to the TRI, a total of 353 million pounds of ammonia were released to the
environment. Of the total, 138 million pounds were released to the atmosphere, 36 million
pounds were released surface waters, 169 million pounds were released to underground injection
sites, and 10 million pounds were released to land (TRI93 1995).
B. Transport
As a key component of the nitrogen cycle, ammonia in water and soils undergoes microbial
mediated nitrification. The resulting nitrates are assimilated into plants and other microbes.
This process is dependent upon dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, the microbial population,
and the nitrogen forms present (U.S. EPA 1981a; ATSDR 1990a). From natural waters,
ammonia also volatilizes to the atmosphere or strongly adsorbs to sediment so that leaching is
not likely (U.S. EPA 198la). Once in the atmosphere, the chemical can be removed in rain or
snow or dissolve in clouds (ATSDR 1990a).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with acid air pollutants such as HNO3 and H2SO4
to form participate ammonium compounds that can be removed by wet or dry deposition
(ATSDR 1990a). In unpolluted air, the half-life for ammonia reaction with hydroxyl
radicals is about 16 days (U.S. EPA 1981a).
2. Soil — In soils, ammonia is transformed to nitrate by soil microbes and taken up by plants
as a nutrient source. The ammonium cation adsorbs to negatively charged clay colloids in
soils and is relatively immobile. Volatilization is another removal mechanism from soil
(ATSDR 1990a; U.S. EPA 1981a).
3. Water — In natural waters, ammonia undergoes nitrification with the products being taken
up by aquatic plants or other organisms. Ammonia can also adsorb to sediments or
volatilize to the atmosphere (ATSDR 1990a; U.S. EPA 198la).
4. Biota — Ammonia is a natural waste product of fish and is released to the surrounding
water through the gills. If water concentrations are abnormally high, the concentration
gradient is reversed and the direction of passive transport is into the gills (ATSDR 1990a).
DRAFT
C-10
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of ammonium chloride are summarized
below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =1)
Koc
Log KOW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
12125-02-9
ammonium muriate; sal ammoniac
ClHjN
H4N-C1
white crystalline solid, somewhat
hygroscopic
53.50
sublimes @ 350°C without melting
520 °C
28.3% (w/w) @ 25°C
1.5274 at 25 °C
no data
no data
no data
1 mm Hg @ 160.4°C
reacts with alkalis & their carbonates;
lead & silver salts; strong oxidizers;
ammonium nitrate; potassium chlorate; and
bromine trifluoride; corrodes most metals
not flammable
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
no data
Sax and Lewis 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
ACGIH 1991
Budavari et al. 1989
ACGIH 1991
Sax and Lewis 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Sax and Lewis 1989
NIOSH 1994
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Ammonium chloride, a somewhat hygroscopic crystalline solid with a cooling saline taste, is
highly soluble in water (Budavari et al. 1989). It is used in dry batteries; soldering; manufacture
of various ammonia compounds; as a fertilizer; in electroplating; in medicine; and in the food
industry (ACGIH 1991; Verschueren 1983). Large amounts of ammonium chloride are
frequently evolved from galvanizing operations, with concentrations generally below 5 mg/m3,
although peak concentrations are higher (ACGIH 1991). Ammonium chloride occurs naturally
in crevices in the vicinity of volcanoes (Young 1978).
B. Transport
No information on the transport of ammonium chloride was found in the secondary sources
searched. The water solubility suggests that the chemical would leach through soil.
DRAFT
C-ll
-------
APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information on the transformation/persistence of ammonium chloride was found in the
secondary sources searched. Low vapor pressure and its water solubility suggest the chemical
would remain in the aqueous phase.
DRAFT
C-12
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR BENZOTRIAZOLE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of benzotriazole are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOTRIAZOLE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air= 1)
KQC
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffiisivity Coefficient
Air Diffiisivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
95-14-7
1,2,3-benzotriazole; IH-benzotriazole; azimino-
benzene; 1,2-aminozophenylene; benzene azimide
C6H5N3
white to light tan crystalline powder
119.14
98.5°C
204°C@15mmHg
19.8 g/L @ 25 °C (measured)
not found
not found
not found
1.34 (measured)
0.4 x 10'1 Torr @ 20°C (measured)
stable toward acids, alkalies, oxidation and
reduction; forms stable metallic salts; may
explode during vacuum distillation
1.6 @20°C (measured)
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
1 ppm = 4.87 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.205 ppm
RTECS 1995
HSDB 1995
RTECS 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Calculated using:
ppm = mg/m3 x 24.45/m.w
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Benzotriazole may be released to the environment during its production and its use in a wide
range of commercial products. Uses of the chemical include: as a chemical intermediate; as a
pickling inhibitor in boiler scale removal; as a restrainer, developer and antifogging agent in
photographic emulsions; as a corrosion inhibitor for copper; as a component of military deicing
fluid; and as a plastics stabilizer (HSDB 1995). The NCI (1977) selected the chemical for study
in the bioassay program because of its use in dishwashing detergents and the possibility that such
use could result in the contamination of water supplies.
B. Transport
The considerable water solubility of benzotriazole (19.8 g/L [CHEMFATE 1995]) suggests that
the chemical may exist in solution in the soil and leach into ground water. The low vapor
pressure (0.04 Torr at 20°C [CHEMFATE 1995]) indicates that volatilization is not a significant
DRAFT
C-13
-------
APPENDIX C
transport mechanism for benzotriazole in soil or water. In one instance, benzotriazole
evaporated from water in 438 hours (-18 days) (CHEMFATE 1995). Because of its water
solubility, benzotriazole present in the atmosphere may be removed by wet deposition.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air—No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of benzotriazole in air. The considerable water solubility of
benzotriazole (see section II.B) suggests that the chemical would be removed from the
atmosphere by wet deposition.
2. Soil — The sensitivity of benzotriazole to photodegradation is solvent-dependent
(CHEMFATE 1995). The chemical was 100% degraded when irradiated for 60 hours at
300 nm in methanol (CHEMFATE 1995). The products of degradation (also solvent-
dependent) were aniline (1-1.6%) and O-anisidine (2-8.2%).
3. Water — In one study, benzotriazole as the sole source of carbon was not degraded by
acclimated sludge in water (CHEMFATE 1995). Other investigators observed that elective
cultures and continuous enrichment failed to biodegrade benzotriazole and indicated that
the chemical is expected to resist degradation in the environment (Rollinson and Callely
1986). In the aquatic environment, the chemical could undergo some photolysis at the
water's surface (see section II.C.2).
4. Biota — The log octanol/water partition coefficient for benzotriazole, 1.34 (CHEMFATE
1995), suggests that the chemical has a low to moderate potential for partitioning to lipids.
However, no information was found to indicate whether the chemical will bioaccumulate.
DRAFT
C-14
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR BORIC ACID
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of boric acid are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
10043-35-3
boracic acid
orthoboric acid
H,BO,
colorless, odorless, transparent crystals;
or white granules or powder
61.84
171°C
300°C
lg/18mIcoldH2O
1.435 @15°C
no data
no data
no data
low for boron compounds
incompatible with alkali carbonates and hydroxides
mixtures with potassium may explode on impact
not flammable
not flammable
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
no data
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
U.S. EPA 1990a
Budavari et al. 1989
U.S. EPA 1990a
U.S. EPA 1990
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Budavari etal. 1989
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Boric acid is a naturally occurring compound formed from the breaks of other boron compounds.
It is released into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions; however, most of this is captured by
the oceans. Boric acid also enters the environment as a contaminant from the manufacture and
industrial and household use of boron-containing compounds; the mining and processing of
borax; coal, oil and geothermal power generation; and sewage and sludge disposal (U.S. EPA
1990a). Boric acid is not listed on the EPA's TRI, requiring certain types of U.S. industries to
report on chemical releases to the environment.
B. Transport
Groundwater movement studies indicate that boron is relatively mobile in sand and gravel
aquifers, with retardation only occurring as a result of adsorption to clay or organic materials.
An equilibrium exists between adsorbed and dissolved boron in soils (U.S. EPA 1990a).
DRAFT
C-l 5
-------
APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Boron does not appear to persist in the atmosphere as a vapor. As a particulate,
boron can be removed by either wet or dry deposition (U.S. EPA 1990a).
2. Soil — Boric acid is adsorbed onto soil at acidic pH levels, and does not appear to be
chemically or biologically degraded in soils (U.S. EPA 1990a).
3. Water — In natural waters, boron does not appear to be chemically or biologically
degraded, but exists as undissociated boric acid (U.S. EPA 1990a). Because of its low
vapor pressure, volatilization is not expected to be a contributing factor for the release of
boron at the air-water interface (U.S. EPA 1990a).
4. Biota — No specific information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
bioaccumulation of boric acid. However, boron accumulation appears to occur in relation
to its availability in the surrounding aquatic systems. Tissue concentrations of boron in fish
from freshwater aquatic systems of varying water quality containing boron or boron
compounds (not necessarily just boric acid) have been reported to range from 1.8 /^g/g in
lake charr from a Precambrian shield lake to 20 //g/g in carp from a river system receiving
agricultural subsurface drainage (U.S. EPA 1990a).
DRAFT
C-16
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR CARBON BLACK
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the carbon and
conductive ink processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search
limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from
unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases,
unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference
materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of carbon black are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON BLACK
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
KQC
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
1333-86-4
lamp black; thermal black; furnace black;
acetylene black; channel black; CI pigment
black 7; philblack N 550; raven; regal;
carbon, amorphous
C
microscopic hexagonal crystallites oriented
randomly
extremely fine, smoke-like powder; black
12; may vary with manufacturing process
sublimates @ 3652-3697 °C
4200°C;4827°C
insoluble
1.8-2.1
not applicable
not found
not found
0 mm Hg (approximately)
reacts with strong oxidizers, such as
chlorates, bromates and nitrates; carbon
dust may form explosive mixtures in air
flammable
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
odorless
not applicable
HSDB 1996
U.S. EPA 1981 b
HSDB 1996
NIOSH 1994; U.S. EPA 1981b
HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996;
U.S. EPA 1981 b
U.S. EPA 1981b
U.S. EPA 1981b
NIOSH 1994
NIOSH 1994; HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996
Analytical properties of commercially produced carbon blacks (all with CAS No. 1333-86-4) are
summarized below. Contaminants, including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), adsorb to
carbon-black particles (IARC 1984). These contaminants (some are known carcinogens) are extractable
with organic solvents such as benzene, naphthalene, and toluene (IARC 1984). The efficiency of the
extraction depends on the solvent, extraction time, type of carbon black, relationship between sample
weight/solvent volume and the amount of extractable material. The bioavailability of these potential
carcinogens is an important issue in the assessment of the health effects of carbon black (IARC 1984).
Available evidence indicates that when carbon blacks are exposed to biological material, including
human albumin, some release of PAHs occurs, depending on the amount of adsorbed material and the
available adsorptive surface (IARC 1984).
DRAFT
C-17
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APPENDIX C
Analytical Data for Carbon Blacks Produced Commercially in the U.S.
Property Channel
Black-
Average particle diameter (nm) 29
Benzene extract (%)
pi I acidic
Volatile material (%) 5-17%
Composition (%)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
Acetylene
40
0.1
4.8
0.3
99.7
0.1
0.02
0.2
Furnace
28
0.06
7.5
1.0
97.9
0.4
0.6
0.7
Lampblack
65
0.2
3.0
1.5
98
0.2
0.8
0.8
Thermal
Medium
500
0.3
8.5
0.5
99.3
0.3
0.01
0.1
Fine
180
0.8
9.0
0.5
99.2
0.5
0.01
0.3
a) No longer produced in the U.S. Certain carbon blacks made in Germany by an impingement process reportedly have the same properties as
the old channel black (IARC 1984). Only general properties were available for channel black.
Source: IARC (1984)
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Carbon black may be released to the environment from various production facilities and from
rubber tires in which carbon black is used as a reinforcing agent (U.S. EPA 1981b). The
objective of the carbon-black industry is to produce large quantities of dense carbon smoke that
would, under ordinary circumstances, be considered an undesired by-product (U.S. EPA 1981b).
Consequently, for economic reasons, releases from production facilities are limited by highly
efficient collection methods. In the thermal and furnace process plants, systems of electrostatic
precipitators, cyclones, and bag filters collect over 99% of the black (U.S. EPA 1981b). In the
channel production process (no longer used in the U.S.), carbon black was collected by a less
effective method, impingement on long-channel irons, and larger quantities of carbon black were
released (U.S. EPA 1981 b). Releases to the atmosphere may also occur during maintenance
procedures, from leaks in plant conveying systems, or during loading and unloading operations
(U.S. EPA 1981b). In 1979, average particulate carbon-black emissions during the manufacture
of carbon blacks by the oil furnace process ranged from 0.1 kg/thousand kg for fugitive
emissions to 3.27 kg/thousand kg from uncontrolled main process vents (IARC 1984). More
recent monitoring data were not found in the secondary sources searched.
As a result of tire wear, carbon black is deposited in significant quantities along roadways,
apparently settling out within a few feet of the road (U.S. EPA 1981b).
In 1978, the U.S. EPA issued its final regulation on water discharge permits that called for zero
discharge of carbon black using the best available technology (U.S. EPA 1981b).
B. Transport
Carbon black entering the atmosphere or lost from tires ultimately enters the soil or is washed
into the waterways (U.S. EPA 1981b). No other information was found in the secondary sources
searched regarding environmental transport of carbon black.
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of carbon black in the atmospheric, aquatic, or terrestrial environment
or in biota. It is expected to be inert under normal conditions (U.S. EPA 1981b).
DRAFT
C-18
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR COPPER AND SELECTED COPPER COMPOUNDS
These chemicals were identified by one or more suppliers as bath ingredients for the electroless
copper, carbon, graphite, non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes. This
summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see
Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that
may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of copper, cupric sulfate, cuprous chloride,
cupric chloride, and cupric ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Cu-EDTA) are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air=l)
Koc
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Shellfish Bioconcentration Factor
Taste Threshold (copper in water)
Conversion Factors
7440-50-8
None
Cu
Cu°
Reddish metal
63.55
1083.4°C
2567°C
Insoluble (as Cu°)
8.92
No data
No data
No data
lmmHg@1629°C
Reacts with dil. HNO3, cone. H2SO4, and organic acids;
slowly with HC1 in the presence of oxygen. Forms
carbonate salt on the metal surface in moist air.
Forms soluble salts on the metal surface in water.
Violent reaction with hydrazoic acid, hydrogen
sulfide, lead azide, sodium azide, hydrazine mono-
nitrate, ammonium nitrate, bromates, chlorates,
iodates, chlorine, fluorine, and peroxides. Can react
with acetylene to form explosive acetylides.
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
10-100
30,000 in oysters
2.6 ppm
Not applicable, associated with particulate matter
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S.EPA1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
Budavari et al. 1989
U.S. Air Force 1990
HSDB 1995
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
DRAFT
C-19
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CUPRIC SULFATE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air=l)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Ftammabiliry
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivlty Coefficient
AirDifYusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Shellfish Bioconcentration Factor
Taste Threshold (copper in water)
Conversion Factors
7758-98-7
Copper Sulfate; Blue Vitriol
CuSO4
Cu04S
Solid, White powder (anhydrous),
blue crystals (hydrated)
159.60 (dehydrated)
249.68 (pentahydrate)
Decomposes @ 110°C
Decomposes to CuO @ 650°C
143g/L@0°C
3.603 (anhydrous)
2.284 (pentahydrate)
No data
No data
No data
No data
Reacts with Mg to produce Cu2O, MgSO4, and H2;
reacts with NH,C1 producing (NH4)2SO4 and CuCI2; HSDB 1995
reacts with alkali (R)OH to produce Cu(OH)2 and RSO4;
reacts with excess aq. NH3 producing CuOJH,)^ + OH";
decomposition products include SO2.
Non-flammable HSDB 1995
Non-flammable HSDB 1995
No data
No data
No data
No data
10-100 for copper ATSDR 1990b
30,000 for copper in oysters ATSDR 1990b
2.6 ppm for copper ATSDR 1990b
Not applicable, associated with participate material
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. Air Force 1990
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CUPROUS CHLORIDE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air—1)
Koc
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Shellfish Bioconcentration Factor
Taste Threshold (copper in water)
Conversion Factors
7758-89-6
Copper (I) chloride
CuCl
CuCI (or Cu2Cl2)
Solid, White crystal
98.99
430°C
1490°C
0.062 g/L (cold water)
4.14
No data
No data
No data
1 mm Hg @ 546°C
Reactive with oxidizing agents, alkali metals;
decomposition products include HCL gas.
Not combustible
Not combustible
No data
No data
No data
No data
10-100 for copper
30,000 for copper in oysters
2.6 ppm
Not applicable, associated with particulate material
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
Aldrich Chemical Co. 1985
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
DRAFT
C-20
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CUPRIC CHLORIDE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air= 1)
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Shellfish Bioconcentration Factor
Taste Threshold (copper in water)
Conversion Factors
7447-39-4
Copper (II) chloride
CuCl2
CuCl2
Brown or yellow powder
Green to blue crystals when hydrated
134.44
620°C
Decomposes @ 993 °C
706 g/L @ 0°C
3.3864/2S
No data
No data
No data
No data
HC1 gas can be produced in fires or
in contact with acids; corrosive to
aluminum. Reacts with alkali metals.
Not combustible
Not combustible
No data
No data
No data
No data
10-100 for copper
30,000 for copper in oysters
2.6 ppm
Not applicable, associated with particulate material
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
EM Industries 1987
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. Air Force 1990
EM Industries 1987
U.S. Air Force 1990
U.S. Air Force 1990
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Copper (Cu) commonly exists in three valence states, Cu° (metal), Cu1" (cuprous), and Cu**
(cupric). It can also be oxidized to a Cu^ state, but there are no important industrial Cu*4*
chemicals, and Cu+++ ions are rapidly reduced to Cu^ in the environment (ATSDR 1990b).
Cupric sulfate and cupric chloride are very soluble in water [143 and 706 g/L, respectively (U.S.
EPA 1987a; ATSDR 1990b)] and, when dissolved, become sources of Cu"' ions; cupro chloride
is a source of Cu+ ions in solution, but it has comparatively low water solubility [0.062 g/L (U.S.
EPA 1987a)]. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) has the ability to chelate divalent metal ions
such as Cu++. The release of Cu^ from the Cu-EDTA complex depends on the concentration of
other divalent metal ions in solution. Copper occurs naturally in the environment primarily as
Cu"1"1" salts, oxides, and complexes; but Cu+ compounds and metallic copper (Cu°) also occur
naturally (U.S. EPA 1984a). Copper and its compounds are ubiquitous in nature as part of the
earth's crust and are found in plants and animals (ATSDR 1990b). The average concentration of
copper found in the earth's crust is about 50 ppm (ATSDR 1990b).
Releases to the air from natural sources primarily involve windblown dust; however, volcanoes,
decaying vegetation, forest fires, and sea water spray also contribute (ATSDR 1990b).
Anthropogenic sources include releases from copper smelting industries, iron and steel
industries, coal burning power plants and fabricating operations involving copper (U.S. EPA
1984a). The mean concentration of airborne copper is 5-200 ng/m3, which is associated with
particulate matter (ATSDR 1990b). Copper is also released to water from industrial and sewage
treatment discharges and naturally from soil weathering. Most of this copper is adsorbed to
particulate matter. Natural sources of copper account for about 68% of copper released to
streams and waterways. Domestic wastewater is the largest anthropogenic source of copper
released to water. Copper can enter the drinking water from the water distribution system and
DRAFT
C-21
-------
APPENDIX C
can exceed 1.3 ppm when the pipes have not been flushed during a period of disuse. The total
amount of copper released to water was estimated at 28,848,000,000 tons for 1976; this
represents about 2.4% of the total amount copper released to the environment. The majority of
copper is released to the land primarily from copper mines and mills and is in the form of
insoluble sulfides or silicates. Other sources include sludge from sewage treatment plants,
municipal refuse, waste from electroplating, iron and steel producers, and discarded copper-
containing products (plumbing and wiring) (ATSDR 1990b).
In 1992, releases of copper to environmental media, as reported to the TRI by certain types of
U.S. industries, totaled about 55,294,095 pounds of which 41,093,203 pounds were copper
compounds and 14,200,892 pounds were metallic copper. Of these amounts, 6,329,997 pounds
of copper compounds and 1,495,369 pounds of metallic copper (14.2%) were released to the
atmosphere, 72,423 pounds of copper compounds and 41,474 pounds of metallic copper (0.2%)
were released to surface water, 201,431 pounds of copper compounds and 16,736 pounds of
metallic copper (0.4%) were released in underground injection sites, and 34,489,362 pounds of
copper compounds and 12,647,313 pounds of metallic copper (85.2%) were released to land
(TRI92 1994).
B. Transport
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Most of the copper in the air is in the form of particulate matter (dust) or is adsorbed
to particulate matter. Larger particles (>5 um) are removed by gravitational settling,
smaller particles are removed by other forms of dry and wet deposition (ATSDR 1990b).
Atmospheric copper resulting from combustion is associated with sub-micron particles that
can remain in the troposphere for an estimated 7-30 days and may be carried long distances
(ATSDR 1990b). In southern Ontario, Canada, the average copper concentration in
rainwater was 1.57 ppb during 1982, and the average annual wet deposition of copper was
1.36 mg/m2. The average annual wet deposition for both central and northern Ontario was
1.13 mg/m2 (ATSDR 1990b).
2. Soil — Most of the copper deposited in the soil is strongly adsorbed primarily to organic
matter, carbonate minerals, clay minerals, and hydrous iron and manganese oxides.
Movement through the soil is dependent on the presence of these substances, the pH, and
other physical and chemical parameters. The greatest potential for leaching is seen in sandy
soils with low pH (ATSDR 1990b). Laboratory experiments using controlled models and
field experiments utilizing core samples have shown that very little copper moves through
the soil. Core samples showed that some movement occurred as far as the 22.5-25 cm layer
of soil, but little, if any, moved below this zone. The evidence indicates that hazardous
amounts of copper should not leach into groundwater from sludge, even from sandy soils
(ATSDR 1990b).
3. Water — Copper in solution is present almost exclusively as the Cu** valence state (U.S.
EPA 1987a). The Cu* ion is unstable in solution and disproportionates to Cu** and copper
metal unless a stabilizing ligand is present (ATSDR 1990b). In sea water, Cu+ was found to
be more stable than in fresh water existing as CuClOH' ions. A photochemical reduction
mechanism involving H2O2 is thought to be partly responsible. The presence of Cu+ is
highest in the surface layer of seawater and can account for as much as 15% of the copper
in seawater (ATSDR 1990b). Copper in the Cu^ valence state forms compounds and
complexes with a variety of organic and inorganic ligands binding to -NH2, -SH, and, to a
lesser extent, -OH groups (ATSDR 1990b). The predominant form of copper in aqueous
solution is dependent on the pH of the solution. Below pH 6, the cupric ion (Cu++)
DRAFT
C-22
-------
4.
APPENDIX C
predominates; copper complexes with carbonate usually predominate above pH 6 (U.S.
EPA 1987a; ATSDR 1990b). The association of copper with organic or inorganic ligands
also depends on the pH and on the CaCO3 alkalinity. Rivers in the northwestern U.S. with a
relatively high pH (7.0-8.5) and 24-219 ppm CaCO3 were found to contain copper
associated primarily with CO3" and OH" ions. Under these conditions, copper can
precipitate as malachite (Cu2(OH)2CO3). Copper was found to be largely associated with
organic matter in lakes and rivers with a lower pH (4.6-6.3) and CaCO3 concentration (1-30
ppm) such as found in southern Maine (ATSDR 1990b).
Most of the copper entering surface water is in the form of particulate matter, which settles
out, precipitates, or adsorbs to organic matter, hydrous iron and manganese oxides, and
clay; however, the predominating form can change with the amount of rain, pH, content of
runoff, and the availability of ligands (ATSDR 1990b). The processes of complexation,
adsorption and precipitation limit the concentration of copper (Cu**) to very low values in
most natural waters (ATSDR 1990b). Copper discharged into a river upstream from the
Chesapeake Bay was measured at 53 ppb. Copper associated with particulate material that
were settleable solids accounted for 36 ppb. The copper concentration decreased rapidly
downstream to 7 ppb 2-3 km from the pollution source. The copper concentration in the
settlement, however, was 10 times the concentration in uncontaminated areas (ATSDR
1990b).
Biota — Calculations of the bioconcentration factor in fish for copper have ranged from 10
to 100; however, the majority of copper measurements in fish tissues under environmental
conditions have indicated little, if any, bioconcentration. The copper content of fish muscle
tissue taken from copper-contaminated lakes near Sudbury, Ontario were found to contain
about the same level of copper as fish from uncontaminated areas (ATSDR 1990b). Filter
feeding shellfish, especially oysters, however, were found to significantly concentrate
copper with bioconcentration factors as high as 30,000 (ATSDR 1990b).
DRAFT
C-23
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR DEETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL
ETHER ACETATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
(DGEEA) are summarized below. In the body, glycol ether esters are apparently saponified (hydrolyzed)
to the parent glycol ether and an organic acid. Systemic effects of the esters are typical of those of the
corresponding parent glycol ethers (HSDB 1996), which for DGEEA, is diethylene glycol monoethyl
ether (DGEE). Therefore, this report will also provide information on DGEE.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DGEEA
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air= 1)
Koc
Log Row
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
112-15-2
DGEEA; 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol acetate; Gingell et al. 1994
Carbitol® acetate
CaH,6O4 Gingell etal. 1994
CjHsOCHjCHjOCHjCHjOOCCH, Gingell et al. 1994
colorless liquid; hygroscopic HSDB 1996
176.2
-11°C,-25°C Verschueren 1996
217.4°C @ 760 mm Hg Gingell et al. 1994
miscible HSDB 1996
specific gravity (2S/4°C), 1.01 Gingell et al. 1994
6.07 Gingell et al. 1994
not found
not found
0.05 mm Hg @ 25°C Gingell et al. 1994
not found
must be preheated before ignition HSDB 1996
open cup, 225°F (107°C) HSDB 1996
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
50% recognition, 0.157 ppm Verschueren 1996
100% recognition, 0.263 ppm
1 ppm H 7.20 mg/m3 @ 25 °C, 760 mm Hg Gingell et al. 1994
1 mg/m' " 0.1389 ppm
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
of DGEEA. The ester probably enters the environment as does its parent ether, DGEE, i.e., via
effluents from sites where it is produced or used as a solvent and from other industries (Howard
1993). In a national survey of wastewater effluents, DGEE occurred in 5 of 21 industrial
categories (Howard 1993). Average concentrations of DGEE in wastewater from various
industries were as follows: 497 mg/L (iron and steel); 52,189 mg/L (printing and publishing);
175 mg/L (amusement and athletic goods); and 40 mg/L (pulp and paper) (Howard 1993).
DRAFT
C-24
-------
APPENDIX C
DGEE has also been found in effluents from publicly-owned treatment works (Howard 1993). A
drinking-water survey identified DGEE as a contaminant in 11 U.S. cities and 1 county (Howard
1993).
B. Transport
The low vapor pressure of DGEEA (0.05 mm Hg [Gingell et al. 1994]) suggests that
volatilization from soil or water will not be a significant transport mechanism for the chemical.
DGEEA is miscible with water and may move through the soil, possibly to groundwater.
The parent ether, DGEE, is also miscible with water and has an estimated Henry's Law Constant
of 8.63 x lO'10 atm-m3/mole at 25°C (Howard 1993). This indicates that volatilization from
natural bodies of water and moist soils should not be a significant fate process for the ether. The
calculated Koc value (20) for DGEE indicates that the chemical will be highly mobile in soil and
should not partition from the water column to organic matter in sediments and suspended solids
(Howard 1993).
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of DGEEA in the environment. However, inferences can be drawn
regarding the fate of DGEEA, based on the following data for its parent ether, DGEE.
1. Air — DGEE in ambient air exists mostly in the vapor phase (Howard 1993). The putative
removal mechanisms for atmospheric DGEE are vapor phase reactions with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (Howard 1993). The estimated rate constant
of 2.93 x 10'11 cm3/molecule-sec @ 25°C for DGEE corresponds to a half-life of about 13
hours, assuming the atmospheric concentration of hydroxyl radicals is 5 x 105 per cm3
(Howard 1993). Wet deposition of DGEE is limited by its short residence time (Howard
1993).
2. Soil — The results of aqueous screening tests indicate that biodegradation is the most
significant mechanism for the removal of DGEE from aerobic soil (see the results of
screening tests in section II.C.3) (Howard 1993). Hydrolysis and direct photolysis are not
important mechanisms for the removal of DGEE from soil (Howard 1993).
3. Water — The results of aqueous screening tests indicate that biodegradation is the primary
mechanism for the removal of DGEE from water (Howard 1993). After 16 days of
acclimation, losses of 39.8% and 34.3% were recorded using an 8-hour Warburg test and a
5-day BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) test, respectively (Howard 1993). In two assays
conducted without acclimation, the BOOT values after 20-day incubation periods were 48
and 87% (Howard 1993). Using the Zahn-Wellens screening method, a >90% loss of the
original concentration of DGEE (400 ppm) occurred in 28 days (Howard 1993). DGEE
should not undergo hydrolysis or direct photolysis in the aquatic environment (Howard
1993).
4. Biota — The calculated log BCF (bioconcentration factor) of-0.34 for DGEE and its
miscibility with water indicate that the chemical will not bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms (Howard 1993).
DRAFT
C-25
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR DIETHYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of diethylene glycol methyl ether are
summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIETHYLENE GLYCOL METHYL
_ ETHER _
Characteristic/Property _ Data _ Reference _
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air
1 )
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diflusivity Coefficient
Log Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
111-77-3
2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol, methyl
carbitol, MECB, Dowanol DM, DOME
C5H,20,
CH3OCH2OCH2CH2OH
colorless liquid
120.15
< -84°C
193°C
completely miscible
lxlO°mg/Lat25°C
d20/4, 1.035
4.14
10
-0.68 (calculated)
-0.79 - -0.93
0.18mmHgat25°C
can react with oxidizing materials
moderate when exposed to heat
or flame
200°F(93°C)
no data
6.5 x 10'10 atm-cmVmole at 25 °C
no data
no data
-0.75 (estimated)
no data; mild, pleasant
1 ppm = 4.91 mg/m3
1 nig/m11 = 0.204 ppm
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
U.S. EPA 1984b
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
U.S. EPA 1984b
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found regarding the quantity of diethylene glycol methyl ether (DOME)
released to the environment. The chemical has been identified as a contaminate in drinking
water samples (concentrations not listed) from cities across the continental U.S. (HSDB 1995.
An average concentration of 3571 mg/L was found in the wastewater from paint and ink
industries (HSDB 1995).
B. Transport
Because of the high water solubility and low Henry's Law Constant, most of the DOME released
to the environment should end up in aquatic environments. The low KQC indicates that the
chemical can leach into ground water from soils; volatilization from water and soils is not an
DRAFT
C-26
-------
APPENDIX C
important transport process (HSDB 1995). Removal from the atmosphere in precipitation is
possible (HSDB 1995).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — DOME should not undergo direct photolysis. The reaction rate constant with
hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 2.44 x 10~" cm3/molecule-sec and corresponds to
an atmospheric half-life of about 16 hours (HSDB 1995).
2. Soil — In general, biodegradation and leaching would be the most important removal
processes for glycoi ethers in soils (U.S. EPA 1984b).
3. Water — DOME was degraded by 0, 21, and 66% after 5, 10, and 20 days respectively
when settled waste water or sewage sludge was used as inoculum (HSDB 1995).
4. Biota — Based on the high water solubility and low estimated bioconcentration factor of
DOME, the chemical would not be expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic animals (HSDB
1995).
DRAFT
C-27
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR DIETHYLENE GLYCOL N-BUTYL ETHER
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of diethylene glycol n-butyl ether are
summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIETHYLENE
GLYCOL N-BUTYL ETHER
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Fltmmability
Hash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Difiusivity Coefficient
AirDiffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
112-34-5
diethylene glycol monobutyl ether;
butyl carbitol
C8H,803
HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OC,H,,
liquid
162.22
-68 °C
230.4°C
lxl06mg/Lat25°C
0.9536
5.58
75 (calculated)
0.91 (calculated)
0.0219 mm Hg at 25°C
non reactive;
NFPA rating: 0.0
must be heated
500-F
no data
1.52 x 10-' atm-mV mole at 25 °C
no data
no data
2.88 (estimated)
practically odorless
1 ppm = 6.63 mg/m3
1 mg/nr' = 0.15ppm
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavari etal. 1989
Gingelletal. 1994
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Gingelletal. 1994
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Gingelletal. 1994
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
In 1993 as reported to the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries, environmental releases of all
glycol ethers totaled 45.9 million pounds; diethylene glycol n-butyl ether is not reported
separately (TRI93 1995). The chemical has been detected in the waste water effluents from
industries at average concentrations ranging from 7 to 244 mg/L (HSDB 1995).
B. Transport
Because of its miscibility with water, diethylene glycol n-butyl ether will partition to the
water column and be highly mobile in soils. In the atmosphere, the chemical may be
removed by precipitation and dissolution in clouds (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
C-28
-------
APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — In the atmosphere, diethylene glycol n-butyl ether should exist almost entirely in the
vapor phase. The estimated half-life for reaction with hydroxyl radical is 11 hours (HSDB
1995).
2. Soil — Diethylene glycol n-butyl ether should partition to the water column of moist soils
and volatilization will not be significant (HSDB 1995).
3. Water — Diethylene glycol n-butyl ether is not expected to undergo hydrolysis and the
Henry's Law Constant indicates that volatilization would be slow. However, aerobic
biodegradation may be an important removal mechanism from aquatic systems (HSDB
1995). No other information was found.
4. Biota— Based on the estimated bioconcentration factor of 2.88 (HSDB 1995), diethylene
glycol n-butyl ether should not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
DRAFT
C-29
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR A^DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online data bases, government
publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify
information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of A/^dimethylformamide are summarized
below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
JV,JV-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE
Characteristic/Property Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Air Diffusivity Constant
Molecular Diffustvity Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bloconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
68-12-1
DMF; DMFA; dimethylformamide; TV./V-dimethylmethanamide;
/Wormyldimethylamine
C,H,NO
HCON(CH,)2
colorless to slightly yellow liquid
73.09
-61 "C
153°C@760mmHg
misciblc with water
0.9445 @25/4°C
2.51
7 (calculated)
-1.01
3.87mmHg@25I>C
can react vigorously with oxidizing agents,
halogenated hydrocarbons, and inorganic
nitrates; pH of 0.5 molar soln. = 6.7
combustible
67°C (153°F) (open cup)
0.3
no data
no data
7.39 X 10E-* atm-mVmole @ 25 °C
-1.01 (log; calculated)
0.14 mg/m' (nonperception);
0.88 mg/m' (perception); fishy odor
1 ppm = 3.04 mg/m'
1 mg/m' = 0.33 ppm
IARC 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et ai. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Verschueren 1983
HSDB 1996
CHEMFATE 1996
CHEMFATE 1996
HSDB 1996;
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1996
Budavari et al. 1989
CHEMFATE 1996
HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996
Verschueren 1983
Verschueren 1983
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
/y.W-Dimethylformamide is a widely used solvent for organic compounds where a low rate of
evaporation is required. The chemical may be emitted to the environment by effluents from a
variety of petrochemical industries (Howard 1993).
N.Af-Dimethylformamide has been identified in the air over a hazardous waste site in Lowell,
MA and a neighboring industry at concentrations of 2.18 and >50 ppb, respectively; in 1 of 63
industrial wastewater effluents (<10 jWg/L); and in waste effluent of a plastics manufacturer
(28,378 ng/juL extract). The chemical was listed as a contaminant found in drinking water
DRAFT
C-30
-------
APPENDIX C
samples in several U.S. cities, and in 1 of 204 samples in a national survey of surface waters
(Howard 1993).
B. Transport
Volatilization of JV.A'-dimethylformamide from land or water is not expected to be significant
(Howard 1993). The complete water solubility suggests that the chemical can be removed from
the atmosphere by rainfall. ^A^-dimethyl-formamide is expected to be highly mobile in soils
and will probably leach into groundwater (U.S. EPA 1986).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Based upon the vapor pressure (3.87 mm Hg @ 25 °C), A^TV-dimethyl-formamide is
expected to exist almost entirely in the gaseous phase in the atmosphere. The vapor phase
reaction of A^A^-dimethylformamide with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is
likely to be an important fate process. The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 2.24 x 10"10 cm3/molecule-
sec at 25 °C, which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours (Howard 1993).
In smog chamber studies, 7V,./V-dimethylformamide was relatively nonreactive with regard to
photochemical oxidant formation (U.S. EPA 1986).
2. Soil — The calculated Koc of 7 indicates that JV;JV-dimethylformamide will be highly
mobile in soils and the Henry's Law Constant (7.39 x 10E'8 atm-mVmole) suggests that
volatilization from soils will not be important (Howard 1993). Aqueous screening and a
river die-away test suggests that biodegradation of A^A'-dimethylformamide in soil will be
rapid (HSDB 1996). When wastewater containing 250 mg/L A^A^dimethylformamide was
aerobically treated with activated sludge, 95% of the chemical was degraded in 18 hours
(U.S. EPA 1986).
3. Water — The estimated Koc (ranging in the high mobility class for soil) indicates that N,N-
dimethylformamide will not partition from the water column to organic matter contained in
the sediments and suspended solids. The Henry's Law Constant suggests that volatilization
from environmental waters will not be important (Howard 1993). A^Af-Dimethylformamide
hydrolyzes slowly in neutral pH water, but hydrolysis is accelerated by acids and bases
(U.S. EPA 1986). Af./V-Dimethylformamide can be biodegraded by activated sludge,
although an acclimation period is usually required. River die-away data suggest that the
biodegradation of the chemical should be rapid (Howard 1993).
4. Biota — The bioconcentration factor of -1.01 (log) indicates that N, JV-dimethyl-formamide
will not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (Howard 1993).
DRAFT
C-31
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR ETHANOLAMINE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
carbon, graphite, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a
systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online
databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard
reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary
sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of ethanolamine are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOLAMINE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Walcr Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =1)
Koc
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Air Diffusion Coefficient
Dissociation Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
141-43-5
2-amino-l-ethanol;monoethanolamine;
2-hydroxyethyIamine;beta-aminoethanol;
glycinol; MEA
C2H,NO
HOCH2CH2NH2
viscous hygroscopic liquid
61.08
10.3'°C
170.8-C @ 760 mm Hg
completely soluble
1.0117@25/4°C
2.1
5
-1.31
0.26mmHgat25°C
reacts with strong oxidizers, strong acids,
iron; may attack copper, brass, rubber;
pH= 12.1 (0.1 N aqueous solution);
single or double substitution of the amine
group leads to formation of a variety of
compounds
2 (liquid which must be moderately heated
before ignition will occur)
85°C, closed cup; 93.33°C open cup
no data
9.4994
no data
4xE-8 atm-mVmole @ 25 °C
<1 (calculated)
3-4 ppm
1 ppm = 2.54 mg/m3;
1 mg/m3 = 0.39 ppm
HSDB 1995
Budavari et ai. 1989
Benya and Harbison 1994
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Benya and Harbison 1994
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
NIOSH 1994
Budavari et al. 1989
Benya and Harbison 1994
HSDB 1995
ACGIH 1991
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
ACGIH 1991
Verschueren 1983
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Ethanolamine is a colorless viscous liquid with an unpleasant, fishy, ammoniacal odor (Budavari
et al. 1989; Grant 1986). It is released to the environment primarily from emissions and
effluents from sites of industrial production or use, from disposal of consumer products
containing ethanolamine such as cleaning products, and use of agricultural products in which it is
used as a dispersing agent. Ethanolamine can also be released to the environment in urine.
Ethanolamine was one of the primary amines identified in aerosol samples collected over the
North Atlantic Ocean. Highest concentrations were found in samples taken near North America,
DRAFT
C-32
-------
APPENDIX C
Bermuda, the Azores, and in the Arctic Circle, and low concentrations in the Gulf stream and in
the equatorial North Atlantic (Gorzelska and Galloway 1990, as reported in TOXLINE).
B. Transport
Ethanolamine is completely soluble in water (Benya and Harbison 1994), and if released to the
soil, would not be expected to adsorb appreciably to organic material [calculated Koc = 5 (HSDB
1995)]. Ethanolamine has the potential to leach into groundwater. The volatilization of
ethanolamine from water is believed to be negligible [Henry's Law constant = 4E-8 atm-mVmole
@ 25°C (CHEMFATE 1995)].
C. Transformation/Persistence
1 • Air — The dominant removal mechanism is expected to be reaction with photochemically
generated hydroxyl radicals. The calculated half-life for ethanolamine vapor reacting with
hydroxyl radicals is 11 hours. The complete water solubility of ethanolamine suggests that
this compound may also be removed from the atmosphere in precipitation (HSDB 1995).
Soil — If released to soil, ethanolamine is expected to biodegrade fairly rapidly following
acclimation and to leach in soil. The half-life is on the order of days to weeks.
Volatilization from soil surfaces is not expected to be an important removal process (HSDB
1995).
Water — If released to water, ethanolamine is expected to undergo biodegradation. The
half-life of this compound may range from a few days to a few weeks depending, in large
part, on the degree of acclimation of the system. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms,
adsorption to suspended solids and sediments, and volatilization are not important removal
processes (HSDB 1995). Tests utilizing settled sewage seed showed that 0%, 58.4%, or
75% of added compound was biodegraded after 5, 10, or 50 days, respectively. In a closed
activated sludge system, 93.6% of the added chemical was biodegraded (CHEMFATE
1995).
Biota — The bioconcentration factor of <1 (based on a log KQW of-1.31) and the complete
water solubility of ethanolamine suggest that the compound does not bioconcentrate in
aquatic organisms (HSDB 1995).
2.
4.
C-33
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR ETHYLENE GLYCOL
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
and carbon processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited
to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from
unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases,
unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference
materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL H)ENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of ethylene glycol are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air^l)
KOC
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammabilky
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Molecular Difiusivity Constant
Air Diflusivity Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
107-21-1
1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-dihydroxyethane
C2H602
HOCH2CH2OH
slightly viscous liquid
62.07
-13°C
197.6°C at 760 mm Hg
miscible
absorbs twice its weight of water at 100%
relative humidity
d2"4, 1.114
2.14
4 (calculated)
-1.36
0.092mmHgat25°C
reacts violently with chlorosulfonic acid,
sulfuric acid, and oleum
combustible
115°C (open cup)
15.1
no data
no data
6.0 x 10'" atm-mVmole
10 (Leucisius idus melanotus, golden ide)
odorless
1 ppm = 2.58 mg/m'
1 mg/m' = 0.39 ppm
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Verschueren 1983
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985
Budavarietal. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
ATSDR 1993a
Verschueren 1983
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
In 1992 as reported to the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries, a total of 17.2 million pounds
of ethylene glycol was released to the environment. The total consisted of 10.25 million pounds
released to the atmosphere, 6.25 million pounds to ground and surface waters, and 0.7 million
pounds to land (TRI92 1994). The major source of ethylene glycol in the environment is the
disposal of used antifreeze. The chemical was found in concentrations of O.05-0.33 mg/m3 as
aerosol and O.05-10.4 mg/m3 as vapor in ambient air samples collected above bridges following
spray application of a deicing fluid containing 50% ethylene glycol (ATSDR 1993a).
B. Transport
The low Henry's Law Constant and high water solubility indicate that ethylene glycol will not
volatilize from surface waters. Based on the calculated Koc the chemical is expected to be
DRAFT
C-34
-------
__ APPENDIX C
highly mobile in soils and can leach into ground waters; however, ethylene glycol is readily
biodegraded (ATSDR 1993a; U.S. Air Force 1989a). Removal from the atmosphere in rainfall is
possible (ATSDR 1993a).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — The half-life for reaction of ethylene glycol with hydroxy radicals in the atmosphere
is 2.1 days (CHEMFATE 1995). Estimated half-lives for photochemical oxidation range
from 24 to 50 hours (ATSDR 1993a).
2. Soil — Several genera of soil microbes have been shown to completely degrade
concentrations of 1-3% ethylene glycol within 3 days (ATSDR 1993a). Clostridium
glycolicum, isolated from mud, degraded the chemical under anaerobic conditions
(concentration and time not given) (CHEMFATE 1995).
3. Water — Biodegradation of ethylene glycol has been demonstrated by acclimated and
unacclimated microorganisms from a variety of aqueous media (ATSDR 1993; U.S. Air
Force 1989a). Complete degradation occurred with activated sewage sludge in
approximately 80 hours (CHEMFATE 1995). Several Mycobacterium sp. and Alcaligenes
sp. are capable of utilizing ethylene glycol as a sole carbon source (CHEMFATE 1995). In
contrast, the half-life for reaction with hydroxy radicals in aqueous solution has been
calculated as 2.84 years (CHEMFATE 1995).
4. Biota — The high water solubility, rapid microbial degradation, and low to moderate
bioconcentration factor indicate that ethylene glycol would not be expected to
bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
DRAFT
C-35
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID (EDTA)
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of EDTA are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EDTA
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air*
!)
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular DiiTusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
60-00-4
acetic acid, (ethylenedinitrilo)-
tetra-; edetic acid; EDTA; EDTA acid;
Triion BW; Versene
colorless crystals
292.28
decomposes @ 240°C
not found
0.5g/L@25°C
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
chelates di- and tri-valent metals
may burn, but does not ignite readily
not found
0.26 (measured)
not found
not found
not found
<2 (bluegill, measured)
19 (@25°C, calculated)
not found
1 ppm= 11.9mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.084 ppm
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
Calculated using:
mg/m3 x 24.45/m.w.
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
EDTA does not occur naturally in the environment (HSDB 1995). The main sources of EDTA
released to the environment are probably domestic sewage and industrial effluents, resulting
from the chelating applications of the chemical (HSDB 1995). Other sources of release of the
chemical include the use of herbicides and the land disposal of products that contain EDTA
(HSDB 1995).
In 1974 in England, concentrations of EDTA ranging from 0 to 1120 ppb were detected in the
Lea River and concentrations ranging from 200 to 1200 ppb were detected in the effluent from
the Rye Meads sewage treatment plant (HSDB 1995). In other studies, EDTA concentrations of
100 to 550 ppb were detected in sewage effluents (no other details were available) (Verschueren
1983). Other monitoring data were not found in the secondary sources searched.
DRAFT
C-36
-------
APPENDIX C
B. Transport
Under environmental conditions (pH 5-10), EDTA completely dissociates, as is indicated by
pKa, = 0.26, PKa2 = 0.96, PKa3 = 2.60 and PKa4 = 2.76 (HSDB 1995). This suggests that
volatilization from water or soil would not be significant for EDTA. A study of EDTA
degradation in soils detected no volatilization (HSDB 1995).
EDTA and complexes of EDTA with alkaline earth metals and trace metals demonstrate
negligible adsorption to silica, humic acid, kaolin, kaolinite (EDTA only), river sediments, and
humus solids (HSDB 1995). According to at least one report, EDTA leaches readily in soil
(HSDB 1995).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — EDTA released to the atmosphere may undergo direct photolysis or may react with
photochemically-generated hydroxyl radicals (HSDB 1995). The estimated half-life for the
reaction of EDTA vapor with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals in the
atmosphere is 3.01 days (HSDB 1995).
2. Soil — EDTA released to the soil is expected to complex with trace metals and alkaline
earth metals that occur in the soil, increasing their total solubility (HSDB 1995).
Eventually, EDTA may exist predominantly as the Fe(III) chelate in acidic soils and as the
Ca chelate in alkaline soils (HSDB 1995).
Biodegradation is the predominant removal mechanism for EDTA in aerobic soils, whereas
biodegradation of the chemical is negligible in anaerobic soils (HSDB 1995).
Mineralization values for 2-4 pprn EDTA in various soils range from 13 to 45% after 15
weeks and from 65 to 70% after 45 weeks (HSDB 1995).
3. Water — EDTA released to water is expected to complex with trace metals and alkaline
earth metals (HSDB 1995). In water under aerobic conditions, EDTA undergoes
biodegradation relatively slowly. As in soil, the anaerobic biodegration of EDTA in water
is negligible (HSDB 1995). Possible biodegradation products of the ammonium ferric
chelate of EDTA include the following: ethylenediamine triacetic acid (EDS A),
iminodiacetic acid (IDA), N,N-ethylenediamine diacetic acid (N,N-EDDA), N,N'-EDDA,
ethylenediamine monoacetic acid (EDMA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and glycine (HSDB
1995).
In water, EDTA may react with photochemically-generated hydroxyl radicals (half-life, 229
days) or undergo photodegradation. In an aqueous solution, the Fe(III) complex of EDTA
degraded with a half-life of 11.3 minutes when exposed to artificial sunlight (HSDB 1995).
The following were photodegradation products of Fe(III)-EDTA: carbon monoxide,
formaldehyde, ED3A, N,N-EDDA, N,N'-EDDA, IDA, EDMA and glycine (HSDB 1995).
4. Biota — The fish bioconcentration factors for EDTA (<2 and 19) suggest that the chemical
will not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms (HSDB 1995). It is not expected to adsorb to
suspended solids or sediments (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
C-37
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR FLUOROBORIC ACID (FLUORIDE)
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search
limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from
unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases,
unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference
materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
Very little information on the environmental fate and toxicity of fluoroboric acid or fluoroborates was
found in the available secondary sources. Supplemental information is provided for fluoride which may
be a degradation product and for sodium bifluoride.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of fluoroboric acid are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUOROBORIC ACID
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Koc
Log Row
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Density
Reactivity
1:1 am inability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant (-pK)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular DifTusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Oioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
16872-11-0
hydrogen tetrafluoroborate
fluoboric acid
hydrofluoroboric acid
HBF4
B-F4-H
colorless liquid
87.82
-90°C
130°C (decomposes)
miscible;
sol. in hot water
~1.84g/mL
NA
NA
5.1 mmHgat20°C
3.0
strong acid; corrosive
NA
NA
-4.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Reference
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Fisher Scientific 1993
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Fisher Scientific 1993
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Fisher Scientific 1993
Fisher Scientific 1993
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium tetrafluoroborate are summarized
below.
DRAFT
C-38
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Koc
Log KOW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant (-pK)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
013755-29-8
sodium fluoroborate
STB
sodium borfluoride
sodium boron tetrafluoride
NaNF4
Na-F4-B
white crystalline powder
109.82
384°C
108g/100mLat26°C
210g/100mLatlOO°C
2.470
NA
NA
NA
reacts with strong oxidizing
agents; sensitive to moisture
noncombustible
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Reference
Lockheed Martin 1994a
Lockheed Martin 1994a
Sigma-Aldrich 1992
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Sigma-Aldrich 1992
Sigma-Aldrich 1992
Lockheed Martin 1994a
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium fluoride are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM FLUORIDE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant (-pK)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
7681-49-4
sodium hydrofluoride
sodium monfluoride
floridine
NaF
Na-F
crystals
42.00
993 °C
1704°C
4.0g/100mLatl5'>C
4.3g/100mLat25°C
2.78
NA
NA
1 mmHgatl077°C
stable under normal
conditions
nonflammable
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Reference
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium bifluoride are summarized below.
DRAFT
C-39
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM BIFLUORIDE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
ROC
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Density
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant (-pK.)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
AirDifftisivity Coefficient
Fish Biocor.ccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
1333-83-1
sodium hydrogen difluoride
sodium hydrogen fluoride
sodium acid fluoride
NaHF2
F2-H-Na
white, crystalline powder
62.01
decomposes on heating
NA
soluble in cold and hot water
2.08
NA
NA
NA
NA
aqueous solution corrodes glass
slightly combustible
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Reference
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Lewis 1993
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al.
Budavari et al.
Lewis 1993
Lide 1991
Lewis 1993
Budavari et al.
1989
1989
1989
Lockheed Martin 1990
. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Fluoroboric acid may be released into the environment in emissions and effluents from facilities
involved in its manufacture or use. It is used primarily in industrial metal plating solutions
(60%), in the synthesis of diazo salts (20%), and in metal finishing (20%) (HSDB 1995). It is
used in bright dipping solutions for Sn-Pb alloys in printed circuits and other electrical
components (HSDB 1995).
B. Transport
No information was found in the available secondary sources on the environmental transport of
fluoroboric acid. Its miscibility with water indicates that transport in aqueous systems is very
likely.
C. Transformation/Persistence
FLUOROBORIC ACID:
1. Air—No information was found in the available secondary sources on the transformation
and persistence of fluoroboric acid or fluoroborates in the atmosphere.
2. Soil — No information was found in the available secondary sources on the transformation
and persistence of fluoroboric acid or fluoroborates in soil. Fluoroboric acid may undergo
limited hydrolysis in moist soils (Budavari et al. 1989).
3. Water— Fluoroboric acid undergoes limited hydrolysis in water to form
hydroxyfluoroborate ions, the major product is BF3OH' (Budavari et al. 1989).
4. Biota — No information was found in the available secondary sources on the
biotransformation or bioconcentration of fluoroboric acid or fluoroborates. Rapid urinary
excretion of tetrafluoroborates suggests that these salts would not bioaccumulate.
DRAFT
C-40
-------
AFPJEIVDIX C
FLUORIDES:
1 • Air — Gaseous inorganic fluorides undergo hydrolysis in the atmosphere; however,
particulate forms are relatively stable and do not hydrolyze readily (ATSDR 1993b).
2. Soil — Fluorides tend to persist in soils as fluorosilicate complexes under acidic conditions
and as calcium fluoride under alkaline conditions. Sandy acidic soils favor the formation of
soluble forms (ATSDR 1993b).
3. Water — In dilute solutions and at neutral pH, fluoride is generally present as dissolved
fluoride ion. High calcium carbonate levels may lead to precipitation as calcium fluoride
(ATSDR 1993b).
4. Biota — Fluorides have been shown to accumulate in some aquatic organisms (ATSDR
1993b). Soluble forms of fluoride are taken up by terrestrial plants and converted into
fluoro-organic compounds (ATSDR 1993b).
C-41
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR FORMALDEHYDE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information from these databases or secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of formaldehyde are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMALDEHYDE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air- 1)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Dissociation Constant
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Molecular DifTusivity Coefficient
Flash Point
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
50-00-0
methanal; oxymethane; methyl aldehyde;
formalin (solution)
CH2O
O
H-C-H
gas
30.03
-118°C
-19°C@ 1 atm
ilOOmg/mL@20°C
0.815@-20/4°C
1.03
»5 (calculated)
0.00 (calculated)
10mmHg@-88°C
3883mmHg@25°C
flammable gas; in solution reacts
with acids, bases, metal salts, and NO2;
reducing agent especially in alkali;
oxidizes in air to formic acid. Reacts
explosively with peroxides and performic acid.
No data
No data
No data
50-60 "C
1.43 x 10-7 atm-mVmole @ 25 °C
3.27 x 10'7 atm-m'/mole @ 25 °C
0.2 (calculated)
perception, 0.07 mg/m3
1 ppm= 1.248 mg/m'; 1 mg/m3 = 0.815 ppm
U.S. EPA 1985b
U.S. EPA 1985b
U.S. EPA 1985b
U.S. EPA 1985b
U.S. EPA 1985b
Keith and Walters 1985
Verschueren 1983
Verschueren 1983
U.S. EPA 1985b
Verschueren 1983
Verschueren 1983
Howard 1989
Keith and Walters 1985
Budavari et al. 1989
I ARC 1995
Keith and Walters 1985
U.S. EPA 1985b
Howard 1989
U.S. EPA 1985b
Verschueren 1983
Verschueren 1983
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Formaldehyde is a colorless gas at room temperature with a characteristic pungent, straw-like
odor that becomes suffocating and intolerable at increasing concentrations (U.S. EPA 1985b;
Budavari et al. 1989; Verschueren 1983). It is released into the environment from natural and
man-made sources. It is a product of combustion and is found in smoke from wood, wood
products, and tobacco; gasoline and diesel engine exhaust; and in the effluent from power plants,
incinerators, and refineries (Howard 1989). It can also be made indirectly in the atmosphere by
the photochemical oxidation of other organic molecules, many of which are also products of
combustion (U.S. EPA 1985b; Howard 1989). The contribution of formaldehyde to the
DRAFT
C-42
-------
APPENDIX C
atmosphere from this indirect source has been estimated to be twice that from automobiles (U.S.
EPA 1985b). Formaldehyde is found in some fruits and vegetables including apples (17.3-22.3
Hg/g), green onions (13.3-26.3 u.g/g), carrots (6.7-10.0 |ig/g), and tomatoes (5.7-7.3 ug/g). It has
also been measured in commercial shrimp at 0.39-2.15 mg/kg (U.S. EPA 1985b). Solutions of
the gas in water (typically, 37% formaldehyde) are known as formalin and are commonly used as
biological preserving agents (U.S. EPA 1985b). Atmospheric levels of formaldehyde have been
extensively monitored around the world. Air concentrations range from 0-1 parts-per-billion
(ppb) measured off the West coast of Ireland to 24-59 ppb in Los Angeles during a
photochemical smog episode (U.S. EPA 1985b). Only 25% of 749 air samples taken from
suburban/urban sites across the U.S. were found to contain over 2.7 ppb formaldehyde (U.S.
EPA 1985b). Concentrations increase with automobile traffic and during photochemical smog
episodes (Howard 1989; U.S. EPA 1985b), and decrease markedly with altitude (U.S. EPA
1985b). Formaldehyde concentrations in indoor air vary with activities involving combustion
and materials used in construction. Levels of 33-380 ppb were measured in a test kitchen with a
gas stove, concentrations of 0.06-1.83 ppb were measured in homes using urea-formaldehyde
particle board, and levels of <0.41-8.2 parts-per-million (ppm) were measured in homes with
urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (U.S. EPA 1985b). Higher levels are also measured in areas
where formaldehyde solutions (formalin) are used, such as funeral homes (0.35-1.39 ppm),
anatomy laboratories (1 ppm, mean), and academic laboratories (1.33-2.48 ppm) (U.S. EPA
1985b). Drinking water supplies were found to be free from formaldehyde contamination in a
national survey of suspected carcinogens in drinking water. Formaldehyde was also not found in
seawater, and was found in only 1/204 samples at 12 ppb from heavily industrialized river basins
in the U.S. It was found in the effluent streams from two chemical plants and one sewage
treatment plant (Howard 1989).
In 1992, releases of formaldehyde to environmental media, as reported to the TRI by certain
types of U.S. industries, totaled about 16,435,148 pounds. Of this amount, 10,903,227 pounds
(66.34%) were released to the atmosphere, 4,916,248 pounds (29.91%) were released in
underground injection sites, 441,244 pounds (2.68%) were released to surface water, and
174,429 pounds (1.06%) were released to land (TRI92 1994).
B. Transport
Formaldehyde in solution reacts with water to become hydrated. In this form, it becomes less
volatile than water; thus, volatilization from the aquatic environment is not expected to be
significant (U.S. EPA 1985b). Formaldehyde is known to leach into the soil, and its high water
solubility and calculated soil sorption coefficient (Koc =5) indicate relatively high mobility, but
the actual fate of formaldehyde in the soil is largely unknown (Howard 1989; U.S. EPA 1985b).
In the atmosphere, formaldehyde will transfer into rainwater and also adsorb to aerosol
particulates (U.S. EPA 1985b). Half-lives of 50 and 19 hours were predicted from a model
system for wet and dry deposition, respectively (Howard 1989).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Formaldehyde rapidly reacts with free radicals produced by sunlight in the
atmosphere. These include primarily hydroxyl radicals and, to a lesser extent, other
radicals, especially chlorine and nitrate. A half-life for formaldehyde of about 0.8 days was
calculated for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals (U.S. EPA 1985)b. Formaldehyde also
undergoes direct photolysis (significant absorption of wavelengths between 290 and 370
nm.). The atmospheric half-life of formaldehyde was calculated to be 0.17 days at sea level
with the sun at 30° zenith angle. Calculated for the same conditions, but at an altitude of 10
km, the half-life was reduced to 0.08 days (U.S. EPA 1985b).
DRAFT
C-43
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APPENDIX C
2. Soil—No information is available on the fate of formaldehyde in the natural soil
environment. However, a number of bacteria and yeasts isolated from soil were able to
degrade formaldehyde, suggesting that formaldehyde released to the soil is susceptible to
microbial degradation (U.S. EPA 1985b; Howard 1989).
3. Water — Formaldehyde in water is subject to biodegradation. Under aerobic conditions
complete degradation was observed in about 30 hours at 20°C utilizing natural water from a
lake in Japan and a known amount of formaldehyde. Degradation occurred in about 48
hours under anaerobic conditions. No degradation was seen with sterilized lake water (U.S.
EPA 1985b). Activated sludges were shown to be efficient in decomposing formaldehyde
in aqueous effluents, and various Pseudomonas strains were shown to use formaldehyde as
a sole carbon source (U.S. EPA 1985b).
4. Biota — Experiments on fish and shrimp have shown no bioconcentration of formaldehyde.
It is a natural metabolic product and not thought to be subject to bioaccumulation (U.S.
EPA 1985b).
DRAFT
C-44
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR FORMIC ACID
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTDZS
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of formic acid are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMIC ACID
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
64-18-6
methanoic acid; formylic acid;
hydrogen carboxylic acid
CHA
HCOOH
colorless liquid
46.02
8.4°C
100.5°C
miscible with water
1.220 @ 20/4 °C
1.59
not estimated due to ionization
-0.54
42.59mmHgat25°C
strong acid in aqueous solution;
can react as an acid or aldehyde;
reacts explosively with strong oxidizing
agents
2 (liquid which must be moderately heated
before ignition will occur)
68.89°C, open cup
3.7515® 25°C
1.67x 10-7atm-m3/mole
no data
no data
0.22 (calculated)
10mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.52 ppm;
1 ppm= 1.91 ing/m3
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Parmeggiani 1983
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
ACGIH 1991
NTP 1992
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
ACGIH 1991
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
Verschueren 1983
Verschueren 1983
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Formic acid is a colorless, highly caustic liquid with a pungent odor (Budavari et al. 1989; NTP
1992). It is produced in large quantities (48 million pounds in 1984) and is released to the
environment primarily from industrial sources during its production and uses including textile
dying and finishing (21% of production); pharmaceuticals (20%); rubber intermediate (16%);
leather and tanning treatment (15%); and catalysts (12%). Formic acid is also a component of
certain paint strippers and is released in photoprocessing effluents (HSDB 1995). Other sources
of formic acid include releases from forest fires, lacquer manufacturing, trash and plastic
burning, thermal degradation of polyethylene, and tobacco smoke (NTP 1992). Formic acid also
occurs naturally in plants and insects, as a product of microbial degradation of organic matter,
and as a product of photooxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic compounds (HSDB 1995). A
constituent of ant, wasp, and bee venom, formic acid occurs in mammalian muscle tissue, sweat,
C-45
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX C
and urine (NTP 1992). Formic acid has been measured at concentrations ranging from 4 to 72
ppm in the atmosphere. It has been detected in river and surface water, in unfinished industrial
waste water, and in municipal sewage and discharge water at concentrations ranging from 10 to
80,000 ^g/L (SRI 1981, as reported in NTP 1992).
B. Transport
Formic acid is soluble in water and would not be expected to adsorb significantly to soil or
sediments. Formic acid should leach from some soils into groundwater where it probably would
biodegrade. The Henry's Law Constant for formic acid (1.67 x 10'7 atm-m3/mole) indicates that
volatilization from water would not be significant. The potential for bioconcentration is low
(HSDB 1995).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air— In the atmosphere, formic acid is rapidly scavenged by rain and dissolved in cloud
water and aerosols, reacting with dissolved hydroxyl radicals. In the vapor phase, the acid
also reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (half-life 34 days) and
possibly with alkenes that may be present in urban air (HSDB 1995).
2. Soil — If released on land, formic acid is expected to leach from soils where it would
probably biodegrade based on the results of screening studies (HSDB 1995). A field study
followed an industrial waste containing 11.4% formic acid that was disposed of by deep
well injection as it traveled a distance of 427-823 meters over a 2 to 4-year period. Formic
acid was not detected in two observation wells, while a third well contained 0.4%. The
disappearance of the acid was attributed to anaerobic degradation or to reaction with
mineral material in ground water (HSDB 1995).
3. Water — If released to water, formic acid should biodegrade and not adsorb significantly to
sediment (HSDB 1995).
4. Biota — The estimated bioconcentration factor of 0.22 (based on a log/water partition
coefficient of-0.54) suggests that formic acid would not bioaccumulate in aquatic
organisms (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
C-46
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR GRAPHITE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink and
graphite process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to
secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished
TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished
EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No
attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of graphite are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air= 1)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7782-42-5
plumbago; black lead; mineral carbon
C
C
compact crystalline mass of black or
gray color with metallic luster
12
3652-3697°C
4200°C
insoluble
2.0-2.25
no data
no data
no data
OmmHgat68°F
reacts with very strong oxidizers
such as fluorine, chlorine trifluoride,
and potassium peroxide
combustible
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
not applicable
Budavari et al. 1989
ACGIH 1991
Pendergrass 1983
NIOSH 1994
Pendergrass 1983
Pendergrass 1983
NIOSH 1994
NIOSH 1994
NIOSH 1994
NIOSH 1994
NIOSH 1994
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Graphite exists as a black or gray crystalline mass and occurs naturally in lump, amorphous, and
flake forms (Pendergrass 1983). It is found in most parts of the world (Pendergrass 1983) and is
usually found with impurities such as quartz, mica, iron oxide, and granite. The crystalline silica
content can range from 2% to 25% (ACGIH 1991). Synthetic graphite is produced by heating a
mixture of coal or petroleum coke, a binder, and a petroleum-based oil to facilitate extrusion
(ACGIH 1991). Although graphite occurs naturally, exposure to graphite is expected to be
primarily occupational. No information on the environmental release of graphite was found in
the secondary sources searched.
DRAFT
C-47
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
Graphite is insoluble in water (NIOSH 1994) and, therefore, would not be expected to be
transported in surface of ground water. No volatilization is expected to occur under natural
conditions.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Graphite could be present in air as particulate matter which has a settling time of
days.
2. Soil—No information on the transformation/persistence of graphite in soil was found in
the secondary sources searched.
3. Water — No information on the transformation/persistence of graphite in water was found
in the secondary sources searched.
4. Biota — Graphite does not dissociate in water. Although it may be ingested by bottom
feeders, it is not expected to accumulate in aquatic organisms..
DRAFT
C-48
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR HYDROCHLORIC ACID
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
non-formaldehyde electroless copper, organic-palladium, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is
based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-
1). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications,
review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in
these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Hydrochloric acid is formed when the gaseous and highly soluble hydrogen chloride (HC1) is
dissolved in water; hydrochloric acid usually contains 20% HC1 (constant boiling acid) or 38% HC1
(muriatic acid) (Perry et al. 1994). The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of
hydrochloric acid and/or HC1 are summarized below, depending on availability.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Characteristic/Property
OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
PH
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7647-01-0
anhydrous hydrochloric acid; chlorohydric acid;
hydrogen chloride; muriatic acid
HC1
Cl-H
colorless liquid (hydrochloric acid); colorless gas (HCI)
36.46
—114.8°C @ 1 atm (freezing point, HCI)
—84.9 °C @ 1 atm (HCI)
56.1 g/100mL@60°C(HCI);
82.3g/100mL@0°C(HCl)
0.1 (1.0 N), 1.1 (0.1 N), 2.02 (0.01 N), 3.02(0.001 N)
1.05I5/4'C (hydrochloric acid)
1.268 (HCI)
not found
not found
3.54 x 10" mm Hg @ 25°C (hydrochloric acid)
hydrochloric acid with formaldehyde may form
bis(chloromethyl)ether, a human carcinogen;
hydrochloric acid in contact with various metals
or metal salts may form flammable gases or may
undergo energetic reactions; hydrochloric acid
is corrosive to most metals, HCI is not; pressurized
container may explode releasing toxic vapors.
HCI will not burn
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
0.26-5 ppm; irritating pungent odor
1 ppm = 1.49mg/m'
1 mg/m3 = 0.67 ppm
RTECS 1995
HSDB 1995; WHO 1982
HSDB 1995
WHO 1982
WHO 1982
HSDB 1995
WHO 1982
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
ACOIH 1991
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Calculated using:
ppm = mg/m3 x 24.45/m.w.
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
HCI occurs naturally in gases evolved from many volcanoes. There are apparently no other
natural sources of the chemical, but chlorides are present in the minerals halite, sylvite, and
carnal lite, and in seawater (HSDB 1995).
C-49
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
HC1 is released to the environment from its production and various other industrial processes
(WHO 1982). Sources of its release include refuse incineration and the secondary metals
industry (such as the smelting of scrap, rather than ore) (HSDB 1995). It is also released from
the thermodecomposition of gases, as a by-product in the numerous dehydrohalogenation
processes in the production of unsaturated compounds from the parent chlorinated hydrocarbon,
and from coal-fired power plants (HSDB 1995).
In 1992, environmental releases of hydrochloric acid, as reported to the TRI by certain types of
U.S. industries, totaled about 287.3 million pounds, including 207.8 million pounds to
underground injection sites, 77.1 million pounds to the atmosphere, 1.9 million pounds to surface
water, and 432,770 pounds to land (TRI92 1994). Hydrochloric acid ranks second highest in the
TRI for total releases and transfers.
B. Transport
HC1, highly soluble in water, may be removed from the atmospheric environment by wet
deposition. This was illustrated by a study in the Netherlands in which the chemical was washed
out from the plume of a coal fired power plant (HSDB 1995).
Anhydrous HC1 spilled onto the soil undergoes rapid evaporation and is not expected to infiltrate
the soil (HSDB 1995). In contrast, hydrochloric acid spilled onto soil will infiltrate and will
dissolve some soil materials, particularly those of a carbonate base. A portion of the acid will be
neutralized, but significant amounts will remain, available for transport to the ground water
table. The presence of water in the soil influences the rate of movement of the chemical (HSDB
1995).
C. Transformation/Persistence
I. Air — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of HCl/hydrochloric acid in the atmosphere.
2. Soil — Hydrochloric acid spilled onto soil will infiltrate and will dissolve some soil
materials, particularly those of a carbonate base, which will neutralize a portion of the acid
(HSDB 1995). Information regarding other potential reactions of hydrochloric acid in the
soil was not available in the secondary sources searched.
3. Water — HC1 in water dissociates almost completely; the hydrogen ion is captured by the
water molecules to form the hydronium ion (HSDB 1995).
4. Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of HCl/hydrochloric acid in biota.
DRAFT
C-50
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APPENDIXC
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on
information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l).
These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review
documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these
databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of hydrogen peroxide are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7722-84-1
hydrogen dioxide; hydroperoxide;
albone; hioxyl
H202
H202
colorless, unstable liquid
bitter taste
34.02
-0.43 °C
152°C
miscible
1.463 @0°C
no data
no data
no data
1.97 mm Hg @ 25° C (measured)
strong oxidizer; may decompose violently
if traces of impurities are present
molecular additions, substitutions, oxidations,
reduction; can form free radicals
not flammable, but can cause spontaneous
combustion of flammable materials
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
1 ppm= 1.39mg/m'
1 mg/m3 = 0.72 ppm
30%soln 1.1 kg/L
anhydrous 1.46 kg/L
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
IARC 1985
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
IARC 1985
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
IARC 1985
Budavari et al. 1989
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
of hydrogen peroxide. Solutions of hydrogen peroxide gradually deteriorate (Budavari et al.
1989). Hydrogen peroxide is a naturally occurring substance. Gaseous hydrogen peroxide is
recognized to be a key component and product of the earth's lower atmospheric photochemical
reactions, in both clean and polluted atmospheres. Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide is also
believed to be generated by gas-phase photochemical reactions in the remote troposphere (IARC
1985)
DRAFT
C-51
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of hydrogen
peroxide.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Hydrogen peroxide may be removed from the atmosphere by photolysis giving rise
to hydroxyl radicals, by reaction with hydroxyl radicals, or by heterogenous loss processes
such as rain-out (IARC 1985).
2. Soil— No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation or persistence of hydrogen peroxide in soil, however, solutions of hydrogen
peroxide gradually deteriorate (Budavari et al. 1989).
3. Water — Hydrogen peroxide is a naturally occurring substance. Surface water
concentrations of hydrogen peroxide have been found to vary between 51-231 mg/L,
increasing both with exposure to sunlight and the presence of dissolved organic matter
(IARC 1985).
4. Biota — Hydrogen peroxide is a naturally occurring substance. Endogenous hydrogen
peroxide has been found in plant tissues at the following levels (mg/kg frozen weight):
potato tubers, 7.6; green tomatoes, 3.5; red tomatoes, 3.5; and castor beans in water, 4.7
(IARC 1985).
DRAFT
C-52
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR HYDROXYACETIC ACID
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of hydroxyacetic acid summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
79-14-1
glycolic acid;
hydroxyethanoic acid
C2H40,
HOCH2COOH
somewhat hygroscopic crystals
76.05
80°C
100°C (decomposes)
soluble
1.49@25°C
no data
no data
-1.11
8.1 mmHg@80°C
incompatible with bases,
oxidizing & reducing agents;
pH of aqueous solution,
2.5 (0.5%), 2.33 (1%), 2.16 (2%)
1.91(5%), 1.73(10%)
capable of creating dust
explosion
no data
3.83 (measured)
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
1 mg/m' = 0.32 ppm;
1 ppm = 3.11 mg/m3
Budavari et al.
Budavari et al.
Budavari et al.
Budavari et al.
Budavari et al.
Budavari et al.
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al.
HSDB 1995
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
Martin Marietta Energy
Systems 1994
Budavari et al. 1989
Eastman Kodak Co. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Calculated:
mg/m3 = 1 ppm
(MW/24.45)
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Hydroxyacetic acid is a water soluble solid used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals,
in pH control, and wherever an inexpensive organic acid is needed (Budavari et al. 1989). The
chemical can be found in spent sulfite liquor from pulp processing and occurs naturally in sugar
cane syrup (HSDB 1995). Hydroxyacetic acid has been detected in the Gulf of Main at
concentrations of 0-78 yUg/L; in water samples collected at a 3 meter depth in the Belgian zone of
the North Sea; in the eastern parts of the English Channel at concentrations ranging from 0.9 to
3.1 //mol/L; and in five Madison, Wisconsin, Lakes and in Falkland Islands waters as a product
of algal photosynthesis (CHEMFATE 1995).
C-53
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
No information on the transport of hydroxyacetic acid was found in the secondary sources
searched. Hydroxyacetic acid is soluble in water and would be expected to leach through soil.
The vapor pressure of 8.1 mm Hg @ 80°C indicates that the chemical is moderately volatile and,
therefore, may volatilize to some extent from soils and water. However, a Henry's Law Constant
is not available and it is stated that the chemical is water soluble. Hence, even though the vapor
pressure is relatively high, volatilization from water may be negligible due to its high water
solubility.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — No information on the transformation/persistence of hydroxyacetic acid in air was
found in the secondary sources searched.
2. Soil — The chemical was not biodegraded by 10 strains of Arthobacter globiformis and
slowly degraded byAlcalignes sp. (CHEMFATE 1995).
3. Water — Stream and groundwater bacteria degraded the chemical with half-lives of 73 days
and 4.5 days, respectively (CHEMFATE 1995).
4. Biota — The low log octanol-water coefficient (-1.11) suggests that hydroxyacetic acid
would not bioaccumulate.
DRAFT
C-54
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR ISOPHORONE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of isophorone are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ISOPHORONE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Freezing Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1 )
Max vapor Cone.
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability Limits
Flash Point (open cup)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold - air
Conversion Factors
Data
78-59-1
Isoacetophorone
3,5,5-TrimethyI-2-cyclo-hexenone
Isoforon
C,H,4O
Clear liquid
138.21
-8.1 °C
215.3°C
12g/L(20°C)
14.5 g/L (25 °C)
0.9229 (20/20°C
0.923 mg/L(20°C)
4.77
340 ppm (20°C)
25; 384
1.67 (20°C)
2.22 (est.)
0.3 mm Hg (20°C)
0.438 mm Hg (25 °C)
Incompatible with
strong oxidizers
0.8-3.5 vol %
84°C
5.8 x 10-" atm-mVmol (20°C)
No data
No data
7 (bluegill)
0.20 (v/v)
1 ppm = 5.74 mg/m'
1 mg/m3 = 0.1 7 ppm
Reference
NIOSH 1994
ATSDR 1989
Howard 1990
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavarietal. 1996
ATSDR 1989
ATSDR 1989
Howard 1990
ATSDR 1989
Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985
Verschueren 1996
Topping etal. 1994
Howard 1990
ATSDR 1989
Howard 1990
Budavari et al. 1996
CHEMFATE 1996
HSDB 1996
Keith and Walters 1985
ATSDR 1989
Budavarietal. 1996
Howard 1990
Verschueren 1996
ATSDR 1989
NIOSH 1994
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Isophorone is not listed on the TRI (TRI93 1995). Information on the amounts released into
various environmental media was not found in the available secondary sources.
B. Transport
If released to soil or water, isophorone may be transported to air by volatilization (Howard
1990). Based on a Henrys Law Constant of 5.8 x 10'6 atm-mVmol, the half-life from a model
river 1 m deep and flowing 1 m/sec was estimated to be about 7.5 days (Howard 1990).
Isophorone is not expected to be adsorbed to suspended solids or sediments. Koc values of 25
DRAFT
C-55
-------
APPENDIX C
and 384 have been estimated for isophorone from data on water solubility (12 g/L at 20°C) and
Kow (log Kow = 1.67 at 20°C), indicating that leaching through soils to ground water is possible
(Howard 1990). Based on its vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg, isophorone is expected to exist in
the air primarily in the vapor phase (Howard 1990). Isophorone emitted to the atmosphere in
particulate form may be removed by wet or dry deposition (Howard 1990).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — The major degradation pathway for isophorone in air is expected to be by reaction
with ozone, with a estimated half-life of 39 min (Howard 1990). Reaction with
photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals is not expected to be as significant (half-life 3
hr) (Howard 1990). Overall half-life in air has been estimated to be 32 min (Howard 1990).
2. Soil — The potential exists for transport of isophorone to ground water by leaching through
soil (Howard 1990). Biodegradation is a likely degradation pathway in soils.
3. Water — Isophorone is not expected to be adsorbed to suspended solids or sediments, or to
be photolyzed, oxidized by reaction with singlet oxygen, oxidized by alkylperoxy radicals
or undergo chemical hydrolysis (Howard 1990). Isophorone may undergo biodegradation
in water (Howard 1990).
4. Biota— Isophorone is not expected to bioaccumulate (Howard 1990). A bioconcentration
factor of 7 was reported for bluegill sunfish (Howard 1990). The half-life of isophorone in
fish tissue was estimated to be 1 day, indicating a low potential for bioaccumulation
(Howard 1990)
DRAFT
C-56
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APPEJVPIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR ISOPROPANOL
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on
information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The
only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been
included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government
publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify
information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of isopropanol are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ISOPROPANOL
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1 )
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
UV Absorption Coefficient
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
67-63-0
isopropyl alcohol;
2-propanol;
dimethyl carbinol
C,H80
CH3-CHOH-CH3
colorless liquid
60.09
-88.5 °C
82.5 "Cat 760 mm Hg
> 10%
0.78505 g/m'L
2.08
25
0.05
32.4mmHgat20°C
44mmHgat25°C
attacks some forms of plastic,
rubber, and coatings.
flammable/combustible
2.79 (mole-cm)-' at 181 nm
11.7°C (closed cup)
1 8.3 °C (open cup)
17.1 (pKJ
7.89 x lO^atmnrYmole
NA
NA
-0.19
22 and 40 ppm
1 ppm = 2.50 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.4 ppm
Reference
U.S. EPA 1989
IARC1977 .
IARC 1977
IARC 1977
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Weast 1985
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
IARC 1977
Rowe and McCollister 1982
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
ACGIH 1991
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Lington and Bevan 1994
NIOSH 1994
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Isopropanol is released into the environment in emissions from chemical manufacturing plants
and as a result of its use in consumer products such as a rubbing alcohol, cosmetics, and
antifreezes (HSDB 1995). The chemical is also released as a natural volatile from vegetation,
nuts, and milk products, and as a result of micrpbial degradation of animal wastes (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
C-57
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APPENDIX C
Of the total 1,357,992 pounds of isopropanol released to the environment in 1993, as reported to
the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries, 1,357,242 pounds were released to the atmosphere
and 750 pounds were released onto land; no releases were reported for surface waters or
underground injection sites (TRI93 1995).
B. Transport
Following releases onto land, isopropanol is likely to volatilize into the atmosphere due to its
high vapor pressure (32.4 mm Hg at 20°C). Transport through soil to groundwater is also
possible considering the chemical's water solubility (>10%) and low Koc value (25). When
released into water, isopropanol will slowly volatilize into the atmosphere (Henry's law constant
7.89 * 10"6 atm mVmole); the estimated half-life for volatilization from water 1 m deep with a 1
m/sec current and a 3 m/sec wind speed is 3.6 days (Mackay et al. 1992). Because of its
miscibility with water and its low potential for adsorption to sediments, downstream transport is
also possible (HSDB 1995). Transport through the atmosphere may be limited by
photodegradation and removal in precipitation (HSDB 1995).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Isopropanol exhibited a low level of reactivity when tested in a smog chamber; a
20% decrease in concentration occurred in 5 hr and 250-255 min was required for
maximum NOX production (CHEMFATE 1995). The rate constant for its reaction with OH
radicals is 0.547E-11, and that for reaction with O(3P) radicals is 0.22E-12 (CHEMFATE
1995). Photo-oxidation half-lives of 6.2-72 hr (based on rate of disappearance of the
hydrocarbon) and 6.2-72 hr (based on the OH reaction rate constant) have been reported
(Mackay et al. 1992).
2. Soil — A half-1 ife of 24-168 hr was calculated from an estimate of the biodegradation half-
life under unacclimated aerobic aqueous conditions (Mackay et al. 1992).
3. Water — Reaction of isopropanol with hydroxyl radicals in water is slow; half-lives of 1.09
yr (CHEMFATE 1995) and 197 days to 22 yr (Mackay et al. 1992) have been estimated.
Based on an estimate of the unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation rate, the half-
lives of isopropanol in surface and groundwater were estimated to be 26-168 hr and 48-336
hr, respectively (Mackay et al. 1992).
4. Biota— Isopropanol is subject to biodegradation in activated sludge systems
(CHEMFATE 1995). Microbial species including Arthrobacter sp., Achromobacter sp., and
Alcaligenes faecalis have been shown to be capable of degrading isopropanol (CHEMFATE
1995). The low log Kow value of 0.05 for isopropanol indicates that bioconcentration and
bioaccumulation are not likely to be important environmental fate processes (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
C-58
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the tin-palladium
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of lithium hydroxide are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
1310-66-3
lithium hydroxide hydrate
lithium hydroxide, monohydrate
LiOH-H2O
LiOH-H2O
white crystals
41.96
470°C
924°C (decomposes)
223 g/L at 10°C
1.51
no data
no data
no data
no data
incompatible with strong oxidizing agents
and strong acids; binds CO2
no data;
emits toxic fumes under fire conditions
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
not applicable
Reference
Sigma 1992
Sigma 1992
Beliles 1994a
Lewis 1993
Lewis 1993
Beliles 1994a
Beliles 1994a
Sigma 1992
Sigma 1992
H. ENVDiONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
For the production of lithium hydroxide, lithium ore is heated with limestone to about 1000°C;
water leaching of the kiln product yields lithium hydroxide. Lithium hydroxide is used as a CO2
absorbent in space vehicles and submarines, as a storage battery electrolyte, in lubricating
greases, and in ceramics (Beliles 1994a).
Releases of lithium to the environment are most likely in the form of inorganic salts or oxides
(Beliles 1994a). Lithium hydroxide is not listed on the EPA's TRI, requiring certain U.S.
industries to report on chemical releases to the environment (TRI93 1995).
DRAFT
C-59
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of lithium
hydroxide through the environment. Lithium occurs naturally in certain minerals and lithium
compounds are found in natural waters and some foods (Beliles 1994a).
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of lithium hydroxide in air, water, soil, or biota.
DRAFT
C-60
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR m-NITROBENZENE SULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of m-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt,
are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF m-NITROBENZENE SULFONIC
ACID, SODIUM SALT
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
127-68-4
sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate; ludigol;
nacan
C<.,H5NO5S.Na
Chemical Structure
S03Na
NO,
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Physical State
yellow solid
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1 )
Koc-
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
white to light
Sigma-Aldrich 1993
225.16 HSDB 1995
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
-2.61 Greimetal. 1994
no data
incompatible with strong oxidizers,
brass, cadmium, copper, nickel Sigma-Aldrich 1993
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data .
no data
no data
no data
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
of nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt.
DRAFT
C-61
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of
nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air— No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, in air.
2. Soil— No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, in soil.
3. Water — The biodegradability of nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, is greater than 70
% in the Zahn-Wellens or coupled-unit test (Greim et al. 1994).
4. Biota — The Log Pow (equivalent to a log Kow) for nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt,
is-2.61; therefore, no significant bioaccumulation is expected (Greim et al. 1994).
DRAFT
C-62
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of magnesium carbonate are summarized
below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1 )
KOC
LogKoW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
546-93-0
magnesite
carbonic acid, magnesium salt (1:1)
MgCO,
MgCO,
white, yellowish, grayish-white,
or brown crystalline solid
84.33
decomposes @ 350° C
900° C
106mg/L@20°C
2.958
no data
no data
no data
no data
readily reacts with acids
liberates CO2
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless, but readily absorbs odors
not applicable
Reference
ACGIH 1991
HSDB 1995
ACGIH 1991
ACGIH 1991
ACGIH 1991
ACGIH 1991
Beliles 1994b
ACGIH 1991
ACGIH 1991
ACGIH 1991
HSDB 1995
Beliles 1994b
HSDB 1995
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Magnesium carbonate occurs naturally as magnesite (HSDB 1995). The "cold" operations in the
magnesite industry, mining and processing of raw material and clinker, and brick preparation,
are characterized by a high dust content in the working environment with only insignificant
amounts of solid particles escaping into the atmosphere (Reichrtova and Takac 1992).
Magnesium carbonate is not one of the chemicals reported to the TRI by certain types of U.S.
industries.
B. Transport
No specific information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of
magnesium carbonate. It is, however, moderately soluble in water and would be expected to
move through the environment.
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air— No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of magnesium carbonate in air. It is, however, moderately
soluble in water and would be expected to deposited in rainwater.
2. Soil— No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of magnesium carbonate in soil.
3. Water— Magnesite occurs in seawater, seawater bitterns, and well brines. In fresh water,
dissolved magnesium salts (along with calcium salts) are responsible for the hardness of
water (Beliles 1994b). Magnesium carbonates comprise a significant fraction of the
sediments of selected lakes and streams studied in the upper Qu'Appelle River basin in
southern Saskatchewan, Canada (Oscarson et al. 1981).
4. Biota— No specific information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding
the transformation/persistence of magnesium carbonate in biota.
DRAFT
C-64
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR METHANOL
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
and conductive ink processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search
limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from
unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases,
unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference
materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical and chemical properties of methanol are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METHANOL
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1 )
*M3C
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Flammability
Reactivity
Dissociation Constant
Flash Point
Henry's Law Constant
Bioconcentration Factor
Molecular diffusivity coefficient
Air diffusivity coefficient
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
67-56-1
methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood spirit,
wood alcohol
CH40
H
1
H - C - OH
1
1
H
colorless liquid
32.04
-97.8°C
64.7 "Cat 760 mm Hg
miscible
d2W4,0.7915g/mL
1.11
9
-0.77
126mmHgat25°C
flammable
may explode when exposed to flame
15.3
12°C
4.55 x 10* atm-mVmol
0.2 (estimated)
no data
no data
lOOppm
1 ppm= 1.33 mg/m'
1 mg/m3 = 0.764 ppm
Reference
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Verschueren 1983
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
Lington and Bevan 1994
Verschueren 1983
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Methanol ranked third in the U.S. among all chemicals for total releases into the environment in
1992. Of the total released, 195 million pounds were into the atmosphere, 43.5 million pounds
were into surface and ground waters, and 3.3 million pounds were onto land (TRI92 1994).
Methanol detected in the air from Point Barrow, Alaska averaged 0.77 ppb (CHEMFATE 1995).
Ambient concentrations from Stockholm, Sweden, ranged from 3.83 to 26.7 ppb while
concentrations from two remote locations in Arizona were 7.9 and 2.6 ppb (HSDB 1995). In one
survey, methanol was detected in drinking waters from 6 of 10 U.S. cities (HSDB 1995) but
levels were not included. The chemical has also been detected at a level of 22 ppb in rainwater
collected from Santa Rita, Arizona (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
C-65
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
The miscibility of methanol in water and a low Koc of 9 indicate that the chemical will be highly
mobile in soil (HSDB 1995). Volatilization half-lives from a model river and an environmental
pond were estimated at 4.8 days and 51.7 days, respectively (HSDB 1995). Methanol can be
removed from the atmosphere in rain water (HSDB 1995).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Once in the atmosphere, methanol exists in the vapor phase with a half life of 17.8
days (HSDB 1995). The chemical reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals
to produce formaldehyde (HSDB 1995). Methanol can also react with nitrogen dioxide in
polluted air to form methyl nitrite (HSDB 1995).
2. Soil — Biodegradation is the major route of removal of methanol from soils. Several
species of Methylobacterium and Methylomonas isolated from soils are capable of utilizing
methanol as a sole carbon source (CHEMFATE 1995).
3. Water — Most methanol is removed from water by biodegradation. The anaerobic
degradation products methane and carbon dioxide were detected from aqueous cultures of
mixed bacteria isolated from sewage sludge (CHEMFATE 1995). Aerobic, gram-negative
bacteria (65 strains) isolated from seawater, sand, mud, and weeds of marine origin utilized
methanol as a sole carbon source (CHEMFATE 1995). Aquatic hydrolysis, oxidation, and
photolysis are not significant fate processes for methanol (HSDB 1995).
4. Biota — Bioaccumulation of methanol in aquatic organisms is not expected to be significant
based on an estimated bioconcentration factor of 0.2 (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR/>-TOLUENE SULFONIC ACID
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties ofp-toluene sulfonic acid are summarized
below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OFp-TOLUENE SULFONIC ACID
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Taste Threshold
Conversion Factors
104-15-4
4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid; tosic acid
C7H80,S
CH,Cf,H4SO3H
Crystalline; monoclinic leaflets or prisms
172.2
106-107°C (anhydrous)
38°C (metastable form)
140°C@20mmHg
67 g/100 mL (approximate)
No data
No data
No data
No data
Low
NFPA reactivity, 1; normally stable, but
may become unstable at elevated temperatures.
Releases toxic fumes of SOX when heated to
decomposition.
NFPA flammability, 1;
must be preheated before ignition can occur.
184°C
-1.34 (measured, uncertain)
Very low due to low vapor pressure and
high solubility.
No data
No data
No data, predicted low.
No data
1 ppm = 7.03 mg/m'; 1 mg/m3 = 0.142 ppm
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Weast 1987
Budavarietal. 1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995 • ,'
HSDB 1995
Calculated
a) Calculated utilizing: mg/m3 = ppm x MW/24.5 @ 25 °C & 760 mm Hg.
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
/7-Toluene sulfonic acid is manufactured for use as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of
dyes, antidiabetic drugs, chemicals used in detergents, and in the synthesis of other organic
chemicals (Budavari et al. 1989; HSDB 1995). The exposure of humans to/7-toluene sulfonic
acid is primarily by dermal contact or inhalation during the manufacture or use of the chemical
in occupational settings (HSDB 1995). Due to its high water solubility (about 67 g/100 mL),
exposure may also occur in drinking water. p-Toluene sulfonic acid has been detected
qualitatively in lowland river water and in groundwater in Britain (HSDB 1995). Based on a
1983 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) National
DRAFT
C-67
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APPENDIX C
Occupational Hazard Survey, 16,526 workers are potentially exposed top-toluene sulfonic acid
in the U.S. (HSDB 1995).
B. Transport
Because of its water solubility, p-toluene sulfonic acid is expected to be highly mobile in soils
and leach rapidly into ground waters. Once in the water, the chemical should not move into the
atmosphere or onto sediments, but will degrade slowly (HSDB 1995).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Ak — Very small amounts of p-toluene sulfonic acid enter the atmosphere from water
solutions or from the involatile solid. Once in the air, it rapidly reacts with hydroxyl
radicals resulting in a half-life of about 2 days (HSDB 1995).
2. Soil — Specific studies on the transformation/persistence of p-toluene sulfonic acid in the
soil were not available; however, p-toluene sulfonic acid is expected to rapidly leach from
the soil into ground water because of it's high solubility. It is not expected to volatilize into
the atmosphere from the soil (HSDB 1995). Although biodegradation is known to occur in
water (see H.C.3.), specific information on the biodegradation of p-toluene sulfonic acid in
the soil is not available (HSDB 1995).
3. Water—p-Toluene sulfonic acid primarily enters the environment in wastewater from its
production and use. It is ionized in solution and does not significantly transfer into the
sediment or into the atmosphere from the aquatic environment (HSDB 1995). It does not
absorb light above 290 nm in solution and will not photodegrade or react with water under
environmental conditions (HSDB 1995). Biodegradation is highly dependent on the
presence of the proper acclimated microbial populations. Complete (100%) degradation in
a few days was reported with activated sludge, whereas no degradation was seen for up to
64 days in the absence of activated microorganisms (HSDB 1995). Pseudomonas bacteria
have been isolated from sludge and river water that can utilize p-toluene sulfonic acid as a
sole carbon and sulfur source (CHEMFATE 1995; Kertesz et al. 1994).
4. Biota — Although no specific data are available, p-toluene sulfonic acid is not expected to
bioconcentrate since it is highly water soluble and ionized in solution (HSDB 1995).
Experiments with Ricinus commimis L. (castor bean) have shown that plants absorb and
transport p-toluene sulfonic acid to the leaves (Bromilow et al. 1993); however, it is not
expected to bioconcentrate in food products (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR PALLADIUM AND PALLADIUM CHLORIDE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search
limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from
unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases,
unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference
materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of palladium and palladium chloride are
summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALLADIUM
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =
KQC
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7440-05-3
none found in the secondary sources
searched
Pd
Pd
silver-white, ductile metal
106.4
not found
not found
insoluble
12.02 g/cm3
not found
not found
not found
not found
appreciably volatile at high temperatures; is
converted to the oxide at red heat; can
absorb and retain over 800 times its volume
of hydrogen, resulting in an expansion of
several percent; incompatible with arsenic,
carbon, ozonides, sodium tetrahydroborate,
and sulfur
palladium black or finely divided palladium is
usually pyrophoric and requires handling
precautions; the dust of palladium can be
a fire and explosion hazard
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not applicable
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
DRAFT
C-69
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALLADIUM CHLORIDE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Fltmmability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Difiusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
7647-10-1
palladium(2+) chloride; palladous chloride
PdCl2
Cl2-Pd
dark red cubic needles
177.30
678-680°C; deliquescent, decomposes at
500°C
not found
soluble
6.0 g/m3
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
1 ppm = 7.25 mg/m3
1 mg/m' = 0.138 ppm
Reference
RTECS 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Calculated using:
ppm = mg/m3 x 24.45/m.w.
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Palladium occurs in the earth's crust, at the concentration of 0.2 ppm, in association with the rare
metals of Group VIII (platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, and iridium) (Venugopal and
Luckey 1978; Amdur et al. 1991). The release of palladium to the environment may occur as a
result of the mining, refining, fabrication, and use of the metal (Seiler and Sigel 1988).
Palladium has been incorporated into catalysts used to control emissions in automobile exhausts;
however, the minute quantities emitted are in a biologically inert form (Seiler and Sigel 1988).
No significant concentrations were detected near busy highways following 10 years of this use
(Seiler and Sigel 1988).
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental
transport of palladium or palladium chloride.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of palladium or palladium chloride in air.
2. Soil—No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of palladium or palladium chloride in soil.
3. Water— No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of palladium or palladium chloride in water.
4. Biota — There is no evidence that palladium accumulates in mammals following ingestion
(HSDB 1995); however, the metal was present in all tissues analyzed from rats 104 days
after intravenous injection (Beliles 1994a).
DRAFT
C-70
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APFEIVDIXC
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR PEROXYMONOSULFURIC ACID, MONOPOTASSIUM SALT
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
conductive polymer, and graphite processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a
systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online
databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard
reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary
sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of peroxymonosulfuric acid, monopotassium
salt are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
PEROXYMONOSULFURIC ACID, MONOPOTASSIUM SALT
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air= 1)
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
10058-23-8
monopotassium peroxymonosulfurate;
potassium peroxymonosulfate
HO5SK
O
ii
II
KOSOOH
ii
II
O
no data
152.17
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
Reference
RTECS 1995
RTECS 1995
RTECS 1995
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information on the environmental release of peroxymonosulfuric acid, monopotassium salt
were found in the secondary sources searched.
B. Transport
No information on the transport of peroxymonosulfuric acid, monopotassium salt was found in
the secondary sources searched.
DRAFT
C-71
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APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information on the transformation/persistence of peroxymonosulfuric acid, monopotassium
salt in air, soil, water, or biota was found in the secondary sources searched.
DRAFT
C-72
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____ AFFEVPIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE COPOLYMER
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of phenol-formaldehyde copolymer are
summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
COPOLYMER
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
9003-35-4
Phenol-formaldehyde resin
not found
solid (when cured)
viscous liquid (uncured)
300-700 (one-step process)"
1200-1500 (two-step process)"
Several hundred thousand (cured resin)
not found
not found
Soluble (non-cured resin)
Insoluble (cured resin)
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
High chemical resistance
Fire retardant
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
a) "One-step" and "two-step" refer to the manufacturing process used to make the resin.
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) copolymer is used in a wide variety of products including wood
composites (plywood, particleboard, fiberboard), molding materials (in appliances, electric
controls, telephones, and wiring services), and as a binder for thermal and sound insulation
materials (e.g., glass fibers and mineral wool) (Opresko 1991). There are no reports of any
detrimental toxic effects from cured phenolic resins; therefore, the greatest hazards associated
with these substances is expected to occur during the manufacture, processing, and handling of
the uncured resin (Opresko 1991). However, loss of both phenol and formaldehyde has been
C-73
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
observed for many months after fabrication of foam insulation for refrigerators (Opresko 1991).
Phenol was identified as one of a number of volatile organic compounds found in indoor air as a
result of emissions from construction and interior finish materials and adhesives used in such
products (Opresko 1991). A study on workers exposed to phenolic resin fumes for periods of
less than 1 year to more than 5 years reported PF component levels of 7-10 mg phenol/m3 and
0.5-1.0 mg formaldehyde/m3 (Opresko 1991). Most environmental release of PF components
would likely come from such manufacturing operations. Both monomeric components of PF
copolymer, phenol and formaldehyde, have been profiled separately (U.S. EPA 1995a, 1996a).
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental
transport of PF copolymer. Cured PF resin is a water insoluble solid and would not be a likely
groundwater contaminant. Offgassing of PF component monomers during processing and, to a
lesser extent, after curing would be the most probable mode of environmental transport.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of PF copolymer in air.
2. Soil — PF copolymer is highly resistant to biological decay (Harris and Sarvadi 1994).
This fact, coupled with its low water solubility, suggest that PF copolymer would be
persistent in soil.
3. Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of PF copolymer in water. Because of its very low water
solubility, cured PF copolymer is not likely to be a contaminant of groundwater.
4. Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
bioaccumulation of PF copolymer.
DRAFT
C-74
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR PHOSPHORIC ACID
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive polymer
and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search
limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished
EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No
attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of phosphoric acid are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7664-38-2
orthopohosphoric acid
H,04P
HO O
\l
P—OH
/
HO
unstable, orthorhombic crystals or
syrupy liquid
98.00
42.35
@ 213° C losing 14 water
548g/100mL
1.8741 @25(100%soln.)
3.4
no data
no data
0.03 mm Hg @ 20°C
Hot coned acid attacks porcelain and granite ware
Reacts w/metals to liberate flammable H2 gas
sodium tetraborate; aldehydes; cyanides
bleach; ammonia
not combustible, but contact w/common
metals liberates hydrogen
no data
K,=7.107xlO-3
no data
no data
no data
no data
Odorless
no data
Budavarietal.1989
Budavarietal.1989
Budavarietal.1989
Budavarietal.1989
Budavarietal.1989
Budavarietal.1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Budavarietal.1989
HSDB 1995
Budavarietal.1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
NIOSH 1994
HSDB 1995
Budavari 1989
HSDB 1995
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Of the total 206.6 million pounds of phosphoric acid released into the environment in 1992, as
reported to the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries, 1.2 million pounds were released into the
atmosphere, 158.7 million pounds were released into ground or surface waters, and 46.7 million
pounds were released onto the land (TRI92 1994).
DRAFT
C-75
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
When spilled onto soil, phosphoric acid will infiltrate downward, the rate being greater with
lower concentrations because of reduced viscosity. Upon reaching the groundwater table,
phosphoric acid will move in the direction of the groundwater flow (HSDB 1995).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Ak — Phosphoric acid may be present in air as a mist or a vapor, but it exists primarily as a
mist because of its low volatility and its affinity for water (IARC 1992).
2. Soil — During transport through soil, phosphoric acid will dissolve some of the soil
material, in particular carbonate based materials. The acid will be neutralized to some
degree with adsorption of the proton and phosphate ions also possible. However significant
amounts of acid will remain for transport to groundwater (HSDB 1995).
3. Water — Upon reaching groundwater, a contaminated plume will be produced with dilution
and dispersion serving to reduce the acid concentration (HSDB 1995). However, while
acidity may be reduced readily by natural water hardness minerals, the phosphate may
persist indefinitely (HSDB 1995).
4. Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of phosphoric acid in biota. Phosphoric acid is a natural
constituent of many fruits and their juices (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
C-76
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM BISULFATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium bisulfate are summarized
below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM BISULFATE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7646-93-7
monopotassium sulfate; potassium acid sulfate;
potassium bisulphate; sulfuric acid,
monopotassium salt
KHSC-4
H-CvS.K
white, deliquescent crystals
136.17
197°C (loses water at higher temperatures,
and is converted to pyrosulfate)
decomposes
soluble in 1.8 parts water; 0.85 parts
boiling water
2.24
no data
no data
no data
negligible
0 (nonreactive, NFPA classification);
can form an explosive mixture;
acidic in solution
0 (noncombustible, NFPA classification)
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data; odorless;
sulfur odor
no data
RTECS 1995
JT Baker Inc. 1992
RTECS 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Fisher Scientific 1991
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Fisher Scientific 1991
Lockheed Martin 1989
Sax and Lewis 1989
Fisher Scientific 1991
Lockheed Martin 1989a
JT Baker Inc. 1992
Fisher Scientific 1991
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Potassium bisulfate is a deliquescent solid that is soluble in water. It is used as flux in the
analysis of ores, and as a cathartic (Budavari et al. 1989). No data were found on the
environmental releases of potassium bisulfate in the secondary sources searched. The chemical
is not listed on U.S. EPA's TRI, requiring certain U.S. industries to report on chemical releases to
the environment (TRI93 1995).
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C-77
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
No data were found on the environmental transport of potassium bisulfate in the secondary
sources searched. Low vapor pressure and its water solubility suggest that it would remain in the
water phase.
C. Transformation/Persistence
No data were found on the transformation/persistence of potassium bisulfate in the secondary
sources searched.
DRAFT
C-78
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM CARBONATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the carbon, graphite,
and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search
limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from
unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases,
unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference
materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium carbonate are summarized
below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CARBONATE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
584-08-7
salt of tartar; pearl ash
potash
K2CO,
K2CO3
hygroscopic, odorless granules,
or granular powder
138.20
891 °C
no data
sol. in 1 part cold, 0.7 pis boiling H2O
112 g/lOOmL cold water
2.29
no data
no data
no data
no data
hygroscopic; aqueous soln strongly alkaline
violent reaction with GIF,
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
no data
Reference
Budavari et al. 1989
RTECS 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Potassium carbonate is a naturally occurring compound with deposits found in southeastern New
Mexico (HSDB 1995). It is one of the major inorganic particle components of cigarette smoke
(Churg and Stevens 1992). Potassium carbonate is not one of the compounds reported to the TRI
by certain types of U.S. industries.
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of
potassium carbonate.
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APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of potassium carbonate in air, soil, water, or biota.
DRAFT
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: APPEiVDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM AND SODIUM CYANIDE
These chemicals were identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless
copper process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to
secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished
TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished
EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No
attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium and sodium cyanide are
summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CYANIDE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KQC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
151-50-8
hydrocyanic acid, potassium salt
CKN
KCN
white deliquescent granular powder
or fused pieces
65.11
634°C
no data
71.6g/100mLat25°C
1.553g/cm3at20°C
no data
3.0 (calculated)
no data
no data
slowly decomposed by water and very
rapidly by acids to release HCN; pH
of 0.1 N solution = 11; incompatible
with strong oxidizers such as nitrates,
chlorates, and acid salts
not flammable itself, but contact with
acids releases highly flammable HCN gas
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
0.3 (calculated)
faint odor of bitter almonds
1 ppm = 2.707 mg/m3
lmg/m' = 0.369 ppm
RTECS 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
ATSDR 1995
U.S. EPA 1985c
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
ACGIH 1991
U.S. EPA 1985c
C-81
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CYANIDE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air*5 1)
Koc
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diflusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
143-33-9
hydrocyanic acid, sodium salt
CNaN
NaCN
white granules or fused pieces
49.07
563 °C
isoo-c
'freely soluble
1.60-1.62 g/cm3 (temperature not given)
1.7
no data
-0.44 (K<)W)
0.76mgHgat800°C
contact with acids and acid salts forms
HCN immediately; incompatible with strong
oxidizers, such as nitrates, chlorates, and
acid salts; aqueous solution is strongly
alkaline
not combustible itself, but contact with acids
releases highly flammable HCN gas
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
0.27 (calculated)
faint odor of bitter almonds
1 ppm = 2.037 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.491 ppm
RTECS 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
ACGIH 1991
Budavari et al. 1989
U.S. EPA 1985c
JT Baker Inc. 1992b
U.S. EPA 1985c
U.S. EPA 1985c
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
U.S. EPA 1985c
HSDB 1995
U.S. EPA 1985c
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Potassium and sodium cyanide are used in the extraction of gold and silver ores; electroplating;
metal cleaning; as insecticides and fumigants; in heat treatment of metals; and as raw materials
in the manufacture of dyes, pigments, nylon, and chelating agents (ACGIH 1991). In 1993,
releases of cyanide compounds to environmental media, as reported to the TRI by certain types
of industries, totaled about 3,291,307 pounds. Of this amount, a total of 898,728 pounds was
released to the atmosphere, 97,666 pounds to surface waters, 2,288,870 pounds to underground
injection, and 6,043 pounds to land (TRI93 1995). Potassium and sodium cyanide are not
reported separately.
B. Transport
Potassium and sodium cyanide release hydrocyanic acid (HCN) to the environment. HCN is
expected to volatilize from aquatic media and soils (U.S. EPA 1984c). Cyanide has the potential
to be transported in air over long distances from its emission source. Alkali cyanides can be
removed from air by both wet and dry deposition (ATSDR 1995). Because of their high water
solubility and low sorption characteristics, cyanides are expected to leach through soils into
groundvvater (U.S. EPA I985c).
C. Transformation/Persistence
]. Air — Most cyanide in the atmosphere is likely present as HCN gas, but small amounts of
metal cyanides may be present as particulate matter in air. HCN slowly reacts with
hydroxyl radicals in the air; the calculated half-life for this reaction is approximately 11
years, indicating no significant loss to the troposphere. Physical transfer, such as wet and
dry deposition, may dominate the fate of cyanides in the atmosphere. Considering the water
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
solubility of alkali cyanides, wet deposition appears to be more important process (U.S.
EPA 1984c).
2. Soil — In soils, the fate of cyanides is pH dependent. In acidic soils, the loss of HCN
through volatilization may be the predominant mechanism of loss from soil surfaces. In
subsurface soils, cyanides that are present at low concentrations (below the toxic levels for
microorganisms) may undergo some microbial degradation (U.S. EPA 1984c). Because of
their low soil sorption characteristics and high water solubility of cyanides, some may leach
through the soil. However, cyanides have been rarely detected in groundwater. In basic
soils, the mobility of cyanides is expected to be greatly restricted (U.S. EPA 1984c).
3. Water— The alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassium cyanide, are very soluble in
water and the resulting cyanide ions readily hydrolyze with water to form HCN. The extent
of HCN formation is mainly dependent upon water temperature and pH. At 20°C and a pH
of 8 or below, at least 96% of free cyanide exists as HCN (U.S. EPA 1980). Since the pH
of most natural waters ranges between 6 and 9, a large percentage of cyanides will be
present in the form of HCN which readily volatilizes from water. Cyanides can be
biodegraded at low concentrations in water by single and mixed organisms. Both aerobic
and anaerobic microbial degradation of cyanides during sewage treatment plant operations
have been demonstrated (U.S. EPA 1985c).
4. Biota — Potassium and sodium cyanide are not expected to bioaccumulate in aquatic
organisms (U.S. EPA 1984c).
DRAFT
C-83
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
carbon, and non-formaldehyde electroless copper processes. This summary is based on information
retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only
exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included.
These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review
documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these
databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium hydroxide are summarized
below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
Characteristic/Property Data Referen ce
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (ai
Vapor Pressure
pH
Reactivity
Ft amm ability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular DifTusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
1310-58-3
caustic potash; lye; potassium hydrate
KOH
K-OH
white or slightly yellow lumps, rods, pellets;
deliquesces as moisture and carbon dioxide
are absorbed from the air
56.11
360°C
1324 °C
100 g/90 mL; aqueous solution may have
pHilS
2.044 mg/mL
not found
not found
not found
I mmHg@714°C
14 (1.0 M solution)
heat generated when KOH dissolves in water,
alcohol, or acid-treated solution; reacts
violently with O-nitrophenol; heating with
tetrachloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethylene,
or phosphorus forms spontaneously flammable
compounds; explosive when heated or reacted
with certain compounds
will not burn; however, may react with water
and other substances and generate heat
sufficient to ignite combustible materials
not flammable
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
1 ppm = 2.29 mg/m'
I mg/m3 =° 0.44 ppm
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Pierce 1994
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995; Pierce 1994a
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Lockheed Martin 1994b
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995; NIOSH 1994
Calculated using:
ppm = mg/m3 x 24.45/m.w.
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
of potassium hydroxide.
DRAFT
C-84
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
The significant water solubility of potassium hydroxide suggests that the chemical would be
mobile in soil and subject to transport to ground water; however, no evidence was found to
confirm this.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — When exposed to air, potassium hydroxide forms the bicarbonate and carbonate
(Pierce 1994a).
2. Soil—No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of potassium hydroxide in soil.
3. Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of potassium hydroxide in water.
4. Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of potassium hydroxide in biota.
DRAFT
C-85
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM PERSULFATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
and non-formaldehyde electroless copper processes. This summary is based on information retrieved
from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include
online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and
standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and
secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium persulfate are summarized
below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM PERSULFATE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air»
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flam inability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular DifTusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7727-21-1
peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt;
dipotassium persulfate; potassium
peroxydisulfate
K2O8S2
O O
I 1
KOSOOSOK
1 1
O O
colorless or white crystals
270.32
decomposes® 100°C
no data
1.75g/100mL@0°C;
5.2g/100mL@20°C
2.477
no data
no data
no data
no data
powerful oxidizing agent;
aqueous solution is acidic
may ignite other combustible materials;
reaction with fuels may be violent;
combustion reaction with metallic dust
in the presence of moisture
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
Lide 1991
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Potassium persulfate, a crystalline solid, is moderately soluble in water (Budavari et al. 1989).
No data on the environmental release of potassium persulfate were found in the secondary
sources searched.
DRAFT
C-86
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
No information on the transport of potassium persulfate was found in the secondary sources
searched. The water solubility of potassium persulfate suggests that the chemical would leach
through soil.
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information on the transformation/persistence of potassium persulfate in air, soil, water, or
biota was found in the secondary sources searched.
DRAFT
C-87
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM SULFATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium sulfate are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM SULFATE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=*l)
KflC
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Oioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
7778-80-5
sulfuric acid, dipotassium salt;
dipotassium sulfate
K2SO4
K2O4S
colorless or white, hard, bitter crystals;
or white granules or powder
174.26
1067°C
1689°C
1 g/8.3 mL
2.66
no data
no data
no data
no data
permanent in air
non-reactive
non-flammable
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
no data
Reference
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
JT Baker Inc. 1992c
JT Baker Inc. 1992c
Budavari et al. 1989
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
of potassium sulfate. Potassium sulfate is a minor component of pulverized fuel ash (Davison et
al. 1986). Potassium sulfate is not one of the chemicals reported to the TRI by certain types of
U.S. industries.
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of
potassium sulfate, however it is soluble in water and could be expected to move through the
environment.
DRAFT
C-88
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APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Potassium sulfate is water soluble and atmospheric potassium sulfate would be
expected to be dissolved in rainwater.
2. Soil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of potassium sulfate in soil.
3. Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of potassium sulfate in water. Aqueous solutions of potassium
sulfate are pH neutral (Budavari et al. 1989).
4. Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of potassium sulfate in biota.
C-89
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
L CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium sodium tartrate are summarized
below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1 )
KOC
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diflusivity Coefficient
Air Diflusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
6381-59-5; 304-59-6; 147-79-5
Rochelle salt; seignette salt
C4H4KNa06
no data
translucent crystals of white, crystalline powder
210.16
70-80" C
220" C decomposes
soluble in 0.9 parts H2O
52%
1.79
no data
no data
no data
no data
incompatible with acids, calcium or lead salts
magnesium sulfate, silver nitrate
slight
none
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
no data
Reference
Budavari et al. 1996
HSDB 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari etal. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
JT Baker, Inc. 1992d
EM Industries 1992
H. ENVmONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental
release of potassium sodium tartrate. Potassium sodium tartrate is not one of the chemicals
reported to the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries.
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of
potassium sodium tartrate. It is, however, very soluble in water.
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of potassium sodium tartrate in air, soil, water, or biota. It is,
however, very soluble in water.
DRAFT
C-90
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SILVER
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of silver are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KQC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7440-22-4
Argentum crede; collargol
Ag
Ag; Ag'+; Ag2+
Malleable, ductile, white metal
107.868
960.5 °C
2212°C@760mmHg
Insoluble
10.50 g/cm3 @ 20°C
No data
No data
No data
100mmHg@1865°C
Forms explosive acetylide; forms explosive
fulminate compounds with ammonia and
with nitric acid + ethanol; reacts violently
or produces explosive compounds with
bromazide, hydrogen peroxide, ethyleneimine,
chlorine, trifluoride, oxalic acid and tartaric acid.
Moderately flammable as dust
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
2-10
No data
Not applicable, found in air as
paniculate material
U.S. EPA 1996b
ATSDR 1990c
ATSDR 1990c
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
ATSDR 1990c
ATSDR 1990c
ATSDR 1990c
ATSDR 1990c
HSDB 1996
ATSDR 1990c
ATSDR 1990c
ATSDR 1990c
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Silver is a naturally occurring element that is present in the earth's crust at an average
concentration of about 0.1 ppm and at about 0.3 ppm in soils (ATSDR 1990c). It is also present
in unpolluted freshwater at concentrations up to 0.5 ppm and in seawater at about 0.01 ppm
(HSDB 1996). Silver is released into the environment from mining and recovery processes, and
industrial production processes. It is released into the atmosphere during refuse incineration and
from burning of coal and petroleum products. Silver and silver compounds are also released
from consumer products (ATSDR 1990c). Products and uses include photography,
electroplating, electrical conductors, dental alloys, solder and brazing alloys, paints, jewelry,
coins, and mirror construction (Faust 1992a). The largest source of silver release through
consumer products is photographic material. Silver in the form of silver iodide has been used as
DRAFT
C-91
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APPENDIX C
cloud seeding material (ATSDR 1990c). Background atmospheric levels of silver measured in
national parks away from industrialized areas are generally less than 0.2 ng/m3, however, the
concentration can be much higher near smelter plants (up to 36.5 ng/m3) or in cloud-seeding
target areas (1.0 ng/m3) (ATSDR 1990c). Releases into surface waters have resulted in
concentrations up to 38 ppm found in the Colorado River, and concentrations as high as 5 ppm in
finished drinking water samples. Sediments in the Genesee River in New York downstream
from a plant manufacturing photography supplies were found to contain 150 mg silver/kg dry
weight (HSDB 1996).
Releases of silver and silver compounds to environmental media in 1993, as reported to the TRI
by certain types of U.S. industries totaled about 8608 pounds of elemental silver and 57,168
pounds of silver compounds. Of these amounts, totals of 7080 pounds silver and 21,623 pounds
silver compounds were released to the atmosphere, 318 pounds of silver and 9069 pounds of
silver compounds were released to surface water, 210 pounds silver and 100 pounds silver
compounds were released in underground injection, and 1000 pounds silver and 20,376 pounds
of silver compounds were released to land (TRI93 1995).
B. Transport
Metallic silver released to the atmosphere as particulate material undergoes deposition to land
and surface water (ATSDR 1990c). If the particulate material is finely divided (<20^ diameter),
it can possibly travel long distances before depositing resulting in an enrichment of soil silver
levels in areas distant from cloud seeding operations or other sources of airborne silver. Large
particles (>2Q(t diameter) such as released during mining operations are deposited near the
source (ATSDR 1990c). Transport of silver in surface waters is dependent upon the particular
chemical form of the element. Silver can form a number of complexes and salts under certain
aquatic conditions of pH and reactant availability. Some compounds precipitate, some adsorb
onto particulate matter, and some are soluble and may travel long distances in solution. Up to
90% of the silver detected in rivers was estimated to be in a dissolved form (ATSDR 1990c).
Silver tends to be removed from well drained soils; however, the pH, oxidation-reduction
potential, and the presence of organic material can affect the mobility. Iron and manganese
complexes can immobilize silver, and organic material adsorbs silver (ATSDR 1990c).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Ajr—Atmospheric silver is in particulate form and is likely to become coated with silver
oxide, silver sulfide, or silver carbonate before deposition. Large particles (>20yu) such as
released during mining operations are deposited near the source, whereas finer particles
(<20/i diameter) generated by burning refuse or fossil fuels and by cloud seeding can be
carried long distances before being deposited in precipitation (ATSDR 1990c).
2. Soil—Iron and magnesium complexes in the soil tend to immobilize silver and are
dependent on pH and oxidation-reduction potential of the soil. Organic matter complexes
with silver and also reduces its mobility. The persistence of silver in soils is also dependent
on the drainage of the soil and will eventually be removed from well drained soils (ATSDR
1990c).
3. Water—Silver in water exists primarily as the monovalent ion, which can be combined
with sulfate, bicarbonate, chloride, and ammonia. It was estimated that about 90% of the
silver in rivers is in a dissolved form and the remaining 10% is in suspended solids.
Depending on the pH and oxidation-reduction conditions, silver can be adsorbed to
manganese oxide, which will eventually be deposited in sediment. It may also become
adsorbed onto humic material and suspended particulates. In the presence of decaying
animal and plant material, silver precipitates as the sulfide. The sediments in lakes were
DRAFT
C-92
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APPENDIX C
generally found to be about 1000 times higher in silver concentration than the overlying
waters (ATSDR 1990c).
4. Biota —Silver does not tend to bioaccumulate in fish (bioaccuraulation factors of 2-10).
However, it can be adsorbed by marine algae and accumulated. Bioconcentration factors
for marine algae of 13,000 to 66,000 have been calculated (ATSDR 1990c). Silver is
absorbed by mussels, clams, and oysters. Bioconcentration factors of 1055 to 7650 have
been determined for the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis. Biological half-lives of 26.4 and
149.1 days have been estimated for the pacific and American oysters, respectively. It is
absorbed from the soil by plant roots and accumulates in the leaves from atmosphere
deposition. (ATSDR 1990c).
DRAFT
C-93
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM BISULFATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
organic-palladium, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a
systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries
of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include
online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and
standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and
secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium bisulfate are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM BISULFATE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air=l)
K«.
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flam inability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diflusivity Coefficient
Air Diflusivity Coefficient
Fish Dioconccntration Factor
Taste Threshold
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7681-38-1
sodium acid sulfate; sodium hydrogen sulfate
sodium pyrosulfate
NaHSO4
HNaO4S
Fused, hygroscopic pieces; monohydrate, .
crystalline
120.07
315°C
No data
50g/100mL
100 g/100 mL boiling water
2.435
No data
No data
No data
No data
Corrosive,
water solutions are acidic,
decomposes by alcohol to liberate suifuric acid,
SO2 gas produced when heated to decomposition.
Non-flammable
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Odorless
Not applicable, material contained in water aerosol
or present as dust
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
RTECS 1995
Budavari etal. 1989
JT Baker Inc. 1995
JT Baker Inc. 1995
JT Baker Inc. 1995
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Sodium bisulfate is manufactured for use as a solubilizer for minerals, for pickling metals,
carbonizing wool, bleaching and swelling leather, and in the manufacture of magnesia cements
(Budavari et al. 1989). It is also used in the agricultural industry as a disinfectant (RTECS
1995). The total number of individuals occupationally exposed to sodium bisulfate in a National
Occupational Exposure Survey in 1983 was 151,380 (RTECS 1995).
DRAFT
C-94
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
No information on the transport of sodium bisulfate was found in the secondary sources
searched. In areas where the chemical is used, it has been found in airborne dusts and in water
aerosols (JT Baker Inc. 1995; Utell et al. 1982). Due to its high water solubility, about 50 g/100
mL (Budavari et al. 1989), transport by water is a possibility.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — No information on the transformation/persistence of sodium bisulfate was found in
the secondary sources searched. Aerosols and dusts in industrial settings are controlled by
exhaust ventilation (JT Baker Inc. 1995).
2. Soil — Specific studies on the transformation/persistence of sodium bisulfate in the soil
were not found in the secondary sources searched; however, sodium bisulfate is likely to
rapidly leach from the soil into ground water because of its high solubility. It is a non-
volatile solid and should not volatize into the atmosphere from the soil, although it may
become airborne in dust (JT Baker Inc. 1995).
3. Water — No studies on the transformation/persistence of sodium bisulfate in water were
found in the secondary sources searched. Sodium bisulfate is strongly acidic in water
solution (Budavari et al. 1989) and, therefore, is subject to neutralization and salt formation
by water soluble cations.
4. Biota — No information on the transformation/persistence of sodium bisulfate in biota was
found in the secondary sources searched. The water solubility and acidity of sodium
bisulfate in solution make bioconcentration unlikely.
C-95
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM CARBONATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
conductive polymer, and organic-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved
from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is
summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources
include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents,
and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and
secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium carbonate are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CARBONATE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
K«c
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular DifTusivity Coefficient
Air Difluslvity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
497-19-8
carbonic acid, disodium salt;
disodium carbonate; soda ash;
trona; Solvay soda
CNa2O,
NajCO,
white hygroscopic powder
106.0
851 °C, but begins to lose CO2
@400°C
decomposes
7.1 g/100 mL water @ 0 °C;
45.5g/100mL@100°C
2.53@20°C
no data
no data
no data
no data
decomposed by acids with
effervescence; combines with
water with evolution of heat;
1% aqueous solution has pH of 11.5
noncombustible
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
not applicable
RTECS 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Pierce 1994b
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Pierce 1994b
Pierce 1994b
Pierce 1994b
Budavari et al. 1989
Pierce 1994b
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Sodium carbonate is a white hygroscopic powder that is strongly caustic (Pierce 1994b). It is
moderately soluble in water (Budavari et al. 1989). It is usually encountered as the decahydrate
(Na2CO3-10H2O), commonly called washing soda or soda ash (Pierce 1994b). Sodium carbonate
occurs naturally in large deposits in Africa and the U.S. as either the carbonate or trona, a mixed
ore of equal molar amounts of carbonate and bicarbonate (Pierce 1994b). Naturally occurring
hydrates include the monohydrate, thermonitrite, and the decahydrate, natron or natrite
(Budavari et al. 1989). Sodium carbonate is used in the manufacture of glass and sodium salts;
in soaps and strong cleansing agents; water softeners; pulp and paper manufacture; textile
treatments; and various chemical processes. Sodium carbonate is not listed on the U.S. EPA's
DRAFT
C-96
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APPENDIX C
TRI, requiring certain U.S. industries to report on chemical releases to the environment (TRI93
1995).
B. Transport
No information on the transport of sodium carbonate was found in the secondary sources
searched. The water solubility suggests that the chemical would leach through soil.
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information on the transformation/persistence of sodium carbonate was found in the
secondary sources searched. The water solubility suggests that the chemical would remain in the
aqueous phase.
C-97
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM CHLORIDE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the tin-palladium
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium chloride are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CARBONATE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air
1)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Air Diflusivity Constant
Molecular Difiusivity Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7647-14-5
table salt, rock salt, sea salt, halite
NaCl
CI-Na
Cubic white crystals, granules, or powder,
colorless and transparent or translucent when in
large crystals
58.44
804 °C, 801"C, 804-1600°C
1413 °C
1 g/2.8 mL water @ 25 °C
35.7g/100cm'@0°C
39.12 g/100 cm3@100°C
2.165g/mL@25°C
no data
no data
no data
1 mm Hg @ 865 °C
Reacts violently with BrF, and lithium.
non-flammable
non-combustible
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
Budavari et al. 1996;
HSDB 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996;
Chapman and Hall 1996;
Perry etal. 1994
Chapman and Hall 1996
Budavari et al. 1996;
Chapman and Hall 1996;
Lide 1991
Lide 1991
Sax and Lewis 1989
Sax and Lewis 1989
NTP 1996
HSDB 1996
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Sodium chloride (NaCI) occurs in nature as the mineral halite (i.e. salt deposits) and is dissolved
in the ocean (2.6% concentration) and other bodies of water (HSDB 1996). It is produced by
mining, evaporation of brine from underground salt deposits, and evaporation from sea water
(Budavari et al. 1996). It is released artificially into the environment as waste from bake houses
and pickling and canning factories, etc., and in its use as a snow antifreeze or de-icer on
pathways (HSDB 1996).
DRAFT
C-98
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AFFJENPfXC
B. Transport
No information was found on the environmental transport of sodium chloride in the secondary
sources searched. Its high water solubility (1 g/2.8 mL water @ 25 °C, Budavari et al. 1996)
suggests that if it were released into the soil it would be highly mobile (e.g. when dissolved in
rainfall) and could eventually end up in the groundwater.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — No information was found on the transformation/persistence of sodium chloride in
air in the secondary sources searched. Its low reactivity and volatility (HSDB 1996, Sax
and Lewis 1989) and high water solubility (Chapman and Hall 1996) indicate that any
sodium chloride released into the air (e.g. from salt mining) would either dissolve in air
moisture or remain as unchanged particulates that settle out.
2. Soil — Sodium chloride is found naturally in the soil as underground rock salt deposits.
These salt deposits can be dissolved in water because NaCl is highly water soluble
(Chapman and Hall 1996, Lide 1991). The dissolved sodium chloride can then be either
recovered above ground, as in solution mining (Perry et al. 1994), or may possibly end up in
the groundwater (further information was not located in the searched secondary sources).
3. Water— Sodium chloride is very soluble in water, being stable in solution for at least 24
hours at room temperature (NTP 1996, Chapman and Hall 1996, Lide 1991). No other
relevant information was located in the secondary sources searched.
4. Biota — No information was found on the transformation/persistence of sodium chloride in
the biota in the secondary sources searched. Its high water solubility indicates that it would
not appreciably bioconcentrate in the flora or fauna.
DRAFT
C-99
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM CHLORITE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
and non-formaldehyde electroless copper processes. This summary is based on information retrieved
from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is
summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources
include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents,
and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and
secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium chlorite are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CHLORITE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =» 1)
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Difiusivity Coefficient
Air Difiusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7758-19-2
chlorous acid, sodium salt; Textone
ClNaO2
NaClO2
slightly hygroscopic crystals or flakes
90.45
decomposes at 180-200°C
no data
390g/Latl7°C;
550g/Lat60°C
2.468 g/m'
no data
no data
no data
negligible
powerful oxidizer, but will not explode
on percussion unless in contact with
oxidizable material;
in aqueous alkaline solution, chlorite ion is very
stable; in acid solution, chlorite forms
chlorous acid (HC1O2), which rapidly
forms chlorine dioxide (C1O2), chlorate,
and chloride
fire hazard rating = 1;
slightly combustible
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
not applicable
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
HSDB 1995
Eastman Kodak 1986
Budavari etal. 1989
IARC 1991
Lockheed Martin 1994c
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Most of the sodium chlorite used in the U.S. is in the production of aqueous chlorine dioxide
solutions at the site of use. The conversion can be carried out by the disproportionation of
chlorous acid formed from chlorite in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, but is more commonly
achieved by the oxidation of chlorite by chlorine or hypochlorous acid (IARC 1991). Chlorine
dioxide is generated to bleach and strip textiles; to bleach wood pulp in paper processing; to
eliminate tastes and odors in drinking water; to reduce loads of adsorbable organic halogenated
compounds in industrial effluents; to control microbiological growth in paper mills, oil wells,
DRAFT
C-l 00
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APPENDIX C
petroleum systems, and food processing flume water; to bleach fats and oils; to disinfect sewage;
to treat factory wastes; to bleach natural foliage; and to control algae in industrial cooling towers.
Sodium chlorite is also used in the electronics industry for etching. It is not known to occur
naturally (IARC 1991).
Sodium chlorite is used in a small number of water treatment plants to generate chlorine dioxide;
this may result in a low residual concentration of chlorite in drinking water (IARC 1991).
Sodium chlorite is not listed on U.S. EPA's TRI, requiring certain U.S. industries to report on
chemical releases to the environment (TRI93 1995).
B. Transport
No information on the transport of sodium chlorite was found in the secondary sources searched.
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information on the transformation/persistence of sodium chlorite was found in the secondary
sources searched.
DRAFT
C-101
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM HYDROXIDE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
conductive polymer, non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes. This summary
is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment
C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have
been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government
publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify
information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium hydroxide are summarized below.
_ CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE _
Characteristic/Property _ Data _ Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
1310-73-2
caustic soda; soda lye
NaOH
NaOH
deliquescent solid
40.01
318°C
1390°C
1 g in 0.9 mL water, 0.3 mL boiling water
2.13 g/mL @25°C
no data
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Lide 1991
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Lide 1991
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammabiltty
Hash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Difliisivity Coefficient
Air Diflusivity Coefficient
Fish Dioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
no data
too low to be measured
1 mm Hg @ 739 °C
reacts with all mineral acids to form
the corresponding salts; with organic
acids to form soluble salts;
pH of 0.5% solution is about 13
not combustible but solid form in contact
with moisture or water may generate sufficient
heat to ignite combustible materials
no data
dissociates completely
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
1 mg/m' = 0.61 ppm;
1 ppm = 1.636mg/m3
HSDB 1995
Sax 1984
HSDB 1995
Budavarietal. 1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
calculated:
mg/m3 = 1 ppm x MW/24.45
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Sodium hydroxide is a corrosive deliquescent solid available in various solid forms and as
solutions, usually 45-75% in water. It is a strong alkali that is highly soluble in water (Budavari
et al. 1989). When the chemical is dissolved in water, mists are frequently formed and heat is
released (Pierce 1994b). As the least expensive strong base, sodium hydroxide is widely
employed in industries such as rayon, cellophane and textiles, pulp and paper, soap and
detergents, etching and electroplating, and many others (ACGIH 1991). Although sodium
hydroxide releases are expected to occur in industrial/occupational settings, no data were found
in the secondary sources searched. Consumers may be exposed to oven cleaning products that
contain >5% lye (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
C-l 02
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APPENDIX C
B. Transport
No information on the transport of sodium hydroxide was found in the secondary sources
searched. Because of its low vapor pressure, sodium hydroxide is not expected to partition to the
atmosphere in significant amounts. The water solubility suggests that sodium hydroxide would
leach through soil.
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information on the transformation/persistence of sodium hydroxide was found in the
secondary sources searched. Low vapor pressure and its water solubility suggest the chemical
would remain in the aqueous phase.
DRAFT
C-103
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper.
This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources
(see Attachment C-l. The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions
that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium hypophosphite are summarized
below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS NO.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammabilily
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diflusivity Coefficient
Air Difiusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7681-53-0
phospliinic acid, sodium salt
H2NaO2P
H2-O2-P.Na
white granules
87.97
no data
no data
100g/100mLat25°C
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
explodes when triturated with chlorates or
other oxidizing agents;
explosive when heated;
mixture with sodium or potassium nitrate
is powerful explosive
decomposes when heated forming
phosphine, a spontaneously flammable gas
phosphine is spontaneously flammable
no data;
aqueous solution is neutral
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
1 ppm = 3.60mg/m3
1 mg/m' = 0.28 ppm
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
RTECS 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Weast 1983-1984
Budavari etal. 1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Calculated using:
mg/m' = ppm x MW/24.45
IT. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found regarding the release of sodium hypophosphite to the environment.
The chemical could potentially enter the environment from its use in removing mercury from
animal feeds and manures or as an antimicrobial agent in meat, poultry, and fish (HSDB 1995).
Sodium hypophosphite is not listed by the TRI requiring certain types of U.S. industries to report
environmental releases (TRI93 1995).
DRAFT
C-l 04
-------
APPENDIX C
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the movement of sodium
hypophosphite through environmental media. Based on the high water solubility, the chemical
could be expected to be found in the aqueous phase.
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of sodium hypophosphite in the air, soil, water, or biota.
DRAFT
C-105
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE 1-HYDRATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the organic-palladium
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium hypophosphite 1-hydrate are
summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE 1-
HYDRATE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No,
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air= 1)
Koc
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flam inability
Hash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diflusivity Coefficient
Air Difiusivity Coefficient
Fish Dioconccntration Factor
0
-------
__Dra=mmimmm^^ APPENDIXC
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM PERSULFATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the carbon, graphite,
organic-palladium, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a
systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries
of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include
online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and
standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and
secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium persulfate are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM PERSULFATE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7775-27-1
sodium peroxydisulfate
peroxydisulfuric acid, disodiuim salt
disodium peroxydisulfate
Na2S208
Na2O8S2
white crystalline powder
238.13
no data
no data
549g/L@20°
2.4
no data
no data
no data
no data
gradually decomposes; decomposition
promoted by H2O and high temperature
strong oxidizer. Contact with other material
may cause fire. Can react violently with shock,
friction, or heat
slightly combustible
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
1 mg/nr^ 0.10 ppm
1 ppm = 9.74 mg/m3
Budavari et al. 1989
RTECS 1995
DuPontandCo. 1992
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
JT Baker Inc. 1985
Budavari et al. 1989
JT Baker Inc. 1985
Lockheed Martin 1989b
JT Baker Inc. 1985
Calculated using:
ppm = mg/m3 * 24.45/mol. wt.
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
of sodium persulfate.
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of sodium
persulfate.
DRAFT
C-l 07
-------
APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of sodium persulfate in air, soil, water, or biota.
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM SULFATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium sulfate are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM SULFATE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7757-82-6
bisodium sulfate; disodium monosulfate
disodium sulfate; sulfuric acid disodium salt
Na2SO4
H2-O4-S.2Na
white powder or orthorhombic bipyramidal
crystals
142.06
888°C
not found
soluble in about 3.6 parts H2O
2.671
not found
not found
not found
not found
sodium sulfate and aluminum will explode
at 800°C; reacts violently with magnesium
not found
nonflammable
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
odorless
1 ppm = 5.81 mg/m3
1 mg/m] = 0.172ppm
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Calculated using:
ppm = mg/m' x 24.45/m.w.
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Sodium sulfate occurs in nature in the minerals mirabilite, thenardite, hanksite, sulphohalite,
galubzrite, loeweite, ferronatrite, bloedite, tychite, aphthitalite, tamarugite, and mendozite; it is
relatively common in alkali lakes, ground water, and sea water (HSDB 1995).
An analysis of individual droplets in samples of fog, haze and cloud collected in Israel revealed
the presence of both acid and alkaline droplets (Ganor et al. 1993). The alkaline droplets
contained minerals and salt solutions of sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate or sodium chloride.
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental
transport of sodium sulfate.
DRAFT
C-l 09
-------
APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of sodium sulfate in air. HSDB (1995) states that sodium sulfate
may persist indefinitely in the environment.
2. Soil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of sodium sulfate in soil. HSDB (1995) states that sodium
sulfate may persist indefinitely in the environment.
3. Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
transformation/persistence of sodium sulfate in the aquatic environment. HSDB (1995)
states that sodium sulfate may persist indefinitely in the environment.
4. Biota — There is no evidence that sodium sulfate accumulates in biota or contaminates the
food chain (HSDB 1995).
DRAFT
C-110
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; APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR STANNOUS CHLORIDE
AND STANNOUS CHLORIDE AS TIN
These chemicals were identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless
copper, non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on
information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources. These sources include
online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and
standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and
secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of stannous chloride are summarized below.
The valence state of the stannous ion is 2 (Sn2+ or Sn[II]).
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STANNOUS CHLORIDE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
KOC
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
7772-99-8
tin (11) chloride
tin dichloride
tin protochloride
SnCl2
SnCl2
crystals or flakes
189.61
246°C
652 "Cat 720 mm Hg
900 g/L at 20°C
d25'4 3.95
no data
no data
-2 to -3
no data
powerful reducing agent
not readily flammable
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
3000 (inorganic tin)"
odorless
not applicable
Reference
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al.
Budavari et al.
Lide 1991
Lide 1991
HSDB 1995
Lide 1991
1989
1989
Wongetal. 1982
Budavari etal.
HSDB 1995
ATSDR 1992
HSDB 1995
1989
a) Method ot calculation/measurement not given.
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No data on the release of stannous chloride to the environment were located in the secondary
sources searched; environmental levels of tin are stated in terms of inorganic tin. Tin is a
naturally-occurring element found in environmental media and natural foods. Tin and tin
compounds are not included in the TRI. The most significant releases of inorganic tin are from
burning of fossil fuels and industrial production and use of tin (ATSDR 1992). The tin content
of airborne fly ash from coal-burning plants ranged from 7-19 //g/g (ATSDR 1992). Tin in
waste streams originates primarily from the production of tin cans (Brown 1983, as reported in
HSDB 1995). Tin also occurs in water stored in coated metal containers and may be released in
effluents from industrial processes and from municipal sewage (NRC 1977). Human exposure to
tin is primarily by ingestion of canned food products (ATSDR 1992).
C-lll
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX C
Public water supplies in 42 U.S. cities contained total tin at concentrations of 1.1-2.2 ug/L; water
from 175 natural sources in west-central Arkansas contained 0.9-30 ug/L total tin (NRC 1977).
Total tin was below the limit of detection in 56 of 59 samples of river water in the U.S. and
Canada; the other three values were 1.3, 1.4, and 2.1 ug/L (NRC 1977). Seawater contains 0.2-
0.3 i*g/L (NRC 1977). Tin occurs in surface and groundwater at 21% of NPL sites at a
geometric mean concentration of 50 /ug/L (ATSDR 1992). Ambient soil levels in Canada ranged
from 1-200 mg/kg total tin (mean 4 mg/kg); the ambient sediment level was 4.6 mg/kg (HSDB
1995). Tin was detected at hazardous waste sites at a geometric mean concentration of 30 mg/kg
of soil (ATSDR 1992).
B. Transport
Tin released to the atmosphere in the form of particulates would be removed by gravitational
settling within a matter of days. In soil, the Sn2+ cation will be adsorbed to some extent.
Although moderately water soluble, tin in water may partition to soils and sediments; the Sn2+
ion will also readily precipitate as a sulfide or hydroxide (ATSDR 1992). These characteristics
would limit mobility.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — Tin in the atmosphere is usually associated with dust particles; the deposition half-
life of dust particles is on the order of days (U.S. EPA 1987c). No information on the
transformation or degradation of inorganic tin compounds in the atmosphere was found.
2. Soil — The Sn2+ cation will be adsorbed by soil to some extent (ATSDR 1992), thereby
retarding leaching to groundwater. The formation of insoluble salts would also limit the
amount leaching to groundwater.
3. Water — Sn2+ in oxygen poor alkaline water will readily precipitate as a sulfide or
hydroxide (ATSDR 1992); this would limit the amount in solution or suspension in
groundwater. Inorganic tin may be transformed into organometallic compounds; a change
of valence state probably does not occur (ATSDR 1992).
4. Biota — A log Kow of-2 to -3 would indicate little potential for bioaccumulation, but
reported estimates of the bioconcentration factors for inorganic tin (valance state not given)
for marine and freshwater plants, invertebrates, and fish were 100, 1000, and 3000,
respectively (ATSDR 1992).
DRAFT
C-112
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SULFURIC ACID
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
carbon, conductive polymer, graphite, non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes.
This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources
(see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions
that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sulfuric acid are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SULFURIC ACID
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7664-93-9
sulphuric acid; oil of vitriol
H2S04
O
HO -S- OH
O
clear, colorless, odorless, oily liquid
98.08
10°C (anhydrous acid)
about 290°C; decomposes at 340°C
miscible with water
1.84 (96-98% acid)
3.4 (at boiling point)
no data
no data
5.933 x 10-5@25mmHg
strong dehydrating agent; reacts violently
with water with evolution of heat;
corrosive to metals
not flammable, but capable of igniting finely
divided combustible materials
no data
K = 1.2 xlO-2;pK= 1.92
no data
no data
no data
no data
1 mg/m3
1.2 mg H2SO4 contains 1 mg of SO3;
1 mg SO, = 0.3 ppm;
I ppm = 3.2 mg/m3 @ 25°C, 760 mm Hg
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
NIOSH 1994
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
ACGIH 1991
ACGIH 1994-1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Beliles and Beliles 1993
II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Sulfuric acid is a clear, colorless, odorless, oily liquid. It has a high affinity for water,
abstracting it from the air and many organic substances. Sulfuric acid is produced in numerous
grades and strengths. Commercial sulfuric acid contains 93-98% of acid; the remainder is water
(Budavari et al. 1989). The primary sources of sulfuric acid in the atmosphere are vehicular
emissions, combustion sources, explosive manufacture, furnace soot, sulfuric acid manufacture,
and steel manufacture (U.S. EPA 1984d). Sulfuric acid occurs naturally in the vicinity of
DRAFT
C-l 13
-------
APPENDIX C
volcanoes, particularly in volcanic gases (HSDB 1995). Sulfur dioxide in moist air or fog
combines with the water to form sulfurous acid; the latter is slowly oxidized to sulfuric acid
(Beliles and Beliles 1993). Based on rain chemistry data measured in southwestern Pennsylvania
in 1983, an acid deposition budget was estimated as follows: 47%, sulfuric acid in rain; 23%,
sulfur dioxide deposition without dew; 16%, nitric acid and sulfuric acid in fog and dew; and
0.5% aerosol dry deposition without dew (HSDB 1995).
Sulfuric acid can enter the aquatic environment from a variety of sources: in accidental spills
from train derailments; in wastewaters from mining properties where sulfides are part of the ore
or the rock being mined; in wastewaters from the steel industry; from the atmosphere; and as a
decomposition product of effluents containing sulfur, thiosulfate, or thionates (HSDB 1995).
Sulfuric acid is the most widely used of the strong inorganic acids. Average occupational
exposures to sulfuric acid mists in pickling, electroplating, and other acid treatment of metals are
frequently above 0.5 mg/m3, while lower levels are usually found in the manufacture of lead-acid
batteries and in phosphate fertilizer production (IARC 1992).
In 1992, releases of sulfuric acid to environmental media, as reported to the TRI by certain types
of industries, totaled about 156,809,406 pounds. Of this amount, 23,721,453 pounds (15%) were
released to the atmosphere, 32,719,526 pounds (21%) were released to surface water, 98,631,395
pounds (63%) were released in underground injection sites, and 1,737,032 pounds (1%) were
released on land (TRI92 1994).
B. Transport
Sulfuric acid aerosols in the atmosphere are likely to be removed through wet and dry
deposition. Released to soils, most of the sulfuric acid is expected to be removed by reaction
with inorganic minerals or organic matter in soils. In highly sandy soil, sulfuric acid probably
leaches into groundwater (U.S. EPA 1984d).
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air— Sulfuric acid is present in the atmosphere in the form of aerosols. In dry weather,
the aerosol is found in the sub-0.65 //m particle size fraction, while under humid conditions,
it is present in the 0.65-3.6 fj.m particle size range. Sulfuric acid is a primary source of
inorganic sulfates in the atmosphere, particularly ammonium sulfate. Depending on the
amount of moisture in the atmosphere, sulfuric acid aerosols may react with organics in the
atmosphere to form sulfonates.
2. Soil — The majority of sulfuric acid in soils is expected to be removed by reaction with
inorganic minerals or organic matter in soils. During transport through the soil, sulfuric
acid can dissolve some of the soil material, in particular carbonate-based materials (HSDB
1995). In highly sandy soil, sulfuric acid probably leaches into groundwater (U.S. EPA
1984d).
3. Water — In aquatic media of about pH >7, sulfuric acid reacts with carbonate, bicarbonate,
or hydroxides in the sediment or suspended particles, with the formation of sulfates. Since
the majority of sulfates, with the exception of lead and calcium, are soluble in water, this
reaction may mobilize the precipitated metals from the aquatic phase and decrease the pH
of the solution. In aquatic media of pH <7, at least a part of the sulfuric acid may remain
ionized in solution and may be mobile (U.S. EPA 1984d).
4. Biota — No information on the transformation/persistence of sulfuric acid in biota was
found in the secondary sources searched.
DRAFT
C-114
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR TARTARIC ACID
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of tartaric acid are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TARTARIC ACID
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =1)
Koc
LogKoW(=LogP,,cl)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Air Diffusivity Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
87-69-4
2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid; L-tartaric acid;
L-threoic acid; (+)-tartaric acid; dextrotartaric acid;
d-trataric acid; natural tartaric acid
C4HA,
HO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2H
colorless or translucent solid monoclinic rhombic
or spheroidal prisms,
a white fine to granular crystalline powder
150.09
171-174 °C; 168-170 °C
no data
freely soluble (139 g/100 mL @ 20 °C)
1.7598@20°C
no data
no data
Log PM1 -0.76/-2.02 (calculated) for the racemic
threoic acid
no data
no data
no data
no data
pKa, =2.98, pKa2 = 4.34
pKa, =2.93, pKa2 = 4.23
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless; odor of burnt sugar when heated to
melting point
no data
Katz and Guest 1994,
Budavari et at. 1996;
Informatics, Inc. 1974
Budavari et al. 1996
Lide 1991
Lide 1991;
Budavari et al. 1996
Informatics, Inc. 1974
Lide 1991
Lide 1991; Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Lide 1991
Verschueren 1983
Chapman and Hall 1996
Katz and Guest 1994,
Budavari et al. 1996
Informatics, Inc. 1974;
Budavari et al. 1996
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information on environmental releases of tartaric acid was found in the secondary sources
searched. Tartaric acid is widely used in foods, soft drinks, wine, cleaners, textile printing,
Pharmaceuticals, etc. and is freely water-soluble, so small quantities are likely to be released into
the water supply, soil and eventually the groundwater from personal and commercial use and
production.
DRAFT
C-l 15
-------
APPENDIX C
B. Transport
No information on the environmental transport of tartaric acid was found in the secondary
sources searched. Its high water solubility (139 g/100 mL @ 20°C; Budavari et al. 1996)
suggests that if it did volatilize it could be removed from the atmosphere by rainfall, and if it
were released onto soil it would likely be mobile and may end up in the groundwater.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air- Tartaric acid is reported to be stable to air and light (Budavari et al. 1996); no other
information was found in the secondary sources searched.
2. gpi'l - No information regarding the transformation/persistence of tartaric acid in soil was
located. Its high water solubility suggests it would be highly mobile in soil and could enter
the groundwater.
3. Water —No information on the transformation/persistence of tartaric acid in water was
found in the secondary sources searched. Being a strong organic acid (Budavari et al.
1996), it is expected to dissociate into its ion components when in water.
4. Biota - No information on the transformation/persistence of tartaric acid in the biota was
found in the secondary sources searched. Its high water solubility indicates that it would
not appreciably bioconcentrate in the flora or fauna.
DRAFT
C-116
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APFEiVPiXC
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR TETRASODIUM EDTA (Na4EDTA)
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been
made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of Na4EDTA are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF Na4EDTA
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
LogKoW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
64-02-8
(ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt;
edetate sodium; edetic acid tetrasodium salt; EDTA
tetrasodium salt; Trilon B; Versene 100; Versene
beads or flake
C,,,H16N208.4Na
white powder; anhydrous or 2H2O
380.20
not found
not found
103 g/100 mL; very soluble
6.9 Ib/gal
not found
not found
not found
0.24xl02torr@25°C
reacts with most divalent and trivalent metallic
ions to form soluble metal chelates
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
1 ppm = 16.7mg/m'
1 mg/m3 = 0.064 ppm
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
Calculated using:
ppm = mg/m3 x 24.45/m.w.
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
of Na4EDTA. The chemical is probably released to air, water, and soil from industries that
manufacture and use it, from the use of pesticide formulations that contain it, and from the
disposal of Pharmaceuticals and other consumer products that contain it.
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental
transport of Na4EDTA. The vapor pressure for Na4EDTA (0.24 x 102 torr [CHEMFATE 1995])
suggests that the chemical is moderately volatile and may undergo volatilization from soil and
water surfaces. The high water solubility of Na4EDTA suggests possible leaching of the
chemical through the soil to groundwater.
DRAFT
C-l 17
-------
APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. AlC — Estimated half-lives for the reaction of Na4EDTA with RO2, OH, and O3 are 2200
years, 8 minutes, and 1 day, respectively (CHEMFATE 1995). This suggests that
Na4EDTA in the atmosphere may undergo significant reaction with photochemically-
generated hydroxyl radicals and ozone.
2. Soil—Na4EDTA released to the soil would form soluble metal chelates with most divalent
and trivalent metal lie ions (HSDB 1995).
3. Water — The reaction of Na4EDTA with OH in air (CHEMFATE 1995) suggests that the
chemical may also react with photochemically-generated hydroxyl radicals in water.
4. Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
persistence or biomagnification of Na4EDTA in biota.
DRAFT
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR TRIETHANOLAMINE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search
limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished
EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No
attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of triethanolamine are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIETHANOLAMINE
Characteristic/Property Data Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
LogK<,w
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant (pKa)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
102-71-6
2,2',2"-nitriIotrisethanol
Cf,H15NO,
(HOCH2CH2),N
pale yellow, viscous liquid
149.19
21.57°C
335.4°C
miscible
d20'4, 1.1242
5.1
no data
-1.59
3.59x10-° mm Hg at 2S°C
may become unstable at elevated
temperatures and pressure
must be heated before ignition will occur
190.5°C (open cup)
7.92
3.38 x ID'" atm-mVmol (estimated)
no data
no data
<1 (estimated)
<3.9 (measured; species not given)
no data; slight ammoniacal odor
1 ppm = 6.10mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.164 ppm
CHEMFATE 1995
Benya and Harbison 1994
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Calculated using the
formula: ppm =
mg/m'(24.45/mol. wt)
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched to indicate the specific amount of
triethanolamine released to the environment in any given year. Approximately 100,000 -
500,000 tons/year of the chemical are produced worldwide (U.S. EPA 1995b). Although the
production of triethanolamine is tightly controlled, a worst case estimation of production loss by
industry to the environment is 0.5%. Release can also occur during the use of the chemical as a
metal working/cutting fluid, as an additive to cement, as an intermediate in surfactant
production, or in the manufacture of textile auxiliaries (U.S. EPA 1995b).
B. Transport
Because of the high water solubility and low octanol-water coefficient of triethanolamine, the
chemical will likely partition into water. Although no data were found for the KOW, adsorption
onto soils is unlikely and leaching of the chemical into ground water is expected. The low vapor
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APPENDIX C
pressure and low Henry's Law Constant indicate that volatilization to the atmosphere will be
negligible.
C. Transformation/Persistence
1. Air — The half-life for triethanolamine reaction with photochemically produced hydroxy
radicals was estimated at 4 hours with a rate constant of 10.4 x 10"11 cm3/molecules-sec and
assuming an average hydroxyl concentration of 5 x 10s molecules/cm3 (HSDB 1995). The
chemical will also be removed from the atmosphere in precipitation (HSDB 1995).
2. Soil — Triethanolamine will be biodegraded rapidly in soils, following acclimation, with a
half-life of days to weeks. Removal from soils also occurs through leaching (HSDB 1995).
3. Water — Triethanolamine is rapidly degraded in water following acclimation. In a batch
system using activated sludge, the chemical was 89% degraded in 14 days following a 3 day
acclimation period (CHEMFATE 1995). Other tests showed increases in theoretical
biological oxygen demand (BOOT) of 66% and 69% (sea water) in 20 days using sewage
inoculum (CHEMFATE 1995; HSDB 1995).
4. Biota — Based on the low estimated bioconcentration factor and high water solubility of
triethanolamine, the chemical is expected to have a low potential for bioaccumulation in
aquatic organisms.
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM CITRATE
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the organic-palladium
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium citrate are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CITRATE
Characteristic/Property Data ~~ Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
LogKoW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
68-04-2
trisodium citrate; sodium citrate anhydrous;
2-hy droxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxy I ic acid,
trisodium salt
C6H5Na,O7
CH2(COONa)C(OH)(COONa)CH2COONa
dihydrate, white crystals, granules, or powder;
pentahydrate, relatively large, colorless
crystals or white granules
258.07
150°C(-2H2O)
decomposed at red heat
72 g/100 mL at 25 °C (dihydrate)
1.9
no data
no data
no data
no data
0 (nonreactive, NFPA classification);
aqueous solution slightly acid to litmus
1 (slightly combustible, NFPA classification);
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data; odorless
no data
Lockheed Martin 1991
Budavari et al. 1989
Osol 1980
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Fisher Scientific 1985
Lewis 1993
Weast 1983-1984
Fisher Scientific 1985
Lockheed Martin 1991
Osol 1980
Lockheed Martin 1991
Lewis 1993
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
Sodium citrate is a solid with a cool, saline taste that is soluble in water (Fisher Scientific 1985).
It is used in soft drinks, frozen desserts, meat products, cheeses, and as a nutrient for cultured
buttermilk; in photography; in detergents; as a sequestrant and buffer; as an anticoagulant for
blood withdrawn from the body; and in the removal of sulfur dioxide from smelter waste gases
(Lewis 1993). Medicinally, sodium citrate is used as expectorant and systemic alkalizer.
Sodium citrate is a chelating agent and has been used to facilitate elimination of lead from the
body (Osol 1980).
C-121
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APPENDIX C
No data were found on the environmental releases of sodium citrate. The chemical is not listed
on U.S. EPA's TRI, requiring certain U.S. industries to report on chemical releases to the
environment (TRI93 1995). The chemical could potentially enter the environment when used for
the removal of sulfur dioxide from smelter waste gases.
B. Transport
No data were found on the environmental transport of sodium citrate in the secondary sources
searched. Its water solubility suggests that the sodium citrate would remain in the water phase.
C. Transformation/Persistence
No data were found on'the transformation/persistence of potassium bisulfate in the secondary
sources searched.
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APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR VANILLIN
This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the tin-palladium
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of vanillin are summarized below.
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VANILLIN
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
121-33-5
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde;methyl-
protocatechuic aldehyde; vanillic aldehyde;
3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
C8H80,
(CH3O)Cf,H3(OH)CHO
white or slightly yellow needles
152.15
80-81°C
285°C
1 g/100 mL
1.056g/mL
5.2
not found
not found
2.2xlO-'mmHg@25°C
can react violently with bromine, potassium
tert-butoxide, tert-chlorobenzene + NaOH,
formic acid + T1(NO3)3 and perchloric acid
not found
not found
pK,|7.40,pKa211.4(25°C)
not found
not found
not found
not found
2 x 10'' ppm, water; 1.10 x 10"8 ppb, air
1 ppm = 6.2 mg/m3
1 mg/m'= 0.161 ppm
Budavari et al. 1996
Kirwin and Galvin 1993
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari etal. 1996
HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996
Keith and Walters 1985
Chapman and Hall 1995
Kirwin and Galvin 1993
Brabec 1993
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
A. Environmental Release
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
of vanillin. The chemical occurs naturally in vanilla, potato parings, and Siam benzoin (Budavari
etal. 1996).
B. Transport
No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental
transport of vanillin. The vapor pressure (2.2 x 10'3 mm Hg [HSDB 1996]) for the chemical
indicates that little volatilization from soil or water could occur. Vanillin is soluble in water (1
g/100 mL [Budavari et al. 1996]) and may move through the soil, possibly to groundwater.
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APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
!• Ak— Vanillin oxidizes to some extent when exposed to moist air and is "affected" by light
(Budavari et al. 1996). Vanillin absorbs UV light at wavelengths of 308 and 278 nm
(Kirwin and Galvin 1993), suggesting that phototransformation is possible. Decomposition
of vanillin under strict anaerobic conditions has been observed (HSDB 1996).
.Sp'l,—No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the fate of
vanillin in soil.
Water—No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the fate of
vanillin in the aquatic environment. Based on its absorption of UV light at wavelengths of
308 and 278 nm, vanillin in surface water could undergo some phototransformation.
Biota— No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
bioaccumulation of vanillin.
2.
3.
4.
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APPENDIX C
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SRI. 1981. Stanford Research Institute. NCI Summary Data Sheet on Formic Acid, prepared for the
National Cancer Institute by SRI International under Contract No. NO1-CP-95607.
Topping, D.C., D.A. Morgott, R.M. David and J.L. O'Donoghue. 1994. Ketones. In: Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2, Part C. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds. John Wiley &
Sons, New York.
TRI92. 1994. Toxics Release Inventory. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. EPA,
Washington, D.C.
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C-131
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APPENDIX C
TRI93. 1995. Toxics Release Inventory. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. EPA,
Washington, D.C.
Trochimowicz, H.J., G.L. Kennedy and N.D. Krivanek. 1994. Aromatic compounds: five membered
rings. In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton,
Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Utell, M.J., P.E. Morrow and R.W. Hyde. 1982. Comparison of normal and asthmatic subjects'
responses to sulphate pollutant aerosols. Ann Occup Hyg 26(1-4), 691-697. (Cited in TOXLINE
1995)
U.S. Air Force. 1989a. The Installation Restoration Program Toxicology Guide, Vol. 3. Wright-
Patterson Air Force Base, OH.
U.S. Air Force. 1989b. Phenol. In: The Installation Restoration Program Toxicology Guide, Vol. 2.
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH.
U.S. Air Force. 1990. Copper - Elemental Copper. In: The Installation Restoration Toxicology Guide,
Vol. 5. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH.
U.S. EPA. 1980. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Cyanides.
Office of Water and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA. 198la. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ambient Water Quality Criterion for the
Protection of Human Health: Ammonia. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA,
Cincinnati, OH.
U.S. EPA. 1981b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Hazard Information Profile
(CHIP) on Carbon Black. Prepared by Chemical Effects Information Center, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA.
U.S. EPA. 1984a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Copper.
Office of Research and Development, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington,
D.C., Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office, Cincinnati, OH.
U.S. EPA. 1984b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Glycol
Ethers. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.
U.S. EPA. 1984c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Cyanide.
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. EPA/540/1-86-011.
U.S. EPA. 1984d. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Sulfuric
Acid. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. EPA/540/1-86-031.
U.S. EPA. 1985a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects Profile
for 2-Ethoxyethanol. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.
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C-132
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APPENDIX C
U.S. EPA. 1985b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects Profile
for Formaldehyde. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
ECAO-CIN-P142.
U.S. EPA. 1985c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Criteria Document for
Cyanide (Final Draft). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.
ECAO-CIN-442; EPA-600/X-84-192-1.
U.S. EPA. 1986. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for
N,N-Dimethylformamide. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati,
OH. ECAO-CIN-P158.
U.S. EPA. 1987a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Criteria Document for
Copper. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. ECAO-CIN-477.
U.S. EPA. 1987b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects Profile
for Phenol. Revised final draft. Prepared for Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S.
EPA. Prepared by Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. ECAO-CIN-P125.
U.S. EPA. 1987c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Tin and
Compounds. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. ECAO-
CIN-H106.
U.S. EPA. 1990a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects
Document for Boric Acid. Prepared for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response by the
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment,
U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.
U.S. EPA. 1995a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Summary for Formaldehyde.
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA. 1995b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. OECD High Production Volume Chemicals
Programme - Phase 3 SIDS Initial Assessment Report Triethanolamine CAS No. 102-71-6. U.S.
EPA, Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA. 1996a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Summary for Phenol. Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA. 1996b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
Online. Coversheet for Silver. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA,
Cincinnati, OH.
Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. 1978. Palladium. In: Metal Toxicity in Mammals. 2. Chemical
Toxicity of Metals and Metalloids. Plenum Press, New York.
Verschueren, K. (Ed.) 1983. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 2nd ed. Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
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APPENDIX C
Verschueren, K. (Ed.) 1996. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 3rd ed. Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Weast, R.C. (Ed.) 1983-1984. CRCHandbookof Chemistry and Physics, 64th ed. CRC Press, Inc.,
Boca Raton, FL.
Weast, R.C. 1985. CRC Handbook on Organic Compounds. (Cited in HSDS, 1995)
Weast, R.C., M.J. Astle and W.H. Beyer. 1987. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed.
CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
WHO. 1982. World Health Organization. IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety.
Environmental Health Criteria 21. Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride. WHO, Geneva.
Wong, P.T.S., Y.K. Chau, O. Kramar and G.A. Bengert. 1982. Structure-toxicity relationship of tin
compounds on algae. Can JFish Aquat Sci 39:483-488.
Young, R.D. 1978. Ammonium compounds. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
3rd ed., Vol. 2, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
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APPENDIX C
ATTACHMENT C-l (Standard References Searched)
ACGIH. 1991. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH.
ACGIH. 1994-1995. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit
Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH,
Cincinnati, OH.
AQUIRE. 1994. Aquatic Information Retrieval online database. Chemical Information Systems, Inc., a
subsidiary of Fein-Marquart Assoc.
ATSDR. 1989-1994. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profiles.
ATSDR, Chamblee, GA.
Budavari S, O'Neil MJ, Smith A, Heckelman PE (Eds.). 1989. The Merck Index, 11th ed. Merck &
Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ.
CHEMFATE. 1995. Syracuse Research Corporation's Environmental Fate Data Bases. Syracuse
Research Corporation, Syracuse, NY.
Clayton GD, Clayton FE. 1981-1982. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd ed., Vol. 2C. John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
HSDB. 1994. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. MEDLARS Online Information Retrieval System,
National Library of Medicine.
IARC. 1979-1994. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation
of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. IARC, Lyon.
NIOSH. 1992. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Recommendations for
Occupational Safety and Health. Compendium of Policy Documents and Statements. NIOSH,
Cincinnati, OH.
NIOSH. 1994. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical Hazards. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH.
NTP. 1994. National Toxicology Program. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies. Tech Rep Ser.
NTP. 1994. National Toxicology Program. Management Status Report. Produced from NTP
Chemtrack system. April 8, 1994. National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC.
OSHA. 1994. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Table Z-2. Limits for Air
Contaminants.
RTECS. 1994. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. MEDLARS Online Information
Retrieval System, National Library of Medicine.
TSCA. 1995. Toxic Substances Control Act. Sect 8(e) data submissions.
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APPENDIX C
U.S. Air Force. 1989. The Installation Restoration Toxicology Guide, Vols. 1-5. Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base, OH.
U.S. EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1991. Table 302.4 List of Hazardous Substances
and Reportable Quantities 40 CFR, part 302.4:3-271.
U.S. EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Most current. Drinking Water Regulations and
Health Advisories. Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.C.
U.S. EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Most Current. Health Effects Assessment
Summary Tables. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA., Cincinnati, OH.
U.S. EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) reviews such as Health and Environmental Effects
Documents, Health and Environmental Effect Profiles, and Health and Environmental Assessments.
U.S. EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1994. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
Online. Cincinnati, OH: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.
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Appendix D
Supplemental Exposure
Assessment Information
-------
-------
APPENDIX D
D.I Technical Memorandum RE: Modeling Worker Inhalation Exposure
D.2 Technical Memorandum RE: Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Workplace Air
Concentration Models Used in the PWB Exposure Assessment
DRAFT
D-l
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APPENDIX D
D.I Technical Memorandum RE: Modeling Worker Inhalation Exposure
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
TO: Debbie Boger
PWB Project File, EPA # X823941-01-0
cc: Lori Kincaid, Jack Geibig, Dean Menke, Diane Perhac
FROM: Bruce Robinson, Chris Cox, Nick Jackson, Mary Swanson
DATE: December 22,1995 (Revised 8/96)
RE: MODELING WORKER INHALATION EXPOSURE
I.
INTRODUCTION
This technical memorandum is submitted for review by the RM2 work group. Air transport
models to estimate worker inhalation exposure to chemicals from printed wiring board (PWB)
making holes conductive (MHC) lines are presented here for review and comment. The purpose
is to reach agreement on our technical approach before proceeding with further analysis.
Three air transport models will be required to estimate worker exposure:
• Volatilization of chemicals induced by air sparging.
• Aerosol generation induced by air sparging.
• Volatilization of chemicals from the open surface of MHC tanks.
The total transport of chemicals from the air-sparged baths will be determined by summing the
releases calculated using each of the three models described above. Air-sparged baths include
the electroless-copper baths and some cleaning tanks. Only the third model will be applied to
determine the atmospheric releases of chemicals from unsparged baths. This document includes
a review of the relevant literature, descriptions of the models, and examples demonstrating the
proposed use of the models. The results of the model calculations will be compared to available
occupational monitoring data.
DRAFT
D-2
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: APPENDIX D
II. VOLATILIZATION OF CHEMICALS FROM AIR-SPARGED PWB
MANUFACTURING TANKS
Mixing in plating tanks, e.g., the electroless copper plating tank, is commonly accomplished by
sparging the tank with air. This is similar to aeration in wastewater treatment plants, and the
volatilization of chemicals from these plants has been the focus of recent research. The
volatilization models used in that research are based on well accepted gas transfer theory,
discussed below.
Background
Volatilization of chemicals from water to air has been investigated by many researchers (Liss and
Slater, 1974; Smith et al, 1980; Roberts, 1983; Peng et al, 1993). In PWB manufacturing,
volatilization due to air sparging of process tanks is expected to be one of the main pathways for
contaminant transfer to the air. In bubble aeration systems, the volatilization rate is dependent
upon the volumetric gas flow rate, partial pressure of the gas, and the mass transfer rate
coefficient (Matter-Muller, 1981). The volatilization characteristics for different diffuser types
and turbulent conditions were evaluated by Matter-Muller (1981), Peng (1995), and Hsieh
(1994).
Volatilization from aerated systems has been mainly quantified using the two-film theory (Cohen
et al, 1978; Mackay and Leinonen, 1975). This work is discussed below and is used to model
chemical transfer rates from air-sparged PWB process tanks. The main assumption of the theory
is that the velocity at a fluid interface is zero. Molecular diffusion across the interfacial liquid
film is the limiting factor for mass transfer to the air, and it is used to develop a simple equation
relating the overall mass transfer coefficient to the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in water.
The two-film model of gas transfer was expanded to include mass transfer in diffused aeration
systems (Matter-Muller et al., 1981). Matter-Muller et al. assumed that the system was
isothermal, hydraulic conditions were steady, and that pressure and volume changes within the
bubbles were negligible. Further, an overall mass transfer coefficient was applied to represent
transfer of contaminants to the bubble as they rose through the homogeneous liquid volume.
Parker (1993) demonstrated that liquid-phase concentration can be assumed constant during the
rise time of the bubble. Under these assumptions, Matter-Muller et al. derived the following
relationship predicting the mass transfer rate from an aerated system:
1-exp —
(1)
where: Fys
Qo
Hy
CL,y
a
mass transfer rate of chemical^ out of the system by sparging (m/t)
gas flow rate (P/t)
dimensionless Henry's constant for chemical y
concentration of chemical y in bulk liquid (m/P)
overall mass transfer coefficient for chemical y (1/t)
interfacial area of bubble per unit volume of liquid (12/P)
DRAFT
D-3
-------
APPENDIX D
VL = volume of liquid (I3)
The overall mass-transfer coefficient is defined as the inverse sum of the reciprocals of the liquid
and gas-phase mass transfer coefficients; but, because molecular diffusion of oxygen and
nonpolar organic substances is 103 times greater in air than in water (Matter-Miiller et al., 1981),
it is set equal to the liquid phase coefficient only. The mass transfer coefficient of a chemical can
then be related to oxygen using the following equation:
D
K.
OL.O2
02l
(2)
where: Dy
D
02
= molecular diffusion coefficient for chemical y in water (P/t)
= molecular diffusion coefficient for oxygen in water (!2/t)
= 2.1x10'5 cm2/cm @ 25 ° C (Cussler, 1984)
= overall mass transfer coefficient for chemical y (1/t)
= overall mass transfer coefficient for oxygen in water (1/t)
The value of KQUCG at 25°C in diffused aeration systems can be estimated using a correlation
developed by Bailey and Ollis (1977):
(3)
where: db = bubble diameter (1)
Pmo = density of water (m/13)
= density of air (m/13)
= gravitational constant (1/t2)
= viscosity of water (m/l-t)
P,ir
g
UH20
If a measured value of Dy is not available, then it can be calculated from the Hayduk and Laudie
correlation (Lymanef al., 1982):
„ . 2, .
D, (cm z/sec) =
13.26x10 ~s
-
1.14 ,.,0.589
"m
(4)
where: Vm = molar volume of solute (cm3/mol)
UH20 = viscosity of water (centipoise)
The mass transfer coefficient can be corrected for the bath temperature (°C) as follows
(Tschabanoglous, 1991):
KOL.V.T =KoL>y,25°c 1.024^)
(5)
DRAFT
D-4
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APPENDIX D
Bailey and Ollis (1977) developed a relationship for the interfacial area per unit volume (a) as a
function of the bubble diameter, gas flow rate, and tank geometry:
a=-
(6)
where: h = tank depth (1); and
, _ 18
(7)
Values of Hy are often reported at 25°C. The Henry's constant can be corrected to the bath
temperature using the van't Hoff equation:
1
1
R
298.15 273.15+r,
(8)
where: AHgas
AI
R
enthalpy of the chemical in the gas phase (cal/mol)
enthalpy of the chemical in the aqueous phase (cal/mol)
gas constant (1.987 cal/mol-K)
Matter-Muller (1981) concluded that surfactants do not significantly alter the rate of
volatilization from the water. Some agents did lower the overall mass transfer coefficient, but
most showed no appreciable difference. This was attributed to an increase hi the specific
interfacial area, a, when the interfacial energy, or mass transfer coefficient, was decreased. The
transfer rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was found to depend heavily upon the type
of aerators used, and the degree of saturation of the bubbles rising through the liquid.
III.
AEROSOL GENERATION FROM BATHS MIXED BY SPARGING WITH AIR
Aerosols or mists have been identified as a major source of contaminants released by
electroplating baths to the atmosphere (Burgess 1981) and should be investigated as a potential
source of contaminants from electroless baths. At least two sources of aerosols exist in
electroplating baths: 1) aerosols generated due to liquid dripping from parts as they are removed
from the bath (drag-out drips) and 2) aerosols generated due to bursting of the bubbles at the
surface. Drag-out drips are insignificant compared to other sources of aerosols (Berglund and
Lindh, 1987; Cooper et al.).
Bubbles in electroplating baths can originate from the dissociation of water at the electrode, or
mixing of the bath via air sparging. Bubbles in other plating baths (e.g., electroless plating
baths) can originate from reactions in the bath or mixing of the bath via air sparging. The rate of
DRAFT
D-5
-------
APPENDIX D
generated by water dissociation are typically smaller than those generated by air sparging;
therefore, aerosol generation in electroless plating processes may be less significant than in
electroplating operations. The focus of this memo is aerosols generated by air sparging. Except
for the conductive polymer and non-formaldehyde electroless alternatives, MHC processes in
PWB manufacturing do not use electroplating and therefore would not dissociate water to form
gas bubbles. Information collection is continuing to allow prediction of aerosol formation in
MHC processes that do have an electroplating step. Importantly, Berglund and Lindh (1987)
report that aerosol generation from electroplating tanks is greatly reduced by sparging; the
relatively large air bubbles formed during air sparging coalesce the smaller bubbles formed by
hydrolysis and electroless plating reactions.
To estimate the emission of contaminants resulting from aerosols, the rate of aerosol generation
and the concentration of contaminant in the aerosol are required. Limited information
concerning the rate of aerosol formation was found in the literature. The following sources were
consulted:
• U.S. EPA (1991). Chemical Engineering Branch Manual for the Preparation of
Engineering Assessments.
• Chemical Abstracts, 1986 to date.
• Current and past text books in air pollution, chemical engineering, and water and
wastewater treatment.
• Perry's Handbook (1984) related to entrainment in distillation trays.
• The last five years of Water Environment Research and ASCE Journal of the
Environmental Engineering Division.
• A title key-word search of holdings in the library of the University of Tennessee.
• The ASPEN model commonly used for modeling chemical manufacturing processes. (It
was found that any aerosol formation routines within ASPEN would be relevant to
entrainment in devices such as distillation trays and not relevant to sparging of tanks.)
• The manager of the USEPA Center for Environmental Assessment Modeling in Athens,
Georgia, as well as an expert hi the Air and Energy Lab - Emission Modeling Branch hi
North Carolina.
In this work, the aerosol formation rates will be predicted based upon limited measurements of
aerosol generation in electroplating (Berglund and Lindh, 1987) and other air-sparged baths
(Wangwongwatana et al., 1988; Wangwongwatana et al., 1990) found in the literature.
Berglund and Lindh (1987) developed several graphs relating aerosol generation to air sparging
rate (Figure la), bath temperature (Figure Ib), air flow rate above the bath (Figure Ic), and
DRAFT
D-6
-------
APPENDIX D
distance between bath surface and the tank rim (Figure Id). Using Figures la-Id, the following
relationship may be developed:
RA =5.5x10
FT FA FD
(9)
where: RA
QG/A
FT
= aerosol generation rate (ml/min/m2)
= air sparging rate per unit bath area (1/min/m2)
= temperature correction factor
= air velocity correction factor
= distance between the bath surface and tank rim correction factor
Wangwongwatana et al. (1988) presented figures relating the number of aerosol droplets
generated as a function of air flow rate, bubble rise distance, bubble size, and colloid
concentration (Figure 2). Droplet size distribution measurements by these researchers indicate
volume mean diameters of 5 to 10 um. The aerosol generation rate can be calculated using the
following equation:
(10)
where: Cd = droplet concentration (I'3)
Vd = droplet volume (1)
A = bath area (I2)
Contaminants may be present in aerosols at elevated concentration relative to the bath
concentration. Colloidal contaminants may be collected on the bubble surface as it rises through
the bath. As the bubble bursts, the contaminants on the bubble surface are incorporated into
aerosols. Wangwongwatana et al. (1990) report that in their experiments about one in two
aerosols contain polystyrene latex spheres, compared to about one in 250 expected based upon
the concentration of latex sphere in the bath. Organic contaminants may also partition at the air-
water interface. A correlation for the water-interface partitioning coefficient for nonpolar
compounds, klw, defined as the ratio of the mass of contaminant per unit area of interface to the
mass of contaminant per unit volume of water is given by Hoff et al. (1993):
log £/(J,=-8.58 -0.769 log C*
where: Csw = saturated aqueous solubility of the contaminant.
For more polar compounds a more complicated relationship is required:
log km = -7.508+log -Yw+as(
-------
APPENDIX D
where:
R
= activity coefficient of the contaminant in water (dimensionless)
= molar area of the solute (cm2/mol)
= gas constant (8.314x107 erg/mol K)
= surface tension of the water-air interface (dyne/cm)
= surface tension of the solute-air interface (dyne/cm)
= surface tension of the solute-water interface (dyne/cm)
Hoff et al. (1993) also present a relationship for the ratio of the mass of contaminant sorbed at
the air-water interface to the mass of contaminant in the gas volume of the bubble:
M,
i _
where:
Mb
Hy(db I 6)
= mass of contaminant at the interface
= mass of contaminant in gas bubble
(13)
Only a small fraction of the bubble interface will be ejected as aerosols. It may be calculated
from the following equation:
(14)
where: f!E
lb
= fraction of bubble interface ejected as aerosols (dimensionless)
= thickness of bubble film (1)
The rate of mass transfer from the tank to the atmosphere by aerosols, Fy>a (m/t) is given by:
M,
F... =
y,s
(15)
IV. VOLATILIZATION OF CHEMICALS FROM THE OPEN SURFACE OF MHC
TANKS
Most plating tanks have a free liquid surface from which chemicals can volatilize into the
workplace air. Air currents across the tank will accelerate the rate of volatilization. The model
presented in the Chemical Engineering Branch Manual for the Preparation of Engineering
Assessments (CEBMPEA) (USEPA, 1991) has potential application in this case. Some
limitations of the model should be pointed out. The model was developed to predict the rate of
volatilization of pure chemicals, not aqueous solutions. The model was also validated using pure
chemicals. As a result, the model implicitly assumes that mass transfer resistance on the gas side
is limiting. The model may fail in describing volatilization of chemicals from solutions when
liquid-side mass transfer controls.
DRAFT
D-8
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APPENDIX D
CEBMPEA models the evaporation of chemicals from open surfaces using the following model:
Fy,0 = 2 cL,y Hy A [Dy,airvz/(7tz)F (16)
where: Fy>0 = volatilization rate of chemical y from open tanks (m/t)
Dy air = molecular diffusion coefficient of chemical y in air (!2/t)
vz = air velocity (1/t)
z = distance along the pool surface (1)
The value of vz recommended by CEBMPEA is 100 ft-min"1. The value of Dy air can be estimated
by the following formula (USEPA, 1991):
Dvair = 4.09xlO-5 T1-9 (1/29
-5 M-°-33/Pt
(17)
where: Dy air = molecular diffusion coefficient of chemical y in air (cm2/s)
T = air temperature (K)
M = molecular weight (g/mol)
Pt = total pressure (arm)
This equation is based on kinetic theory and generally gives values of Dy iair that agree closely with
experimental data.
V. CALCULATION OF CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION IN WORKPLACE AIR
FROM EMISSION RATES
The indoor air concentration will be estimated from the following equation (USEPA, 1991):
where: Cy
v5^
Rv
k
, = Fy,T/(VRRvk)
= workplace contaminant concentration (m/P)
= total emission rate of chemical from all sources (m/t)
= room volume (P/t)
= room ventilation rate (t1)
= dimensionless mixing factor
(18)
The mixing factor accounts for slow and incomplete mixing of ventilation air with room air.
CEBMPEA sets this factor to 0.5 for the typical case and 0.1 for the worst case. CEBMPEA
commonly uses values of the ventilation rate Q from 500 fWmin to 3,500 fWmin. Appropriate
ventilation rates for MHC lines will be chosen from facility data and typical industrial
recommendations.
DRAFT
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APPENDIX D
VI. EXAMPLE MODELING OF FORMALDEHYDE RELEASE TO
ATMOSPHERE FROM AIR-SPARGED ELECTROLESS COPPER BATH
In the examples below, the values of some parameters are based upon a site visit to SM
Corporation in Asheville, NC. Except where stated otherwise, final values of the various
parameters used in the models will be chosen based on the results of the Workplace Practices
Questionnaire, chemical suppliers information, site visits, and performance demonstrations. All
parameter values are based on preliminary information and are subject to change.
Values of site-specific parameters assumed in the example
Tank volume = 242 L
Tank depth = 71 cm
Tank width = 48 cm
Tank length = 71 cm
Air sparging rate = 53.80 L/min
Tank temperature = 51.67°C
H2CO Concentration in tank = 7,000 mg/L
Bubble diameter at tank surface = 2.00 mm
Room length = 20 m
Room width = 20 m
Room height = 5 m
Air turnovers/hour = 4 hr"1
Air velocity across tank surface = 0.508 m/s
Dimensionless mixing factor = 0.5
Volatilization induced by air sparging
Site visit to SM Co., Asheville, NC
Assumed
Assumed
Assumed
Midpoint of values given in Perry's Handbook,
1985, pg 19.13
Site visit to SM Co., Asheville, NC
Product data sheets
Assumed
Assumed
Assumed
Assumed
Assumed
Default recommended by USEP A, 1991
Default recommended by USEPA, 1991
Calculating overall mass transfer coefficient for oxygen in -water:
K.
= 0.31*
where: db
PH2O
Pgas
g
HH20
^02
02
0.0113 cm/sec
0.678 cm/mm
0.2 cm
0.997 g/cm3 (Dean, 1985)
0.00118 g/cm3 (Dean, 1985)
980 cm/sec2
0.0089 (g/cm-sec) (Dean, 1985)
2.1xlO-5 cm'/sec (Cussler, 1984)
DRAFT
D-10
-------
APPENDIX J>
Calculating molecular diffusion coefficient of formaldehyde in -water:
's
_
\3.26xlO
1.14 ^.0.5
V-H2O * m
= 1.81xlO-5cm2/sec
where: V = 36.8 cmVmol
= 0-89 centipoise
Calculating mass transfer coefficient of formaldehyde in water:
K
OLy
D
K
OL,O2
02,
1.81x10
2.10x10
-5
-S
* 0.678
= 0.584 cm/min
Correcting mass transfer coefficient for temperature:
KoL,y,5i.67 = KoL,y,25°c 1.024(T'25) = 0.584* 1.024<51-67-25) = 1.10 cm/min
Calculating tb:
18 h
where: h
= 0.291 sec
= 4.85xlO-3min
= 71 cm
Calculating interfacial area per unit volume:
a--
where: QG
VL
= 0.0323 cm2/cm3
= 53,800 crrrYmin
= 242,000 cm3
DRAFT
D-ll
-------
APPENDIX D
Correcting Henry's constant for temperature:
H
y,S1.67
1
1
R
298.15 273.15+r
= 1.99xlO's (dimensionless)
where: Hyi2S0C = UxlO'7 atm-mVmol (Risk Assistant, 1995)
= 6.3 8x10"6 (dimensionless)
DH^ = -27,700 cal/mol
DH,,, =-35,900 cal/mol
R = 1.987 cal/mol-K
Calculating mass transfer rate of formaldehyde by air sparging:
H
= 7.49 mg/min
The argument of the exponential function is -8031. This indicates that the formaldehyde
concentration in the air bubbles is essentially hi equilibrium with the bath concentration.
Transport in aerosols
The aerosol generation rate will be estimated using data presented by both Berglund and Lindh
(1987) and Wangwongwatana et al. (1988)
Calculating aerosol generation rate using Berglund and Lindh (1987) data:
RA = [5.5X10-s(QG/A)+O.Ol] FT FA FD
= 0.0187mL/min/m2
where: QG/A
FT
= (53.8*10,000)7(71*48) = 158 (L/min/m2)
= 0.95 @ 51.67°C (Figure Ib)
= 1.2 @ 0.508 m/s (Figure Ic)
= 1.0 assumed (Figure Id)
Calculating aerosol generation rate using Wangwongwatana et al. (1988) data:
The air sparging rate used in the example (53.8 L/min) must be converted to an equivalent rate in
the experimental apparatus using the ratio of the area of the example bath (0.341 m2) to the area
of the experimental apparatus (0.123 m2). The equivalent rate is 19.4 L/min. The bubble rise
DRAFT
D-12
-------
APPENDIX J>
distance would be approximately 0.6 m. From Figure 2, it can be inferred that the droplet
concentration is not much greater than 100 droplets/cm3. The aerosol generation rate can now be
calculated:
R,=:
where: QG
Cd
Vd
dd
A
= 8.27x10-3 ml/m2/min
= 53800 cnvVmin
= 100 droplets/cm3
= (p/6) dd3 = 5.24xlO-10 cm3
= 0.001 cm (upper end of range reported by Wangwongwatana et al., 1988)
= 0.341 m2
The aerosol generation rates calculated by the two methods agree quite well. The model of
Berglund and Lindh (1987) will be used because it gives a slightly greater generation rate and is
easier to use.
Emission rate from bath. If it is assumed that the formaldehyde concentration in the aerosols is
equal to the bath concentration (7 mg/mL) then the formaldehyde emission rate is:
Fy,a = (7 mg/mL)-(0.0187 mL/m2/min)-(0.341 m2) = 4.46xlO'2 mg/min
To determine if accumulation of the contaminant at the air- water interface is significant, kiw must
be estimated using Equation 1 1 . Since formaldehyde is a gas at the temperatures of interest,
interfacial tension data are not available; however, average values of other aldehydes may be
used (Hoff et al., 1993). Calculation of kIW@25°C is summarized below; information was not
available for calculating kiw at other temperatures.
log *__ - -7.508+log
^.-°--l-35°«> / 2.303*7
= -6.848
where: yw
a,
R
OWA
OSA
°sw
=1 -452 Method 1 , page 1 1 - 1 0 in Lyman et al. (1 982)
= 9.35x1 08 cm2/mol Calculated from: a, = 8.45xl07 V,/3
=8.3 14x10 7erg/molK
= 72 dyne/cm Hoff et al. (1993)
= 21 .9 dyne/cm Value for acetaldehyde, Weast, 1980
= 14.6 dyne/cm Average value for n-heptaldehyde and benzaldehyde, Girfalco
and Good, 1957
k= 1.418xlO-7cm
iw
Formaldehyde emissions due to aerosols can now be calculated:
DRAFT
D-13
-------
APPENDIX D
Calculating the ratio of contaminant mass sorbed at the air-water interface to mass in gas
volume of bubble:
iw
M
= 0.2138
Calculating fraction of bubble interface ejected as aerosols:
= 4.35xlO'3
where: lb = 5x10'7 cm (Rosen, 1978)
Calculating formaldehyde mass transfer rate via aerosols from tank to the atmosphere:
Mj
J7 — * y G*
v o f ^I& VJT
**b
= 0.00697 mg/min
Volatilization from Open Tanks
Calculating molecular diffusion coefficient of formaldehyde in air:
Dy>sir = 4.09x10-s T1-9 (1/29 + 1/M)°-5 M'0-33 / Pt
= 0.174 cm2/sec
where: T = 298.15 K
M = 30.03 g/mol
P, = 1 atm
Calculating volatilization rate of formaldehyde from open tanks:
Fyt0 = 2cL>yHyA[Dy,airvz/(pz)]0-5
= 13.8 mg/min
DRAFT
D-14
-------
APPENDIX D
where: Dy;air = Molecular diffusion coefficient of chemical in air (P/t)
nz = 0.508 m/sec
z = 0.48 m (shortest tank dimension gives highest mass transfer rate)
The gas side mass transfer coefficient (kg ) in the above model is:
kg = 2tDy,airvz/(pz)F
= 0.484 cm/sec
Thibodeaux (1979) reports a value of the liquid side mass transfer coefficient (kj) in large water
bodies of about 6x10"4 cm/sec for wind speeds of 0.5 m/sec. Although not directly applicable to
the current situation, it can be used as a first estimate to determine the potential for liquid film
resistance to control the mass transfer rate.
Liquid side resistance = Hy/ k, = 3.3xlO"2 sec/cm
Gas side resistance = l/kg = 2.1 sec/cm
It can be concluded that formaldehyde volatilization from open tanks is controlled by gas-side
mass transfer resistance; therefore, the CEBMPEA equation appears to be valid. It should be
noted that it may be necessary to consider liquid-side mass transfer resistance for chemicals with
larger Henry's constants. In this case the CEBMPEA model would not be valid.
Surprisingly, volatilization due to air sparging is less significant than that from open tanks.
Although the concentration of formaldehyde in the bubbles is high (virtually at equilibrium with
the formaldehyde concentration in the bath), the volume of air sparged is small compared to the
volume of room air flowing over the top of the tanks.
Concentration of formaldehyde in workplace air
Cy =Fy>T/(VRRvk)
= 0.326 mg/m3
= 0.265 ppmv
where: F,
y,T
VR
Rv
k
: 7.49 mg/min + 0.421 mg/min + 13.8 mg/min = 21.71 mg/min
: 20 m • 20 m • 5 m = 2000 m3
= 4 hr-l= 0.0667mm-1
'0.5
D-15
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX D
VH. COMPARISON OF PREDICTED FORMALDEHYDE CONCENTRATIONS IN
WORKPLACE AIR TO MONITORING DATA
In this section, the concentrations of formaldehyde in the workplace air predicted by the model
are compared to available monitoring data. The purpose of the comparison is not to validate the
model but to determine if the modeling approach gives reasonable values of formaldehyde
concentration. Model validation would require calculation of formaldehyde concentrations using
the conditions specific to the monitoring sites. Such data are not available.
The results of an OSHA database (OCIS) search of monitoring data for formaldehyde (provided
by OPPT) include 43 measured air concentrations for 10 facilities in Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) 3672 (printed circuit boards). The concentrations range from not detected to
4.65 ppmv. Most of the concentrations (37/42) range from z 0.04 to 0.6 ppmv, with all but one
less than 1.55 ppmv. Cooper et al. report formaldehyde concentrations from three electroless
plating operations measured over a two day period. The mean concentrations ranged from 0.088
to 0.199 ppmv. The predicted concentration of formaldehyde in the workplace air was 0.263
ppmv. Thus the predicted value is within the range of concentrations determined by monitoring,
and less than the OSHA time-weighted-average concentration of 0.75 ppmv. The authors
conclude that the results are reasonable.
DRAFT
D-16
-------
APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
Bailey and Ollis. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1977.
Berglund, R. and E. Lindh. "Prediction of the Mist Emission Rate from Plating Baths," Proc.
Am. Electroplaters and Surface Finishers Soc. Annu. Tech. Conf, 1987.
Burgess, W.H. Recognition of Health Hazards in Industry: A Review of Materials and
Processes, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
Cohen, Y., W. Cocchio. Laboratory Study of Liquid-Phase Controlled Volatilization Rates in
Presence of Wind Waves, Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 12, 553,1978.
Cooper, C.D., R.L. Wayson, J.D. Dietz, D. Bauman, K. Cheze, and PJ. Sutch, Atmospheric
Releases of Formaldehyde from Electroless Copper Plating Operations. Proceedings
of the 80th AESF Annual Technical Conference, Anaheim, CA. 1993.
Cussler, E.L. Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1984.
Dean, J.A. (Ed) Lange 's Handbook of Chemistry, 13th ed., New York: McGraw Hill, 1985.
Girifalco, L. A. and R. J. Good. "A Theory for the Estimation of Surface and Interfacial Energies:
I. Derivation and Application to Interfacial Tension," J. Phys. Chem., 61(7), 904-909,
1957.
Hoff, J.T., D. Mackay, R. Gillham and W.Y. Shiu. "Partitioning of Organic Chemicals at the
Air-Water Interface in Environmental Systems," Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 27(10), 2174-
2180,1993.
Hsieh, C., R. Babcock, M. Strenstrom. Estimating Semivolatile Organic Compound Emission
Rates and Oxygen Transfer Coefficients in Diffused Aeration, Water Environ.
Research, 66, 206, 1994.
Liss, P.S. and P.O. Slater. Flux of Gases Across the Air-Sea Interface, Nature, 247, 181, 1974.
Lyman, W.J., W.F. Reehl and D.H. Rosenblatt. Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation
Methods, Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 1982.
Mackay, D. and P.J. Leinonen. Rate of Evaporation of Low Solubility Contaminants from Water
Bodies to Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 9,1178, 1975.
Matter-Muller, C., W. Gujer and W. Giger. Transfer of Volatile Substances from the Water to
the Atmosphere, Institute for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG),
Swiss Federal Institute of TechnoL, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland, 15, 1271, 1981.
DRAFT
D-17
-------
APPENDIX D
Parker, W., D. Thompson and J. Bell. Fate of Volatile Organic Compounds in Municipal
Activated Sludge Plants, Water Environ. Research, 65, 58, 1993.
Peng, J., J.K. Bewtra and N. Biswas. Transport of High-Volatility Chemicals from Water into
Air, Proceeding of 1993 Joint CSCE-ASCE National Conf. on Environmental Eng.,
120,662,1993.
Peng, J., J. Bewtra and N. Biswas. Effect of Turbulence on Volatilization of Selected Organic
Compounds from Water, Water Environ. Research, 67, 000,1995.
Perry, R.H., D.W. Green and J.O. Maloney (Eds). Perry's Chemical Engineers'Handbook, New
York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1984.
Risk Assistant Sofhvare, Alexandria, VA: Thistle Publishing, 1995.
Roberts, P.V., P. Dandliker and C. Matter-Muller. Volatilization of Organic Pollutants in
Waste-water Treatment-Model Studies, EPA-R-806631, U.S. EPA, Munic. Environ.
Res. Lab., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1983.
Rosen, MJ. Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978.
Smith, J. H., D.C. Bomberger and D.L. Haynes. Prediction of the Volatilization Rates of
High-Volatility Chemicals from Natural Water Bodies, Environ. Sci. Technol., 14,
1332,1980.
Thibodeaux, L.J. Chemodynamics: Environmental Movement of Chemicals in Air, Water and
Soil, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1979.
Tschabanoglous, G. andF.L. Burton. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse.
New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Engineering Branch Manual for the
Preparation of Engineering Assessments. Washington, D.C.: U.S.EPA Office of Toxic
Substances, February 28,1991.
Wangwongwatana, S., P.V. Scarpino and K. Willeke. "Liquid-to-Air Transmission of Aerosols
from a Bubbling Liquid Surface," J. Aerosol Sci., 19(7), 947-951, 1988.
Wangwongwatana, S., P.V. Scarpino, K. Willeke and P.A . Baron. "System for Characterizing
Aerosols from Bubbling Liquids," Aerosol Sci. Technol, 13(3), 297-307,1990.
Weast, R.C. (Ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 61st ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press, 1980.
DRAFT
D-18
-------
APPENDIX D
— '
^c
CJ
Si
!=
3
Q
•2
S-
8
•o
§ *
4
u
o
cs
^
"3
"3
&.
1
o
DRAFT
D-19
-------
APPENDIX D
c
o
o
c
102
o
o
o
I
I 10
*_I
JU
ex
8
Q
: 2.6
20
Q = 8 Lpm
Q = 13 "Lpm
2.6 £
* 10
.40 60 20
Bubble rise distance (cm)
40
60
Figure 2. Effect of bubble rise distance on droplets number concentration. (From
Wangwongwatana et al., 1990)
DRAFT
D-20
-------
APPENDIX D
D.2 Technical Memorandum RE: Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Workplace
Air Concentration Models Used in the PWB Exposure Assessment
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
To: KathyHart/EPADfE
PWB Project File (Project # X823-941)
cc: Lori Kincaid
From: Nick Jackson, Mary Swansea, Bruce Robinson, Chris Cox
Date: July 18,1996 (revised Audust 8,1996)
RE: SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF WORKPLACE AIR
CONCENTRATION MODELS USED IN THE PWB EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT
I.
INTRODUCTION
This technical memorandum is submitted to the RM2 Work Group for review and comment.
Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of the fate and transport models used in predicting
workplace air concentrations of MHC chemicals were performed. (These air concentrations are
used hi the exposure assessment to estimate worker inhalation exposures.) The model
parameters having the greatest effect on chemical air concentrations in the workplace are
identified. A quantitative uncertainty analysis was also performed. These analyses serve to
pinpoint and validate key parameter assumptions.
II. METHODS AND RESULTS
Sensitivity Analysis
The first step in this analysis was to determine the parameters in the ah" transport models that had
the largest impact on the workplace chemical air concentrations regardless of parameter
variability. This was done by independently varying each parameter hi the model by a specific
amount and observing the effect on chemical air concentration. This allows a comparison to be
made between parameter importance in terms of model sensitivity because their effects on
chemical air concentration were obtained independently of the other parameters.
Table 1 lists the parameters that had the greatest effect on workplace air concentration. Small
changes in some parameters caused the model results to vary widely, indicating a need to
determine the uncertainty associated with these variables. For sparged baths the example
chemical was formaldehyde, and fluoboric acid was used for the unsparged bath analysis. Other
D-21
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX D
chemicals were observed in the sensitivity analysis to learn whether the effects per chemical
would vary with these parameters. This means that every chemical will not be affected in exactly
the same way when varying parameters, but will exhibit close behavior. This initial sensitivity
analysis was used primarily to select the important parameters for the Monte Carlo analysis to
follow, and as a check for that analysis.
Table 1. Model Sensitivity to Parameters
Parameters (x)
Enthalpy (Aqueous or Gas)
Bath Temperature
Henry's Law Constant (Hc)
Bath Concentration of Chemical
Process Room Volume
Air Turnover Rate
Bath Surface Area
Air Sparging Rate
Air Velocity Across Tank Surface
Molecular Weight
Ax1
(%)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Effects on
Sparged Volatiles2
(%)
-23.6
16.2
10.0
10.0
-9.1
-9.1
5.9
2.1
3.7
-2.0
Effects on Sparged
Non-Volatiles3
(%)
NA
4.8
NA
10.0
-9.1
-9.1
2.3
7.7
1.2
NA
Effects on Un-Sparged
Volatiles4
(%)
-4.4
19.3
10.0
10.0
-9.1
-9.1
7.4
NA
4.9
-2.1
1 : Percentage increase in each parameter that produces corresponding percentage change in chemical room air
concentration as shown in columns 2, 3, and 4.
2: Percentage increase or decrease hi room air concentration of air-sparged volatiles due to parameter
variation (A x) of 10 percent.
3: Percent increase or decrease in room air concentration of air-sparged nonvolatile (i.e., vapor pressure <
1x1 0 '3 torr) due to parameter variation (A x) of 1 0 percent.
4: Percent increase or decrease in room air concentration of unsparged volatiles due to parameter variation (A
x) of 10 percent.
For example, a 10% increase in bath surface area increases a sparged volatile's workplace air
concentration by 5.9%, while only increasing a sparged non-volatile or salt air concentration by
2.3%. Each parameter listed was also increased by 20% to determine if its relationship to air
concentration was highly nonlinear, but none exhibited a significant trend in this area.
Parameters not listed hi Table 1 exhibited negligible effects on the model (O.001 percent change
hi air concentration). These negligible parameters are:
• Bath volume;
• Surface tension coefficients;
• Molecular volume;
• Water densities and viscosities (due to variation of temperature in baths);
• Sparged bubble diameter; and
• Correction factors hi the Berglund and Lindh model (see Exposure Assessment Draft,
1996).
DRAFT
D-22
-------
APPENDIX D
Monte Carlo Analysis
Overview and Approach. After evaluating the sensitivity of the model to each parameter the
next step was to examine model sensitivity and uncertainty using Monte Carlo Analysis. This
was done with a Monte Carlo software package (Crystal Ball, Decisioneering, Inc.) in
conjunction with a spreadsheet program (Lotus 1-2-3). The air transport equations outlined in
the Exposure Assessment Draft (May 15, 1996) were used with the distributions for each
parameter from the Workplace Practices Survey to perform this Monte Carlo analysis.
Many different methods are available to propagate parameter distributions through a model and
analyze the results. However, the difficult task of correlating complex nonlinear models and
their parameters with some kind of regression algorithm severely limits the available techniques.
The Latin Hypercube modification of the Monte Carlo method is agreed upon by many
researchers to be the best way to perform a sensitivity/uncertainty analysis of contaminant
transport models. In Latin Hypercube sampling, a probability distribution is divided into
intervals of equal probability, thereby allowing for a more precise sampling routine because the
entire probability range is more consistently represented (Decisioneering, Inc.). This
probabilistic approach was used to generate a distribution of possible workplace air
concentrations in contrast to a single point estimate.
Table 2 lists the assumptions used for the parameter distributions for the two bath type examples
and describes the sources of information.
Crystal Ball was used to produce two independent Monte Carlo simulations, one for volatiles in
air-sparged baths and one for unsparged baths. The number of iterations used for each
simulation was 15,000. This was chosen to ensure adequate convergence and stabilization of the
tails on output distributions (based on McKone and Bogen, 1991). The mass flux contribution
from nonvolatiles in sparged baths is largely negligible and is not included to simplify the Monte
Carlo simulations.
In addition to probability distributions, Crystal Ball calculates the percent contribution each
parameter makes to overall model variance by computing Spearman rank correlation coefficients
between every assumption and model result while the simulation is running. Spearman rank
correlation coefficients differ from traditional linear regressions because ranks are assigned to
observations and then substituted for the actual numerical values in the correlation formula. This
correlation has distinct advantages over a simple linear regression. The relationship between
variables is no longer assumed to be linear, and no assumptions of normality are made
concerning the distributions of the variables as the relationship is nonparametric (Walpole and
Myers, 1993). This parameter analysis combines model sensitivity and variable uncertainty.
D-23
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX D
Table 2. Parameter Assumptions used in Monte Carlo Forecast
Parameters
Process Room Volume
Process Area Air
Turnover Rate
k (EPA, 1991)
dimensionless mixing
factor
Henry's Law Constant
(Hc)
Chemical Cone, in Bath
Bath Surface Area
Bath Temperature
Bath Volume
Air Sparging Rate
Bubble Diameter
Air Velocity across Bath
Surface
Distance across pool
Surface
Enthalpies, Gas and
Aqueous States
Activity Coeff.
Surface Tension
Coefficients
Sparged Bath
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey data"
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey data8
Point estimate
1.0
Normal Dist. based on
avail, data3
Triangular Dist.a
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey data3
Normal Dist. based on
survey data"
Normal Dist. based on
survey data"
Point estimate
53.8 L/min
Lognormal Dist. based on
avail, information8
Point estimate
0.508 m/s
Square root of bath area
from survey data
Point estimate
-35.9 kcal/mol & -27.7
kcal/mol
Point estimate
1.45
Point estimate
72,21.92,&14.6
dynes/cm2
Unsparged Bath
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey datab
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey datab
Point estimate
1.0
Normal Dist. based on
avail. datab
Triangular Dist.b
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey datab
Normal Dist. based on
survey datab
Normal Dist. based on
survey datab
Point estimate
53.8 L/min
Lognormal Dist. based on
avail, information11
Point estimate
0.508 m/s
Square root of bath area
from survey data
Point estimate
-35.9 kcal/mol & -27.7
kcal/mol
Point estimate
25
Point estimate
72, 28.85, & 35
dynes/cm2
Source of Data
Workplace Practices Survey
Data
Workplace Practices Survey
Data
Comments, G. Froiman
/EPA RM2 Workgroup;
June 16, 1996
ORNL and other chemical
info sources
MSDS and Supplier info
Workplace Practices Survey
Data
Workplace Practices Survey
Data
Workplace Practices Survey
Data
Midpoint of avail, values -
chosen after model
sensitivity seen to be small
allowed to vary largely with
little effect
recommended by EPA
directly correlated with area
Dist.
ORNL and other chemical
info sources
ORNL and other chemical
info sources
ORNL and other chemical
info sources
a: Attachment A shows these parameter distribution functions.
b: Attachment B shows these parameter distribution functions.
Results. Two types of results are presented: probability distributions for modeled air
concentrations and the Spearman Rank Correlation results. The probabilistic chemical air
concentration curves for each type of bath are presented in Figures 1 and 2. An uncertainty chart
for each bath identifies the parameters that contribute most to model variance (Figures 3 and 4).
The parameter that contributes most to model variance for both bath types is air turnover rate in
the process area. The range and standard deviation of reported air turnover rates from the
Workplace Survey is very high. This causes it to contribute more to model variance than the
process room volume. The variability of the room volume data is low and keeps it from even
DRAFT
D-24
-------
APPENDIX D
appearing on this list, despite the model being equally sensitive to changes in volume or turnover
rate (as shown by Table 1). The chemical concentration in the bath is also high on the
uncertainty charts because of the model's relative sensitivity to concentration and its variability.
Another important variable that appears on the sensitivity/uncertainty charts is bath temperature.
This parameter is used to correct Henry's Law Constant (Hc) for temperature by an exponential
relationship, but does not have much variability. Hc can also have a great effect on model
outcome, depending upon the variability of the data. The distributions of Hc used here may not
be entirely representative of the variation that can sometimes be encountered with this constant.
For instance, Mackay (1991) has observed that a great deal of variation occurs with Hc when
hydrophobic chemicals associate with the air-water interface and electrolytes or sorbents affect
solubility in water. These variations are very difficult to characterize in a study unless Hc is
measured under the conditions in question, which is not feasible here. Most chemical flux from
sparged baths comes from the open surface volatilization equation (CEB, 1991), and will cause it
to behave similarly to the unsparged bath equation as seen by results.
Comparison to Point Estimates. The probability distribution of formaldehyde air
concentrations calculated by Monte Carlo analysis were lower than expected from previously
calculated point estimates. The 90th percentile from the frequency distribution is 0.46 mg/m3,
compared to 1.55 mg/m3 calculated as a "high-end" point estimate (in the May, 1996, Exposure
Assessment Draft). These concentrations are indicated on Figure 1 for comparison purposes.
This suggests that the use of current point estimates results in a much more conservative air
concentration than the 90th percentile. The point estimates in the exposure assessment use the
10th percentile air turnover rate, which controls air concentration because of its large variability
shown in the uncertainty analysis.
A Monte Carlo distribution-based air turnover rate was determined using point estimates for all
parameters and setting the air concentration equal to the 90th percentile probability frequency
distribution from Crystal Ball. This was done for several chemicals in sparged and unsparged
baths. This distribution-based air turnover rate was calculated as follows (from 3.3.1 in
Exposure Assessment):
Y.TOT
where:
v Conc-VR-k
Rv = distribution-based air turnover rate (min"1)
Fy,tot = total emissions from all air transport mechanisms (mg/min)
Vr = room volume (m3)
k = dimensionless mixing factor (a default value of 1.0 was used)
Cone = 90th percentile workplace air concentration from Monte Carlo Analysis (mg/m3)
determined using complete distributions for all parameters
This calculated air turnover rate was 0.0283 min"1 for formaldehyde in a sparged bath compared
to the 10th percentile air turnover rate of 0.0083 min"1. To ascertain the dependence of this
distribution-based air turnover rate on chemical and bath type (sparged or unsparged) this
calculation was repeated several times. These calculated (distribution-based) air turnover rates
DRAFT
D-25
-------
APPENDIX D
were:
• 0.0274 min"1 for isophorone in an unsparged bath.
• 0.0277 min"1 for methanol in a sparged bath.
• 0.0240 min'1 for fluoboric acid in an unsparged bath
The maximum difference between these estimated air turnover rates is 15 percent. Because air
concentration estimates become more conservative as air turnover rates decrease, the value of
0.024 min"1 is recommended for estimating air concentrations for all chemicals to best
approximate 90th percentile air concentrations with the available data.
The results of this sensitivity analysis are consistent with those obtained by Fehrenbacher and
Hummel (1996). They suggest default air turnover rates of 14 m3/min for a bounding, or
maximum, estimate of exposure with this equation. The default input value of ventilation rate
for obtaining "what-if", or average estimates is 85 mVmin (this value lies in the central portion of
the range for the parameter). An air turnover rate of 0.024 min"1 corresponds to a ventilation rate
of 26 m3/min, when combined with room volume.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
It is evident that a few parameters are key to modeling chemical flux from PWB tanks. These
key parameters are:
• Air turnover rate;
• Bath temperature;
• Chemical concentration in bath; and
• Henry's Law Constant (He).
The air models' sensitivity to these parameters and their uncertainty provides a means of
isolating them from less important variables. Isolating these variables allows for additional
scrutiny to be placed upon the point estimate assumptions used for them in the volatilization
models.
The air turnover rate assumption contributes most to overall model variance. The chemical bath
concentration and bath temperature also contribute variance to the model, but are less important
than air turnover rate. This statement is fortified by the fact that relatively accurate information
is available on their distributions. HC appears to be least important of the four, but may have
more variability associated with it. The models appear to be largely indifferent to small changes
in most other parameters.
A comparison of point estimates with the 90th percentile from Monte Carlo analysis suggests
that using the 10th percentile value for air turnover rate yields a point estimate that is highly
conservative, and that an increased air turnover estimate of 0.024 min"1 would provide air
concentration results closer to the 90th percentile.
DRAFT
D-26
-------
APPENDIX D
V.
REFERENCES
Decisioneering, Inc., 1993. Crystal Ball Software.
Fehrenbacher, M.C., and A. A. Hummel, 1996. "Evaluation of the Mass Balance Model Used by
the Environmental Protection Agency for Estimating Inhalation Exposure to New
Chemical Substances," American Industrial Hygiene Association, 57:526-536.
Mackay, D., 1991. Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach, Lewis
Publishers, Inc.
McKone, T.E., and K.T. Bogen, 1991. "Predicting the Uncertainties in Risk Assessment: A
California Groundwater Case Study," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 25(10),
1674-1681.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991. Chemical Engineering Branch Manual for the
Preparation of Engineering Assessments, Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA Office of Toxic
Substances, February 28, 1991.
Walpole, R.E., & Myers, R.H., 1993. Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists,
New York: MacMillan Publishing Company.
DRAFT
P-27
-------
APPENDIX D
Figure 1. Forecast Probability Distribution from Monte Carlo Analysis for Sparged
Bath Chemical Workplace Air Concentration in mg/mA3 (Formaldehyde)
Forecast: Sparged Bath Forecast (Formaldehyde)
Cell E8 Frequency Chart 14,700 Trials Shown
.IMo
.034 .
J3 f"3
C3
JO
o
rt -011 -
•
.000 .
^
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90th%-.46mg/mA3 \\ Po£\^
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10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
mg/mA3 (approx.)
0.00
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.18
0.23
0.31
0.46
5.81
After 15,000 Trials, Mean is 0.22 mg/mA3, and Standard Deviation is 0.25
DRAFT
D-28
-------
APPENDIX D
Figure 2. Forecast Probability Distribution from Monte Carlo Analysis for Unsparged
Bath Chemical Workplace Air Concentration in mg/mA3 (Fluoboric Acid)
Cell E7
.048 -
036 -
£
*O n?4 -
«
ja
Jf .012 .
D_
000 -
(forecast: Unsparged Bath Forecast (Fluoboric Acid)
Frequency Chart 14,61 4 Trii
I
.. t
0.00
.
90th % - .18 mg/mA3 J
I I i
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1 Illlll 1 Illllllll llllliillimiiiinii,iii.,i..................... i
als Shown
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- 525
IP
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- 350 J3
ft
=3
. 175 ^
n
r r . ^ -
0.04 0.09 0.13 0.18
mg/mA3
Percentiles:
Percentile
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
mg/mA3 (approx.)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.18
1.66
After 15,000 Trials, Mean is 0.08 mg/mA3, and Standard Deviation is 0.10
DRAFT
D-29
-------
APPENDIX D
Rgure 3. Sensitivity Chart for Sparged Bath Chemical Parameters
Spearman Rank Correlation
Sensitivity Chart
Target Forecast: Sparged Bath Forecast (Formaldehyde)
AIKTURNOVER
ConcontraSon
CTEMP
H*ny«Conc(
0% 25% 50% 75%
Measured by Contribution to Variance
100%
Airtumover = Process Room Air Turnover Rate, minM
Concentration = Chemical Concentration in Process Bath, mg/l
Ctemp = Bath Temperature, degrees C
Henry's const = Henn/s Constant not adjusted for temperature, atm.mA3/mol
DRAFT
D-30
-------
APPENDIX D
Rgure 4. Sensitivity Chart for Unsparged Bath Chemical Parameters
Spearman Rank Correlation
Sensitivity Chart
Target Forecast: Unsparged Bath Forecast (Fluoboric Acid)
AIRTURNOVER
CONG
CTEMP
HUNTEMP
76.1%
17.0%
5.9%
1.0%
0% 25% 50% 75%
Measured by ContriboHon to Variance
100%
Airtumover = Process Room Air Turnover Rate, minM
Cone = Chemical Concentration in Process Bath, mg/l
Ctemp = Bath Temperature, degrees C
Huntemp = Henry's Constant not adjustedfor temperature, atm.mA3/mol
DRAFT
D-31
-------
APPENDIX D
Figure 5. Parameter Assumptions for Sparged Bath Monte Carlo Analysis - PDFs
Parameter: Process Room Volume, m*3
Lognormal dtsbibution with parameters:
Mean value in slmufetion 1,065.00
Standard Dev. •' -" 1.00
Selected range is from 34.00 to 16,990.00
Parameter Process Room Air Turnover Rate, min*-1
Lognormal dtstnlxitton with parameters:
Mean 0.13
Standard Dev. 0.14
Selected range is from 0.00 to 10.13
Parameter: Chemical Concentration in Bath, mg/L
Triangular distribution with parameters:
MkiJmum 1,580.00
Likefiest 3,680.00
Maximum 5,590.00
Selected range fe from 1,580.00 to 5,590.00
Mean vakie in simulation was 3,616.81
Parameter: Henry's Constant, atm*mA3/mol
Normal distribution with parameters:
Mean 2.35E-07
Standard Dev. 2.35E-08
Selected range is from 1.43E-7 to 3.27E-7
Mean value in simulation was 2.35E-7
Parameter: Bath Temperature, degrees Centigrade
Normal distribution with parameters:
Mean 38.56
Standard Dev. 6.17
Selected range is from 20.00 to 58.00
Mean value in simulation was 38.56
nooMVoi.
AIRTURNOVER
Concentration
H««vy*«Co4Mt
CTEMP
DRAFT
D-32
-------
APPENDIX D
Figure 6. Parameter Assumptions for Unsparged Bath Monte Carlo Analysis - PDFs
Parameter Process Room Volume, mA3
Lognormal distribution with parameters:
Mean value in simulation 1,065.00
Standard Dev. t .' 1.00
Selected range is from 34.00 to 16,990.00
Parameter: Process Room Air Turnover Rate, min*-1
Lognormal distribution with parameters:
Mean 0.13
Standard Dev. 0.14
Selected range is from 0.00 to 10.13
Parameter Chemical Concentration in Bath, mg/L
Triangular distribution with parameters:
Minimum 6,000.00
Likeliest 60,000.00
Maximum 114,000.00
Selected range is from -426,000.00 to 546,000.00
Mean value in simulation was 60,001.70
Parameter Henry's Constant, atm*mA3/mol
Normal distribution with parameters:
Mean 9.00E-09
Standard Dev. 9.00E-10
Selected range is from 5.40E-9 to 1.26E-8
Mean value in simulation was 9.00E-9
Parameter Bath Temperature, degrees Centigrade
Normal distribution with parameters:
Mean 28.83
Standard Dev. 7.61
Selected range is from 20.00 to 52.00
Mean value in simulation was 30.56
Parameter Bath Surface Area, mA2
Lognormal distribution with parameters:
Mean 0.496
Standard Dev. 0.001
Selected range tsTfrom 0.154.to 1.300
Mean value in simulation was 0.496
ROOMVOL
ueue WB.OO
AIRTUBNOVER
CONC
HUNTEMP
OTEMP
AREA
DRAFT
D-33
-------
-------
Appendix E
Comprehensive Exposure
Assessment and Risk
Characterization Results
-------
-------
APPENDIX E
E.I Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Non-Conveyorized, Line Operator
Scenario
E.2 Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Non-Conveyorized, Laboratory
Technician Scenario
E.3 Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Non-Conveyorized, Surrounding
Population Scenario
E.4 Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Conveyorized, Line Operator
Scenario
E.5 Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Conveyorized, Laboratory
Technician Scenario
E.6 Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Conveyorized, Surrounding
Population Scenario
E.7 Risk Characterization Results for Carbon, Conveyorized, Line Operator Scenario
E.8 Risk Characterization Results for Carbon, Conveyorized, Laboratory Technician Scenario
E.9 Risk Characterization Results for Carbon, Conveyorized, Surrounding Population
Scenario
E.10 Risk Characterization Results for Conductive Polymer, Conveyorized, Line Operator
Scenario
E. 11 Risk Characterization Results for Conductive Polymer, Conveyorized, Laboratory
Technician Scenario
E.I2 Risk Characterization Results for Conductive Polymer, Conveyorized, Surrounding
Population Scenario
E.I3 Risk Characterization Results for Graphite, Conveyorized, Line Operator Scenario
E.I4 Risk Characterization Results for Graphite, Conveyorized, Laboratory Technician
Scenario
E. 15 Risk Characterization Results for Graphite, Conveyorized, Surrounding Population
Scenario
E. 16 Risk Characterization Results for Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper, Non-
Conveyorized, Line Operator Scenario
DRAFT
E-l
-------
APPENDIX E
E.I7 Risk Characterization Results for Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper, Non-
Conveyorized, Laboratory Technician Scenario
E. 18 Risk Characterization Results for Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper, Non-
Conveyorized, Surrounding Population Scenario
E.19 Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Line Operator
Scenario
E.20 Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Laboratory
Technician Scenario
E.21 Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Surrounding
Population Scenario
E.22 Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Conveyorized, Line Operator
Scenario
E.23 Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Conveyorized, Laboratory
Technician Scenario
E.24 Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Conveyorized, Surrounding
Population Scenario
E.25 Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Line Operator
Scenario
E.26 Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Laboratory
Technician Scenario
E.27 Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Surrounding
Population Scenario
E.28 Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Conveyorized, Line Operator Scenario
E.29 Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Conveyorized, Laboratory Technician
Scenario
E.30 Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Conveyorized, Surrounding Population
Scenario
DRAFT
E-2
-------
APPENDIX E
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APPENDIX E
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DRAFT
E-38
-------
Appendix F
Supplemental Performance
Demonstration Information
-------
-------
APPENDIX F
Appendix F includes:
F. 1 Test panel artwork
F.2 Lamination Specifications for DfE Performance Demonstration Panels
F.3 Process Steps for Manufacturing and Drilling DfE Performance Demonstration Panels
F.4 Design for the Environment Printed Wiring Board Project Performance Demonstration
Workplan
F.5 Process Steps for Electroplating, Etching, HASL, and IR Reflow of DfE Performance
Demonstration
F.6 Specifications for IR Reflow of DfE Performance Demonstration Panels
F.7 IPC-TM-650 Test Methods Manual
F.8 IPC TM 650: Protocol for Thermal Stress Test for Plated Through Holes, Number 2.6.8
DRAFT
F-l
-------
APPENDIX F
F.I Test Panel Artwork
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DRAFT
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F-2
-------
APPENDIX F
F.2 Lamination Specifications for DfE Performance Demonstration Panels
Layer
1
2/3
4/5
6/7
8
Total Thickness
Core
1
2
3
Item Description
Copper Foil 0.5
Prepreg 1080
Standard Core .006
Prepreg 7628
Standard Core .006
Prepreg 7628
Standard Core .006
Prepreg 1080
Copper Foil 0.5
Copper oz
1/1
1/1
1/1
Material Thickness
0.0007
0.0026
0.0060
0.0066
0.0060
0.0066
0.0060
0.0026
0.0007
0.0562
QtyPer.
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
Board Type: 8 layer multilayer
Board Technology: Through-hole
Board Dimensions: 15.587" x 20.758"
Material Grade:
Panel Size:
Line Width:
Spacing:
Overall Calculated
Press Thickness:
FR-4
18"x24"
0.0200
0.0140
0.062 +/- 0.009
F-3
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX F
R3 Process Steps for Manufacturing and Drilling Df£ Performance Demonstration Panels
1. Clean
2. Laminate dry film
3. Over layers
4. Image
5. Develop
6. Etch/Strip
7. Optical inspect
8. Mechanical inspect
9. Black oxide
10. Converter
11. Bake @250 ° C for one hour
12. Lay-up/press
13. Drill
14. Final inspection
15. Put panels in bags with desiccant
16. Ship panels to individual MHC test sites
DRAFT
F-4
-------
APPENDIX F
F.4 Design for the Environment Printed Wiring Board Project Performance
Demonstration Methodology
Note: This workplan provides the general protocol for the Design for the Environment (DfE)
Printed Wiring Board (PWB) Project Performance Demonstration, which will generate
information for the PWB Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment (CTSA) on the "making
holes conductive" step of the PWB manufacturing process. The workplan is based on input from
representatives of the PWB industry, industry suppliers, EPA, the University of Tennessee
Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies, and other stakeholders of the DfE PWB
Project. There may be slight modifications to the workplan as preparations for the performance
demonstration progress.
I.
OVERVIEW
A. Goals
The overall goal of this performance demonstration is to obtain specific information about
alternative technologies that effectively make holes conductive. Specifically, the goals are the
following: 1) to encourage PWB manufacturers to experiment with new products and
workpractices that may reduce environmental and human health risk and result in pollution
prevention; 2) to standardize existing information about commonly used technologies; and 3) to
gain information about technologies not in widespread use, emerging technologies, or
technologies that may be applicable to making holes conductive.
B. General Performance Demonstration Plan
The general plan for the performance demonstration is to collect information about alternative
technologies at sites where the technologies are already being used. These sites may be customer
production facilities, customer testing facilities (beta sites), or supplier testing facilities, in that
order of preference. The test vehicle will be a standardized 8-layer multilayer board that has
been used by industry to evaluate accelerated board testing methods. Every attempt will be made
to limit the variability associated with the boards that is not due to differences in the technologies
being tested. The boards will be produced specifically for this performance demonstration.
Information will be collected from each demonstration site during the testing.
C. Characteristics of Alternative Technologies to be Reported from Performance
Testing
1. Product cost: Cost per square foot of panel processed. This number will be based on
information provided by product suppliers, such as purchase price, recommended bath
life and treatment/disposal methods, and estimated chemical and equipment costs per
square foot panel per day. "Real world" information from PWB manufacturers, such as
actual dumping frequencies, treatment/disposal methods, and chemical and equipment
costs will be included. The product cost may differ for different shop throughput
categories.
DRAFT
F-5
-------
APPENDIX F
Product constraints: Types of board shop processes with which the product is
compatible. This information will be submitted by the manufacturers and may also be
identified as a result of the performance testing.
Special storage, safety and disposal requirements: Flammability or volatility of the
product, VOCs, TTOs, HAPS, Prop. 65 chemicals. This information will be requested
from the manufacturers and will vary according to the chemicals comprising the products.
Manufacturers will provide recommendations on disposal or treatment of wastes
associated with the use of then: products. The storage and disposal costs will be a factor
in determining the adjusted cost of the product.
Ease of use: Physical effort required to effectively use the product line, convenience.
This is a subjective, qualitative measurement based on the judgment of the product user.
Specific questions such as the following will be asked: How many hours of training are
required to use this product? What process parameters are needed to ensure good
performance? What are the ranges of those parameters and is there much flexibility in the
process steps?
Duration of production cycle: The measured time of the "making holes conductive"
process, number of operators. This information will be used to measure the labor costs
associated with the use of the products. Labor costs will be based on the time required
for making holes conductive with the specific products and at a standard worker wage.
The product cycle has been defined as the desmear step through a flash up to 0.1 mil
(includes desmear and flash).
Effectiveness of technology, product quality: These characteristics will be assessed based
on performance standard measurements such as aspect ratio plated, solder float test,
thermal cycling, yield, and CpK (process capability).
7.
8.
Energy and natural resource data: This information will be used to measure energy
consumption and the variability of energy consumption for the use of different
technologies. Measurements of duty and load, for example, will be collected. The
information will also address materials use rates and how the rates vary with alternative
processes.
Exposure data: These data will be used to characterize exposures associated with
technologies not in widespread use. Exposure information for more commonly used
technologies will be collected in the Workplace Practices Survey, conducted separately
from this study.
DRAFT
F-6
-------
^ APPENDIX F
II. PERFORMANCE DEMONSTRATION PROTOCOL
A. Technologies to be Tested
1. Electroless copper
2. Carbon
3. Graphite
4. Palladium
5. Non-formaldehyde electroless
6. Conductive polymer
7. Conductive ink
B. Step One: Identification of Suppliers and Test Sites/Facilities
Workgroup members will identify any additional suppliers of the above product lines and
participate actively in soliciting supplier participation in the performance demonstration. Any
supplier that wishes to participate will be eligible to submit their technology, provided that they
agree to comply with the testing protocol and submit the requested information.
Suppliers will identify sites that are using their product lines/technologies to make holes
conductive according to the priority sites listed below.
First preference for testing sites: customer production facilities
Second preference for testing sites: beta sites - customer testing facilities
Third preference for testing sites: supplier testing facilities
Every vendor is guaranteed testing at one site; a submission of a second site will be subject to the
review of the performance demonstration workgroup. The workgroup will decide how many
submissions are feasible based on time and resource constraints. If a supplier has more than one
substantially different product line, it may submit names of test facilities for each of the product
lines.
C. Step Two: Test Vehicle Production and Characteristics
In order to minimize the variables associated with panel production, one manufacturer will
produce all of the panels. The time and materials to produce the panels will be donated to the
project by industry members. The manufacturer will produce enough 18" x 24" 8-layer
multilayer panels to send three panels to each test facility. The artwork and detailed
characteristics for the panels are being developed separately in IPC's electroless/electrolytic
plating subcommittee. Detailed construction information, when available, will be attached to the
performance demonstration workplan. The panels will have the following characteristics:
Material: FR 4 Fiberglass Resin
Laminate thickness: .062 inches
Hole sizes: multiple holes of sizes .013, .018, and .036 inches
DRAFT
F-7
-------
APPENDIX F
The boards will be manufactured at a single shop, stopping before the desmear step. Three
panels will be shipped to each test facility to be run through the making holes conductive line,
which begins with the desmear step.
D. Step Three: Making Holes Conductive
The panels, once distributed to testing facilities, will be run through the making holes conductive
(MHC) process line in operation at the facility. The usual process operator will operate the line
in order to minimize error due to unfamiliarity with the technology. The panels will all be
processed in the same production run. In order to ensure compatibility with desmear processes,
the panels will be desmeared and run through the MHC line at the individual facilities.
Panels that are manufactured with the pattern plate process will be treated slightly differently
than panels manufactured with the panel plate process. Panels manufactured with the pattern
plate process will first go through the MHC line. Dry film will be applied, and the panels will be
developed to remove all resist. The panels will then be flash plated up to 0.1 mil.
Panels that are panel plated will first go through the MHC line, and then be directly flash plated
up to 0.1 mil. This process was designed to ensure that resist residues don't interfere with the
through-hole plating process. (Note: the process was not meant to test the adhesion of the resist
to the panel or to test resist compatibility with different processes.)
After the holes have been flashed to 0.1 mil of electroplated copper, the individual test facilities
will ship all of the panels to a single plating facility, where the panels will be electroplated. This
procedure will minimize variability due to variation hi electroplating techniques.
E. Step Four: Information Collection at Demonstration Facilities
An independent observer will be present when the panels are run through MHC product lines at
demonstration facilities. The observer will record information on an Observer Data Collection
Sheet during the test. The information requested on this data collection sheet will be discussed
with the operator prior to the test.
F. Step Five: Electroplating and Testing of the Boards
After the panels have been completed (holes made conductive and flashed up to 0.1 mil) at the
different testing sites, they will be collected at one facility, where they will be electroplated to a
thickness of 1 mil. Once finished, the boards will be electrically tested using Interconnect Stress
Test (1ST) methodology. In addition, they will be microsectioned, and tests such as solder shock
and thermal cycling will be conducted.
DRAFT
F-8
-------
APPENDIX F
III. PERFORMANCE DEMONSTRATION PARTICIPANT REQUIREMENTS
A. From the Facilities/Process Operators:
1. Facility will make their process line/process operators available to run three panels in the
designated performance demonstration time frame.
2. The process operator will meet with the independent observer briefly before running the
first panel through the line to familiarize him/her with the unique aspects of the line. The
process operator will be available to assist the independent observer in collecting
information about the line when the panels are run through it.
B. From the Vendors/Suppliers of the Process Line Alternatives:
1. Vendors will identify demonstration sites.
2. Vendors will submit product data sheets, on which they will provide information on
product constraints, recommended disposal/ treatment, product formulations, etc. The
requested information will be agreed upon prior to testing.
DRAFT
F-9
-------
APPENDIX F
F,5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Process Steps for Electroplating, Etching, HASL, and IR Reflow of DfE
Performance Demonstration Panels
Drill to create tooling holes
Apply plating resist (organic photopolymer) - image and develop
Electroplate copper
Apply etch resist (tin)
Strip plating resist
Etch
Strip etch resist
Solder mask - image and develop
Hot air solder leveling (HASL)
Rout out AT&T B coupons, place in numbered bags
Send AT&T B coupons to Robisan Laboratory Inc.
Send panels to simulated assembly process (IR Reflow)
IR Reflow
Package and ship panels to DEC Canada for electrical testing
DRAFT
F-10
-------
APPENDIX F
F.6 Specifications for IR Reflow of DfE Performance Demonstration Panels
The panels containing only 1ST coupons were processed through a surface mount technology
(SMT) oven with the following specifications:
Oven Model
Oven Profile
(top and bottom)
Processing Speed
Panel Orientation
Panel Spacing
Oven Passes
Oven Carrying Support
Cooling Between Passes
BTU VIP98 Unit
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 5
Zone 6;
Zone 7:
= 200C
= 180C
:170C
:180C
:190C
'240C
'240C
30 inches/minute
#1 edge up and leading; shorter (18") edge leading
24 inches or 48 seconds
Two - first 12/29/95 1540 to 1745
second 12/30/95 0801 to 1015
Wire conveyor
Horizontally in metal rack, room temperature
*Note: Only 1ST coupons were processed through IR Reflow
F-ll
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX F
F.7 IPC-TM-650 Test Methods Manual
The Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits
2215 Sanders Road NorthbrookIL 60062-6135
IPC-TM-650
Test Methods Manual
1.0 Scope This test measures increases in resistance of plated-through hole barrels and inner layer connections as
holes are subjected to thermal cycling. Thermal cycling is produced by the application of a current through a
specific coupon configuration. In this technique, a chain of plated-through copper barrels and inner layer
interconnects are resistance heated by passing DC current through the post interconnect for 3 minutes to bring the
temperature of the copper to a designated temperature (slightly above the Tg of the laminate in the sample).
Switching the current on and off creates thermal cycles between room temperature and the designated temperature
within the sample. This thermal cycling induces cyclic fatigue strain in the plated-through hole barrels and inner
layer interconnects and precipitates any infant mortality or latent defects.
The number of cycles achieved permits a quantitative assessment of the performance of the entire interconnect.
Correlation has been achieved between 1ST, Thermal Ovens, Liquid to Liquid Thermal Shock and Thermal Stress
(Solder Float) Testing.
Detailed information regarding the test is found in the NOTES 6.0 section.
2.0 Applicable Documents
2.1 IPC-TM-650, Method 2.1.1
2.2 IPC-TM-650, Method 2.1.1.2
3.0 Test Specimens Daisy chain test coupon. For artwork, see Appendix 1. See note 6.1, "Test Coupon."
4.0 Apparatus or Material
4.1 Interconnect Stress Test System
4.2 Two (2) Four pin, 2.54 mm (0.1 inch) pitch male connectors (MOLEX 2241-4042 or equivalent)
4.3 Sn60Pb40 or Sn63Pb37 Solder
Numb«-2l6.X
Subject
Interconnect Stress Technology (1ST)
Date
6m
Revision
Proposal
Originating Committee: Test Methods Subcommittee (7-11 )
DRAFT
F-12
-------
APPENDIX F
4.4 Solder Flux
4.5 Soldering Iron
4.6 Multimeter - optional
4.7 Microsectioning equipment - optional
5.0 Procedure
5.1 Sample preparation
5.1.1 Solder two 4 pin male connectors to 0.040 inch holes at left and right edges of side 1.
5.1.2 Allow coupons to come to room temperature (minimum 10 minutes), prior to installation onto 1ST system.
5.2 1ST Procedure
5.2.1 Position coupons at each test head by attaching male to female connectors.
5.2.2 Provide system software with specific test conditions. The available ranges and standard conditions are as
follows:
Conditions
No. of samples
Test Temp
Max. Res. Chng
Max No. Cycles
Data Coll. Freq.
Cooling Ratio
Table Selection
1ST Range
1-6
50°C to 250°C
(122°F to 422°F)
1-100%
1-1000
1-100 cycles
0.5-2X heat time
system/custom
Standard
6
150°C(GF)
(302°F)
10%
250 (1 day)
10 cycles
1:1
system
5.2.3 Enter a file name and begin test. The 1ST system continuously monitors the coupons and records the relative
changes in resistance of both the barrel and the inner layer connections. Data is compiled to create graphs of each
coupon's performance throughout 1ST stress testing.
5.3 Microsection Evaluation - Optional If detailed failure analysis is desired to determine exact location of
separations and/or cracks, microsection of failed coupons shall be performed in accordance with IPC-TM-650,
Method 2.1.1 or 2.1.1.2.
6.0 Notes
6.1 Test Coupon. Certain design rules must be applied to achieve thermal uniformity. Electronic design files for
coupon construction are available from the IPC office. The coupon resistance should measure between 150
milliohrns and 1.5 ohms when measured at room temperature. Two resistance values (voltage drops) for each
coupon are monitored independently, using a four wire measurement technique.
The test coupons are incorporated as part of each panel produced to monitor production or can be step and repeated
over a single panel and used to develop processes or process change.
F-13
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX F
6,2 Instrument Details.
6.2.1 Overview of General Steps of Procedure.
6.2.1.1 Data Entry. Identify and enter the specific test conditions.
6.2.1.2 Pre-cycling. The application of a trial DC current to each coupon, that elevates the individual coupons to a
predetermined resistance level, relative to the specific resistance (temperature) required for stress testing.
Compensations are applied by the equipment until all coupons achieve their independent resistance in 3 minutes + 3
seconds.
6.2.1.3 Stress Cycle. The conditions achieved during the pre-cycling stage are repeated continuously (both heating
and cooling) until the coupon exceeds one of the rejection criteria or the maximum numbers of cycles has been
reached.
6.2.1.4 Graphing. Graphs are automatically generated that depict the performance of all or each coupon under
test. Test data can be inputted into various spreadsheet formats for further statistical analysis.
6.2.1.5 Failure Analysis - Optional. Failure site is identified using a multimeter or thermographic system and
subsequently microsectioned.
6.2.2 Test Sequence. A description of the equipment sequence is as follows. The sequence described is for an
individual coupon, although all installed coupons are processed simultaneously.
6.2.2.1 The auto ranging multimeter measures and displays (on PC monitor) the ambient resistance (voltage drop)
of the coupon's inner layer interconnect circuit.
6.2.2.2 The system software calculates and displays the required "target" resistance (temperature). The available
stress testing range is from 50°C - 250°C (122°F - 422°F). The equation used to calculate the target resistance is as
follows:
Target Resistance = ([TCRI
X Th]+ R™)/!.!
where:
TCRI « Thermal coefficient of resistance for the Interconnect
Rm « Resistance of coupon at room temp (25C)
Th - Specified temperature to be achieved.
6.2.2.3 The system selects and displays a DC current associated to the measured ambient resistance, derived from
an internal software library.
NOTE: Additional equations/algorithms used by 1ST that establish the initial current selection for pre-cycling,
relative to the relationship of coupon interconnect resistance TCRI, coupon construction and stress test temperature
to be achieved are considered proprietary at this time.
6.2.2.4 The rejection resistance is calculated and displayed. This is adjustable from 1 - 100% increase. If 10% is
selected, 10% of the target resistance is calculated and added to the original resistance to establish the rejection
criteria.
6.2.2.5 Pre-cycling is initiated by the application of the selected current to the coupon, the computer monitors and
records the coupon's performance throughout this first cycle. If at the end of the 1st pre-cycle, the coupon achieves
the specified resistance level in 3 minutes ± 3 seconds, it will be accepted for subsequent stress testing. If the
resistance level was not achieved in this time frame, the coupon will automatically be pre-cycled again with a
revised/compensated current.
DRAFT
F-14
-------
APPENDIXF
6.2.2.6 Forced air cooling is commenced after each pre-cycle to cool the coupons. (Requires 3.5 minutes)
6.2.2.7 The 1ST system software will automatically compensate for the difference between what actual resistance
was achieved and the target resistance. The system will re-test using revised conditions until all coupons are
accepted for stress testing.
NOTE: The equations/algorithms used by 1ST to compensate the DC current is considered proprietary at this tune.
6.2.2.8 The system automatically records and saves all information regarding conditions for subsequent stress
testing.
6.2.2.9 The stress test is initiated by re-applying the same DC current level established for each individual coupon
during the pre-cycle operation. Three minutes of heating is followed by two to three minutes of cooling. Cooling
time is a function of overall thickness and construction of the coupon.
6.2.2.10 Individual coupons are continually recycled using their customized heating and cooling conditions (before
failure initiates), until one of the rejection criteria is achieved or the maximum number of cycles is completed.
6.2.2.11 The coupon's resistance "delta" (variance from initial calculated resistance) increases (positively) as
failure inception occurs. The rate of change in the delta is indicative of the mechanical change (failure) within the
interconnects.
6.2.2.12 When each coupon delta reaches the maximum resistance rejection criteria, 1ST stress testing is stopped.
The rejection criteria prevents thermal runaway (burnout) plus allows for early intervention for failure analysis to be
completed effectively.
6.2.2.13 The 1ST system continuously monitors the two independent circuits of each coupon, recording multiple
points of each cycle until the coupon exceeds one of the rejection criteria. The data is compiled to create graphs of
each or all coupon's performance throughout 1ST stress testing. The following are typical graphs generated by good
and bad coupons.
NOTE: The axis are not the same in all three graphs.
This figure shows a plated through hole barrel which begins to fail at 200 cycles while the post remains intact.
DRAFT
F-15
-------
APPENDIX F
t HI I MIAMI M«KAftAIIQ*
HHMtllEOMMI T
This figure shows a post that shows an increase in resistance beginning around 70 cycles while the barrel doesn't
completely fail until around 250 cycles.
This figure shows an increase in post resistance at the initial cycle.
6.2.2.14 If rejections are noted, the holes exhibiting the defect can be identified by using a multimeter or
thermographic system. These sites can be microsectioned to determine exact location of separations or cracks.
DRAFT
F-16
-------
APPENDIX F
F.8 IPC TM 650: Protocol for Thermal Stress Test for Plated-Through Holes, Number
2.6.8
1. Scope
To standardize the thermal stressing methodology for subsequent evaluation of the copper
plating in through holes after exposure to high temperature solder float. The test may be
performed on plated-through holes after any stage of plating (e.g., copper, nickel, gold,
tin).
2. Applicable Documents
Federal specifications QQ-S-571 and MIL-F-14256, and IPC-TM-650. Test Method
2.1.1.
3. Test Specimen
3.1 Specimen shall be removed from the panel by sawing or equivalent method, 1/4" from the
edge of terminal pad area of through holes to be tested.
3.2 Specimens shall be sawed from a printed wiring board or test coupon in such a manner
that at least three of the smallest size plated-through holes can be viewed in the finished
microsection.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Circulating Air Chamber. Capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 13 5 ° C
(275°F)tol49°C(300°F).
4.2 Solder Pot. Electrically heated, thermostatically controlled of sufficient size containing at
least 2 pounds of SN63 percent solder conforming to the contaminant level specified hi
Table II of IPC-S-615.
4.3 Thermocouple indicator. Or other devices to measure the solder temperature 3/4" +/-
1/4" below the surface.
4.4 Desiccator
4.5 Microscope. Range (100x/400x)
4.6 Stop Watch
4.7 Water White Rosin Flux. Type R per MIL-F-14256 or flux agreed upon between
customer and vendor.
DRAFT
F-17
-------
APPENDIX F
5. Procedure
5.1 Specimens shall be conditioned by drying in an oven for a minimum of 4 hours at 13 5 ° C
(275° F) to 149°C (SOOT) and cooled to room temperature in a desiccator.
5.2 Remove the specimens from the desiccator using tongs. Flux coat the surface and plated-
through holes to ensure solder slugging.
5.3 Remove the dross from the solder pot surface and lay the specimen on the solder
maintained at 288° C (550° F) +1-5° C (+1-9° F) for 10 seconds +1. -0 seconds. (The
specimens are not to be held against the surface of the molten solder.)
5.4 Using tongs, carefully remove the specimen from the solder and allow to cool to room
temperature.
Caution: Do not shock specimens while the solder in the plated-through hole is still liquid.
5.5 Microsection as defined in Test Method 2.1.1 of IPC-TM-650 and examine plated-
through holes for degradation of the plated metal or the foil.
DRAFT
F-18
-------
Appendix G
Supplemental Cost Analysis
Information
-------
-------
APPENDIX G
G. 1 Graphic Representations of Cost Simulation Models for MHC Alternatives
G.2 Bath Replacement Criteria for MHC Alternatives
G.3 Bills of Activities for the MHC Process
G.4 Simulation Model Outputs for MHC Alternatives
G.5 Chemical Costs by Bath for Individual MHC Processes
Total Materials Cost by MHC Alternative
G.6 Sensitivity Analyses
DRAFT
G-l
-------
APPENDIX G
G.I Graphic Representations of Cost Simulation Models for MHC Alternatives
DRAFT
G-2
-------
APPENDIX G
a
o
II
t
2
0H
a,
a
II
G-3
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX G
DRAFT
G-4
-------
APPENDIX G
DRAFT
G-5
-------
APPENDIX G
DRAFT
G-6
-------
APPENDIX G
DRAFT
G-7
-------
APPENDIX G
1
II
t
I
I
5
I
I
I
!§
II
J«
till
.y
n
Ilu
•1
la
ly
3
II
DRAFT
G-8
-------
APPENDIX G
DRAFT
G-9
-------
APPENDIX G
DRAFT
G-10
-------
APPENDIX G
I
g
o
I
tn
3
a
i
DRAFT
G-ll
-------
APPENDIX G
s
DRAFT
G-12
-------
APPENDIX G
G.2 Bath Replacement Criteria for MHC Alternatives
DRAFT
G-13
-------
APPENDIX G
Electroless Copper - Non-Conveyorized (Baseline)
Electroless Copper - Conveyorized
Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper - Non-ConveyorizedA
Process Step
Cleaner/Conditioner
Micro-Etch
Predip
Catalyst
Post Dip/Acid Dip
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Anti-Tarnish
Bath Replacement Frequencies (ssfgal) *
' 'f «/»
Process
tft
Cone.
Cone.
Cone.
300
ND
360
360
200
Process
fa |
228
ND
228
Cone.
ND
160
Cone.
ND
Process
#$
500
250
Cone.
500
1,000
2,500 *
500
250
Process1
I #4 :
300
ND
400
6 mos
ND
250
ND
ND
Process
#5
1,000
Cone.
1,000
Cone.
350
350
Cone.
500
1 Average^ '"
! F:r0<3»08<:|f Of
Replacement2
510
250
540
I/year
675
280
430
325
Frequency of Replacement
CosrtSi^atatloft &$»&*
C&YtVti^riibdl
(Panels)
5,920
2,858
4,822
I/year
9,523
4,000
14,206
2,264
IStoa-
C0»v*yoifi^
{{tacks) '
396
194
418
I/year
523
217
334
252
ND^NoData
NA m Not Applicable
Cone. « Replacement data given in concentration (e.g, g/L Cu) so not usable in this analysis.
* - data point considered outlier and thus not included in calculation of average.
A Incomplete bath replacement data submitted for non-formaldehyde copper process. Therefore, the process was
assumed to be similar to electroless copper for the purposes of bath replacement.
1 Bath replacement frequency data for MHC product lines reported on product data sheets provided by chemical
supplier of each individual process.
2 Reported value was calculated by excluding any outlying values and then averaging remaining bath replacement
data for each bath.
3 To calculate panels per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by bath size in gallons and
divide by 5.6 ssf/panel.
To calculate racks per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by 75 gallons (average bath
size) and divide by 96.8 ssf/rack.
DRAFT
G-14
-------
APPENDIX G
Carbon - Conveyorized
Process^' Step
Cleaner
Carbon Black
Conditioner
Carbon Black
Micro-Etch
Bath Replacement Frequencies (ssf/gal) \
Process
#1
300
I/year
300
I/year
ND
Process
,M3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Process
#3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Process
«
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Process
#3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Average
Ir«9tt&M^$$
Replacement *
300
I/year
300
I/year
250**
frequency of Beplae«KieBt
C&& Siw«l8tlm J»|»at$s
Co»v*f0y|^4
(Kaa«Js>
2,340
I/year
2,961
I/year
2,855
No»-
e$&Yep*!r&
-------
APPENDIX G
Conductive Polymer - Conveyorized
Process Step
Micro-Etch
Cleaner/Conditioner
Cleaner/Conditioner
Catalyst
Conductive Polymer
Micro-Etch
; ig&tf) itepas^
Pirscess
i #1
ND
408
408
4,880
1,935
ND
Ff8 ;;
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Process
s §4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Process i
#s i
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Average
Frequency of
EeptofcSWtettl^
250**
410
410
4,880
1,940
250**
iteqB08tj^fK0pto*«)
-------
APPENDIX G
Organic Palladium - Conveyorized
Organic Palladium - Non-Conveyorized
i fteoiHjss
#2
#3
#4
#5
Average
JFmpwatcy of
Cost Simulation Inputs3
leaner
200
NA
NA
NA
NA
200
1,560
155
Micro-Etch
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
250**
2,855
194
Conditioner
244
NA
NA
NA
NA
240
2,411
189
Predip
I/week
NA
NA
NA
NA
I/week
I/week
NA
Conductor
2,038
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,040
39,007
1,580
Post Dip
244
NA
NA
NA
NA
240
1,950
189
Acid Dip
200
NA
NA
NA
NA
200
2,801
155
ND = No Data
NA = Not Applicable
Cone. = Replacement data given in concentration (e.g, g/L Cu) so not usable in this analysis.
** - Due to lack of replacement data, the frequency of replacement of the micro-etch bath was assumed to be the
same as for electroless copper.
1 Bath replacement frequency data for MHC product lines reported on product data sheets provided by chemical
supplier of each individual process.
2 Reported value was calculated by excluding any outlying values and then averaging remaining bath replacement
data for each bath.
3 To calculate panels per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by bath size in gallons and
divide by 5.6 ssf/panel.
To calculate racks per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by 75 gallons (average bath
size) and divide by 96.8 ssf/rack.
DRAFT
G-17
-------
APPENDIX G
Graphite - Conveyorized
Process Step
#1
#2
£4
Frequency of
Ce»t Simulation Jnpafe5
Noa-
Cleaner/Conditioner
200
750
NA
NA
NA
475
5,443
NA
Graphite
Cone.
3,000
NA
NA
NA
3,000
19,415
NA
Micro-Etch
Cone.
ND
NA
NA
NA
250**
2,855
NA
ND = No Data
NA « Not Applicable
Cone. = Replacement data given in concentration (e.g, g/L Cu) so not usable in this analysis.
** - Due to lack of replacement data, the frequency of replacement of the micro-etch bath was assumed to be the
same as for electroless copper.
1 Bath replacement frequency data for MHC product lines reported on product data sheets provided by chemical
supplier of each individual process.
2 Reported value was calculated by excluding any outlying values and then averaging remaining bath replacement
data for each bath.
3 To calculate panels per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by bath size in gallons and
divide by 5.6 ssf/panel.
DRAFT
G-18
-------
APPENDIX G
Tin-Palladium - Conveyorized
Tin-Palladium - Non-Conveyorized
Freeess Step
Cleaner/Conditioner
Micro-Etch
Predip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Acid Dip
Bath Replacement Fretjaejaefes^ssfegaJ) *
Process
#1
350
Cone.
400
3,000
500
500
Process
#2
1,000
Cone.
4,000*
Cone.
1,000
ND
Process
$$
500
250
500
2,500
500
1,000
Process
#4
2 weeks
Cone.
Cone.
1,000
400
210
Process
f$
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Average
FreqtBSft«y<»£
Replacement 1
610
250**
450
I/year
600
570
"Frequency of Replacement ;
^ Oa$tSlmie(h^E.ltef tt^ \
c«ft«^^ea
(Panels)
6,879
2,855
3,972
I/year
8,457
7,961
NOR- i
Cftw%yfft$»&
(Racks)
465
194
349
I/year
465
442
ND = No Data
NA = Not Applicable
Cone. = Replacement data given in concentration (e.g, g/L Cu) so not usable in this analysis.
** - Due to lack of replacement data, the frequency of replacement of the micro-etch bath was assumed to be the
same as for electroless copper.
1 Bath replacement frequency data for MHC product lines reported on product data sheets provided by chemical
supplier of each individual process.
2 Reported value was calculated by excluding any outlying values and then averaging remaining bath replacement
data for each bath.
3 To calculate panels per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by bath size in gallons and
divide by 5.6 ssf/panel.
To calculate racks per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by 75 gallons (average bath
size) and divide by 96.8 ssf/rack.
DRAFT
G-19
-------
APPENDIX G
G.3 Bills of Activities for the MHC Process
DRAFT
G-20
-------
APPENDIX G
Activities Associated with the Bath Setup
Activity Dmriptaa*
Wear masks, goggles, rubber gloves, and suitable clothing
Go to storage area
Locate protective equipment
Put on protective equipment
Return to tank
Put in base liquid (usually water)
Open water valve
Wait for measured amount
Close water valve
Document water amount/level
Mix the bath solution
Open the chemical containers
Add the chemicals to the bath
Turn on the agitator
Wait for mixing
Turn off the agitator
Titrate sample
Document
Repeat as necessary
Flush containers
Turn on water valve
Spray containers
Turn off water valve
Place empty container in storage area
Take container to storage
Documentation
Return to tank
Total =
OmtDrtwr
$/bath setup
labor
labor
labor
protective equipment
labor
S/bath setup
labor
labor
labor
labor
$/bath setup
labor
labor
labor
labor
labor
labor
labor
labor
S/bath setup
labor
labor
labor
S/bath setup
labor
labor
labor
$per testing
• Cott/Attfvtf?
$2.50
$2.60
$5.00
$3.00
$2.00
$15.10
DRAFT
G-21
-------
APPENDIX G
Activities Associated with the Tank Cleanup
'• :; Activity Descriptitm
Jinse with water
Obtain spray/rinse equipment
Turn water on
Spray equipment
Turn water off
Obtain scrubbing and cleaning tools
Go to storage area
Find necessary tools
Return to tank
Hand scrub tank
Put on gloves, choose tool
Scrub tank
Return cleaning tools
Go to the storage area
Place tools in correct place
Return to tank
Spray according to schedule
Wait for time to elapse before spraying
Obtain spray equipment
Turn spray on
Spray all cleaning solution from tank
Turn spray off
Operator opens control valve
Find correct control valve
Open valve
Water goes to treatment facility
Wait for water to drain
Operator closes control valve
Locate correct control valve
Close valve
Total =
Cost driver
S/cleanup
labor
labor
labor
labor
$/c!eanup
labor
labor
labor
$/cleanup
labor
labor
cleaning supplies
$/cleanup
labor
labor
labor
S/cleanup
labor
labor
labor
labor
labor
S/cleanup
labor
labor
S/cleanup
labor
S/cleanup
labor
labor
$per testing
cost/AetMty
$25.00
$1.00
$30.00
$1.25
$5.00
$1.00
$2.75
$1.00
$67.00
DRAFT
G-22
-------
APPENDIX G
Activities Associated with Sampling and Testing
Get sample
$/testing
$1.35
Go to the line
labor
Titrate small sample into flask
labor
materials
Transfer to lab
labor
Test sample
$/testing
$1.35
Request testing chemicals
labor
Document request
labor
Locate chemicals
labor
Add chemicals to sample
labor
materials
Mix
labor
Document the results
labor
Return testing chemicals
labor
Relay information to line operator
$/testing
$1.00
Return to line
labor
Inform operator of results
labor
Document
labor
Total =
$per testing
$3.70
DRAFT
G-23
-------
APPENDIX G
Activities Associated with Filter Replacement
: •ii&ti&vtoy Description
Check old filter
Pull canister from process
Inspect filter
Decide if replacement is necessary
Get new filer
Go to storage area
Locate new filters
Fill out paper work
Return to tank
Change filter
Pull old filter from canister
Replace with new filter
Replace canister
Fill out paper work
Dispose of old filter
Take old filter to disposal bin/area
Dispose of filter
Return to tank
Fill out paper work
Total =
Cost Driver
$/replacement
labor
labor
labor
{/replacement
labor
labor
labor
labor
{/replacement
labor
labor
filter
labor
labor
$/replacement
labor
labor
labor
labor
Sper replacement
Cost/AetMty
$1.50
$1.75
$12.25
$2.00
$17.50
DRAFT
G-24
-------
APPENDIX C
G.4 Simulation Model Outputs for MHC Alternatives
DRAFT
G-25
-------
APPENDIX G
SIMAN V - License #8810427
Systems Modeling Corporation
Summary for Replication 1 of 1
Project: VERTICAL GENERIC ELECTRO
Analyst: CHAD TONEY
Run execution date : 6/10/1997
Model revision date: 7/10/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
: 163453.0
TALLY VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum Maximum Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
45.201
49.271
80.408
.81575
9.8667E-04
.69205
34.000
49.116
.00000
306.00
49.333
271.97
3615
3616
422
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Identifier
CARRIER Active
CARRIER Busy
# in ACCELERATOR Q
# in ACID DIP Q
# in CATALYST Q
# in CLEAN Q
S in ELECTROLESS Q
# in MICROETCH Q
# in PREDIP Q
# in RINSE1 Q
# in RINSE2 Q
# in RINSE3 Q
.# in RINSE4 Q
# in RINSES Q
# in RINSE6 Q
# in RINSE7 Q
# in STARTING Q
# in TARNISH Q
# in CLEAN1 Q
# in MICROETCH1 Q
# in PREDIP1 Q
# in CATALYST1 Q
# in ACCELERATORl Q
§ in ELECTROLESS1 Q
# in ACID DIP1 Q
# in TARNISH1 Q
Average
15.000
.01106
.00148
.00147
.00148
8.3941E-04
.00192
.00148
.00148
.00148
.00148
. 00148
.00148
.00147
.00147
.00147
.00000
.00147
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
Identifier
Variation
.00000
9.4553
26.015
26.019
26.015
34.500
22.819
26.015
26.015
26.015
26.015
26.015
25.999
26.019
26.019
26.019
--
26.019
--
--
--
--
--
—
--
--
COUNTERS •
Minimum
15.000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
Count
Maximum
15.000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
Limit
Final Value
15.000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
PARTS DONE
3616 Infinite
FREQUENCIES
DRAFT
G-26
-------
APPENDIX G
Identifier
STATE (CLEAN1_R)
STATE (MICROETCH1_R)
STATE (PREDIP1_R)
STATE (CATALYST1_R)
STATE (ACGELERATOR1_R)
STATE (ELECTROLESS1_R)
STATE (ACID DIP1_R)
STATE (TARNISH1_R)
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
CATAL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACCEL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ELECT BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH
BUSY
IDLE
TARN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
- -Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
9
400
403
18
400
405
8
4.Q.O
402
1
400
401
16
400
405
10
400
401
6
400
401
13
400
404
138'. 22
92.965
310.23
145.66
94.395
303.88
124.50
95.790
308.80
230.00
95.485
311.79
129.75
97.560
302.10
113.60
98.875
306.15
146.00
99.445
306.23
119.53
101.42
300.31
Standard
Percent
0.76
22.75
76.49
1.60
23.10
75.30
0.61
23.44
75.95
0.14
23.37
76.49
1.27
23.87
74.86
0.70
24.20
75.11
0.54
24.34
75.13
0.95
24.82
74.23
Restricted
Percent
0.76
22.75
76.49
1.60
23.10
75.30
0.61
23.44
75.95
0.14
23.37
76.49
1.27
23.87
74.86
0.70
24.20
75.11
0.54
24.34
75.13
0.95
24.82
74.23
Execution time: 75.62 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
G-27
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX G
SIMAN V - License #8810427
Systems Modeling Corporation
Summary for Replication 1 of 1
Project: TXPICAL CARBON CONVEKSI2ED
Analyst: CHAD TONEY
Run execution date :
Model revision date:
10/ 4/1996
7/11/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
: 50808.6
TALLY VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum
Maximum Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
.81854
47.610
74.507
6.7748
1.0902
1.0634
.60608
12.996
14.000
195.00
257.69
208.92
62056
62057
158
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Identifier
Average
Variation
Minimum
Maximum
Final Value
in TO_CLEANER_Q
.00145 26.200 .00000 1.0000
COUNTERS
Identifier Count Limit
.00000
Identifier
parts done
Category
620S7 Infinite
FREQUENCIES
—Occurrences--
Number AvgTime
Standard Restricted
Percent Percent
STATE (CLEAN_R)
STATE (MICROETCH_R)
STATE (CARBON_R)
STATE (CONDITIONER_R)
STATE (CARBON2_R)
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
CONDI BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
26
124
136
21
124
138
124
125
20
124
134
124
125
147.01
12.460
334.12
160.66
24.645
321.58
12.460
394.10
142.03
19.674
339.76
19.674
386.95
7.52
3.04
89.44
6.64
6.01
87.34
3.04
96.96
S.59
4.80
89.61
4.80
95.20
7.52
3.04
89.44
6.64
6.01
87.34
3.04
96.96
5.59
4.80
89.61
4.80
95.20
Execution time:. 32.93 minutes'.
DRAFT
G-28
-------
APPENDIX G
SIMAN V - License #8810427
Systems Modeling Corporation
Summary
-------
APPENDIX G
SIMAN V - License #8810427
Systems Modeling Corporation
Summary for Replication 1 of 1
Project: CONVEYORIZED GENERIC ELE
Analyst: CHAD TONEY
Run execution date : 6/10/1997
Model revision date: 7/ 9/1995
Replication ended at time
Identifier
: 36063.0
TALLY VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum
Maximum Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
.58089
52.938
114.06
11.492
1.1157
.69924
.31433
14.998
.00000
195.00
282.95
211.27
6,2056
62057
143
Identifier
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum
Maximum Final Value
# in TO CLEANER Q
.00259 19.641 .00000 1.0000
COUNTERS
Identifier Count Limit
.00000
PARTS DONE
62057 Infinite
FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (ACCELERATOR_R)
STATE (CLEAN_R)
STATE (ELECTROLESS_R)
STATE (ACID DIP_R)
STATE (MICROETCH_R)
Category
ACCEL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ELECT BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
- -Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
15
88
95
10
88
96
4
88
91
6
88
91
21
88
102
160.23
29.890
326.62
168.71
11.362
347.66
135.81
32.154
359.23
174.40
33.135
352.75
165.74
16.644
305.07
Standard
Percent
6.66
7.29
86.04
4.68
2.77
92.55
1.51
7.85
90.65
2.90
8.09
89.01
9.65
4.06
86.29
Restricted
Percent
6.66
7.29
86.04
4.68
2.77
92.55
1.51
7.85
90.65
2.90
8.09
89.01
9.65
4.06
86.29
DRAFT
G-30
-------
APPENDIX C
STATE (CATALYST_R)
STATE (PREDIP_R)
STATE (TARNISH_R)
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
TARN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
88
89
13
88
93
28
88
100
25.024
380.45
126.76
25.024
346.37
146.91
45.458
279.48
6.11
93.89
4.57
6.11
89.32
11.41
11.09
77.50
6.11
93.89
4.57
6.11
89.32
11.41
11.09
77.50
Execution time: 35.08 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
DRAFT
G-31
-------
APPENDIX G
SIMAN V - License #9999999
Systems Modeling Corporation
Summary for Replication 1 of 1
Project: GRAPHITE CONVEifORIZED
Analyst: CHAD TONEY
Run execution date :
Model revision date:
10/ 7/1996
7/11/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
: 33441.3
TALLY VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum
Maximum Observations
TART TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
Identifier
.53876
50.811
66.957
8.2863
1.3392
1.3307
.43032
7.7983
10.000
230.00
262.99
230.00
62056
62057
97
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum
Maximum Final Value
KNIFE_R Available
KNIFE R Busy
« in TO_CLEANER_Q
1.0000
.00000
.05939
Identifier
.00000
—
3.9795
COUNTERS
1.0000
.00000
.00000
Count
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Limit
1.0000
.00000
.00000
Identifier
PARTS DONE
Category
62057 Infinite
FREQUENCIES
—Occurrences—
Number AvgTime
Standard Restricted
Percent Percent
STATE {CLEAN_R}
STATE (MICROETCH_R)
STATE (GRAPHITE_R)
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE'
GRAPH BATH
BUSY
IDLE
11
81
85
21
81
93
3
81
83
146.08
13.067
362.06
169.72
29.377
295.67
171.19
14 . 975
382.10
4.81
3.17
92.03
10.66
7.12
82.23
1.54
3.63
94.84
4.81
3.17 .
92.03
10.66
7.12
82.23
1.54
3.63
94.84
Execution time: 19.63 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
DRAFT
G-32
-------
APPENDIX G
SIMAN V - License #8810427
Systems Modeling Corporation
Summary, for Replication 1 of 1
Project: VERTICAL NONFORMALDEHYDE
Analyst: CHAD TONEY
Run execution date : 7/ 1/1997
Model revision date: 5/13/1995
Replication ended ac time
Identifier
: 73313.7
TALLY VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum Maximum Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
20.266
49.864
52.084
.81589
.04022
.24716,
15.900
49.600
.00000
160.00
66.400
127.82
3615
3616
243
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Identifier
ACCELERATOR.^ Availabl
ACCELERATOR R Busy
CLEAN_R Available
CLEAN R Busy
ACTIVATOR_R Available
ACTIVATOR R Busy
ELECTROLESS_R Availabl
ELECTROLESS R Busy
FLASH_R Available
FLASH R Busy
MICROETCH R Available
MICROETCH R Busy
POSTDIP_R Available
POSTDIP R Busy
PREDIP_R Available
PREDIP R Busy
RINSE1_R Available
RINSE1 R Busy
RINSE2 R Available
RINSE2 R Busy
RINSE3 R Available
RINSES R Busy
RINSE4 R Available
RINSE4 R Busy
TARNISH R Available
TARNISH R Busy
RINSES R Available
RINSES R Busy
CARRIER Active
CARRIER Busy
POSTDIP1_R Available
POSTDIP1 R Busy
Average
1.0000
.12334
1.0000
.12340
1.0000
.12337
1.0000
.77594
1.0000
.12331
1.0000
.12337
1.0000
.12337
1.0000
.12337
1.0000
.12337
1.0000
.12337
1.0000
.12334
1.0000
.12334
1.0000
.12331
1.0000
.12331
15.000
.02566
1.0000
.00000
Variation
.00000
2.6660
.00000
2.6653
.00000
2.6656
.00000
.53736
.00000
2.6664
.00000
2.6656
.00000
2.6656
.00000
2.6656
.00000
2.6656
.00000
2.6656
.00000
2.6660
.00000
2.6660
.00000
2.6664
.00000
2.6664
.00000
6.1618
.00000
'
Minimum
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
15.000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
Maximum
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
15.000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Final Value
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
15.000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
COUNTERS
G-33
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX G
Identifier
Count Limit
PARTS DONE
FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (ACCELERATOR1_R)
STATE (ACTIVATOR1_R)
STATE (CLEAN1_R)
STATE (EIiECTROLESSl_R}
STATE (FLASH1JR)
STATE (MICROETCH1_R)
STATE (PREDIP1_R)
STATE (TARNISH1_R)
Category
ACCEL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ELECT BATH.
BUSY
IDLE
FLASH BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
TARN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
3616 Infinite
- -Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
16
179
193
179
180
9
179
186
10
179
186
6
179
184
18
179
190
8
179
186
14
179
191
81.000
65.391
312.50
65.391
342.27
66.314
65.100
328.30
61.746
64.966
328.31
81.000
65.491
332.09
63.405
64.771
318,83
64.491
65.391
328.45
73.400
64.973
317.57
Standard
Percent
1.77
15.97
82.27
15.97
84.03
0.81
15.89
83.29
0.84
15.86
83.30
0.66
15.99
83.35
1.56
15.81
82.63
0.70
15.97
83.33
1.40
15.86
82.73
Restricted
Percent
1.77
15.97
82.27
15.97
84.03
0.81
15.89
83.29
0.84
15.86
83.30
0.66
15.99
83.35
1.56
15.81
82.63
0.70
15.97
83.33
1.40
15.86
82.73
Execution time: 40.03 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
DRAFT
G-34
-------
APPENDIX G
SIMAN V - License #9999999
Systems Modeling Corporation
Summary for Replication 1 of 1
Project: TYPICAL ORGANIC PALLADIUM OONVEYORIZED
Analyst: CHAD TONEY
ftun execution date : lo/ 4/1996
Model revision date: 7/11/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
: 45329.2
TALLY VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum
Maximum Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME. IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
.73022
28.353
81.324
7.8793
.92094
.63072
.43504
14.595
.00000
232.76
119.50
226. 7T
620S6
62057
221
COUNTERS
Identifier
Count Limit
PARTS DONE
62057 Infinite
FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (CLEAN_R)
STATE (MICROETCH_R)
STATE (CONDITIONERJR)
STATE (PREDIP_R)
STATE (CONDUCT_R)
STATE (POSTDIP_R)
STATE (ACID DIP_R)
*
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
CONDI BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
CONDUCT BATH
BUSY
IDLE
POSTDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH
BUSY
IDLE
— Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
39
111
137
21
111
126
25
111
130
21
111
125
1
111
113
31
111
133
21
111
128
103 . 56
21. S17
283.95
103.58
24.406
320.97
103.31
27.955
304.94
100.53
29.498
319.54
123.00
30.606
369.99
111.61
32.685
287.52
105.90
35.369
306.08
Standard
Percent
8.91
5.27
85.82
4.80
5.98
89.22
5.70
6.85
87.46
4.66
7.22
88.12
0.27
7.49
92.23
7.63
8.00
84.36
4.91
8.66
86.43
Restricted
Percent
8.91
5.27
85.82
4.80
5.98
89.22
5.70
6.85
87.46
4.66
7.22
88.12
0.27
7.49
92.23
7.63
8.00
84.36
4.91
8.66
86.43
Execution time: 35.07 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
G-35
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX G
SIMAN V - License #9999999
Systems Modeling Corporation
Summary for Replication 1 of 1
Project: SXPICAL ORGANIC PALLADIUM VERTICAL
Analyst: CORD TONEY
Run execution date :
Model revision date:
9/26/1996
7/11/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
: 31763.2
TALLY VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum
Maximum Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
8.7786
33.349
77.536
2. 1895
.44838
.53042
2.0750
27.575
.02500
226.95
137.57
187.45
3615
3616
139
Identifier
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum
Maximum Final Value
CARRIER Active
CARRIER Busy
13.000
.12964
Identifier
.00000
2.6342
COUNTERS
13.000
.00000
13.000
2.0000
13.000
.00000
Count Limit
Identifier
PARTS DONE
Category
3616 Infinite
FREQUENCIES
—Occurrences--
Number AvgTime
Standard
Percent
Restricted
Percent
STATE (CLEANIJR).
STATE(CONDITIONERl R)
STATE(PREDIP1 R)
STATE(CONDUCTORIJR)
STATE(POSTDIP1 R)
STATE (ACID DIP1 R)
STATE(MICROETCH1_R)
CLEAN BATH 23 91.783 6.65
BUSY 77 40.221 9.75
IDLE 94 282.50 83.60
CONDI BATH 18 89.387 5.07
BUSY 77 41.871 10.15
IDLE 90 299.22 84.78
PREDIP BATH 14 90.642 4.00
BUSY 77 42.793 10.37
IDLE 88 309.08 85.63
CONDUCT BATH 2 65.158 0.41
BUSY 77 44.891 10.88
IDLE 79 356.66 88.71
POSTDIP BATH 18 101.21 5.74
BUSY 77 43.271 10.49
IDLE 90 295.65 83.77
ACID BATH. 22 91.494 6.34
BUSY 77 46.718 11.33
IDLE 95 275.29 82.34
MICRO BATH 18 91.800 5.20
BUSY 77 40.355 9.78
IDLE 91 296.74 85.01
6.65
9.75
83.60
5.07
10.15
84.78
4.00
10.37
85.63
0.41
10.88
88.71
5.74
10.49
83.77
€.34
11.33
82.34
5.20
9.78
85.01
Execution time: 26.28 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
DRAFT
G-36
-------
APPENDIX G
SIMAN V - License #8810427
Systems Modeling Corporation
Summa'ry .for Replication 1 of 1
Project: CONVEYORIZED GENERIC TIN
Analyst: CHAD TONEY
Run execution date : 6/10/1997
Model revision date: 7/11/1995
Replication ended at time
Identifier
: .26082.6
TALLY VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum Maximum Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
.42017
64 . 169
93.815
11.661
1.1194
.90075
.27134
8.6078
10.000
190.00
433.99
241.52
62056
62057
96
Identifier
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum
Maximum Final Value
in TO_CLEANER_Q
.03874 4.9813 .00000 1.0000
COUNTERS
Identifier Count Limit
.00000
PARTS DONE
62057 Infinite
FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (CLEAN_R)
STATE (MICROETCH_R)
STATE (PREDIP_R)
STATE (ACID DIP_R)
STATE (CATALYST_R)
STATE (ACCELERATOR_R)
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
ACCEL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
- -Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
9
63
71
21
63
76
15
63
72
7
63
64
63
64
7
63
68
181.61
4.9883
339.91
129.85
23.525
287.81
149.46
32.337
302.82
122.88
42.546
352.21
32.337
375.70
153.10
35.931
334.51
Standard
Percent
6.27
1.20
92.53
10.45
5.68
83.86
8.60
7.81
83.59
3.30
10.28
86.43
7.81
92.19
4.11
8.68
87.21
Restricted
Percent
6.27
1.20
92.53
10.45
5.68
83.86
8.60
7.81
83.59
3.30
10.28
86.43
7.81
92.19
4.11
8.68
87.21
Execution time: 23.80 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
G-37
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX G
SIMAN V - License #8810427
Systems Modeling Corporation
Summary .for Replication 1 of 1
Projects VERTICAL GENERIC TIN STA
Analyst: CHAD TONEY
Run execution date : 6/10/1997
Model revision date: 7/11/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
Identifier
: 48525.4
TALLY VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum Maximum Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
13.409
52.839
102.49
1.9911
.08080
.73478
9.2750
50.000
.00000
294.97
65.625
286.32
3615
3616
133
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Average Variation Minimum
Maximum Final Value
CARRIER Active
CARRIER Busy
11.000
.06573
Identifier
.00000
3.8295
COUNTERS
11.000
.00000
11.000
2.0000
11.000
.00000
Count Limit
PARTS DONE
3616 Infinite
FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (CLEANIJR)
STATE (MICROETCH1_R)
STATE (PREDIP1_R)
STATE (CATALYST1_R)
STATE ( ACCELERATOR1_R)
STATE (ACID DIP1_R)
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
ACCEL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH
BUSY
IDLE
- -Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
7
119
121
18
119
127
10
119
120
119
119
7
119
125
8
119
121
170.93
63.565
328.63
202.66
63.707
293.67
67.055
75.149
324.26
75.149
332.62
107.83
74.082
311.63
159.12
77.569
314.22
Standard
Percent
2.47
15.59
81.95
7. 52
15.62
76.86
1.38
18.43
80.19
18.43
81.57
1.56
18. 17
80.28
2.62
19.02
78.35
Restricted
Percent
2.47
15.59
81.95
7.52
15.62
76.86
1.38
18.43
80.19
18.43
81.57
1.56
18.17
80.28
2.62
19.02
78.35
Execution time: 36.25 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
DRAFT
G-38
-------
APPENDIX G
G.5 Chemical Costs by Bath for Individual MHC Processes
Total Materials Cost by MHC Alternative
DRAFT
G-39
-------
APPENDIX G
Process: Electroless Copper
Supplier #1
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microctch
Prcdip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Neutralizcr
Anti-Tarnish
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
138.5
79.5
185
57
38.6
Volume m Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
6
13.8 g/1
2.5
18.5
3 1.725 g/1
1.5
4
0.176 g/1
3.5
20
7
8.5
0.22
100
0.25
Cost of
Chemicals
$25.45/gal
$2.57/lb
7.62/gal
$1.60/gal
$1.31/lb
$2.00/gal
$391.80/gal
$1.31/lb
$2.00/gal
$18.10/gal
$27.60/gal
$16.45/gal
$4.50/gal
$1.60/gal
$39.00/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$98.79
$50.27
$14.65
$2,180.53
$287.79
$617.92
$91.20
$3.76
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
$114.98
$58.87
$22.15
$1,185.52
$272.59
$251.51
$120.48
$7.33
Process: Electroless Copper
Supplier #2
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microctch
Prcdip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Neutralizer
Anti-Tarnish
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
138.5
79.5
185
57
38.6
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
6
13.8 g/1
2.5
18.5
3 1.725 g/1
1.5
4
0.1 76 g/1
3.5
20
2.75
1.75
14.5
100
0.25
Cost of
Chemicals
$25.45/gal
$2.57/lb
7.62/gal
$1.60/gal
$1.31/lb
$2.00/gal
$391.80/gal
$1.31/lb
$2.00/gal
$18.10/gal
$27.60/gal
$12.90/gal
$16.45/gal
$1.60/gal
$39.00/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$98.79
$50.27
$14.65
$2,180.53
$287.79
$623.45
$91.20
$3.76
T*>tal Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
$114.98
$58.87
$22.15
$1,185.52
$272.59
$253.76
$120.48
$7.33
DRAFT
G-40
-------
APPENDIX G
Process: Electroless Copper
Supplier #3
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microetch
Predip
Activator/Palladium
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Anti-Tarnish
Volume m Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
57
79.5
185
38.6
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
10
5
2.5
9.8 g/1
2.5
75
1
75
8.96 g/1
1
4
10
0.2
3
0.5
1
Cost of
Chemicals
$36.68/gal
$28.78/gal
$15.81/gal
$2.62/lb
$1.60/gal
$5.39/gal
$497.71/gal
$5.39/gal
$497.71/lb
$77.71/gal
$11.51/gal
$15.44
$19.36/gal
$9.19/gal
$4.50/gal
$28.26/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$356.00
$16.32
$201.32
$514.12
$3,013.94
$433.14
$10.90
Total Cost
of fiie Bath
(Vertical)
$414.32
$19.11
$304.41
$679.18
$2,854.71
$176.30
$21.26
Process: Electroless Copper
Supplier #4
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microetch
Predip
Activator/Palladium
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Acid Dip
Anti-Tarnish
Volmne in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
57
79.5
185
78.8
38.6
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Sfame
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
12.5
5
3
15
75
3.8
1
579.5 g/1
5
15
5 .
1.5
12
0.25
Cost of
Chemicals
$10.30/gal
$12.32/gal
$13.81/gal
$1.60/gal
$2.79/gal
$211.35/gal
$128.59/gal
$0.39/lb
$16.47/gal
$6.64/gal
$9.57/gal
$9.22/gal
$12.57/gal
$14.07
TotaJ Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal}
$83.30
$84.68
$104.21
$638.35
$144.65
$393.16
$1.36
Total Cost
of the Bath
{Vertical)
$96.95
$95.65
$157.57
$843.29
$137.01
$160.03
$2.65
G-41
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX G
Process: Electroless Copper
Supplier #5
B«th
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microetch
Prcdip
Palladium Catalyst
Electroless Copper
Anti-Taniish
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal %
64.7
64.3
49.8
138.5
185
38.6
Volume in Bath
(In gallons)
Vet-deal
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
15
60g/l
1
1165g/l
3
97
4.2
10
12
2.5
3
Cost of
Chemicals
$26.50/gal
$2.57/lb
$1.60/gal
$1.59/gal
$497/gal
$1.59/lb
$19.29/gal
$29.37/gal
$51.40/gal
$20.50/gal
$1.60/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$257.18
$83.59
$768.14
$2,280.00
$1,834.31
$21.63
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
$299.31
$97.89
$1,161.46
$1,239.60
$746.61
$42.20
Process: Electroless Copper
Supplier #6
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Prcdip
Activator
Reducer
Electroless Copper
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
49.8
57
57
185
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
0.5
4
2.5
5
25
0.5
0.5
5g/l
1.4
8
0.15
3
Cost of
Chemicals
$22.70/gal
$26.88/gal
$0.594/g
$99.29/gal
$147.5/gal
$0.0594/g
$147.5/gal
$.795/lb
No data
No data
No data
No data
Total Cost
af the Bath
(Horizontal)
$77.87
$247.22
$2,101.89
$42.03
Total Cost
of the Bath
{Vertical)
$90.63
$373.81
$2,776.71
$55.52
DRAFT
G-42
-------
APPENDIX G
Process: Formaldehyde-Free Electroless Copper
Supplier #1
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microetch
Predip
Activator
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Anti-Tarnish
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal"
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
10
5
9.8 g/I
2.5
75
1.5
75
8.96 g/1
1
11
5.5
32
25 g/1
15g/t
1
Cost of
Chemicals
$36.68/gal
$28.78/gal
$2.62/lb
$1.60/gal
$6.38/gal
$497.71/gal
$6.38/gal
$497.71/gal
$77.71/gal
$92.96/gal
$14.18/gal
$24.99/gal
$5.49/lb
$12.43/lb
$28.61/gal
Tots! Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
$384.56
$19.11
$360.31
$562.17
$2,854.70
$1,633.84
$21.54
Process: Organic-Palladium
Supplier #1
Bath
Cleaner
Microetch
Predip
Conductor
Post-Dip
Acid Dip Bath
Conditioner
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
44
64.3
49.8
108
45
78.8
56
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
5
5
75 g/1
100
10
10
20
No data
5
5
Cast of
Chemicals
$36.38/gal
$11.55/gal
$16.20/gal
No data
$36.38/gal
$13.12/gal
$17.42/gal
No data
$36.38/gal
$11.55/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$104.95
$650.54
No data
$534.6
$156.78
No data
$133.58
Tatar Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
$180.45
$761.83
No data
$372.74
$262.35
No data
$180.45
G-43
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX G
Process: Tin-Palladium
Supplier #1
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microctch
Predip
Activator
Accelerator
Acid Dip Bath
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
138.5
79.5
78.8
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
25
149.8 g/1
0.5
100
95
5
25
25
10
Cost of
Chemicals
$22.90/gal
$3/lb
$1.60/gal
$12.75/gal
$12.75/gal
$750/gal
$13.20/gal
$23.25/gal
$1.60/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$370.41
$241.14
$634.95
$6,871.33
$724.44
$12.61
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
$431.10
$282.39
$960.08
$3,735.82
$686.17
$12.05
Process: Tin-Palladium
Supplier #2
Bath
Conditioner
Predip
Palladium Catalyst
Accelerator
Enhancer
Stabilizer
Microctch
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
55.7
49.8
138.5
79.5
57
57
64.3
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
15
2.5
100
92
8
20
2
2
2
7
2.5
10
5
Costof
Chemicals
$31.38/gal
$21.58/gal
$5.94/gal
$5.94/gal
$420.80/gal
$68.75/gal
$5.14/gal
$17.50/gal
$17.50/gal
$25.79/gal
$104.29/gal
$1.60/gal
$7.50/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$292.13
$295.18
$5,411.36
$1,093.12
$25.81
$19.95
$318.13
Total Cost
of the Bath
-------
APPENDIX G
Process: Carbon
Supplier #1
Bath
Cleaner
Conditioner
Carbon Black
Microetch
Volume in Bath
(m gallons)
Horizontal
44
55.7
128
64.3
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
No data
No data
No data
No data
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
5
2.5
100
200 g/1
1
Cost of
Chemicals
$90.43/gal
$192.17/lb
$153.98/gal
$1.17/lb
$1.60/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$198.94
$267.60
$19,709.44
$126.03
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
No data
No data
No data
No data
Process: Graphite
Supplier #1
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Graphite
Fixer
Microetch
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
36.5
57
64.3
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
No data
No data
No data
No data
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
25
60
10
55
2
Cost of
Chemicals
$47.83/gal
$675/gal
$16.50/gal
$9.32/gal
$1.60/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$773.66
$14,782.50
$94.05
$331.66
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
No data
No data
No data
No data
Process: Conductive Polymer
Supplier #1
Bath
Microetch
Cleaner/Conditioner
Catalyst
Conductive Polymer
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.3
64.7
138.5
26
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
2
7.5 Kg
10
81.5
0.3
0.5
15
23
0.7
Cost of
Chemicals
$1.60/gal
$3.41/Kg
$21.90/gal
$36.90/gal
$4.00/gal
$24.60/gal
$90.30/gal
$17.40/gal
$24.60/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$27.64
$140.82
$4,183.90
$460.70
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
G-45
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX G
Summary average cost per bath
Process; Electroless Copper
Bath
Cleaner/
Conditioner
Microelch
Predip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Electroless
Copper
Neutralizer
Anti-Tarnish
Total
Total Bath
Cost
(Conveyorized)
$161.99
S57.03
$225.03
$1,649.24
$755.24
$779.29
$91.20
$9.41
Replacement
Frequency
(Conveyorized)
10
21
13
1
15
4
6
28
Annual
Cost
(Conveyorized)
$1,619.90
$1,197.63
$2,925.39
$1,649.24
$11,328.60
$3,117.16
$547.20
$263.48
$22,648.60
Total Bath
Cost
(Non-
Cortyeyorized)
$188.53
$66.08
$340.26
$1,318.30
$718.48
$317.19
$120.48
$16.15
Replacement
frequency
(Non-
Conveyorized)
9
18
8
1
16
10
6
13
Annual
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
$1,696.77
$1,189.44
$2,722.08
$1,318.30
$11,495.68
$3,171.90
$722.88
$209.95
$22,527.00
Process; Formaldehyde-Free Electroless Copper
Bath
Cleaner/
Conditioner
Microetch
Predip
Activator
Accelerator
Electroless
Copper
Anti-Tarnish
Total
Total Bath
Cost
(Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Replacement
Frequency
(Conveyorizted)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Annual
Cost
(Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total Bath
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
$384.56
$19.11
$360.31
$562.17
$2,854.70
$1,633.84
$21.54
Replacement
frequency
(Nott»
Conveyorized)
9
18
8
1
16
10
14
Annual
Cost
(N
-------
APPENDIX G
Process: Organic Palladium
Bath
Cleaner
Microetch
Conditioner
Predip
Conductor
Post Dip
Acid Dip
Bath
Total
Total Bath
Cost
(Conveyoraed)
$155.05
$650.54
$133.58
-
$534.60
$156.78
$19.95
Replacement
Frequency
(Conveyorized)
39
21
25
21
1
31
21
Annual
Cost
(Conveyortzed)
$6,046.95
$13,661.34
$3,339.50
-
$534.60
$4,860.18
$418.95
$28,861.52
Total Bath
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
$180.45
$761.83
$180.45
-
$372.74
$262.35
$19.02
Replacement
Frequency
(Non-
Conveyorized)
23
18
18
14
2
18
22
Annual
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
$4,150.35
$13,714.74
$3,248.10
-
$745.48
$4,722.30
$418.34
$26,999.31
*Acid Dip assumed to be similar in price to acid dip for tin palladium.
Process: Tin-Palladium
Bath
Cleaner/
Conditioner
Microetch
Predip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Acid Dip
Bath
Total
Total Bath
Cost
(Conveyorized)
$236.31
$233.27
$380.04
$6,305.56
$908.78
$15.06
Replacement
Frequency
(Conveyorized)
9
21
15
1
7
7
Annual
Cost
(ConveyorFzed)
$2,126.79
$4,898.67
$5,700.60
$6,305.56
$6,361.46
$105.42
$25,498.50
Total Bath
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
$296.25
$273.18
$574.61
$3,428.29
$860.77
$16.82
Replacement
Frequency
(Non-
Conveyorized)
7
18
10
1
7
8
Annual
COS*
(Non-
Conveyorized)
$2,073.75
$4,917.24
$5,746.10
$3,428.29
$6,025.39
$134.56
$22,325.33
* Some processes included an enhancer bath that will not be included in analysis.
Process: Carbon
Bath
Cleaner
Conditioner
Carbon
Black1
Microetch
Total
Total Bath
Cost
(Conveyorized)
$198.94
$267.60
$19,709.44
$126.03
Replacement
Frequency
(Conveyorized)
26
20
1
21
Annual
Cost
(Conveyorized)
$5,172.44
$5,352.00
$19,709.44
$2,646.63
$32,880.51
Total Bath
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Replacement
Frequency
(Non-
Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Annual
Cost
(NO*-
Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Carbon had no bath replacements in the simulation, however, at least one bath out of two would more than
likely have been replaced.
DRAFT
G-47
-------
APPENDIX G
Process; Graphite
Bath
Cleaner/
Conditioner
Graphite
Fixer
Microeteh
Total
Total Bath
Cost
(Conveyorized)
$773.66
$14,782.50
$94.05
$331.66
Replacement
Frequency
(Conveyorized)
11
3
NA
21
Annual
Cost
(Conveyorized)
$8,510.26
$44,347.50
NA
$6,964.86
$59,822.62
Total Bath
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Replacement
Frequency
(Non-
Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Annual
Cost
(Non- j
Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Process: Conductive Polymer1
Bath
Microeteh
Cleaner/
Conditioner
Catalyst
Conductive
Polymer
Total
Total Bath
Coat
(Conveyorized)
Replacement
Frequency
(Conveyofteed)
21
13
1
6
Annual
Cost
(Conveyorized)
Total Bath
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized}
Not Avail.
Not Avail.
Not Avail.
Not Avail.
Replacement
Frequency
(No»-
Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
Annual
Cost
(Non«
Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
Cost data were not available for all chemical products when this analysis was completed. These costs will be included
in the final analysis.
DRAFT
G-48
-------
APPENDIX G
G.6 Sensitivity Analyses
DRAFT
G-49
-------
r
APPENDIX G
If
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CO
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en
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DRAFT
G-50
-------
APPENDIX G
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DRAFT
G-52
-------
APPENDIX G
^ CO CO
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DRAFT
G-53
-------
APPENDIX G
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DRAFT
G-54
-------
APPENDIX G
cc
s
•Chemical(s
*
production 1
tD
1 1
3 o
• Primary Eq
Labor form
Installation
Q.
Tank Clean
0)
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•£3
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u.
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G-55
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX G
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u: i- 5 u- LU to
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DRAFT
G-56
-------
APPENDIX G
hemical(s)
Q.
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roduction 1
Q.
"co
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abor for noi
c
CD
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-------
APPENDIX G
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1
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DRAFT
G-59
-------
-------
Appendix H
P2P Computer Printouts:
Pollutants Generated by
Energy Production
-------
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Carbon
per ssf of board produced
1 year
/•
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution 1 Pollutant
Category | Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Human
health
impacts
Toxic Organic s
\
/Acid Rain Precursors
Use
impairment
impacts
Corrosives
Dissolved Solids
Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers
\
Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
0.50 g
59. mg
0.50 g
0.53 g
34. mg
56. g
0.26 g
60 . mg
0.50 g
Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Environment
Amount
Prevented
0.18 g
0.32 g
59. mg
0.18 g
0.32 g
0.18 g
0.32 g
26. mg
8 .4 mg
26 . mg
56. g
0.18 g
0.26 g
60 . mg
59. mg
0.26 g
0.18 g
Disposal /Solid Wastes
capacity |
impacts \
4.3
Solid wastes
4.3
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-l
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Carbon
per ssf of board produced
1 year
2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:
*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
61. g
56. g
59. mg
8.4 mg
0.26 g
0.18 g
60. mg
4.3 g
0.32 g
26. mg
0.56 g
59. mg
0.18 g
0.32 g
57. g
56. g
59. mg
8.4 mg
0.26 g
0.18 g
60. mg
0.32 g
26. mg
4.3 g
4.3 g
Water
34. mg
8.4 mg
26. mg
34 . mg
8 .4 mg
26. mg
Soil/
Grdwater
4.3 g
4.3 g
4.3 g
4.3 g
( Indoor
Air ( Air
57. g{
56. g(
59. mg(
(
0.26 g(
0.18 g(
6 0 . mg (
(
0.32 g(
(
0.56 g(
59. mg(
0.18 g(
0.32 g(
57. g(
56. g(
59. mg(
(
0.26 g(
0.18 . g(
60 . mg (
0.32 g(
|
(
(
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-2
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Electroless V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:
*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
130. g
120. g
0.16 g
22 . mg
0.14 g
0.51 g
0.19 g
14. g
1.0 g
86. mg
1.7 g
0.16 g
0.51 g
1.0 g
120. g
120. g
0.16 g
22 . mg
0.14 g
0.51 g
0.19 g
1.0 g
86 . mg
14. g
14. g
Water
0.11 g
22. mg
86 . mg
0.11 g
22. mg
86 . mg
Soil/
Grdwater
14. g
14. g
14. g
14. g
Air
120.
120.
0.16
0.14
0.51
0.19
1.0
1.7
0.16
0.51
1.0
120.
120.
0.16
0.14
0.51
0.19
loO
( Indoor
( Air
g(
g<
g(
(
g(
g(
g(
(
g(
|
g(
g(
g(
g(
g(
g(
g(
(
g(
g<
g(
g<
|
<
j
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-3
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Electroless V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product- -
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution
Category
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Human
health
impacts
Toxic Organics
\
/Acid Rain Precursors
Use
impairment
impacts
Corrosives
Dissolved Solids
Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers
Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
1.5 g
0.16 g
1.5 g
1.6 g
0.11 g
120. g
0.14 g
0.19 g
0.82 g
Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
\
Disposal /Solid Wastes
capacity |
impacts \
14.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Solid wastes
Environment
Amount
Prevented
0.51 g
1.0 g
0.16 g
0.51 g
1.0 g
0.51 g
1.0 g
86. mg
22.
86.
mg
rag
120. g
0.51 g
0.14 g
0.19 g
0.16 g
0.14 g
0.51 g
14. g
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since.all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-4
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Electroless Copper C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:
*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
32. g
28. g
40. mg
5.4 mg
34. mg
0.12 g
47. mg
3.4 g
0.25 g
21. mg
0.41 g
40 . mg
0.12 g
0.25 g
29. g
28. g
40 . mg
5 .4 mg
34. mg
0.12 g
47. mg
0.25 g
21. mg
3.4 g
3.4 g
Water
26. mg
5.4 mg
21. mg
26. mg
5 .4 mg
21. mg
Soil/
Grdwater
3.4 g
3.4 g
3.4 g
3.4 g
Air
29.
28.
40.
34.
0.12
47.
0.25
0.41
40.
0.12
0.25
29.
28.
40.
34.
0.12
47.
0.^5
( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg(
(
g<
<
g(
mg(
g(
g(
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
. g<
mg(
g(
<
(
{
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-5
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Electroless Copper C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product- -
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution
Category
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Human
health
impacts
Toxic Organics
k
/Acid Rain Precursors
Use
impairment
impacts
*
Corrosives
Dissolved Solids
Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers
Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
0.37 g
40. mg
0.37 g
0.39 g
26. mg
28. g
34. mg
47. mg
0.20 g
Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
\
Disposal /Solid Wastes
capacity |
impacts \
3.4
Solid wastes
Environment
Amount
Prevented
0.12 g
0.25 g
40.
mg
0.12 g
0.25 g
0.12 g
0.25 g
21. mg
5.4 mg
21. mg
28. g
0.12 g
34.
47.
mg
mg
40. mg
34. mg
0.12 g
3.4
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since .all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-6
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Graphite
per ssf of board produced
1 year
2 . Pollutior
by Pollutic
Pollution prevented for:
*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
i Generated per Unit -of -Use of product --
>n Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
All Soil/
Media Water Grdwater Air
29. g
27. g
31. mg
4.3 mg
98 . mg
94. mg
33. mg
2.4 g
0.18 g
14. mg
0.30 g
31 . mg
94. mg
0.18 g
27. g
27. g
31. mg
4 .3 mg
98. mg
94 . mg
33. mg
0.18 g
14. mg
2.4 g
2.4 g
19. mg
4 .3 mg
14 . mg
19. mg
4.3 mg
14 . mg
2.4 g
2.4 g
2.4 g
2.4 g
27.
27.
31.
98.
94.
33.
0.18
0.30
31.
94.
0.18
27.
27.
31.
98.
94.
33.
O.JL8
( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
mg(
mg(
(
g(
(
g(
mg(
mg(
g<
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
mg(
mg(
g(
j
(
<
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
H-7
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Graphite
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of -Use of product- -
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution
Category
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Human
health
impacts
Toxic Organics
\
/Acid Rain Precursors
Use
impairment
impacts
Corrosives
Dissolved Solids
Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers
Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
0.27 g
31. mg
0.27 g
0.28 g
19. mg
27. g
98. mg
33 . mg
0.22 g
Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
\
Disposal /Solid Wastes
capacity |
impacts \
2.4
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Solid wastes
Environment
Amount
Prevented
94. mg
0.18 g
31.
mg
94. mg
0.18 g
94. mg
0.18 g
14.
mg
4.3 mg
14. mg
27.
94.
98.
33.
31.
98.
94.
2.4
g
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since;all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-8
-------
APPENDIX If
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Conductive Polymer
per ssf of board produced
1 year
2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:
*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
22. g
19. g
27. mg
3.7 mg
24. mg
84 . mg
32. mg
2.3 g
0.17 g
14 . mg
0.28 g
27. mg
84 . mg
0.17 g
20. g
19. g
27. mg
3.7 mg
24 . mg
84. mg
32. mg
0.17 g
14 . mg
2.3 g
2.3 g
Water
18. mg
3 .7 mg
14 . mg
18. mg
3.7 mg
14 . rag
Soil/
Grdwater
2.3 g
2.3 g
2.3 g
2.3 g
Air
20.
19.
27.
24.
84.
32.
0.17
0.28
27.
84.
0.17
20.
19.
27.
24.
84.
32.
O.JL7
( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
mg(
mg(
(
g(
<
g(
mg(
mg(
g(
g<
g(
mg(
(
mg(
,mg(
mg'(
g(
|
(
(
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-9
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Conductive Polymer
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product- -
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution
Category
/
Human
health
impacts
Pollutant
Class
'Toxic Inorganics
Toxic Organics
\
/Acid Rain Precursors
Use
impairment
impacts
Corrosives
Dissolved Solids
Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers
Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
0.25 g
27. mg
0.25 g
0.27 g
18. mg
19. g
24. mg
32. mg
0.14 g
Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
\
Disposal /Solid Wastes
capacity |
impacts \
2.3
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Solid wastes
Environment
Amount
Prevented
84. mg
0.17 g
27.
mg
84. mg
0.17 g
84. mg
0.17 g
14.
3.7
14.
19.
84.
24.
32.
27.
24.
84.
2.3
mg
mg
mg
g
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since^
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-10
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Tin Palladium V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:
*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
30. g
27. g
38. mg
5.1 mg
33. mg
0.12 g
45. mg
3.2 g
0.23 g
20. mg
0.39 g
38. mg
0.12 g
0.23 g
27. g
27. g
38. mg
5.1 mg
33. mg
0.12 g
45. mg
0.23 g
20. mg
3.2 g
3.2 g
Water
25. mg
5.1 mg
20. mg
25. mg
5.1 mg
20. mg
Soil/
Grdwater
3.2 g
3.2 g
3.2 g
3.2 g
Air
27.
27.
38.
33.
0.12
45.
0.23
0.39
38.
0.12
0.23
27.
27.
38.
33.
0.12
45.
0..23
( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
mg(
g(
mg(
{
g(
|
g(
mg(
g(
g(
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
- g.(
mg(
g(
(,
(
(
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-ll
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Tin Palladium V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product- -
by Pollution Category, Pollutant Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Pollution
Category
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Human
health
impacts
Toxic Organics
\
/Acid Rain Precursors
Use
impairment
impacts
%
Corrosives
Dissolved Solids
Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers
Amount
Prevented
0.35 g
38. mg
0.35 g
0.37 g
25. mg
27. g
33 . mg
45. mg
0.19 g
Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
\
Disposal /Solid Wastes
capacity |
impacts \
3.2
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Solid wastes
Environment
Amount
Prevented
0.12
0.23
38.
g
g
mg
0.12 g
0.23 g
0.12 g
0.23 g
20. mg
5.1 mg
20. mg
27. g
0.12 g
33. mg
45. mg
38. mg
33. mg
0.12 g
3.2 q
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since.all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-12
-------
APPENDrX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Tin Palladium C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
2 . Pollutioi
by Polluti<
Pollution prevented for:
*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Disposal cap ' cty impacts
Solid wastes
i Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
Dn Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
All Soil/
Media Water Grdwater Air
23. g
20. g
28. mg
3.7 mg
24. mg
86. mg
33. mg
2.4 g
0.17 g
15 . mg
0.29 g
28. mg
86 . mg
0.17 g
20. g
20. g
28 . mg
3.7 mg
24. mg
86. rag
33. mg
0.17 g
15. mg
2.4 g
2.4 g
18 . mg
3.7 mg
15. mg
18. mg
3.7 mg
15 . mg
2.4 g
2.4 g
2.4 g
2.4 g
20.
20.
28.
24.
86.
33.
0.17
0.29
28.
86.
0.17
20.
20.
28.
24.
86.
33.
O.i7
( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
mg(
mg(
(
g(
|
g(
mg(
mg(
g(
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
mg(
mg'(
g(
(
(
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
H-13
DRAFT
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Tin Palladium C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of -Use of product- -
by Pollution Category, Pollutant Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Pollution
Category
/
Human
health
impacts
/
Use
impairment
impacts
•
Pollutant
Class
'Toxic Inorganics
Toxic Organics
V
'Acid Rain Precursors
Corrosives
Dissolved Solids
Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers
V
Amount
Prevented
0.26 g
28. mg
0.26 g
0.27 g
18. mg
20. g
24. mg
33. mg
0.14 g
Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Environment
Amount
Prevented
86. mg
0.17 g
28. mg
86. mg
0.17 g
86. mg
0.17 g
15. mg
3.7 mg
15. mg
20. g
86. mg
24. mg
33 . mg
28 . mg
24. mg
86. mg
Disposal /Solid Wastes
capacity |
impacts \
2.4
Solid wastes
2.4
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since4all
numbers' displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-14
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Organic Palladium V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:
*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
16. g
14. g
19. mg
2.6 mg
17 . mg
60 . mg
23. mg
1.7 g
0.12 g
10. mg
0.20 g
19 . mg
60 . mg
0.12 g
14. g
14. g
19. mg
2 . 6 mg
17. mg
60. mg
23. mg
0.12 g
10. mg
1.7 g
1.7 g
Water
13. mg
2.6 mg
10. mg
13 . mg
2.6 mg
10 . mg
Soil/
Grdwater
1.7 g
1.7 g
1.7 g
1.7 g
Air
14.
14.
19.
17.
60.
23.
0.12
0.20
19.
60.
0.12
14.
14.
19.
17.
60.
23.
0 ..12
( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
mg(
mg(
(
g(
(.
g(
mg(
mg(
g(
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
.mg(
mg(
g(
((
(
(
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may .appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-15
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Uriit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Organic Palladium V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution
Category
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Human
health
impacts
Toxic Organics
\
/Acid Rain Precursors
Use
impairment
impacts
Corrosives
Dissolved Solids
Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers
Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
0.18 g
19. mg
0.18 g
0.19 g
13 . mg
14. g
17. mg
23 . mg
96. mg
Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen 'oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
\
Disposal /Solid Wastes
capacity |
impacts \
1.7
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Solid wastes
Environment
Amount
Prevented
60. mg
0.12 g
19.
mg
60. mg
0.12 g
60. mg
0.12 g
10.
2.6
10.
14.
60.
17.
23.
19.
17.
60.
1.7
mg
rag
mg
g
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
mg
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since.; all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-16
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Organic Palladium C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:
*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
35. g
30. g
43 . mg
5.8 mg
37. mg
0.13 g
51. mg
3.7 g
0.27 g
22 . mg
0.44 g
43 . mg
0.13 g
0.27 g
31. g
30. g
43 . mg
5.8 mg
37. mg
0.13 g
51. mg
0.27 g
22. mg
3.7 g
3.7 g
Water
28. mg
5.8 mg
22. mg
28 . mg
5.8 mg
22 . mg
Soil/
Grdwater
3.7 g
3.7 g
3.7 g
3.7 g
Air
31.
30.
43.
37.
0.13
51.
0.27
0.44
43.
0.13
0.27
31.
30.
43.
37.
0.13
51.
0..27
( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg(
{
g(
*
g(
mg(
g(
g(
g<
g(
mg(
(
mg(
. g(
mg(
g(
|
(
(
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-17
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Organic Palladium C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution
Category
I
Human
health
impacts
Pollutant
Class
'Toxic Inorganics
Toxic Organics
l
/Acid Rain Precursors
Use
impairment
impacts
Corrosives
Dissolved Solids
Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers
Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
0.40 g
43 . mg
0.40 g
0.42 g
28. mg
31. g
37. mg
51. mg
0.21 g
Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
\
Disposal /Solid Wastes
capacity |
impacts \
3.7
Solid wastes
Environment
Amount
Prevented
0.13
0.27
43.
g
g
mg
0.13 g
0.27 g
0.13 g
0.27 g
22. mg
5.8 mg
22. mg
30. g
0.13 g
37.
51.
mg
mg
43. mg
37. mg
0.13 g
3.7
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since^all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figured.
DRAFT
H-18
-------
APPENDIX H
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
NonFormaldehyde Elect V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:
*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
63. g
55. g
78. rag
10. mg
67. mg
0.24 g
92 . mg
6.7 g
0.48 g
41. mg
0.80 g
78. mg
0.24 g
0.48 g
56. g
55. g
78 . mg
10. mg
67. mg
0.24 g
92 . mg
0.48 g
41. mg
6.7 g
6.7 g
Water
51. mg
10. mg
41. mg
51. mg
10. mg
41. mg
Soil/
Grdwater
6.7 g
6.7 g
6.7 g
6.7 g
Air
56.
55.
78.
67.
0.24
92.
0.48
0.80
78.
0.24
0.48
56.
55.
78.
67.
0.24
92.
0.48
( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg(
(
g(
(
g(
mg(
g(
g(
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg(
g(
<
(
s
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-19
-------
APPENDIX H
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
All Previously Selected Stage(s)
NonFormaldehyde Elect V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, Pollutant Class, and Pollutant for Overall Environment
Pollution
Category
Pollutant
Class
Amount
Prevented
Human
health
impacts
\
Use
impairment
impacts
/Toxic Inorganics
Toxic Organics
/Acid Rain Precursors
Corrosives
Dissolved Solids
Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers
0.73 g
78.
rag
0.73 g
0.77 g
51.
55.
67.
92.
mg
mg
mg
\
Disposal /Solid Wastes
capacity |
impacts \
0.39 g
6.7
Pollutant
Amount
Prevented
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Solid wastes
0.24
0.48
78.
g
g
mg
0.24 g
0.48 g
0.24 g
0.48 g
41. mg
10.
41.
55.
0.24
67.
92.
rag
mg
g
g
mg
mg
78. mg
67. mg
0.24 g
6.7
NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
DRAFT
H-20
------- |