-------
                            APPENDIX A



































O
e
c
S
i - CONT:
v:
e
T
'C
T
-<
j
e
P
5.7 Chemica
3|6
5 & §
^ n P
^ S O*
8-1 £ w
n 3

* S

^ S
!z £»•
2 2l
^ & H s
•< O >— < s
1 P
CHEMICAL
ADDITION
METHOD"
H
5
3
y
§
*<
_Q
jr
2
^<
^j
2

j
j

ll«
^1«
5M


a
w
o
5
<
|
y


EJ
BATHTYP











































^H
S
t/)
ANTI-TARNIi











































(N
|
i
>
<
}



,







































m
•H
5
2
<
I
•H
<










c{
1































-*













































»-H
s
OTHER (speci











































CM













































CO












E
'i































-*





o
_>
*J
u
li
b .
BH

«
B
O .

£ i


B
icmical Additio
U
0
•a
U O
(D §j
"§
.S "~"
^ ^
.S 13
3 .0
o w

T3 °
OJ O
13 C<
"3 S
erf "to
i&
* d
o t •
"is^
0 % 0
III
hfl ^ fll
CS ^ •S
'£ i <&>
C S "o
^ .23 cu
|l|
111
C 13 3
w s a
41-s
« CX M
3^»
^* o 53
M ti S
Bw ^
3 I)
* Average Volu
bath. Iftheamo
volume, enter th

§  > § -f^ flJ

1 iS'.j <2 J rt rS 05 •<* «
•^ r* ™ ^ • — • "^
Q) P "^ C3 u~~' S
2 | | .2 .a -i
•o 3 s ^ 'w S B
ill 2!5I
§ LS r S S s

ft I
ai O \ I-H
S •§ S £ '3
73 -o 4s g "
H a o 8 g
€ - "3 U
o 8  D
M> <0 O. " """
00 CM c? "d _g
s i ! 1 i
'o c S S *o
^ j^ y^i rrt 2 S
^/* O 9 ti ^^
•| 1 "s .1 §
"o & *S? *** *"*
g *o ^ i^ "8 ^ d
4 i | s- | £|
.
^ >'o*S W°3'3
* S s 2 , g o-.a
g u&a a-2W«
c "G >, .2 .2 S * £"
illll^ll'll

A-27

-------
 APPENDIX A
 5.8  Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Additions

 Complete the following table by indicating the methods your facility uses while performing chemical additions.
ACTIVITY
Chemical Retrieval
from Stock into
Container
Container
Method of Chemical
Addition
OPTIONS
Pump:
Pour:
Scoop (solid):
Other (specify) :
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:
Safety container:
Other (specify):
Pour directly into tank:
Stir into tank:
Pour into automated chemical addition
system:
Other (specify):













 5.9  Other Bath Related Activities

 Complete the following table for any other bath related activities that your facility engages in.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
GRAPHITE
FIXER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXEDANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF ACTIVITY
(describe)






FREQUENCY'






DURATION
OF
ACTIVITY11






NO. OF
PEOPLE






PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT'






 *  Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel sq. ft. processed since the last time the activity
1 was performed. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.)
 b  Duration of Activity - Enter the average time for performing the specified activity. Clearly specify units.
 c  Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key on the previous page and enter the letters for all protective equipment worn
 by the people performing the activity.
                                                    A-28

-------
                                                                      APPENDIX A

t/3
        ^>
     «

•4—*

w
o
o
Q

•1
.a
•§
^
"d
u
en
3
g
O
§
0
U
u
o
a
p^


H
O


ta
fe

w
H
a
^j w
S *"*"
H e
H w
°
rt
o -s
en 1
ll
S

M tjj-
< s
12^
5 S
5» ^**1
o y
x


a •s
f— a

Q i
^C
LENGTH
(inches)


i

















te*
a




g
en:




u
s



Ta








.S





-S


CLEANER

















X,
"





(U
en




8
«



"si
isfl







.a








CONDITIONER

















*H
5




i




0







.3





-S


POST-CLEAN
ETCH

















x.
Q




cn




^
1



•a >
bfl *







.a"





.3


1 ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT

















i,
5




ej
CO




tj
w



"73
biO







^








OTHER (specify)










CM



02
C/3
03
U
O
g

|^"(
^
O
ft
z
«
1
*_;

&





















S
cn
cn
H
5
U-t






















I
c3
&
42
'$.
e

1















_H
U
PH
}^

i
'^13
ISO
'w
cn
(U
O
(S
o



tfi

"S
T3
a
1
0
O

































•a
) 4^ tf &
^ "w § '55) >
S *q3 ^* *>

tg g,!1^ ^
ij ^ O J-*

c^ ^£J £r Jr; i^
VH O J-i V U
/r* KJ .3 X5 1~~t >-^
iter the average elapsed time i
; process bath.
average elapsed time that a r
ic bath to allow chemical dra:
e key at right and enter the le
ific chemical bath.
suit key at right and enter the
that specific chemical.
Vapor Control Methods Kei
,5 ,s S S3 
-------
APPENDIX A
<*-.
f
4J "3>
i'l
C3 at
fl> t-«
li *S
6 «
'>,'«
0 t»
g a
o uf

.52 S
T3 -*
tU JJ

.2 g
ca -2
,° "S
CO
•3 |
•"2 «


13 ^

|S
1 "o


'•M
CU S
?!
id
TJ '43
•22 2
.^3 F"
""ai t9
$* S
CT3 O
•s -i
0 "o o
h Make-Up Compos!'
r each chemical componc
attach another sheet witf
^ t2 **
w % ™
•3 o "S.
6.2 Initial Chemic;
Complete the chart bei
more room is needed,
tank only.


J&-
;$ « S
p p C
J2J .5
5 ^ j
o*

A
2
O
S
S
05
H
I2U

u
1

° w --



•H S ^
II1


OS
a ^

3 3
 "^
>, . §
,O *Q (1_)
1 U

?r .^i ^
S ^ "S
w jc!
O (J1

j3 ttj *~^
T3 ° >
O ^> c+_(
'S o o

1 II
"3 g /~,


S H. O
d^ », £3
CCJ p^> O
q-i 'r 43
o !3 °
| "3 S
1 &b •§
S C
rB co °
fcl 'c «r
a yf,
||lf
Cf_( t/3 "^ ^»
O rti S "^
o< S „. -g
s^ J3 W u
Sals
^ r^ ,2 S3
^ o c ,S2
•— >* O w
1> "S ^ S3
"^ o (D *c3
.s o ^ .a
volume of the chemical use
iter the weight hi pounds ar
Lcentration of the chemical i
e amount of a particular che
u S o •£
^ o" £ fc)
S3 S ^
« 3 "+* ^4
• Working Volume: En
chemicals) instead of vol
b Concantration: Enter
c Annual Quantity Use<
specify the units (Ibs.).
                                    A-30
-------
                              APPEMDIXA










H
5
•a
o
'§
1
1
disposing of a spi
1
.S
ts
s
60
"o
J2
0.
SJ
tW
o
I/I
o

o
&
1
•4— *
a
0
a
o
M3
m
9
<2
.S
•B.I*
V T3
11
g o-
3.^
£g
5^
6.3 Chemical Ba
Complete the chart 1

fa H ^
3 ? W en
3 e g o
« O p PM
1 w | ®
SH§
wg-o
lip

H °
fe H "J
r-, O Z •<
^ Q H M
S S ^ ^
i^. M ^j ^y
§ H 0
PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT11
taS
o£
g§
<. PL,
H
o S 9
^ S s
s||
^ J 0
K Srj s
§ ^ S
^^ Qg


^
u
§
1 — j
Fv
^^
td
CM
to
gH
fa g
•^J jC
2 u
u 2

BATH TYPE











































CLEANER











































CONDITIONER











































CARBON











































1 POST-CLEAN
ETCH











































1 ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT

;









































OTHER (specify)




i
u
2
^
e
1
u
<2
S
1
C

"23
CA
o
Q
Q
?*i
iod of Treatment <
•a
B






fc
t


-C
S:
1
"C
C
^
.c
Ui
"C
1
 g
1 ' i-I-i £

Si
u S w1
"vi •*— ' *^3
£§§!
'w 1=! •£! d
C § 'IS g
tion pretreatment o
ralization pretreatm
i directly to sewer \
:d for off-site treatr
i on-site
3 •§ S p 5
o. S g | "3
1 1 I I 1


^
^> t3 jj
big*?]!
1 1 it o
8 S* M- op
oj f| i ^ .S

W ^< 2 CH
°~ _^ „ '5b
1 1 ^^
8 S ^-S
rt O ."ti g
*&i *^ § O

J ^ rt -r^ ^
•° 0 O."'*3
a e m -a
J|||l

*S 3 5s »-
E 0 en « „
S I B S3 -
O « S H-2 -E
>lll«?l
1 lf-1 1
>?£ & i \
i"||8|S
< £^W u K ^
> °C "T" o ° "
* S y j3 e 'c
! •'g § -a .2 =
« o 5 1> -»-» —
i « if s 2 §
u g «
O i-t O
O ^f§
i i i

s2S
1
e c
•a o
IS*
t3 J2 b
^ •§ 2
s g e
o-g-a
0 -° ?3
^> cd 1*
fy"] j_J p^
1 1 1
I— < f— i r— i

"«
O
O
Q
o
pecify)
iod of Treatment
- Other (s]
Site Metl
.«
,a o


.g fe
—1 . Jj
^o _o , w
"tn ^-J* >"
I'll
.ill
o ^^ c

*3 *^ ™
: 1 1 1
!^|.|
'§•"£ «
' "S 1 1
d Personal Protectiv
protective equipment
c MethnHsnf Treatn
0
o
,__,
£,

b
I
&§
a'S
^
•» o
-£
S
5
1
o
• 1
Q
"S
1 -o
of the method used.
' Annual Volume Tr
bath treated or disposi
A-31
-------
APPENDIX A
ng t
AL
         co





P"(
1
'"I
•^
g
a
H

m

^
H
*s





b

S
a
w
fe
o
w
O
M
^P

^C
w
u




PENT BATH
cc

Q
•j
•5
^
O
3

j§






OH
P-l










"«
>
.X
is
(S
_„
S
1 S
A 0
0 *

Js
s

13
_o
1
O





BD


a
os
0 •§
fl "Si
C3 Wd
H g

1



61)
.5
^
2
E

>M A
•a M
o ^^
j^ +^
^ S
s £

f-H
§
P-l









U
a

3
s
o
U
5
•WM
•8
1

X)
1
CO

a















I

















rs
"o
C/3
^-^
OH
0
O
u
CO
















Q

OH
CO
I















i
Q

















'o
OH

^^
(U
g



































Other (specify):
















j-t
.1
&
a
o
o
OH
U
OH
O






OH

l_
a
1
O




&a
||
p fa
05 J

^TJ •• ^j

u a
S w
Qz3 FT!

uj CJ
u





irectly to wastewater
treatment:
Q



•^^
S
m
"S

Q<

O
s
£


a
3
a
o
o
OH
•o
u •
CO
o
O










L.
>^J
«

=
_£









"es
'§
.O
JA
o

Directly to sewer:

















.1
OS
a
o
o
t
OS
t/D


































> open-top container:
£;
















'§

CQ
"^-^
1



































'S3
o
o
OH
2
Q

C— i
























J"jj
-

1
u
gj
**
o
1
u
i
1
«
c3
en
u
5 activiti
_c
*T3


^3
^
'§
U
A
o
u
H-H
•a
«
3
i
f baths where the activitie
o
H
(U
£
•&>
U
•s
w
ti
i
en
S
9
O

n
H
                                     A-32
-------
                                                                                             APPENDIX A
6.5 Chemical Bath Sampling

Provide information on the chemical bath sampling procedures used in your facility.  Duration of sampling and
personnel involved should include only the portion of the testing procedure involving the manual sampling of the
chemical baths, not automated sampling or the testing that may occur in another part of the facility, such as the
BATH TYPE
CLEANER
CONDITIONER
CARBON
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXTOANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF
SAMPLING"






FREQUENCY b






DURATION OF
SAMPLING0
miru
join.
mm.
mm...
min
mm.
NO. OF
PEOPLE*






PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT6






   JL y UC Ul O2t111 Mill* K  ^/v/ii*3***t- «••»•*' M.I.VJ »*•. - »o"-	    •< *
 sampling performed on the specific chemical bath.
 b Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel
  sq ft. processed between samples. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.).
 c Duration of Sampling - Enter the average time for manually taking a sample
 from the specific chemical tank.  Consider only time spent at the chemical bath..
 d Number of People - Enter the number of people actually involved in manually
 taking the chemical samples. Exclude people doing the testing but not the sampling.
 c Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key at right and enter the letters for
 all protective equipment worn by the people performing the chemical sampling.
[A] - Automated sampling   [B] - Both
[M] - Manuals Sampling     [N] - None

Personal Protective Equipment Key
[E] - Eye protection         [G] - Gloves
[L] - Labcoat/sleeved garment [A] - Apron
[R] - Respiratory protection   [B] - Boots
[Z] - All except respiratory   [N] - None
     protection
 6.6  Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Sampling

 Complete the table below by indicating what method your facility uses to manually collect bath samples and the type of
 container used.
Method of Obtaining Samples
Chemical Sample Container
Dram/Spigot:
Pipette:
Ladle:
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:






                                                       A-33
-------
APPENDIX A


J^
o
§ °
<5 J
1—1 C3
•fi to
•51
OJ CO
o ,pj J£r
&| c
Ha u "c
*3 S3 £
H"S —
•8-S.I
§«J c/>
O cd
Jjj
1! s
"J3 Q •=

o S

Z«
PH
Z %r
O Q '
 >
.3 -o
1 &
• S i/i
|.3
i?

T3 tJ
'§
•§ s
a ^
.§ 0
i of eachchera
t (i.e., crystall:
3 .SP
3 *^
I'ls
. J;s L;
« g 8 u
° g ^-u
'•§ ^2 b i r-
0-g 0 0, g

«l'||| § |i |
Wj C^ ^ &(O <3 CQ ^!
i i i i i i i i
atLE^E± a^ai


o ">
•0 -g
B OS

0 >J *• J3
Ii ill
5S J§ « S S
. • "2 s S S
r— i W O w p
<1 S JS) s o ^
i_m « « a u



& £ I
* "8 t •§•
S I t §•
1 1 i I
1 E -S J
-0 S ° S
•a ^ M &
u tl "73

tn O o
Ills
4-J ""* ... KJ
g 'I "8 e
§ O r=j G
§< a. > g
"J S u «
«M ff -g 0
S ^ 1 f
"§ u -S •§
2 S S u
x-< 0 "°
§.*!"!) 1 t
^ . °n i~i . ,
.verage amount of time el
eify units (e.g., hours, sq
Hethod - Consult key at i
Enter the average elapsei
i of all chemicals.
uipment - Consult key a1
ally making the addition.
ro 
-------
                            APPENDIX A
p. ^
6 o
g w
K p.
2 -'§ 1
I'll
a ^
j 2 o
s<
|
^
u
o
u
AVERAGE
VOLUME
ADDED3
a
3
a
3
3
o
g
w
u

w
fc
>
H
§
ca




I



















T— (
















CN
















rn
















^*
1 fe
H ^!
H O
A A
\ \




<£



















-;
















CN
















en

















^
£
•3
u
D.
m
g
a
H
o
    •o-jj
   1^1
   o 0-3
   '•C'^3 ft
   «3§S
A-35
-------
 APPENDIX A
 6.8  Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Additions
 Complete the
following table by indicating the methods your facility uses while performing ch
ACTIVITY
Chemical Retrieval
from Stock into
Container
Container
Method of Chemical
Addition
OPTIONS
Pump:
Pour:
Scoop (solid):
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:
Safety container:
Other (specify):
Pour directly into tank:
Stir into tank:
Pour into automated chemical addition
system:
Other (specify):













emical additions.
 6.9 Other Bath Related Activities

 Complete the following table for any other bath related activities that your facility engages in.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER
CONDITIONER
CARBON
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXTOANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF ACTIVITY
(describe)






FREQUENCY"






DURATION
OF






NO. OF
PEOPLE






PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT0






  	.,_-..-_,  u..»» „,„ u.wiugw uiiiuuiii. ui Limv via^DEu ui iiumuci ui panel sq. ii. processed since tne last time tne activity
was performed. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.)
b Duration of Activity - Enter the average time for performing the specified activity. Clearly specify units.
c Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key on the previous page and enter the letters for aJLprotective equipment worn
by the people performing the activity.
                                                   A-36
-------
                                                                   APPENDIX A
as
.2 Si
    OH
  T3 O
;§

aT
. s
g

0
U


3

2

^
J
<

>
jj
>;
^


^
C ^
^H g
!L ^
Q


«
g
Si§
tf 0
N °
Is
M

HK
5 ^
H t—
5^
^^ ^*
^j ^^
5r ^


||
LENGTH 1
(Inchest
5
M















$•





o
. "





§"






u








.g


1 CLEANER/
rnNnmoNER




..










1^





0
ta






d





*«
£3}







.s


— 	 	
THER (specify)









2-i
•^

ft
5£
JJ£
Ol

P.

&
^
9
w
&
c
c
B

a





















iJ
b
K
2
&

^




















2
"S
a3
p
1
1

.S















"o
§
OH
&
&
i
•43
bJ
Crt
cn
8
c

^


1
£*










^
?
0
^
"t
't
B-4-
£
^
a
_c
4-
r
\« **



































00
.S S
T3 43 T3
8 S 8 -3
0 13 13 S
§w cJ cJ
^ e q
° 0
.S3 T3 -S °
"u M 'bh >•
11 Immersion Time - Enter the average elapsed time a rack of pan
the specific process bath.
b Drip Time - Enter the average elapsed time that a rack of panel
above the specific bath to allow chemical drainage from panels.
c Agitation - Consult the key at right and enter the letter for the a
used in the specific chemical bath.
d Vapor Control - Consult key at right and enter the letter of the
method used for that specific chemical.
A fitati"" M^hnHs Kev Vapor Control Methods Key













































- Push-Pull
| - Bath cover (when not in use)
| - Plastic balls (floating)
| - Fully enclosed
] - Other (explain)
&.
S
g.
«.2 -«
•SS 3
.•ssas-
8p.g|£
13 -a w S
§ '3 -S3 rS
c^E<:o
ii11
EESa
                                      A-37
-------
APPENDIX A
Sti
°'1)
ft cd
f<8

?^
1-S
tl

0 gf
O 4>
CO S
&
*s w
11
S 5
.la *o
o ^
•3 
.« J2 -3§<-
•
H
W
u
2
O
u


i|^
*"j fc!^ C
§R =
i>^


.>
w
ft! 'aJ*
gs
H «
O.H

•^ CU
-"^
<'=•
^



1
z
>j
j
s
z;
u

t!
•4
2












































es
Bl 0 g H
£ S & § ^
< 1 9 2 ^
w 2 a 3 H
o u S oi u

4) Ji*
§ ^
"K -Q
m
n CA
• M ^
^ O
^ cu
* .1
5 - "S g
Ji s u
C@ ^O !_
•g ^ s
g 'S J3
S ^|
-^ 	 .„ ^.
C Q c
3 P ~
O ^
1 	 "" ***" '**" '**** ** g ftp tn
ID -S- fc1
^5 w
& *s 4
3 ^^,
£j t>^ 4->
^ 1?'3 1$
-,
° 'S S "^
|| ||
-•^Js
.2 o. G .£2
•S ^."cS |
. 1 1 1 i
*S s •« §
w rrj ^
*3 W W Q
"ca C '3 c3
.a g S 3
§ e*'f '1
"f jg -S °-
|f ||
111!
^^ri^^f^^^^&tfSz
wl i 1^
m b3 ^ "w '-3 2 *P
w u M -s " § §
>J Z s -^e — S
es) ^ 3 "a s S *
8 i *!«!!
A-38
-------
                             APPENDIX
dws
S^ d
*5«
o^





D
^
3
^

3
3
U


3 «
WORKIN
VOLUMI
(gallons)


3
2-sr
PS
S.§
-U a,
t, p.
=<2
r


i

z
J
<
a
=
u





B
3








































^-,







































*

^
S
U
H a
S S
Q. pT-"|







































T-l







































(N







































en







































TJ-

1 ^
| S
ET 9
S H







































-H







































(N







































en







































•*

1
t
H
O
I |
? |
si ^
^7 o
2 OH
ij) fj
>, . §
3 »rt fl>
i g;
I 1*
- » ^
c i> S
« .9 .
o (^
| i|
3 ^^^ ^
1 s"|
3 S c
I "55 X
If!
i ^ $
o ^i &
M •« ^
i— ' § -S
J-; >> *^
^ ^'3 ib
5t8-'S
"S -25 "c .0"
f-1 S-g
g c& > g
•S _>., o to

•S § 
-------
APPENDIX A







i
spent chemical t
i disposing of a i
8
J
ts
QJ
43
.5
o
.3
1"
<<-.
Q

O
P
(a.
1
o
o
§
1
S
$*
4- *>
li
S'>
Si-
1&
31
ai
ra ij
«£
i— iJC
fft *i
7.3 Chemte
Complete the i
WOiS""
55|||
owS^
SH§

ANNUAL
VOLUME
TREATED OR
DISPOSED'
u
ON-SITE
METHOD (
TREATMEI
ORDISPOS.

PERSONAL
PROTECTIVI
EQUIPMENT
§1
i|
fc
u«
&^ E-w **
O ^ W
^ w2
oip
r^ ^1 [jj
^JO
ofeo^
Q ffi M

A
u
W
r
W
CiH
oz
toW
<:§
§8
^^
§i
u

34
i

•





























Ot

1 CLEANER/
CONDITION

































PRE-DIP

































1 PALLADIUM
CATALYST































8

ACCELERA1

































ENHANCER

































1
II































SJH
V3 ^H
ANTI-TARNI
JANTI-OXIDA































?
T3
JOTHER(speci
Tl ' — s
S -£3 'o
•« i-~\ u
H ° a
• ' 5£,
i— i pT1
|
1
U
c
C!
PC
1
!
X
U
"o
EQ
O
e
C
L.
O
liod of Treatment
i-Site Met!
0
- " 1
c T3 e
o u *z
• Statistical process c
• Panel sq. ft. process
- Chemical testing
ional Protective Eai
^"FT »
on-site
nent on-site
with no treatment
ment or disposal
ition prerreatment i
ralization pretreatr
i directly to sewer
3d for off-site treat
d on-site
'§ >S 8* g 5"
i i i ' i
n L=J tLL cii CL


*"?
1^5
fc> u  e c/
> o -t
— n, c
CD'^S


3 §
"•I
L5.
I e
H C
?*>
a'f 1
rt|g-|
.2 S ^ 8
ts ^ b i: e
II HI
W hJ P^ <| &H
1 1 1 1
S3SS
«
0
a
V
Q
0
pecify)
hod of Treatment
] - Other (s
f-Site Metl
a o



s, «
il-s i

h S i_
JJ a o S •§ e s.^
u .S3 jj J2 .g
r | -| osj1 .
c S § s£,  S

u c1 5
^ 4'^
1.1 If

^•i! i
2 -g <3
3 ^ _1
ill
||l
ill.


.1
Us
1"
0 ^
ll<
co Q 0
1 i i
S££i2,



o
S

&
J

o
s
3
Q

1
u
5
S3
1
w
1
T3
1
0
(1
o
•o
S
|-g

jfiill
A-40
-------
                             APPENDIX A.


1 1
2 S
oi rt
y
53 eS
||
-a — <
at cs
Svi
*•* *s
m as
0 -S
11
1 1
!&
s §
^H "13
If
- 1
O QH
S <1>"
QJ ^W
+3 J
8*6
o fl>
<1> ,g)
§5
. rj (M
3 *
it
i— < .^
. . Qj M
s S ®
SCO _
Qj "O
^5 3 g
S'.^S
§ "°
5^*0
Won.
^ ^ xS*
OT OT
•p* § jj
s ••§ *
1 s-a
^1^
s ^^
•-B -3 s
111
3-?!
lemical Handling
!te the table below ty
ious chemical baths
"*. i j§




























«
1
ta
O
cc
tt
H


















'





































































i_i
|
i
ffl
|
£
|r





t^
J5
1
£d
0*
S
o
o
£j

f \
"^
§





PQ
fe
REMOVAL (



f
"^






•a
.1
1
•a
u
1 s
S*

43
tn
£3

1
a
(U
O


SD
a

'1
^
0 •§
g> -^
H S


OH
PH


od of Removing
hTtnth
l«


1
PH






$«
a
1
o
o
• p*
o

£
g
0
13
K











B
r/"i
VJ

!
[
L


S
"o
l/l

rv
0
0
O
00









^
!«
1
en
"sT
g










•s
.SP
OH
1





S
'o

c^
i-
a
•s
0
U




S a
fi S3
CO J
s^
u g
§ s

C3 r^
HH ^




S^
oj 
ts
.S
Q
9ve Spent Bath
S
£


1
'3
s
o
o
1
CO
0
O






S

s_
PH
a
^
1






1
U


S
I
Q





(U
'•B
c
0
o
!

























1
•3
0
o
OH
I
O
H




g
'o
u
OH
CO
**—*
I

























0
1
0
o
|
en
"o











"j
S
1
P.
'S
T^
1
U
lH
0>
0
•s
1
8
•^
1
60
1
"s
's
s
J=
o
1
to
I

8
;g
*>
1
u
g
1
Q.
^
s of Baths -Enter the t
-------
  APPENDIX A
  7.5 Chemical Bath Sampling

  Provide information on the chemical bath sampling procedures used in your facility.  Duration of sampling
  and personnel involved should include only the portion of the testing procedure involving the manual
  sampling of the chemical baths, not automated sampling or the testing that may occur in another part of the
  facility, such as the lab.                                                                        ^
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
PRE-DIP
PALLADIUM
CATALYST
ACCELERATOR
ENHANCER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF
SAMPLING"








FREQUENCY b








DURATION OF
SAMPLING0
ittin
mm.
min.
mill.
min.
min.
rm'a.
min.
NO. OF
PEOPLE"








PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT6








   * «	I	~&  •—»*-».WM*I, I.AJ.V «vx^ U.L. J.»£lll, CUlXi IrllL^fJL Lilt ly UC Ui
sampling performed on the specific chemical bath.
k Frequency - Enter the average amount of time elapsed or number of panel
 sq, ft, processed between samples.  Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.).
c Duration of Sampling - Enter the average time for manually taking a sample '
from the specific chemical tank. Consider only time spent at the chemical bath..
  Number of People - Enter the number of people actually involved in manually
taking the chemical samples. Exclude people doing the testing but not the sampling.
' Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key at right and enter the letters for
all protective equipment worn by the people performing the chemical sampling.


7.6  Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Sampling

Complete the table below by  indicating what method your facility uses to manually collect bath samples and the type of
container used.                                                                              \
        Type of Sampling Key
[A] - Automated sampling   [B] - Both
[M] - Manual sampling     [N] - None

Personal Protective Equipment Key
[E] - Eye protection         [G] - Gloves
[L] - Labcoat/sleeved garment [A] - Apron
[R] - Respiratory protection   [B] - Boots
[Z] - All except respiratory    [N] - None
    protection
Method of Obtaining Samples
Chemical Sample Container
Drain/Spigot:
Pipette:
Ladle:
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:






                                                   A-42
-------
                               APPENDIX A
| §
a "§
p^
V^H £3
• o
J3 '^
ta §
•° S
[/I •£*
S §
Iff
o a ^
!•£ 5
j4 42 _g
cd ^ 'w
o o cd
«'i^
^ ''s ^
o o ^o
OJ O M
'u *S g
4) t*""( O
rS . p.
rt S m
1 1 -s
S o "tt

2 .S ^
w '"^ fli
^O 2 t»

ri O
S ig I
S T3 
•^ 'S o
3^|
:l'5!
^^^
1 » °
CO T . 03
o 53 J2
's r§ i
"K
ilmg the typical ch<
ific bath, attach an<
r that bath. If two 1
S £ 8S -S •§ •
§ 21
M Eu r! IS
"3 O S 5
* ° S
o •< """
j ^ „
^ o O

|||
u
O
g
a

2
&
|
H

K
r.


r"i
U
£-1
o
u

W.,
fVi _,
P | b
2|g
2|3
<< >


MICAL ADDED
0


BATH TYPE









































— '
ICLEANER/









































(S
[
f
\
"f









































m
4
4
\
-i
3
j







,d
§
































^i-










































— "
J









































M










































m








.S
6
































^f










































i — i
IPALLADIUM









































CN











































/3
><







,5
g
































•^










































1 — I
JACCELERATOR









































CN










































m








,s
fi
































•*



•s
!
EU
"3
B
0
£


§
*^
•w
emical Ad
0
,d
o
S u"
o c
w"o
a> ?•
^•s
•1*3
S S
S "£o
rf £H

o 2"
•4-* pj
t3 o

'i
-**
B
a
O
"a
o
H





1
13
O
•s
i




£
.S
-5
o
§
.£3
O
U
£3

<*-<
o
/— ^>
o
fcT
0)
«3
1
t»
^
"o
-^
"o
"i
•£.
c
o
'i
the concentr


b Concentration - Er
!«>,
B .2 &
l||

§ > OH !£
*tf B >% ^
! I i §*•!«,
^O-iSxgggino
ClJ 1 c^ ^^ j~i (r^ <^ rA ^/^

Eriij'S'c'-r 5'5'5'z'
F^ < n^ . p^ i . " . .^^ . , ^ . r^ . r^ .

O f>
B *
*0 « ^ £

ca -jj w ^ «
!J i!!=
^2 M S "S •©
L-Ldj « « C 0


1
O O
f|7j dj ^

^ w »^ "3
Cd 3 CO) gn
& ^ ^ Q

* a i S
•a -S 2. o.

rrt O O r^
S3 «S -a ^
8 B g «g
*~* -C3 rtr]
O, 0 0 ^
•4-1 "^ *-L °J
4i 43 *" t_
 ^ ^^ *-*
•§ sj 1 i
a S
§ ^_^ u § -a
o o"c * a
13 (L> CO O -y
& . "C1 TS +^ •
13 s*« « ?§
lit t !i
ill Ijl!
tJ) 3 O tj ^ « S
03 O ^5 i C CT.y
,<~] o O '"-H -i C*

A-43
-------
APPENDIX A
ill
«ll
fe w

* 2?

§ w
<. PL,
2 If
hgg |
« 5 i
S3 0 S.
a <
CHEMICAL
ADDITION
METHODd
K,
u
2
a
p
P*
3
i,
a
•H
^
z
I£J
'J
p
a w „

* !j Q
2^ 5J C2

y^4 L^~ "^
^**«



a
3
3
CHEMICAL




BATH TYPE














































ENHANCER



























































































































































































POST-CLEAN





























































































EC
U
H
W




























































































-1
ANTI-TARNISH/














































\
»
C
N
£













































m
M
I
<
•4
•*
1








c
E




































•*














































-1
[OTHER (specify)














































•ll
.1 tt
'S c
S X
•a M
T3 B
"S ^
0 S
g a
_g 3
0 P2-
"I
O oj
fi
o .iir
^3 u '"->
ed > w
CJ) ^ J3
c ^* ^-^
'u -a *3
3 3 §
1 1 J
Enter the average
hemical used is ir
id clearly specify
• ° a
"0 S w
« 3 ^
Si I
a Average Volume A
If the amount of a parl
enter the weights in p(


£
M

C
O)
E
_O
1




thod Key
i




u
c
*rt
U
C-;
O
O
s
^
^
g"
=5
1
bfi
s^1

U
S
_s
"o
n
.•ff
"Q

:oncentration (e.g.
U
5
~

s
b Concentration - en
                                              .III
                                              o S °- o
                                              'o J3 frt;
                                                   .
                                                  s S   .
                                              11

                                                     g-a
                                                     S 2
                                                     « s
                                                     o "S
                                                     B U



                                             U
                                                        <
                                 A-44
-------
                                                                                       APPENDIX A
7.8 Chemical Handling Activities: Chemical Additions

Complete the following table by indicating the methods your facility uses while performing chemical additions.
ACTIVITY
Chemical Retrieval
from Stock into
Container
Container
Method of Chemical
Addition
OPTIONS
Pump:
Pour:
Scoop (solid):
Other (specify):
Open-top container:
Closed-top container:
Safety container:
Other (specify):
Pour directly into tank:
Stir into tank:
Pour into automated chemical addition
system:
Other (specify):













7.9  Other Bath Related Activities

Complete the following table for any other bath related activities that your facility engages in.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
PRE-DIP
PALLADIUM
CATALYST
ACCELERATOR
ENHANCER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT
OTHER (specify)
TYPE OF ACTIVITY
(describe)

,,,

••




FREQUENCY8

'
-





DURATION
OF
ACTIVITY"



,„




NO. OF
PEOPLE


'





PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT0

-


	 ;: 	



   Frequency - Enter the average amount of tune elapsed or number of panel sq. ft. processed since the last time
 the activity was performed. Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.)
 b Duration of Activity - Enter the average time for performing the specified activity. Clearly specify units.
 c Personal Protective Equipment - Consult key on the previous page and enter the letters for all protective
 equipment worn by the people performing the activity.
                                                 A-45
-------
APPENDIX A
Direct discharge
Indirect discharge
Zero discharge

Cu
cu.ft.
DfE
EPA
F
ft.
gal.
gal./day
gpm
hrs.
Ibs.
MHC
min.
mg/1
OEM
Pd
PWB
sec.
sq.ft.
sq.in.
Sn
IDS
TSS
TTO
yr.
         Definitions and Abbreviations

Wastewater discharge directly to a stream or river
Wastewater discharge to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
No industrial wastewater discharge

copper
cubic feet
Design for the Environment
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
fahrenheit
feet
gallons
gallons per day
gallons per minute
hours
pounds
making holes conductive
minutes
milligrams per liter
original equipment manufacturer
palladium
printed wiring board
seconds
square feet
square inch
tin
total dissolved solids
total suspended solids
total toxic organics
year
                                         A-46
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX
A.2   Observer Data Sheet
                               Observer Data Sheet
                  DfE PWB Performance Demonstrations
 Facility name and location:_
 MHC Process type:  	
                   Installation Date:
 Date:
                         Contact name:
 Test Fanel Rjftn
  /lake and Model of rack or panel transport system:
 Overall MHC process line dimensions
        Length (ft.):
Width (ft.):
Height (ft.):
  'emperature of the process room:
 Desmear type (permanganate or plasma):
 Average number of panels per rack:
    Average space between panels in rack:
 Average size of panel in rack:  Length (in.):
              Width (in.):
 At what % of capacity is the line currently
 running?
    At what % of capacity is the line typically
    running?
 Open the panel bags. Were the bags still sealed the day of the demonstration?
        If no, when was the bag opened and where/how were the panels stored?
 Place the panels in the system. For rack systems, note the rack configuration (diagram the rack
 configuration and note the locations of the 3 test panels):
  While running Sxe test paiiete, verify «aeh process step and complete the table «n the next
  Overall System Timing: from system start (after loading racks) to system stop (before unloading
  racks); [Do not include desmear time]:
  After processing the panels through the MHC line, flash plate with 0.1 mil copper. Record the
  current used and time used:
                       Current =           A            Time =	sec.
                                            A-47
-------
APPENDIX A
- r«stfaB4B9!> 	 : '"
Test Board Serial Numbers: 1. 2. 3.
Bath iVaroe
(from schematic)
L s, ;
2.
S %*"•
3,
4.
5. " ;
6. ;
7.
8. - !
9.
10. , x
1.1. =
n. , ,
13,
14.
15.
Tank or
Station #















Equipment9















Bath
Temp















Immersion
Time















Drip
Time















"list number, typ«o£ , "' «
AgitatioHs Vapw CuRfret! Filter Type* BfcatifcrlSoate^t Water Jtlasess
;PA}» Panel AgiiatiOH C?PI ^ Fasfe/P«B pFJ-8^ [mj-l&enft&stat % [CJfj -o«ss
AS|- Air Sparge {FBJn Floating Balis pFj^Giher {PS|*PH3g«anaae.d ^3+?arfkil:>artng|!recB5s
0A} -Otter (dsscrtbe) |?6|-PultyEtt(st0«i^ B^+oftsttdflstw^ t«w5"0fhtt<*^^)
fOV^Otherf&imie) ,-
                                    A-48
-------
                                                                                APPENDIX A.
clt*rt6&s flit
                                                       of Part Afc
Throughput:
    Verify the overall throughput (Part A, Ql.l) is recorded as surface square feet and that it is
    equal to the per shift throughput (Part A, Q1.4):  D	
Ventilation:
    Verify the type of ventilation as recorded in Part A, Question 2.1: a
Wastewater characterization:
     Review discharge and sludge data recorded in Part A, Question 2.3 with wastewater treatment
     plant operator. Did the data recorded refer to plant-wide data or MHC process line-specific data?
     Verify the estimate of the percentage of waste treatment due to MHC process: n
Tank volumes:
     Verify the length, width, and nominal volume of each tank, as recorded in Part A:
Water Use:
     Verify Part A, Question 3.2, for each tank:
              Flow Controls verified
              Daily water flow rate verified
              Cascade process steps verified
                 D
                 D
                 D
     Have you implemented any other water conservation measures on the MHC line?
        If yes, describe:
     Is water consumption dependent upon capacity of the line?
  Pollution Prevention:
 Have you used any other pollution prevention techniques on the MHC line? (e.g., covered tanks to
 reduce evaporation, measures to reduce dragout, changes to conserve water, etc.)
      If yes, describe and quantify results (note: if results have not been quantify, please provide an
      estimate):
      If your throughput changed during the time new pollution prevention techniques were
      implemented, estimate how much (if any) of the pollution prevention reductions are due the
      throughput changes:
                                              A-49
-------
APPENDIX A
Filter Rfetslatenifcttt " ~'"^-,,^*>-
Replacement Information
Bath(s) filtered (enter process step #)
Frequency of replacement:
Duration of replacement process:
Number of personnel involved:
Personal protective equipment (see key):
Type of filter (see key):
Number of filters changed in assembly:
Filter make and model number:
persona! Protective Btmimnent KBVJ
[BJ-Bye Protection fOJ-dlev&s
iLJ-Lftfecoat/Slteved £^rw6£ SERVICE CALLS % T;
Average time spent per week:
Average cost:
Average downtime:
Do you call service for a recurring problem?
If yes, describe:




IN-HOUSBMAMTBHANCi, ,"*?-;'- |
Average time spent per week:
Average downtime:
[s there a recurring maintenance problem?
If yes, describe:



                                    A-50
-------
                                                                                             APPENDIX A
Rack or Chuprfiyor Clfeaniftg
Is rack or conveyor cleaned continuously
during the process?
frequency of rack or conveyor cleaning:
Number of personnel involved:
Personal protective equipment (see key):
Rack Cleaning Method (see key): OR
Conveyor Cleaning Method (see key):
Average time required to clean:
Cleaning chemical used:
Cleaning schedule (after hours, during hours in
1VIHC room or during hours outside MHC room)










                                                               Personal Protective Equipment Key:
                                                               [E]-Eye Protection               [G]-Gloves
                                                               [L]-Labcoat/Sleeved garment       [A]-Apron
                                                               [R]-Respiratory Protection         [B]-Boots
                                                               [ZJ-A11 except Respiratory Protection [N]-None

                                                               Rack Cleaning Method:
                                                               [C]-ChemicaI bath on MHC process line
                                                               [D]-Chemical bath on another line
                                                               [T]-Temporary chemical bath
                                                               [S]-Manual scrubbing with chemical
                                                               [M]-non-chemical cleaning
                                                               [N]-None

                                                               Conveyor Cleaning Method:
                                                               [C]-Chemical rinsing or soaking
                                                               [S]-Manual scrubbing with chemical
                                                               [M]-Non-chemical cleaning
                                                               [N]-None
                       Type of
                      Sampling"
Frequency"
Duration of
 Sampling'
 Protective
Equipment*1
Method of
Sampling6
  Sample
Container1
 leaner/
 Conditioner
 vlicro Etch
  .ctivator/
Catalyst
Accelerator
lElectroless
 Copper
  .educer/
JNeutralizer
  nti-tarnish/
 Anti-oxidant
 Other (specify)
 Other (specify)
                                                                    ft Method frf O&taifliaa
e DutatkinafS&mftOnfc. Botef the
average tJme jfpv
-------
APPENDIX A
'O O. O O
D n n D
         D n n
                 I
                 o
                 D
                      Jill
                      D D D D
                         •sT
                       o &
                     .  . -a
                     n D a
                   I
                   n
                                   u o,
                                     D 2
1
n
                                             nan
                                                     n
                                                   I
                                                   Q,
                                                         3 3 a w
                                                         S S-i ^
  o o. g
D a n 2
                                 A-52
-------
                                                                                  APPENDIX A
             Evaluation
 ; &fe faeiltty to switched from a pattern «yaft«flL ts H» cofl«Bt
V complete this pap.
       i History:
In Part A  Question 3.4, the facility recorded their reason(s) for changing to their current system.
    Have they realized this benefit to a greater or lesser extent than expected? Explain and obtain
    (attach) quantitative information if not given in Part A.
  /ere any changes made when the line was installed that were not part of the system or were optional
[(e.g., flow control valves added to water rinses? cascaded water rinses? etc.)? Explain:
 Product Quality:
 What, if any, changes were noticed in the quality of the boards produced/
  Case of Use:                                                                 ,   ,
 Does the current process require more or less effort than the previous process and why (e.g.,
 chemical bath replacement, process steps or activities created or eliminated, such as rack loading,
lletc.)?
  )oes this process require more "fine tuning" than the previous process? (e.g  can it handle a range
  rf operating concentrations, such as bath temperature variations? does it need more frequent chemical
 lladditions or monitoring? etc.).  Explain:
   istallation:
   tow long was the debug period when this system was installed?
    lat were the types of problems encountered?
   low does this compare with the previous system installation?
   lanufacturing Process Changes: How did you change your upstream or downstream processes
        this system was installed? (e.g., did you change your desmear? did you have to make changes in|
   pour electrolytic line?)
                                                A-53
-------
 APPENDIX A
 Personnel: Do you need the same number of operators to operate the current line as your previous
 line?  [Verify that any changes were not caused by a change in throughput].
 Waste Treatment:
 Have any of your waste treatment methods or volumes changed due to the installation of this system
 "(not associated with volume changes due to throughput changes)?
     If yes, describe the change(s) and attach quantitative information, if available:
 Process Safety:
     Have any additional OSHA-related procedures or issues arisen as a result of changing to the
     present system (e.g., machinery lock-outs while cleaning, etc.)? If so, describe:
Internationa! Sites
For international sites only, do any bans or phase-outs of chemicals affect your choice of chemicals
or technologies used in the MHC process? (e.g., Quadrol or EDTA ban)
For international sites only, what is the regulatory atmosphere in the country and what effects does
it have on the MHC process? Are applicable regulations local, regional, or national?
                                            A-54
-------
                                                             APPENDIX A
A.3  Facility Background Information Sheet
                               Design
                               for the
                            Environment
                     Printed Wiring Board Project
              Performance Demonstrations Questionnaire
   Please complete this questionnaire, make a copy for your
                 records, and send the original to:
                              Cheryl Keenan
                              Abt Associates
                             55 Wheeler Street
                           Cambridge, MA 02138

  NOTE: The completed questionnaire must be returned PRIOR TO the
  scheduled site visit.    ___		—
                  FACILITY AND CONTACT INFORMATION
 Facility Identification
      Company Name:
          Site Name:
        Street Address:
              City:
                                             State:
Zip:
 Contact Identification
 Enter the names of the persons who can be contacted regarding this survey.

       Name:
         Title
       Phone:
         Fax:
       E-Mail:
                                   A-55
-------
 APPENDIX A
                                Section 1.  Facility Characterization


 Estimate manufacturing data for the previous 12 month period or other convenient time period of 12 consecutive
 months (e.g., FY94). Only consider the portion of the facility dedicated to PWB manufacturing when entering
 employee and facility size data.
1.1 General Information
Size of portion of facility used for
manufacturing PWBs:
Number of full-time equivalent
employees (FTEs):
Number of employee work days per
year:
sq.ft.

days/yr
Number of days MHG line is in
operation:
Total PWB panel sq. footage
processed by the MHC process:

days/yr
surface $q,fi!/yjr

1.2 Facility Type
 Type of PWB manufacturing facility (check one)     Independent
OEM
1.3 Process Type


Estimate the percentage of PWBs manufactured at your facility using the following methods for making holes
conductive (MHC). Specify "other" entry.
Type of PWB Process
Standard electroless copper
Palladium-based system
Carbon-based system
Graphite-based system
Non-formaldehyde electroless
Percent of Total
%
%
%
%
'"' " &
Type of PWB Process
Conductive polymer
Conductive inks
Other:
Other:
TOTAL

%
$
%
%
100%
                                               A-56
-------
                                                                                       APPENDIX A
1.4 General Process Line Data
Process Data
Number of hours per shift:
Number of hours the MHC line is in operation per shift:
Average surface square feet of PWB panel processed by the MHC line per
shift.
Shift
1



2



3



4



 1.5 Process Area Employees

 Complete the following table by indicating the number of employees of each type that perform work duties in the
 same process room as the MHC line for each shift and for what length of time.  Report the number of hours per
 employee. Consider only workers who have regularly scheduled responsibilities physically within the process
 room. Specify "other" entry. Enter "N/A" in any category not applicable.
Type of Process
Area Worker

Line Operators
Lab Technicians
Maintenance Workers
Wastewater Treatment Operators
Supervisory Personnel
Other:
Other:
EXAMPLE
Number of Employees per Shift
Shift
1







3
Shift
2







2
Shift
3



-



2
Shift
4








Hours per Shift per
Employee
in Process Area
(first shift)
Hrs.
Hrs.
Hrs.
Hrs.
Hrs.
Hrs,
Hrs,
8 Hrs.
                                                  A-57
-------
 APPENDIX A
                                 Section 2. General Process Data

 The information in this section will be used to identify the physical parameters of the process equipment as well
 any operating conditions common to the entire process line.

 2.1  Process Parameters
as
Size of the room containing the process:
Is the process area ventilated (circle one)?
Air flow rate:
Type of ventilation? (Check one) General
Amount of water used by the MHC process line when operating-
sq.ft.
Yes No
cu. ft/raia.
Local

2.2 Waste-water Characterization


Estimate the average and maximum values for the wastewater from the making holes conductive line before
treatment. Enter "ND" for not detectable.

Flow
TDA
Ph
Cu
AVERAGE
gpm
mg/l

mg/l
MAXIMUM
gpttt
mg/I

rag/I

Pd
Sn
TSS
TTO
AVERAGE
Jttg/1
mg/l
mg/1
mg/l
MAXIMUM
mt/l
mg\l
mg/l
rag/1
2.3 Wastewater Discharge and Sludge Data
Wastewater discharge type: (check one) Direct | Indirect
Annual weight (pounds) of sludge generated:
Duration of treatment (e.g., length of time for a gallon to be treated):
Number of employees in waste treatment:
Hazardous chemical disposal costs (annual):
Percent solids of sludge:
Percentage of total quantity generated by the MHC process:
Method of sludge recycle/disposal: [R] - Metals Reclaimed
[D] - Stabilized and Landfilled
[O] - Other (specify)
Zero

.





Waste treatment chemicals used for treatment of MHC process line wastewater:
Type (Chemical Name)




Quantity (gal./yr.)




                                              A-58
-------
                                                         APPENDIX A
fj
w ^-
o -5
  v
                  en.
                  C-4
                                                 t/3    .


                                                 «  ,-t
                                                 o


                                                 I
                                                 OH-

                                                 a
                                              s|l|

                                              tip
                                              1 8 S f
                                        Cpco
                                        Wco
                                        H co


                                        1^
                                        
-------
APPENDIX A
3.2 Rinse Bath Water Usage

Consult the process schematic in Section 3.1 to obtain the process step numbers associated with each of the water
rinse baths present. Enter, in the table below, the process step number along with the flow control and flow rate
data requested for each water rinse bath. If the water rinse bath is part of a cascade, you need only report the daily
water flow rate of one bath in the cascade.
Process Step
Number "
Example: 8







Flow
Control b
R







Daily Water
Flow Rate c
2}400 gal./day
gaL/day
gal/day
g'al/day
gal/day
gaL/day
gaL/day
gaL/day
Cascade Water
Process Steps d
8 - 6







 ' Process Step Number - Consult the process schematic in question 3.1
 and enter the process step number of the specific water rinse tank.
 b Flow Control - Consult key at right and enter the letter for the flow
 control method used for that specific rinse bath.
 e Daily Water Flow Rate - Enter the average daily flow rate for
 the specific water rinse tank.
 d Cascade Water Process Steps - Enter the process step number for
 each  water rinse tank in cascade with the present tank.
Flow Control Methods Key
[C] - Conductivity Meter
[P] - pH Meter
[V] - Operator control valve
[R] - Flow Restricter
[N] - None (continuous flow)
[O] - Other (explain)
3.3 Rack or Conveyor Cleaning

Complete the following table for your rack cleaning chemicals (for non-conveyorized MHC processes) or for
conveyor cleaning equipment
Are chemicals listed below used in rack cleaning or conveyor cleaning?
Chemical



Grade



Rack [ [Conveyor]
Quantity used per year
gal.
gal.
gaL
                                                 A-60
-------
                                                                                         APPENDIX A
3.4 Process History (complete only if you have changed from one system to another)

Complete the table below by indicating what making holes conductive process (es) your facility has employed in
the past. In the second table, indicate the reasons for the process change and estimate or quantify, if possible, how
the change has had an effect upon production.
FORMER MAKING HOLES
CONDUCTIVE PROCESS
ELECTROLESS COPPER
PALLADIUM-BASED
GRAPHITE-BASED
CARBON-BASED
COPPER SEED
ELECTROLESS NICKEL
OTHER (specify)
DATE OF CHANGE TO CURRENT
PROCESS



,


'
REASONS FOR CHANGE AND RESULTS
Reason
(check all
that apply)












Water Consumption
Process Cycle-Time
Cost
Worker Exposure
(provide monitoring data if available)
Performance
(provide data on changes in rejection rate,
number of cycles before failure, etc.)
Customer Acceptance
Product Quality
Process Maintenance
Other:
Other:
Other:
Prior to this System a
gal/day
ntqiAsycJe
S/ft2





-


Present System
gal/day
min/oycte
$/«?








   If no quantitative information is available, enter [B] - Better, [W] - Worse, [N] - No change.
                                                  A-61
-------
APPENDIX A
                               Section 4.  Palladium-Based Process

The information requested below will allow us to generate an exposure assessment and risk characterization profile
for each of the following baths and the associated activities involved in the operation and upkeep of the palladium-
based process.
4.1 Physical, Process, and Operating Conditions

Complete the table below by entering the data requested for each specific type of chemical bath listed.  If two tanks
of the same type are used within the process, list the data for a single tank only.
BATH
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
PRE-DIP
ACCELERATOR
ENHANCER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT
OTHER (specify)



LENGTH
(inches)
in.
in.
iti.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in,
in,
WIDTH
(inches)
in.
in.
in,
in.
in.
in.
to.
in.
in,
in.
NOMINAL
VOLUME
gal.
gal.
gal.
gal
gal.
gal.
gal.
gal.
gal.
gal.
                                                A-62
-------
                             APPENDIX A


•S S
t, . G
'^ in

a ""
1 ^
is °
c s
o c3
||
J=! d
.0
i|
P-I ^
"S "S
"co §
11
•S ^
•° -d
r . . [ i
|l
e d h
.1 al
••« e 2
I8
a is is
§ 0 ^
u i 1

o73 c8
i J3 ^
^ CO ^^*
O Tl
4.2 Initial Chemical Bath
Complete the chart below f
name. If more room is nee<
data for a single tank only.
.
H
ANNUAL QT
USED"
(gallons)




c£
a ^
^ 2
J .y

•^j C^
JH B.
3 58
3 %"™*'
g








i
g
^
w
§
p"^
s
y








pa
•







































-^








































CN








































en








































•*
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER








































^








































(N








































en"


•





































-*
1
PH








































^








































(N








































en








































^
PALLADIUM
CATALYST








































1— H








































CN








































en








































-*
ACCELERATOR








































-<








































CN








































en








































•*
ENHANCER
S
-*-»
5, enter the weigh
*o
^M
0
"S
-S3
CO
s
S"
3
i
jz
73

1
Ctf
£

1
60
'S
13

1
S
.52
3
1
1

2
_y
"^
OH
O s~^
4_» CO
d ,0
S O
o „
i •'Q
eu S
^1
a Annual Quantity Used - 1
pounds and clearly specify
A-63
-------
APPENDIX A




































Q

^D
|
1
t
EJ
;|
Wi
0
n.
s
o
U
a,
1
1
S
5
itial Chemical Ba
fl
«

^
H ^
j Q 1
111
z 
•s
1
1
^a
-3
o
'a
(U
•S

en
3
1
1
=
•3
U
1
Q<
cd
<4-l
Q <^
•a ^
3 C^
§ §
u 3
t-i -x
•s s
«4-l 'S
T^>
!'§
a &
ft
!•§
O"o
"c3 ™ •
3 M
11
?!

                                    A-64
-------
                             APPENDIX A








i

"o
'I
1
•y
5j
P.
CO
03
^W
O
S
s
g
••a
i
I

-S
bl
"i
•p_
2
o
CO
CO
u
O
fi
(D
nent
providing information on tt
4.3 Chemical Bath Replace)
Comnlete the chart below by i

S °<~
t« t> ""3
|||


Annual
Volume
Treated or
Disposed h
<« 0 u
0 -w —
•§11
•a s o.
13 a .22
H

B

^•4
_c
^3 **"
BC «
Chemicals U
FlU!

41
ill
s j! !
l^'l
w

"o S '"u
1 S |
2-f.l
Q (S PH
"

e«u
U §
Frequency b
Criteria for
Replacement a
1
•4-1
















uJ
Tm
•00

fl>
g















CQ
C C.
















>v



1
ji















o.
I
















^.
Crt
§3

g
S















1 -
•3 .
















-£•
5
tw

ii
g















	 1^ 	
lAccelerator
















>^
c3
bQ

I
z















b 	
(Enhancer
















Cis
^
66

i
^















JFost-Clean
lEtch
















£>
ifl-
^t-
<£>
!s















Enti-Tarnish/
nti-Oxidant
















!>
CO
00 i
.
2;















il
'
.•§
*w
s§§ °
•n! 4_» ^i "tf
"«
s
Q
.H
O*""

of Treatment o
1
1
0 C ^ I
+-» *3 h cd
III s
•§ 2 " .•§




0
€
p O- 2 'w (o u *5J
|j g >, £j .|! ;S •*
|.'|1 £ gs§g i§
Initial ^*?
Egslgfin


«,
||||
^ <1 CQ x£
r * 	 '
^ ^?ro z
I
E
a
rotective Eaui
PH
1
0.
I_J
c
p* C
6 .2 C"
StS S "g
g||| |
•a S >., 2 *
o 15? t* -4_> _, oj
g- J •§, S | 2
W i-J Bi •< o. ^
sass 1

=t -
111 g
«t S •& "3 o
1 2 •§ | 1
Iff 1 1
2 o s* *"
r5 4> Ji ^ ^
 £ •*§ <£
(-1 wT *^ tM W>
S *o r S •§ «
<
i.
!
T
0
1
1
•1
'
<,
.
i
0 S
g |


<§
^ *°
§ 1
^tr
*O (U
§ ^3
"^ s

Ej2j a)
"c
1« -S
.S s
1 1 ^
o ^ "
Si! i!





^.
s >.
imped automati
umped manuall
ired
oped (solid)
ler (specify)
^^S. °a
' rL,0" M ,
Ii,gss


5

•2 "S M
*S >-'
s S 
-------
APPENDIX A
>
|I
c/i Q
to ca J51
-° "§*•
S-a tn
C3 33 .;!.
II "
S 43 0
"3 ° £
•S ~ J
0 C •£
"P ,° c

•S ca £
.3 g -g
•li^
S-3 3
0 g f>
.£5 o J-
d> 'J3 ro
•S ;§ o
lit
^ »3 M
O (U O
3J-S a
Cd ,r^ ^
"g 1 |
W *o *""*
f-« y
O « ^C3
73 * w
ill
0 O 1_
60 §J CO
:§ & §
^3 to H
*S rt J3
a> O "3
••^ «C3 T3 ^jC
S S
"W OyQ  «
« js .sj 55
13
PS

e
3
1"




CJ
T3
TJ
CJ
i
u





1
N
3
B
ca











































(
r
CLEANER/










































N
tf
z3
•H
•H
-H
5
J










































CO












































•*












































1-H

1
id










































CN












































CO












































M-












































•—

PALLADroM










































cs

—(
ft
X
4
H










































CO












































1^-












































^H
§
ACCELERAT










































CM












































CO












































•^t-


                                                                  2s
                                                       o a
                                                       'J~! CS
                                                                   .
                                                                  B D.
                                                                  O B

                                                                  2 1
                                                                  •3 "

                                                        •a 7 "3
                                                                    &ti 'S
                                                                     J, ° o<
                                                     O

                                                     "§
                                                     S'c
                                                     «3 •"
.SJ PH I CO '
                                                                  ^ O O co O
                                                      a   S
                                                     o 3

                                                     !<&•

                                                     I'l
                                                     C OT

                                                     "•a"

                                                     ll
                                                     S-o

                                                     ll

                                                     ll
                                                     "g 8
                                                     I-a  «o
   *o i-,
   ^cS

   II
   •e «

   L^


   -I
   SS
   •S ^3
   S °


   s'l
   *.s
                                                                    C+-4

                                                                    O .

                                                                      V)
Bii  ml
t: S *o . 5 .g S .S
"O  rH OT'C H'—' U
llllljll

o3 ^ *C jq "^ *e3 -g >»

""tS°|to"'§
        c ?i -n:
   s -1 -I i| -a;
t3.2 1 " S.^ ^"§

^^S (—lS_^C4-l fll>
                                                      a

                                                     « nj

                                                     &c
                                                     2 S
   83
   c§-s
   5-S
                                                     c S Cr I o '
                                                     LU o . J3 s3 •
                                                     • S *0 fe
                                                     S'^v'sr

                                                     l-Siai'
                                                     l§^fS-.
                                                     •slS'Sg-
                                                                      P&f
                                                                      i^s-
              '•afi 2
               o h — c
               U £ « g
               4±  **r! a
               ^D i«  O M
                                     A-66
-------
                               APPENDIX A



























p

S
0
o
B
•5
•B
•^
,c
•4m
OS
ce
"K
e.
1
c
•<»
Tt
•S £15
g '•§ |
^ * d*
in
III
2 is •§
^ < •=-
t" — . O
•S-Sg-
Illl
2 43 13 H
* ^ •<

— V*
3 s "„
1 -2 1;
u u
S
o "5 2^
"§ -a -**
11 i^
1
0"

£


"8
•a
•o
^2
0
'§
a)
6





•
"c3
€ '5
,2 u
S«

2
?'g
"i's
C ^
o >
tc
p
f time els
:ments. (
o 3
j_l (T
•age amouni
:n hath renli
 ! S3
ll I 1
S ^ *j C
U C/J o, O
pa S t» _ 2
S.8Beg>|o
£,-§ .2 o = — S. S
f1^1 Q " , , • .
fid, SBEia^i

1
|tT
a
J* 1
1 g: «
rt *o *-•
flit i

gggg r

o
^4 ^^^ tAJ ^ ^_,

EiEiEaa U
»;S
"S S S2.3 S
Sf li-s
11 «lj]
a s * s .2? '
we tf o -*-1 "
•^ § u 3 j^.
5* 1 S-S'
3 H £ 
S S 3 | H
ll ill'.
1?^ E ^g^.

°_'S "S j2 .s •§ 'S
lillill?'




g
0
'
&

A
B
'o
O
•C
1
£
«
3,
E
O
•*•<
2
e
Ji
Iff
PPFT '

^•— •££"— •
° |
"5 "S S BO
• 1 -1 « -i
3'lllf
35:5 S £.
3 g t+H § ^
^ t§ C "° "
i 2 -S B Jl
3 -B S "M S*
1 l|5l
||S_|i
2 & o 3 €
rltii
iitil
| e ow'|

| )S " .> g
— • ^ u o 'S C3
Ifl^-sS-
A-67
-------
 APPENDIX A
 4.5 Other Bath Related Activities

 Complete the following table for any other bath related activities that your facility engages in.
BATH TYPE
CLEANER/
CONDITIONER
PRE-DIP
CATALYST
ACCELERATOR
ENHANCER
POST-CLEAN
ETCH
ANTI-TARNISH/
ANTI-OXIDANT
OTHER (specify)




TYPE OF ACTIVITY
(Describe)












FREQUENCY"












DURATION
OF
ACTIVITY"
-











NUMBER OF
PEOPLE c












PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT












* Frequency - enter the average amount of tune elapsed or number of panel sq. ft. processed since the last time the
activity was performed.  Clearly specify units (e.g., hours, square feet, etc.).
b Duration of Activity - Enter the average time for performing the specified activity. Clearly specify units.
0 Personal Protect. Equip. - Consult key on the previous page and enter the letters for all protective equipment
worn by the people performing the activity.
                                                  A-68
-------
                                                                       APPENDIX A
A.4   Supplier Data Sheet

                    DfE Printed Wiring Board Project
   Alternative Technologies for Making Holes Conductive (MHC)
                   Manufacturer/Supplier Product Data Sheet
Manufacturer Name:
Address: 	
Contact:
Phone: _
Fax: 	
 How many alternative making holes conductive product lines will you submit for testing?	

 Please complete a Data Sheet for each product line you wish to submit for testing. In addition,
 if you have not already done so, please submit the material safety data sheets (MSDS), product
 literature, and the standard manufacturer instructions for each product line submitted.
 Product Line Name:
                     Category:*
 * Categories of Product Lines:
 A. Electroless copper
 B. Carbon-based
 C. Graphite-based
 D. Palladium-based
 E. Non-formaldehyde electroless
 F. Copper seed
G. Anisotropic
H. Electroless Nickel
I. Drill Smear (Lomerson)
J. Conductive inks
K. Conductive polymer
L. Other
 For the product line listed above, please identify one or two facilities that are currently using the
 product line at which you would like your product demonstrated. Also, identify the location of the
 site (city, state) and whether the site is 1) a customer production site, 2) a customer test site, or 3)
 your own supplier testing site.
 Facility 1 Name and Location:	
 Type of Site:	.	
 Facility Contact:	.	
 May we contact the facility at this time (yes or no):_
  Facility 2 Name and Location:	
  Type of Site:	.	
  Facility Contact:	.		
  May we contact the facility at this time (yes or no):
 Phone:
                                         A-69
-------
 APPENDIX A
                                          Process Description
 Process Schematic
 Fill in the table below by identifying what type of making holes conductive process (e.g., electroless copper)
 your facility uses. Then, using the key at the bottom left of the page, identify which letter corresponds with
 the first bath step in your process and write that letter in the first box (see example).  Continue using the key
 to fill in boxes for each step in your process until your entire making holes conductive process is represented.
 If your process step is not represented by the key below, complete the chart by writing in the name of the
 process step in your particular making holes conductive line. Finally, consult the process automation key at
 bottom right and enter the appropriate type of automation for the MHC process line. If the process is partially
 automated, enter the appropriate process automation letter for each step in the upper right-hand corner box (see
 example).
                                               Process Automation
                                               Letter (see key below right)
                Type of Process
                (write in process name)
               12.
2. L
— >
'• L_
,,A^

«... L_
Pi
i
>,

ocess Steps of
i^our Facility
(begin here)

S. "' | 	

	 "
'• L_

«•• L_
I7- L
- >•

s. L_
>»

»• C


10.. Q

— !>•
»:• i_
i
.3. L_
>»

14- L


13. L

— -^
i
-------
                                                                         APPENDIX A
Product Line Name
Please fill in the following table (for bath listings, please refer back to your process description on
page 2):
  Baths — Chemical Composition
Chemical
Composition/Characteristics
of Spent Bath8	
Standard Container
Size
  1.
  2.
  3.
  4.
  5.
  6.
    Do not include drag-out.
                                         A-71
-------
 APPENDIX A
 Special Product Characteristics
 1. Does the process operate as a vertical process, horizontal process, or either?
 2. Is the process pattern-plate or panel-plate?	
 3. Does the process require scrubbing of panel after completion?	
 4. Does the process require spray etch, scrub, or high-pressure rinse before imaging or electroplating? If
 SO) \vriiCii / .^	
 A^-fo*™6 any lim,it?tions for me acid copperplatingprocess (e.g., pattern microetch, tank configuration,
 ASF)? Please explain.                                                                to       '
 6. Are there any constraints on hold times as a result of the MHC process?
 7. Please state cycle time.
 8. Please describe any special process equipment recommended (e.g. high pressure rinse, air
 knife, dryer, aging equipment, etc.).	
Product Line Constraints
1. Please list substrate compatibilities (e.g. BT, cyanate ester, Teflon, Kevlar, copper invar
copper, polyethylene, other [specify]).	
2. Please list compatibilities with drilling techniques.
3. Please list compatibilities with desmear processes (e.g. neutralization after permanganate, plasma, etc.).
4. List range of aspect ratio capacity.
5. List range of hole sizes.	
6. List recommended oxide processes.
Other general comments about the product line (include any known impacts on other process steps).
                                            A-72
-------
                                                                               APPENDIX A
Bath Life

Please fill in the following table (for bath listings, please refer back to your process description on page
2):
                                                                       Recommended Bath
                        riterla tor Dumping Bath
lecommended Treatment/
                                              .g.s time* ftz of pane
                                                  conductivity, etc.)
Disposal Method
  a Attach and reference additional materials, if necessary

  Please specify criteria for calculation in the space below:
                                             A-73
-------
 APPENDIX A
 Costs:
 Fill in the price of your product for each facility category.

Horizontal
Process
Vertical
Process
Other
(specify)
Estimated manufacturer price of product line to be tested
based on recommended bath life*

Low-level
throughput shop"
Medium-level
throughput shopb
High-level
throughput shop0
Low-level
throughput shop
Medium-level
throughput shop
High-level
throughput shop
Low-level
throughput shop
Medium-level
hroughput shop
High-level
hroughput shop
Chemical cost per
square foot panel
per day









Equipment cost per
square foot panel
per day









Water use
(gallons per
minute)









* 2,000 surface square feet per day; 18" x 24" panel = 6 square feet
b 6,000 surface square feet per day
c 15,000 surface square feet per day
* Please include a description of the basis for your estimates (including assumptions about holes sizes,
dragout, replenishment/replacement times, equipment life, and frequencies) in the space below.

Cost Estimate Calculation:
                                           A-74
-------
     Appendix B

Publicly-Available Bath
    Chemistry Data
-------
-------
                                                                          APPENDIX B
B. 1    Range of Bath Concentrations for the Electroless Copper Technology




B.2    Bath Concentrations for the Carbon Technology, Non-Conveyorized




B.3    Bath Concentrations for the Carbon Technology, Conveyorized




B.4    Product Concentrations for the Conductive Ink Technology




B.5    Bath Concentrations for the Conductive Polymer Technology




B .6    Range of Bath Concentrations for the Graphite Technology




B.7    Bath Concentrations for the Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper Technology




B.8    Bath Concentrations for the Organic-Palladium Technology




B .9    Range of Bath Concentrations for the Tin-Palladium Technology
                                          B-l
-------
APPENDIX B
     Table B.I  Range of Bath Concentrations for the Electroless Copper Technology
Bath

Cleaner/Conditioner













Micro-Etch









Predip


Catalyst






Accelerator



Chemicals9

Sulfuric Acid
p-Toluene Sulfonic Acid
Isopropyl Alcohol; 2-Propanol
Hydroxyacetic Acid
Potassium Hydroxide
Ammonium Chloride
Formic Acid
Cationic Emulsifier
Triethanolamine
Phosphate Ester
Ethylene Glycol
Dimethylformamide
Confidential Ingredients
Ethanolamine
Potassium Peroxymonosulfate
Potassium Bisulfate
Potassium Sulfate
Magnesium Carbonate
Potassium Persulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Copper Sulfate - Pentahydrate
Ethylene Glycol
Sodium Bisulfate
HCL
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Stannous Chloride as Tin (II)
Palladium (Dissolved)
Methanol
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Chlorite
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium Hypophosphite
Fluoboric Acid
Bath Concentration (g/1)
Low
9.90
9.90
1.65
34.7
0.53
12.9
12.9
6.44
30.3
30.3
2.44
1.32
2.00
16.3
25.8
13.8
19.2
1.20
9.80
1.84
13.8
0.30
0.50
1.93
2.58
31.7
2.58
1.98
6.32
0.36
2.52
45.2
12.6
2.53
4.52
18.2
8.58
60.0
High


6.44
















340
35.9



46.6
182

158
16.6








60.0
Average


3.36
















121
19.9



24.6
85.6

50.9
10.3








60.0
                                      B-2
-------
                             APPENDIX B
Bath

Electroless Copper














Acid Dip


Anti-Tarnish






Cleaner/Conditioner




i
Predip


Catalyst







Chemicals3

Formaldehyde
Copper Chloride
Copper Sulfate as Copper
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
Bthylenediamine-Tetraacetic Acid
Tetrasodium Salt (EDTA)
VIethanol
Potassium Cyanide
Potassium-Sodium Tartrate
Sodium Carbonate
Tartaric Acid
Sodium Cyanide
Alkaline Mixture
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Dimethylaminoborane
Boric Acid
Methanol
Sulfuric Acid
Isopropyl Alcohol
Potassium Hydroxide
Benzotriazole
2-Ethoxyethanol
Sodium m-Nitrobenzenesulfonate
Nonionic Surfactant
Potassium Carbonate
Monoethanolamine; 2-Aminoethanol
Triethanolamine; 2,2'2"-Nitrilotris (Ethanol)
2-Propanol
Surface Agent (non-haz)
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Tin(II) chloride, Stannous Chloride as Tin
Palladium (Dissolved)
Palladium Chloride
Vanillin
1,3-Benzenediol
Bath Concentration (g/1)
Low
1.58
5.06
4.79
0.48
5.78
34.2

0.04
0.22
31.4
0.05
1.03
0.23
154
1.15
NR
0.72
5.00
0.95
28.8
2.02
0.30
0.12
45.9
0.12
4.50
6.16
14.2
5.1
2.04
15.3
46.6
360
1.85
42.9
653
9.60
21.1
0.96
0.50
1.50
0.73
High
5.59
8.32
11.6

15.7
56.2

2.80










1.25








25.4
25.4




17.1


46.0
46.0

0.70


Average
3.68
6.69
6.98

10.1
45.2

1.39










1.10








19.8
15.2




10.3


22.9
31.8

0.60


B-3
-------
APPENDIX B
Bath
Accelerator



Micro-Etch

Acid Dip
Chemicals3
Fluoroboric Acid as Fluoride
Copper as CU(II)
Copper Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Carbonate
Lithium Hydroxide
Monoethanolamine
Copper Sulfate as Copper
Sulfuric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Sodium Persulfate: Disodium Peroxydisulate
Sulfuric Acid
Bath Concentration (g/1)
Low
18.9
2.55
0.23
0.93
14.4
318
20.3
3.49
13.3
9.20
NR
17.5
135
191
High

1.38
43.5
20.3
35.0
175

Average

0.81
29.0
11.9
20.9
151

* May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the
MSDSs.
                                               B-4
-------
                                                                                  APPENDIX B
      Table B.2 Bath Concentrations for the Carbon Technology, Non-Conveyorizeda
Bath
Cleaner
Conditioner
Carbon Black
Micro-Etch
Chemicals'*
Monoethanolamine
Ethylene Glycol
Monoethanolamine
Potassium Carbonate
Potassium Hydroxide
Sulfuric Acid
Carbon Black
Sodium Persulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate
Concentration in Bath
11.6
NR
11.5
62.3
0.46
0.04
NR
200
1.84
5.0
  The carbon technology was the only MHC technology listing different chemical concentrations depending on the
equipment configuration (e.g., conveyorized or non-conveyorized.)
b May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the
MSDSs.
                                              B-5
-------
APPENDIX B
         Table B.3 Bath Concentrations for the Carbon Technology, Conveyorized"
Bath
Cleaner
Conditioner
Carbon Black
Micro-Etch
Chemicalsb
Monoethanolamine
Ethylene Glycol
Monoethanolamine
Potassium Hydroxide
Carbon Black
Sodium Persulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate
Concentration in Bath
12.7
NR
34.5
20.4
NR
200
1.84
5.0
* The carbon technology was the only MHC technology listing different chemical concentrations depending on the
equipment configuration (e.g., conveyorized or non-conveyorized).
b May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the
MSDSs.
                                              B-6
-------
                                                            APPENDIX B
Table B.4 Product Concentrations for the Conductive Ink Technology
Bath
Micro-Etch
Screen Print Ink
(5 different product
brmulations are listed)

Chemicals"
Constituent
Concentration
(weight %)
Conventional micro-etch cleaning processes may be used as well as light
crushing
7ormulation A
?ormulation B
Formulation C
Formulation D
Formulation E
Silver
2-Butoxyethanol Acetate
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
Trade Secret Resin*
Vlethanol
!sophorone
Vlodifiers
Additives & Modifiers
Silver-Coated Copper Powder
Phenol-Formaldehyde Co-Polymer
Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Additives & Modifiers
Silver-Coated Copper Powder
Phenol-Formaldehyde Co-Polymer
Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Silver-Plated Copper Powder
Phenol-Formaldehyde Polymer
Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Modifiers
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
Trade Secret Resin*
Graphite
Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether
Diethylene Glycol Ethyl Ether
Carbon Black
Butyl Cellosolve Acetate
Methanol
60-80
15-25
5-10
1-5
<5
1-2
<1
<5
70-90
1 0-20
<10
<5
70-90
10-20
<10
80-90
10-20
5-15
<3
20-30
25-35
10-20
10-20
<10
5-10
5- 10
<5
a May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials on the
MSDSs.
                               B-7
-------
 APPENDIX B
          Table B.5  Bath Concentrations for the Conductive Polymer Technology
Bath
Micro-Etch
Cleaner/Conditioner
Catalyst
Conductive Polymer
Chemicals9
Potassium Peroxymonosulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Natrium Carbonate (Sodium Carbonate)
Phosphoric Acid
Alkali Permanganate
Sodium Hydroxide
Phosphoric Acid
Potassium Hydroxide in Azoles
Bath Concentration
(fi/I)
100
20
7.5
2.75
815
0.9
26.8
3
 May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the
MSDSs.
                                          B-8
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX B
         Table B.6 Range of Bath Concentrations for the Graphite Technology
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Graphite
Micro-Etch
Chemicals"

Non-Haz-Ingredients
Surfactant
Potassium Carbonate
Ethanolamine
Graphite
Non-Haz-Ingredients
Ammonia
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium Persulfate
Potassium Peroxymonosulfate
Copper Sulfate as Copper
Non-Haz Ingredients
Concentration in Bath (g/1)
Low
437
2.06
7.39
19.7
29.8
127
1.95
28.0
23.5
30.1
2.67
15.6
High

61.2
90.3
90.3
Average

45.5
59.1
56.9
1 fh»
MSDSs.
                                        B-9
-------
 APPENDIX B
 Table B.7 Bath Concentrations for the Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper Technology
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Micro-Etch
Predip
Catalyst
Postdip
Accelerator
Electroless Copper/Copper Flash
Anti-Tarnish
Chemicals9
Bath Concentration

Potassium Persulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Copper Sulfate - Pentahydrate
9.80
20.2
16.1
0.30
0.50

Hydrochloric Acid
Stannous Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Chlorite
Copper Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
[sophopyl Alcohol
Potassium Hydroxide
2.96
9.48
NR
4.52
22.4
2.56
NR
2.02
0.30
 may Uui muiuuc uaue secrei cnemicais or tnose materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the
MSDSs.
                                         B-10
-------
                                                                     APPENDIX B
        Table B.8 Bath Concentrations for the Organic-Palladium Technology3
Bath
Conditioner
Micro-Etch
Predip
Conductor
Postdip
Chemicals
Trade Secret
AQ Solution, Cationic Resin
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Persulfate
Sodium Bisulfate
HCL Acid (25% pure)
HCL Acid
Trade Secret
Sodium Hypophosphite-lHydrate
Sodium Carbonate
Trisodium Citrate - 5.5 Hydrate
Trade Secret
Concentration in Bath (g/1)
5
NR
3
5
75
75
3.12
3
3
3.06
12.6
12.6
34.5
MSDSs.
                                        B-ll
-------
APPENDIX B
       Table B.9 Range of Bath Concentrations for the Tin-Palladium Technology
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner





Predip


Catalyst







Accelerator







Micro-Etch




Acid Dip
Chemicals8
Nonionic Surfactant
Potassium Carbonate
Monoethanolamine; 2-Aminoethanol
Triethanolamine; 2,2',2"-Nitrilotris (ethanol)
2-Propanol
Surface Agent (non-haz)
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Tin(II) Chloride, Stannous Chloride as Tin
Palladium (dissolved)
Palladium Chloride
Vanillin
1,2-Benzenediol
Fluoroboric Acid as Fluoride
Copper as Cu (II)
Copper Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
'otassium Carbonate
Lithium Hydroxide
Monoethanolamine
Copper Sulfate as Copper
Sulfuric Acid
3hosphoric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Sodium Persulfate; Disodium Peroxydisulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Low
4.50
6.16
14.2
5.1
2.04
15.3
46.6
360
1.85
42.9
653
9.60
21.1
0.96
0.50
1.50
0.73
18.9
2.55
0.23
0.93
14.4
318
20.3
3.49
13.3
9.20
NR
17.5
135
191
High


25.4
25.4




17.10


46.0
46.0

0.70




1.38

43.5


20.3

35.0


175

Average


19.8
15.2




10.3


22.9
31.8

0.60




0.81

29.0


11.9

20.9


151

May not include trade secret chemicals or those materials identified as "non-hazardous materials" on the
MSDSs.
                                    B-12
-------
      Appendix C




Chemical Properties Data
-------
-------
                                                                                         APPENDIX C
                        CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR 1,3-BENZENEDIOL

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the tin-palladium process.
This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see
Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that
may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of 1,3-benzenediol are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 1,3-BENZENEDIOL
Characteristic/Property	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
 Physical State
 Molecular Weight
 Melting Point
 Boiling Point
 Water Solubility
 Density
 Vapor Density  (air =1)
 Koc
 Log Kow
 Vapor Pressure
 Reactivity
 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant

 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
Data _
108-46-3
resorcinol: m-dihydroxybenzene
                                            OH
                                                  OH
white, needle-like crystals
110.11
109-111°C
280°C
1 g in 0.9 mL
1.272
3.79
10.36, measured
0.80, measured
2xlO-4mmHg@25°C
hygroscopic; sensitive to light, air;
may react with iron
incompatible: acetanilide, albumin, alkalies,
antipyrine, camphor, ferric salts, menthol,
spirit nitrous ether, urethan
combustible
 127.2°C
pKa, 9.32, measured
7.11xlO-10@30°C
8.1 x 10'" atm-m3/mole@25°C
no data
no data
2.4 (estimated)
faint, characteristic odor
 1 mg/m' = 0.22 ppm;
 1 ppm = 4.55 mg/m3	
                                      Reference
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Keith and Walters 1985
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985

Budavari et al. 1989
 Keith and Walters 1985
 Keith and Walters 1985
 CHEMFATE 1995
 HSDB 1995
 HSDB 1995
 HSDB 1995
 Allan 1994
 Calculated using:
 ppm = 1 mg/m3 x 24.45/MW
 H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A. Environmental Release
          1,3-Benzenediol may be released into the environment in waste effluents associated with coal
          gassification and conversion, coal-tar production, shale oil processing, and from the combustion of
          wood and tobacco (HSDB 1995). 1,3-Benzenediol is found in cigarette smoke (HSDB 1995).  1,3-
          Benzenediol is not one of the chemicals reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) by certain
          types of U.S. industries.
-------
APPENDIX C
    B. Transport
       1,3-Benzenediol is expected to leach readily in soil; however, leaching may not be important if
       concurrent biodegradation occurs at a rapid rate (HSDB 1995).

    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1 •   Ak — If released to the atmosphere, 1,3-benzenediol can be expected to exist almost entirely
           in the gas-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,3-benzenediol is expected to
           degrade rapidly in air (estimated half-life 1.9 hours) by reaction with photochemically
           produced hydroxyl radicals. Night-time reaction with nitrate radicals may also contribute to
           atmospheric transformation (HSDB 1995).
           Soil— 1,3-Benzenediol is readily degradable in soil.  The degradation rate decreases at low
           temperatures (CHEMFATE 1995).
           Water— 1,3-Benzenediol is confirmed to be significantly degradable in water (CHEMFATE
           1995). By analogy to other phenol compounds, 1,3-benzenediol may react relatively rapidly
           in sunlit natural water with photochemically produced oxidants such as hydroxyl and peroxyl
           radicals (HSDB 1995).  Hydrolysis, volatilization, and adsorption to sediments are not
           expected to be important (HSDB 1995).
           Biota — Bioconcentration of 1,3-benzenediol is not expected to be important (HSDB 1995).
2.
4.
                                            C-2
-------
                                                                                        APPENDIX C
                          CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR 1 H-PYRROLE
   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive polymer
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of IH-pyrrole are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IH-PYRROLE	
Characteristic/Property	    Data                                 Reference            	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air = 1)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability

Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant

Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
109-97-7
pyrrole; azole; divinylenimine; imidole
C4H5N

liquid (colorless when freshly distilled)
67.09
-23 °C
129.8°C @ 760 mm Hg
sparingly soluble
specific gravity, 0.969120'4
2.31
not found
0.75 (measured)
1100-1136 Pa@25°C (8.3-8.5 mm Hg)u
can react with oxidizing materials; when
heated to decomposition, emits highly
toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen
must be moderately heated before ignition
occurs
102°F (390°C)
pK., -3.8 to -4.4
1.640 Pa mVmol (calculated)
(1.6xlO-5atm-m3/mol)b
not found
not found
not found
not found
1 ppm = 2.74 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.36 ppm
Trochimowicz et al. 1994
Trochimowicz et al. 1994

Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Trochimowicz et al. 1994
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Trochimowicz et al. 1994
Trochimowicz et al. 1994

Mackay et al. 1995
Mackayetal. 1995
HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996

Budavari et al. 1996
Mackayetal. 1995
Mackayetal. 1995
HSDB 1996
 a) mm Hg calculated from Pa based on the formula: mm Hg = Pa - 1.333 x 102 (Lukens 1979).
 b) Pa converted to atm by the following formula: atm = Pa-1.013 x 10s (Lukens 1979).
 H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A.  Environmental Release
         No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
         of IH-pyrrole.  IH-pyrrole is one of a group of compounds containing five-membered rings with
         one or more nitrogen atoms (Trochimowicz et al. 1994). The industrial use of the simpler
         members of this group of chemicals is limited (Trochimowicz et al. 1994). IH-pyrrole may be
         released to the environment from plants that manufacture it or use it either as a chemical
         intermediate in the production of drugs, dyes, herbicides, and perfumes, or as a cross-linking agent
         for resins (HSDB 1996).  However, its limited use would likely preclude the release of large
         volumes of the chemical to the environment.  IH-pyrrole occurs naturally as part of the
         structure of pigments such as bilirubin and heme and is a constituent of coal tar and bone oil
         (Trochimowicz et al. 1994).
                                                  C-3
-------
APPENDIX C
    B. Transport
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental transport
       of IH-pyrroIe. The vapor pressure (1100-1136 Pa [Mackay et al. 1995]) and the Henry's Law
       Constant (1.6 x 10"5 atm-m3/mol) of the chemical indicate that some volatilization from soil or
       water could occur. IH-pyrrole is slightly soluble in water and small amounts may move through
       the soil, possibly to groundwater.

    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1-   Air — IH-pyrrole in air would undergo oxidation, probably within hours. For gas-phase
            reaction at room temperature the rate constant has been estimated at 1.2 x 10"10 cm3 molecule"
            1 sec"1, assuming the concentration of OH radicals to be 1 x 106/cm3 during the daytime. This
            value corresponds to a calculated lifetime of 2.3 hours (Mackay et al. 1995). In other studies,
            the calculated lifetime was 1.4 minutes for reaction with NO3 radicals during nighttime hours
            and 24 hours for reaction with O3 molecules (Mackay et al. 1995).
            Soil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            degradation of IH-pyrrole in the soil.
            Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            degradation of IH-pyrrole in water.
            Biota —The log KQW for IH-pyrrole (0.75 [Mackay et al.  1995]) indicates that the chemical
            has a low to moderate potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
2.
3.
4.
                                            C-4
-------
                                                                                       APPENDIX C
                CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR 2-BUTOXYETHANOL ACETATE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online data bases, government
publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify
information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of 2-butoxyethanol acetate are listed below.

   CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-BUTOXYETHANOL ACETATE
Characteristic/Property	Data	Reference	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =1)
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability

Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Air Difftisivity Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
112-07-2
ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate;
Butyl Cellosolve acetate
C8H,6H,
C4H9-O-(CH2)2-OCOCH3
colorless liquid
160.21
-64.5°C
192.3°C
15,000 mg/L at 20°C
0.9422 @ 20/20°C
5.5
26 (calculated)
1.51 (measured)
0.375 mm Hg @ 20°C
can react with oxidizers
NFPA rating = 2; must be moderately
heated before ignition can occur
71°C(160°F) (closed cup)
no data
no data
no data
7.19 x 10"6 atm-mVmole
3.2 (calculated)
0.10 ppm, abs. perception limit;
0.35 ppm, 50% recognition;
0.48 ppm, 100% recognition
1 ppm = 6.64 mg/m3
1 mg/m:' = 0.15 ppm
HSDB 1996
Gingelletal. 1994
NIOSH 1994
HSDB 1996
Gingell et al. 1994
Howard 1993
Howard 1993
Verschueren 1996
HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996
Verschueren 1996
Howard 1993
NIOSH 1994

HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996
Howard 1993
Howard 1993
Verschueren 1996

Verschueren 1996
 H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
        2-Butoxyethanol acetate may be released to the atmosphere by evaporation when it is used as a
        solvent in paints, lacquers, thinners, inks, and resins.  The emission rate into the atmosphere from
        painting operations in an automobile assembly plant in Wisconsin was estimated at 37.9
        gallons/hour (Howard 1993). 2-Butoxyethanol acetate was detected in 0.4% of 275  solvent
        products that were sampled in various industries and analyzed between 1978 and 1982 (HSDB
        1996).

        In 1993, releases of all glycol ethers to environmental media, as reported in the TRI by certain
        types of industries, totaled about 45.9 million pounds; 2-butoxyethanol acetate is not listed
        separately (TRI93  1995).
                                                 C-5
-------
APPENDIX C
    B.  Transport
       The estimated relatively low KQC of 26 suggests that 2-butoxyethanol acetate can leach readily into
       groundwater from soils. However, if rapid biodegradation occurs, leaching may be less important.
       Volatilization from water is expected to be slow, with the possible exception from very shallow
       rivers. Physical removal via wet deposition is likely because the chemical is soluble in water
       (Howard 1993; HSDB 1996).

    C.  Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air — Based on a vapor pressure of 0.375 mmHgat20°C, 2-butoxyethanol acetate should
            exist almost entirely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere. It is expected that 2-butoxyethanol
            acetate will degrade by reaction with hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about
            18.4 hours (HSDB 1996).
       2.   Soil — When released to soils, biodegradation is expected to be the most important removal
            process. One biodegradation screening study demonstrated that the chemical is readily
            (>90%) biodegraded (HSDB 1996).
       3.   Water — Biodegradation is likely to be the most important removal mechanism of 2-
            butoxyethanol acetate from aquatic systems. In a screening assay, 2-butoxyethanol acetate
            total degradation exceeded 90%, with a measured rate of 12%/day under the test conditions.
            No observable lag period was required before onset of degradation. Estimated volatilization
            half-lives from a model river (1 meter deep) and model pond are 6.6 and 74 days,
            respectively. Adsorption to sediment is not expected to be important (HSDB 1996).
       4.   Biota — The estimated bioconcentration factor of 3.2 suggests that 2-butoxyethanol acetate
            would not bioconcentrate significantly in aquatic organisms  (Howard 1993).
                                             C-6
-------
                                                                                       APPENDIX C
                      CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR 2-ETHOXYETHANOL
   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of 2-ethoxyethanol are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-ETHOXYETHANOL	
Characteristic/Property	Data                                 Reference        	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point

Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold

Conversion Factors
110-80-5
ethylene glycol monoethyl ether;
Cellusolve; Oxitol
Q^ioOa
HOCH2CH2OC2H5
colorless liquid
90.12
-70°C
135°C
miscible
alOOmg/mL
0.93
3.10
0.12 (calculated)
-0.10
3.8mmHgat20°C
reacts with strong oxidizers
combustible
44 °C (closed cup)
49°C (open cup)
no data
5.13 x 10-2atm-m3/mol
no data
no data
no data
0.55 ppm (50% recognition)
1.33 ppm (100% recognition)
1 ppm = 3.75mg/m3
1 nig/m* = 0.27 ppm	
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavarietal. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavarietal. 1996
Budavarietal. 1996
Budavarietal. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavarietal. 1996
Keith and Walters 1985
Budavarietal. 1996
Verschueren 1996
Howard 1990
Howard 1990
Verschueren 1996
Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985
Budavarietal. 1996
Howard 1990
Verschueren 1996
Verschueren 1996
Verschueren 1996
 H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A. Environmental Release
        Environmental release of 2-ethoxyethanol can occur from wastewater effluents and atmospheric
        emissions from production and use facilities. Information on the amount of 2-ethoxyethanol
        released to the environment was not found in the secondary sources searched.  Chemical
        concentrations detected in the Hayashida River (Japan) were 250-1200 ppb (Howard 1990; U.S.
        EPA 1985a). Effluent from a facility in Brandenburg, KY contained 0.10 ug/L in 1974 (U.S. EPA
         1985a).

     B. Transport
        The Henry's Law constant of 5.13 * 10'2 atm-mVmol (Howard 1990) indicates rapid volatilization
        from soils and surface waters. The complete water solubility and low KQC indicate that leaching
        from soils into ground water may occur.
                                                  C-7
-------
APPENDIX C
    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air — In the atmosphere, 2-ethoxyethanol will react with both nitrogen oxides and hydroxyl
            radicals. The half-life of the chemical was 9.8 hour when mixed with nitrogen oxides (20:1,
            2-ethoxyethanol:nitrogen dioxides) in a smog chamber. For reaction with photochemically
            produced hydroxy radicals, the estimated half-life is 11.41 hours (Howard 1990).
       2.   Soil — Volatilization and biodegradation are the main removal mechanisms for 2-
            ethoxyethanol from soils. Adsorption is not expected to be significant, so leaching into
            ground waters may occur (Howard 1990). A soil microbe acclimated to triethylene glycol
            was capable of utilizing 2-ethoxyethanol as a sole carbon source. In a standard evaporation
            test at 77°C and 15% relative humidity, 100% loss of the chemical occurred in 20 minutes
            (U.S. EPA 1985a).
       3.    Water — 2-Ethoxyethanol will volatilize readily from surface waters with biodegradation also
            contributing to removal. After incubation of the chemical for 5 days with either sewage seed
            or activated sludge, 7.6% and up to 65%, respectively, of the theoretical biological oxygen
            demand was achieved.  Adsorption to suspended particulates and sediments is not expected to
            occur (Howard 1990). Hydrolysis of 2-ethoxyethanol is not expected to be important (U.S.
            EPA 1985a).
       4.    Biota — Based on the complete water solubility and low KQW of 2-ethoxyethanol, the
            chemical is not expected to accumulate in aquatic organisms (U.S. EPA 1985a).
                                            C-8
-------
                                                                                        APPENDIXC
                            CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR AMMONIA

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the graphite process.
This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see
Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that
may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made
to verity information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of ammonia are summarized below.

             CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA	
 Ch
rteristic/Pn
                                        Data
                                                                              Reference
 CAS No.
 Common Synonyms

 Molecular Formula
 Chemical Structure
 Physical State
 Molecular Weight
 Melting Point
 Boiling Point
 Water Solubility
 Density
 Vapor Density (air = 1)
 KOC
 Log Kow
 Vapor Pressure
 Reactivity
 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant

 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
                                  7664-41-7
                                  ammonia gas; liquid ammonia; ammonia,
                                  anhydrous; Spirit of Hartshorn; Nitro-Sil
                                         H—N—H
                                     H
                                   colorless gas
                                   17.03
                                   -77.7°C
                                   -33.35°C
                                   47% @ 0°C; 38% @ 15°C; 34% @ 20°C
                                   0.7710 g/L (gas)
                                   0.59
                                   no data
                                   no data
                                   7.508 x 103mmHg@25°C
                                   incompatible with halogens, acid chlorides,
                                   acid, acid anhydrides, oxidizing agents,
                                   chloroformates, galvanized iron; reacts
                                   with zinc, copper, tin, and their alloys;
                                   pH of IN solution =11.6
                                   flammable
                                   no data; autoignition @ 649°C
                                   pKa = 9.249; pKb = 4.751 @ 25°C
                                   7.3 x 10* atm-mVmole (pH 7,23.4°C)
                                   1.6 x 10"s atm-mVmole (25°C)
                                   no data
                                   no data
                                   no data
                                   1.5 ppm (water); 25 ppm (air)
                                   1 ppm = 0.708 mg/m3
                                   1 mg/m3 =  1.41 ppm  	
Lockheed Martin 1995a
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
ATSDR 1990a
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
 Lockheed Martin 1995a
 Budavari etal. 1989

 Lockheed Martin 1995a
 U.S. EPA1981a

 ATSDR 1990a
 ATSDR 1990a

 ATSDR 1990a
     ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A. Environmental Release
         Ammonia is an important component of the nitrogen cycle such that concentrations in nature and
         natural media are in dynamic equilibrium (ATSDR 1990a). Natural sources of ammonia include
         volcanic eruptions, forest fires, microbial fixation of nitrogen, microbial decomposition of dead
         plants and animals, and decay of livestock, pet, and human wastes (ATSDR 1990a).
         Approximately 80% of the ammonia produced in the U.S. is applied to soils as fertilizer (ATSDR
          1990a).
                                                   C-9
-------
APPENDIX C
       Average concentrations have been measured at <0.18 mg/L in surface waters and approximately
       0.5 mg/L in waters near metropolitan areas; concentrations were lower in the summer than in the
       winter (U.S. EPA 198la). Average global atmospheric ammonia concentrations are 1-3 ppb
       (ATSDR 1990a).

       In 1993, as reported to the TRI, a total of 353 million pounds of ammonia were released to the
       environment. Of the total, 138 million pounds were released to the atmosphere, 36 million pounds
       were released surface waters, 169  million pounds were released to underground injection sites, and
       10 million pounds were released to land (TRI93 1995).

   B.  Transport
       As a key component of the nitrogen cycle, ammonia in water and soils undergoes microbial
       mediated nitrification.  The resulting nitrates are assimilated into plants and other microbes. This
       process is dependent upon dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, the microbial population, and the
       nitrogen forms present (U.S. EPA  198la; ATSDR 1990a). From natural waters, ammonia also
       volatilizes to the atmosphere or strongly adsorbs to sediment so that leaching is not likely (U.S.
       EPA 198la). Once in the atmosphere, the chemical can be removed in rain or snow or dissolve in
       clouds (ATSDR 1990a).

   C.  Transformation/Persistence
       1.   AJT — In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with acid air pollutants such as HNO3 and H2SO4
           to form particulate ammonium compounds that can be removed by wet or dry deposition
           (ATSDR 1990a).  In unpolluted air, the half-life for  ammonia reaction with hydroxyl radicals
           is about 16 days (U.S. EPA 1981a).
           Soil — In soils, ammonia is transformed to nitrate by soil microbes and taken up by plants as
           a nutrient source.  The ammonium cation adsorbs to negatively charged clay colloids in soils
           and is relatively immobile. Volatilization is another removal mechanism from soil (ATSDR
           1990a; U.S. EPA 1981a).
           Water — In natural waters, ammonia undergoes nitrification with the products being taken up
           by aquatic plants or other organisms. Ammonia can also adsorb to sediments or volatilize to
           the atmosphere (ATSDR 1990a; U.S. EPA 1981a).
           Biota — Ammonia is a natural waste product of fish and is released to the surrounding water
           through the gills. If water concentrations are abnormally high, the concentration gradient is
           reversed and the direction of passive transport is into the gills (ATSDR 1990a).
2.
4.
                                           C-10
-------
                                                                                      APPENDIX C
                    CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electrons copper
process  This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l).  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of ammonium chloride are summarized below.
               ML IDENTITY
AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
                                       Data
                                                                            Reference
 CAS No.
 Common Synonyms
 Molecular Formula
 Chemical Structure
 Physical State

 Molecular Weight
 Melting Point
 Boiling Point
 Water Solubility
 Density
 Vapor Density (air = 1)
 KOC
 Log Kow
 Vapor Pressure
 Reactivity
 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration  Factor
 Odor Threshold
            12125-02-9
            ammonium muriate; sal ammoniac
            C1H4N
            H4N-C1
            white crystalline solid, somewhat
            hygroscopic
            53.50
            sublimes @ 350°C without melting
            520°C
            28.3%(w/w)@25°C
            1.5274 at 25 °C
            no data
            no data
            no data
            lmmHg@160.4°C
            reacts with alkalis & their carbonates;
            lead & silver salts; strong oxidizers;
            ammonium nitrate; potassium chlorate; and
            bromine trifluoride; corrodes most metals
            not flammable
            no data
            no data
            no data
            no data
            no data
            no data
            odorless
            no data        	
Sax and Lewis 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
ACGIH 1991
Budavari et al. 1989
ACGIH 1991
Sax and Lewis 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Sax and Lewis 1989
                                                                             NIOSH 1994
                                                                             HSDB 1995
 Budavari et al. 1989
  H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A. Environmental Release
         Ammonium chloride, a somewhat hygroscopic crystalline solid with a cooling saline taste, is
         highly soluble in water (Budavari et al. 1989).  It is used in dry batteries; soldering; manufacture
         of various ammonia compounds; as a fertilizer; in electroplating; in medicine; and in the food
         industry (ACGIH 1991; Verschueren 1983). Large amounts of ammonium chloride are frequently
         evolved from galvanizing operations, with concentrations generally below 5 mg/m3, although peak
         concentrations are higher (ACGIH 1991).  Ammonium chloride occurs naturally in crevices in the
         vicinity of volcanoes (Young 1978).

      B. Transport
         No information on the transport of ammonium chloride was found in the secondary sources
          searched. The water solubility suggests that the chemical would leach through soil.
                                                  C-ll
-------
APPENDIX C
    C.  Transformation/Persistence
       No information on the transformation/persistence of ammonium chloride was found in the
       secondary sources searched.  Low vapor pressure and its water solubility suggest the chemical
       would remain in the aqueous phase.
                                         C-12
-------
                                                                                      APPENDIX C
                       CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR BENZOTRIAZOLE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l).  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of benzotriazole are summarized below.

          CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZOTRIAZOLE	
Chi
      cteristic/Pr
                             Data
                                                                             Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
95-14-7
1,2,3-benzotriazole; IH-benzotriazole; azimino-
benzene; 1,2-aminozophenylene; benzene azimide
C«.,H5N3

white to light tan crystalline powder
119.14
98.5°C
204°C@15mmHg
19.8 g/L @ 25°C (measured)
not found
not found
not found
1.34 (measured)
0.4 x 10"' Torr @ 20°C (measured)
stable toward acids, alkalies, oxidation and
reduction; forms stable metallic salts; may
explode during vacuum distillation
1.6 @ 20°C (measured)
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
 1 ppm = 4.87 mg/m3
 1 mg/m3 = 0.205 ppm	
RTECS 1995
HSDB 1995
RTECS 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
                                                                             CHEMFATE 1995
 Calculated using:
 ppm = mg/m3 x 24.45/m.w
 II. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A. Environmental Release
         Benzotriazole may be released to the environment during its production and its use in a wide range
         of commercial products. Uses of the chemical include: as a chemical intermediate; as a pickling
         inhibitor in boiler scale removal; as a restrainer, developer and antifogging agent in photographic
         emulsions- as a corrosion inhibitor for copper; as a component of military deicing fluid; and as a
         plastics stabilizer (HSDB 1995). The NCI (1977) selected the chemical for study in the bioassay
         program because of its use in dishwashing detergents and the possibility that such use could result
         in the contamination of water supplies.


      B' The considerable water solubility of benzotriazole (19.8 g/L [CHEMFATE 1995]) suggests that
         the chemical may exist in solution in the soil and leach into ground water. The low vapor pressure
         (0.04 Torr at 20°C [CHEMFATE 1995]) indicates that volatilization is not a significant transport
         mechanism for benzotriazole in soil  or water. In one instance, benzotriazole evaporated from water
                                                  C-13
-------
APPENDIX C
       2.
       3.
      4.
    in 438 hours (-18 days) (CHEMFATE 1995). Because of its water solubility, benzotriazole
    present in the atmosphere may be removed by wet deposition.

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1 •   Ail — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of benzotriazole in air. The considerable water solubility of
        benzotriazole (see section II.B) suggests that the chemical would be removed from the
        atmosphere by wet deposition.
        SoU — The sensitivity of benzotriazole to photodegradation is solvent-dependent
        (CHEMFATE 1995).  The chemical was 100% degraded when irradiated for 60 hours at 300
        nm in methanol (CHEMFATE 1995). The products of degradation (also solvent-dependent)
        were aniline (1-1.6%) and 0-anisidine (2-8.2%).
        Water — In one study, benzotriazole as the sole source of carbon was not degraded by
        acclimated sludge in water (CHEMFATE 1995).  Other investigators observed that elective
        cultures and continuous enrichment failed to biodegrade benzotriazole and indicated that the
        chemical is expected to resist degradation in the environment (Rollinson and Callely 1986).
        In the aquatic environment, the chemical could undergo some photolysis at the water's surface
        (see section II.C.2).
             — The log octanol/water partition coefficient for benzotriazole, 1 .34 (CHEMFATE
                                                                        ,  .
           1995), suggests that the chemical has a low to moderate potential for partitioning to lipids.
           However, no information was found to indicate whether the chemical will bioaccumulate.
                                           C-14
-------
                                                                                     APPENDIX C
                          CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR BORIC ACID

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electrons copper
process.  This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of boric acid are summarized below.
	 CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State

Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
 KOC
 Log Kow
 Vapor Pressure
 Reactivity

 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
                                      CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID
Data
                                     Reference
10043-35-3
boracic acid
orthoboric acid
H3BO3

colorless, odorless, transparent crystals;
or white granules or powder
61.84
171°C
300°C
1 g/18mlcoldH2O
1.435 @ 15°C
no data
no data
no data
low for boron compounds
incompatible with alkali carbonates and hydroxides
mixtures with potassium may explode on impact
not flammable
not flammable
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
no data          	.	
Budavarietal. 1989
HSDB 1995
Budavarietal. 1989

Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
U.S. EPA 1990a
Budavarietal. 1989
U.S. EPA 1990a
U.S. EPA 1990
Budavarietal. 1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
 Budavarietal. 1989
  H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A. Environmental Release                                                                  ,
         Boric acid is a naturally occurring compound formed from the breaks of other boron compounds.
         It is released into the .atmosphere during volcanic eruptions; however, most of this is captured by
         the oceans  Boric acid also enters the environment as a contaminant from the manufacture and
         industrial and household use of boron-containing compounds; the mining and processing of borax;
         coal oil and geothermal power generation; and sewage and sludge disposal (U.S. EPA 1990a).
         Boric acid is not listed on the EPA's TRI, requiring certain types of U.S. industries to report on
         chemical releases to the environment.


      B'  Groundw^ter movement studies indicate that boron is relatively mobile in sand and gravel aquifers,
          with retardation only occurring as a result of adsorption to clay or organic materials.  An
          equilibrium exists between adsorbed and dissolved boron in soils (U.S. EPA 1990a).
                                                 C-15
-------
APPENDIX C
    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air — Boron does not appear to persist in the atmosphere as a vapor. As a particulate, boron
            can be removed by either wet or dry deposition (U.S. EPA 1990a).
       2.   Soil — Boric acid is adsorbed onto soil at acidic pH levels, and does not appear to be
            chemically or biologically degraded in soils (U.S. EPA 1990a).
       3.   Water — In natural waters, boron does not appear to be chemically or biologically degraded
            but exists as undissociated boric acid (U.S. EPA 1990a). Because of its low vapor pressure,'
            volatilization is not expected to be a contributing factor for the release of boron at the air-
            water interface (U.S. EPA 1990a).
            Bjota —No specific information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            bioaccumulation of boric acid. However, boron accumulation appears to occur in relation to
            its availability in the surrounding aquatic systems. Tissue concentrations of boron in fish
            from freshwater aquatic systems of varying water quality containing boron or boron
            compounds (not necessarily just boric acid) have been reported to range from 1.8 vg/g in lake
            charr from  a Precambrian shield lake to 20 vg/B in carp from a river system receiving
            agricultural subsurface drainage (U.S. EPA 1990a).
4.
                                           C-16
-------
                                                                                      APPENDIX C
                        CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR CARBON BLACK

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the carbon and
conductive ink processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited
to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished
TSCA submissions that may have been included.  These sources include online databases, unpublished
EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No
attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of carbon black are summarized below.

          CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON BLACK	
Characteristic/Property
                                        Data
                                                                             Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure

Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point

Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air = 1)

Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors     	
1333-86-4
lamp black; thermal black; furnace black;
acetylene black; channel black; CI pigment
black 7; philblackN 550; raven; regal;
carbon, amorphous
C
microscopic hexagonal crystallites oriented
randomly
extremely fine, smoke-like powder; black
12; may vary with manufacturing process
sublimates @ 3652-3697°C
4200°C;4827°C

insoluble
1.8-2.1
not applicable
not found
not found
0 mm Hg (approximately)
reacts with strong oxidizers, such as
chlorates, bromates and nitrates; carbon
dust may form explosive mixtures in air
flammable
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
odorless
not applicable   	
                                                                            HSDB 1996
                                                                             U.S. EPA 198 Ib

                                                                             HSDB 1996
                                                                             NIOSH 1994; U.S. EPA 1981b
                                                                             HSDB 1996
                                                                             HSDB 1996;
                                                                             U.S. EPA1981b
                                                                             U.S. EPA 1981b
                                                                             U.S. EPA 1981b
                                                                             NIOSH 1994
                                                                             NIOSH 1994; HSDB 1996
                                                                             HSDB 1996
                                                                             HSDB 1996
   Analytical properties of commercially produced carbon blacks (all with CAS No. 1333-86-4) are
 summarized below.  Contaminants, including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), adsorb to
 carbon-black particles (IARC 1984).  These contaminants (some are known carcinogens) are extractable
 with organic solvents such as benzene, naphthalene, and toluene (IARC 1984). The efficiency of the
 extraction depends on the solvent, extraction time, type of carbon black, relationship between sample
 weight/solvent volume and the amount of extractable material.  The bioavailability of these potential
 carcinogens is an important issue in the assessment of the health effects of carbon black (IARC 1984).
 Available evidence indicates that when carbon blacks are exposed to biological material, including human
 albumin,  some release of PAHs occurs, depending on the amount of adsorbed material and the available
 adsorptive surface (IARC 1984).
                                                 C-17
-------
APPENDIX C

Analytical Data for Carbon Blacks Produced Commercially in the
Property Channel
Black"

Average particle diameter (nm) 29
Benzene extract (%)
pH acidic
Volatile material (%) 5-17%
Composition (%)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
Acetylene


40
0.1
4.8
0.3

99.7
0.1
0.02
0.2
Furnace


28
0.06
7.5
1.0

97.9
0.4
0.6
0.7
Lampblack


65
0.2
3.0
1.5

98
0.2
0.8
0.8
U.S.
Thermal

Medium
500
0.3
8.5
0.5

99.3
0.3
0.01
0.1



Fine
180
0.8
9.0
0.5

99.2
0.5
0.01
0.3
»/ * *w .wi.^t.1 |».wwwt*>.w i» uiw u.w. v*wnuiii uuiwii uiuwna maul* in vjoimaii^ uy an impingement piuucss rcponcuiy nave me Same properties as UK
channel black (IARC 1984). Only general properties were available for channel black.
Source: IARC (1984)

TI.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
       Carbon black may be released to the environment from various production facilities and from
       nibber tires in which carbon black is used as a reinforcing agent (U.S. EPA 1981b). The objective
       of the carbon-black industry is to produce large quantities of dense carbon smoke that would,
       under ordinary circumstances, be considered an undesired by-product (U.S. EPA 1981b).
       Consequently, for economic reasons, releases from production facilities are limited by highly
       efficient collection methods. In the thermal and furnace process plants, systems of electrostatic
       precipitators, cyclones, and bag filters collect over 99% of the black (U.S. EPA 1981b). In the
       channel production process (no longer used in the U.S.), carbon black was collected by a less
       effective method, impingement on long-channel irons, and larger quantities of carbon black were
       released (U.S. EPA 1981b).  Releases to the atmosphere may also occur during maintenance
       procedures, from leaks in plant conveying systems, or during loading and unloading operations
       (U.S. EPA 1981b). In 1979, average particulate carbon-black emissions during the manufacture
       of carbon  blacks by the oil furnace process ranged from 0.1  kg/thousand kg for fugitive emissions
       to 3.27 kg/thousand kg from uncontrolled main process vents (IARC 1984).  More recent
       monitoring data were not found in the secondary sources searched.

       As a result of tire wear, carbon black is deposited in significant quantities along roadways,
       apparently settling out within a few feet of the road (U.S. EPA 1981b).

       In 1978, the U.S. EPA issued its final regulation on water discharge permits that called for zero
       discharge  of carbon black using the best available technology (U.S. EPA 1981b).

    B.  Transport
       Carbon black entering the atmosphere or lost from tires ultimately enters the soil or is washed into
       the waterways (U.S. EPA 1981b). No other information was found in the secondary sources
       searched regarding environmental transport of carbon black.

    C.  Transformation/Persistence
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
       transformation/persistence of carbon black in the atmospheric, aquatic, or terrestrial environment
       or in biota. It is expected to be inert under normal conditions (U.S. EPA 198Ib).
                                             C-18
-------
                                                                                          APPENDIX C
      CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR COPPER AND SELECTED COPPER COMPOUNDS

   These chemicals were identified by one or more suppliers as bath ingredients for the electroless copper,
carbon, graphite, non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is
based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-
1). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been
included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications,
review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in
these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of copper, cupric sulfate, cuprous chloride,
cupric chloride, and cupric ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Cu-EDTA) are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER	
Characteristic/Property	    Data	Reference	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Shellfish Bioconcentration Factor
 Taste Threshold (copper in water)
 Conversion Factors	
7440-50-8
None
Cu
Cu°
Reddish metal
63.55
1083.4°C
2567°C
Insoluble (as Cu°)
8.92
No data
No data
No data
1 mm Hg @ 1629°C
Reacts with dil. HNO3, cone. H2SO4, and organic acids;
slowly with HC1 in the presence of oxygen. Forms
carbonate salt on the metal surface in moist air.
Forms soluble salts on the metal surface in water.
Violent reaction with hydrazoic acid, hydrogen
sulfide, lead azide, sodium azide, hydrazine mono-
nitrate, ammonium nitrate, bromates, chlorates,
iodates, chlorine, fluorine, and peroxides. Can react
with acetylene to form explosive acetylides.
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
 10-100
30,000 in oysters
2.6 ppm
Not applicable, associated with particulate matter
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
Budavarietal. 1989
U.S. Air Force 1990
HSDB 1995
 ATSDR 1990b
 ATSDR 1990b
 ATSDR 1990b
                                                   C-19
-------
 APPENDIX C
 	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CUPRIC SULFATE
 Characteristic/Property	Data	Reference
 CAS No.
 Common Synonyms
 Molecular Formula
 Chemical Structure
 Physical State

 Molecular Weight

 Melting Point
 Boiling Point
 Water Solubility
 Specific Gravity

 Vapor Density  (air=I)
 Koe
 Log Kow
 Vapor Pressure
 Reactivity
 Flam inability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Difiusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconccntration Factor
 Shellfish Bioconcentration Factor
 Taste Threshold (copper in water)
 Conversion Factors
 7758-98-7
 Copper Sulfate; Blue Vitriol
 CuSO4
 CuO4S
 Solid, White powder (anhydrous),
 blue crystals (hydrated)
 159.60 (dehydrated)
 249.68 (pentahydrate)
 Decomposes® 110°C
 Decomposes to CuO @ 650°C
 143 g/L @ 0°C
 3.603 (anhydrous)
 2.284 (pentahydrate)
 No data
 No data
 No data
 No data
 Reacts with Mg to produce Cu2O, MgSO4, and H2;
 reacts with NH4C1 producing (NH4)2SO4 and CuCl2;  HSDB 1995
 reacts with alkali (R)OH to produce Cu(OH)2 and RSO4;
 reacts with excess aq. NH3 producing CufNHj)^ + OH";
 decomposition products include SO2.
 Non-flammable                               HSDB 1995
 Non-flammable                               HSDB 1995
No data
No data
No data
 No data
 10-100 for copper                             ATSDR 1990b
30,000 for copper in oysters                      ATSDR 1990b
2.6 ppm for copper                            ATSDR 1990b
Not applicable, associated with particulate material	
                                            ATSDR 1990b
                                            ATSDR 1990b
                                            ATSDR 1990b
                                            ATSDR 1990b

                                            ATSDR 1990b
                                            U.S. EPA 1987a
                                            U.S. EPA 1987a
                                            ATSDR 1990b
                                            ATSDR 1990b
                                            ATSDR 1990b
                                            U.S. EPA 1987a
                                                                                          U.S. Air Force 1990
	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CUPROUS CHLORIDE
Characteristic/Property	Data	   	 	Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KCC
Log I^
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flarnmability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Shellfish Bioconcentration Factor
Taste Threshold (copper in water)
Conversion Factors
7758-89-6
Copper (I) chloride
CuCl
CuCl(orCu2Cl2)
Solid, White crystal
98.99
430°C
1490°C
0.062 g/L (cold water)
4.14
No data
No data
No data
1 mm Hg @ 546°C
Reactive with oxidizing agents, alkali metals;
decomposition products include HCL gas.
Not combustible
Not combustible
No data
No data
No data
No data
10-100 for copper
30,000 for copper in oysters
2.6 ppm
Not applicable, associated with particulate material
                                           U.S. EPA 1987a
                                           U.S. EPA 1987a
                                           U.S. EPA 1987a
                                           U.S. EPA 1987a
                                           U.S. EPA 1987a
                                           U.S. EPA 1987a
                                           U.S. EPA 1987a
                                           U.S. EPA 1987a
                                           U.S. EPA 1987a
                                           U.S. EPA 1987a
                                           Aldrich Chemical Co. 1985
                                           ATSDR 1990b
                                           ATSDR 1990b
                                           ATSDR 1990b
                                                       C-20
-------
                                                                                       APPENDIX C
	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CUPRIC CHLORIDE
Characteristic/Property	    Data             	Reference	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State

Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density  (air = 1)
KOC
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Difiusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Shellfish Bioconcentration Factor
Taste Threshold (copper in water)
Conversion Factors
7447.39.4
Copper (II) chloride
CuCl2
CuCl2
Brown or yellow powder
Green to blue crystals when hydrated
134.44
620°C
Decomposes @ 993°C
706 g/L @ 0°C
33864/2s
No data
No data
No data
No data
HC1 gas can be produced in fires or
in contact with acids; corrosive to
aluminum. Reacts with alkali metals.
Not combustible
Not combustible
No data
No data
No data
No data
10-100 for copper
30,000 for copper in oysters
2.6 ppm
Not applicable, associated with particulate material
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
EM Industries 1987
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. EPA 1987a
U.S. Air Force 1990
EM Industries 1987

U.S. Air Force 1990
U.S. Air Force 1990
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
ATSDR 1990b
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
        Copper (Cu) commonly exists in three valence states, Cu° (metal), Cu+ (cuprous), and Cu"1""1"
        (cupric). It can also be oxidized to a Cu+++ state, but there are no important industrial Cu"1""""
        chemicals, and Cu"1"1"1" ions are rapidly reduced to Cu""" in the environment (ATSDR 1990b).
        Cupric sulfate and cupric chloride are very soluble in water [143 and 706 g/L, respectively (U.S.
        EPA 1987a; ATSDR 1990b)] and, when dissolved, become sources of Cu"1"" ions; cupro chloride is
        a source of Cu+ ions in solution, but it has comparatively low water solubility [0.062 g/L (U.S.
        EPA 1987a)]. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) has the ability to chelate divalent metal ions
        such as Cu"1"1". The release of Cu** from the Cu-EDTA complex depends on the concentration of
        other divalent metal ions in solution. Copper occurs naturally in the environment primarily as Cu""
        salts, oxides, and complexes; but Cu"1" compounds and metallic copper (Cu°) also occur naturally
        (U.S. EPA  1984a). Copper and its compounds are ubiquitous in nature as part of the earth's crust
        and are found in plants and animals (ATSDR 1990b).  The average concentration of copper found
        in the earth's crust is about 50 ppm (ATSDR 1990b).

        Releases to the air from natural sources primarily involve windblown dust; however, volcanoes,
        decaying vegetation, forest fires, and sea water spray also contribute (ATSDR 1990b).
        Anthropogenic sources include releases from copper smelting industries, iron and steel industries,
        coal burning power plants and fabricating operations involving copper (U.S. EPA 1984a). The
        mean concentration of airborne copper is 5-200 ng/m3, which is associated with particulate matter
        (ATSDR 1990b). Copper is also released to water from industrial and sewage treatment
        discharges  and naturally from soil weathering.  Most of this copper is adsorbed to particulate
        matter. Natural  sources of copper account for about 68% of copper released to streams and
        waterways. Domestic wastewater is the largest anthropogenic source of copper released to water.
        Copper can enter the drinking water from the water distribution system and can exceed 1.3 ppm
        when the pipes have not been flushed during a period of disuse. The total amount of copper
                                                 C-21
-------
APPENDIX C
       released to water was estimated at 28,848,000,000 tons for 1976; this represents about 2.4% of the
       total amount copper released to the environment. The majority of copper is released to the land
       primarily from copper mines and mills and is in the form of insoluble sulfides or silicates.  Other
       sources include sludge from sewage treatment plants, municipal refuse, waste from electroplating,
       iron and steel producers, and discarded copper-containing products (plumbing and wiring)
       (ATSDR 1990b).

       In 1992, releases of copper to environmental media, as reported to the TRI by certain types of U.S.
       industries, totaled about 55,294,095 pounds of which 41,093,203 pounds were copper compounds
       and 14,200,892 pounds were metallic copper. Of these amounts, 6,329,997 pounds of copper
       compounds and 1,495,369 pounds of metallic copper (14.2%) were released to the atmosphere,
       72,423 pounds of copper compounds and 41,474 pounds of metallic copper (0.2%) were released
       to surface water, 201,431 pounds of copper compounds and 16,736 pounds of metallic copper
       (0.4%) were released in underground injection sites, and 34,489,362 pounds of copper compounds
       and 12,647,313 pounds of metallic copper (85.2%) were released to land (TRI92 1994).

   B.  Transport

   C.  Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air — Most of the copper in the air is in the form of particulate matter (dust) or is adsorbed
            to particulate matter.  Larger particles (>5 um) are removed by gravitational settling, smaller
            particles are removed by other forms of dry and wet deposition (ATSDR 1990b).
            Atmospheric copper resulting from combustion is associated with sub-micron particles that
            can remain in the troposphere for an estimated 7-30 days and may be carried long distances
            (ATSDR 1990b). In southern Ontario, Canada, the average copper concentration in
            rainwater was  1.57 ppb during 1982, and the average annual wet deposition of copper was
            1.36 mg/m2. The average annual wet deposition for both central and northern Ontario was
            1.13 mg/m2 (ATSDR 1990b).
       2.   Soil — Most of the copper deposited in the soil is strongly adsorbed primarily to organic
            matter, carbonate minerals, clay minerals, and hydrous iron and manganese oxides.
            Movement through the soil is dependent on the presence of these substances, the pH, and
            other physical  and chemical parameters. The greatest potential for leaching is seen in sandy
            soils with low  pH (ATSDR 1990b). Laboratory experiments using controlled models and
            field experiments utilizing core samples have shown that very little copper moves through the
            soil. Core samples showed that some movement occurred as far as the 22.5-25 cm layer of
            soil, but little,  if any, moved below this zone. The evidence indicates that hazardous amounts
            of copper should not leach into groundwater from sludge, even from sandy soils (ATSDR
            1990b).
       3.   Water — Copper in solution is present almost exclusively as the Cu** valence state (U.S.
            EPA 1987a). The Cu+ ion is unstable in solution and disproportionates to Cu1^ and copper
            metal unless a stabilizing ligand is present (ATSDR 1990b). In sea water, Cu+ was found to
            be more stable than in fresh water existing as CuClOH" ions. A photochemical reduction
            mechanism involving H2O2 is thought to be partly responsible. The presence of Cu+ is highest
            in the surface layer of seawater and can account for as much as 15% of the copper in
            seawater (ATSDR  1990b). Copper in the Cu^ valence state forms compounds and
            complexes with a variety of organic and inorganic ligands binding to -NH2, -SH, and, to a
            lesser extent, -OH groups (ATSDR 1990b). The predominant form of copper in aqueous
            solution is dependent on the pH of the solution. Below pH 6, the cupric ion (Cu**)
            predominates;  copper complexes with carbonate usually predominate above pH 6 (U.S. EPA
            1987a; ATSDR 1990b).  The association of copper with organic or inorganic  ligands also
                                            C-22
-------
                                                                         APPENDIX C
    depends on the pH and on the CaCO3 alkalinity. Rivers in the northwestern U.S. with a
    relatively high pH (7.0-8.5) and 24-219 ppm CaCO3 were found to contain copper associated
    primarily with CO3~ and OH" ions.  Under these conditions, copper can precipitate as
    malachite (Cu2(OH)2CO3).  Copper was found to be largely associated with organic matter in
    lakes and rivers with a lower pH (4.6-6.3) and CaCO3 concentration (1-30 ppm) such as
    found in southern Maine (ATSDR 1990b).

    Most of the copper entering surface water is in the form of particulate matter, which settles
    out, precipitates, or adsorbs to organic matter, hydrous iron and manganese oxides, and clay;
    however, the predominating form can change with the amount of rain, pH, content of runoff,
    and the availability of ligands (ATSDR 1990b). The processes of complexation, adsorption
    and precipitation limit the concentration of copper (OO to very low values  in most natural
    waters (ATSDR 1990b). Copper discharged into a river upstream from the Chesapeake Bay
    was  measured at 53 ppb. Copper associated with particulate material that were settleable
    solids accounted for 36 ppb. The copper concentration decreased rapidly downstream to 7
    ppb  2-3 km from the pollution source. The copper concentration in the settlement, however,
    was  10 times the concentration in uncontaminated areas (ATSDR 1990b).
4.  Biota — Calculations of the bioconcentration factor in fish for copper have ranged from 10 to
    100; however, the majority of copper measurements in fish tissues under environmental-
    conditions have indicated little, if any, bioconcentration. The copper content offish muscle
    tissue taken from copper-contaminated lakes near Sudbury, Ontario were found to contain
    about the same level of copper as fish from uncontaminated areas (ATSDR 1990b). Filter
    feeding shellfish, especially oysters, however, were found to significantly  concentrate copper
    with bioconcentration factors as high as 30,000 (ATSDR 1990b).
                                      C-23
-------
 APPENDIX C
   CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER ACETATE

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
 process.  This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
 sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
 submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
 information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
 has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

 I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
 (DGEEA) are summarized below. In the body, glycol ether esters are apparently saponified (hydrolyzed)
 to the parent glycol ether and  an organic acid. Systemic effects of the esters are typical of those of the
 corresponding parent glycol ethers (HSDB 1996), which for DGEEA, is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
 (DGEE). Therefore, this report will also provide information on DGEE.

 	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DGEEA	
 Characteristic/Property	Data     	Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air=l)
KOC
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flam inability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
AirDifiusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold

Conversion Factors
112-15-2
DGEEA; 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol acetate;       Gingell et al. 1994
Carbitol® acetate
C8H,SO4                               Gingell etal. 1994
C2H5OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OOCCH3              Gingell et al. 1994
colorless liquid; hygroscopic                 HSDB 1996
176.2
-11 °C, -25°C                            Verschueren 1996
217.4°C @ 760 mm Hg                     Gingell et al. 1994
miscible                               HSDB 1996
specific gravity (25/4°C), 1.01                Gingell et al. 1994
6-07                                  Gingell etal. 1994
not found
not found
0.05 mm Hg @ 25°C                       Gingell et al. 1994
not found
must be preheated before ignition              HSDB 1996
open cup, 225°F (107°C)                    HSDB 1996
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
50% recognition, 0.157 ppm                  Verschueren 1996
100% recognition, 0.263 ppm
1 ppm ~ 7.20 mg/m3 @ 25°C, 760 mm Hg        Gingell et al. 1994
Img/m** 0.1389 ppm	^	
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
       of DGEEA. The ester probably enters the environment as does its parent ether, DGEE, i.e., via
       effluents from sites where it is produced or used as a solvent and from other industries (Howard
       1993).  In a national survey of wastewater effluents, DGEE occurred in 5 of 21 industrial
       categories (Howard  1993) . Average concentrations of DGEE in wastewater from various
       industries were as follows: 497 mg/L (iron and steel); 52,189 mg/L (printing and publishing); 175
       mg/L (amusement and athletic goods); and 40 mg/L (pulp and paper) (Howard 1993). DGEE has
       also been found in effluents from publicly-owned treatment works (Howard 1993).  A drinking-
       water survey identified DGEE as a contaminant in 11 U.S. cities and 1 county (Howard 1993).
                                              C-24
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX C
B.  Transport
    The low vapor pressure of DGEEA (0.05 mm Hg [Gingell et al. 1994]) suggests that volatilization
    from soil or water will not be a significant transport mechanism for the chemical.  DGEEA is
    miscible with water and may move through the soil, possibly to groundwater.

    The parent ether, DGEE, is also miscible with water and has an estimated Henry's Law Constant
    of 8.63 x 10'10 atm-m3/mole at 25°C (Howard 1993).  This indicates that volatilization from
    natural bodies of water and moist soils should not be a significant fate process for the ether. The
    calculated Koc value (20) for DGEE indicates that the chemical will be highly mobile in soil and
    should not partition from the water column to organic matter in sediments and suspended solids
    (Howard 1993).

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
    transformation/persistence of DGEEA in the environment. However, inferences can be drawn
    regarding the fate of DGEEA, based on the following data for its parent ether, DGEE.
    1.  Air — DGEE in ambient air exists mostly in the vapor phase (Howard 1993). The putative
        removal mechanisms for atmospheric DGEE are vapor phase reactions with photochemically
        produced hydroxyl radicals (Howard 1993). The estimated rate constant of 2.93 x 10'11
        cm3/molecule-sec @ 25 °C for DGEE corresponds to a half-life  of about 13 hours, assuming
        the atmospheric concentration of hydroxyl radicals is 5 x 105 per cm3 (Howard 1993).  Wet
        deposition of DGEE is limited by its short residence time (Howard 1993).
    2.  Soil	The results of aqueous screening tests indicate that biodegradation is the most
        significant mechanism for the removal of DGEE from aerobic soil (see the results of screening
        tests in section II.C.3) (Howard 1993).  Hydrolysis and direct photolysis are not important
        mechanisms for the removal of DGEE from soil (Howard 1993).
    3  water	The results of aqueous screening tests indicate that biodegradation is the primary
         mechanism for the removal of DGEE from water (Howard 1993). After 16 days of
         acclimation, losses of 39.8% and 34.3% were recorded using an 8-hour Warburg test and a 5-
         day BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) test, respectively (Howard 1993). In two assays
         conducted without acclimation, the BOOT values after 20-day incubation periods were 48
         and 87% (Howard 1993). Using the Zahn-Wellens screening method, a >90% loss of the
         original concentration of DGEE (400 ppm) occurred in 28 days (Howard 1993). DGEE
         should not undergo hydrolysis or direct photolysis in the aquatic environment (Howard 1993).
     4.   Biota	The calculated log BCF (bioconcentration factor) of -0.34 for DGEE and its
         miscibility with water indicate that the chemical will not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms
         (Howard 1993).
                                          C-25
-------
APPENDIX C
           CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR DIETHYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l).  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of diethylene glycol methyl ether are summarized
below.

  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIETHYLENE GLYCOL METHYL
	ETHER	
Characteristic/Property	Data	Reference	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Vapor Density (air=I)
KOC
Log Kow

Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability

Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Log Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion  Factors
111-77-3
2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol, methyl
carbitol, MECB, Dowanol DM, DOME
C5H,A
CH3OCH2OCH2CH2OH
colorless liquid
120.15
< -84°C
193 °C
completely miscible
lxlOGmg/Lat25°C
d20'4,1.035
4.14
10
-0.68 (calculated)
-0.79 - -0.93
0.18mmHgat25°C
can react with oxidizing materials
moderate when exposed to heat
or flame
200°F(93°C)
no data
6.5 x 10-'° atm-cmVmole at 25°C
no data
no data
-0.75 (estimated)
no data; mild, pleasant
1 ppm = 4.91 rag/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.204 ppm	
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
U.S. EPA 1984b
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
U.S. EPA 1984b
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        No information was found regarding the quantity of diethylene glycol methyl ether (DOME)
        released to the environment. The chemical has been identified as a contaminate in drinking water
        samples (concentrations not listed) from cities across the continental U.S. (HSDB 1995. An
        average concentration of 3571 mg/L was found in the wastewater from paint and ink industries
        (HSDB 1995).

    B.  Transport
        Because of the high water solubility and low Henry's Law Constant, most of the DOME released
        to the environment should end up in aquatic environments. The low Koc indicates that the
        chemical can leach into ground water from soils; volatilization from water and soils is not an
                                               C-26
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX C
   important transport process (HSDB 1995).  Removal from the atmosphere in precipitation is
   possible (HSDB 1995).

C. Transformation/Persistence
   1.   Air	DOME should not undergo direct photolysis.  The reaction rate constant with hydroxyl
        radicals has been estimated to be 2.44 x 10'11 cm3/molecule-sec and corresponds to an
        atmospheric half-life of about 16 hours (HSDB 1995).
   2.   Soil — In general, biodegradation and leaching would be the most important removal
        processes for glycol ethers in soils (U.S. EPA 1984b).
   3.   Water — DOME was degraded by 0, 21, and 66% after 5,10, and 20 days respectively when
        settled waste water or sewage sludge was used as inoculum (HSDB 1995).
   4.   Biota	Based on the high water solubility and low estimated bioconcentration factor of
        DOME, the chemical would not be expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic animals (HSDB
        1995).
                                          C-27
-------
 APPENDIX C
           CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR DIETHYLENE GLYCOL N-BUTYL ETHER

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
 process.  This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
 sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
 submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
 information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
 has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

 I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTDZS

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of diethylene glycol n-butyl ether are
 summarized below.

           CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIETHYLENE
 ,	GLYCOL N-BUTYL ETHER	
 Characteristic/Property	Data	Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air = 1 )
Koc
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Fltmmability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
 112-34-5
 diethylene glycol monobutyl ether;
 butyl carbitol
 C8HI803
 HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OC4H9
 liquid
 162.22
 -68°C
 230.4°C
 lxl06mg/Lat25°C
 0.9536
 5.58
 75 (calculated)
 0.91 (calculated)
 0.0219 mm Hg at 25°C
 non reactive;
NFPA rating: 0.0
must be heated
 500°F
no data
 1.52x 10-9atm-mVmoleat25°C
no data
no data
2.88 (estimated)
practically odorless
 1 ppm = 6.63 tng/m3
 1 mg/nv' = 0.15ppm	
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Gingelletal. 1994
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995

HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Gingelletal. 1994

HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Gingelletal. 1994
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        In 1993 as reported to the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries, environmental releases of all
        glycol ethers totaled 45.9 million pounds; diethylene glycol n-butyl ether is not reported separately
        (TRI93 1995). The chemical has been detected in the waste water effluents from industries at
        average concentrations ranging from 7 to 244 mg/L (HSDB 1995).

    B.  Transport
        Because of its miscibility with water, diethylene glycol n-butyl ether will partition to the
        water column and be highly mobile in soils. In the atmosphere, the chemical may be
        removed by precipitation and dissolution in clouds (HSDB 1995).
                                               C-28
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX C
C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air — In the atmosphere, diethylene glycol n-butyl ether should exist almost entirely in the
        vapor phase. The estimated half-life for reaction with hydroxyl radical is 11 hours (HSDB
        1995).
    2.   Soil	Diethylene glycol n-butyl ether should partition to the water column of moist soils
        and volatilization will not be significant (HSDB 1995).
    3   Water	Diethylene glycol n-butyl ether is not expected to undergo hydrolysis and the
        Henry's Law Constant indicates that volatilization would be slow.  However, aerobic
        biodegradation may be an important removal mechanism from aquatic systems (HSDB 1995).
        No other information was found.
    4.   Biota — Based on the estimated bioconcentration factor of 2.88 (HSDB 1995), diethylene
        glycol n-butyl ether should not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
                                           C-29
-------
 APPENDIX C
                  CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR W,Ar-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
 process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
 sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
 submissions that may have been included. These sources include online data bases, government
 publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt has been made to verify
 information in these databases and secondary sources.


 I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties ofW.A^dimethylformamide are summarized
 below.

     CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A^-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE
 Characteristic/Property    Data                                                  Reference
 CAS No.
 Common Synonyms

 Molecular Formula
 Chemical Structure
 Physical State
 Molecular Weight
 Melting Point
 Boiling Point
 Water Solubility
 Density
 Vapor Density (air » 1)
 KOC r
 Log Kow
 Vapor Pressure
 Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation ConstantO,3
Air Diffusivity Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold

Conversion Factors
 68-12-1
 DMF; DMFA; dimethylformamide; A/^-dimethylmethanamide;
 Af-formyldimethylamine
 CjH7NO
 HCON(CH,)2
 colorless to slightly yellow liquid
 73.09
 -61 °C
 153°C@760mmHg
 miscible with water
 0.9445 @ 25/4°C
 2.51
 7 (calculated)
 -1.01
 3.87mmHg@25°C
 can react vigorously with oxidizing agents,
 halogenated hydrocarbons, and inorganic
 nitrates; pH of 0.5 molar soln. = 6.7
 combustible
 67°C(153°F) (open cup)

no data
no data
7.39 X 10E'* atm-mVmole @ 25°C
-1.01 (log; calculated)
0.14 mg/m' (nonperception);
0.88 mg/m3 (perception); fishy odor
 1 ppm = 3.04 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.33 ppm	
 IARC 1989

 Budavari etal. 1989
 Budavari et al. 1989
 Budavari et al. 1989
 Budavari et al. 1989
 Budavari et al. 1989
 Budavari et al. 1989
 Budavari etal. 1989
 Budavari et al. 1989
 Verschueren 1983
 HSDB 1996
 CHEMFATE 1996
 CHEMFATE 1996
 HSDB 1996;
 Budavari et al. 1989

 HSDB 1996
 Budavari et al. 1989
 CHEMFATE 1996
HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996

Verschueren 1983

Verschueren 1983
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        //.W-Dimethylformamide is a widely used solvent for organic compounds where a low rate of
        evaporation is required. The chemical may be emitted to the environment by effluents from a
        variety of petrochemical industries (Howard 1993).

        W.-A/'-Dimethylformamide has been identified in the air over a hazardous waste site in Lowell, MA
        and a neighboring industry at concentrations of 2.18 and >50 ppb, respectively; in 1  of 63
        industrial wastewater effluents (<10 ngfL); and in waste effluent of a plastics manufacturer
        (28,378 ng/^L extract). The chemical was listed as a contaminant found in drinking water
        samples in several U.S. cities, and in 1 of 204 samples in a national survey of surface waters
        (Howard 1993).
                                               C-30
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX C
B.  Transport
    Volatilization of A^-dimethylformamide from land or water is not expected to be significant
    (Howard 1993). The complete water solubility suggests that the chemical can be removed from the
    atmosphere by rainfall. N, N-dimethyl-formamide is expected to be highly mobile in soils and will
    probably leach into groundwater (U.S. EPA 1986).

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air— Based upon the vapor pressure (3.87 mm Hg @ 25°C), A^-dimethyl-formamide is
        expected to exist almost entirely in the gaseous phase in the atmosphere. The vapor phase
        reaction of W.N-dimethylformamide with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is likely
        to be an important fate process. The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction with
        photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 2.24 x lO'10 cm3/molecule-sec
        at 25° C, which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 hours (Howard 1993). In
        smog chamber studies, A^-dimethylformamide was relatively nonreactive with regard to
        photochemical oxidant formation (U.S. EPA 1986).
    2.   Soil — The calculated KQC of 7 indicates that N, N-dimethylformamide will be highly mobile
        in soils and the Henry's Law Constant (7.39 x 1OE'8 atm-mVmole) suggests that volatilization
        from soils will not be important (Howard 1993).  Aqueous screening and a river die-away test
        suggests that biodegradation of N, N-dimethylformamide in soil will be rapid (HSDB 1996).
        When wastewater containing 250 mg/L JV^-dimethylformamide was aerobically treated with
        activated sludge, 95% of the chemical was degraded in 18 hours (U.S. EPA 1986).
    3.   Water — The estimated KQC (ranging in the high mobility class for soil) indicates that N,N-
        dimethylformamide will not partition from the water column to organic matter contained in
        the sediments and suspended solids. The Henry's Law Constant suggests that volatilization
        from environmental waters will not be important (Howard 1993). A^-Dimethylformamide
        hydrolyzes slowly in neutral pH water, but hydrolysis is accelerated by acids and bases (U.S.
        EPA 1986). A^N-Dimethylformainide can be biodegraded by activated sludge, although an
        acclimation period is usually required. River die-away data suggest that the biodegradation of
        the chemical should be rapid (Howard 1993).
    4.  Biota — The bioconcentration factor of -1.01 (log) indicates that A^JV-dimethyl-formamide
        will not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms (Howard 1993).
                                          C-31
-------
 APPENDIX C
                         CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR ETHANOLAMINE

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
 carbon, graphite, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a '
 systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online
 databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard
 reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary
 sources.

 I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of ethanolamine are summarized below.

 	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOLAMINE	
 Characteristic/Property	Data	 	  Reference
 CAS No.
 Common Synonyms
 Molecular Formula
 Chemical Structure

 Physical State
 Molecular Weight
 Melting Point
 Boiling Point
 Water Solubility

 Vapor Density (air - 1)
 KQC
 Log ROW
 Vapor Pressure
 Reactivity
Flammability

Flash Point
Air Diffusion Coefficient
Dissociation Constant
Molecular Diffiisivity Coefficient
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
 141-43-5
 2-amino-l-ethanol; monoethanolamine;
 2-hydroxyethylamine;beta-aminoethanol;
 glycinol; MEA
 C2H,NO
 HOCH2CH2NH2

 viscous hygroscopic liquid
 61.08
 10.3°C
 170.8°C@760mmHg
 completely soluble
 1.0117@25/4°C
 2.1
 5
 -1.31
 0.26mmHgat25°C
 reacts with strong oxidizers, strong acids,
 iron; may attack copper, brass, rubber;
 pH = 12.1 (0.1 N aqueous solution);
 single or double substitution of the amine
 group leads to formation of a variety of
 compounds
 2 (liquid which must be moderately heated
 before ignition will occur)
 85°C, closed cup; 93.33°C open cup
 no data
9.4994
no data
4xE-8 atm-mVmole @ 25 °C
<1 (calculated)
3-4 ppm
 1 ppm = 2.54 mg/m3;
 1 mg/m3 = 0.39 ppm	
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Benya and Harbison 1994

Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Benya and Harbison 1994 Density
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
NIOSH 1994

Budavari et al. 1989
Benya and Harbison 1994
HSDB 1995
ACGIH 1991

CHEMFATE 1995

CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
ACGIH 1991
Verschueren 1983
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Ethanolamine is a colorless viscous liquid with an unpleasant, fishy, ammoniacal odor (Budavari et
        al. 1989; Grant 1986). It is released to the environment primarily from emissions and effluents
        from sites of industrial production or use, from disposal of consumer products containing
        ethanolamine such as cleaning products, and use of agricultural products in which it is used as a
        dispersing agent. Ethanolamine can also be released to the environment in urine. Ethanolamine
        was one of the primary amines identified in aerosol samples collected over the North Atlantic
        Ocean. Highest concentrations were found in samples taken near North America, Bermuda, the
                                                C-32
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX C
   Azores, and in the Arctic Circle, and low concentrations in the Gulf stream and in the equatorial
   North Atlantic (Gorzelska and Galloway 1990, as reported in TOXLINE).

B. Transport
   Ethanolamine is completely soluble in water (Benya and Harbison 1994), and if released to the
   soil, would not be expected to adsorb appreciably to organic material [calculated KQC = 5 (HSDB
    1995)]. Ethanolamine has the potential to leach into groundwater. The volatilization of
   ethanolamine from water is believed to be negligible [Henry's Law constant = 4E-8 atm-ni3/mole @
   25 °C (CHEMFATE 1995)].

C. Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air — The dominant removal mechanism is expected to be reaction with photochemically
        generated hydroxyl radicals. The calculated half-life for ethanolamine vapor reacting with
        hydroxyl radicals is 11 hours.  The complete water solubility of ethanolamine suggests that
        this compound may also be removed from the atmosphere in precipitation (HSDB 1995).
   2.   Soil — If released to soil, ethanolamine is expected to biodegrade fairly rapidly following
        acclimation and to leach in soil. The half-life is on the order of days to weeks. Volatilization
        from soil surfaces is not expected to be an important removal process (HSDB 1995).
    3.   Water — If released to water, ethanolamine is expected to undergo biodegradation. The half-
        life of this compound may range from a few days to a few weeks depending, in large part, on
        the degree of acclimation of the system.  Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms, adsorption to
        suspended solids and sediments, and volatilization are not important removal processes
        (HSDB 1995). Tests utilizing settled sewage seed showed that 0%, 58.4%, or 75% of added
        compound was biodegraded after 5, 10, or 50 days, respectively. In a closed activated sludge
        system, 93.6% of the added chemical was biodegraded (CHEMFATE 1995).
    4.   Biota — The bioconcentration factor of <1 (based on a log KQW of -1.31) and the complete
        water solubility of ethanolamine suggest that the compound does not bioconcentrate in aquatic
        organisms (HSDB 1995).
                                          C-33
-------
APPENDIX C
                      CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR ETHYLENE GLYCOL

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper and
carbon processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to
secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished
TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished
EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No
attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of ethylene glycol are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL	
Characteristic/Property	Data	Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air - 1)
KQC
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Constant
Air Difiusivity Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
107-21-1
1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-dihydroxyethane
C2H602
HOCH2CH2OH
slightly viscous liquid
62.07
-13°C
197.6°Cat760mmHg
miscible
absorbs twice its weight of water at 100%
relative humidity
d2™, 1.114
2.14
4 (calculated)
-1.36
0.092mmHgat25°C
reacts violently with chlorosulfonic acid,
sulfuric acid, and oleum
combustible
115°C (open cup)
15.1
no data
no data
6.0 x 10'8 atm-mVmole
10 (Leucisius idus melanotus, golden ide)
odorless
1 ppm = 2.58 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.39 ppm
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995

Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Verschueren 1983
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995

Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985
Budavari et al. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
ATSDR 1993a

Verschueren 1983
II.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        In 1992 as reported to the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries, a total of 17.2 million pounds of
        etliylene glycol was released to the environment. The total consisted of 10.25 million pounds
        released to the atmosphere, 6.25 million pounds to ground and surface waters, and 0.7 million
        pounds to land (TRI92 1994).  The major source of ethylene glycol in the environment is the
        disposal of used antifreeze.  The chemical was found in concentrations of <0.05-0.33 mg/m3 as
        aerosol and <0.05-10.4 mg/m3 as vapor in ambient air samples collected above bridges following
        spray application of a deicing fluid containing 50% ethylene glycol (ATSDR 1993a).

    B.  Transport
        The low Henry's Law Constant and high water solubility indicate that ethylene glycol will not
        volatilize from surface waters.  Based on the calculated KOC the chemical is expected to be highly
        mobile in soils and can leach into ground waters; however, ethylene glycol is readily biodegraded
                                               C-34
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX C
   (ATSDR 1993a; U.S. Air Force 1989a). Removal from the atmosphere in rainfall is possible
   (ATSDR 1993a).

C. Transformation/Persistence
   1.   Air — The half-life for reaction of ethylene glycol with hydroxy radicals in the atmosphere is
        2.1 days (CHEMFATE 1995). Estimated half-lives for photochemical oxidation range from
        24 to 50 hours (ATSDR 1993a).
   2.   Soil — Several genera of soil microbes have been shown to completely degrade
        concentrations of 1-3% ethylene glycol within 3 days (ATSDR 1993a). Clostridium
        glycolicum, isolated from mud, degraded the chemical under anaerobic conditions
        (concentration and time not given) (CHEMFATE 1995).
   3.   Water — Biodegradation of ethylene glycol has been demonstrated by acclimated and
        unacclimated microorganisms from a variety of aqueous media (ATSDR 1993; U.S. Air
        Force 1989a). Complete degradation occurred with activated sewage sludge in approximately
        80 hours (CHEMFATE 1995). Several Mycobacterium sp. and Alcaligenes sp. are capable
        of utilizing ethylene glycol as a sole carbon source (CHEMFATE 1995). In contrast, the
        half-life for reaction with hydroxy radicals in aqueous solution has been calculated as 2.84
        years  (CHEMFATE 1995).
   4.   Biota — The high water solubility, rapid microbial degradation, and low to moderate
        bioconcentration factor indicate that ethylene glycol would not be expected to bioaccumulate
        in aquatic organisms.
                                         C-35
-------
APPENDIX C
      CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID (EDTA)

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

L CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of EDTA are summarized below.
               CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EDTA
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No,
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=»l)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor

Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
60-00-4
acetic acid, (ethylenedinitrilo)-
tetra-; edetic acid; EDTA; EDTA acid;
Trilon BW; Versene
C10H16N20,

colorless crystals
292.28
decomposes @ 240°C
not found
0.5g/L@25°C
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
chelates di- and tri-valent metals
may burn,  but does not ignite readily
not found
0.26 (measured)
not found
not found
not found
<2 (bluegill, measured)
19 (@25°C, calculated)
not found
1 ppm= 11.9mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.084 ppm	
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995

Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995

CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
                                                                           Calculated using:
                                                                           mg/m3 x 24.45/m.w.
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
       EDTA does not occur naturally in the environment (HSDB 1995). The main sources of EDTA
       released to the environment are probably domestic sewage and industrial effluents, resulting from
       the chelating applications of the chemical (HSDB 1995).  Other sources of release of the chemical
       include the use of herbicides and the land disposal of products that contain EDTA (HSDB 1995).

       In 1974  in England, concentrations of EDTA ranging from 0 to 1120 ppb were detected in the Lea
       River and concentrations ranging from 200 to 1200 ppb were detected in the effluent from the Rye
       Meads sewage treatment plant (HSDB 1995). In other studies, EDTA concentrations of 100 to
       550 ppb were detected in sewage effluents (no other details were available) (Verschueren 1983).
       Other monitoring data were not found in the secondary sources searched.
                                              C-36
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX C
B. Transport
   Under environmental conditions (pH 5-10), EDTA completely dissociates, as is indicated by pKaj
   = 0.26, pKa2 = 0.96, pKa3 = 2.60 and pKa4 = 2.76 (HSDB 1995).  This suggests that
   volatilization from water or soil would not be significant for EDTA.  A study of EDTA
   degradation in soils detected no volatilization (HSDB 1995).
   EDTA and complexes of EDTA with alkaline earth metals and trace metals demonstrate negligible
   adsorption to silica, humic acid, kaolin, kaolinite (EDTA only), river sediments, and humus solids
   (HSDB 1995). According to at least one report, EDTA leaches readily in soil (HSDB 1995).

C. Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air — EDTA released to the atmosphere may undergo direct photolysis or may react with
        photochemically-generated hydroxyl radicals (HSDB 1995). The estimated half-life for the
        reaction of EDTA vapor with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere
        is 3.01 days (HSDB 1995).
   2.   Soil — EDTA released to the soil is expected to complex with trace metals and alkaline earth
        metals that occur in the soil, increasing their total solubility (HSDB  1995). Eventually,
        EDTA may exist predominantly as the Fe(III) chelate in acidic soils and as the Ca chelate in
        alkaline soils (HSDB 1995).
        Biodegradation is the predominant removal mechanism for EDTA in aerobic soils, whereas
        biodegradation of the chemical is negligible in anaerobic soils (HSDB 1995). Mineralization
        values for 2-4 ppm EDTA in various soils range from 13 to 45% after 15 weeks and from 65
        to 70% after 45 weeks (HSDB 1995).
    3.   Water — EDTA released to water is expected to complex with trace metals and alkaline
        earth metals (HSDB 1995). In water under aerobic conditions, EDTA undergoes
        biodegradation relatively slowly.  As in soil, the anaerobic biodegration of EDTA in water  is
        negligible (HSDB  1995). Possible biodegradation products of the ammonium ferric chelate of
        EDTA include the following: ethylenediamine triacetic acid (ED3A), iminodiacetic acid
        (IDA), N,N-ethylenediamine diacetic acid (N,N-EDDA), N,N'-EDDA, ethylenediamine
        monoacetic acid (EDMA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and glycine (HSDB 1995).
        In water, EDTA may react with photochemically-generated hydroxyl radicals (half-life, 229
        days) or undergo photodegradation. In an aqueous solution, the Fe(III) complex of EDTA
        degraded with a half-life of 11.3 minutes when exposed to artificial  sunlight (HSDB 1995).
        The following were photodegradation products of Fe(III)-EDTA: carbon monoxide,
        formaldehyde, ED3A, N,N-EDDA, N,N'-EDDA, IDA, EDMA and glycine (HSDB 1995).
    4.   Biota — The fish bioconcentration factors for EDTA (<2 and 19) suggest that the chemical
        will not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms (HSDB 1995).  It is not expected to adsorb to
        suspended solids or sediments (HSDB 1995).
                                         C-37
-------
APPENDIX C
             CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR FLUOROBORIC ACID (FLUORIDE)

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search
limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from
unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases,
unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents,  and standard reference
materials.  No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources. Very
little information on the environmental fate and toxicity of fluoroboric acid or fluoroborates was found in
the available secondary sources. Supplemental information is provided for fluoride which may be a
degradation product and for sodium bifluoride.

I.   CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of fluoroboric acid are summarized below.

       CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUOROBORIC ACID
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms


Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Density
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant (-pK.)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
16872-11-0
hydrogen tetrafluoroborate
fluoboric acid
hydrofluoroboric acid
HBF4
B-F4-H
colorless liquid
87.82
-90°C
130°C (decomposes)
miscible;
sol. in hot water
-1.84 g/mL
NA
NA
5.1mmHgat20°C
3.0
strong acid; corrosive
NA
NA
-4.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Reference
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995


HSDB 1995
Fisher Scientific 1993
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Fisher Scientific 1993
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995


Fisher Scientific 1993
Fisher Scientific 1993
HSDB 1995


HSDB 1995






   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium tetrafluoroborate are summarized
below.
                                            C-38
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms



Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
KOC
LogKoW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant (-pK)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffiisivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold

Data
013755-29-8
sodium fluoroborate
STB
sodium borfluoride
sodium boron tetrafluoride
NaNF4
Na-F4-B
white crystalline powder
109.82
384°C
108 g/100 mL at 26°C
210 g/100 mL at 100°C
2.470
NA
NA
NA
reacts with strong oxidizing
agents; sensitive to moisture
noncombustible
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Reference
Lockheed Martin 1994a
Lockheed Martin 1994a





Sigma-Aldrich 1992
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989

Sigma-Aldrich 1992


Sigma-Aldrich 1992

Lockheed Martin 1994a








  The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium fluoride are summarized below.



       CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM FLUORIDE
Characteristic/Property 	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms


Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
KOC
LogKow .
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant (-pK)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffiisivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold

Data
7681-49-4
sodium hydrofluoride
sodium monfluoride
floridine
NaF
Na-F
crystals
42.00
993 °C
1704°C
4.0 g/100 mL at 15°C
4.3 g/100 mL at 25°C
2.78
NA
NA . . .
1 mm Hg at 1077°C
stable under normal
conditions
nonflammable
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Reference





Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989

Budavari et al. 1989

Keith and Waiters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985

Keith and Walters 1985








The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium bifluoride are summarized below.
                                           C-39
-------
APPENDIX C
CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM BIFLUORIDE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No,
Common Synonyms


Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Density
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant (-pK)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
1333-83-1
sodium hydrogen difluoride
sodium hydrogen fluoride
sodium acid fluoride
NaHF2
F2-H-Na
white, crystalline powder
62.01
decomposes on .heating
NA
soluble in cold and hot water
2.08
NA
NA
NA
NA
aqueous solution corrodes glass
slightly combustible
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Reference
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995


Lewis 1993
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al.
Budavari et al.
Lewis 1993

Lide 1991
Lewis 1993




Budavari etal.







1989
1989








1989
Lockheed Martin 1990
















H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
       Fluoroboric acid may be released into the environment in emissions and effluents from facilities
       involved in its manufacture or use. It is used primarily in industrial metal plating solutions (60%),
       in the synthesis of diazo salts (20%), and in metal finishing (20%) (HSDB 1995). It is used in
       bright dipping solutions for Sn-Pb alloys in printed circuits and other electrical components
       (HSDB 1995).

    B. Transport
       No information was found in the available secondary sources on the environmental transport of
       fluoroboric acid. Its miscibility with water indicates that transport in aqueous systems is very
       likely.

    C. Transformation/Persistence

       FLUOROBORIC ACID:
       1.   Air — No information was found in the available secondary sources on the transformation
            and persistence of fluoroboric acid or fluoroborates in the atmosphere.
       2.   Soil — No information was found in the available secondary sources on the transformation
            and persistence of fluoroboric acid or fluoroborates in soil. Fluoroboric acid may undergo
            limited hydrolysis in moist soils (Budavari et al.  1989).
       3.   Water — Fluoroboric acid undergoes limited hydrolysis in water to form
            hydroxyfluoroborate ions, the major product is BF3OH" (Budavari et al. 1989).
       4.   Biota — No information was found in the available secondary sources on the
            biotransformation or bioconcentration of fluoroboric acid or fluoroborates.  Rapid urinary
            excretion of tetrafluoroborates suggests that these salts would not bioaccumulate.
                                             C-40
-------
                                                                          APPENDIX C
FLUORIDES:
1.    Air — Gaseous inorganic fluorides undergo hydrolysis in the atmosphere; however,
     particulate forms are relatively stable and do not hydrolyze readily (ATSDR 1993b).
2.    Soil	Fluorides tend to persist in soils as fluorosilicate complexes under acidic conditions
     ancfas calcium fluoride under alkaline conditions. Sandy acidic soils favor the formation of
     soluble forms (ATSDR 1993b).
3.    Water — In dilute solutions and at neutral pH, fluoride is generally present as dissolved
     fluoride ion.  High calcium carbonate levels may lead to precipitation as calcium fluoride
     (ATSDR 1993b).
4.    Biota	 Fluorides have been shown to accumulate in some aquatic organisms (ATSDR
     1993b).  Soluble forms of fluoride are taken up by terrestrial plants and converted into fluoro-
     organic compounds (ATSDR 1993b).
                                        C-41
-------
 APPENDIX C
                         CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR FORMALDEHYDE

     This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
 process.  This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
 sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
 submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
 information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
 has been made to verify information from these databases or secondary sources.

 I.   CHEMICAL D3ENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

     The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of formaldehyde are summarized below.

 	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMALDEHYDE	
 Characteristic/Property	Data	___	     Reference
 CAS No.
 Common Synonyms

 Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure

Reactivity
Dissociation Constant
Air Diflusivity Coefficient
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Flash Point
Henry's Law Constant

Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
 50-00-0
 methanal; oxymethane; methyl aldehyde;
 formalin (solution)
 CH2O

  O

 H-C-H
 gas
 30.03

 -19°C @ 1 atm
 klOOmg/mL@20°C
 0.815 @-20/4°C
 1.03
 =5 (calculated)
 0.00 (calculated)
 10mmHg@-88°C
 3883mmHg@25°C
 flammable gas; in solution reacts
 with acids, bases, metal salts, and NO2;
 reducing agent especially in alkali;
 oxidizes in air to formic acid. Reacts
 explosively with peroxides and performic acid.
No data
No data
No data
50-60°C
 1.43 x 10'7 atm-mVmole @ 25°C
3.27 x 10'7 atm-mVmole @ 25°C
0.2 (calculated)
perception, 0.07 mg/m3
 1 ppm = 1.248 mg/m3; 1 mg/m3 = 0.815 ppm
U.S. EPA 1985b
U.S. EPA 1985b
U.S.EPA1985b
U.S. EPA 1985b
U.S. EPA 1985b
Keith and Walters 1985
Verschueren 1983
Verschueren 1983
U.S. EPA 1985b
Verschueren 1983
Verschueren 1983
Howard 1989
Keith and Walters 1985
Budavari et al. 1989
IARC 1995
Keith and Walters 1985
U.S. EPA 1985b
Howard 1989
U.S. EPA 1985b
Verschueren 1983
Verschueren 1983
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Formaldehyde is a colorless gas at room temperature with a characteristic pungent, straw-like odor
        that becomes suffocating and intolerable at increasing concentrations (U.S. EPA 1985b; Budavari
        et al. 1989; Verschueren 1983).  It is released into the environment from natural and man-made
        sources.  It is a product of combustion and is found in smoke from wood, wood products, and
        tobacco;  gasoline and diesel engine exhaust; and in the effluent from power plants, incinerators,
        and refineries (Howard 1989). It can also be made  indirectly in the atmosphere by the
        photochemical oxidation of other organic molecules, many of which are also products of
        combustion (U.S. EPA 1985b; Howard  1989). The contribution of formaldehyde to the
        atmosphere from this indirect source has been estimated to be twice that from automobiles (U.S.
                                                C-42
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX C
  EPA 1985b). Formaldehyde is found in some fruits and vegetables including apples (17.3-22.3
  ug/g) green onions (13.3-26.3 u.g/g), carrots (6.7-10.0 ug/g), and tomatoes (5.7-7.3 ^g/g). It has
  also been measured in commercial shrimp at 0.39-2.15 mg/kg (U.S. EPA 1985b). Solutions of the
  gas in water (typically, 37% formaldehyde) are known as formalin and are commonly used as
  biological preserving agents (U.S. EPA 1985b). Atmospheric levels of formaldehyde have been
  extensively monitored around the world. Air concentrations range from 0-1 parts-per-billion (ppb)
  measured off the West coast of Ireland to 24-59 ppb in Los Angeles during a photochemical smog
  episode (U S EPA 1985b). Only 25% of 749 air samples taken from suburban/urban sites across
  the U.S. were found to contain over 2.7 ppb formaldehyde (U.S. EPA 1985b). Concentrations
  increase with automobile traffic and during photochemical smog episodes (Howard 1989; U.S.
  EPA 1985b), and decrease markedly with altitude (U.S. EPA 1985b). Formaldehyde
  concentrations in indoor air vary with activities involving combustion and materials used in
  construction. Levels of 33-380 ppb were measured in a test kitchen with a gas stove,
  concentrations of 0.06-1.83 ppb were measured in homes using urea-formaldehyde particle board,
  and levels of O.41-8.2 parts-per-million (ppm) were measured in homes with urea-formaldehyde
  foam insulation (U.S. EPA 1985b).  Higher levels are also measured in areas where formaldehyde
  solutions (formalin) are used, such as funeral homes (0.35-1.39 ppm), anatomy laboratories (1
  ppm, mean), and academic laboratories (1.33-2.48 ppm) (U.S. EPA 1985b).  Drinking water
  supplies were found to be free from formaldehyde contamination in a national survey of suspected
  carcinogens in drinking water. Formaldehyde was also not found in seawater, and was found in
  only 1/204 samples at 12 ppb from heavily industrialized river basins in the U.S. It was found in
  the effluent streams from two chemical plants and one sewage treatment plant (Howard 1989).

  In 1992, releases of formaldehyde to environmental media, as reported to the TRI by certain types
  of U.S. industries, totaled about 16,435,148 pounds. Of this amount, 10,903,227 pounds
  (66.34%) were released to the atmosphere, 4,916,248 pounds (29.91%) were released in
  underground injection sites, 441,244 pounds (2.68%) were released to surface water, and 174,429
  pounds (1.06%) were  released to land (TRI92 1994).

B. Transport
  Formaldehyde in solution reacts with water to become hydrated. In this form, it becomes less
  volatile than water; thus, volatilization from the aquatic environment is not expected to be
   significant (U.S. EPA 1985b). Formaldehyde is known to leach into the  soil, and its high water
   solubility and calculated  soil sorption coefficient (Koc -5) indicate relatively high mobility, but the
   actual fate of formaldehyde in the soil is  largely unknown (Howard 1989; U.S. EPA 1985b). In
   the atmosphere, formaldehyde will transfer into rainwater and also adsorb to aerosol particulates
   (U.S. EPA 1985b). Half-lives of 50 and  19 hours were predicted from a model system for wet and
   dry deposition, respectively (Howard 1989).

 C. Transformation/Persistence
   1.   Air — Formaldehyde rapidly reacts with free  radicals produced by  sunlight in  the
        atmosphere. These include primarily hydroxyl radicals and, to a lesser extent, other radicals,
        especially chlorine and nitrate. A half-life for formaldehyde of about 0.8 days was calculated
        for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals (U.S. EPA 1985)b. Formaldehyde also undergoes
        direct photolysis (significant absorption of wavelengths between 290 and 370 nm.). The
        atmospheric half-life of formaldehyde was calculated to be 0.17 days at sea level with the sun
        at 30° zenith angle.  Calculated for the same conditions, but at an altitude of 10 km, the half-
        life was reduced to 0.08 days (U.S. EPA 1985b).
                                         C-43
-------
APPENDIX C
       2.
       4.
 Soil —No information is available on the fate of formaldehyde in the natural soil
 environment. However, a number of bacteria and yeasts isolated from soil were able to
 degrade formaldehyde, suggesting that formaldehyde released to the soil is susceptible to
 microbial degradation (U.S. EPA 1985b; Howard 1989).
 Water — Formaldehyde in water is subject to biodegradation. Under aerobic conditions
 complete degradation was observed in about 30 hours at 20°C utilizing natural water from a
 lake in Japan and a known amount of formaldehyde. Degradation occurred in about 48 hours
 under anaerobic conditions. No degradation was seen with sterilized lake water (U.S. EPA
 1985b). Activated sludges were shown to be efficient in decomposing formaldehyde in
aqueous effluents, and various Pseudomonas strains were shown to use formaldehyde as a
sole carbon source (U.S. EPA 1985b).
Bifita — Experiments on fish and shrimp have shown no bioconcentration  of formaldehyde.
It is a natural metabolic product and not thought to be subject to bioaccumulation (U S EPA
 1985b).
                                          C-44
-------
                                                                                       APPENDIX C
                         CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR FORMIC ACID

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of formic acid are summarized below.
           CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
                                OF FORMIC ACID
                                     Reference
                                        Data
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
 Reactivity
 Flammability

 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
64-18-6
methanoic acid; formylic acid;
hydrogen carboxylic acid
CH2O2
HCOOH
colorless liquid
46.02
8.4°C
100.5°C
miscible with water
1.220 @20/4°C
1.59
not estimated due to ionization
-0.54
42.59mmHgat25°C
strong acid in aqueous solution;
can react as an acid or aldehyde;
reacts explosively with strong oxidizing
agents
2 (liquid which must be moderately heated
before ignition will occur)
68.89°C, open cup
3.7515 @25°C
 1.67 x 10'7 atm-m'/mole
no data
no data
 0.22 (calculated)
 10 mg/m'
 1  mg/m3 = 0.52 ppm;
 1  ppm= 1.91 mg/m'     	
HSDB 1995
Budavarietal. 1989
Parmeggiani 1983
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
ACGIH 1991
NTP 1992

HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995
ACGIH 1991
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
 HSDB 1995
 Verschueren 1983

 Verschueren 1983
  H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A. Environmental Release
         Formic acid is a colorless, highly caustic liquid with a pungent odor (Budavari et al. 1989; N IF
          1992).  It is produced in large quantities (48 million pounds in 1984) and is released to the
         environment primarily from industrial sources during its production and uses including textile
         dying and finishing (21% of production); pharmaceuticals (20%); rubber intermediate (16%);
          leather and tanning treatment (15%); and catalysts (12%).  Formic acid is also a component of
          certain paint strippers and is released in photoprocessing effluents (HSDB 1995).  Other sources of
          formic acid include releases from forest fires, lacquer manufacturing, trash and plastic burning,
          thermal degradation of polyethylene, and tobacco smoke (NTP 1992). Formic acid also occurs
          naturally in plants and insects, as a product of microbial degradation of organic matter, and as a
          product of photooxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic compounds (HSDB 1995). A constituent
          of ant, wasp, and bee venom, formic acid occurs in mammalian muscle tissue, sweat, and urine
          (NTP'l992). Formic acid has been measured at concentrations ranging from 4 to 72 ppm in the
                                                  C-45
-------
APPENDIX C
       atmosphere. It has been detected in river and surface water, in unfinished industrial waste water,
       and in municipal sewage and discharge water at concentrations ranging from 10 to 80 000 us/L '
       (SRI 1981, as reported in NTP 1992).

   B.  Transport
       Formic acid is soluble in water and would not be expected to adsorb significantly to soil or
       sediments.  Formic acid should leach from some soils into groundwater where it probably would
       biodegrade. The Henry's Law Constant for formic acid (1.67 x 10'7 atm-mVmole) indicates that
       volatilization from water would not be significant. The potential for bioconcentration is low
       (HSDB 1995).

   C.  Transformation/Persistence
       1.
       2.
      4.
 tir — In the atmosphere, formic acid is rapidly scavenged by rain and dissolved in cloud
water and aerosols, reacting with dissolved hydroxyl radicals. In the vapor phase, the acid
also reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (half-life 34 days) and possibly
with alkenes that may be present in urban air (HSDB 1995).
Soil— If released on land, formic acid is expected to leach from soils where it would
probably biodegrade based on the results of screening studies (HSDB 1995). A field study
followed an industrial waste containing 11.4% formic acid that was disposed of by deep well
injection as it traveled a distance of 427-823 meters over a 2 to 4-year period.  Formic acid
was not detected in two observation wells, while a third well contained 0.4%.  The
disappearance of the acid was attributed to anaerobic degradation or to reaction with mineral
material in ground water (HSDB 1995).
Water — If released to water, formic acid should biodegrade and not adsorb significantly to
sediment (HSDB 1995).
Biota — The estimated  bioconcentration factor of 0.22 (based on a log/water partition
coefficient of-0.54) suggests that formic acid would not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms
(HSDB 1995).
                                            C-46
-------
                                                                                     APPENDIX C
                           CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR GRAPHITE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink and
graphite process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to
secondary sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished
TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished
EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No
attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

L CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical  properties of graphite are summarized below.

             CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE	
Ch;
cteris
c/Pr
                                       Data
                                                                            Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State

Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors      	
                                 7782-42-5
                                 plumbago; black lead; mineral carbon
                                 C
                                 C
                                 compact crystalline mass of black or
                                 gray color with metallic luster
                                 12
                                 3652-3697°C
                                 4200°C
                                 insoluble
                                 2.0-2.25
                                 no data
                                 no data
                                 no data
                                 OmmHgat68°F
                                 reacts with very strong oxidizers
                                 such as fluorine, chlorine trifluoride,
                                 and potassium peroxide
                                 combustible
                                 no data
                                 no data
                                 no data
                                 no data
                                 no data
                                 no data
                                 no data
                                  not applicable	
                                                                 Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                 ACGIH 1991
                                                                 Pendergrass 1983
                                                                 NIOSH 1994
                                                                 Pendergrass 1983
                                                                 Pendergrass 1983
                                                                 NIOSH 1994
                                                                 NIOSH 1994
                                                                 NIOSH 1994
                                                                            NIOSH 1994
                                                                            NIOSH 1994
 H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A.  Environmental Release
         Graphite exists as a black or gray crystalline mass and occurs naturally in lump, amorphous, and
         flake forms (Pendergrass 1983). It is found in most parts of the world (Pendergrass 1983) and is
         usually found with impurities such as quartz, mica, iron oxide, and granite.  The crystalline silica
         content can range from 2% to 25% (ACGIH 1991).  Synthetic graphite is produced by heating a
         mixture of coal or petroleum coke, a binder, and a petroleum-based oil to facilitate extrusion
         (ACGIH 1991). Although graphite occurs naturally, exposure to graphite is expected to be
         primarily occupational.  No information on the environmental release of graphite was found in the
         secondary sources searched.

     B.  Transport
         Graphite is insoluble in water (NIOSH 1994) and, therefore, would not be expected to be
         transported in surface of ground water. No volatilization is expected to occur under natural
         conditions.
                                                 C-47
-------
APPENDIX C
    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air — Graphite could be present in air as participate matter which has a settling time of days.
       2.   Soil — No information on the transformation/persistence of graphite in soil was found in the
            secondary sources searched.
       3.   Water — No information on the transformation/persistence of graphite in water was found in
            the secondary sources searched.
       4.    Bjota — Graphite does not dissociate in water. Although it may be ingested by bottom
            feeders, it is not expected to accumulate in aquatic organisms.
                                           C-48
-------
                                                                                          APPENDIX C
                     CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR HYDROCHLORIC ACID

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the elegtroless copper,
non-formaldehyde electroless copper, organic-palladium, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is
based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-
1). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications,
review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt has been made to verify information in
these databases and secondary sources.
I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   Hydrochloric acid is formed when the gaseous and highly soluble hydrogen chloride (HC1) is dissolved
in water; hydrochloric acid usually contains 20% HC1 (constant boiling acid) or 38% HC1 (muriatic acid)
(Perry et al. 1994). The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of hydrochloric acid and/or
HC1 are summarized below, depending on availability.

       CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID	
Characteristic/Property	Data                                              Reference          	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

pH
Density
Vapor Density (air =1)
KOC
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
7647-01-0
anhydrous hydrochloric acid; chlorohydric acid;
hydrogen chloride; muriatic acid
HC1
Cl-H
colorless liquid (hydrochloric acid); colorless gas (HC1)
36.46
—114.8°C @ 1 atm (freezing point, HC1)
—84.9 °C @ 1 atm (HC1)
56.1g/100mL@60°C(HCl);
82.3 g/100 mL @ 0°C (HC1)
0.1 (1.0 N), 1.1 (0.1 N),2.02 (0.01 N), 3.02(0.001 N)
1.05I5/4"C (hydrochloric acid)
1.268(HC1)
not found
not found
3.54 x 10" mm Hg @ 25°C (hydrochloric acid)
hydrochloric acid with formaldehyde may form
bis(chloromethyl)ether, a human carcinogen;
hydrochloric acid in contact with various metals
or metal salts may form flammable gases or may
undergo energetic reactions; hydrochloric acid
is corrosive to most metals, HC1 is not; pressurized
container may explode releasing toxic vapors.
HO will not burn
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
0.26-5 ppm; irritating pungent odor
 1 ppm = 1.49mg/m3
 1 mg/m3 = 0.67 ppm	
RTECS 1995
HSDB 1995; WHO 1982
HSDB 1995
WHO 1982
WHO 1982
HSDB 1995
WHO 1982
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
ACGIH 1991
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
                                                                                HSDB 1995
 HSDB 1995
 Calculated using:
 ppm = mg/m3 x 24.45/m.w.
 II.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A.  Environmental Release
         HC1 occurs naturally in gases evolved from many volcanoes.  There are apparently no other natural
         sources of the chemical, but chlorides are present in the minerals halite, sylvite, and carnallite, and
         in seawater (HSDB 1995).
                                                   C-49
-------
APPENDIX C
       HC1 is released to the environment from its production and various other industrial processes
       (WHO 1982). Sources of its release include refuse incineration and the secondary metals industry
       (such as the smelting of scrap, rather than ore) (HSDB 1995). It is also released from the
       thermodecomposition of gases, as a by-product in the numerous dehydrohalogenation processes in
       the production of unsaturated compounds from the parent chlorinated hydrocarbon, and from coal-
       fired power plants (HSDB 1995).

       In 1992, environmental releases of hydrochloric acid, as reported to the TRI by certain types of
       U.S. industries, totaled about 287.3 million pounds, including 207.8 million pounds to underground
       injection sites, 77.1 million pounds to the atmosphere, 1.9 million pounds to surface water, and
       432,770 pounds to land (TRI92 1994).  Hydrochloric acid ranks second highest in the TRI for total
       releases and transfers.

   B.  Transport
       HC1, highly soluble in water, may be removed from the atmospheric environment by wet
       deposition. This was illustrated by a study in the Netherlands in which the chemical was washed
       out from the plume of a coal fired power plant (HSDB 1995).

       Anhydrous HC1 spilled onto the soil undergoes rapid evaporation and is not expected to infiltrate
       the soil (HSDB 1995). In contrast, hydrochloric acid spilled onto soil will infiltrate and will
       dissolve some soil materials, particularly those of a carbonate base. A portion of the acid will be
       neutralized, but significant amounts will remain, available for transport to the ground water table.
       The presence of water in the soil influences the rate of movement of the chemical (HSDB 1995).

   C.  Transformation/Persistence
       1.    Air — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            transformation/persistence of HCl/hydrochloric acid in the atmosphere.
       2.    Soil — Hydrochloric acid spilled onto soil will infiltrate and will dissolve some soil materials,
            particularly those of a carbonate base, which will neutralize a portion of the acid (HSDB
            1995).  Information regarding other potential reactions of hydrochloric acid in the soil was not
            available in the secondary sources  searched.
       3.    Water — HC1 in water dissociates  almost completely; the hydrogen ion is captured by the
            water molecules to form the hydronium ion (HSDB 1995).
       4.    Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            transformation/persistence of HCl/hydrochloric acid in biota.
                                             C-50
-------
                                                                                       APPENDIX C
                    CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes.  This summary is based on information
retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources
include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and
standard reference materials.  No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and
secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of hydrogen peroxide are summarized below.

       CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE	
Characteristic/Property	Data                                 Reference	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State

Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
 Flammabiliry

 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diflusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor -
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
7722-84-1
hydrogen dioxide; hydroperoxide;
albone; hioxyl
HA
HA
colorless, unstable liquid
bitter taste
34.02
-0.43 °C
152°C
miscible
1.463 @0°C
no data
no data
no data
1.97 mm Hg @ 25° C (measured)
strong oxidizer; may decompose violently
if traces of impurities are present
molecular additions, substitutions, oxidations,
reduction; can form free radicals
not flammable, but can cause spontaneous
combustion of flammable materials
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
1 ppm= 1.39mg/m3
1 mg/m' = 0.72 ppm
30% soln 1.1 kg/L
anhydrous 1.46 kg/L	
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
IARC 1985
Budavarietal. 1989

Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavarietal. 1989

IARC 1985
HSDB 1995
Budavarietal. 1989
IARC 1985

Budavarietal. 1989
 H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A.  Environmental Release
         No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
         of hydrogen peroxide. Solutions of hydrogen peroxide gradually deteriorate (Budavari et al. 1989).
         Hydrogen peroxide is a naturally occurring substance. Gaseous hydrogen peroxide is recognized
         to be a key component and product of the earth's lower atmospheric photochemical reactions, in
         both clean and polluted atmospheres. Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide is also believed to be
         generated by gas-phase photochemical reactions in the remote troposphere (IARC 1985)
                                                 C-51
-------
APPENDIX C
    B. Transport
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of hydrogen
       peroxide.

    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1 •    Air — Hydrogen peroxide may be removed from the atmosphere by photolysis giving rise to
            hydroxyl radicals, by reaction with hydroxyl radicals, or by heterogenous loss processes such
            as rain-out (IARC 1985).
       2.    Soil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            transformation or persistence of hydrogen peroxide in soil, however, solutions of hydrogen
            peroxide gradually deteriorate (Budavari et al. 1989).
       3.    Water — Hydrogen peroxide is a naturally occurring substance. Surface water
            concentrations of hydrogen peroxide have been found to vary between 51-231 mg/L,
            increasing both with  exposure to sunlight and the presence of dissolved organic matter (IARC
            1985).
       4.    Biota — Hydrogen peroxide is a naturally occurring substance.  Endogenous hydrogen
            peroxide has been found in plant tissues at the following levels (mg/kg frozen weight): potato
            tubers, 7.6; green tomatoes, 3.5; red tomatoes, 3.5; and castor beans in water, 4.7 (IARC
            1985).
                                            C-52
-------
                                                                                      APPENDIX C
                    CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR HYDROXYACETIC ACID

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of hydroxyacetic acid summarized below.

       CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYACETIC ACID
Characteristic/Property
                                       Data
                                                                             Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air=l)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability

Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
79-14-1
glycolic acid;
hydroxyethanoic acid
C2H403
HOCH2COOH
somewhat hygroscopic crystals
76.05
80°C
100°C (decomposes)
soluble
1.49@25°C
no data
no data
-1.11
8.1mmHg@80°C
incompatible with bases,
oxidizing & reducing agents;
pH of aqueous solution,
2.5 (0.5%), 2.33 (1%), 2.16 (2%)
1.91 (5%), 1.73 (10%)
capable of creating dust
explosion
no data
3.83 (measured)
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
1 mg/m' = 0.32 ppm;
1 ppm = 3.11 mg/m3
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
Budavari etal. 1989
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
Martin Marietta Energy
Systems 1994
Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                             Eastman Kodak Co. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Calculated:
mg/m3 = 1 ppm
(MW/24.4S)	
 H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
        Hydroxyacetic acid is a water soluble solid used in the processing of textiles, leather, and metals,
        in pH control, and wherever an inexpensive organic acid is needed (Budavari et al. 1989).  The
        chemical can be found in spent sulfite liquor from pulp processing and occurs naturally in sugar
        cane syrup (HSDB 1995).  Hydroxyacetic acid has been detected in the Gulf of Main at
        concentrations of 0-78 ,ug/L; in water samples collected at a 3 meter depth in the Belgian zone of
        the North Sea; in the eastern parts of the English Channel at concentrations ranging from 0.9 to 3.1
        ,umol/L; and in five Madison, Wisconsin, Lakes and in Falkland Islands waters as a product of
        algal photosynthesis (CHEMFATE 1995).
                                                C-53
-------
APPENDIX C
    B. Transport
       No information on the transport of hydroxyacetic acid was found in the secondary sources
       searched.  Hydroxyacetic acid is soluble in water and would be expected to leach through soil. The
       vapor pressure of 8.1 mm Hg @ 80°C indicates that the chemical is moderately volatile and,
       therefore, may volatilize to some extent from soils and water. However, a Henry's Law Constant
       is not available and it is stated that the chemical is water soluble. Hence, even though the vapor
       pressure is relatively high, volatilization from water may be negligible due to its high water
       solubility.

    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air — No information on the transformation/persistence of hydroxyacetic acid in air was
            found in the secondary sources searched.
       2.   Soil — The chemical was not biodegraded by 10 strains of Arthobacter globiformis and
            slowly degraded byAlcalignes sp. (CHEMFATE 1995).
       3.   Water — Stream and groundwater bacteria degraded the chemical with  half-lives of 73 days
            and 4.5 days, respectively (CHEMFATE 1995).
       4.   Biota — The low log octanol-water coefficient (-1.11) suggests that hydroxyacetic acid would
            not bioaccumulate.
                                             C-54
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX C
                       CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR ISOPHORONE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included.  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of isophorone are summarized helow.

          CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ISOPHORONE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms


Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Freezing Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Specific Gravity
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Max vapor Cone.
jj
Log Kow

Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flammability Limits
Flash Point (open cup)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffiisivity Coefficient
Air Diffiisivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold - air
Conversion Factors

Data
78-59-1
Isoacetophorone
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclo-hexenone
Isoforon
C9H14O

Clear liquid
138.21
-8.1°C
215.3°C
12 g/L (20°C)
14.5g/L(25°C)
0.9229 (20/20°C
0.923 mg/L (20°C)
4.77
340 ppm (20°C)
25; 384
1.67 (20°C)
2.22 (est.)
0.3 mm Hg (20°C)
0.438mmHg(25°C)
Incompatible with
strong oxidizers
0.8-3.5 vol %
84°C
5.8 x ID"* atm-mVmol (20°C)
No data
No data
7 (bluegill)
0.20 (v/v)
1 ppm = 5.74mg/m3
1 mg/m' = 0.17 ppm
Reference

NIOSH 1994

ATSDR 1989

Howard 1990
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
ATSDR 1989
ATSDR 1989
Howard 1990
ATSDR 1989
Keith and Walters 1985
Keith and Walters 1985
Verschueren 1996
Topping etal. 1994
Howard 1990
ATSDR 1989
Howard 1990
Budavari et al. 1996
CHEMFATE 1996
HSDB 1996
Keith and Walters 1985
ATSDR 1989
Budavari et al. 1996
Howard 1990

Verschueren 1996
ATSDR 1989
NIOSH 1994

 H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Isophorone is not listed on the TRI (TRI93 1995). Information on the amounts released into
        various environmental media was not found in the available secondary sources.
    B.  Transport
        If released to soil or water, isophorone may be transported to air by volatilization (Howard 1990).
        Based on a Henrys Law Constant of 5.8 x 10'6 atm-nrVmol, the half-life from a model river 1 m
        deep and flowing 1 m/sec was estimated to be about 7.5 days (Howard 1990). Isophorone is not
        expected to be adsorbed to suspended solids or sediments. Koc values of 25 and 384 have been
        estimated for isophorone from data on water solubility (12 g/L at 20°C) and Kow (log Kow = 1.67

                             "~~(>55"
-------
APPENDIX C
       at 20°C), indicating that leaching through soils to ground water is possible (Howard 1990). Based
       on its vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg, isophorone is expected to exist in the air primarily in the
       vapor phase (Howard 1990).  Isophorone emitted to the atmosphere in particulate form may be
       removed by wet or dry deposition (Howard 1990).

    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air — The major degradation pathway for isophorone in air is expected to be by reaction
            with ozone, with a estimated half-life of 39 min (Howard 1990).  Reaction with
            photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals is not expected to be as significant (half-life 3
            hr) (Howard 1990). Overall half-life in air has been estimated to be 32 min (Howard 1990).
       2.   Soil — The potential exists for transport of isophorone to ground water by leaching through
            soil (Howard 1990).  Biodegradation is a likely degradation pathway in soils.
       3.   Water — Isophorone is not expected to be adsorbed to suspended solids or sediments, or to be
            photolyzed, oxidized by reaction with singlet oxygen, oxidized by alkylperoxy radicals or
            undergo chemical hydrolysis (Howard 1990). Isophorone may undergo biodegradation in
            water (Howard 1990).
       4.   Biota — Isophorone is not expected to bioaccumulate (Howard 1990). A bioconcentration
            factor of 7 was reported for bluegill sunfish (Howard 1990).  The half-life of isophorone in
            fish tissue was estimated to be 1 day, indicating a low potential for bioaccumulation (Howard
            1990)
                                            C-56
-------
                                                                                     APPENDIX C
                         CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR ISOPROPANOL

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes.  This summary is based on information
retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception
is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources
include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and
standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and
secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of isopropanol are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ISOPROPANOL	
Characteristic/Property	
Data
                                     Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air=l)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure

Reactivity

Flammability
UV Absorption Coefficient
Flash Point

Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffiisivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
67-63-0
isopropyl alcohol;
2-propanol;
dimethyl carbinol
C3H80
CH3-CHOH-CH3
colorless liquid
60.09
-88.5 °C
82.5°Cat760mmHg
> 10%
0.78505 g/mL
2.08
25
0.05
32.4mmHgat20°C
44mmHgat25°C
attacks some forms of plastic,
rubber, and coatings.
flammable/combustible
2.79 (mole-cm)'1 at 181 nm
11.7°C (closed cup)
18.3°C (open cup)
17.1 (PK0)
7.89 x lO^atmmVmole
NA
NA
-0.19
22 and 40 ppm
1 ppm = 2.50 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.4 ppm	
U.S. EPA 1989
IARC 1977
IARC 1977
IARC 1977
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Weast 1985
Budavarietal. 1989
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
IARC 1977
Rowe and McCollister 1982
HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
ACGIH 1991

CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Lington and Bevan 1994
NIOSH 1994
 H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A.  Environmental Release
         Isopropanol is released into the environment in emissions from chemical manufacturing plants and
         as a result of its use in consumer products such as a rubbing alcohol, cosmetics, and antifreezes
         (HSDB 1995).  The chemical is also released as a natural volatile from vegetation, nuts, and milk
         products, and as a result of microbial degradation of animal wastes (HSDB 1995).

         Of the total 1,357,992 pounds of isopropanol released to the environment in 1993, as reported to
         the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries, 1,357,242 pounds were released to the atmosphere and
         750 pounds were released onto land; no releases were reported for surface waters or underground
         injection sites (TRI93 1995).
                                                C-57
-------
APPENDIX C
    B. Transport
       Following releases onto land, isopropanol is likely to volatilize into the atmosphere due to its high
       vapor pressure (32.4 mm Hg at 20°C). Transport through soil to groundwater is also possible
       considering the chemical's water solubility (>10%) and low Koc value (25). When released into
       water, isopropanol will slowly volatilize into the atmosphere (Henry's law constant 7.89 x 1Q-6 atm
       m3/mole); the estimated half-life for volatilization from water  1 m deep with a 1 m/sec current and
       a 3 m/sec wind speed is 3.6 days (Mackay et al. 1992). Because of its miscibility with water and
       its low potential for adsorption to sediments, downstream transport is also possible (HSDB 1995).
       Transport through the atmosphere may be limited by photodegradation and removal in precipitation
       (HSDB 1995).

    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1 •  Air — Isopropanol exhibited a low level of reactivity when tested in a smog chamber; a 20%
           decrease in concentration occurred in 5 hr and 250-255 min was required for maximum NOX
           production (CHEMFATE 1995).  The rate constant for its reaction with OH radicals is
           0.547E-11, and that for reaction with O(3P) radicals is 0.22E-12 (CHEMFATE 1995).
           Photo-oxidation half-lives of 6.2-72 hr (based on rate of disappearance of the hydrocarbon)
           and 6.2-72 hr (based on the OH reaction rate constant) have been reported (Mackay et al.
           1992).
       2.  Soil — A half-life of 24-168 hr was calculated from an estimate of the biodegradation half-
           life under unacclimated aerobic aqueous conditions (Mackay et al. 1992).
       3-  Water — Reaction of isopropanol with hydroxyl radicals  in water is slow; half-lives of 1.09
           yr (CHEMFATE 1995) and 197 days to 22 yr (Mackay et al. 1992) have been estimated.
           Based  on an estimate of the unacclimated aerobic aqueous biodegradation rate, the half-lives
           of isopropanol in surface and groundwater were estimated to be 26-168 hr and 48-336 hr,
           respectively (Mackay et al. 1992).
       4.  Biota — Isopropanol is subject to biodegradation in activated sludge systems  (CHEMFATE
           1995). Microbial species including Arthrobacter sp., Achromobacter sp., and Alcaligenes
           faecalis have been shown to be capable of degrading isopropanol (CHEMFATE 1995). The
           low log KOW value of 0.05 for isopropanol indicates that bioconcentration and
           bioaccumulation are not likely to be important environmental fate processes (HSDB 1995).
                                            C-58
-------
                                                                               APPENDIX C
                   CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the tin-palladium process.
This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see
Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that
may have been included.  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of lithium hydroxide are summarized below.

       CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM HYDROXIDE	
Characteristic/Property 	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
KQC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold

Data
1310-66-3
lithium hydroxide hydrate
lithium hydroxide, monohydrate
LiOH-H2O
LiOH-H20
white crystals
41.96
470°C
924 °C (decomposes)
223 g/L at 10°C
1.51
no data
no data
no data
no data
incompatible with strong oxidizing agents
and strong acids; binds CO2
no data;
emits toxic fumes under fire conditions
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
not applicable
Reference

Sigma 1992


Sigma 1992
Beliles 1994a
Lewis 1993
Lewis 1993
Beliles 1994a
Beliles 1994a




Sigma 1992
Sigma 1992








 H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        For the production of lithium hydroxide, lithium ore is heated with limestone to about 1000°C;
        water leaching of the kiln product yields lithium hydroxide. Lithium hydroxide is used as a CO2
        absorbent in space vehicles and submarines, as a storage battery electrolyte, in lubricating greases,
        and in ceramics (Beliles 1994a).

        Releases of lithium to the environment are most likely in the form of inorganic salts or oxides
        (Beliles 1994a). Lithium hydroxide is not listed on the EPA's TRI, requiring certain U.S.
        industries to report on chemical releases to the environment (TRI93 1995).

    B.  Transport
        No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of lithium
        hydroxide through the environment. Lithium occurs naturally in certain minerals and lithium
        compounds are found in natural waters and some foods (Beliles 1994a).
                                             C-59
-------
APPENDIX C
    C. Transformation/Persistence
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
       transformation/persistence of lithium hydroxide in air, water, soil, or biota.
                                            C-60
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX C
    CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR m-NITROBENZENE SULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT


   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.


I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES


   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of m-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, are

summarized below.

   CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF m-NITROBENZENE SULFONIC
                                     ACID, SODIUM SALT  	.	
         tic/Pi
                                    Data
                                                                      Reference
 CAS No.
 Common Synonyms

 Molecular Formula
127-68-4
sodium 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate; ludigol;
nacan
C6H5NOsS.Na
          Chemical Structure
                                      SO3Na
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
                                           NO2
Physical State
yellow solid
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)

KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
white to light
Sigma-Aldrich 1993
225.16
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
ofil Greimetal. 1994
.i.Ul
no data
incompatible with strong oxidizers,
brass, cadmium, copper, nickel Sigma-Aldrich 1993
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
	 no data 	 	 	 . 	 • 	
  H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE


     A.  Environmental Release                                              .
         No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release

         of nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt.


     B.  Transport
         No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport ot
         nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt.
                                             C-61
-------
APPENDIX C
C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1 •   ^JI — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, in air.
         oil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, in soil.
        Water — The biodegradability of nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, is greater than 70
        % in the Zahn-Wellens or coupled-unit test (Greim et al. 1994).
        Biota — The Log Pow (equivalent to  a log Kow ) for nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt, is
        -2.61; therefore, no significant bioaccumulation is expected (Greim et al. 1994).
       2.   Soil
       3 •
       4.
                                            C-62
-------
                                                                                     APPENDIX C
                  CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR MAGNESIUM CARBONATE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included.  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of magnesium carbonate are summarized below.
      :HEMICAL IDENTITY
AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
                                                  Reference    	
           :/Pr
                                       Data
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State

Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
 Vapor Pressure
 Reactivity

 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors _
             546-93-0
             magnesite
             carbonic acid, magnesium salt (1:1)
             MgCO,
             MgCO,
             white, yellowish, grayish-white,
             or brown crystalline solid
             84.33
             decomposes @ 350° C
             900° C
             106mg/L@20° C
             2.958
             no data
             no data
             no data
             no data
             readily reacts with acids
             liberates CO2
             no data
             no data
             no data
             no data
             no data
             no data
             no data
             odorless, but readily absorbs odors
             not applicable  	
ACGIH 1991
HSDB 1995
ACGIH 1991
ACGIH 1991

ACGIH 1991
ACGIH 1991
Beliles 1994b
ACGIH 1991
ACGIH 1991
ACGIH 1991
HSDB 1995
Beliles 1994b
 HSDB 1995
 H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A.  Environmental Release                                                         .
         Magnesium carbonate occurs naturally as magnesite (HSDB 1995). The "cold" operations in the
         magnesite industry, mining and processing of raw material and clinker, and brick preparation, are
         characterized by a high dust content in the working environment with only insignificant amounts ot
         solid particles escaping into the atmosphere (Reichrtova and Takac 1992). Magnesium carbonate
         is not one of the chemicals reported to the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries.


     B.  Transport                                                                              -
         No specific information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport ot
         magnesium carbonate.  It is, however, moderately soluble in water and would be expected to move
         through the environment.
                                                 C-63
-------
APPENDIX C
    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1 •   Air — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            transformation/persistence of magnesium carbonate in air. It is, however, moderately soluble
            in water and would be expected to deposited in rainwater.
            Soil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            transformation/persistence of magnesium carbonate in soil.
            Water — Magnesite occurs in seawater, seawater bitterns, and well brines. In fresh water,
            dissolved magnesium salts (along with calcium salts) are responsible for the hardness of water
            (Beliles 1994b). Magnesium carbonates comprise a significant fraction of the sediments of
            selected lakes and streams studied in the upper Qu'Appelle River basin in southern
            Saskatchewan, Canada (Oscarson et al. 1981).
            Biota — No specific information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            transformation/persistence of magnesium carbonate  in biota.
2.
3.
4.
                                            C-64
-------
                                                                                    APPE^IXC
                          CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR METHANOL

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
and conductive ink processes.  This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search
limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from
unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases,
unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference
materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I.   CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical and chemical properties of methanol are summarized below.

            CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METHANOL
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Data
67-56-1
methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood spirit,
wood alcohol
CH4O
H
Reference
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Physical State
Molecular Weight-
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =1)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Flammability
Reactivity
Dissociation Constant
Flash Point
Henry's Law Constant
Bioconcentration Factor
Molecular diffiisivity coefficient
Air diffusivity coefficient
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
H-C-OH
   I
   H

colorless liquid
32.04
-97.8°C
64.7°Cat760mmHg
miscible
d20'4, 0.7915 g/mL
1.11
9
-0.77
126mmHgat25°C
flammable
may explode when exposed to flame
15.3
12°C
 4.55 x 10-* atm-mVmol
0.2 (estimated)
no data
no data
 100 ppm
 1 ppm= 1.33 mg/m3
 I mg/m3 = 0.764 ppm	''
Verschueren 1983
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavarietal. 1989
HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
Lington and Bevan 1994

Verschueren 1983	
 H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A.  Environmental Release
         Methanol ranked third in the U.S. among all chemicals for total releases into the environment in
         1992. Of the total released, 195 million pounds were into the atmosphere, 43.5 million pounds
         were into surface and ground waters, and 3.3 million pounds were onto land (TRI92 1994).
         Methanol detected in the air from Point Barrow, Alaska averaged 0.77 ppb (CHEMFATE 1995).
         Ambient concentrations from Stockholm, Sweden, ranged from 3.83 to 26.7 ppb while
         concentrations from two remote locations in Arizona were 7.9 and 2.6 ppb (HSDB 1995).  In one
         survey, methanol was detected in drinking waters from 6 of 10 U.S. cities (HSDB 1995) but levels
         were not included. The chemical has also been detected at a level of 22 ppb in rainwater collected
         from Santa Rita, Arizona (HSDB 1995).
                                                C-65
-------
APPENDIX C
    B.  Transport
       The miscibility of methanol in water and a low KOC of 9 indicate that the chemical will be highly
       mobile in soil (HSDB 1995).  Volatilization half-lives from a model river and an environmental
       pond were estimated at 4.8 days and 51.7 days, respectively (HSDB 1995). Methanol can be
       removed from the atmosphere in rain water (HSDB 1995).

    C.  Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air — Once in the atmosphere, methanol exists in the vapor phase with a half life of 17.8 days
           (HSDB 1995). The chemical reacts with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals to
           produce formaldehyde (HSDB 1995). Methanol can also react with nitrogen dioxide in
           polluted air to form methyl nitrite (HSDB 1995).
       2.   Soil — Biodegradation is the major route of removal of methanol from soils.  Several species
           of Methylobacterium and Methylomonas isolated from soils are capable of utilizing methanol
           as a sole carbon source (CHEMFATE 1995).
       3.   Water — Most methanol is removed from water by biodegradation. The anaerobic
           degradation products methane and carbon dioxide were detected from aqueous cultures of
           mixed bacteria isolated from sewage sludge (CHEMFATE 1995). Aerobic, gram-negative
           bacteria (65 strains) isolated from seawater, sand, mud, and weeds of marine origin utilized
           methanol as a sole carbon source (CHEMFATE 1995). Aquatic hydrolysis, oxidation, and
           photolysis are not significant fate processes for methanol (HSDB 1995).
       4.   Biota — Bioaccumulation of methanol in aquatic organisms is not expected to be significant
           based on an estimated bioconcentration factor of 0.2 (HSDB 1995).
                                            C-66
-------
                                                                                       APPENDIX C
                 CHEMICAL SUMMARY FORp-TOLUENE SULFONIC ACID

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERITES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties ofp-toluene sulfonic acid are summarized
below.

    CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF p-TOLUENE SULFONIC ACID
Characteristic/Property	     Data                     	Reference	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point

Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Specific Gravity
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
 Flammability

 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant

 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Taste Threshold
 Conversion Factors
104-15-4
4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid; tosic acid
C,H80,S
CH3C,.,H4SO3H
Crystalline; monoclinic leaflets or prisms
172.2
106-107°C (anhydrous)
38°C (metastable form)
140°C @ 20 mm Hg
67 g/100 mL (approximate)
No data
No data
No data
No data
Low
NFPA reactivity, 1; normally stable, but
may become unstable at elevated temperatures.
Releases toxic fumes of SOX when heated to
decomposition.
NFPA flammability, 1;
must be preheated before ignition can occur.
184°C
-1.34 (measured, uncertain)
Very low due to low vapor pressure and
high solubility.
No data
No data
No data, predicted low.
No data
1 ppm = 7.03 mg/m3; 1 mg/m3 = 0.142 ppm
Budavari et al. 1989

Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989

Weast 1987
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995

Calculated
 a) Calculated utilizing: mg/m3 = ppm x MW/24.5 @ 25 °C & 760 mm Hg.
 H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A.  Environmental Release
         p-Toluene sulfonic acid is manufactured for use as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of dyes,
         antidiabetic drugs, chemicals used in detergents, and in the synthesis of other organic chemicals
         (Budavari et al. 1989; HSDB 1995). The exposure of humans top-toluene sulfonic acid is
         primarily by dermal contact or inhalation during the manufacture or use of the chemical in
         occupational settings (HSDB 1995). Due to its high water solubility (about 67 g/100 mL),
         exposure may also occur in drinking water. p-Toluene sulfonic acid has been detected qualitatively
         in lowland river water and in groundwater  in Britain (HSDB 1995).  Based on a 1983 National
         Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) National Occupational Hazard Survey,
         16,526 workers are potentially exposed top-toluene sulfonic acid in the U.S. (HSDB 1995).
                                                 C-67
-------
APPENDIX C
    B. Transport
       Because of its water solubility, p-toluene sulfonic acid is expected to be highly mobile in soils and
       leach rapidly into ground waters. Once in the water, the chemical should not move into the
       atmosphere or onto sediments, but will degrade slowly (HSDB 1995).

    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1 •   Air — Very small amounts of/(-toluene sulfonic acid enter the atmosphere from water
            solutions or from the involatile solid. Once in the air, it rapidly reacts with hydroxyl radicals
            resulting in a half-life of about 2 days (HSDB 1995).
       2.   Soil — Specific studies on the transformation/persistence of p-toluene sulfonic acid in the soil
            were not available; however,/(-toluene sulfonic acid is expected to rapidly leach from the soil
            into ground water because of it's high solubility. It is not expected to volatilize into the
            atmosphere from the soil (HSDB 1995).  Although biodegradation is known to occur in water
            (see H.C.3.), specific information on the biodegradation of p-toluene sulfonic acid in the soil
            is not available (HSDB 1995).
       3.   Water —p-Toluene sulfonic acid primarily enters the environment in wastewater from its
            production and use. It is ionized in solution and does not significantly transfer into the
            sediment or into the atmosphere from the aquatic environment (HSDB 1995). It does not
            absorb light above 290 nm in solution and will not photodegrade or react with water under
            environmental conditions (HSDB 1995). Biodegradation is highly dependent on the presence
            of the proper acclimated microbial populations. Complete (100%) degradation in a few days
            was reported with activated sludge, whereas no degradation was seen for up to 64 days in the
            absence of activated microorganisms (HSDB 1995). Pseudomonas bacteria have been
            isolated from sludge and river water that can utilize p-toluene sulfonic acid as a sole carbon
            and sulfur source (CHEMFATE 1995; Kertesz et al. 1994).
       4.    Biota — Although no specific data are available, p-toluene sulfonic acid is not expected to
            bioconcentrate since it is highly water soluble and ionized in solution (HSDB 1995).
            Experiments with Ricinus communis L. (castor bean) have shown that plants absorb and
            transport p-toluene sulfonic acid to the leaves (Bromilow et al.  1993); however, it is not
            expected to bioconcentrate in food products (HSDB  1995).
                                            C-68
-------
                                                                                         APPENDIX C
          CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR PALLADIUM AND PALLADIUM CHLORIDE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper and
tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited
to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished
TSCA submissions that may have been included.  These sources include online databases, unpublished
EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No
attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of palladium and palladium chloride are
summarized below.

            CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALLADIUM    	
Characteristic/Pro perty
                        Data
                                                                               Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
1)
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7440-05-3
none found in the secondary sources
searched
Pd
Pd
silver-white, ductile metal                     HSDB 1995
106.4                                   HSDB 1995
not found
not found
insoluble                                HSDB 1995
12.02 g/cm3                              HSDB 1995
not found
not found
not found
not found
appreciably volatile at high temperatures; is        HSDB 1995
converted to the oxide at red heat; can
absorb and retain over 800 times its volume
of hydrogen, resulting in an expansion of
several percent; incompatible with arsenic,
carbon, ozonides, sodium tetrahydroborate,
and sulfur
palladium black or finely divided palladium is      HSDB 1995
usually pyrophoric and requires handling
precautions; the dust of palladium can be
a fire and explosion hazard
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not applicable	
                                                  C-69
-------
APPENDIX C
      CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALLADIUM CHLORIDE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No,
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point

Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Koc
LogKoW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability

Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Difiusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors

Data
7647-10-1
palladium(2+) chloride; palladous chloride
PdCl2
ClrPd
dark red cubic needles
177.30
678-680°C; deliquescent, decomposes at
500°C
not found
soluble
6.0 g/mj
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
1 ppm = 7.25 mg/m3
1 mg/m' = 0.138 ppm
Reference

RTECS 1995


HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995


HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995














Calculated using:
ppm = mg/m3 x 24.45/m.w,
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
       Palladium occurs in the earth's crust, at the concentration of 0.2 ppm, in association with the rare
       metals of Group VIII (platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, and iridium) (Venugopal and
       Luckey 1978; Amdur et al. 1991). The release of palladium to the environment may occur as a
       result of the mining, refining, fabrication, and use of the metal (Seiler and Sigel 1988).  Palladium
       has been incorporated into catalysts used to control emissions in automobile exhausts; however, the
       minute quantities emitted are in a biologically inert form (Seiler and Sigel 1988). No significant
       concentrations were detected near busy highways following 10 years of this use (Seiler  and Sigel
       1988).

    B. Transport
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental transport
       of palladium or palladium chloride.

    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            transformation/persistence of palladium or palladium chloride in air.
       2.   Soil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            transformation/persistence of palladium or palladium chloride in soil.
       3.   Water— No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
            transformation/persistence of palladium or palladium chloride in water.
       4.   Biota — There is no evidence that palladium accumulates in mammals following ingestion
            (HSDB 1995); however, the metal was present hi all tissues analyzed from rats 104 days after
            intravenous injection (Beliles 1994a).
                                             C-70
-------
                                                                                    APPENDIX C
 CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR PEROXYMONOSULFURIC ACID, MONOPOTASSIUM SALT

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
conductive polymer, and graphite processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a
systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l).  These sources include online
databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard
reference materials.  No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary
sources.

I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of peroxymonosulfuric acid, monopotassium salt
are summarized below.

                 CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
	PEROXYMONOSULFURIC ACID, MONOPOTASSIUM SALT	
Characteristic/Property	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Difrusivity Coefficient
Air Difrusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors      	
Data	
10058-23-8
monopotassium peroxymonosulfurate;
potassium peroxymonosulfate
HO5SK
   O
   II
KOSOOH
   II
   O
no data
152.17
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data    	
                                    Reference
RTECS 1995
RTECS 1995
RTECS 1995
 H. ENVmONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
        No information on the environmental release of peroxymonosulfuric acid, monopotassium salt were
        found in the secondary sources searched.

    B. Transport
        No information on the transport of peroxymonosulfuric acid, monopotassium salt was found in the
        secondary sources searched.

     C. Transformation/Persistence
        No information on the transformation/persistence of peroxymonosulfuric acid, monopotassium salt
        in air, soil, water, or biota was found in the secondary sources searched.
                                               C-71
-------
 APPENDIX C
           CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE COPOLYMER

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included.  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of phenol-formaldehyde copolymer are
summarized below.

     CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
	COPOLYMER	
Characteristic/Property	Data	   Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State

Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Vapor Density  (air-1)
Koc
Log KQW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor

Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
9003-35-4
Phenol-formaldehyde resin

(C6H60,CH20)n
not found
solid (when cured)
viscous liquid (uncured)
300-700 (one-step process)'
1200-1500 (two-step process)'
Several hundred thousand (cured resin)
not found
not found
Soluble (non-cured resin)
Insoluble (cured resin)
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
High chemical resistance
Fire retardant
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found

not found
not found
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994

Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
Harris and Sarvadi 1994
a) "One-step" and "two-step" refer to the manufacturing process used to make the resin.


DL  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) copolymer is used in a wide variety of products including wood
        composites (plywood, particleboard, fiberboard), molding materials (in appliances, electric
        controls, telephones, and wiring services), and as a binder for thermal and sound insulation
        materials (e.g., glass fibers and mineral wool) (Opresko 1991). There are no reports of any
        detrimental toxic effects from cured phenolic resins; therefore, the greatest hazards associated with
        these substances is expected to occur during the manufacture, processing, and handling of the
        uncured resin (Opresko 1991). However, loss of both phenol and formaldehyde has been observed
        for many months after fabrication of foam insulation for refrigerators (Opresko 1991).  Phenol was
                                                C-72
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX C
   identified as one of a number of volatile organic compounds found in indoor air as a result of
   emissions from construction and interior finish materials and adhesives used in such products
   (Opresko 1991). A study on workers exposed to phenolic resin fumes for periods of less than 1
   year to more than 5 years reported PF component levels of 7-10 mg phenol/m3 and 0.5-1.0 mg
   formaldehyde/m3 (Opresko 1991). Most environmental release of PF components would likely
   come from such manufacturing operations. Both monomeric components of PF copolymer, phenol
   and formaldehyde, have been profiled separately (U.S. EPA 1995a, 1996a).

B. Transport
   No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental transport
   of PF copolymer. Cured PF resin is a water insoluble solid and would not be a likely groundwater
   contaminant. Offgassing of PF component monomers during processing and, to a lesser extent,
   after curing would be the most probable mode of environmental transport.

C. Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of PF copolymer in air.
    2.   Soil — PF copolymer is highly resistant to biological decay (Harris and Sarvadi 1994). This
        fact, coupled with its low water solubility, suggest that PF copolymer would be persistent in
        soil.
    3.   Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of PF copolymer in water. Because of its very low water
        solubility, cured PF copolymer is not likely to be a contaminant of groundwater.
    4.  Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        bioaccumulation of PF copolymer.
                                          C-73
-------
 APPENDIX C
                        CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR PHOSPHORIC ACID

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive polymer
 and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search
 limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished
 EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No
 attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

 L  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of phosphoric acid are summarized below.

 	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID	
 Characteristic/Property	Data      	           Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air=l)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability

Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7664-38-2
orthopohosphoric acid
H304P
HO O
   \J
    P—OH
   /
HO

unstable, orthorhombic crystals or syrupy liquid
98.00
42.35
@ 213° C losing 'A water
548g/100 mL
1.8741 @ 25 (100% soln.)
3.4
no data
no data
0.03 mm Hg @ 20°C
Hot coned acid attacks porcelain and granite ware
Reacts w/metals to liberate flammable H2 gas
sodium tetraborate; aldehydes; cyanides
bleach; ammonia
not combustible, but contact w/common
metals liberates hydrogen
no data
K,=7.107 x ID'3
no data
no data
no data
no data
Odorless
no data
Budavarietal.1989
Budavarietal.1989
                                                                              Budavarietal.1989
Budavarietal.1989
Budavarietal.1989
Budavarietal.1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Budavarietal.1989
HSDB 1995
Budavarietal.1989
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
NIOSH 1994
HSDB 1995
Budavari 1989
HSDB 1995
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Of the total 206.6 million pounds of phosphoric acid released into the environment in 1992, as
        reported to the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries, 1.2 million pounds were released into the
        atmosphere, 158.7 million pounds were released into ground or surface waters, and 46.7 million
        pounds were released onto the land (TRI92 1994).

    B.  Transport
        When spilled onto soil, phosphoric acid will infiltrate downward, the rate being greater with lower
        concentrations because of reduced viscosity. Upon reaching the groundwater table, phosphoric
        acid will move in the direction of the groundwater flow (HSDB 1995).
                                                C-74
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX C
C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air	Phosphoric acid may be present in air as a mist or a vapor, but it exists primarily as a
        mist because of its low volatility and its affinity for water (IARC 1992).
    2.   Soil — During transport through soil, phosphoric acid will dissolve some of the soil material,
        in particular carbonate based materials. The acid will be neutralized to some degree with
        adsorption of the proton and phosphate ions also possible. However significant amounts of
        acid will remain for transport to groundwater (HSDB 1995).
    3.   Water	Upon reaching groundwater, a contaminated plume will be produced with dilution
        and dispersion serving to reduce the acid concentration (HSDB 1995). However, while
        acidity may be reduced readily by natural water hardness minerals, the phosphate may persist
        indefinitely (HSDB 1995).
    4.   Biota	No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of phosphoric acid in biota. Phosphoric acid is a natural
        constituent of many fruits and their juices (HSDB 1995).
                                           C-75
-------
 APPENDIX C
                     CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM BISULFATE

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
 process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
 sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
 submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
 information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
 has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

 I.  CHEMICAL H)ENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium bisulfate are summarized below.
       CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM BISULFATE
Characteristic/Property	Data	     Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point

Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Vapor Density (air «
               1)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold

Conversion Factors
7646-93-7
monopotassium sulfate; potassium acid sulfate;
potassium bisulphate; sulfuric acid,
monopotassium salt
KHSO4
H-O4-S.K
white, deliquescent crystals
136.17
197°C (loses water at higher temperatures,
and is converted to pyrosulfate)
decomposes
soluble in 1.8 parts water; 0.85 parts
boiling water
2.24
no data
no data
no data
negligible
0 (nonreactive, NFPA classification);
can form an explosive mixture;
acidic in solution
0 (noncombustible, NFPA classification)
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data; odorless;
sulfur odor
no data
                                                                              RTECS 1995
                                                                              JT Baker Inc. 1992
                                                                              RTECS 1995
                                                                              Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                              Budavari et al. 1989

                                                                              Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                              Fisher Scientific 1991

                                                                              Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                              Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                              Fisher Scientific 1991
                                                                              Lockheed Martin 1989
                                                                              Sax and Lewis 1989
                                                                              Fisher Scientific 1991
                                                                              Lockheed Martin 1989a
                                                                             JT Baker Inc. 1992
                                                                             Fisher Scientific 1991
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Potassium bisulfate is a deliquescent solid that is soluble in water. It is used as flux in the analysis
        of ores, and as a cathartic (Budavari et al. 1989). No data were found on the environmental
        releases of potassium bisulfate in the secondary sources searched. The chemical is not listed on
        U.S. EPA's TRI, requiring certain U.S. industries to report on chemical releases to the environment
        (TRI93 1995).

    B.  Transport
        No data were found on the environmental transport of potassium bisulfate in the secondary sources
        searched.  Low vapor pressure and its water solubility suggest that it would remain in the water
        phase.
                                                C-76
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX C
C.  Transformation/Persistence
    No data were found on the transformation/persistence of potassium bisulfate in the secondary
    sources searched.
                                           C-77
-------
 APPENDIX C
                    CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM CARBONATE

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the carbon, graphite, and
 tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited
 to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished
 TSCA submissions that may have been included.  These sources include online databases, unpublished
 EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No
 attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

 I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium carbonate are summarized below.
      CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CARBONATE	
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
                                       Data
                                                                            Reference
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State

Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Vapor Density (air «
Koc
                1)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
584-08-7
salt of tartar; pearl ash
potash
K2C03
K2CO3
hygroscopic, odorless granules,
or granular powder
138.20
891 °C
no data
sol. in 1 part cold, 0.7 pts boiling H2O
112 g/100 mL cold water
2.29
no data
no data
no data
no data
hygroscopic; aqueous soln strongly alkaline
violent reaction with C1F3
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
no data
                                                                            Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                            RTECS 1995
                                                                            Budavari et al. 1989

                                                                            Budavari et al. 1989

                                                                            Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                            Budavari et al. 1989

                                                                            Budavari etal. 1989
                                                                            HSDB 1995
                                                                            Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                            Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                            HSDB 1995
                                                                            Budavari etal. 1989
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
       Potassium carbonate is a naturally occurring compound with deposits found in southeastern New
       Mexico (HSDB 1995). It is one of the major inorganic particle components of cigarette smoke
       (Churg and Stevens 1992).  Potassium carbonate is not one of the compounds reported to the TRI
       by certain types of U.S. industries.

    B. Transport
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of potassium
       carbonate.

    C. Transformation/Persistence
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
       transformation/persistence of potassium carbonate in air, soil, water, or biota.
                                               C-78
-------
                                                                                          APPENDIX C
              CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM AND SODIUM CYANIDE

   These chemicals were identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process.  This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL DDENTTTY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium and sodium cyanide are
summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM CYANIDE	
Characteristic/Property	Data                                   Reference	_
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State

Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KQC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
 Flammability

 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
151-50-8
hydrocyanic acid, potassium salt
CKN
KCN
white deliquescent granular powder
or fused pieces
65.11
634°C
no data
71.6g/100mLat25°C
1.553 g/cm3 at 20°C
no data
3.0 (calculated)
no data
no data
slowly decomposed by water and very
rapidly by acids to release HCN; pH
of 0.1N solution =11; incompatible
with strong oxidizers such as nitrates,
chlorates, and acid salts
not flammable itself, but contact with
acids releases highly flammable HCN gas
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
0.3 (calculated)
faint odor of bitter almonds
 1 ppm = 2.707 mg/m3
 1 mg/m3 = 0.369 ppm	
RTECS 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989

Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989

ATSDR 1995
U.S. EPA 1985c

HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995
 HSDB 1995
 ACGIH 1991
 U.S. EPA 1985c
                                                    C-79
-------
APPENDIX C
          CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CYANIDE
Characteristic/Property
                                        Data
                                                                               Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air s
                1)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability

Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
 143-33-9
 hydrocyanic acid, sodium salt
 CNaN
 NaCN
 white granules or fused pieces
 49.07
 563 °C
 1500°C
 freely soluble
 1.60-1.62 g/cm3 (temperature not given)
 1.7
 no data
 -0.44 (KoW)
 0.76 mg Hg at 800°C
 contact with acids and acid salts forms
HCN immediately; incompatible with strong
oxidizers, such as nitrates, chlorates, and
acid salts; aqueous solution is strongly
alkaline
not combustible itself, but contact with acids
releases highly flammable HCN gas
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
0.27 (calculated)
faint odor of bitter almonds
1 ppm = 2.037 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.491 ppm	
RTECS 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
ACGIH 1991
Budavari et al. 1989
U.S. EPA 1985c
JT Baker Inc. 1992b

U.S. EPA 1985c
U.S. EPA 1985c
                                                                              HSDB 1995

                                                                              HSDB 1995
                                                                              U.S. EPA 1985c
                                                                              HSDB 1995
                                                                              U.S. EPA 1985c
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Potassium and sodium cyanide are used in the extraction of gold and silver ores; electroplating;
        metal cleaning; as insecticides and fumigants; in heat treatment of metals; and as raw materials in
        the manufacture of dyes, pigments, nylon, and chelating agents (ACGIH 1991).  In 1993, releases
        of cyanide compounds to environmental media, as reported to the TRI by certain types of
        industries, totaled about 3,291,307 pounds. Of this amount, a total of 898,728 pounds was
        released to the atmosphere, 97,666 pounds to surface waters, 2,288,870 pounds to underground
        injection, and 6,043 pounds to land (TRI93 1995). Potassium and sodium cyanide are not reported
        separately.

    B.  Transport
        Potassium and sodium cyanide release hydrocyanic acid (HCN) to the environment.  HCN is
        expected to volatilize from aquatic media and soils (U.S. EPA  1984c). Cyanide has the potential
        to be transported in air over long distances from its emission source.  Alkali cyanides can be
        removed from air by both wet and dry deposition (ATSDR 1995). Because of their high water
        solubility and low sorption characteristics, cyanides are expected to leach through soils into
        groundwater (U.S. EPA  1985c).

    C.  Transformation/Persistence
        1.   Air — Most cyanide in the atmosphere is likely present as HCN gas, but small amounts of
            metal cyanides may be present as particulate matter in air. HCN slowly reacts with hydroxyl
            radicals in the air; the calculated half-life for this reaction is approximately  11 years,
            indicating no significant loss to the troposphere. Physical transfer, such as wet and dry
            deposition, may dominate the fate of cyanides in the atmosphere. Considering the water
                                                C-80
-------
                                                                          APPENDIX C
     solubility of alkali cyanides, wet deposition appears to be more important process (U.S. EPA
     1984c).
2.   Soil — In soils, the fate of cyanides is pH dependent. In acidic soils, the loss of HCN
     through volatilization may be the predominant mechanism of loss from soil surfaces. In
     subsurface soils, cyanides that are present at low concentrations (below the toxic levels for
     microorganisms) may undergo some microbial degradation (U.S. EPA 1984c).  Because of
     their low soil sorption characteristics and high water solubility of cyanides, some may leach
     through the soil. However,  cyanides have been rarely detected in groundwater. In basic soils,
     the mobility of cyanides is expected to be greatly restricted (U.S. EPA 1984c).
3.   Water — The alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassium cyanide, are very soluble in
     water and the resulting cyanide ions readily hydrolyze with water to form HCN. The extent
     of HCN  formation is mainly dependent upon water temperature and pH.  At 20 °C and a pH
     of 8 or below, at least 96% of free cyanide exists as HCN (U.S. EPA 1980).  Since the pH of
     most natural waters ranges between 6 and 9, a large percentage of cyanides will be present in
     the form of HCN which readily volatilizes from water. Cyanides can be biodegraded at low
     concentrations in water by single and mixed organisms. Both aerobic and anaerobic
     microbial degradation of cyanides during sewage treatment plant operations have been
     demonstrated (U.S. EPA 1985c).
4.   Biota — Potassium and sodium cyanide are not expected to bioaccumulate in aquatic
     organisms (U.S. EPA 1984c).
                                       C-81
-------
APPENDIX C
                    CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
carbon, and non-formaldehyde electroless copper processes. This summary is based on information
retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception
is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included.  These sources
include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and
standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these  databases and
secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium hydroxide are summarized below.
      CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
Characteristic/Property	Data	                                  Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Vapor Pressure
PH
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
1310-58-3
caustic potash; lye; potassium hydrate
KOH
K-OH
white or slightly yellow lumps, rods, pellets;
deliquesces as moisture and carbon dioxide
are absorbed from the air
56,11
360°C
1324 °C
100 g/90 mL; aqueous solution may have
pHs!3
2.044 mg/mL
not found
not found
not found
1 mmHg@714°C
14 (l.OM solution)
heat generated when KOH dissolves in water,
alcohol, or acid-treated solution; reacts
violently with O-nitrophenol; heating with
tetrachloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethylene,
or phosphorus forms spontaneously flammable
compounds; explosive when heated or reacted
with certain compounds
will not burn; however, may react with water
and other substances and generate heat
sufficient to ignite combustible materials
not flammable
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
1 ppm = 2.29 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.44 ppm	
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Pierce 1994
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995; Pierce 1994a

HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Lockheed Martin 1994b
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995; NIOSH 1994
                                                                               Calculated using:
                                                                               ppm = mg/m3 x 24.4S/m.w.
II.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
        of potassium hydroxide.
                                                 C-82
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX C
B.  Transport
    The significant water solubility of potassium hydroxide suggests that the chemical would be mobile
    in soil and subject to transport to ground water; however, no evidence was found to confirm this.

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air — When exposed to air, potassium hydroxide forms the bicarbonate and carbonate
        (Pierce 1994a).
    2.   Soil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of potassium hydroxide in soil.
    3.   Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of potassium hydroxide in water.
    4.   Biota—No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of potassium hydroxide in biota.
                                           C-83
-------
APPENDIX C
                   CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM PERSULFATE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper and
non-formaldehyde electroless copper processes.  This summary is based on information retrieved from a
systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online
databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard
reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary
sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium persulfate are summarized below.
     CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM PERSULFATE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration  Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7727-21-1
peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt;
dipotassium persulfate; potassium
peroxydisulfate
K208S2

   O  O
   I    I
KOSOOSOK

   O  O

colorless or white crystals
270.32
decomposes @ 100°C
no data
1.75g/100mL@0°C;
5.2g/100mL@20°C
2.477
no data
no data
no data
no data
powerful oxidizing agent;
aqueous solution is acidic
may ignite other combustible materials;
reaction with fuels may be violent;
combustion reaction with metallic dust
in the presence of moisture
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
Lide 1991
Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                             HSDB 1995
II.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Potassium persulfate, a crystalline solid, is moderately soluble in water (Budavari et al. 1989).  No
        data on the environmental release of potassium persulfate were found in the secondary sources
        searched.
                                                C-84
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX C
B.  Transport
    No information on the transport of potassium persulfate was found in the secondary sources
    searched. The water solubility of potassium persulfate suggests that the chemical would leach
    through soil.

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    No information on the transformation/persistence of potassium persulfate in air, soil, water, or
    biota was found in the secondary sources searched.
                                          C-85
-------
APPENDIX C
                   CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM SULFATE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium sulfate are summarized below.

      CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM SULFATE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State

Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Koc
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
7778-80-5
sulfuric acid, dipotassium salt;
dipotassium sulfate
K2SO4
K2O4S
colorless or white, hard, bitter crystals;
or white granules or powder
174.26
1067°C
1689°C
1 g/8.3 mL
2.66
no data
no data
no data
no data
permanent in air
non-reactive
non-flammable
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
no data
Reference

HSDB 1995

Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989

Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989




Budavari etal. 1989
JT Baker Inc. 1992c
JT Baker Inc. 1992c






Budavari et al. 1989

H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A. Environmental Release
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
       of potassium sulfate. Potassium sulfate is a minor component of pulverized fuel ash (Davison et
       al. 1986). Potassium sulfate is not one of the chemicals reported to the TRI by certain types of
       U.S. industries.

    B. Transport
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of potassium
       sulfate, however it is soluble in water and could be expected to move through the environment.

    C. Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air — Potassium sulfate is water soluble and atmospheric potassium sulfate would be
            expected to be dissolved in rainwater.
                                           C-86
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX C
2.   Soil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
     transformation/persistence of potassium sulfate in soil.
3.   Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
     transformation/persistence of potassium sulfate in water. Aqueous solutions of potassium
     sulfate are pH neutral (Budavari et al. 1989).
4.   Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
     transformation/persistence of potassium sulfate in biota.
                                        C-87
-------
APPENDIX C
              CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of potassium sodium tartrate are summarized
below.

   CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
LogKaw
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
6381-59-5; 304-59-6; 147-79-5
Rochelle salt; seignette salt

C4H4KNaO6
no data
translucent crystals of white, crystalline powder
210.16
70-80° C
220° C decomposes
soluble in 0.9 parts H2O
52%
1.79
no data
no data
no data
no data
incompatible with acids, calcium or lead salts
magnesium sulfate, silver nitrate
slight
none
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
no data
Reference

Budavari et al. 1996
HSDB 1996
Budavari et al. 1996

Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996

Budavari etal. 1996





Budavari et al. 1996
JT Baker, Inc. 1992d






EM Industries 1992

H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

   A.  Environmental Release
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
       of potassium sodium tartrate. Potassium sodium tartrate is not one of the chemicals reported to
       the TRI by certain types of U.S. industries.

   B.  Transport
       No information was found, in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of potassium
       sodium tartrate. It is, however, very soluble in water.

   C.  Transformation/Persistence
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
       transformation/persistence of potassium sodium tartrate in air, soil, water, or biota. It is, however,
       very soluble in water.
                                           C-88
-------
                                                                                      APPENDIX C
                             CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SILVER

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the conductive ink
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of silver are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER	
Characteristic/Property	
Data
                                     Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
Log Kow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffiisivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
7440-22-4
Argentum crede; collargol
Ag
Ag;Ag1+;Ag2+
Malleable, ductile, white metal
107.868
960.5 °C
2212°C @ 760 mm Hg
Insoluble
10.50 g/cm3@20°C
No data
No data
No data
100mmHg@1865°C
Forms explosive acetylide; forms explosive
fulminate compounds with ammonia and
with nitric acid + ethanol; reacts violently
or produces explosive compounds with
bromazide, hydrogen peroxide, ethyleneimine,
chlorine, trifluoride, oxalic acid and tartaric acid.
Moderately flammable as dust
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
2-10
No data
Not applicable, found in air as
particulate material    	
U.S. EPA 1996b
ATSDR 1990c
ATSDR 1990c
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
ATSDR 1990c
ATSDR 1990c
ATSDR 1990c
ATSDR 1990c
HSDB 1996
                                                                              ATSDR 1990c
 ATSDR 1990c

 ATSDR 1990c
 H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A.  Environmental Release
         Silver is a naturally occurring element that is present in the earth's crust at an average
         concentration of about 0.1 ppm and at about 0.3 ppm in soils (ATSDR 1990c). It is also present
         in unpolluted freshwater at concentrations up to 0.5 ppm and in seawater at about 0.01 ppm
         (HSDB 1996). Silver is released into the environment from mining and recovery processes, and
         industrial production processes. It is released into the atmosphere during refuse incineration and
         from burning of coal and petroleum products. Silver and silver compounds are also released from
         consumer products (ATSDR 1990c). Products and uses include photography, electroplating,
         electrical conductors, dental alloys, solder and brazing alloys, paints, jewelry, coins, and mirror
         construction (Faust 1992a). The largest source of silver release through consumer products is
         photographic material. Silver in the form of silver iodide has been used as cloud seeding material
         (ATSDR 1990c). Background atmospheric levels of silver measured in national parks away from
                                                  C-89
-------
APPENDIX C
       industrialized areas are generally less than 0.2 ng/m3, however, the concentration can be much
       higher near smelter plants (up to 36.5 ng/m3) or in cloud-seeding target areas (1.0 ng/m3) (ATSDR
       1990c). Releases into surface waters have resulted in concentrations up to 38 ppm found in the
       Colorado River, and concentrations as high as 5 ppm in finished drinking water samples.
       Sediments in the Genesee River in New York downstream from a plant manufacturing photography
       supplies were found to contain  150 mg silver/kg dry weight (HSDB 1996).

       Releases of silver and silver compounds to environmental media in 1993, as reported to the TRI by
       certain types of U.S. industries  totaled about 8608 pounds of elemental silver and 57,168 pounds
       of silver compounds. Of these  amounts, totals of 7080 pounds silver and 21,623 pounds silver
       compounds were released to the atmosphere, 318 pounds of silver and 9069 pounds of silver
       compounds were released to surface water, 210 pounds silver and  100 pounds silver compounds
       were released in underground injection, and 1000 pounds silver and 20,376 pounds of silver
       compounds were released to land (TRI93  1995).

   B.  Transport
       Metallic silver released to the atmosphere as particulate material undergoes deposition to land and
       surface water (ATSDR 1990c). If the particulate material is finely divided (<2Qfj, diameter), it can
       possibly travel long distances before depositing resulting in an enrichment of soil silver levels in
       areas distant from cloud seeding operations or other sources of airborne silver. Large particles
     • (>20/u diameter) such as released during mining operations are deposited near the source (ATSDR
       1990c). Transport of silver in surface waters is dependent upon the particular chemical form of
       the element. Silver can form a  number of complexes and salts under certain aquatic conditions  of
       pH and reactant availability.  Some compounds precipitate, some adsorb onto particulate matter,
       and some are soluble and may travel long distances in solution.  Up to 90% of the silver detected in
       rivers was estimated to be in a dissolved form (ATSDR 1990c).  Silver tends to be removed from
       well drained soils; however, the pH, oxidation-reduction potential, and the presence of organic
       material can affect the mobility. Iron and manganese complexes can immobilize silver, and organic
       material adsorbs silver (ATSDR 1990c).

   C.  Transformation/Persistence
       1.   Air —Atmospheric silver is in particulate form  and is likely to become coated with silver
           oxide, silver sulfide, or silver carbonate before deposition.  Large particles (>20,u) such as
           released during mining operations are deposited near the source, whereas finer particles
           (<2Qfj, diameter) generated by burning refuse or fossil fuels and by cloud seeding can be
           carried long distances before being deposited in precipitation (ATSDR 1990c).
       2.   Soil —Iron and magnesium complexes in the soil  tend to immobilize silver and are dependent
           on pH and oxidation-reduction potential of the soil.  Organic matter complexes with silver and
           also reduces its mobility. The persistence of silver in soils is  also dependent on the drainage
           of the soil and will eventually be removed from well drained soils (ATSDR 1990c).
       3.   Water —Silver in water exists primarily as the monovalent ion, which can be combined with
           sulfate, bicarbonate, chloride, and ammonia. It was estimated that about 90% of the silver in
           rivers is in a dissolved form and the remaining 10%  is in suspended solids. Depending on the
           pH and oxidation-reduction conditions, silver can be adsorbed to manganese oxide, which  will
           eventually be deposited in sediment. It may also become adsorbed onto humic material and
           suspended particulates.  In the presence of decaying animal and plant material, silver
           precipitates as the sulfide.  The sediments  in lakes were generally found to be about 1000
           times higher in silver concentration than the overlying waters (ATSDR 1990c).
       4.   Biota —Silver does not tend to bioaccumulate in fish (bioaccumulation factors of 2-10).
           However, it can be adsorbed by marine algae and accumulated. Bioconcentration factors for
                                             C-90
-------
                              	  APPENDIX C

marine algae of 13,000 to 66,000 have been calculated (ATSDR 1990c).  Silver is absorbed
by mussels, clams, and oysters. Bioconcentration factors of 1055 to 7650 have been
determined for the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis. Biological half-lives of 26.4 and 149.1
days have been estimated for the pacific and American oysters, respectively. It is absorbed
from the soil by plant roots and accumulates in the leaves from atmosphere deposition.
(ATSDR 1990c).
                                   C-91
-------
 APPENDIX C
                       CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM BISULFATE

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
 organic-palladium, and tin-palladium processes.  This summary is based on information retrieved from a
 systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of
 studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included.  These sources include online
 databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard
 reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary
 sources.


 I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium bisulfate are summarized below.

 	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM BISULFATE	
 Characteristic/Property	Data	           Reference
 CAS No.
 Common Synonyms

 Molecular Formula
 Chemical Structure
 Physical State

 Molecular Weight
 Melting Point
 Boiling Point
 Water Solubility

 Specific Gravity
 Vapor Density  (air=l)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Difrusivity Coefficient
Air Diflusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Taste Threshold
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
 7681-38-1
 sodium acid sulfate; sodium hydrogen sulfate
 sodium pyrosulfate
 NaHSO4
 HNaO4S
 Fused, hygroscopic pieces; monohydrate,
 crystalline
 120.07
 315°C
 No data
 50 g/100 mL
 100 g/100 mL boiling water
 2.435
 No data
 No data
 No data
 No data
 Corrosive,
 water solutions are acidic,
 decomposes by alcohol to liberate sulfuric acid,
 SO2 gas produced when heated to decomposition.
 Non-flammable
 No data
 No data
 No data
 No data
 No data
 No data
No data
 Odorless
Not applicable, material contained in water aerosol
 or present as dust	
Budavari et al. 1989

Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989

Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989

Budavari et al. 1989

Budavari et al. 1989
RTECS 1995
Budavari et al. 1989

JT Baker Inc. 1995
JT Baker Inc. 1995
JT Baker Inc. 1995
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Sodium bisulfate is manufactured for use as a solubilizer for minerals, for pickling metals,
        carbonizing wool, bleaching and swelling leather, and in the manufacture of magnesia cements
        (Budavari et al. 1989). It is also used in the agricultural industry as a disinfectant (RTECS 1995).
        The total number of individuals occupationally exposed to sodium bisulfate in a National
        Occupational Exposure Survey in 1983  was 151,380 (RTECS  1995).

    B.  Transport
        No information on the transport of sodium bisulfate was found in the  secondary sources searched.
        In areas where the chemical is used, it has been found in airborne dusts and in water aerosols (JT
                                               C-92
-------
                                                                                APPENDIX C
    Baker Inc. 1995; Utell et al. 1982).  Due to its high water solubility, about 50 g/100 mL (Budavari
    et al. 1989), transport by water is a possibility.

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1,   Air	No information on the transformation/persistence of sodium bisulfate was found in the
        secondary sources searched. Aerosols and dusts in industrial settings are controlled by
        exhaust ventilation (JT Baker Inc. 1995).
    2.   Soil	Specific studies on the transformation/persistence of sodium bisulfate in the soil were
        not found in the secondary sources searched; however, sodium bisulfate is likely to rapidly
        leach from the soil into ground water because of its high solubility. It is a non-volatile solid
        and should not volatize into the atmosphere from the soil, although it may become airborne in
        dust (JT Baker Inc. 1995).
    3.   Water — No studies on the transformation/persistence of sodium bisulfate in water were
        found in the secondary sources searched. Sodium bisulfate is strongly acidic in water solution
        (Budavari et al.  1989) and, therefore, is subject to neutralization and salt formation by water
        soluble cations.
    4.   Biota — No information on the transformation/persistence of sodium bisulfate in biota was
        found in the secondary sources searched. The water solubility and acidity of sodium bisulfate
         in solution make bioconcentration unlikely.
                                            C-93
-------
APPENDIX C
                      CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM CARBONATE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
conductive polymer, and organic-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved
from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is
summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources
include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications,  review documents, and
standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and
secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium carbonate are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CARBONATE	
Characteristic/Property	Data	Reference	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point

Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
KOC
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
497-19-8
carbonic acid, disodium salt; disodium carbonate;
soda ash; trona; Solvay soda
CNa2O,
NajCO,
white hygroscopic powder
106.0
851 °C, but begins to lose CO2
@ 400°C
decomposes
7.1 g/100 mL water @ 0°C;
45.5g/100mL@100°C
2.53 @ 20°C
no data
no data
no data
no data
decomposed by acids with
effervescence; combines with
water with evolution of heat;
1% aqueous solution has pH of 11.5
noncombustible
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
not applicable
RTECS 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Pierce 1994b
Budavarietal. 1989

Budavarietal. 1989
Pierce 1994b

Pierce 1994b
Pierce 1994b
Budavarietal. 1989
Pierce 1994b
HSDB 1995
Budavarietal. 1989
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Sodium carbonate is a white hygroscopic powder that is strongly caustic (Pierce 1994b). It is
        moderately soluble in water (Budavari et al. 1989). It is usually encountered as the decahydrate
        (Na2CO3-10H2O), commonly called washing soda or soda ash (Pierce 1994b). Sodium carbonate
        occurs naturally in large deposits in Africa and the U.S. as either the carbonate or trona, a mixed
        ore of equal molar amounts of carbonate and bicarbonate (Pierce 1994b). Naturally occurring
        hydrates include the monohydrate, thermonitrite, and the decahydrate, natron or natrite (Budavari
        et al. 1989). Sodium carbonate is used in the manufacture of glass and sodium salts; in soaps and
        strong cleansing agents; water softeners; pulp and paper manufacture; textile treatments; and
        various chemical processes. Sodium carbonate is not listed on the U.S. EPA's TRI, requiring
        certain U.S. industries to report on chemical releases to the environment (TRI93 1995).
                                                C-94
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX C
B.  Transport
    No information on the transport of sodium carbonate was found in the secondary sources searched.
    The water solubility suggests that the chemical would leach through soil.


C.  Transformation/Persistence
    No information on the transformation/persistence of sodium carbonate was found in the secondary
    sources searched. The water solubility suggests that the chemical would remain in the aqueous

    phase.
                                          C-95
-------
 APPENDIX C
                       CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM CHLORIDE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the tin-palladium process.
 This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see
 Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that
 may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
 government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made
 to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

 I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium chloride are summarized below.

 	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CARBONATE	
 Characteristic/Property	Data 	Reference	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air" 1)
K
LogKoW(-LogPMl)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Air Diffusivity Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7647-14-5
table salt, rock salt, sea salt, halite

NaCl
Cl-Na
Cubic white crystals, granules, or powder,
colorless and transparent or translucent when in
large crystals
58.44
804 °C, 801°C, 804-1600°C
1413 °C
1 g/2.8 mL water @ 25 °C
35.7g/100cm3@0°C
39.12 g/100 cm3@100 °C
2.165g/mL@25°C
no data
no data
no data
1 mm Hg @ 865 °C
Reacts violently with BrF3 and lithium.
non-flammable
non-combustible
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
Budavari et al. 1996;
HSDB 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996;
Chapman and Hall 1996;
Perry etal. 1994
Chapman and Hall 1996
Budavari et al. 1996;
Chapman and Hall 1996;
Lide 1991
tide 1991
Sax and Lewis 1989
Sax and Lewis 1989
NTP 1996
HSDB 1996
  .  ENVmONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Sodium chloride (NaCl) occurs in nature as the mineral halite (i.e. salt deposits) and is dissolved in
        the ocean (2.6% concentration) and other bodies of water (HSDB 1996). It is produced by mining,
        evaporation of brine from underground salt deposits, and evaporation from sea water (Budavari et
        al. 1996). It is released artificially into the environment as waste from bake houses and pickling
        and canning factories, etc., and in its use as a snow antifreeze or de-icer on pathways (HSDB
        1996).

    B.  Transport
        No information was found on the environmental transport of sodium chloride in the secondary
        sources searched. Its high water solubility (1 g/2.8 mL water @ 25 °C,  Budavari et al. 1996)
                                               C-96
-------
                                                                               APPENDIX C
    suggests that if it were released into the soil it would be highly mobile (e.g. when dissolved in
    rainfall) and could eventually end up in the groundwater.

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air — No information was found on the transformation/persistence of sodium chloride in air
        in the secondary sources searched. Its low reactivity and volatility (HSDB 1996, Sax and
        Lewis 1989) and high water solubility (Chapman and Hall 1996) indicate that any sodium
        chloride released into the air (e.g. from salt mining) would either dissolve in air moisture or
        remain as unchanged particulates that settle out.
    2.   Soil — Sodium chloride is found naturally in the soil as underground rock salt deposits.
        These salt deposits can be dissolved in water because NaCl is highly water soluble (Chapman
        and Hall 1996, Lide 1991).  The dissolved sodium chloride can then be either recovered above
        ground, as in solution mining (Perry et al. 1994), or may possibly end up in the groundwater
        (further information was not located in the searched secondary sources).
    3.   Water — Sodium chloride is very soluble in water, being stable in  solution for at least 24
        hours at room temperature (NTP 1996, Chapman and Hall 1996, Lide 1991). No other
        relevant information was located in the secondary sources searched.
    4.   Biota — No information was found on the transformation/persistence of sodium chloride in
        the biota in the secondary sources searched. Its high water solubility indicates that it would
        not appreciably bioconcentrate in the flora or fauna.
                                          C-97
-------
APPENDIX C
                      CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM CHLORITE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper and
non-formaldehyde electroless copper processes.  This summary is based on information retrieved from a
systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of
studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online
databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard
reference materials.  No attempt has  been made to verify information in these databases and secondary
sources.

I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium chlorite are summarized below.

        CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CHLORITE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Data
7758-19-2
chlorous acid, sodium salt; Textone
ClNaO2
NaClO2
slightly hygroscopic crystals or flakes
90.45
decomposes at 180-200°C
no data
390 g/L at 17°C;
550 g/L at 60°C
2.468 g/m3
Reference
HSDB 1995
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995
Vapor Density (air- 1)
Koo
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability

Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors     	
no data
no data
no data
negligible
powerful oxidizer, but will not explode
on percussion unless in contact with
oxidizable material;
in aqueous alkaline solution, chlorite ion is very
stable; in acid solution, chlorite forms
chlorous acid (HC1O2), which rapidly forms
chlorine dioxide (ClOJ, chlorate, and chloride
fire hazard rating = 1;
slightly combustible
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
not applicable	
Eastman Kodak 1986


Budavari et al. 1989



IARC 1991

Lockheed Martin 1994c
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Most of the sodium chlorite used in the U.S. is in the production of aqueous chlorine dioxide
        solutions at the site of use. The conversion can be carried out by the disproportionation of
        chlorous acid formed from chlorite in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution, but is more commonly
        achieved by the oxidation of chlorite by chlorine or hypochlorous acid (IARC 1991).  Chlorine
        dioxide is generated to bleach and strip textiles; to bleach wood pulp in paper processing; to
        eliminate tastes and odors in drinking water; to reduce loads of adsorbable organic halogenated
        compounds in industrial effluents; to control microbiological growth in paper mills, oil wells,
        petroleum systems, and food processing flume water; to bleach fats and oils; to disinfect sewage; to
        treat factory wastes; to bleach natural foliage; and to control algae in industrial  cooling towers.
                                               C-98
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX C
    Sodium chlorite is also used in the electronics industry for etching. It is not known to occur
    naturally (IARC 1991).

    Sodium chlorite is used in a small number of water treatment plants to generate chlorine dioxide;
    this may result in a low residual concentration of chlorite in drinking water (IARC 1991). Sodium
    chlorite is not listed on U.S. EPA's TRI, requiring certain U.S. industries to report on chemical
    releases to the environment (TRI93 1995).

B.  Transport
    No information on the transport of sodium chlorite was found in the secondary sources searched.

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    No information on the transformation/persistence of sodium chlorite was found in the secondary
    sources searched.
                                          C-99
-------
APPENDIX C
                     CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM HYDROXIDE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
conductive polymer, non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is
based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-
1). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been
included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,  government publications,
review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in
these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTEES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium hydroxide are summarized below.

        CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE _
Characteristic/Property
Data
                                                                             Reference
CAS No,
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air** 1)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
AirDiffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
1310-73-2
caustic soda; soda lye
NaOH
NaOH
deliquescent solid
40.01
318°C
1390°C
1 g in 0.9 mL water, 0.3 mL boiling water
2.13 g/mL @25°C
no data
no data
too low to be measured
1 mm Hg @ 739°C
reacts with all mineral acids to form
the corresponding salts; with organic
acids to form soluble salts;
pH of 0.5% solution is about 13
not combustible but solid form in contact
with moisture or water may generate sufficient
heat to ignite combustible materials
no data
dissociates completely
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
1 mg/m3 =• 0.61 ppm;
1 ppm = 1.636 mg/m3	
                                                                             Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                             Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                             Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                             Lide 1991
                                                                             Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                             Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                             Lide 1991
                                                                             Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                             Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                             HSDB 1995
                                                                             Sax 1984
                                                                             HSDB 1995
                                                                             Budavari et al. 1989
                                                                             HSDB 1995

                                                                             HSDB 1995
                                                                             HSDB 1995
                                                                             calculated:
                                                                             mg/m3 = 1 ppm x MW/24.45
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Sodium hydroxide is a corrosive deliquescent solid available in various solid forms and as
        solutions, usually 45-75% in water.  It is a strong alkali that is highly soluble in water (Budavari et
        al. 1989). When the chemical is dissolved in water, mists are frequently formed and heat is
        released (Pierce 1994b). As the least expensive strong base, sodium hydroxide is widely employed
        in industries such as rayon, cellophane and textiles, pulp and paper, soap and detergents, etching
        and electroplating, and many others (ACGIH 1991). Although sodium hydroxide releases are
        expected to occur in industrial/occupational settings, no data were found in the secondary sources
        searched. Consumers may be exposed to oven cleaning products that contain >5% lye (HSDB
        1995).
                                               C-100
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX C
B.  Transport
    No information on the transport of sodium hydroxide was found in the secondary sources searched.
    Because of its low vapor pressure, sodium hydroxide is not expected to partition to the atmosphere
    in significant amounts. The water solubility suggests that sodium hydroxide would leach through
    soil.

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    No information on the transformation/persistence of sodium hydroxide was found in the secondary
    sources searched. Low vapor pressure and its water solubility suggest the chemical would remain
    in the aqueous phase.
                                         C-101
-------
APPENDIX C
                  CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM HYPOPHOSPfflTE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper.
This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see
Attachment C-l. The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that
may have been included.  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium hypophosphite are summarized below.

     CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Characteristic/Property
Data
Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air = 1)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability

Flash Point
Dissociation Constant

Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7681-53-0
phosphinic acid, sodium salt
H2NaO2P
H2-O2-P.Na
white granules
87.97
no data
no data
100g/100mLat25°C
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
explodes when triturated with chlorates or
other oxidizing agents;
explosive when heated;
mixture with sodium or potassium nitrate
is powerful explosive
decomposes when heated forming
phosphine, a spontaneously flammable gas
phosphine is spontaneously flammable
no data;
aqueous solution is neutral
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
1 ppm = 3.60 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.28 ppm	
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
RTECS 1995
Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Weast 1983-1984
Budavarietal. 1989

HSDB 1995


HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995

Budavarietal. 1989
Budavarietal. 1989
Calculated using:
mg/m3 = ppm * MW/24.45
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        No information was found regarding the release of sodium hypophosphite to the environment. The
        chemical could potentially enter the environment from its use in removing mercury from animal
        feeds and manures or as an antimicrobial agent in meat, poultry, and fish (HSDB 1995). Sodium
        hypophosphite is not listed by the TRI requiring certain types of U.S. industries to report
        environmental releases (TRI93 1995).

    B.  Transport
        No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the movement of sodium
        hypophosphite through environmental media.  Based on the high water solubility, the chemical
        could be expected to be found in the aqueous phase.
                                               C-102
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX C
C.  Transformation/Persistence
    No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
    transformation/persistence of sodium hypophosphite in the air, soil, water, or biota.
                                         C-103
-------
APPENDIX C
          CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE 1-HYDRATE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the organic-palladium
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium hypophosphite 1-hydrate are
summarized below.

   CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE 1-
                                        HYDRATE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility

Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Koc
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flam inability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffiisivity Coefficient
AirDiflusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
10039-56-2
sodium phosphinate hydrate;
phosphinic acid, sodium salt, monohydrate
H4NaPO,
NaH2PO2 • H2O
white crystals
105.99
230°C (decomposes)
no data
50%
lOOg/lOOmL
0.8
3.6
no data
no data
no data
react violently with strong oxidizing agents
gives off toxic gases when burned
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
no data
Reference

Lockheed Martin 1995b

CHEMFINDER 1996
CHEMFINDER 1996
EM Industries 1991
CHEMFINDER 1996
EM Industries 1991

EM Industries 1991
Chapman and Hall 1995
EM Industries 1991
CHEMFINDER 1996



EM Industries 1991
CHEMFINDER 1996






JT Baker Inc. 1994

H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

   A.  Environmental Release
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched on the amount or sources of sodium
       hypophosphite 1-hydrate released to the environment.

   B.  Transport
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched to indicate how sodium
       hypophosphite 1-hydrate is transported in the environment. The high water solubility suggests that
       leaching into groundwater could occur.

   C.  Transformation/Persistence
       No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transformation or
       persistence of sodium hypophosphite 1-hydrate in air, soil, water, or biota.
                                          C-104
-------
                                                                                        APPENDIX C
                     CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM PERSULFATE
   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the carbon, graphite,
organic-palladium, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information retrieved from a
systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of
studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that may have been included. These sources include online
databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard
reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary
sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium persulfate are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM PERSULFATE	
Characteristic/Property	Data
                                      Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air =1)
Koc
7775-27-1
sodium peroxydisulfate
peroxydisulfuric acid, disodiuim salt
disodium peroxydisulfate
 Vapor Pressure
 Reactivity
 Flammability
 Flash Point
 Dissociation Constant
 Henry's Law Constant
 Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
 Air Diffusivity Coefficient
 Fish Bioconcentration Factor
 Odor Threshold
 Conversion Factors
Na2O8S2
white crystalline powder
238.13
no data
no data
549 g/L @ 20°
2.4
no data
no data
no data
no data
gradually decomposes; decomposition
promoted by H2O and high temperature
strong oxidizer. Contact with other material
may cause fire. Can react violently with shock,
friction, or heat
slightly combustible
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless
1 mg/m3 = 0.10ppm
1 ppm = 9.74 mg/m3 _
Budavari et al. 1989
RTECS 1995
DuPontandCo. 1992
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
Budavari etal. 1989
JT Baker Inc. 1985
Budavari et al. 1989

JT Baker Inc. 1985


Lockheed Martin 1989b
 JT Baker Inc. 1985
 Calculated using:
 ppm = mg/m3 * 24.45/mol. wt.
 H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

     A.  Environmental Release
         No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
         of sodium persulfate.

     B.  Transport
         No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the transport of sodium
         persulfate.

     C.  Transformation/Persistence
         No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
         transformation/persistence of sodium persulfate in air, soil, water, or biota.
                                                 C-l 05
-------
APPENDIX C
                        CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM SULFATE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l).  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium sulfate are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM SULFATE	
Characteristic/Property	Data	                       Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State

Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air=l)
KOC
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flam inability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
7757-82-6
bisodium sulfate; disodium monosulfate
disodium sulfate; sulfuric acid disodium salt
Na2SO4
H2-04-S.2Na
white powder or orthorhombic bipyramidal
crystals
142.06
888°C
not found
soluble in about 3.6 parts H2O
2.671
not found
not found
not found
not found
sodium sulfate and aluminum will explode
at 800°C; reacts violently with magnesium
not found
nonflammable
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
odorless
1 ppm = 5.81 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.172ppm	
HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995

HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Calculated using:
ppm = mg/m' x 24.45/m.w.
II.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Sodium sulfate occurs in nature in the minerals mirabilite, thenardite, hanksite, sulphohalite,
        galubzrite, loeweite, ferronatrite, bloedite, tychite, aphthitalite, tamarugite, and mendozite; it is
        relatively common in alkali lakes, ground water, and sea water (HSDB 1995).

        An analysis of individual droplets in samples of fog, haze and cloud collected in Israel revealed the
        presence of both acid and alkaline droplets (Ganor et al. 1993).  The alkaline droplets contained
        minerals and salt solutions of sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate or sodium chloride.

    B.  Transport
        No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental transport
        of sodium sulfate.
                                               C-l 06
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX C
C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of sodium sulfate in air. HSDB (1995) states that sodium sulfate
        may persist indefinitely in the environment.
    2.   Soil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of sodium sulfate in soil.  HSDB (1995) states that sodium sulfate
        may persist indefinitely in the environment.
    3.   Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        transformation/persistence of sodium sulfate in the aquatic environment. HSDB (1995) states
        that sodium sulfate may persist indefinitely in the environment.
    4.   Biota — There is no evidence that sodium sulfate accumulates in biota or contaminates the
        food chain (HSDB 1995).
                                          C-107
-------
APPENDIX C
                   CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR STAJNNOUS CHLORIDE
                           AND STANNOUS CHLORIDE AS TIN

   These chemicals were identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes. This summary is based on information
retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources. These sources include online databases,
unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference
materials.  No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of stannous chloride are  summarized below. The
valence state of the stannous ion is 2 (Sn2+ or Sn[II]).

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STANNOUS CHLORIDE
Characteristic/Property
CAS No.
Common Synonyms


Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air=l)
Koc
LogKow
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flamm ability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
Data
7772-99-8
tin (II) chloride
tin dichloride
tin protochloride
SnCl2
SnCl2
crystals or flakes
189.61
246°C
652°Cat720mmHg
900g/Lat20°C
d25«3.95
no data
no data
-2 to -3
no data
powerful reducing agent
not readily flammable
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
3000 (inorganic tin)'
odorless
not applicable
Reference

HSDB 1995




Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Lide 1991
Lide 1991
HSDB 1995
Lide 1991


Wongetal. 1982

Budavari et al. 1989
HSDB 1995





ATSDR 1992
HSDB 1995

a) Method of calculation/measurement not given.
  . ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

   A.  Environmental Release
       No data on the release of stannous chloride to the environment were located in the secondary
       sources searched; environmental levels of tin are stated in terms of inorganic tin.  Tin is a
       naturally-occurring element found in environmental media and natural foods. Tin and tin
       compounds are not included in the TRI. The most significant releases of inorganic tin are from
       burning of fossil fuels and industrial production and use of tin (ATSDR 1992). The tin content of
       airborne fly ash from coal-burning plants ranged from 7-19 yUg/g (ATSDR 1992). Tin in waste
       streams originates primarily from the production of tin cans (Brown 1983, as reported in HSDB
       1995). Tin also occurs in water stored in coated metal containers and may be released in effluents
       from industrial processes and from municipal sewage (NRC 1977). Human exposure to tin is
       primarily by ingestion of canned food products (ATSDR 1992).
                                          C-108
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX C
   Public water supplies in 42 U.S. cities contained total tin at concentrations of 1.1-2.2 ug/L; water
   from 175 natural sources in west-central Arkansas contained 0.9-30 ug/L total tin (NRC 1977).
   Total tin was below the limit of detection in 56 of 59 samples of river water in the U.S. and
   Canada; the other three values were 1.3, 1.4, and 2.1 ug/L (NRC 1977). Seawater contains 0.2-
   0 3 Mg/L (NRC 1977).  Tin occurs in surface and groundwater at 21% of NPL sites at a geometric
   mean concentration of 50 ,ug/L (ATSDR 1992). Ambient soil levels in Canada ranged from 1-200
   mg/kg total tin (mean 4 mg/kg); the ambient sediment level was 4.6 mg/kg (HSDB 1995). Tin was
   detected at hazardous waste sites at a geometric mean concentration of 30 mg/kg of soil (ATSDR
    1992).

B. Transport
   Tin released to the atmosphere in the form of particulates would be removed by gravitational
   settling within a matter of days. In soil, the Sn2+ cation will be adsorbed to some extent. Although
   moderately water soluble, tin in water may partition to soils and sediments; the Sn2+ ion will also
    readily precipitate as a sulfide or hydroxide (ATSDR 1992). These characteristics would limit
    mobility.

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1   Air — Tin in the atmosphere is usually associated with dust particles; the deposition hall-lite
        of dust particles is on the order of days (U.S. EPA 1987c). No information on the
        transformation or degradation of inorganic tin compounds in the atmosphere was found.
    2.  Soil — The Sn2+ cation will be adsorbed by soil to some extent (ATSDR 1992), thereby
        retarding leaching to groundwater. The formation of insoluble salts would also limit the
        amount leaching to groundwater.
    3.  Water — Sn2+ in oxygen poor alkaline water will readily precipitate as a sulfide or hydroxide
         (ATSDR 1992); this would limit the amount in solution or suspension in groundwater.
        Inorganic tin may be transformed into organometallic compounds; a change of valence state
         probably does not occur (ATSDR 1992).
    4.   Biota — A log Kow of -2 to -3 would indicate little potential for bioaccumulation, but reported
         estimates of the bioconcentration factors for inorganic tin (valance state not given) for marine
         and freshwater plants, invertebrates, and fish were 100, 1000, and 3000, respectively
         (ATSDR 1992).
                                          C-109
-------
 APPENDIX C
                          CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SULFURIC ACID

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper,
 carbon, conductive polymer, graphite, non-formaldehyde electroless copper, and tin-palladium processes.
 This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see
 Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that
 may have been included.  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
 government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt has been made
 to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

 I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sulfuric acid are summarized below.

 	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SULFURIC ACID	
 Characteristic/Property	Data	Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molccula- Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air= 1)
K
-------
                                                                               APPENDIX C
   water to form sulfurous acid; the latter is slowly oxidized to sulfuric acid (Beliles and Beliles
   1993). Based on rain chemistry data measured in southwestern Pennsylvania in 1983, an acid
   deposition budget was estimated as follows: 47%, sulfuric acid in rain; 23%, sulfur dioxide
   deposition without dew; 16%, nitric acid and sulfuric acid in fog and dew; and 0.5% aerosol dry
   deposition without dew (HSDB 1995).

   Sulfuric acid can enter the aquatic environment from a variety of sources: in accidental spills from
   train derailments; in wastewaters from mining properties where sulfides are part of the ore or the
   rock being mined; in wastewaters from the steel industry; from the atmosphere; and as a
   decomposition product of effluents containing sulfur, thiosulfate, or thionates (HSDB 1995).

   Sulfuric acid is the most widely used of the strong inorganic acids.  Average occupational
   exposures to sulfuric acid mists in pickling, electroplating, and other acid treatment of metals are
   frequently above 0.5 mg/m3, while lower levels are usually found in the manufacture of lead-acid
   batteries and in phosphate fertilizer production (IARC 1992).

   In 1992, releases of sulfuric acid to environmental media, as reported to the TRI by certain types
   of industries, totaled about 156,809,406 pounds. Of this amount, 23,721,453 pounds (15%) were
   released to the atmosphere, 32,719,526 pounds (21%) were released to surface water, 98,631,395
   pounds (63%) were released in underground injection sites, and 1,737,032 pounds (1%) were
   released on land (TRI92  1994).

B. Transport
   Sulfuric acid aerosols in  the atmosphere are likely to be removed through wet and dry deposition.
   Released to soils, most of the sulfuric acid is expected to be removed by reaction with inorganic
   minerals or organic matter in soils. In highly sandy soil, sulfuric acid probably leaches into
   groundwater (U.S. EPA  1984d).

C. Transformation/Persistence
    1   Air — Sulfuric acid is present in the atmosphere in the form of aerosols. In dry weather, the
        aerosol is found in the sub-0.65 ^m particle size fraction, while under humid conditions, it is
        present in the 0.65-3.6 i^m particle size range.  Sulfuric acid is a primary source of inorganic
        sulfates in the atmosphere, particularly ammonium sulfate. Depending on the amount of
        moisture in the atmosphere, sulfuric acid aerosols may react with organics in the atmosphere
        to form sulfonates.
    2.    Soil — The majority of sulfuric acid in soils is expected to be removed by reaction with
         inorganic minerals  or organic matter in soils. During transport through the soil, sulfuric acid
         can dissolve some of the soil material, in particular carbonate-based materials (HSDB 1995).
         In highly sandy soil, sulfuric acid probably leaches into groundwater (U.S. EPA 1984d).
    3.    Water •— In aquatic media of about pH >7, sulfuric acid reacts with carbonate,  bicarbonate,
         or hydroxides in the sediment or suspended particles, with the formation of sulfates.  Since the
         majority of sulfates, with the exception of lead and calcium, are soluble in water, this reaction
         may mobilize the precipitated metals from the aquatic phase and decrease the pH of the
         solution. In aquatic media of pH <7, at least a part of the sulfuric acid may remain ionized in
         solution and may be mobile (U.S. EPA 1984d).
    4.    Biota — No information on the transformation/persistence of sulfuric acid in biota was found
         in the secondary sources searched.
                                          C-lll
-------
 APPENDIX C
                          CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR TARTARIC ACID

    This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
 process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
 sources (see Attachment C-l).  The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
 submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
 information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials.  No attempt
 has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

 I.  CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of tartaric acid are summarized below.

 	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TARTARIC ACID	
 Characteristic/Property	Data     	Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
acid; (+)-tartario acid; dextrotartaric acid;

Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air= 1)
Koc
LogKow(-LogP,J

Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flam inability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Air DifFusivity Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold

Conversion Factors
87-69-4
2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid; L-tartaric acid;
Budavari et al. 1996;
d-trataric acid; natural tartaric acid
C4H606
H02CCH(OH)CH(OH)C02H
colorless or translucent solid monoclinic rhombic
or spheroidal  prisms,
awhile fine to granular crystalline powder
150.09
171-174 °C; 168-170 °C
no data
freely soluble (139 g/100 mL @ 20 °C)
1.7598® 20 °C
no data
no data
Log PM -0.76/-2.02 (calculated) for the racemic
threoic acid
no data
no data
no data
no data
pKa,= 2.98, pKa2 = 4.34
pKa, = 2.93, pKa2 = 4.23
no data
no data
no data
no data
odorless; odor of burnt sugar when heated to
melting point
no data
Katz and Guest 1994, L-threoic

Informatics, Inc. 1974
Budavari et al. 1996
Lide 1991
Lide 1991;
Budavari et al. 1996
Informatics, Inc. 1974
Lide 1991
Lide 1991; Budavari etal. 1996

Budavari et al. 1996
Lide 1991
Verschueren 1983
                                                                               Chapman and Hall 1996
                                                                               Katz and Guest 1994,
                                                                               Budavari et al. 1996
Informatics, Inc. 1974;
Budavari et al. 1996
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        No information on environmental releases of tartaric acid was found in the secondary sources
        searched. Tartaric acid is widely used in foods, soft drinks, wine, cleaners, textile printing,
        Pharmaceuticals, etc. and is freely water-soluble, so small quantities are likely to be released into
        the water supply, soil and eventually the groundwater from personal and commercial use and
        production.

    B.  Transport
        No information on the environmental transport of tartaric acid was found in the secondary sources
        searched. Its high water solubility (139 g/100 mL @ 20°C; Budavari et al. 1996) suggests that if
                                                C-l 12
-------
                                                                               APPENDIX C
    it did volatilize it could be removed from the atmosphere by rainfall, and if it were released onto
    soil it would likely be mobile and may end up in the groundwater.

C.  Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air - Tartaric acid is reported to be stable to air and light (Budavari et al. 1996); no other
        information was found in the secondary sources searched.
    2.   Soil - No information regarding the transformation/persistence of tartaric acid in soil was
        located.  Its high water solubility suggests it would be highly mobile in soil and could enter
        the groundwater.
    3.   Water - No information on the transformation/persistence of tartaric acid in water was found
        in the secondary sources searched.  Being a strong organic acid (Budavari et al. 1996), it is
        expected to dissociate into its ion components when in water.
    4.   Biota - No information on the transformation/persistence of tartaric acid in the biota was
        found in the secondary sources searched.  Its high water solubility indicates that it would not
        appreciably bioconcentrate in the flora or fauna.
                                          C-113
-------
APPENDIX C
               CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR TETRASODIUM EDTA (Na4EDTA)

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l).  These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

L CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of Na4EDTA are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF Na4EDTA	
Characteristic/Property	Data	Reference	
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecule' Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air
                l)
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flam inability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular DifFusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
64-02-8
(ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt;
edetate sodium; edetic acid tetrasodium salt; EDTA
tetrasodium salt; Trilon B; Versene 100; Versene
beads or flake
C,0H16N208.4Na

white powder; anhydrous or 2H2O
380.20
not found
not found
103 g/100 mL; very soluble
6.9 Ib/gal
not found
not found
not found
0.24xl02torr@25°C
reacts with most divalent and trivalent metallic
ions to form soluble metal chelates
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
not found
1 ppm= 16.7mg/m'
1 mg/m3 = 0.064 ppm	
                                                                            HSDB 1995
                                                                            HSDB 1995

                                                                            HSDB 1995
                                                                            HSDB 1995
                                                                            HSDB 1995
                                                                            HSDB 1995
                                                                            CHEMFATE 1995
                                                                            HSDB 1995
                                                                            Calculated using:
                                                                            ppm = mg/m' x 24.45/m.w.
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
        of Na4EDTA. The chemical is probably released to air, water, and soil from industries that
        manufacture and use it, from the use of pesticide formulations that contain it, and from the disposal
        of Pharmaceuticals and other consumer products that contain it.

    B.  Transport
        No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental transport
        of Na4EDTA. The vapor pressure for Na4EDTA (0.24 x 102 torr [CHEMFATE 1995]) suggests
        that the chemical is moderately volatile and may undergo volatilization from soil and water
        surfaces. The high water solubility of Na4EDTA suggests possible leaching of the chemical
        through the soil to groundwater.
                                              C-l 14
-------
                                                                           APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
   1.   Air — Estimated half-lives for the reaction of Na4EDTA with RO2, OH, and O3 are 2200
        years, 8 minutes, and 1 day, respectively (CHEMFATE 1995).  This suggests thatNa4EDTA
        in the atmosphere may undergo significant reaction with photochemically-generated hydroxyl
        radicals and ozone.
   2.   Soil — Na4EDTA released to the soil would form soluble metal chelates with most divalent
        and trivalent metallic ions (HSDB 1995).
   3.   Water — The reaction of Na4EDTA with OH in air (CHEMFATE 1995) suggests that the
        chemical may also react with photochemically-generated hydroxyl radicals in water.
   4.   Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        persistence or biomagnification of Na4EDTA in biota.
                                        C-115
-------
APPENDIX C
                     CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR TRIETHANQLAMINE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the electroless copper and
tin-palladium processes.  This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited
to secondary sources (see Attachment C-l). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of triethanolamine are summarized below.

	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIETHANOLAMINE	
Characteristic/Property	Data	Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air - 1)
102-71-6
2,2',2"-nitrilotrisethanol
C6H15N03
(HOCHjCH^N
pale yellow, viscous liquid
149.19
21.57°C
335.4°C
miscible
d20'4, 1.1242
5.1

CHEMFATE 1995


Benya and Harbison 1994
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
CHEMFATE 1995
HSDB 1995
HSDB 1995
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flam inability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant (pKa)
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor

Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
no data
-1.59
3.59xlO'
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX C
   pressure and low Henry's Law Constant indicate that volatilization to the atmosphere will be
   negligible.

C. Transformation/Persistence
   1.   Air — The half-life for triethanolaraine reaction with photochemically produced hydroxy
        radicals was estimated at 4 hours with a rate constant of 10.4 x 10~n cm3/molecules-sec and
        assuming an average hydroxyl concentration of 5 x 105 molecules/cm3 (HSDB 1995). The
        chemical will also be removed from the atmosphere in precipitation (HSDB 1995).
   2.   Soil — Triethanolamine will be biodegraded rapidly in soils, following acclimation, with a
        half-life of days to weeks. Removal from soils also occurs through leaching (HSDB 1995).
   3.   Water — Triethanolamine is rapidly degraded in water following acclimation. In a batch
        system using activated sludge, the chemical was 89% degraded in 14 days following a 3 day
        acclimation period (CHEMFATE 1995).  Other tests showed increases in theoretical
        biological oxygen demand (BOOT) of 66% and 69% (sea water) in 20 days using sewage
        inoculum (CHEMFATE 1995; HSDB 1995).
   4.   Biota — Based on the low estimated bioconcentration factor and high water solubility of
        triethanolamine, the chemical is expected to have a low potential for bioaccumulation in
        aquatic organisms.
                                         C-117
-------
APPENDIX C
                        CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR SODIUM CITRATE

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the organic-palladium
process. This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary
sources (see Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA
submissions that may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA
information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt
has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

L CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

 The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of sodium citrate are summarized below.
	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CITRATE
Characteristic/Property	     Data                	Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molcculh." Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Koc
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity

Flammability
Flush Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Difiusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconcentration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
68-04-2
trisodium citrate; sodium citrate anhydrous;
2-hydroxy-l,2,3-propanetricarboxylicacid,
trisodium salt
C6H5Na307
CH2(COONa)C(OH)(COONa)CH2COONa
dihydrate, white crystals, granules, or powder;
pentahydrate, relatively large, colorless
crystals or white granules
258.07
150°C (-2 H2O)
decomposed at red heat
72 g/100 mL at25°C (dihydrate)
1.9
no data
no data
no data
no data
0 (nonreactive, NFPA classification);
aqueous solution slightly acid to litmus
1 (slightly combustible, NFPA classification);
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data; odorless
no data
Lockheed Martin 1991
Budavari et al. 1989
Osol 1980
Budavari et al. 1989
Budavari et al. 1989
Fisher Scientific 1985
Lewis 1993
Weast 1983-1984
Fisher Scientific 1985
Lockheed Martin 1991
Osol 1980
Lockheed Martin 1991
Lewis 1993
H. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        Sodium citrate is a solid with a cool, saline taste that is soluble in water (Fisher Scientific 1985).
        It is used in soft drinks, frozen desserts, meat products, cheeses, and as a nutrient for cultured
        buttermilk; in photography; in detergents; as a sequestrant and buffer; as an anticoagulant for
        blood withdrawn from the body; and in the removal of sulfur dioxide from smelter waste gases
        (Lewis 1993).  Medicinally, sodium citrate is used as expectorant and systemic alkalizer.  Sodium
        citrate is a chelating agent and has been used to facilitate elimination of lead from the body (Osol
        1980).

        No data were found on the environmental releases of sodium citrate. The chemical is not listed on
        U.S. EPA's TRI, requiring certain U.S. industries to report on chemical  releases to the environment
        (TBI93 1995). The chemical could potentially enter the environment when used for the removal of
        sulfur dioxide from smelter waste gases.
                                                C-l 18
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX C
B.  Transport
    No data were found on the environmental transport of sodium citrate in the secondary sources
    searched. Its water solubility suggests that the sodium citrate would remain in the water phase.


C.  Transformation/Persistence
    No data were found on the transformation/persistence of potassium bisulfate in the secondary
    sources searched.
                                          C-119
-------
 APPENDIX C
                             CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR VANILLIN

   This chemical was identified by one or more suppliers as a bath ingredient for the tin-palladium process.
This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see
Attachment C-l). The only exception is summaries of studies from unpublished TSCA submissions that
may have been included. These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information,
government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made
to verify information in these databases and secondary sources.

I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
   The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of vanillin are summarized below.

  	CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VANILLIN
Characteristic/Property	Data	Reference
CAS No.
Common Synonyms
Molecular Formula
Chemical Structure
Physical State
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Water Solubility
Density
Vapor Density  (air = 1)
KOC
Log ROW
Vapor Pressure
Reactivity
Flammability
Flash Point
Dissociation Constant
Henry's Law Constant
Molecular Diffusivity Coefficient
Air Diffusivity Coefficient
Fish Bioconccntration Factor
Odor Threshold
Conversion Factors
121-33-5
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaIdehyde;methyl-
protocatechuic aldehyde; vanillic aldehyde;
3-methoxy~4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
C8H803
(CH3O)C6H3(OH)CHO
white or slightly yellow needles
152.15
80-81°C
285°C
1 g/100 mL
1.056g/mL
5.2
not found
not found
2.2xlO-3mmHg@25°C
can react violently with bromine, potassium
tert-butoxide, tert-chlorobenzene + NaOH,
formic acid + T1(NO3)3 and perchloric acid
not found
not found
pK.17.40,pKa211.4(25°C)
not found
not found
not found
not found
2 x 10-1 ppm, water; 1.10 x 10'8 ppb, air
1 ppm = 6.2 mg/m3
lmg/m' = 0.161 ppm
Budavari et al. 1996
Kirwin and Galvin 1993
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
Budavari et al. 1996
HSDB 1996
HSDB 1996
Keith and Walters 1985
Chapman and Hall 1995
Kirwin and Galvin 1993
Brabec 1993
H.  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

    A.  Environmental Release
        No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental release
        of vanillin. The chemical occurs naturally in vanilla, potato parings, and Siam benzoin (Budavari
        etal. 1996).

    B.  Transport
        No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the environmental transport
        of vanillin. The vapor pressure (2.2 x 10'3 mm Hg [HSDB 1996]) for the chemical indicates that
        little volatilization from soil or water could occur.  Vanillin is soluble in water (1 g/100 mL
        [Budavari et al. 1996]) and may move through the soil, possibly to groundwater.
                                               C-l 20
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX C
C. Transformation/Persistence
    1.   Air — Vanillin oxidizes to some extent when exposed to moist air and is "affected" by light
        (Budavari et al. 1996). Vanillin absorbs UV light at wavelengths of 308 and 278 nm (Kirwin
        and Galvin 1993), suggesting that phototransformation is possible.  Decomposition of vanillin
        under strict anaerobic conditions has been observed (HSDB 1996).
    2.   Soil — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the fate of
        vanillin in soil.
    3.   Water — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the fate of
        vanillin in the aquatic environment. Based on its absorption of UV light at wavelengths of
        308 and 278 nm, vanillin in surface water could undergo some phototransformation.
    4.   Biota — No information was found in the secondary sources searched regarding the
        bioaccumulation of vanillin.
                                          C-121
-------
APPENDIX C
                                   CITED REFERENCES

ACGIH.  1991.  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of
    Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th ed. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH.

ACGIH.  1994-1996.  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit
    Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH,
    Cincinnati, OH.

Aldrich Chemical Co. 1985. Material Safety Data Sheet for Cuprous Chloride. Aldrich Chemical Co.,
    Milwaukee, WI.

Allan, R.E. 1994. Phenols and phenolic compounds. In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th
    ed, Vol. 2, Part B. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds.  John Wiley & Sons, New York.

American Heritage Dictionary. 1974.  American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
    Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

Amdur M.O., J. Doull and C.D. Klaassen (Eds.)  1991. Casarett andDoull's Toxicology. The Basic
    Science of Poisons, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.

ATSDR.  1989.  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for
    Isophorone. ATSDR/TP-89-15. ATSDR, Chamblee, GA.

ATSDR.  1990a. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicology Profile for Ammonia.
    ATSDR, Chamblee, GA.

ATSDR.  1990b. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicology Profile for Copper.
    ATSDR, Atlanta, GA.

ATSDR.  1990c. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Silver.
    ATSDR, Atlanta, GA.

ATSDR.  1992.  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicology Profile for Tin.
    ATSDR, Atlanta, GA.

ATSDR.  1993 a. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Technical Report for Ethylene
    Glycol/Propylene Glycol.  Draft for public comment. ATSDR, Atlanta, GA.

ATSDR.  1993b. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for
    Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine (F).  ATSDR/TP-91-17. ATSDR, Atlanta,  GA.

ATSDR.  1995.  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Cyanide
    (Draft for Public Comment). ATSDR, Atlanta, GA.

Beliles, R.P. and E.M. Beliles.  1993. Phosphorus, selenium, tellurium, and sulfur. In: Patty's Industrial
    Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2, Part A, Toxicology. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds.
    John Wiley & Sons, New York.
                                           C-122
-------
                                                                                APPENDIX C
Beliles, R.P. 1994a. The metals. In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2. G.D.
    Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds.  John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Beliles, R.P. 1994b. Magnesium. In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed.  G.D.Clayton
    and F.E. Clayton, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Benya, T.J. and R.D. Harbison.  1994. Aliphatic and alicyclic amines. In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene
    and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2, Part B, Toxicology. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds. John
    Wiley & Sons, New York.

Brabec, M.J.  1993. Aldehydes and acetals.  In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol.
    2, Part A. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Bromilow, R.H., K. Chamberlain, A.J. Tench and R.H. Williams. 1993. Phloem translocation of strong
    acids: Glyphosate, substituted phosphonic and sulfonic acids. Ricinus communis L. Pestic. Sci.,
    37(1) 39-47. (Cited in TOXLINE 1995)

Budavari, S., M.J. O'Neil, A. Smith and P.E. Heckelman (Eds.) 1989. The Merck Index, llth ed. Merck
    & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ.

Budavari, S., M.J. O'Neil, A. Smith, P.E. Heckelman and J.F. Kinneary (Eds.)  1996. The Merck Index,
    12thed. Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ.

Gallery Chemical Co.  1992a.  Section 8(e) submission 8EHQ-0392-2602 Init.  Acute Dermal Toxicity
    Study in the Rabbit of Dimethylamine Borane. Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental
    Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

Gallery Chemical Co.  1992b. Section 8(e) submission 8EHQ-0392-2605 Init.  Oral LD50 Study in the
    Rat of t-Butylamine Borane (tBAB). Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Washington, D.C.

 Gallery Chemical Co.  1992c. Section 8(e) submission 8EHQ-0392-2604 Init.  Oral LD50 Study in the
    Rat of Tetramethylammonium Octahydrotriborate (QMB3). Office of Toxic Substances, U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

 Gallery Chemical Co. 1992d. Section 8(e) submission 8EHQ-0392-2603 Init. Acute Dermal Toxicity
    Study in the Rabbit of t-Butylamine Borane (tBAB).  Office of Toxic Substances, U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

 Chapman and Hall. 1995-1996. Chapman & Hall Chemical Data Base.

 CHEMFATE.  1995-1996. Syracuse Research Corporation's Environmental Fate Data Bases.  Syracuse
     Research Corporation, Syracuse, NY.

 Churg, A. and B. Stevens. 1992. Calcium containing particles as a marker of cigarette smoke exposure
     in'autopsy lungs. Exp Lung Res 18:21-28. (Cited in TOXLINE 1995)

 DuPontandCo.  1992.  Sensitization Study with Humans. Haskell Laboratories, El DuPont DeNemours
     and Co. 8EHQ-0392-2767.
                                             C-123
-------
 APPENDIX C
 Eastman Kodak Co. 1986. Material Safety Data Sheet. 5/21/86.

 Eastman Kodak Co. 1989. Material Safety Data Sheet. Glycolic acid. 6/08/89.

 EM Industries.  1987. Material Safety Data Sheet for Cupric Chloride. EM Science, A Division of EM
     Industries, Cherry Hill, NJ.

 EM Industries.  1991. Material Safety Data Sheet for Sodium Hypophosphinate Hydrate. EM Science, a
     Division of EM Industries, Gibbstown, NJ, prepared 3/1/91.

 EM Industries.  1992. Material Safety Data Sheet for Potassium Sodium Tartrate. EM Science, A
     Division of EM Industries, Gibbstown, NJ.

 Faust, R.A. 1992. Toxicity Summary for Silver. U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency.
    Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.

 Fisher Scientific. 1985. Sodium citrate.  Materials Safety Data Sheet. Fisher Scientific Chemical
    Division, Fair Lawn, NJ.

 Fisher Scientific. 1991. Material Safety Data Sheet for Potassium Bisulfate. JT Baker, Inc.,
    Phillipsburg, NJ.

 Ganor, E., Z. Levin and D. Pardess. 1993.  Determining the acidity and chemical composition of fog,
    haze and cloud droplets in Israel. Atmos Environ Part A Gen Top 27:1821-1832 (Cited in
    TOXLINE 1995)

 Gingell, R., et al. 1994. Glycol ethers and other selected glycol derivatives. In: Patty's Industrial
    Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2A, Toxicology. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds. John
    Wiley & Sons, New York.

 Gorzelska, K. and J.N. Galloway. 1990. Amine nitrogen in the atmospheric environment over the North
    Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem Cycles 4:309-334.

 Grant, W.M.  1986. Toxicology of the Eye,  3rd ed.  Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.

 Greim, H., J. Ahlers and R. Bias, et al.  1994. Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of Sulfonic Acids: Structure-
    activity Relationship. Chemosphere 28:2203-2236.

 Harris, L.R. and D.G. Sarvadi.  1994. Synthetic Polymers.  In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and
    Toxicology, Vol. 2A, 4th ed. G.C. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds.  John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Howard, P.H.  1989. Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Vol.
    I, Large Production and Priority Pollutants. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.

Howard, P.H. (Ed.)  1990. Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals.
    Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.

Howard, P.H. (Ed.)  1993. Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals.
    Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
                                            C-124
-------
                                                                               APPENDIX C
HSDB.  1995-1996. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. MEDLARS Online Information Retrieval
    System, National Library of Medicine.

IARC. 1977. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
    Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Some Fumigants, the Herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T,
    Chlorinated Dibenzodioxines and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals, Vol. 15. IARC, Lyon,
    France.

IARC. 1984. International Agency for Research on Cancer.  Carbon blacks.  In: IARC Monographs on
    the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 33. IARC, Lyon, France, pp. 35-85.

IARC. 1985. International Agency for Research on Cancer.  Hydrogen Peroxide. In: IARC Monographs
    on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Allyl Compounds, Aldehydes,
    Epoxides and Peroxides, Vol. 36. IARC, Lyon, France.

IARC.  1989. International Agency for Research on Cancer.  IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
    Carcinogenic Risks of Chemicals to Humans. Some Organic Solvents, Resin Monomers and Related
    Compounds, Pigments and Occupational Exposures in Paint Manufacture and Painting, Vol. 47.
    IARC, Lyon, France.

IARC.  1991. International Agency for Research on Cancer.  Sodium chlorite.  In: IARC Monographs
    on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Chlorinated Drinking-water; Chlorination By-
    products; Some Other Halogenated Compounds; Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds, Vol. 52. IARC,
    Lyon, France.

 IARC.  1992. International Agency for Research on Cancer.  IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
    Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Occupational Exposures to Mists and Vapors from
    Strong Inorganic Acids and other Industrial Chemicals, Vol. 54.  IARC, Lyon, France.

 IARC.  1995. International Agency for Research on Cancer.  IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
    Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Wood Dust and Formaldehyde, Vol. 62. IARC, Lyon,
    France.

 Informatics, Inc.  1974. Scientific Literature Reviews on Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) Food
     ingredients: Tartarates.  National Technical Information Service.

 JT Baker, Inc.  1985.  Material Safety Data Sheet for Sodium Persulfate. JT Baker Inc., Phillipsburg, NJ.

 JT Baker, Inc.  1992a. Material Safety Data Sheet for Potassium Bisulfate. JT Baker Inc., Phillipsburg,
     NJ.

 JT Baker, Inc.  1992b. Material Safety Data Sheet for Sodium Cyanide. JT Baker Inc., Phillipsburg, NJ.

 JT Baker, Inc. 1992c. Material Safety Data Sheet for Potassium Sulfate. JT Baker Inc., Phillipsburg,
     NJ.

  JT Baker, Inc. 1992d. Material Safety Data Sheet for Potassium Sodium Tartrate. JT Baker Inc.,
      Phillipsburg, NJ.
                                             C-125
-------
 APPENDIX C
 JT Baker, Inc.  1994.  Material Safety Data Sheet for Sodium Hypophosphite, Monohydrate.  JT Baker
     Inc., Phillipsburg, NJ, issued 1/15/94.


 JT Baker, Inc.  1995.  Material Safety Data Sheet for Sodium Bisulfate. JT Baker Inc., Phillipsburg, NJ.

 Kate, G.V. and D. Guest. 1994. Aliphatic carboxylic acids. In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and
     Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2, Part E, Toxicology. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds.  John Wiley &
     Sons, New York.

 Keith, L.H. and D.B. Walters (Eds.)  1985. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and
     Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, Deerfield Beach.

 Kertesz, M.A., P. Kolbener, H. Stockinger, S. Beil and A.M. Cook.  1994. Desulfonation of linear
     alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactants and related compounds by bacteria. Appl and Environ Microbio
     60(7) 2296-2303.  (Cited in TOXLINE 1995)

 Kirwin, CJ. and J.B. Galvin. 1993. Ethers. In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed.,Vol.
     2, Part A. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

 Lewis, R.J., Jr. (Ed.) 1993.  Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed.  VanNostrand
     Reinhold, New York.

 Lide, D.R. (Ed.) 1991. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 72nd ed.  CRC Press, Boca Raton
    FL.


 Lington, A.W. and C. Bevan. 1994. Alcohols. In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed.,
    Vol. 2, Part A. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds.  John Wiley & Sons, New York.

 Lockheed Martin. 1989a. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Materials Safety Data Sheet for
    Potassium Bisulfate.

 Lockheed Martin. 1989b. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Material Safety Reference Sheet for
    Sodium Persulfate.

 Lockheed Martin. 1991. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Materials Safety Data Sheet for
    Sodium Citrate.


 Lockheed Martin. 1994a. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Material Safety Data Sheet for
    Sodium Tetrafluoroborate.


Lockheed Martin.  1994b. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Material Safety Reference Sheet for
    Potassium Hydroxide.


Lockheed Martin.  1994c. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Materials Safety Data Sheet for
    Sodium Chlorite.


Lockheed Martin.  1995a. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Material Safety Data Sheet for
   Ammonia.
                                           C-126
-------
                                                                               APPENDIX C
Lockheed Martin.  1995b. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc.  Material Safety Data Sheet for
    Sodium Hypophosphite 1-Hydrate.

Lukens, R.P. 1979. Factors, abbreviations, and symbols. In: Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical
    Technology, 3rd. Ed., Vol. 5.  M. Grayson, Executive Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Mackay, D., W-Y Shiu and K-C Ma. 1992.  Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and
    Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. IV. Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Containing
    Compounds. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

Mackay, D., W-Y Shiu and K-C Ma. 1995.  Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and
    Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. IV. Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Containing
    Compounds. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

Martin Marietta Energy Systems. 1994. Material Safety Data Sheet. Glycolic acid.
    Mattson, V.R., et al. 1976. Acute Toxicity of Selected Organic Compounds to Fathead Minnows.
    EPA-600/3-76-097. Environmental Research Lab, U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN.

NCI. 1978. National Cancer Institute. Bioassay of IH-Benzotriazole for Possible Carcinogenicity (CAS
    No. 95-14-7).  NCI, Bethesda,MD, 116pp. NCI-CG-TR-88.

NIOSH.  1994.  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
    Chemical Hazards. NIOSH,  Cincinnati, OH.

NRC.  1977. National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. National Academy of Sciences,
    Washington, D.C.

NTP.  1992. National Toxicology Program. NTP Technical Report Studies on Toxicity Studies of
    Formic Acid (CAS No. 64-18-6) Administered by Inhalation for F344/N Rats and B6C3F, Mice.
    NTH Publ 92-3342. NTP, Research Triangle Park, NC.

NTP.  1995. National Toxicology Program. Management Status Report.  Produced by NTP Chemtrack
    system. NTP, Research Triangle Park, NC.

NTP.  1996. National Toxicology Program. Online Chemical Repository. Sodium Chloride.

 Opresko, D.M. 1991. Health Effects Summary and Assessment for Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin.
     Prepared for Existing Chemicals Assessment Division, Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA,
     Washington, D.C.

 Oscarson, D.W., J.W. Rogers, P.M. Huang and W.K. Liaw. 1981. The nature of selected prairie lake
     and steam sediments. Int Rev Gesamten Hydrobiol 66:95-107.  (Cited in TOXLINE  1995)

 Osol, A. 1980. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th ed. Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA.

 Parmeggiani, L. (Ed.) 1983.  Formic acid.  In: Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 3rd ed.,
     Vol. 1. International Labour Office, Geneva.

 Pendergrass, J.A.  1983. Graphite. In: Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety,  3rd ed., Vol.
     1. L. Parmeggiani, Ed. International Labour Office, Geneva.
                                            C-127
-------
 APPENDIX C
 Perry, W.G., F.A. Smith and M.B. Kent. 1994. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol.
    2., Part F.  G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

 Pierce, J.O.  1994a. Alkaline materials. In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2,
    Part A.  G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

 Pierce, J.O.  1994b. Alkaline metals. In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2, Part
    A. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

 Reichrtova, E., and L. Takac. 1992. Issues Related to Dust Aerosols in the Magnesite Industry. I.
    Chamber Exposure.  J Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology 36:235-244.

 Rowe, V.K., and S.B. McCollister. 1982. Alcohols.  In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd
    ed., Vol. 2C. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 4527-4704.

 RTECS. 1995-1996. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. MEDLARS Online
    Information Retrieval System, National Library of Medicine.

 Sax, N.I. 1984. Sodium hydroxide. In: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 6th ed. Van
    Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

 Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. 1989. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 7th ed. Van Nostrand
    Reinhold, New York.

 Seller, H.G. and H. Sigel. 1988.  Handbook on Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
    New York.

 Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. 1992. Material Safety Data Sheet for Sodium Tetrafluoroborate.  Sigma-
    Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI.

 Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. 1993. Material Safety Data Sheet for 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, sodium
    salt. Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI.

 Sigma Chemical Co.  1992.  Material Safety Data Sheet for Lithium Hydroxide. Sigma Chemical Co.,
    St. Louis, MO.

 Sigma Chemical Co.  1994.  Biochemicals, Organic Compounds for Research and Diagnostic Reagents.
    Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO.

 SRI. 1981. Stanford Research Institute. NCI Summary Data Sheet on Formic Acid, prepared for the
    National Cancer Institute by SRI International under Contract No. NO1-CP-95607.

Topping, D.C., D.A. Morgott, R.M. David and J.L. O'Donoghue. 1994.  Ketones. In: Patty's Industrial
    Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2, Part C. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton, Eds.  John Wiley &
    Sons, New York.

TRI92.  1994.  Toxics Release Inventory. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S.  EPA,
    Washington, D.C.
                                           C-128
-------
                                                                                APPENDIX C
TRI93. 1995. Toxics Release Inventory. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. EPA,
    Washington, D.C.

Trochimowicz, H.J., G.L. Kennedy and N.D. Krivanek. 1994. Aromatic compounds: five membered
    rings.  In: Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 4th ed., Vol. 2. G.D. Clayton and F.E. Clayton,
    Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Utell, M.J., P.E. Morrow and R.W. Hyde.  1982. Comparison of normal and asthmatic subjects'
    responses to sulphate pollutant aerosols.  Ann Occup Hyg 26(1-4), 691-697. (Cited in TOXLINE
    1995)

U.S. Air Force.  1989a.  The Installation Restoration Program Toxicology Guide, Vol. 3. Wright-
    Patterson Air Force Base, OH.

U.S. Air Force.  1989b.  Phenol. In: The Installation Restoration Program Toxicology Guide, Vol. 2.
    Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH.

U.S. Air Force.  1990.  Copper - Elemental Copper. In: The Installation Restoration Toxicology Guide,
    Vol. 5. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH.

U.S. EPA.  1980. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Cyanides.
    Office of Water and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA.  198la. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ambient Water Quality Criterion for the
    Protection of Human Health: Ammonia.  Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA,
    Cincinnati, OH.

U.S. EPA.  198Ib.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Hazard Information Profile
    (CHIP) on Carbon Black. Prepared by Chemical Effects Information Center, Oak Ridge National
    Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.  Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA.

U.S. EPA.  1984a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Copper.
    Office of Research and Development, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington,
    D.C., Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment
    Office, Cincinnati, OH.

U.S. EPA.  1984b.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Glycol
    Ethers. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.

U.S. EPA.  1984c.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Cyanide.
    Environmental Criteria and Assessment  Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.  EPA/540/1-86-011.

U.S. EPA.  1984d.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Sulfuric
    Acid.  Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment
    Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. EPA/540/1-86-031.

U.S. EPA.  1985a.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects Profile
    for 2-Ethoxyethanol. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.
                                            C-129
-------
APPENDIX C
U.S. EPA. 1985b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects Profile
    for Formaldehyde.  Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
    ECAO-CIN-P142.

U.S. EPA. 1985c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Criteria Document for
    Cyanide (Final Draft). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.
    ECAO-CIN-442; EPA-600/X-84-192-1.

U.S. EPA. 1986. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for
    N,N-Dimethylformamide. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati,
    OH. ECAO-CIN-P158.

U.S. EPA. 1987a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Criteria Document for
    Copper. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental
    Assessment, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. ECAO-CIN-477.

U.S. EPA. 1987b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects Profile
    for Phenol. Revised final draft.  Prepared for Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S.
    EPA. Prepared by Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and
    Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA,  Cincinnati, OH. ECAO-CIN-P125.

U.S. EPA. 1987c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Tin and
    Compounds.  Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. ECAO-
    CIN-H106.

U.S. EPA. 1990a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects
    Document for Boric Acid. Prepared for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response by the
    Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment,
    U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.

U.S. EPA. 1995a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Summary for Formaldehyde.
    Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA. 1995b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. OECD High Production Volume Chemicals
    Programme - Phase 3  SIDS Initial Assessment Report Triethanolamine CAS No. 102-71-6. U.S.
    EPA, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA. 1996a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical Summary for Phenol.  Office of
    Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA. 1996b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
    Online.  Coversheet for Silver.  Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA,
    Cincinnati, OH.

Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. 1978.  Palladium. In: Metal Toxicity in Mammals. 2. Chemical
    Toxicity of Metals and Metalloids. Plenum Press, New York.

Verschueren, K. (Ed.) 1983. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 2nd ed.  Van
    Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
                                           C-130
-------
     Appendix D

Supplemental Exposure
Assessment Information
-------
-------
                                                                       APPENDIX D
D.I   Technical Memorandum RE: Modeling Worker Inhalation Exposure

D.2   Technical Memorandum RE: Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Workplace Air
      Concentration Models Used in the PWB Exposure Assessment
                                        D-l
-------
APPENDIX D
D.I   Technical Memorandum RE:  Modeling Worker Inhalation Exposure



                           TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM

TO:          Debbie Boger
             PWB Project File, EPA # X823941-01-0

cc:           Lori Kincaid, Jack Geibig, Dean Menke, Diane Perhac

FROM:       Bruce Robinson, Chris Cox, Nick Jackson, Mary Swanson

DATE:       December 22,1995               (Revised 8/96)

RE:          MODELING WORKER INHALATION EXPOSURE
I.
INTRODUCTION
This technical memorandum is submitted for review by the RM2 work group. Air transport
models to estimate worker inhalation exposure to chemicals from printed wiring board (PWB)
making holes conductive (MHC) lines are presented here for review and comment. The purpose
is to reach agreement on our technical approach before proceeding with further analysis.

Three air transport models will be required to estimate worker exposure:

•     Volatilization of chemicals induced by air sparging.

•     Aerosol generation induced by air sparging.

•     Volatilization of chemicals from the open surface of MHC tanks.

The total transport of chemicals  from the air-sparged baths will be determined by summing the
releases calculated using each of the three models described above. Air-sparged baths include
the electroless-copper baths and some cleaning tanks.  Only the third model will be applied to
determine the atmospheric releases of chemicals from unsparged baths. This document includes
a review of the relevant literature, descriptions of the models, and examples demonstrating the
proposed use of the models. The results of the model calculations will be compared to available
occupational monitoring data.
                                         D-2
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX J>
II.     VOLATILIZATION OF CHEMICALS FROM AIR-SPARGED PWB
       MANUFACTURING TANKS

Mixing in plating tanks, e.g., the electroless copper plating tank, is commonly accomplished by
sparging the tank with air. This is similar to aeration in wastewater treatment plants, and the
volatilization of chemicals from these plants has been the focus of recent research. The
volatilization models used in that research are based on well accepted gas transfer theory,
discussed below.

Background

Volatilization of chemicals from water to air has been investigated by many researchers (Liss and
Slater, 1974; Smith et at, 1980; Roberts, 1983; Peng et al, 1993). In PWB manufacturing,
volatilization due to air sparging of process tanks is expected to be one of the main pathways for
contaminant transfer to the air. In bubble aeration systems, the volatilization rate is dependent
upon the volumetric gas flow rate, partial pressure of the gas, and the mass transfer rate
coefficient (Matter-Muller, 1981). The volatilization characteristics for different diffuser types
and turbulent conditions were evaluated by Matter-Muller (1981), Peng (1995), and Hsieh
(1994).

Volatilization from aerated systems has been mainly quantified using the two-film theory (Cohen
et al, 1978; Mackay and Leinonen, 1975). This work is discussed below and is used to model
chemical transfer rates from air-sparged PWB process tanks. The main assumption of the theory
is that the velocity at a fluid interface is zero.  Molecular diffusion across the interfacial liquid
film is the limiting factor for mass transfer to the air, and it is used to develop a simple equation
relating the overall mass transfer coefficient to the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in water.

 The two-film model of gas transfer was expanded to include mass transfer in diffused aeration
 systems (Matter-Muller et al, 1981). Matter-Muller et al. assumed that the system was
 isothermal, hydraulic conditions were steady,  and that pressure and volume changes within the
 bubbles were negligible.  Further, an overall mass transfer coefficient was applied to represent
 transfer of contaminants to the bubble as they rose through the homogeneous liquid volume.
 Parker (1993) demonstrated that liquid-phase  concentration can be assumed constant during the
 rise time of the bubble. Under these assumptions, Matter-Muller et al. derived the following
 relationship predicting the mass transfer rate from an aerated system:
                     1-exp —
                                                                                      (1)
 where:
        QG    =
        HL
        K,
        a
OL,y
mass transfer rate of chemical y out of the system by sparging (m/t)
gas flow rate (!3/t)
dimensionless Henry's constant for chemical^
concentration of chemical y in bulk liquid (m/13)
overall mass transfer coefficient for chemical y (1/t)
interfacial area of bubble per unit volume of liquid (I2/!3)
                                            D-3
-------
 APPENDIX D
        VL    = volume of liquid (I3)

 The overall mass-transfer coefficient is defined as the inverse sum of the reciprocals of the liquid
 and gas-phase mass transfer coefficients; but, because molecular diffusion of oxygen and
 nonpolar organic substances is 103 times greater in air than in water (Matter-Muller et al, 1981),
 it is set equal to the liquid phase coefficient only.  The mass transfer coefficient of a chemical can
 then be related to oxygen using the following equation:
              LOL,O2
                                                                                       (2)
where:
Dy
D
  02
              = molecular diffusion coefficient for chemical y in water (!2/t)
              = molecular diffusion coefficient for oxygen in water (!2/t)
              = 2.1xlO's cm2/cm @ 25° C (Cussler, 1984)
              = overall mass transfer coefficient for chemical y (1/t)
              = overall mass transfer coefficient for oxygen in water (1/t)

The value of KQL 02 at 25°C in diffused aeration systems can be estimated using a correlation
developed by Bailey and Ollis (1977):
                                      1/3
                           H2O
                                        D
                                          02
                                                                                       (3)
where:
       d,,     = bubble diameter (1)
       PH20   = density of water (m/13)
       pair    = density of air (m/13)
       g      = gravitational constant (1/t2)
       M-H2O   = viscosity of water (m/H)

If a measured value of Dy is not available, then it can be calculated from the Hayduk and Laudie
correlation (Lyman et al,  1982):
          _ ,   2,   s
          D (cm z/sec) =
                       13.26x10
                                ~5
                 1.14
                V-H20
                             ,O.SS9
                                                                                       (4)
where:
              = molar volume of solute (cmVmol)
              = viscosity of water (centipoise)
The mass transfer coefficient can be corrected for the bath temperature (°C) as follows
(Tschabanoglous, 1991):
                                           D-4
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX D
         L,y,T ~ K<)L,y,25 C 1-024
                                                                       (5)
Bailey and Ollis (1977) developed a relationship for the interfacial area per unit volume (a) as a
function of the bubble diameter, gas flow rate, and tank geometry:
        a--
          6  Qat,
              G "b
                                                                                     (6)
where:
       h = tank depth (1); and

              18 h »H20
                                                                                     (7)
Values of Hy are often reported at 25°C. The Henry's constant can be corrected to the bath
temperature using the van't Hoff equation:
                                        1
                                    1
                             R
                        298.15   273.15+r,
                                                                                     (8)
where:
       AHaq
       R
= enthalpy of the chemical in the gas phase (cal/mol)
= enthalpy of the chemical in the aqueous phase (cal/mol)
= gas constant (1.987 cal/mol-K)
Matter-Muller (1981) concluded that surfactants do not significantly alter the rate of
volatilization from the water. Some agents did lower the overall mass transfer coefficient, but
most showed no appreciable difference. This was attributed to an increase in the specific
interfacial area, a, when the interfacial energy, or mass transfer coefficient, was decreased.  The
transfer rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was found to depend heavily upon the type
of aerators used, and the degree of saturation of the bubbles rising through the liquid.
 III.   AEROSOL GENERATION FROM BATHS MIXED BY SPARGING WITH AIR

 Aerosols or mists have been identified as a major source of contaminants released by
 electroplating baths to the atmosphere (Burgess, 1981) and should be investigated as a potential
 source of contaminants from electroless baths.  At least two sources of aerosols exist in
 electroplating baths:  1) aerosols generated due to liquid dripping from parts as they are removed
 from the bath (drag-out drips); and 2) aerosols generated due to bursting of the bubbles at the
 surface. Drag-out drips are insignificant compared to other sources of aerosols (Berglund and
 Lindh, 1987; Cooper etal., 1993).
                                           D-5
-------
APPENDIX D
Bubbles in electroplating baths can originate from the dissociation of water at the electrode, or
mixing of the bath via air sparging. Bubbles in other plating baths (e.g., electroless plating baths)
can originate from reactions in the bath or mixing of the bath via air sparging. The rate of
aerosol generation per unit bubble volume decreases with increasing bubble size. Bubbles
generated by water dissociation are typically smaller than those generated by air sparging;
therefore, aerosol generation in electroless plating processes may be less significant than in
electroplating operations. The focus of this memo is aerosols generated by air sparging.  Except
for the conductive polymer and non-formaldehyde electroless alternatives, MHC processes in
PWB manufacturing do not use electroplating and therefore would not dissociate water to form
gas bubbles. Information collection is continuing to allow prediction of aerosol formation in
MHC processes that do have an electroplating step.  Importantly, Berglund and Lindh (1987)
report that aerosol generation from electroplating tanks is greatly reduced by sparging; the
relatively large air bubbles formed during air sparging coalesce the smaller bubbles formed by
hydrolysis and electroless plating reactions.

To estimate the emission of contaminants resulting from aerosols, the rate of aerosol generation
and the concentration of contaminant in the aerosol are required. Limited information
concerning the rate of aerosol formation was found in the literature. The following sources were
consulted:

•      U.S. EPA (1991). Chemical Engineering Branch Manual for the Preparation of
       Engineering Assessments.

•      Chemical Abstracts, 1986 to date.

•      Current and past text books in air pollution, chemical engineering, and water and
       wastewater treatment.

•      Perry's Handbook (1984) related to entrainment in distillation trays.

•      The last five years of Water Environment Research and ASCE Journal of the
       Environmental Engineering Division.

•      A title key-word search of holdings in the library of the University of Tennessee.

•      The ASPEN model commonly used for modeling chemical manufacturing processes. (It
       was found that any aerosol formation routines within ASPEN would be relevant to
       entrainment in devices such as distillation trays and not relevant to sparging of tanks.)

•      The manager of the US EPA Center for Environmental Assessment Modeling in Athens,
       Georgia, as well as an expert in the Air and Energy Lab - Emission Modeling Branch in
       North Carolina.

In this work, the aerosol formation rates will be predicted based upon limited measurements of
aerosol generation hi electroplating (Berglund and Lindh, 1987) and other air-sparged baths
(Wangwongwatana et al., 1988; Wangwongwatana et al.,  1990) found in the literature.
                                           D-6
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX D
Berglund and Lindh (1987) developed several graphs relating aerosol generation to air sparging
rate (Figure la), bath temperature (Figure Ib), air flow rate above the bath (Figure Ic), and
distance between bath surface and the tank rim (Figure Id). Using Figures la-Id, the following
relationship may be developed:
R
=[5.
5x10
                                    FT FA FD
                                                                        (9)
where:
       RA    = aerosol generation rate (ml/min/m2)
       QG/A = air sparging rate per unit bath area (1/min/m2)
       FT    = temperature correction factor
       FA    = air velocity correction factor
       FD    = distance between the bath surface and tank rim correction factor

Wangwongwatana et al. (1988) presented figures relating the number of aerosol droplets
generated as a function of air flow rate, bubble rise distance, bubble size, and colloid
concentration (Figure 2).  Droplet size distribution measurements by these researchers indicate
volume mean diameters of 5 to 10 urn. The aerosol generation rate can be calculated using the
following equation:
                                                                                      (10)
 where:
        Cd
        Vd
        A
= droplet concentration (I"3)
= droplet volume (1)
= bath area (I2)
 Contaminants may be present in aerosols at elevated concentration relative to the bath
 concentration.  Colloidal contaminants may be collected on the bubble surface as it rises through
 the bath. As the bubble bursts, the contaminants on the bubble surface are incorporated into
 aerosols. Wangwongwatana et al. (1990) report that in their experiments about one in two
 aerosols contain polystyrene latex spheres, compared to about one in 250 expected based upon
 the concentration of latex sphere in the bath.  Organic contaminants may also partition at the air-
 water interface. A correlation for the water-interface partitioning coefficient for nonpolar
 compounds, kiw, defined as the ratio of the mass of contaminant per unit area of interface to the
 mass of contaminant per unit volume of water is given by Hoff et al. (1993):
         log fc  =-8.58  -0.769 log Cw
                                                                        (11)
  where:
         Csw    = saturated aqueous solubility of the contaminant.
  For more polar compounds a more complicated relationship is required:
                                             D-7
-------
 APPENDIX D
         log kiw  = -7.508+log Jw+as(owa-asa-l.35oJ/2.303RT
                                                                                    (12)
 where:
              - activity coefficient of the contaminant in water (dimensionless)
        a,,     = molar area of the solute (cm2/mol)
        R     = gas constant (8.314x10 7 erg/mol K)
        <%A   = surface tension of the water-air interface (dyne/cm)
        a^    = surface tension of the solute-air interface (dyne/cm)
        crsv/   = surface tension of the solute-water interface (dyne/cm)

 Hoff et al. (1993) also present a relationship for the ratio  of the mass of contaminant sorbed at
 the air-water interface to the mass of contaminant in the gas volume of the bubble:
        M,
                   iw
        Mb   H(d. I 6)
 where:
       M,
       Mb
     = mass of contaminant at the interface
     = mass of contaminant in gas bubble
                                                                                   (13)
 Only a small fraction of the bubble interface will be ejected as aerosols. It may be calculated
 from the following equation:
             *
                                                                                   (14)
where:
       AIE
       U
     = fraction of bubble interface ejected as aerosols (dimensionless)
     = thickness of bubble film (1)
The rate of mass transfer from the tank to the atmosphere by aerosols, Fya (m/t) is given by:

                M.
F.._ =  —!-
                       F
                       r •
                        y,s
                                                                                   (15)
IV.    VOLATILIZATION OF CHEMICALS FROM THE OPEN SURFACE OF MHC
       TANKS

Most plating tanks have a free liquid surface from which chemicals can volatilize into the
workplace air. Air currents across the tank will accelerate the rate of volatilization. The model
presented in the Chemical Engineering Branch Manual for the Preparation of Engineering
Assessments (CEBMPEA) (US EPA, 1991) has potential application in this case. Some
limitations of the model should be pointed out.  The model was developed to predict the rate of
                                          D-8
-------
                                                                           APPENDIX D
volatilization of pure chemicals, not aqueous solutions. The model was also validated using pure
chemicals.  As a result, the model implicitly assumes that mass transfer resistance on the gas side
is limiting.  The model may fail in describing volatilization of chemicals from solutions when
liquid-side mass transfer controls.

CEBMPEA models the evaporation of chemicals from open surfaces using the following model:

       Fyi0 = 2 c^ Hy A [Dyjairvz/(*z)]a5                                                (16)

where:

       a,
Fy 0    = volatilization rate of chemical y from open tanks (m/t)
 ,y air   = molecular diffusion coefficient of chemical y in air (!2/t)
              = air velocity (1/t)
       z      = distance along the pool surface (1)

The value of vz recommended by CEBMPEA is 100 ft-min"1. The value of Dy air can be estimated
by the following formula (US EPA, 1991):
       Dvair = 4.09xlO-5 T1-9 (1/29 + 1/Mf5 M-°'33/Pt
        'y.air
                                                                            (17)
where:
       Dy air   = molecular diffusion coefficient of chemical y in air (cnr/s)
       T      = air temperature (K)
       M     = molecular weight (g/mol)
       Pt     = total pressure (atm)

This equation is based on kinetic theory and generally gives values of Dy>air that agree closely with
experimental data.
V.    CALCULATION OF CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION IN WORKPLACE AIR
       FROM EMISSION RATES

The indoor air concentration will be estimated from the following equation (US EPA, 1991):
          = FyiT/(VRRvk)
                                                                          (18)
 where:
       VR
       RV
       k
       = workplace contaminant concentration (m/13)
       = total emission rate of chemical from all sources (m/t)
       = room volume (!3/t)
       = room ventilation rate (f1)
       = dimensionless mixing factor
 The mixing factor accounts for slow and incomplete mixing of ventilation air with room air.
 CEBMPEA sets this factor to 0.5 for the typical case and 0.1 for the worst case. CEBMPEA
 commonly uses values of the ventilation rate Q from 500 ftVmin to 3,500 ftVmin. Appropriate
                                          D-9
-------
APPENDIX D
ventilation rates for MHC lines will be chosen from facility data and typical industrial
recommendations.
VI.    EXAMPLE MODELING OF FORMALDEHYDE RELEASE TO ATMOSPHERE
       FROM AIR-SPARGED ELECTROLESS COPPER BATH

In the examples below, the values of some parameters are based upon a site visit to SM
Corporation in Asheville, NC. Except where stated otherwise, final values of the various
parameters used in the models will be chosen based on the results of the Workplace Practices
Questionnaire, chemical suppliers information, site visits, and performance demonstrations.  All
parameter values are based on preliminary information and are subject to change.

Values of site-specific parameters assumed in the example
Tank volume - 242 L
Tank depth = 71 cm
Tank width = 48 cm
Tank length = 71 cm
Air sparging rate = 53.80 L/min

Tank temperature = 51.67°C
H2CO Concentration in tank = 7,000 mg/L
Bubble diameter at tank surface = 2.00 mm
Room length = 20 m
Room width = 20 m
Room height = 5 m
Air turnovers/hour = 4 hr"1
Air velocity across tank surface = 0.508 m/s
Dimensionless mixing factor = 0.5
                             Site visit to SM Co., Asheville, NC
                             Assumed
                             Assumed
                             Assumed
                             Midpoint of values given in Perry's Handbook,
                             1985, pg 19.13
                             Site visit to SM Co., Asheville, NC
                             Product data sheets
                             Assumed
                             Assumed
                             Assumed
                             Assumed
                             Assumed
                             Default recommended by US EPA, 1991
                             Default recommended by US EPA, 1991
Volatilization induced by air sparging

Calculating overall mass transfer coefficient for oxygen in water:

                                   1/3
                              O2
                                     D
                                       02
where:
      Pmo
      Pgas
      g
             = 0.0113 cm/sec
             = 0.678 cm/min
= 0.2 cm
' 0.997 g/cm3 (Dean, 1985)
•• 0.00118 g/cm3 (Dean, 1985)
: 980 cm/sec2
                                       D-10
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX P
       l%ao   = °-0089 (g/cm-sec) (Dean, 1985)
       D02   = 2.1xlO'5 cm2/sec (Cussler, 1984)

Calculating molecular diffusion coefficient of formaldehyde in water:
                      -5
         D =
13.26x70
 1.14 T, 0.589
             = 1.81xlO"5cm2/sec
where:
       Vm    = 36.8 cmVmol
       |4.mo   = 0.89 centipoise

Calculating mass transfer coefficient of formaldehyde in water:
      K
       OLy
               D
      \K.
                      OL,O2
                 02 ,
l.&lxlO
2.10x10
                                           *  0.678
                                      '5
              = 0.584 cm/min

 Correcting mass transfer coefficient for temperature:

 KoL;y>51.67 = KoL,y,25°c 1.024(T'25) = 0.584* 1.024(51-67-25) = 1.10 cm/min

 Calculating tb:

              18
              = 0.291 sec
              = 4.85xlO'3 min
 where:
        h     = 71 cm

 Calculating interfacial area per unit volume:

            6 Q0tb
         a-	
               = 0.0323 cm2/cm
                          23
 where:
                                           D-ll
-------
 APPENDIX D
        Qo
        VL
= 53,800 cm3/min
= 242,000 cm3
 Correcting Henry's constant for temperature:
                                                   1
                                R
                         298.15  273.15+r,
              = 1.99xlO-5 (dimensionless)
 where:
       Hyi2S°C - 1.7xlO'7 atm-mVmol (Risk Assistant, 1995)
              = 6.3 8x10'6 (dimensionless)
       DHgas  =-27,700 cal/mol
       DHaq  =-35,900 cal/mol
       R     =1.987cal/mol-K

 Calculating mass transfer rate of formaldehyde by air sparging:
                          1-exp  --
              = 7.49 mg/min

The argument of the exponential function is -8031. This indicates that the formaldehyde
concentration in the air bubbles is essentially in equilibrium with the bath concentration.

Transport in aerosols

The aerosol generation rate will be estimated using data presented by both Berglund and Lindh
(1987) and Wangwongwatana et al. (1988).

Calculating aerosol generation rate using Berglund and Lindh (1987) data:

        RA = [5.5x10-5(QG/A)+Q.Ol] FT FA  FD

             = 0.0187mL/min/m2

where:
       Qo/A = (53.8*10,000)7(71*48) = 158 (L/min/m2)
       FT    = 0.95 @ 51.67°C (Figure Ib)
       FA    = 1.2 @ 0.508 m/s (Figure Ic)
       FD    =1.0 assumed (Figure Id)

Calculating aerosol generation rate using Wangwongwatana et al. (1988) data:
-------
	APPENDIX D

The air sparging rate used in the example (53.8 L/min) must be converted to an equivalent rate in
the experimental apparatus using the ratio of the area of the example bath (0.341 m2) to the area
of the experimental apparatus (0.123 m2). The equivalent rate is 19.4 L/min. The bubble rise
distance would be approximately 0.6 m. From Figure 2, it can be inferred that the droplet
concentration is not much greater than 100 droplets/cm3. The aerosol generation rate can now be
calculated:
         RA=L
              = 8.27xlO'3 ml/m2/min
where:
       QG
       Cd
       Vd
= 53800 cnrVmin
= 100 droplets/cm3
= (p/6) dd3 - 5.24x10'10 cm3
= 0.001 cm (upper end of range reported by Wangwongwatana et al., 1988)
= 0.341 m2
The aerosol generation rates calculated by the two methods agree quite well. The model of
Berglund and Lindh (1987) will be used because it gives a slightly greater generation rate and is
easier to use.

Emission rate from bath.  If it is assumed that the formaldehyde concentration in the aerosols is
equal to the bath concentration (7 mg/mL) then the formaldehyde emission rate is:

       Fy>a = (7 mg/mL) • (0.0187 mL/m2/min) • (0.341 m2) - 4.46xlO'2 mg/min

To determine if accumulation of the contaminant at the air-water interface is significant, k^ must
be estimated using Equation  11. Since formaldehyde is a gas at the temperatures of interest,
interfacial tension data are not available; however, average values of other aldehydes may be
used (Hoff et al.,  1993). Calculation of k^ @25°C is summarized below; information was not
available for calculating km at other temperatures.
        log
            IW
    -7.508+log
/ 2.303*r
 where:
       R

       °WA
       °SA
  - -6.848

= 1.452 Method 1, page 11-10 in Lyman et al. (1982)
= 9.35xl08 cm2/mol Calculated from:  as = 8.45x107 Vra2/3
= 8.314x10 7erg/molK
= 72 dyne/cm Hoff et al. (1993)
= 21.9 dyne/cm Value for acetaldehyde, Weast, 1980
= 14.6 dyne/cm Average value for n-heptaldehyde and benzaldehyde, Girfalco
and Good, 1957
= 1.418xlO-7cm
                                          D-13
-------
APPENDIX D
Formaldehyde emissions due to aerosols can now be calculated:

Calculating the ratio of contaminant mass sorbed at the air-water interface to mass in gas
volume of bubble:

         M,    k,m
         M
              = 0.2138
Calculating fraction of bubble interface ejected as aerosols:
        fm=~
             = 4.35xlO'3
where:
       lb     = 5x1 0'7 cm (Rosen, 1 978)

Calculating formaldehyde mass transfer rate via aerosols from tank to the atmosphere:

             M.
        F  =
         y'a

             - 0.00697 mg/min

Volatilization from open tanks

Calculating molecular diffusion coefficient of formaldehyde in air:

       Dyair = 4.09xlO'5 T1-9 (1/29 + 1/M)°-5 M"0-33 / Pt
where:
       T
       M
       Pt
             = 0.174cm2/sec
= 298.15 K
= 30.03 g/mol
= 1 atm
Calculating volatilization rate of formaldehyde from open tanks:

       Fy)0 = 2cUyHyA[Dy,airvz/(pZ)]0-s

             = 13.8 mg/min


                                         EM4
-------
                                                                             APWENDIXD
where:
       Dy air   = molecular diffusion coefficient of chemical in air (!2/t)
       Vz'     = 0.508 m/sec
       z      = 0.48 m (shortest tank dimension gives highest mass transfer rate)

The gas side mass transfer coefficient (kg) in the above model is:

       kg = 2[Dy,airvz/(pz)f5

       = 0.484 cm/sec

Thibodeaux (1979) reports a value of the liquid side mass transfer coefficient (kj) in large water
bodies of about 6x10"4 cm/sec for wind speeds of 0.5 m/sec. Although not directly applicable to
the current situation, it can be used as a first estimate to determine the potential for liquid film
resistance to control the mass transfer rate.

       Liquid side resistance = Hy/ k{ = 3.3xlO"2 sec/cm

       Gas side resistance = l/kg = 2.1 sec/cm

It can be concluded that formaldehyde volatilization from open tanks is controlled by gas-side
mass transfer resistance; therefore, the CEBMPEA equation appears to be valid.  It should be
noted that it may be necessary to consider liquid-side mass transfer resistance for chemicals with
larger Henry's constants. In this case the CEBMPEA model would not be valid.

Surprisingly, volatilization due to air sparging is less significant than that from open tanks.
Although the concentration of formaldehyde in the bubbles is high (virtually at equilibrium with
the formaldehyde concentration in the bath), the volume of air sparged is small compared to the
volume of room air flowing over the top of the tanks.

Concentration of formaldehyde in workplace air

       Cy     = Fy>T/(VRRvk)
              = 0.326 mg/m3
              = 0.265 ppmv
 where: FyT
       VR
       RV
       k
= 7.49 mg/min + 0.421 mg/min + 13.8 mg/min = 21.71 mg/min
= 20 m • 20 m • 5 m = 2000 m3
= 4 hr-1 = 0.0667 min1
= 0.5
                                           D-15
-------
APPENDIX D
VII.   COMPARISON OF PREDICTED FORMALDEHYDE CONCENTRATIONS IN
       WORKPLACE AIR TO MONITORING DATA

In this section, the concentrations of formaldehyde in the workplace air predicted by the model
are compared to available monitoring data. The purpose of the comparison is not to validate the
model but to determine if the modeling approach gives reasonable values of formaldehyde
concentration. Model validation would require calculation of formaldehyde concentrations using
the conditions specific to the monitoring sites. Such data are not available.

The results of an OSHA database (OCIS) search of monitoring data for formaldehyde (provided
by OPPT) include 43 measured air concentrations for 10 facilities in Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) 3672 (printed circuit boards). The concentrations range from not detected to
4.65 ppmv.  Most of the concentrations (37/42) range from <. 0.04 to 0.6 ppmv, with all but one
less than 1.55 ppmv. Cooper et al. reports formaldehyde concentrations from three electroless
plating operations measured over a two day period. The mean concentrations ranged from 0.088
to 0.199 ppmv. The predicted concentration of formaldehyde in the workplace air was 0.263
ppmv. Thus the predicted value is within the range of concentrations determined by monitoring,
and less than the OSHA time-weighted-average concentration of 0.75 ppmv.  The authors
conclude that the results are reasonable.
                                       D-16
-------
                                                                          APPENDIX D
                                   REFERENCES
Bailey and Ollis. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals.  New York:  McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
       1977.

Berglund, R. and E. Lindh. "Prediction of the Mist Emission Rate from Plating Baths." Proc.
      Am. Electroplaters and Surface Finishers Soc. Annu. Tech. Conf., 1987.

Burgess, W.H. Recognition of Health Hazards in Industry: A Review of Materials and
      Processes. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981.

Cohen, Y. and W. Cocchio. Laboratory Study of Liquid-Phase Controlled Volatilization Rates in
      Presence of Wind Waves. Environ. Sci. Technol, 12:553, 1978.

Cooper, C.D., R.L. Wayson, J.D. Dietz, D. Bauman, K. Cheze and P.J. Sutch. Atmospheric
      Releases of Formaldehyde from Electroless Copper Plating Operations. Proceedings of
      the 80th AESF Annual Technical Conference, Anaheim, CA. 1993.

Cussler, EX.  Diffusion:  Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems.  Cambridge:  Cambridge University
      Press, 1984.

Dean, J. A. (Ed).  Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 13th ed. New York:  McGraw Hill, 1985.

Girifalco, L.A. and R J. Good. "A Theory for the Estimation of Surface and Interfacial Energies:
      I. Derivation and Application to Interfacial Tension." J. Phys. Chem., 61(7):904-909,
       1957.

Hoff, J.T., D. Mackay, R. Gillham and W.Y. Shiu. "Partitioning of Organic Chemicals at the
      Air-Water Interface in Environmental Systems." Environ. Sci. Technol., 27(10):2174-
      2180,1993.

Hsieh, C., R. Babcock and M. Strenstrom. Estimating Semivolatile Organic Compound
      Emission Rates and Oxygen Transfer Coefficients hi Diffused Aeration. Water Environ.
      Research, 66:206, 1994.

Liss, P.S. and P.G. Slater. Flux of Gases Across the Air-Sea Interface. Nature, 247:181,1974.

Lyman, W.J., W.F. Reehl and D.H. Rosenblatt. Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation
      Methods, Washington DC:  American Chemical Society, 1982.

Mackay, D. and P.J. Leinonen.  Rate of Evaporation of Low Solubility Contaminants from Water
       Bodies to Atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol., 9:1178, 1975.

Matter-Muller, C., W. Gujer and W. Giger.  Transfer of Volatile Substances from the Water to
       the Atmosphere. Institute for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG),
       Swiss Federal Institute of Technol.,  CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland,  15:1271, 1981.
                                         D-17
-------
APPENDIX D
Parker, W., D. Thompson and J. Bell. Fate of Volatile Organic Compounds in Municipal
       Activated Sludge Plants. Water Environ. Research, 65:58, 1993.

Peng, J., J.K. Bewtra and N. Biswas. Transport of High-Volatility Chemicals from Water into
       Air. Proceeding of 1993 Joint CSCE-ASCE National Conf. on Environmental Eng.,
       120:662, 1993.

Peng, J., J. Bewtra and N. Biswas. Effect of Turbulence on Volatilization of Selected Organic
       Compounds from Water, Water Environ. Research, 67:000,1995.

Perry, R.H., D.W. Green and J.O. Maloney (Eds). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, New
       York:  McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1984.

Risk Assistant Software. Alexandria, VA: Thistle Publishing, 1995.

Roberts, P.V., P. Dandliker and C. Matter-Muller.  Volatilization of Organic Pollutants in
       Wastewater Treatment-Model Studies, EPA-R-806631. U.S. EPA, Munic. Environ. Res.
       Lab., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1983.

Rosen, MJ. Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978.

Smith, J. H., D.C. Bomberger and D.L. Haynes.  Prediction of the Volatilization Rates of
       High-Volatility Chemicals from Natural Water Bodies, Environ. Sci. Technol., 14:1332,
       1980.

Thibodeaux, L. J.  Chemodynamics: Environmental Movement of Chemicals in Air, Water and
       Soil. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1979.

Tschabanoglous, G. and F.L. Burton.  Waste-water Engineering:  Treatment, Disposal, and
       Reuse. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Chemical Engineering Branch Manual for the
       Preparation of Engineering Assessments. Washington, DC:  U.S. EPA Office of Toxic
       Substances. February 28,1991.

Wangwongwatana, S., P.V. Scarpino and K. Willeke.  "Liquid-to-Air Transmission of Aerosols
       from a Bubbling Liquid Surface." J. Aerosol Sci.,  19(7):947-951, 1988.

Wangwongwatana, S., P.V. Scarpino, K. Willeke and P.A . Baron.  "System for Characterizing
       Aerosols from Bubbling Liquids." Aerosol Sci. Technol, 13(3):297-307, 1990.

Weast, R.C. (Ed.) CRCHandbookof Chemistry and Physics, 61sted. Boca Raton, FL:  CRC
       Press, 1980.
                                        D-18
-------
                                                                               APPENDIX D
                                                                                          c:
                                                                                          .a
                                                                                          o
                                                                                          •*-*

                                                                                          •o
                        I
                               c.
                               c

                               5
                                o


                                o
                                                  g

                                                  is-

 1
  00

 E
                                     D-19
-------
APPENDIX D
      c
      o


      d
      c
      o
      c
      o
      o
          I02
      i   10

      c>
      Q-

      O
                          Q = 8 Lpm
                    pa, -
             20
                              Q = 13 Lpm
                      2.6
.40      60      20


     Bubble rise distance (cm)
                                                       -  10
40
60
    Figure 2.  Effect of bubble rise distance on droplets number concentration. (From


    Wangwongwaiana et a'l., 1990)
                                       D-20
-------
                                                                         APPENDIX P
D.2   Technical Memorandum RE:  Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Workplace
      Air Concentration Models Used in the PWB Exposure Assessment
                           TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM


TO:         KathyHart/EPADfE
             PWB Project File (Project # X823-941)

cc:          Lori Kincaid

FROM      Nick Jackson, Mary Swanson, Bruce Robinson, Chris Cox

DATE:      July 18,1996 (revised August 8,1996 and December 5,1997)

RE:         SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF WORKPLACE AIR
             CONCENTRATION MODELS USED IN THE PWB EXPOSURE
             ASSESSMENT
I.
INTRODUCTION
 This technical memorandum is submitted to the RM2 Work Group for review and comment.
 Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of the fate and transport models used in predicting workplace
 air concentrations of MHC chemicals were performed. (These air concentrations are used in the
 exposure assessment to estimate worker inhalation exposures.) The model parameters having the
 greatest effect on chemical air concentrations in the workplace are identified.  A quantitative
 uncertainty analysis was also performed.  These analyses serve to pinpoint and validate key
 parameter assumptions.
 II.    METHODS AND RESULTS

 Sensitivity Analysis

 The first step in this analysis was to determine the parameters in the air transport models that had
 the largest impact on the workplace chemical air concentrations regardless of parameter
 variability. This was done by independently varying each parameter in the model by a specific
 amount and observing the effect on chemical air concentration. This allows a comparison to be
 made between parameter importance in terms of model sensitivity because their effects on
 chemical air concentration were obtained independently of the other parameters.

 Table 1 lists the parameters that had the greatest effect on workplace air concentration.  Small
 changes in some parameters caused the model results to vary widely, indicating a need to
 determine the uncertainty associated with these variables. For sparged baths the example
 chemical was formaldehyde, and fluoboric acid was used for the unsparged bath analysis.  Other
-------
 APPENDIX D
 chemicals were observed in the sensitivity analysis to learn whether the effects per chemical
 would vary with these parameters.  This means that every chemical will not be affected in exactly
 the same way when varying parameters, but will exhibit close behavior.  This initial sensitivity
 analysis was used primarily to select the important parameters for the Monte Carlo Analysis to
 follow, and as a check for that analysis.

                          Table 1. Model Sensitivity to Parameters
Parameters (x)
Enthalpy (Aqueous or Gas)
Bath Temperature
Henry's Law Constant (Hc)
Bath Concentration of Chemical
Process Room Volume
Air Turnover Rate
Bath Surface Area
Air Sparging Rate
Air Velocity Across Tank Surface
Molecular Weight
Ax1
(%)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Effects on
Sparged Volatiles2
(%)
-23.6
16.2
10.0
10.0
-9.1
-9.1
5.9
2.1
3.7
-2.0
Effects on Sparged
Non-Volatiles3
(%)
NA
4.8
NA
10.0
-9.1
-9.1
2.3
7.7
1.2
NA
Effects on Un-Sparged
Volatiles4
(%)
-4.4
19.3
10.0
10.0
-9.1
-9.1
7.4
NA
4.9
-2.1
 1: Percentage increase in each parameter that produces corresponding percentage change in chemical room air
 concentration as shown in columns 2, 3, and 4.
 2: Percentage increase or decrease in room air concentration of air-sparged volatiles due to parameter variation (A
 x) of 10 percent.
 3: Percent increase or decrease in room air concentration of air-sparged nonvolatile (i.e., vapor pressure < 1x10 "3
 torr) due to parameter variation (A x) of 10 percent.
 4: Percent increase or decrease in room air concentration of unsparged volatiles due to parameter variation (A x) of
 10 percent.

 For example, a 10% increase in bath surface area increases a sparged volatiles' workplace air
 concentration by 5.9%, while only increasing a sparged non-volatile or salt air concentration by
 2.3%. Each parameter listed was also increased by 20% to determine if its relationship to air
 concentration was highly nonlinear, but none exhibited a significant trend in this area.
 Parameters not listed in Table 1 exhibited negligible effects on the model (O.001 percent change
 in air concentration). These negligible parameters are:

 •      Bath volume;
 •      Surface tension coefficients;
 •      Molecular volume;
•      Water densities and viscosities (due to variation of temperature in baths);
•      Sparged bubble diameter; and
•      Correction factors in the Berglund and Lindh model (see Exposure Assessment Draft,
       1996).
                                            D-22
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX D
Monte Carlo Analysis

Overview and Approach.  After evaluating the sensitivity of the model to each parameter the
next step was to examine model sensitivity and uncertainty using Monte Carlo Analysis. This
was done with a Monte Carlo software package (Crystal Ball, Decisioneering, Inc.) in
conjunction with a spreadsheet program (Lotus 1-2-3).  The air transport equations outlined in
the Exposure Assessment Draft (May 15, 1996) were used with the distributions for each
parameter from the Workplace Practices Survey to perform this Monte Carlo Analysis.

Many different methods are available to propagate parameter distributions through a model and
analyze the results. However, the difficult task of correlating complex nonlinear models and
their parameters with some kind of regression algorithm severely limits the available techniques.
The Latin Hypercube modification of the Monte Carlo method is agreed upon by many
researchers to be the best way to perform a sensitivity/uncertainty analysis of contaminant
transport models.  In Latin Hypercube sampling, a probability distribution is divided into
intervals of equal probability, thereby allowing for a more precise sampling routine because the
entire probability range is more consistently represented (Decisioneering, Inc.). This
probabilistic approach was  used to generate a distribution of possible workplace air
concentrations in contrast to a single point estimate.

Table 2 lists the assumptions used for the parameter distributions for the two bath type examples
and describes the sources of information.

Crystal Ball was used to produce two independent Monte Carlo simulations, one for volatiles in
air-sparged baths and one for unsparged baths. The number of iterations used for each
simulation was 15,000. This was chosen to ensure adequate convergence and stabilization of the
tails on output distributions (based on McKone and Bogen, 1991): The mass flux contribution
from nonvolatiles in sparged baths is largely negligible and is not included to simplify the Monte
Carlo simulations.

In addition to probability distributions, Crystal Ball calculates the percent contribution each
parameter makes to overall model variance by computing Spearman rank correlation coefficients
between every assumption and model result while the simulation is running. Spearman rank
 correlation coefficients differ from traditional linear regressions because ranks are assigned to
 observations and then substituted for the actual numerical values in the correlation formula.  This
 correlation has distinct advantages over a simple linear regression. The relationship between
 variables is no longer assumed to be linear, and no assumptions of normality are made
 concerning the distributions of the variables  as the relationship is nonparametric (Walpole and
 Myers, 1993). This parameter analysis combines model  sensitivity and variable uncertainty.
                                           D-23
-------
APPENDIX D
Table 2. Parameter Assumptions Used in Monte Carlo Forecast
Parameters
Process Room Volume
Process Area Air
Turnover Rate
k (EPA, 1991)
dimensionless mixing
factor
Henry's Law Constant
(Hc)
Chemical Cone, in Bath
Bath Surface Area
Bath Temperature
Bath Volume
Air Sparging Rate
Bubble Diameter
Air Velocity across Bath
Surface
Distance across pool
Surface
Enthalpies, Gas and
Aqueous States
Activity Coeff.
Surface Tension
Coefficients
Sparged Bath
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey data"
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey data"
Point estimate
1.0
Normal Dist. based on
avail, data"
Triangular Dist."
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey data*
Normal Dist. based on
survey data"
Normal Dist. based on
survey data3
Point estimate
53.8 L/min
Lognormal Dist. based on
avail, information'
Point estimate
0.508 m/s
Square root of bath area
from survey data
Point estimate
-35.9 kcal/mol& -27.7
kcal/mol
Point estimate
1.45
Point estimate
72,21.92, &14.6
dynes/cm2
Unsparged Bath
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey datab
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey datab
Point estimate
1.0
Normal Dist. based on
avail. datab
Triangular Dist.b
Lognormal Dist. based on
survey datab
Normal Dist. based on
survey datab
Normal Dist. based on
survey datab
Point estimate
53.8 L/min
Lognormal Dist. based on
avail, information11
Point estimate
0.508 m/s
Square root of bath area
from survey data
Point estimate
-35.9 kcaVmol & -27.7
kcal/mol
Point estimate
25
Point estimate
72, 28.85, & 35 dynes/cm2
Source of Data
Workplace Practices Survey
Data
Workplace Practices Survey
Data
Comments, G. Froiman
/EPA RM2 Workgroup;
June 16, 1996
ORNL and other chemical
info sources
MSDS and Supplier info
Workplace Practices Survey
Data
Workplace Practices Survey
Data
Workplace Practices Survey
Data
Midpoint of avail, values -
chosen after model
sensitivity seen to be small
allowed to vary largely with
little effect
recommended by EPA
directly correlated with area
Dist.
ORNL and other chemical
info sources
ORNL and other chemical
info sources
ORNL and other chemical
info sources
a: Attachment A shows these parameter distribution functions.
b: Attachment B shows these parameter distribution functions.

Results. Two types of results are presented: probability distributions for modeled air
concentrations and the Spearman Rank Correlation results. The probabilistic chemical air
concentration curves for each type of bath are presented in Figures 1 and 2. An uncertainty chart
for each bath identifies the parameters that contribute most to model variance (Figures 3 and 4).

The parameter that contributes most to model variance for both bath types is air turnover rate in
the process area.  The range and standard deviation of reported air turnover rates from the
Workplace Survey is very high.  This causes it to contribute more to model variance than the
process room volume. The variability of the room volume data is low and keeps it from even
appearing on this list, despite the model being equally sensitive to changes in volume or turnover
                                           D-24
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX D
rate (as shown by Table 1). The chemical concentration hi the bath is also high on the
uncertainty charts because of the models' relative sensitivity to concentration and its variability.

Another important variable that appears on the sensitivity/uncertainty charts is bath temperature.
This parameter is used to correct Henry's Law Constant (Hc) for temperature by an exponential
relationship, but does not have much variability. Hc can also have a great effect on model
outcome, depending upon the variability of the data. The distributions of Hc used here may not
be entirely representative of the variation that can sometimes be encountered with this constant.
For instance, Mackay (19.91) has observed that a great deal of variation occurs with Hc when
hydrophobic chemicals associate with the air-water interface and electrolytes or sorbents affect
solubility in water. These variations are very difficult to characterize in a study unless Hc is
measured under the conditions in question, which is not feasible here. Most chemical flux from
sparged baths comes from the open surface volatilization equation (CEB, 1991), and will cause it
to behave similarly to the unsparged bath equation as seen by results.

Comparison to Point Estimates.  The probability distribution of formaldehyde air
concentrations calculated by Monte Carlo Analysis were lower than expected from previously
calculated point estimates. The 90th percentile from the frequency distribution is 0.61 mg/m3,
compared to 1.55 mg/m3 calculated as a "high-end" point estimate (in the May, 1996, Exposure
Assessment Draft): This suggests that .the use of current point estimates results in a much more
conservative air concentration than the 90th percentile.  The point estimates in the exposure
assessment use the 10th percentile air turnover rate, which controls air concentration because of
its large variability shown in the uncertainty analysis.

A Monte Carlo distribution-based air turnover rate was determined using point estimates for all
parameters and setting the air concentration equal to the 90th percentile probability frequency
 distribution from Crystal Ball.  This was  done for several chemicals in sparged and unsparged
baths. This distribution-based air turnover rate was calculated as follows (from 3.3.1 in
 Exposure Assessment):
 where:
              R  _    rY,TOT
               v   Conc-VR-k

       Ry    = distribution-based air turnover rate (mhi"1)
       Fy,tot = total emissions from all air transport mechanisms  (mg/min)
       Vr    = room volume (m3)
       k     = dimensionless mixing factor (a default value of 1.0 was used)
       Cone = 90th percentile workplace air concentration from Monte Carlo Analysis (mg/m )
               determined using complete distributions for all parameters

This calculated air turnover rate was 0.0211 min1 for formaldehyde in a sparged bath compared
to the 10th percentile air turnover rate of 0.0083 min:1.  To ascertain the dependence of this
distribution-based air turnover rate on chemical and bath type (sparged or unsparged) this
calculation was repeated several times.  These calculated (distribution-based) air turnover rates
were:
                                            D-25
-------
 APPENDIX D
 •      0.0210 min"1 for copper chloride in a sparged bath; and
 •      0.0206 min"1 for fluoboric acid in an unsparged bath.

 Because air concentration estimates become more conservative as air turnover rates decrease, the
 value of 0.021 min' is recommended for estimating air concentrations for all chemicals to best
 approximate 90th percentile air concentrations with the available data.

 The results of this sensitivity analysis are consistent with those obtained by Fehrenbacher and
 Hummel (1996). They suggest default air turnover rates of 14 nrVmin for a bounding, or
 maximum, estimate of exposure with this equation. The default input value of ventilation rate
 for obtaining "what-if, or average estimates is 85 nrVmin (this value lies in the central portion of
 the range for the parameter).  An air turnover rate of 0.021 min'1 corresponds to a ventilation rate
 of 23 mVmin, when combined with room volume.
 IV.   CONCLUSIONS

 It is evident that a few parameters are key to modeling chemical flux from PWB tanks. These
 key parameters are:
•      Air turnover rate;
•      Bath temperature;
•      Chemical concentration in bath; and
•      Henry's Law Constant (Hc).

The air models' sensitivity to these parameters and their uncertainty provides a means of
isolating them from less important variables. Isolating these variables allows for additional
scrutiny to be placed upon the point estimate assumptions used for them in the volatilization
models.

The air turnover rate assumption contributes most to overall model variance.  The chemical bath
concentration and bath temperature also contribute variance to the model, but are less important
than air turnover rate. This statement is fortified by the fact that relatively accurate information
is available on their distributions.  Hc appears to be least important of the four, but may have
more variability associated with it. The models appear to be largely indifferent to small changes
in most other parameters.

A comparison of point estimates with the 90th percentile from Monte Carlo Analysis suggests
that using the 10th percentile value for air turnover rate yields a point estimate that is highly
conservative, and that an increased air turnover estimate of 0.021 min'1 would provide air
concentration results closer to the 90th percentile.
                                          D-26
-------
                                                                         APPENDIX D
V.    REFERENCES

Decisioneering, Inc.  1993.  Crystal Ball Software.

Fehrenbacher, M.C. and A. A. Hummel. 1996. "Evaluation of the Mass Balance Model Used by
      the Environmental Protection Agency for Estimating Inhalation Exposure to New
      Chemical Substances." American Industrial Hygiene Association, 57:526-536.

Mackay, D.  1991. Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach, Lewis
      Publishers, Inc.

McKone, T.E. and K.T. Bogen.  1991. "Predicting the Uncertainties in Risk Assessment: A
      California Groundwater Case Stud.," Environmental Science & Technology, 25(10):
       1674-1681.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1991. Chemical Engineering Branch Manual for the
      Preparation of Engineering Assessments. Washington, DC:  U.S. EPA Office of Toxic
       Substances, February 28.

Walpole, R.E.  and R.H. Myers.  1993. Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists,
       New York: MacMillan Publishing Company.
                                          D-27
-------
APPENDIX D
                                     Figure 1.
 Forecast Probability Distribution from Monte Carlo Analysis for Sparged Bath Chemical
               Workplace Air Concentration in mg/mA 3 (Formaldehyde)
Forecast: Formaldehyde Air Concentration
15,000 Trials
.181 J 	 = 	
.139

15 .OBI .
19
J3
1
.0X5 •
.000 -




9Oth percentile -
0.61 mg/m~3
Frequency Chart
!

I \


OSHA PEL -
O.94 mg/m*3
/
598 Outliers




I
aoooe*o

Illlllllllllnfiiiii.
3.750&1

>
7.500E-1
mo/m*3

1.125&-0


. 2717

?
n
1

S7S
1.SOOE4-0

Percentiles:
               Percentile
                    0%
                   10%
                   20%
                   30%
                   40%
                   50%
                   60%
                   70%
                   80%
                   30%
                 100%
   mg/nrT3
 9.569E-05
 4.977E-03
 1.131E-02
 2.026E-02
 3.363E-02
 5.478E-02
 8.814E-02
 1.446E-01
 2.633E-01
 6.107E-01
5.969E + 01
                                       D-28
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX D
                                  Figure 2.
  Forecast Probability Distribution from Monte Carlo Analysis for Unsparged Bath
       Chemical Workplace Air Concentration in mg/mA 3 (Fluoroboric Acid)
15,0001
.193 •
^ffi
99
.0
1
.049
frials




.000 - —
0.000&


Forecast: Fluoboric Acid Air Concentration
Frequency Chart 57C

90th percentile -
0.10 mg/m"3
\


x
Li*,
•0
6.250E-2
> Outliers
2965
CO
n
• 741
• 0
1
1.250E-1 1.875E-1 2.SOOE-1
mg/m*3
Percentiles:
               Percentile
                    0%
                   10%
                   20%
                   30%
                   40%
                   50%
                   60%
                   70%
                   8'0%
                   90%
                  100%
   mg/m'3
 1.600E-05
 7.568E-04
 1.689E-03
 3.146E-03
 5.288E-03
 8.389E-03
 1.368E-02
 2.294E-02
 4.206E-02
 1.004E-01
1.265E + 01
                                      D-29
-------
APPENDIX D
                                       Figure 3.
  Sensitivity Chart for Sparged Bath Chemical Parameters Spearman Rank Correlation
                                    Sensitivity Chart
                     Target Forecast: Formaldehyde Air Concentration
Air Turnover Rate, mln*-1
Process Room Volume, m*3
Chemical Concentration, mfl/L
BathArea,mA2
Bath Temperature, C
Henrys Constant units
Activity Coefficient
Bubble Diameter, cm
Surface Tension-SW
Surface Tenslon-SA
Bath Volume. m*3
ss.3% k^HH^HBB^ri
^^^^^^^^^^^™
37.9% •••••••
j^^^^^^^^^~ ^^^^™
1.6% 1
1.1% I
0.7% I
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%




































                                          0%     25%     50%      75%
                                               Measured by Contribution to Variance
                                                                        100%
                                         D-30
-------
                                                                           AFPENDJXD
                                      Figure 4.
Sensitivity Chart for Unsparged Bath Chemical Parameters Spearman Rank Correlation
                                   Sensitivity Chart
                    Target Forecast: Fluoboric Acid Air Concentration
Air Turnover Rate, min*-1
Process Room Volume, 01*3
Bath Area, m»2
Bath Temperature, C
Chemical Concentration, mg/L
Henry's Constant units
Surface Tenskxi-SA
Surface Tenston-SW
Bath Volume, m"3
Bubble Diameter, cm
Activity Coefficient
57.2% JJBH^H
36.7% IHBBH
2.9% •
1.6% 1
1.3% I
0.4%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%






=-






•













                                          0%     25%     50%      75%
                                               Measured by Contribution to Variance
                                                                        100%
                                         D-31
-------
APPENDIX D
                                              Figure 5.
           Parameter Assumptions for Sparged Bath Monte Carlo Analysis - PDFs
       Parameter: Process Room Volume. m"3
        Lognormal distribution with parameters:
                Geometric Mean               1,063.16
                Geometric Std. Dev.                3.30

       Selected range is from 33.00 to 17,000.00
       Mean value in simulation was 1,911.23
                                                                        Process Room Volume, m*3
                                                                             ^^
                                                                              18.170.87
       Parameter: Air Turnover Rate, mhT-1
       Lognormal distribution with parameters:
                Mean                             0.74
                Standard Dev.                     2.00

       Selected range is from 0.00 to 10.10
       Mean value in simulation was 0.64
      Parameter: Chemical Concentration in Bath, mg/L
       Triangular distribution with parameters:
                Minimum                          1580
                Likeliest                           3680
                Maximum                         5600

      Selected range is from 1580 to 5600
      Mean value in simulation was 3620
                                                                  Air Turnovar Rate, min'-1
                                                               0.00      SJH      10.10     15.14     jo.18
                                                                 Chemical Concentration, mg/L
                                                               IS*)      2M5      MOO      4ttS      5000
 Parameter: Henry's Constant, atm«m~3/mol
 Normal distribution with parameters:
          Mean         J               2.35E-07
          Standard Dev.                 2.35E-08

 Selected range is from -Infinity to + Infinity
 Mean value in simulation was 2.35E-7


 Parameter: Bath Temperature, degrees C
 Normal distribution with parameters:
          Mean                    *       38.89
          Standard Dev.                     3.89

 Selected range is from 20.00 to 58.00
 Mean value in simulation was 38.89


Parameter: Bath Surface Area, m"2
 Lognormal distribution with parameters:
         Log Mean                        -0.11
         Log Std. Dev.                      0.33

Selected range is from 0.00 to 3.72
Mean value in simulation was 0.94
                                                                        Hwiry't Comtwrt, unit*
                                                                         Bath Twnp«ntui«, C
                                                D-32
-------
                                                                                 APPENDIX D
                                          Figure 6.
        Parameter Assumptions for Unsparged Bath Monte Carlo Analysis - PDFs
  Parameter: Chemical Concentration in Bath, mg/L
   Triangular distribution with parameters:
            Minimum                         30000
            Likeliest                          60000
            Maximum                        90000

  Selected range is from 30000 to 90000
  Mean value in simulation was 60000
                       Chemical Concentration, mg/L
  Parameter: Henry's Constant, atm*rrT3/mol
   Normal distribution with parameters:
           Mean                         9.00E-09
           Standard Dev.                 9.00E-10

  Selected range is from 5.40E-9 to 1.26E-8
  Mean value in simulation was 9.00E-9
                         Haniy'a Comtant, unite
  Parameter: Bath Temperature, degrees C
   Normal distribution with parameters:
           Mean
           Standard Dev.

  Selected range is from 18.39 to 50.39
  Mean value in simulation was 28.95
27.22
 7.61
                          Bath Temperature, C
  Parameter: Bath Surface Area, m"2
  Lognormal distribution with parameters:
           Geometric Mean
           Geometric Std. Dev.

  Selected range is from 0.15 to 1.28
  Mean value in simulation was 0.53
 0.49
 1.67
                            Bath Area, m"2
                                                            0.11       0*5       1.11      1.74      »t
Note:  Process room volume and process room air turnover rate assumptions are the same as for formaldehyde
(Figure 5).
                                             D-33
-------
APPENDIX D
                                    D-34
-------
      Appendix E

Comprehensive Exposure
  Assessment and Risk
Characterization Results
-------
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX E
E. 1    Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Non-Conveyorized, Line Operator
       Scenario

E.2    Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Non-Conveyorized, Laboratory
       Technician Scenario

E.3    Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Non-Conveyorized, Surrounding
       Population Scenario

E.4    Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Conveyorized, Line Operator
       Scenario

E.5    Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Conveyorized, Laboratory
       Technician Scenario

E.6    Risk Characterization Results for Electroless Copper, Conveyorized, Surrounding
       Population Scenario

E.7    Risk Characterization Results for Carbon, Conveyorized, Line Operator Scenario

E.8    Risk Characterization Results for Carbon, Conveyorized, Laboratory Technician Scenario

E.9    Risk Characterization Results for Carbon, Conveyorized, Surrounding Population
       Scenario

E. 10   Risk Characterization Results for Conductive Polymer, Conveyorized, Line Operator
       Scenario

E. 11   Risk Characterization Results for Conductive Polymer, Conveyorized, Laboratory
       Technician Scenario

E. 12   Risk Characterization Results for Conductive Polymer, Conveyorized, Surrounding
       Population Scenario

E. 13   Risk Characterization Results for Graphite, Conveyorized, Line Operator Scenario

E. 14   Risk Characterization Results for Graphite, Conveyorized, Laboratory Technician
       Scenario

E. 15   Risk Characterization Results for Graphite, Conveyorized, Surrounding Population
       Scenario

E. 16   Risk Characterization Results for Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper, Non-
       Conveyorized, Line Operator Scenario

E. 17   Risk Characterization Results for Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper, Non-
       Conveyorized, Laboratory Technician Scenario
                                —       _
-------
APPENDIX E
E. 18   Risk Characterization Results for Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper, Non-
       Conveyorized, Surrounding Population Scenario

E. 19   Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Line Operator
       Scenario

E.20   Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Laboratory
       Technician Scenario

E.21   Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Surrounding
       Population Scenario

E.22   Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Conveyorized, Line Operator
       Scenario

E.23   Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Conveyorized, Laboratory
       Technician Scenario

E.24   Risk Characterization Results for Organic-Palladium, Conveyorized, Surrounding
       Population Scenario

E.25   Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Line Operator
       Scenario

E.26   Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Laboratory
       Technician Scenario

E.27   Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Non-Conveyorized, Surrounding
       Population Scenario

E.28   Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Conveyorized, Line Operator Scenario

E.29   Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Conveyorized, Laboratory Technician
       Scenario

E.30   Risk Characterization Results for Tin-Palladium, Conveyorized, Surrounding Population
       Scenario
                                          E-2
-------
                             APPENDIX E
E-3
-------
APPENDIX E

                                     E-4
-------
                                                                                APPENDIX 1
_o

n

o>
o
CO

(0

I
o
^
(0
I
o
 o
 0)
 Q.
 Q.
 O
O
UI


S



 (0
 o
 52
 ro

 O

 tn

 £

 CM
 UJ
4&
 I*
H3


 xs

 i
 i

                                             E-5
-------
APPENDIX E
                                            C,
                                     E-6
-------
                                                                                         APPENDIX E
a


§
V)

o

i
3
D.
O
Q.
'•5
•a
 O

 9

 O


 0)
 Q.
 0.
 O
 o
 (A

 .2

 2
 t>

 UJ

 .0

 1


 I
  ss
  (0

 o
 .*:
  (0
 eo
 111
  (0
'|M
5-
 n

1
     •c
     t»
          "p.,1
•flS

 £
 I
 >e

 "a
«

i
                     Z Z
    'S.

   '£"
   •"3
    J^
    U
                                                   E-7
-------
APPENDIX E

O
•c
ra
§
o
CO
c
£
ra

g
Q.
e?
1
•3

ta
CO
I
f\
1
0
9
:§
if*

o.
Q.
8
U)
W
P
*3
O
cu
LU
i
o:
c
.0

1
fls
ts
i
0

U)
Q£
n
UJ
2
t—



,'


i n

42
•g
'S3
^
u
S
J
:I
1
T3
O

1
3
C,
-X
a
T3

1


PM
§
a
a
i
3
B





c
.2
S
"5
JB











, »
O






a
s



>>
§ 1
1
H

B
.2
2
A
B





,
id
5 ^
SS
» B

O
SK

to"
y E
« |










§
1 58
5
"3
1
4J
JS
U








C"



i


*-s
*~*


U2
2



«— ^
u.
2



n
0
o






.O
a
E
(2) exposure expected to

•a
(3) HQ could be calculate
                                    E-8
-------
                                                                                  APPENDIX E
                 a
&
z
               a
               g
      1
                                           I
a
g
             ^3
                              a
                              z
1
5

g
re

O
x.
u>
E
•*
HI
            &
         '•*.
                 §
                              5J
           i
           !
                        33
                                               Z g
                                                   i.S
                                                            g g
                                                                    g g
                                                            a
  £
                                                                               g g
                                                                                     a
                                                                                 %
                                                                                 o
                                  !
                                                                                         s
                                                                                         §
a

<
                                                                                 -i
                                         I
                                             E-9
-------
APPENDIX E
                                     E-10
-------
                              APPENDIX E


_o
re
c
o
CO
c
re
jo
c
£
o
£>
0
2
o

•o
0)
_N
0
>.

C
O
o
1_"
d>
Q.
a.
0
O
in
in
_«
S
•s
uj
fi

in
£
c
o
I
'C
«
SS

O
in
£
Ul
S

-^
^
14
s
f
M';
I
§
i
*«
SJ.
I
I*



^

^SL
??"
I
O*
"^i



*S:
1 f»r
S
a
«
19^

**v



•"Sj
/I1'
^^s1
-S^MMlfc,
7"
^ f

^c
^' t
i r
^
rf

-
-•y
V'
W1
jjj..
i
t**

^
2
a

*
'*.
-1



1

^
S
1
**"*
ipm
s
~>?
/
. -
 ^,
r< ^
f _"
t^S
s^*^
^jl ^
-• -35
I*}
-^ "W
^ ••HI'

..'*

~ J"§
'"S s^
:|J
ft^r ™
^^- ^f
.5 *"

' 'Jl-7-















DIMETHYLAMINOBORANE



»n
I
0
o\

3

pa



n
oo
CN






N






*•?















M
I
1
S



10
5
5
rs

3

pa



a
CN






•a-





<;
7-















ua
3

^


?^




n
^
oo


1
m






J2j





T^-
CD















2-ETHOXYETHANOL

^


u




m
U
O


*n
^o






^






ol















ETHYLENE GLYCOL

— (


a


-*

a



1
•^


S



2J






^









^^^
^
a
a
y
j
i
3
>H



,_,
t
3
00

S-

a



m
o
a
OS


S



0





^
J2j















FLUOROBORIC ACID

j^


pa




^
w
cn


^1-
n
(S






<





S
0
C3














FORMALDEHYDE

^


2


3

s



•^t*
n
oo






2





^
2^















(FORMIC ACID

£T


a


3

a



^
N
CS






|





^
2;















HYDROCHLORIC ACID




ti


3

^



S
cn






^





<
z















HYDROGEN PEROXIDE



•d-
p
5
oo

3

-r



BJ
ON
tn






o





^
^















HYDROXYACETIC ACID



„.
t
vq

3

ua



a
c^






o
(S





<
^












J
3
^
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL; OR 2-PROP

^


ua


3

7



I
^-t


2



Is





„.
2;















MAGNESIUM CARBONATE

n*


ua
!7




?
in


)O
fS






^;





to
o















METHANOL

^


w


3

pa



O
O
Os


2



Is





^
Jz;















p-TOLUENE SULFONIC ACID



(S
o
00

^,

a



n
W
oo







i
o




^
z















PALLADIUM

^H1


7


-H

UJ
"7



1
^


^



2;





„,
2;


a
b
P
z;
S
>^
D
D
S
|
3,
3
Bi
IPEROXYMONOSULFURIC ACID; o

,— i


jj


3

a



1
C1^


S



|





^
7j















IPOTASSIUM BISULFATE

m


pa




CN
o
pa



1
cn






2j





S
o
o














POTASSIUM CYANIDE

^-<


ua


3

a



a
^^






J2;





<
J2;















POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

^H


pa


3

ua



9
S
•— '


S



IS





^
Is















POTASSIUM PERSULFATE




pa


3

a



'O
[1
m


J



g





^
J7,















(POTASSIUM SULFATE

i— c


-a


3

ua



1
pa
1—4
l/l






IS





^
jZ















IPOTASSIUM-SODIUM TARTRATE

i— i


W


3

7



S
1}
r-H


g



|





„,
IS















SODIUM BISULFATE

,— i


uj


3

w



4
o
06






Is





^
Is















| SODIUM CARBONATE



•s
~>
J
o

3

*



s
m
^






0





<
^















1 SODIUM CHLORITE

n.


oa




s
_;


g
CO






IS





g
O
o














| SODIUM CYANIDE

^


J3


i*

^



2
M






2H





^
S















1 SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Z*


pa


3

pa



O
•sf



S



£





<
^















| SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE

^


ja


3

.a



ua
^


S



g





„,
^














Q
IM-NITROBENZENE SULFONIC AC



10
P
q
(S

3

pa



o
a
CN






1.





<
7^















SODIUM SULFATE

n,


a




s
ta
00


s
,-H






|





«
o
o














1 STANNOUS CHLORIDE
E-ll
-------
APPENDIX E
              o
                                     E-12
-------
                                                                                        APPENDIX E


J.
1
-1-5
S
jut
u
S

'•S
.H
5
^
0>
MM
1
w

1
«
1
S
HUM
Js
ss{
0$
s
9
W
.-'
-«
*•

/
/
^

>'





„<




s
z*



»
-
a
. o
'43
5
OS
i
HM

"
"
*«£
(


CO
s5 ^
*ta
1
4,05
as
f-
-^
^

""


/




*



^


""di
=
<>Zx

w
'§
jjsj
''W
if'
^
*2

L, !

«'

'***'


i
~&s
•S"
f
i— S
•93
« Ij

"n
*•*

-i-f '
H
||
-i ' -,.
' 4-
V"
w E
*S -*»fc
71 *S<
,.
,, *
- ^



y^"

£.

is **„,
$*
<•„ $ ,
\,
'f
, •••
,,
* -
%
' ^~ < **
r
S /
* ^
;,



w






w

CS


w
z




z



^
z






















[ONIUM CHLORIDE


s

a






ta


^"^

UJ




^




o
(0

o

i

Q.
O
D.
D)
(O

"8
 O
O
Q.
Q.

O

O
i
,0
111
 at
 Q)
Di

 o

1



I
 m

O
^
 0)
oE

^2
 OB
                                                E-13
-------
APPENDIX E


O
•e
S
8
OT
§
1
o"
a.
•rounding
»••
(0
Tf
S
•e
Conveyo
*\
CD
Q.
Q.
S
i
"5
Js
1
1U
fi
3
3
rS
§
1
: Characte
3Z
j£
to
HI
fl)
3
Uw
f*m





; 	 ;;;
1
u
2
S
w
.S
1
•a
xposure an
w



"8
"3
'S3
5

a
03
S

i
K


o
«s
a







1


o>
MM
rH


1 I

H
05



nhalation
h-«







_3
AEL/LOAE1
(mg/m3)
O
Z


f
S









1
S
	 "B
a)
j=
U



	 '




- 	
';"" ' : !:"


3
z
3

Ul


3
w






^o
o
C)





Z
















S
o
-------
                                                                                 APPENDIX E
      13

      I:
      _ _
         I*
                1
.o
ro
a>
o
V>
a.
O
o>
      'O
      1
.7E-02
                e
         I
              a-
                     ci
•o
8


I
3
3
J5
^
(0
      1
         i.
c
o
!
OS
O
(0
LU
_«
ja
ra
      I
             I
         JV
              S
                            §
                            S
                            £
                                                     C- Ci-
                                            E-15
-------
APPENDIX E
I
1
&
_
    a
        S
        ll
      en
        I ?
(U
i

£

s
1
E
            0)
              W
                                          oo
                                          H


                                          O
                                          "-1
                                          <2
                                          -a
                                   E-16
-------
                                 APPENDIX E
0
•c
c
0)
0
CO
0
^
3
Q.
O
O.
O)
c
1
ft.
3
CO

0)
_N

O
0
O
f£
n

i_
£
Results
c
o

15
1
iz
(0
JIB
O

•••
(0
12
0>
111

.a
co
1-









-,1"

-52
I
f
J**

t*
•S
.g
w
«(•}
g'
1
'"SS*
w
M»
•Sr

"O
I
•g
*2"jj
V
<*•<
*fc
1

«
%


'-

••-
h -









1s! ~


-s5
Si
"O

JS*
J'
a

^

B ^
£.*
Si*

f
1


si
1
r"
^
•r
;
>

'


V
,^








" N
X ^

**?
C?^ J

*^-
„—
"^
s"" i'
S "x
55

"** ^
i|
,rfi
f "^"
'/ y


^ '
i'f
,w r-i.
'25


"" r^"
'^J "Si
"* "
-.


lr
, ^
X 1~


P' *
/
, t









(N


W
*

OJ


x



cs
2





•?.




^



W
H
CO
O

1
(COPPER SULFATE; OR (









fN


„


CS


s



cs
12





§




z








^
W









fN


a


CS

W




cs
s





o
l>




^







n
[POTASSIUM HYDROXD











s i
tg 6
s i
8- a ja
g -a .5?
•g ^ a
T3 S ai
 (jn
« K & KJ ^3 4> o
— •a — .« w *s +-»a>c3
1 s 1 | el i i ^
afi|^.-§8li sfs
•S |9-tl-§^s^-§B'S
1 1 ^ i ! 1 1 1 • i s 1 1
£ ^ j ^J- jj ,Sj '•£ **H ca^^ $f
^'IglSs1^'!'!®^!
1 1 3 1 1 1 J 1 1 § 1 1
l^il^gi^gss
E-17
-------
APPENDIX E
I
1
CO
:i ":
'iii 	
i 	
5"

i

,!;„ ,
11"""
M
S3
S
u
o
„„?,
•3
,S
1

83
£
3
1,
x






1
•a
,l?
"3
H
e
-n

g
§
£3
ft



	 ;,,i



' 	 ' 	 '











1
U
1
3
Q








d
.9


J3
S




31

*«
g
ft*






n
Inhalatio






o
i=
1


b








1


Q,
JC

» 7
^ i

•u^



i



B

Q 7
§ 1
I

»t -
AEULOA
mg/kg-d»y
p
^1
5 Sr
«k
^

j
w
OAEULOA
(mg/tn3)
e
(5
£

	







i







U


n


r*l
o
S
d





g

o

§

1
O





g




o


PE








d
flf!

JJ
3
1
T
CO

g


to


—
S





g

Ci

g

I
O
s

g


2




s


2:







S
^
•>

0


*T*
&.

a


CI3
2

G
UJ
VC
C^





g

O

g

I
o


g


£




2:


2









T1

3
g-
A*
*Tl
r-l

g


trt
ZZ

—
c





tt

a

g

o
o
s

g


g




z


z
g
§
tti
0
S
y
o
j
8
?i

^
o

jj
ftt

g


rr
2;

f
i
c*i





g

a

g

o
o


g


2




«


S!






U
9
§
a
>i
K
s
~i
T


g


ftl
2

C
Ul



Ct

g

G.

g

o
o


g


2




o


2








S
U

U
D
3
S
CO
                                      S3 S Z 2
                                      E-18
-------
                               APPENDIX E

_o
'£Z
(0
C
0)
o
CO
C
(0
'o
'E
0
p
^^
o
2
o
(0
•a"
N
™

S,
0
C
o
0
^•"
0>
E
•5r*
O"™"

Q.
.1
"o
3
•o
o
o
I_
£
"3
in
&
£Z
_o

is
_N
Jj
O
2
n
x:
O
«
Oi

^•B
UJ
_0)

tl

-2
1

S
Is
e
i
ht
•a
<*ff
I
B.
n


S
B

rw
-£?
o
«
-a

•»•*
1
'a
e
ff

j^
^ '

;'


^
•<-x
<
 -w

^ *
-si.
M- ' ^
, r>

^
X i








§



s
w
CO
en







<(!
Jz;





^
X


















SODIUM CARBONATE


&
Z




§



9
2


^






t3 S
sH o
S §
| S J3
IS?
*u §
fc 2 -H
8 S .SP
.§ s= a
i M (D
s 1 'S
S -2 -8 §
- E S S3
™ 8 2 K
U C w M)
S 8 § .S.
•4-> — •" ^
w S B -2
JH w cfl 72
S 6 5 I "g
<2 . o g j§
> "c ^ -^ " S
•a J *j -2S 
-------
APPENDIX E

;. :
•*3
S
lb<
X.
1
•o
.S
,a
U

•a
E3
•fi
a
S


•S
T)

o
**•*

S
"S
3
A
§
|
B

- 	








	

i1 	





a
0
'£»
.2
ca
JtS
S








V)

o
Q
JB
"S3
e













§
sS
a
1
j=
U







H
i





O"
frv4


^
0 f
< =g
I

i-3
M

AEL/LO.
(mg/mSJ
0
z


—
U E
S.

















o
s



a.

e
S



a
w
Z










^J.
z












Q
o
2
g
CO
a
Q
•a
ice Concentra
2
1
ed adverse effect level / lowest-observed adversi

S
.£>
I
o
i
m Rank. Overall concern levels were ranked as
ra
m
re-Activity T
U
CO
53
CO
te; M: Moderate; MH: Moderate High; H: High.
ca
t Low Modei
a
1


e daily dose
a
1
Q
f
U
[uotient (unitl
73
1
initless ratio)
•o
i of exposure

!
I


available
g
1
•3
1
ot evaluated for the following reasons:
C
risk indicator
S
1
:5
'So
g
J3
; expected to
1
O
I
                                     E-20
-------
                             APPENDIX E




'C
n
0)
o
(0
g
2
Q.
O
c
_i
•a
8
1
0

Q.
2
o

c
o
tharacterizati
u
.2
CO
LU
S

•a


1
1
y
1
•a
£
S
1
-


•'
a
1
ja
,
°~':

+^
1
a
Q
mat
tf
»

«
S
C3
A
a
^
i"
?
I
;
g
•-g
43
_/
i
?|
-(,
4,
<**
f
1
/' I

i;
i ,
#.
ii
'• S'

O; -7
^•J -^
03 w
0 ^
,l|
18 ,u
O „<*>
I/
aj
is x

5

z
S
"*

z
cs
a
o
o

s
i
*
0
AMMONIA

a

a
(N
S
T-H

a
IN
a
o
1
o

*
s
^
Z
COPPER SULFATE; OR CUPRIC SULFATE

1

a
z
1
in

a
IN
a
o
1
o

s
s
es
S
ETHANOLAMINE

z;

S
N

1 | a
•s 1«
£ <° -bT
| Si
? .2  H «
5 (U 03 C
° S o |
^ i s &
&> S HH bO
1 8 | |
t3 'S i>" ^
fa § S ^ 2
S6I -S^o
§ J | ^2 ^ £
> S O w ,O ^3
T3 ^ ^ ^ S**S
1 I 1 „ 1 1 1 1 I * I I 1
>gc|ss^gg^Sag,
II 111 1 !!H Hi
' illMtlHisil
.•saSe^jQQ'i^ec.ci
Zg2S«
-------
APPENDIX E



O
'C
ro
a>
c
.2
c
•§

!
0
.a
•a

o
O
0)
n.
2
0
fc.
-a
"3
te.
c
0
U
2
m
O
on,
111
0)
J3
m





;•
ii
??
P/
JU
I

**•*
•S

SJ
-8
Cxi
^ **
; 	 : 	 •
•8
«
O

-iS
.3
'43
'B
""3
tt
„:;;

















tl
S
B
fi
cs
S
0






$
"S
i
o












a»
e
z
1
O
J







M
0
•a




S1


^
il
<««•


1«
O t
W E
^

"S
es
^
oi!
E

















^~

£





w



T
C
!.




^


S5















!
S
i
i


^





u



c
t
V
T




2!


g









W
^
o
g
tt<
b
LFATE; OF
o
D
j

1
C
U
C




£



c
ti
c*




VO


«j














JJ
I
^
*i
I
2
^~

U)





P|



ro
o
f-


5^

z


2;















u
U
5>
i
,—

^





ja



S
t


2

*


<












T^
-------
                              APPENDIX E



_O
'C
n
0)
o
CO
c
o
I
Q.
o
Q.
D)
'•5
c
§
3
T3
•1
O
C
o
0
oT
—
Q.
2
0
g
"w
"5
g
o:
^
o
1
1
2
n
0
(0
£
in
UJ
S




-
S
"S
S
««
_g
u
"6
1
"ffi

tj
a
03
fi
s

jj


•a

'a
i
"eet
4>^
I
-S
"S
/^
~r

\
^
S ,
-

*»•*


^

^«

-






*-
A
tS*
»

^~
5
"1
^
-t1-^
„
™
<~
ws"
"k
>-O
i
t-x
^

/
-


I?

»
.'?'
tK

f -S
1
-fir
.1
^M
ly
«,
i

^
pC
g ,,
I "•

*'
<"'
-'
-^
§ "
^ '

> ^
o -1?

,, %
;' -^


ti
^ t,,^-*.
s'l
Jg^1

,",
u f
§ ^
~ ^.
V *
" -^
jj"

lt
^
x ^^
s v
X4

,i, 'x
y ^
,
«•
y '
,
< **

rs
a



IN



§



a

w





^



o
















AMMONIA

•s
ta
g


IN



a



a

w





^



£











P
<;
p
ORCUPRIC5
[i:
COPPER SULFAT:

cs
W
g


IN



|



a

w





cs



3S
















ETHANOLAMINE


a



rs



u



a

w

S



S



£
















GRAPHITE



2S


of



a



a

u

S



2



£














1
CO
POTASSIUM CAR

rs
W
Z


(N



w



a

w

2



*



2

w
Pu

on
O
0
i
B!
S

p
1
H
S
o
JFURICACID;
t:
PEROXYMONOSl

N
1)
£


CS



a



a

i

S




"S
*o
1
.0
o
i
erall concern levels were ranked as follow;
(5
^
c
C3
p<

(LJ
SAT: Structure-Activity T
ate; MH: Moderate High; H: High.
•8
1
%

I
L: Low; LM: Low Modei






ADD: average daily dose


^
2"1""1

I
'a
|
js

I?
1
M
—

3,
MOE: margin of exposure






NA: data not available
for the following reasons:
"2
ta
•1
>

g
NE: ADD or risk indicatoi

0
'&>
f?
e
5
(2) exposure expected to
E-23
-------
APPENDIX E
1 	
§"


;; 	

'"I"
1
i
B
"'S
a
1
1
l>

\
I


	

" 	




a
••3
•fr
1
>
:

i
:
5
3





'= 	



I
c

"S
i






n
e
4S
2
n



H
OJ
I— •
£:
w
Q







o
0
1
o





g
It Chemical Na



1



g
1?
II1




HI
O



S
ll
&


i ^
S li
^
< e
S s
V
•K'
S Z1
"a
£

•J

31
w §
ic
*5"
« "^





„

g



g
9
—

*-*
*-*
g

— .

g
1




„£
%




<•
Z




*

^
*
a
VI
o
SULFATE;ORCUP
COPPER
^^
~
g



g
1
fS


a.
g

a

g
u
o
o



<£
Z




<•
Z




2

S1""




HLORICACID
a
C


I
IS


g
5
—



I
V%
^*"
c.

g
o
VI



"1
m




<•
Z




R

<
f.



A
|


S
V
t-H


g
1
-



1
r-
c*

g
1




,.,
cs




*r
Z




3N

^
^
D
0
cu
YL ALCOHOL; OR
ISOPROP


g



g
1
CM



1
C,
=-

g
I
00



•<
z




*f
•z




r-'

^
Z'



UM HYDROXIDE
POTASSI


g



g
1
t-


^
g

a

g
1

•?


<
2




^
z




z

^
5:



UMPERSULFATE
POTASSI


V
^


g
§
cn


a
g

a

g
I
0



VI
0




<•
z




*

^
z



CHLORITE
SODIUM


pr;



p;
1
es



o
£
VO
=•

g
cn




^
z




^
z




CM

^
Z



HYDROXIDE
SODIUM


g



3.7E400
I
vc


a
z

a

g
1
O



<-
x5




w
o




g

•a1
Z



US CHLORIDE
STANNO


2

,_^
^
g
?
-'



I
-------
                                                                                             APPEIVCDIXE
 ffi

 ffi
 u
(O

 n
jo
'E

 o

f
I
o
.Q
I
o
c •
o

9

o



ffi
Q.
Q.

8
U)
o
_ffi
Ul
ffi

I

ffi
2
A


o
o
z
I

o

1

I
2
re
          -?••/?
            --
        3:
         -
       : a,s

       •!§
       J3, «  f:
HI

ffi
                          e
                                w
                                                   E-25
-------
APPENDIX E
3
  S

  E

   o
   S
   g
       a
        a
         a
a
a
E
a
E
SSI
   a
 a
a

             w
TE
C
  a
E
R
a
a
E
HL
                           0
                           -43

                           S
                            ,
                          ils ii


                           1 5 Q'.a

                           1*9|
                   E-26
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX E
_o
re
o
o
tn

I

o
9
o

CO
E>
O
I
I
O
X,
w
o:
0)
V
UJ
                                          E-27
-------
APPENDIX E
£
lm
re
c
fl>
u
>
5

§
9

o
•z.

1
1
ra
B
o
b
*^
-2
£
i
i
c

ts



3
t>
1
U
.se:
S
1U
a)
3
£


,;;,




mi 	 •
1
:f.
1
"*•*
il!!''i(3
;.s

|
1
	 jj
a
:s
c.

(S


,y 	 i
-_—
*Ss
'"^
|
3g
;M
§"
B
1
is
•>B
11
i
>
pin*

i



™

I
i 	
I
in








1
13
O
0

§
u







H
^<
u>


; r
01
P








III






G>
«-«
icniical Nan
o






^
o




a
H-l

"R
1 1
s
"•••»•




hJ
M ^
< &'
o -S
fi^ ti£
M oifc
1 a
z
a!
sfi §
s_




















O3





e



2^E-04









g



&














CHLORIC ACID
&





tl3





g



1
cs




*s




1


^
^














[BISULFATE
§





ClJ





g



1
oo
f^









1


<
^














[CARBONATE
§
OQ





tlJ





g



1




A




g


<
•^














|
1
C/3





ClJ





g



m
W
cs




IS




^


^
^














[PERSULFATE
8
CO





CjJ





g



2.3E-05









g


^
^




S
s
f-H
Q



Q
1
TORATE; OR
[UM CITRATE 5.5-H
ITRISOD:




























1 ..

,w ^o
S i
lit
•si*'
§ § -a
| s S
? ^a u
1 g 3
^ ^2 ° G


"^ g )§ £
i s i i
III 1
*8 | § -s- eg
s ° 1 1 1
> -^ ^ ^ « •-
£ | ^ .9 s 
-------
                                 APPENDIX E
••5
a
0
o
CO

c
o
I
'sj
1^
o
O.
O)
c
'•5
g
CO
•o"
•c
o
>>
g>
>
o
o
i
C
0

|
'o
to
Of
o
(0
E?
o
I_
fi
s
3
g
oc
_o
*l*
«
'C
Q)
1
f8
.c
o
T_-
HI
2
,2
«
f



~

15
•-22*"
*3
^
'*»,
"g
•4^4
••5
fT*J
:s
i
S
•m
I
0,
jg
w
_

^
'«
S3
•a-



i
1
JS
a
S
H
— •
•- ••

r
/
^

1 s
- '
>*
'¥
^

' - ,
s^ '^
^ x/
m
O 1-
,1

*% v$ •*
<
•^
f
"> ;
-S""
"' '
£,:
flrf
?rS
fi
•^tt-*
=»»

/• ~*
-i
J*i .-
1-
O-  -a §
"S J2 E
•O § ffl
fc o J31 id
^ n5 M S
03^*— O
"§ w 1
S f 1 M
> 5 o c
5 "a o '?
^ i ? 1
> 0 ffi ^
JJ g g g
III <§
u ^ u • 'o" -a
u O -a -a « u
1 -a 2 ^5 l -a
j^ a . > o en co ;i
^ 1 S IS £ £?
c "S S fa" S 'S S c
.9S§-§ "3, c10
2^SHu,, T3t> oo
1 11 1 1 1 } 1 1 1 1
|5(j
-------
APPENDIX E
 1
 1
 to
 o>
 8

 8
 E
 c
 ra
 S?
 o
1
!
i
N
CM
Ul
         X,
W B
!
    !";11:"'::	i	•"",
                                J
                                I
                       I
                            II
                            1
                                      a
                                      «
                                    F-H
                                           u  a
                                          2  y
                                             B-a
                                             <£ ^
                                        "3
                                        !  B
                                        g  9
                                             i I
                                          I |
                                          £ S
                                          E-30
-------
                                 APPENDIX E
.o
(5
o
o
tn
c
.S3
c
0
£
j>«
2
2
o
3
•§
_N
'C
^
O
>
0
o
E
3
5
jo
75
Q.
6
'E
ra
O}
O
5?
«»-
42
3

Q)
.0
'•C
1
s
0
2
n
O
>^C
0)
E
CO
CM
HI
0>

•
'js'

1
"o
1
g
"I

T3
«
1
'O
s
il

^
-•
*2
»
.fe»
."S
H
I



43S3
- '
1
9
«



„

X


\ s
-
„
/,
-
•"
«?

tr
f
6
•s
,»
6


^
iy
/
f
H
•<
!»/


1
g
0)
A
^,

^

/

\

-'
r

?'
-

.;
I
,«
>|[||M
I
•^
»-
*v
f TS^
t.
'^1
c:
'" -
c , -
e- ^j

'i -„
''. C
7«iSr ^
1 I
8
,rf>
'
^- ^
' -
J'
H «S
O ^
*^""^
JH J*^)
J3 ™fi
§*-"^
'
s
r ^ ^
»M
S"' Bfl
Sl-l
"• " ^fijj.
<*
' \
~

^ ^

t
s-
,Tr!
"%

Av. (,
^
/
s, ^




i


w
^



S
r-J
 ^^
S s •£=
S •« Sf
"S J K
"S | K
Jo Js"
0 li
9 05 U
si?
| - •§ §
•S E & 1
-8s 2
i § i .f
111" 1
B  W *t3 *^ U
1^1 « 5 t
£ S O w .O
•O 03 !,_{ .— Q^ (4-1
« PS ^ S3 *°
u § JS" S § l§
E; S g S -=- S
S "E-iajuSg 13
1 1 £ 1 | 1 1 « B
« o.£'rfi::*jci.iSo
'S S Gt5 s^-e ?<^ c
S^j
-------
APPENDIX E
 8
 CO




 I

 i.
 O
 D.
 I
 1
•S
 o
 o
 O
	
,;; 	
u"
"1

"S
, J.,
1
.1
i
J!
a
<5J
1

W
'.
iil
3?
u
i
, !*"*
"S
'is
c
03
1
nil

:::
""


"" 	
'! 	 	 • 	 '



'!""








a
o
'•S
es
X!
s







i
a
o
Inhalatii








6
»





w
o
2





g


IK
a *?
5


^
< _
OAEL/LO
(mg/m3]
K
^
y B
§ "Si
S
	










•u




a

S
*



a

§



a
§



^


1
o











:HLORICACID
0
&

K
a

W




a

g



a
§

s

g


^












BISULFATE
g
tD
§
0<3
a

W




a

W



a
§



o


g












CARBONATE
S
»3
§
OQ
a

H3
^



a

§



a
§

2

*


^











w
1
§
o
§
00
a

W
2



a

§



a
§

s

s


^












PERSULFATE
S
jip
1

G

S
^



a

g



a
§



s


g

1
u
3
o
on
CM
O
S
^
y
?
UM CITRATE 5.!
Q
5
CO
H
                                                     a
                                        E-32
-------
                                                                                     APPENDIX!
         i'
•o

=
re
5
         s
                                               I
0)
o
CO


1
SL
                            a
"O
a


I
  |
a
                     I
  a
                     U3
                                        §
                                          a
o
O


o
              I
                                                    1
i
2
n>

O
.*
w

oE
UJ

«
A

,2
    S
    u

    1
1
c
       o
g
              
-------
APPENDIX E
,0
i
1
c
J=~
o
£
£•
I
S
jg^
2
•a
G>
I
>>
Q>
>
C
I
«U
i
I
•3
S
i
i=
1
1
(A
£
§
S3

•g
1
0
.X

g
s
UJ
0)
I

_,'„
,!!'"


i 	 :


s«*
	 E.
ffj

3
^M
ifcg**
*T^
ni.5*.
i
'•A
w



S
1
:£
•1
"•|
l|

S








I!111!11!
1






ts
a

T8
ES
o
p







s



I








L,.


u
s
£'
1
s





1






a
a




d
•» ^
j



J
5. "*•'
M o
.3 g
P ^
^>
g -|
c3 ^
e
B
.

:i











S
i
**-

^-s
^


g




1
0\





g


<
5Z










1,3-BENZENEDIOL





O
|
f_H


«=•


g




1
r-





s
o


^.
?










COPPER (I) CHLORIDE
^
*^



§



=•


i




i
•^





5S


<:
2






w
|
^
'/)
COPPER SULFATE; OR CUPRIC





V
I
CM


;=-


g




I
IM





S


^
2










n





g
"*


;::'


§




CO
l-H

w



o


<
*&










FLUOBORICACID
^
N-*'



§



^


ex




cO
1
i><





^


^
z










[HYDROCHLORIC ACID





S
1
cs


=•


s




CO
i
*""





CO


^
^










HYDROGEN PEROXIDE





I
t— 4


^,


[l|




I
*"*





«


<
z;







O
i<
§
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL; OR2-E
,_,
^



§



^,


g




I
1-1





^


^
^










ILITHKJM HYDROXIDE





|
«n


^,


§




o
00





i
o


<
K










PALLADIUM





I
oe


~


§




cr
»/>

i



1
o


^
J2;










14
J
|





§



^,


§




g
*
N

§



^


<
"Z










POTASSIUM CARBONATE





§



=-


§




§
ON
t-

s



g


<
z










SODIUM BISULFATE





§



=•


§




CN
I
UN





^


<
g










SODIUM CHLORIDE





[i



c/


p-




1
cs





g


^
^










[SODIUM HYDROXIDE





[t



^,


rj;




CO
'-'

S



^


^
^;










SODIUM PERSULFATE





g






i
i— i



i
cs





g


VO
oo
o
o









STANNOUS CHLORIDE





§



c-


§




g
"





g


^
^










SULFURICACID





1
r~>


r^


g




1
CS





cs
CO


^
/5


1
5
2
CO
3
§
3
s
TRIETHANOLAMINE; OR 2^,2-





S
C«"
1—1


=•


g




1
CO





CO*


^
J2J










[VANILLIN
                                     E-34
-------
                                                                                                 APPENDIX 1
_o
to

o
Q.
O
Q.
ra


|
CO


0>


o
g
o
o
 |

'•5
_«

2
 i
 o
 il
 n

O

 »
Of


CM
UJ
 to
     .t
     •I
     is!
     **>

     I
          I,
       •a
                Ci

                   Ci
                   a

                      ci
                         a
                            ci
                                    s
                                       ci
                                          Ci-
                                            Ci
                                             Ci
                                               Ci
AS
                                                  Ci
                                                  Ci
                                                     Ci
                                                     ci
                                                        Ci

                                                           Ci
                                                           Ci
                                                             ci
                                                                   Ci
                                                                      Ci
                                                     E-35
-------
APPENDIX E
                                    E-36
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX E
_o

<5
o
w

a
u
o
 >
T3


I


I
o
o
•a
£
O

1


I
2

£
o
UJ

_«

A
m
                  8
s
                                          E-37
-------
APPENDIX E
I
CO
c
6
S
3
8-
Q.
OJ
|
%
•o
&
g,
c
o
O
r"
c
M
a

S
S
1
(£
C
.0
1
2
3
O
M
Q£

O
111
o
"?5
ni
CZ




mil


*E
f

1
*
rgj
C



- 	 |
4
$
tes
Sfl

i
a














i
in






a
o
•&







«?
US

§
"3
n
*""*








o
S
M
C
1
a
S
fs)
V

II



H
2
*


n

^~,
a f
% 1
i



ri
O "
S e
M (

0
iy E
1



















S


^


*
fU


a
3





!Z


|

















iNZENEDIOL
I
S


y


c
e


a
3




vn



|

















ER (I) CHLORIDE
3
S


§


J
%


a
B





2


^
x









^


00
J
2

5
ERSULFATE;ORC
NOLAMINE
S
o
a
VI
i
i §


^ c
g g


s a
^

m



- z


5 bl

















ROBORICACID
.OCHLORICACin
B
S S


§ §


a (_
B B


a, a.
5 B





-i C--


i g

















>OGEN PEROXIDE
rf


^
^
C

c
e


c
g





s


g









1
o


j



55


|
















M
SSIUMCARBONAT
i
s


B


c
B



P

S



z


2j

















JMBISULFATE
3
S


s


a
B


a
P





z


g

















IM CHLORIDE
3
o
c


B


o
p


a
P








0!

















IM HYDROXIDE
3
o
!


B


a
P


a
P





z


g

















IMPERSULFATE
3
I


P


0
p


a
p





55


55

















TOUS CHLORIDE
3
4
S


P


a
p


a
P




Ml
0


<

















o
H
a
s


p


r
P


c
p





55


<




•,
O
S
w
2



-i
»2t
CN
S
CM
HANOLAMINE; OR

(


P


a
P


a
p





z


<

















5
i
                                                                      a

                                                                    § -a
                                                                                  I
                                                                                  
-------
       Appendix F

Supplemental Performance
Demonstration Information
-------
-------
	APPENDIX F

Appendix F includes:

F.I   Test panel artwork

F.2   Lamination Specifications for DfE Performance Demonstration Panels

F.3   Process Steps for Manufacturing and Drilling DfE Performance Demonstration Panels

F.4   Design for the Environment Printed Wiring Board Project Performance Demonstration
      Workplan

F.5   Process Steps  for Electroplating, Etching, HASL, and IR Reflow of DfE Performance
      Demonstration

F.6   Specifications  for IR Reflow of DfE Performance Demonstration Panels

F.7   IPC-TM-650 Test Methods Manual

F.8   IPC TM 650: Protocol for Thermal Stress Test for Plated Through Holes, Number 2.6.8
                                         F-l
-------
APPENDIX F
F.I     Test Panel Artwork
                                                                      ....  . ._._
                                                                                                          •vv.v.  ;.
V.V.V.V  '.

? :£££££: -•  I-
".MIIIIIIIII:  •   •
\: 1111111111:  •  '•
•-MIIIIIIIII:  •  •_
• MIIIIIIIII:  •  »"
                          «ii»!
             :•=:
'•MIIIIIIIII:  •  •,
•"iiiiiuiiii:  •  •*

                       •-MIIIIIIIII:  .  •
                   1   •" MIIIIIIIII:  . "•
                   a   —• • 1 T T T T 1 •    •
                       \  -
                        • MIIIIIIIII:
                                                              ••••••
                                                              5  r
                                                              -• : 1111111111:  • _•
                                                              •• MIIIIIIIII:  • "•
                                                              »_ : 1111111111:  • •.
                                                              •" : 1111111111:  • •
                                                               L"-"-"-"-"-"."
                                                                           .
                                                               •• : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :  •  •.
                                                               "• : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :  •  •
                                                                            •  .
                                                               V.V.V.V
                                        "•MIIIIIIIII:  • •
                                        ••MIIIIIIIII:  • •*
                                        •-MIIIIIIIII:  •  •
                                        .MIIIIIIIII:  •  .
                                                        ...
                       \  :
                                •••v  •;
                          iiiiiiiiin:
                          iiiiiiinii:
                          :ni n inn:
                          MIIIIIIIII:
                        f  :£££££:.
                        • iiiiniiiii:
                        •, iiiiiiuiii:
                                                               .-.•.•.•.•.v.  ;;;  •••••  .•••.  v.
                                                               • •»••.•.•_•  •„
                                        =• M i M 111111:  •  •
                                        ••MIIIIIIIII:  • ".
                                        •-MIIIIIIIII:  • «.   M
                                        •.MIIIIIIIII:  • •     xi
                                        ••MT.TT.TI:  . .•    Sn
                                          MIIIIIIIII:
                                          MIIIIIIIII:
                                          MIIIIIIIII:
                                          MIIIIIIIII:
                                        J> : 1111111111:  • «"
                                        ••MIIIIIIIII:  • _•
                                        •-MIIIIIIIII:  •  •
                                        •"MIIIIIIIII:  » •,
                                          :--:
                        f
                        • MIIIIIIIII:  • •"
                        •.MIIIIIIIII:  • .•
                        •.MIIIIIIIII:  .  •
                        •"MIIIIIIIII:  •  «
                        f  :
                        '•MIIIIIIIII:  •  •
                        ••MIIIIIIIII:  •  •
                        •  MIIIIIIIII:  • ••
                        "MIIIIIIIII:
                       •             •      s;

                         ffiWm ' •:   I
                                                               ;• MIIIIIIIII:  •
                                                               ••MIIIIIIIII:  •
                                                               •.MIIIIIIIII:  •
                                                               •"MIIIIIIIII:  •
                                                            1
                                          : 1111111111:
                                          MIIIIIIIII:
                                          MIIIIIIIII:
                                          MIIIIIIIII:
                                        _• MIIIIIIIII:
                                         .MIIIIIIIII:
                                        •.MIIIIIIIII:
                                        •"MIIIIIIIII:
                                                                                          1
-•MIIIIIIIII:  •  .
•.MIIIIIIIII:  •  •*
•-MIIIIIIIII:  •   •
  .MIIIIIIIII:  •  \m
             •  .»
-• : 1111111111:  *
•»;iimmn:  •
•_ :iiiiiiiin:  •
•  Minium:  B
••MIIIIIIIII:  •
••MIIIIIIIII:  •
•.MIIIIIIIII:  •
•"MIIIIIIIII:  •
                                                                                  MIIIIIIIII:
                                                                                  MIIIIIIIII:
                                                                                  MIIIIIIIII:
"•MIIIIIIIII:
••MIIIIIIIII:
•.MIIIIIIIII:
•"MIIIIIIIII:
5  :;	
> : 1111111111:  •
 • MIIIIIIIII:  •
•-MIIIIIIIII:  .
                                                        F-2
-------
                                                                          APPENDIX F
F.2    Lamination Specifications for DfE Performance Demonstration Panels
Layer
1

2/3

4/5

6/7

8
Total Thickness
Core


1

2

3



Item Description
Copper Foil 0.5
Prepreg 1080
Standard Core .006
Prepreg 7628
Standard Core .006
Prepreg 7628
Standard Core .006
Prepreg 1080
Copper Foil 0.5

Copper oz


1/1

1/1

1/1



Material Thickness
0.0007
0.0026
0.0060
0.0066
0.0060
0.0066
0.0060
0.0026
0.0007
0.0562
Qty Per.
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

Board Type:         8 layer multilayer

Board Technology:   Through-hole

Board Dimensions:   15.587" x 20.758"
Material Grade:

Panel Size:

Line Width:

Spacing:

Overall Calculated
Press Thickness:
FR-4
18"x24"
0.0200
0.0140
0.062 +/- 0.009
                                         F-3
-------
APPENDIX F
F.3    Process Steps for Manufacturing and Drilling DfE Performance Demonstration Panels

1.     Clean
2.     Laminate dry film
3.     Over layers
4.     Image
5.     Develop
6.     Etch/Strip
7.     Optical inspect
8.     Mechanical inspect
9.     Black oxide
10.    Converter
11.    Bake @250 ° C for one hour
12.    Lay-up/press
13.    Drill
14.    Final inspection
15.    Put panels in bags with desiccant
16.    Ship panels to individual MHC test sites
                                         F-4
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX F
F.4    Design for the Environment Printed Wiring Board Project Performance
       Demonstration Methodology

Note: This workplan provides the general protocol for the Design for the Environment (DfE)
Printed Wiring Board (PWB) Project Performance Demonstration, which will generate
information for the PWB Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment (CTSA) on the "making
holes conductive" step of the PWB manufacturing process. The workplan is based on input from
representatives of the PWB industry, industry suppliers, EPA, the University of Tennessee Center
for Clean Products and Clean Technologies, and other stakeholders of the DfE PWB Project.
There may be slight modifications to the workplan as preparations for the performance
demonstration progress.
I.
OVERVIEW
A.     Goals

The overall goal of this performance demonstration is to obtain specific information about
alternative technologies that effectively make holes conductive.  Specifically, the goals are the
following: 1) to encourage PWB manufacturers to experiment with new products and
workpractices that may reduce environmental and human health risk and result in pollution
prevention; 2) to standardize existing information about commonly used technologies; and 3) to
gain information about technologies not in widespread use, emerging technologies, or
technologies that may be applicable to making holes conductive.

B.     General Performance Demonstration Plan

The general plan for the performance demonstration is to collect information about alternative
technologies at sites where the technologies are already being used.  These sites may be customer
production facilities, customer testing facilities (beta sites), or supplier testing facilities, in that
order of preference. The test vehicle will be a standardized 8-layer multilayer board that has
been used by industry to evaluate accelerated board testing methods. Every attempt will be made
to limit the variability associated with the boards that is not due to differences in the technologies
being tested. The boards will be produced specifically for this performance demonstration.
Information will be collected from each demonstration site during the testing.

C.     Characteristics of Alternative Technologies to be Reported from Performance
        Testing

 1.      Product cost:  Cost per square foot of panel processed. This number will be based on
        information provided by product suppliers,  such as purchase price, recommended bath
        life and treatment/disposal methods, and estimated chemical and equipment costs per
        square foot panel per day. "Real world" information from PWB manufacturers, such as
        actual dumping frequencies, treatment/disposal methods, and chemical and equipment
        costs will be included. The product cost may differ for different shop throughput
        categories.
                                           F-5
-------
APPENDIX F
       Product constraints: Types of board shop processes with which the product is
       compatible.  This information will be submitted by the manufacturers and may also be
       identified as a result of the performance testing.

       Special storage, safety and disposal requirements:  Flammability or volatility of the
       product, VOCs, TTOs, HAPS, Prop. 65 chemicals. This information will be requested
       from the manufacturers and will vary according to the chemicals comprising the products.
       Manufacturers will provide recommendations on disposal or treatment of wastes
       associated with the use of their products.  The storage and disposal costs will be a factor
       in determining the adjusted cost of the product.

       Ease of use:  Physical effort required to effectively use the product line, convenience.
       This is a subjective, qualitative measurement based on the judgment of the product user.
       Specific questions such as the following will be asked: How many hours of training are
       required to use this product?  What process parameters are needed to ensure good
       performance? What are the ranges of those parameters and is there much flexibility in the
       process steps?

       Duration of production cycle: The measured time of the "making holes conductive"
       process, number of operators. This information will be used to measure the labor costs
       associated with the use of the products. Labor costs will be based on the time required
       for making holes conductive with the specific products and at a standard worker wage.
       The product cycle has been defined as the desmear step through a flash up to  0.1 mil
       (includes desmear and flash).

       Effectiveness of technology, product quality: These characteristics will be assessed based
       on performance standard measurements such as aspect ratio plated, solder float test,
       thermal cycling, yield, and CpK (process capability).

       Energy and natural resource data: This information will be used to measure energy
       consumption and the variability of energy consumption for the use of different
       technologies. Measurements of duty and load, for example, will be collected. The
       information will also address materials use rates and how the rates vary with alternative
       processes.

       Exposure data: These  data will be used to characterize exposures associated with
       technologies not in widespread use. Exposure information for more commonly used
       technologies will be collected in the Workplace Practices Survey, conducted separately
       from this study.
                                          F-6
-------
                                                                             APPENDXXF
II.     PERFORMANCE DEMONSTRATION PROTOCOL

A.     Technologies to be Tested

1.     Electroless copper
2.     Carbon
3.     Graphite
4.     Palladium
5.     Non-formaldehyde electroless
6.     Conductive polymer
7.     Conductive ink

B.     Step One:  Identification of Suppliers and Test Sites/Facilities

Workgroup members will identity any additional suppliers of the above product lines and
participate actively in soliciting supplier participation in the performance demonstration.  Any
supplier that wishes to participate will be eligible to submit their technology, provided that they
agree to comply with the testing protocol and submit the requested information.

Suppliers will identify sites that are,using their product lines/technologies to make holes
conductive according to the priority sites listed below.

First preference for testing sites:  customer production facilities
Second preference for testing sites:  beta sites - customer testing facilities
Third preference for testing sites: supplier testing facilities

Every vendor is guaranteed testing at one site; a submission of a second site will be subject to the
review of the performance demonstration workgroup. The workgroup will decide how many
submissions are feasible based on time and resource constraints.  If a supplier has more than one
substantially different product line, it may submit names of test facilities for each of the product
lines.

C.     Step Two: Test Vehicle Production and Characteristics

In order to minimize the variables associated with panel production, one manufacturer will
produce all of the panels. The time and materials to produce the panels will be donated to the
project by industry members. The manufacturer will produce enough 18" x 24" 8-layer
multilayer panels to send three panels to each test facility. The artwork and detailed
characteristics for the panels are being developed separately in IPC's electroless/electrolytic
plating subcommittee.  Detailed construction information, when available, will be attached to the
performance demonstration workplan. The panels will have the following characteristics:

Material: FR 4 Fiberglass Resin
Laminate thickness: .062 inches
Hole sizes: multiple holes of sizes .013, .018, and .036 inches
                                           F-7
-------
APPENDIX F
The boards will be manufactured at a single shop, stopping before the desmear step. Three
panels will be shipped to each test facility to be run through the making holes conductive line,
which begins with the desmear step.

D.     Step Three: Making Holes Conductive

The panels, once distributed to testing facilities, will be run through the making holes conductive
(MHC) process line hi operation at the facility. The usual process operator will operate the line
in order to minimize error due to unfamiliarity with the technology. The panels will all be
processed in the same production run. In order to ensure compatibility with desmear processes,
the panels will be desmeared and run through the MHC line at the individual facilities.

Panels that are manufactured with the pattern plate process will be treated slightly differently
than panels manufactured with the panel plate process.  Panels manufactured with the pattern
plate process will first go through the MHC line. Dry film will be applied, and the panels will be
developed to remove all resist. The panels will then be flash plated up to 0.1 mil.

Panels that are panel plated will first go through the MHC line, and then be directly flash plated
up to 0.1 mil.  This process was designed to ensure that resist residues don't interfere with the
through-hole plating process. (Note: the process was not meant to test the adhesion of the resist
to the panel or to test resist compatibility with different processes.)

After the holes have been flashed to 0.1 mil of electroplated copper, the individual test facilities
will ship all of the panels to a single plating facility, where the panels will be electroplated. This
procedure will minimize variability due to variation in electroplating techniques.

E.     Step Four:  Information Collection at Demonstration Facilities

An independent observer will be present when the panels are run through MHC product lines at
demonstration facilities.  The observer will record information on an Observer Data Collection
Sheet during the test. The information requested on this data collection sheet will be discussed
with the operator prior to the test.

F.     Step Five: Electroplating and Testing of the Boards

After the panels have been completed (holes made conductive and flashed up to 0.1 mil) at the
different testing sites, they will be collected at one facility, where they will be electroplated to a
thickness of 1  mil.  Once finished, the boards will be  electrically tested using Interconnect Stress
Test (1ST) methodology. In addition, they will be microsectioned, and tests such as solder shock
and thermal cycling will be conducted.
                                            F-8
-------
                                                                           APPENDIX F
III.    PERFORMANCE DEMONSTRATION PARTICIPANT REQUIREMENTS

A.     From the Facilities/Process Operators:

1.      Facility will make their process line/process operators available to run three panels in the
       designated performance demonstration time frame.

2.      The process operator will meet with the independent observer briefly before running the
       first panel through the line to familiarize him/her with the unique aspects of the line. The
       process operator will be available to assist the independent observer in collecting
       information about the line when the panels are run through it.

B.     From the Vendors/Suppliers of the Process Line Alternatives:

1.      Vendors will identify demonstration sites.

2.      Vendors will submit product data sheets, on which they will provide information on
       product constraints, recommended disposal/ treatment, product formulations, etc.  The
       requested information will be agreed upon prior to testing.
                                           F-9
-------
APPENDIX F
F.S    Process Steps for Electroplating, Etching, HASL, and IR Reflow of DfE
       Performance Demonstration Panels

1.      Drill to create tooling holes
2.      Apply plating resist (organic photopolymer) - image and develop
3.      Electroplate copper
4.      Apply etch resist (tin)
5.      Strip plating resist
6.      Etch
7.      Strip etch resist
8.      Solder mask - image and develop
9.      Hot air solder leveling (HASL)
10.    Rout out AT&T B coupons, place in numbered bags
11.    Send AT&T B coupons to Robisan Laboratory  Inc.
12.    Send panels to simulated assembly process (IR  Reflow)
13.    IR Reflow
14.    Package and ship panels to DEC Canada for electrical testing
                                        F-10
-------
                                                                        APPENDIX F
F.6   Specifications for IR Reflow of DfE Performance Demonstration Panels

The panels containing only 1ST coupons were processed through a surface mount technology
(SMT) oven with the following specifications:
Oven Model

Oven Profile
(top and bottom)
Processing Speed

Panel Orientation

Panel Spacing

Oven Passes
BTUVIP98Unit

Zone 1=200 C
Zone 2 = 180 C
Zone 3 = 170 C
Zone 4 = 180 C
Zone 5 = 190 C
Zone 6 = 240 C
Zone 7 = 240 C

30 inches/minute

#1 edge up and leading; shorter (18") edge leading

24 inches or 48 seconds

Two - first 12/29/95  1540 to 1745
      second 12/30/95 0801 to 1015
Oven Carrying Support      Wire conveyor

Cooling Between Passes     Horizontally in metal rack, room temperature


*Note: Only 1ST coupons were processed through IR Reflow
                                        F-ll
-------
APPENDIX F
F.7    IPC-TM-650 Test Methods Manual

             The Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits
                        2215 Sanders Road Northbrook IL 60062-6135
              /PC
                                       IPC-TM-650
                                Test Methods Manual
1.0 Scope This test measures increases in resistance of plated-through hole barrels and inner layer connections as
holes are subjected to thermal cycling. Thermal cycling is produced by the application of a current through a
specific coupon configuration. In this technique, a chain of plated-through copper barrels and inner layer
interconnects are resistance heated by passing DC current through the post interconnect for 3 minutes to bring the
temperature of the copper to a designated temperature (slightly above the Tg of the laminate in the sample).
Switching the current on and off creates thermal cycles between room temperature and the designated temperature
within the sample. This thermal cycling induces cyclic fatigue strain in the plated-through hole barrels and inner
layer interconnects and precipitates any infant mortality or latent defects.

The number of cycles achieved permits a quantitative assessment of the performance of the entire interconnect.
Correlation has been achieved between 1ST, Thermal Ovens, Liquid to Liquid Thermal Shock and Thermal Stress
(Solder Float) Testing.

Detailed information regarding the test is found in the NOTES 6.0 section.

2.0 Applicable Documents

2.1 IPC-TM-650, Method 2.1.1

2.2 IPC-TM-650, Method 2.1.1.2

3.0 Test Specimens Daisy chain test coupon. For artwork, see Appendix 1.  See note 6.1, "Test Coupon."

4.0 Apparatus or Material

4.1 Interconnect Stress Test System

4.2 Two (2) Four pin, 2.54 mm (0.1 inch) pitch male connectors (MOLEX 2241-4042 or equivalent)

4.3 Sn60Pb40 or Sn63Pb37 Solder
Number 2.6.X
Subject
Interconnect Stress Technology (1ST)
Date
6/96
Revision
Proposal
Originating Committee: Test Methods Subcommittee (7-1 1)
                                              F-12
-------
                                                                                          APPENDIX F
4.4 Solder Flux

4.5 Soldering Iron

4.6 Multimeter - optional

4.7 Microsectioning equipment - optional

5.0 Procedure

5.1 Sample preparation

5.1.1 Solder two 4 pin male connectors to 0.040 inch holes at left and right edges of side 1.

5.1.2 Allow coupons to come to room temperature (minimum 10 minutes), prior to installation onto 1ST system.

5.2 1ST Procedure

5.2.1 Position coupons at each test head by attaching male to female connectors.

5.2.2 Provide system software with specific test conditions. The available ranges and standard conditions are as
follows:
Conditions
No. of samples
Test Temp

Max. Res. Chng
Max No. Cycles
Data Coll. Freq.
Cooling Ratio
Table Selection
1ST Range
1-6
50°C to 250°C
(122°Fto422°F)
1-100%
1-1000
1-100 cycles
0.5-2X heat time
system/custom
Standard
6
150°C(GF)
(302°F)
10%
250 (1 day)
10 cycles
1:1
system
  5.2.3 Enter a file name and begin test. The 1ST system continuously monitors the coupons and records the relative
  changes in resistance of both the barrel and the inner layer connections. Data is compiled to create graphs of each
  coupon's performance throughout 1ST stress testing.

  5.3  Microsection Evaluation - Optional If detailed failure analysis is desired to determine exact location of
  separations and/or cracks, microsection of failed coupons shall be performed in accordance with IPC-TM-650,
  Method 2.1.1 or 2.1.1.2.

  6.0  Notes

  61  Test Coupon.  Certain design rules must be applied to achieve thermal uniformity. Electronic design files for
  coupon construction are available from the IPC office. The coupon resistance should measure between 150
  milliohms and 1.5 ohms when measured at room temperature. Two resistance values (voltage drops) for each
  coupon are monitored independently, using a four wire measurement technique.

  The test coupons are incorporated as part of each panel produced to monitor production or can be step and repeated
  over a single panel and used to develop processes or process'change.
  6.2 Instrument Details.
                                                    F-13
-------
 APPENDIX F
 6.2.1 Overview of General Steps of Procedure.

 6.2.1.1  Data Entry. Identify and enter the specific test conditions.

 6.2.1.2  Pre-cycling. The application of a trial DC current to each coupon, that elevates the individual coupons to a
 predetermined resistance level, relative to the specific resistance (temperature) required for stress testing.
 Compensations are applied by the equipment until all coupons achieve their independent resistance in 3 minutes + 3
 seconds.

 6.2.1.3  Stress Cycle. The conditions achieved during the pre-cycling stage are repeated continuously (both heating
 and cooling) until the coupon exceeds one of the rejection criteria or the maximum numbers of cycles has been
 reached.

 6.2.1.4  Graphing. Graphs are automatically generated that depict the performance of all or each coupon under test.
 Test data can be inputted into various spreadsheet formats for further statistical analysis.

 6.2.1.5  Failure Analysis - Optional. Failure site is identified using a multimeter or thermographic system and
 subsequently microsectioned.

 6.2.2 Test Sequence. A description of the equipment sequence is as follows.  The sequence described is for an
 individual coupon, although all installed coupons are processed simultaneously.

 6.2.2.1 The auto ranging multimeter measures and displays (on PC monitor) the ambient resistance (voltage drop) of
 the coupon's inner layer interconnect circuit.

 6.2.2.2 The system software calculates and displays the required "target" resistance (temperature). The available
 stress testing range is from 50°C - 250°C (122°F - 422°F). The equation used to calculate the target resistance is as
 follows:

 Target Resistance = ([TCRIX R^ X Th]+ R^)/!. 1

 where:
 TCRI ™ Thermal coefficient of resistance for the Interconnect
 Rn,s Resistance of coupon at room temp (25C)
 Tk - Specified temperature to be achieved.

 6.2.2.3  The system selects and displays a DC current associated to the measured ambient resistance, derived from an
 internal software library.

 NOTE: Additional equations/algorithms used by 1ST that establish the initial current selection for pre-cycling,
 relative to the relationship of coupon interconnect resistance TCRI, coupon construction and stress test temperature
 to be achieved are considered proprietary at this time.

 6.2.2.4 The rejection resistance is calculated and displayed.  This  is adjustable from 1 -100% increase. If 10% is
 selected, 10% of the target resistance is calculated and added to the original resistance to establish the rejection
 criteria.

 6.2.2.5 Pre-cycling is initiated by the application of the  selected current to the coupon, the computer monitors and
records the coupon's performance throughout this first cycle. If at the end of the 1st pre-cycle, the coupon achieves
the specified resistance level in 3 minutes ± 3 seconds, it will be accepted for subsequent stress testing. If the
resistance level was not achieved in this time frame, the  coupon will automatically be pre-cycled again with a
revised/compensated current.

6.2.2.6 Forced air cooling is commenced after each pre-cycle to cool the coupons. (Requires 3.5 minutes)
                                                   F-14
-------
                                                                                             APPENDIX F
6.2.2.7 The 1ST system software will automatically compensate for the difference between what actual resistance
was achieved and the target resistance.  The system will re-test using revised conditions until all coupons are
accepted for stress testing.

NOTE:  The equations/algorithms used by 1ST to compensate the DC current is considered proprietary at this time.

6.2.2.8 The system automatically records and saves all information regarding conditions for subsequent stress
testing.

6.2.2.9 The stress test is initiated by re-applying the same DC current level established for each individual coupon
during the pre-cycle operation.  Three minutes of heating is followed by two to three minutes of cooling.  Cooling
time is a function of overall thickness and construction of the coupon.

6.2.2.10  Individual coupons are continually recycled using thek customized heating and cooling conditions (before
failure initiates), until one of the rejection criteria is achieved or the maximum number of cycles is completed.

6.2.2.11  The coupon's resistance "delta" (variance from initial calculated resistance) increases (positively) as failure
inception occurs. The rate of change in the delta is indicative of the mechanical change (failure) within the
interconnects.

6.2.2.12  When each coupon delta reaches the maximum resistance rejection criteria, 1ST stress testing is stopped.
The rejection criteria prevents thermal runaway (burnout) plus allows for early intervention for failure analysis to be
completed effectively.

6.2.2.13  The 1ST system continuously monitors the two independent circuits of each coupon, recording multiple
points of each cycle until the coupon exceeds one of the rejection criteria. The data is compiled to create graphs of
each or all coupon's performance throughout 1ST stress testing. The following are typical graphs generated by good
and bad  coupons.

NOTE: The axis are not the same in all three graphs.
 This figure shows a plated through hole barrel which begins to fail at 200 cycles while the post remains intact.
                ARUUU. MIT RltNTANCI BIORABMHU
                                                    F-15
-------
APPENDIX F
This figure shows a post that shows an increase in resistance beginning around 70 cycles while the barrel doesn't
completely fail until around 250 cycles.
   *M
  i;
This figure shows an increase in post resistance at the initial cycle.

6.2.2.14  If rejections are noted, the holes exhibiting the defect can be identified by using a multimeter or
thermographic system.  These sites can be microsectioned to determine exact location of separations or cracks.
                                                  F-16
-------
                                                                           APPENDIX F
F.8    IPC TM 650: Protocol for Thermal Stress Test for Plated-Through Holes, Number
       2.6.8

1.     Scope

       To standardize the thermal stressing methodology for subsequent evaluation of the copper
       plating in through holes after exposure to high temperature solder float. The test may be
       performed on plated-through holes after any stage of plating (e.g., copper, nickel, gold,
       tin).
 j
2.     Applicable Documents

       Federal specifications QQ-S-571 and MIL-F-14256, and IPC-TM-650. Test Method
       2.1.1.

3.     Test Specimen

3.1    Specimen shall be removed from the panel by sawing or equivalent method, 1/4" from the
       edge of terminal pad area of through holes to be tested.

3.2    Specimens shall be sawed from a printed wiring board or test coupon in such a manner
       that at least three of the smallest size plated-through holes can be viewed in the finished
       microsection.

4.     Apparatus

4.1    Circulating Air Chamber.  Capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 13 5 ° C
       (275°F)to 149°C(300°F).

4.2    Solder Pot. Electrically heated, thermostatically controlled of sufficient size containing at
       least 2 pounds of SN63 percent solder conforming to the contaminant level specified in
       Table n of IPC-S-615.

4.3    Thermocouple indicator. Or other devices to measure the solder temperature 3/4" +/-
       1/4" below the surface.

4.4    Desiccator

4.5    Microscope. Range (100x/400x)

4.6    Stop Watch

4.7    Water White Rosin Flux. Type R per MIL-F-14256 or  flux agreed upon between
       customer and vendor.
 5.
Procedure
                                          F-17
-------
APPENDIX F
5.1     Specimens shall be conditioned by drying in an oven for a minimum of 4 hours at 13 5 ° C
       (275° F) to 149°C (300°F) and cooled to room temperature in a desiccator.

5.2     Remove the specimens from the desiccator using tongs. Flux coat the surface and plated-
       through holes to ensure solder slugging.

5.3     Remove the dross from the solder pot surface and lay the specimen on the solder
       maintained at 288° C (550° F) +/-5° C (+1-9° F) for 10 seconds +1.  -0 seconds.  (The
       specimens are not to be held against the surface of the molten solder.)

5.4     Using tongs, carefully remove the specimen from the solder and allow to cool to room
       temperature.

Caution: Do not shock specimens while the solder in the plated-through hole is still liquid.

5.5     Microsection as defined in Test Method 2.1.1 of IPC-TM-650 and examine plated-
       through holes for degradation of the plated metal or the foil.
                                         F-18
-------
       Appendix G

Supplemental Cost Analysis
       Information
-------
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX G
G. 1    Graphic Representations of Cost Simulation Models for MHC Alternatives

G.2    Bath Replacement Criteria for MHC Alternatives

G.3    Bills of Activities for the MHC Process

G.4    Simulation Model Outputs for MHC Alternatives

G.5    Chemical Costs by Bath for Individual MHC Processes
       Total Materials Cost by MHC Alternative

G.6    Sensitivity Analyses
                                           G-l
-------
APPENDIX G
G.I   Graphic Representations of Cost Simulation Models for MHC Alternatives
                                         G-2
-------
                                                                      APPENDIX G
a
o
-------
APPENDIX G
    .a
     h
     O
     o
    U
     u
     o
     C-
     o
     Is

                                       G-4
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX G
CL>
I

=
O
U
2
S3
O
-Q
                                    G-5
-------
APPENDIX G
      
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX G
•s
 o
2
PH

&

•a
2
o
                                    G-7
-------
APPENDIX G
    H

    sS
    U




    I
    §•
    o
    i:
    o
    
-------
                                                                APPENDIX G
-------
APPENDIX G
      S
      o
      ~
      o
     U
     2
     S
     .3
     -a
     At
     o
     P

     I
     O
                                      G-10
-------
                                                               APPENDIX G
 =
 o
a
e
05
-------
APPENDIX G
                                    G-12
-------
                                                                      .   APPENDIX G
G.2   Bath Replacement Criteria for MHC Alternatives
                                         G-13
-------
APPENDIX G
Electroless Copper - Non-Conveyorized (Baseline)
Electroless Copper - Conveyorized
Non-Formaldehyde Electroless Copper - Non-ConveyorizedA
                              #2
                                   Process
                                                                                          (Stacks)
Cleaner/Conditioner
Cone.
 228
  500
 300
1,000
 510
5,920
 396
Micro-Etch
Cone.
 ND
  250
 ND
Cone.
 250
2,858
 194
Predip
Cone.
 228
 Cone.
 400
1,000
 540
4,822
 418
Catalyst
 300
Cone.
  500
6mos
Cone.
I/year
I/year
I/year
Post Dip/Acid Dip
 ND
 ND
 1,000
 ND
 350
 675
9,523
 523
Accelerator
 360
 160
2,500 *
 250
 350
 280
4,000
 217
Electroless Copper
 360
Cone.
  500
 ND
Cone.
 430
14,206
 334
Anti-Tarnish
 200
 ND
  250
 ND
 500
 325
2,264
 252
    = NoData
NA = Not Applicable
Cone, = Replacement data given in concentration (e.g, g/L Cu) so not usable in this analysis.
* - data point considered outlier and thus not included in calculation of average.
A Incomplete bath replacement data submitted for non-formaldehyde copper process. Therefore, the process was
assumed to be similar to electroless copper for the purposes of bath replacement
1 Bath replacement frequency data for MHC product lines reported on product data sheets provided by chemical
supplier of each individual process.
2 Reported value was calculated by excluding any outlying values and then averaging remaining bath replacement
data for each bath.
3 To calculate panels per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by bath size in gallons and
divide by 5,6 ssFpanel.
To calculate racks per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by 75 gallons (average bath
size) and divide by 96.8 ssf/rack.
                                                G-14
-------
                                                                                        APPENDIX G
Carbon - Conveyorized
Process Step  ippecfcgs
                        Bath ISepl
                                     *
                                      Process
                                        #4
                              Process
                                ^Average
                                                                         Cost Simulation Inputs3
Cleaner
 300
NA
                               NA
NA
NA
 300
2,340
NA
Carbon Black
I/year
NA
                               NA
NA
NA
I/year
I/year
NA
Conditioner
 300
NA
                               NA
NA
NA
 300
2,961
NA
Carbon Black
I/year
NA
                               NA
NA
NA
I/year
I/year
NA
Micro-Etch
 ND
NA
                               NA
NA
NA
250**
2,855
NA
NA = NoData
NA = Not Applicable
Cone. = Replacement data given in concentration (e.g., g/L Cu) so not usable in this analysis.
** - Due to lack of replacement data, the frequency of replacement of the micro-etch bath was assumed to the same
as for electroless copper.
1 Bath replacement frequency data for MHC product lines reported on product data sheets provided by chemical
supplier of each individual process.
2 Reported value was calculated by excluding any outlying values and then averaging remaining bath replacement
data for each bath.                                                       .
3 To calculate panels per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by bath size in gallons and
divide by 5.6 ssf/panel.
                                                 G-15
-------
APPENDIX G
Conductive Polymer - Conveyorized
  .  Process Ste$
                     #1
                                                                          Firfe^uenc}' of R
-------
                                                                                      APPENDIX G
Organic Palladium - Conveyorized
Organic Palladium - Non-Conveyorized
Cleaner
 200
NA
NA
NA
NA
                                                           200
                                                         1,560
                                                               155
Micro-Etch
 ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
250**
                                                                         2,855
                                                                        194
Conditioner
 244
NA
NA
NA
NA
 240
                                                                         2,411
                                                                        189
Predip
I/week
NA
NA
NA
NA
I/week
I/week
                                                                        NA
Conductor
2,038
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,040
                                                                        39,007
                                                               1,580
 Post Dip
 244
NA
NA
NA
NA
 240
                                                         1,950
                                                               189
Acid Dip
 200
NA
NA
NA
NA
 200
                                                         2,801
                                                               155
ND = No Data
NA = Not Applicable
Cone. = Replacement data given in concentration (e.g, g/L Cu) so not usable in this analysis,
** - Due to lack of replacement data, the frequency of replacement of the micro-etch bam was assumed to be the
same as for electroless copper.
1  Bath replacement frequency data for MHC product lines reported on product data sheets provided by chemical
supplier of each individual process.
2  Reported value was calculated by excluding any outlying values and then averaging remaining bath replacement
data for each bath.
3  To calculate panels per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by bath size in gallons and
divide by 5.6 ssf/panel.
To calculate racks per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by 75 gallons (average bath
size) and divide by 96.8 ssKrack.
                                               G-17
-------
APPENDIX G
Graphite - Conveyorized
    Proms Sl*|>
                             82
                #3
                #4
                                 of
                                                                             panels)
Cleaner/Conditioner
 200
 750
NA
NA
NA
 475
5,443
NA
 Graphite
Cone.
3,000
NA
NA
NA
3,000
19,415
NA
 Micro-Etch
Cone.
 ND
NA
NA
NA
250**
2,855
                                                                                             NA
ND^NoData
NA = Not Applicable
Cone. - Replacement data given in concentration (e.g, g/L Cu) so not usable in this analysis.
** - Due to lack of replacement data, the frequency of replacement of the micro-etch bath was assumed to be the
same as for electroless copper.
1 Bath replacement frequency data for MHC product lines reported on product data sheets provided by chemical
supplier of each individual process.
2 Reported value was calculated by excluding any outlying values and then averaging remaining bath replacement
data for each bath.
3 To calculate panels per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by bath size in gallons and
divide by 5.6 ssf/panel.
                                                 G-18
-------
                                                                                         APPENDIX G
Tin-Palladium - Conveyorized
Tin-Palladium - Non-Conveyorized
    Process Step
       iPrseess
                                             #4
                                  Average
                                                                            Fluency ef Replacement
                                                                             Cost S«»alatiem Inpiats*
                                                         Jfoa-
Cleaner/Conditioner
 350
 1,000
 500
2 weeks
NA
610
6,879
                                                                                              465
 Micro-Etch
Cone;
 Cone.
 250
 Cone.
NA
                                                               250**
              2,855
                                                                         194
 Predip
 400
4,000*
 500
                                            Cone.
          NA
                                            450
                          3,972
                             349
 Catalyst
3,000
 Cone.
2,500
 1,000
                                                     NA
           I/year
              I/year
              I/year
Accelerator
 500
 1,000
 500
  400
NA
                                                                600
              8,457
                                                                         465
 Acid Dip
 500
 ND
1,000
  210
NA
                                                                570
              7,961
                                                                         442
ND = No Data
NA = Not Applicable
Cone. = Replacement data given in concentration (e.g, g/L Cu) so not usable in this analysis.
** - Due to lack of replacement data, the frequency of replacement of the micro-etch bath was assumed to be the
same as for electroless copper.
1 Bath replacement frequency data for MHC product lines reported on product data sheets provided by chemical
supplier of each individual process.
? Reported value was calculated by excluding any outlying values  and then averaging remaining bath replacement
data for each b ath.
3 To calculate panels per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by bath size in gallons and
divide by 5.6 ssf/panel.
To calculate racks per bath replacement, multiply average frequency of replacement by 75 gallons (average bath
size) and divide by 96.8 ssf/rack.
                                                 G-19
-------
APPENDIX G
G.3    Bills of Activities for the MHC Process
                                         G-20
-------
                                                  APPENDIX G
Activities Associated with the Bath Setup
' " Y Activity BeserijMi&a
Wear masks, goggles, rubber gloves, and suitable clothing
Go to storage area
Locate protective equipment
Put on protective equipment

Return to tank
Put in base liquid (usually water)
Open water valve
Wait for measured amount
Close water valve
Document water amount/level
Mix the bath solution
Open the chemical containers
Add the chemicals to the bath
Turn on the agitator
Wait for mixing
Turn off the agitator
Titrate sample
Document
Repeat as necessary
Flush containers
Turn on water valve
Spray containers
Turn off water valve
Place empty container in storage area
Take container to storage
Documentation
Return to tank
Total =
Co&IMver
$/bath setup
labor
labor
labor
protective equipment
labor
$/bath setup
labor
labor
labor
labor
$/bath setup
labor
labor
labor
labor
labor
labor
labor
labor
$/bath setup
labor
labor
labor
$/bath setup
labor
labor
labor
$per testing
Cost/Activity-
$2.50





$2.60




$5.00








$3.00



$2.00



$15.10
                 G-21
-------
APPENDIX G
                     Activities Associated with the Tank Cleanup
4<£tl¥ity Bes^riptiojj
Rinse with water
Obtain spray/rinse equipment
Turn water on
Spray equipment
Turn water off
Obtain scrubbing and cleaning tools
Go to storage area
Find necessary tools
Return to tank
Hand scrub tank
Put on gloves, choose tool
Scrub tank

Return cleaning tools
Go to the storage area
Place tools in correct place
Return to tank
Spray according to schedule
Wait for time to elapse before spraying
Obtain spray equipment
Turn spray on
Spray all cleaning solution from tank
Turn spray off
Operator opens control valve
Find correct control valve
Open valve
Water goes to treatment facility
Wait for water to drain
Operator closes control valve
Locate correct control valve
Close valve
Total =
\ Cos«3>iriver
$/cleanup
labor
labor
labor
labor
$/cleanup
labor
labor
labor
$/cleanup
labor
labor
cleaning supplies
S/cleanup
labor
labor
labor
$/cleanup
labor
labor
labor
labor
labor
$/cleanup
labor
labor
S/cleanup
labor
$/cleanup
labor
labor
$per testing
Co.$t/A<*fri^ i
$25.00




$1.00



$30.00



$1.25



$5.00





$1.00


$2.75

$1.00


$67.00
                                       G-22
-------
                                                    APPENDIX G
Activities Associated with Sampling and Testing
Activity Descrlpttoti — SS1
Get sample
Go to the line
Titrate small sample into flask

Transfer to lab
Test sample
Request testing chemicals
Document request
Locate chemicals
Add chemicals to sample

Mix
Document the results
Return testing chemicals
Relay information to line operator
Return to line
Inform operator of results
Document
Total =
CostJMver
$/testing
labor
labor
materials
labor
$/testing
labor
labor
labor
labor
materials
labor
labor
labor
$/testing
labor
labor
labor
$per testing
C&st/Aetivity
$1.35




$1.35








$1.00



$3.70
                    G-23
-------
APPENDIX G
                     Activities Associated with Filter Replacement
Atf 5v% B$t£ript&tt.
Check old filter
Pull canister from process
Inspect filter
Decide if replacement is necessary
Get new filer
Go to storage area
Locate new filters
Fill out paper work
Return to tank
Change filter
Pull old filter from canister
Replace with new filter

Replace canister
Fill out paper work
Dispose of old filter
Take old filter to disposal bin/area
Dispose of filter
Return to tank
Fill out paper work
Total =
Co$«»ri*«gr
$/replacement
labor
labor
labor
$/replacement
labor
labor
labor
labor
$/replacement
labor
labor
filter
labor
labor
$/replacement
labor
labor
labor
labor
$per replacement
C^&tXtctky
$1.50



$1.75




$12.25





$2.00




$17.50
                                       G-24
-------
                                                                       APPENDIX G
G.4   Simulation Model Outputs for MHC Alternatives
                                        G-25
-------
APPENDIX G
                          SIMAN V - License #8810427
                          Systems Modeling Corporation

                        Summary for Replication 1 of 1
Project:  VERTICAL GENERIC ELECTRO
Analyst:  CHAD TONEY
                       Run execution date :    6/10/1997
                       Model revision date:    7/10/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
        : 163453.0

        TALLY VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
                                                         Maximum   Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
45.201
49.271
80.408
.81575
9.8667E-04
.S9205
34.000
49.116
.00000
306. 00
49.333
271.97
3615
3616
422
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Identifier
CARRIER Active
CARRIER Busy
# in ACCELERATOR Q
# in ACID DIP Q
# in CATALYST Q
# in CLEAN Q
# in ELECTROLESS Q
# in MICROETCH Q
# in PREDIP Q
# in RINSE1 Q
# in RINSE2 Q
# in RINSES Q
,# in RINSE4 Q
§ in RINSES Q
# in RINSES Q
# in RINSE7 Q
# in STARTING Q
# in TARNISH Q
# in CLEAN1 Q
# in MICROETCH1 Q
ft in PREDIP1 Q
# in CATALYST1 Q
# in ACCELERATORl Q
# in ELECTROLESS1 Q
# in ACID DIP1 Q
# in TARNISH1 Q


Average
15.000
.01106
.00148
.00147
.00148
8.3941E-04
.00192
.00148
.00148
.00148
.00148
.00148
.00148
.00147
.00147
.00147
.00000
.00147
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000

Identifier
Variation
.00000
9.4553
26.015
26.019
26.015
34.500
22.819
26.015
26.015
26.015
26.015
26.015
25.999
26.019
26.019
26.019
—
26.019
—
--
—
—
--
-_
__
--
COUNTERS

Minimum
15.000
.00000
.00000
: 00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000 •
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000

Count
Maximum
15.000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1. 0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000
.00000

Limit
Final Value
15.000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
.00000
. 00000
. 00000
.00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
. 00000
.00000


                   PARTS DONE
                                              3616  Infinite
                                 FREQUENCIES
                                       G-26
-------
                                                                      APPENDIX G
Identifier
STATE (CLEAN1_R)
STATE (MICROETCH1_R)
STATE (PREDIP1_R)
STATE (CATALYST1JR)
STATE (ACCELERATOR1_R)
STATE (ELECTROLESS1_R)
STATE (ACID DIP1_R)
STATE (TARNISH1_R)
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
CATAL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACCEL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ELECT BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH
BUSY
IDLE
TARN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
--Occurrences--
Number AvgTime
9
400
403
18
400
405
8
40.0
402
1
400
401
16
400
405
10
400
401
6
400
401
13
400
404
138
92.
310
145
94.
303
124
95.
308
230
95.
311
129
97.
302
113
98.
306
146
99.
306
119
101
300
.22
965
.23
.66
395
.88
.50
790
.80
.00
485
.79
.75
560
.10
.60
875
.15
.00
445
.23
.53
.42
.31
Standard
Percent
0
22
76
1
23
75
0
23
75
0
23
76
1
23
74
0
24
75
0
24
75
0
24
74
.76
.75
.49
.60
.10
>30
.61
.44
.95
.14
.37
.49
.27
.87
.86
.70
.20
.11
.54
.34
.13
.95
.82
.23
Restricted
Percent
0
22
76
1
23
75
0
23
75
0
23
76
1
23
74
0
24
75
0
24
75
0
24
74
.76
.75
.49
.60
.10
.30
.61 . ,
.44
.95
.14
.37
.49
.27
.87
.86
.70
.20
.11
.54
.34
.13
.95
.82
.23
Execution time:  75.62  minutes.
Simulation run complete.
                                       G-27
-------
APPENDIX G
                           SIMAN V - License #8810427
                           Systems Modeling Corporation

                         Summary for Replication 1 of 1
 Project: TOPICAL CARBON CONVEYOKIZED
 Analyst:  CHAD TONEY
                           Run execution date  :   10/ 4/1996
                           Model revision date:   7/11/1996
 Replication ended at time
 Identifier
            : 50808.6

            TALLY VARIABLES

    Average   Variation   Minimum
                                                          Maximum   Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
.81854
47.610
74.507
6.7748
1.0902
1.0634
.60608
12.996
14.000
195.00
257.69
208.92
62056
62057
158
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Identifier
Average
Variation
Minimum
Maximum
Final Value
   in TO_CLEANER_Q
    .00145     26.200     .00000     1.0000

                COUNTERS

Identifier                Count   Limit
.00000
parts done
FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (CLEAN_R)
STATE (MICROETCH_R)
STATE (CARBON_R)
STATE (CONDITIONER^)
STATE (CARBON2_R)
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
CONDI BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
62057 Infinite
- -Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
26
124
136
21
124
138
124
125
20
124
134
124
125
147.01
12.460
334.12
160.66
24.645
321.58
12.460
394.10
142.03
19 . 674
339.76
19 . 674
386.95
Standard
Percent
7.52
3.04
89.44
6.64
6.01
87.34
3.04
96.96
5.59
4.80
89.61
4.80
95.20
Restricted
Percent
7.52
3.04
89.44
6.64
6.01
87.34
3.04
96.96
5.59
4.80
89.61
4.80
95.20
Execution time:. 32.93 minutes.
                                        G-28
-------
                                                                       APPENDIX G
                          SIMAN V - License #8810427
                          Systems Modeling Corporation

                        Summary .for Replication 1 of 1
Project:  CONVEYORIZED TYPICAL CON
Analyst:  CHAD TONEY
                       Run execution date :    6/11/1997
                       Model revision date:    7/10/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
       :  29091.1

        TALLY VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
                                                         Maximum   Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
.46866
38.993
77.321
9.1628
1.2748
.99426
.35294
8.0000
.00000
190.00
216.01
192.20
62056
62057
92
DISCRETE -CHANGE VARIABLES
Identifier
Average
Variation
Minimum
Maximum
Final Value
# in TO_MICROETCHER_Q   .36856
                     Identifier
           1.3089     .00000     1.0000     1.0000

            COUNTERS

                      Count   Limit
PARTS DONE
FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (CLEAN_R)
STATE (MICROETCH_R)
STATE (CATALYST_R)
STATE (CONDUCT_R)
STATE (MICROETCH2_R)
STATE (CLEAN2_R)
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
CONDUCT BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO2 BATH
BUSY
IDLE
CLEAN2 BATH
BUSY
IDLE
62057 Infinite
- -Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
13
71
78
21
71
82
71
72
6
71
75
21
71
82
13
71
78
150.96
21.147
328.55
145.76
15.567
303.96
21.147
383.18
135.43
24.971
353.40
145.76
24.971
295.81
150.96
21.147
328.55
Standard
Percent
6.75
5.16
88.09
10.52
3.80
85.68
5.16
94.84
2.79
6.09
91.11
10.52
6.09
83.38
6.75
5.16
88.09
Restricted
Percent
6.75
5.16
88.09
10.52
3.80
85.68
5.16
94.84
2.79
6.09
91.11
10.52
6.09
83.38
6.75
5.16
88.09.
 Execution  time:  25.02  minutes.
 Simulation run complete.
                                        G-29
-------
APPENDIX G
                           SIMAN V - License #8810427
                           Systems Modeling Corporation

                         Summary "for Replication 1 of 1
 Project:  CONVEYORIZED GENERIC ELE
 Analyst:  CHAD TONEY
                           Run execution date :   6/10/1997
                           Model revision date:   7/ 9/1995
 Replication ended at time
 Identifier
           : 36063.0

            TALLY VARIABLES

    Average   Variation   Minimum    Maximum   Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
.58089
52.938
114.06
11.492
1.1157
.69924
.31433
14.998
.00000
195.00
282.95
211.27
62056
62057
143
 Identifier
       DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES

    Average   Variation   Minimum
                                                          Maximum   Final Value
 # in TO_CLEANER_Q
    .00259     19.641     .00000     1.0000

                COUNTERS

Identifier                Count   Limit
.00000
                     PARTS DONE
                          62057  Infinite
                                   FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (ACCELERATOR_R)


STATE (CLEAN_R)


STATE (ELECTROLESS_R)


STATE (ACID DIP_R)


STATE (MICROETCH_R)


Category
ACCEL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ELECT BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
- -Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
15
88
95
10
88
96
4
88
91
6
88
91
21
88
102
160.23
29.890
326.62
168.71
11.362
347.66
135.81
32.154
359.23
174.40
33.135
352.75
165.74
16.644
305.07
Standard
Percent
6.66
7.29
86.04
4.68
2.77
92.55
1.51
7.85
90.65
2.90
8.09
89.01
9.65
4.06
86.29
Restricted
Percent
6.66
7.29
86.04
4.68
2.77
92.55
1.51
7.85
90.65
2.90
8.09
89.01
9.65
4.06
86.29
                                        G-30
-------
                                                                        APPE1VDIX G
STATE(CATALYST_R)


STATE(PREDIP_R)



STATE(TARNISH R)
BUSY
IDLE

PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE

TARN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
88
89

13
88
93

28
88
100
25.024
380.45

126.76
25.024
346.37

146.91
45.458
279.48
 6.11
93.89

 4.57
 6.11
89.32

11.41
11.09
77.50
 6.11
93 .89

 4.57
 6.11
89.32

11.41
11.09
77.50
Execution time: 35.08 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
                                       G-31
-------
APPENDIX G
                           SIMAN V - License #9999999
                           Systems Modeling Corporation

                         Summary for Replication 1 of 1
 Project:   GRAPHITE CONVEXORIZED
 Analyst:   CHAD TONEY
                       Run execution date  :  10/ 7/1996
                       Model revision date:   7/11/1996
 Replication ended at time
 Identifier
        :  33441.3

        TALLY VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
                                                          Maximum   Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
.53876
50.811
66.957
8.2863
1.3392
1.3307
.43032
7.7983
10.000
230.00
262.99
230.00
62056
62057
97
Identifier
   DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
                                                          Maximum   Final  Value
KHIFE_R Available
KNIFE R Busy
# in TO_CLEANER_

_Q
1.0000
.00000
.05939
.00000
--
3.9795
1.0000
.00000
.00000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.00000
.00000
                                     COUNTERS
                     Identifier
                                               Count   Limit
Identifier
                     PARTS DONE
                       Category
                                               62057   Infinite
                                   FREQUENCIES
                --Occurrences--
                Number  AvgTime
Standard  Restricted
Percent   Percent
STATE (CLEAN_R)


STATE (MICROETCH_R)


STATE (QRAPHITE_R)


CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
GRAPH BATH
BUSY
IDLE
11
81
85
21
81
93
3
81
83
146.08
13.067
362.06
169.72
29.377
295.67
171.19
14.975
382.10
4.81
3.17
92.03
10.66
7.12
82.23
1.54
3.63
94.84
4.81
3.17
92.03
10.66
7.12
82.23
1.54
3.63
94.84
Execution time: 19.63 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
                                         G-32
-------
                                                                       APPENDIX G
                          SIMAN V - License #8810427
                          Systems Modeling Corporation

                        Summary, for Replication 1 of 1
Project:  VERTICAL NONFORMALDEHYDE
Analyst:  CHAD TONEY
                       Run execution date :
                       Model revision date:
             7/ 1/1997
             5/13/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
       : 73313.7

        TALLY VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
Maximum   Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
20.266
49.864
62.084
.81589
.04022
.24716
15.900
49.600
.00000
160.00
66.400
127 . 82
3615
3616
243
DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES
Identifier
ACCELERATOR R Availabl
ACCELERATOR R Busy
CLRAN_R '-Available
CLEAN R Busy
ACTIVATOR R Available
ACTIVATOR R Busy
ELECTROLESS_R Availabl
ELECTROLESS R Busy
FLASH R Available
FLASH R Busy
MICROETCH R Available
MICROETCH R Busy
POSTDIP_R Available
POSTDIP R Busy
PREDIP_R Available
PREDIP R Busy
RINSE1 R Available
RINSE1 R Busy
RINSE2 R Available
RINSE2 R Busy
RINSES R Available
RINSES R Busy
RINSE4 R Available
RINSE4 R Busy
TARNISH R Available
TARNISH R Busy
RINSES R Available
RINSES R Busy
CARRIER Active
CARRIER Busy
POSTDIP1 R Available
POSTDIP1_R Busy
Average
1.0000
.12334
1.0000
.12340 -
1.0000
.12337
1.0000
.77594
1.0000
.12331
1.0000
.12337
i.oooo
.12337
1.0000
.12337
1.0000
.12337
1.0000
.12337
1.0000
.12334
1.0000
.12334
1.0000
.12331
1.0000
.12331
15.000
.02566
I.OOOO
.00000
Variation
.00000
2.6660
.00000
2.6653
.00000
2.6656
.00000
.53736
.00000
2.6664
.00000
2.6656
.00000
2.6656
.00000
2.6656
.00000
2.6656
.00000
2.6656
.00000
2.6660
.00000
2.6660
.00000
2-6664
.00000
2.6664
.00000
6^1618
.00000
--
Minimum
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
15.000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
Maximum
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
i.oooo
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
15.000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
Final Value
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
15.000
.00000
1.0000
.00000
                                     COUNTERS
                                       G-33
-------
APPENDIX G
                    Identifier
Count   Limit
PARTS DONE
FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (ACCELERATOR1_R)
STATE (ACTIVATOR1_R)
STATE (CLEAN1_R)
STATE (ELECTROLESS1_R)
STATE (FLASH1_R)
STATE (MICROETCH1_R)
STATE (PREDIP1_R)
STATE (TARNISH1_R)
Category
ACCEL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ELECT BATH
BUSY
IDLE
FLASH BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
TARN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
3616 Infinite
- -Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
16
179
193
179
180
9
179
186
10
179
186
6
179
184
18
179
190
8
179
186
14
179
191
81.000
65.391
312.50
65.391
342.27
66.314
65.100
328.30
61.746
64.966
328.31
81.000
65.491
332.09
63.405
64.771
318.83
64.491
65.391
328.45
73.400
64.973
317.57
Standard
Percent
1.77
15.97
82.27
15.97
84.03
0.81
15.89
83.29
0.84
15.86
83.30
0.66
15.99
83.35
1.56
15.81
82.63
0.70
15.97
83.33
1.40
15.86
82.73
Restricted
Percent
1.77
15.97
82.27
15.97
84.03
0.81
15.89
83.29
0.84
15.86
83.30
0.66
15.99
83.35
1.56
15.81
82.63
0.70
15.97
83.33
1.40
15.86
82.73
Execution time: 40.03 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
                                       G-34
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX G
                          SIMAN V  - License  #9999999
                          Systems  Modeling Corporation

                        Summary for Replication 1 of 1
Project:
Analyst:
 •ORGANIC PALLADIUM CONVESORIZED
TONEY
ftun execution date :  10/ 4/1996
Model revision date:   7/11/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
                 : 45329.2

                 TALLY VARIABLES

         Average   Variation  Minimum
                                                         Maximum   Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
.73022
28.353
81.324
7.8793
.92094
.63072
.43504
14.595
.00000
232.76
119.50
226. rr
62056
62057
221
                                    COUNTERS
                    Identifier
                                              Count   Limit
                    PARTS DONE
                                               62057  Infinite
                                  FREQUENCIES
                                         —Occurrences--
                                                           Standard  Restricted
Identifier
STATE (CLEAN_R)
STATE (MICROETCH_R)
STATE (CONDITIONER_R)
STATE (PREDIP_R)
STATE (CONDUCT_R)
STATE (POSTDIP_R)
STATE (ACID DIP_R)
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
CONDI BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY'
IDLE
CONDUCT BATH
BUSY
IDLE
POSTDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH
BUSY
IDLE
Number
39
111
137
21
111
126
25
111
130
21
111
125
1
111
113
31
111
133
21
111
128
AvgTime
103.56
21 . 517
283.95
103.58
24.406
320.97
103.31
27.955
304.94
100.53
29.498
319.54
123.00
30.606
369.99
111.61
32.685
287.52
105.90
35.369
306.08
Percent
8.91
5.27
85.82
4.80
5.98
89.22
5.70
6.85
87.46
4.66
7.22
88.12
0.27
7.49
92.23
7.63
8.00
84.36
4.91
8.66
86.43
Percent
8.91
5.27
85.82
4.80
5.98
89.22
5.70
6.85
87.46
4.66
7.22
88.12
0.27
7.49
92.23
7.63
8.00
84.36
4.91
8.66
86.43
 Execution time: 35.07 minutes.
 Simulation run complete.
                                          G-35
-------
APPENDIX G
                           SIMAN V - License #9999999
                           Systems Modeling Corporation

                         Summary for Replication 1 of 1
 Project:  TYPICAL ORGANIC PALLADIUM VERTICAL
 Analyst:   CHAD TONEY
                       Run execution date  :
                       Model  revision date:
                                   9/26/1996
                                   7/11/1996
 Replication ended at time
 Identifier
        : 31763.2

        TALLY VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
                      Maximum   Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
Identifier
8.7786
33.349
77.536
2.1895
.44838
.53042
2.0750
27.575
.02500
   DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
226.95
137.57
187.45
  3615
  3616
   139
                      Maximum   Final Value
CARRIER Active
CARRIER Busy
13.000
.12964
                    Identifier
.00000
2.6342

 COUNTERS
13.000
.00000
13.000
2.0000
13.000
.00000
                      Count   Limit
                    PARTS DONE
                       3616  Infinite
                                  FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (CLEAN1_R).
STATE (CONDITIONER1_R)
STATE (PREDIP1_R)
STATE (CONDOCTOR1_R)
STATE (POSTDIP1_R)
STATE (ACID DIP1_R)
STATE (MICROETCH1JR)
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
CONDI BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
CONDUCT BATH
BUSY
IDLE
POSTDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH.
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
— Occurrences - -
Number AvgTime
23
77
94
18
77
90
14
77
88
2
77
79
18
77
90
22
77
95
18
77
91
91.783
40.221
282.50
89.387
41.871
299.22
90.642
42.793
309.08
65.158
44.891
356.66
101.21
43.271
295.65
91.494
46.718
275.29
91.800
40.355
296.74
Standard
Percent
6.65
9.75
83.60
5.07
10.15
84.78
4.00
10.37
85.63
0.41
10.88
88.71
5.74
10.49
83.77
6.34
11.33
82.34
5.20
9.78
85.01
Restricted
Percent
6.65
9.75
83.60
5.07
10.15
84.78
4.00
10.37
85.63
0.41
10.88
88.71
5.74
10.49
83.77
6.34
11.33
82.34
5.20
9.78
85.01
 Execution time:" 26.28 minutes.
 Simulation run complete.
                                          G-36
-------
                                                                       APPENDIX G
                          SIMAN V - License #8810427
                          Systems Modeling Corporation

                        Summary jfor Replication 1 of 1
Project:  CONVEYORIZED GENERIC TIN
Analyst:  CHAD TONEY
                       Run execution date :    6/10/1997
                       Model revision date:    7/11/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
       : 26082.6

        TALLY VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
Maximum   Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
.42017
64.169
93.815
11.661
1.1194
.90075
.27134
8.6078
10.000
190.00
433.99
241.52
62056
62057
96
Identifier
   DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
Maximum   Final Value
# in TO_CLEANER_Q        .03874     4.9813     .00000     1.0000

                                    COUNTERS

                    Identifier                Count   Limit
                                            .00000
                    PARTS DONE
                                              62057  Infinite
                                  FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (CLEAN_R)
STATE (MICROETCH_R)
STATE (PREDIP_R)
STATE (ACID DIP_R)
STATE •( CATALYST_R )
STATE (ACCELERATOR_R)
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
ACCEL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
- -Occurrences --
Number AvgTime
9
63
71
21
63
76
15
63
72
7
63
64
63
64
7
63
68
181.61
4.9883
339.91
129.85
23.525
287.81
149.46
32.337
302.82
122.88
42.546
352.21
32.337
375.70
153.10
35.931
334.51
Standard
Percent
6.27
1.20
92.53
10.45
5.68
83.86
8.60
7.81
83.59
3.30
10.28
86.43
7.81
92.19
4.11
8.68
87.21
Restricted
Percent
6.27
1.20
92.53
10.45 "
5.68
83 .86
8.60
7.81
83.59
3.30
10.28
86.43
7.81
92.19
4.11
8.68
87.21
Execution time:  23.80 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
                                       G-37
-------
APPENDIX G
                           SIMAN V -  License  #8810427
                           Systems Modeling Corporation

                         Summary .for  Replication 1  of  1
Project:  VERTICAL GENERIC TIN STA
Analyst:  CHAD TONEY
                       Run execution date :    6/10/1997
                       Model revision date:    7/11/1996
Replication ended at time
Identifier
Identifier
        . 48525.4

        TALLY VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
                      Maximum   Observations
TAKT TIME
TIME IN SYSTEM
TIME STOPPED
13.409
52.839
102.49
1.9911
.08080
.73478
9.2750
50.000
.00000
294.97
65.625
286.32
3615
3616
133
   DISCRETE-CHANGE VARIABLES

Average   Variation   Minimum
                                                         Maximum    Final Value
CARRIER Active
CARRIER Busy
11.000
.06573
                     Identifier
.00000
3.8295

 COUNTERS
11.000
.00000
11.000
2.0000
11.000
.00000
                      Count   Limit
                     PARTS DONE
                                                3616   Infinite
                                   FREQUENCIES
Identifier
STATE (CLEAN1_R)
STATE (MICROETCH1_R)
STATE (PREDIP1_R)
STATE (CATALYST1_R)
STATE (ACCELERATOR1_R)
STATE (ACID DIP1_R)
Category
CLEAN BATH
BUSY
IDLE
MICRO BATH
BUSY
IDLE
PREDIP BATH
BUSY
IDLE
BUSY
IDLE
ACCEL BATH
BUSY
IDLE
ACID BATH
BUSY
IDLE
- -Occurrences --
Number AvgTime
7
119
121
18
119
127
10
119
120
119
119
7
119
125
8
119
121
170.93
63.5.65
328.63
202.66
63.707
293.67
67.055
75.149
324.26
75.149
332.62
107.83
74.082
311.63
159.12
77.569
314.22
Standard
Percent
2.47
15.59
81.95
7.52
15.62
76.86
1.38
18.43
80.19
18.43
81.57
1.56
18.17
80.28
2.62
19.02
78.35
Restricted
Percent
2.47
15.59
81.95
7.52
15.62
76.86
1.38
18.43
80.19
18.43
81.57
1.56
18.17
80.28
2.62
19.02
78.35
Execution time:  36.25 minutes.
Simulation run complete.
                                       G-38
-------
                                                                   APPENDIX G
G.5
                                     G-39
-------
APPENDIX G
Process: Electroless Copper
Supplier #1
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microetch
Prcdip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Neutralizer
Anti-Tarnish
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
138.5
79.5
185
57
38.6
Volume in Bath
(ingaflons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
Percentage
«f Chemical
TO Bath
6
13.8 g/l
2.5
18.5
31.725g/l
1.5
4
0.176 g/l
3.5
20
7
8.5
0.22
100
0.25
Cost of
Chemicals
$25.45/gal
$2.57/lb
7.62/gal
$1.60/gal
$1.31/lb
$2.00/gal
$391.80/gal
$1.31/lb
$2.00/gal
$18.10/gal
$27.60/gal
$16.45/gal
$4.50/gal
$1.60/gal
$39.00/gal
Total Cast
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$98.79
$50.27
$14.65
$2,180.53
$287.79
$617.92
$91.20
$3.76
Total Cost
of the Bath
(VettM)
$114.98
$58.87
$22.15
$1,185.52
$272.59
$251.51
$120.48
$7.33
Process:  Electroless Copper
Supplier #2
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microetch
Prcdip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Neutralizer
Anti-Tarnish
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
138.5
79.5
185
57
38.6
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
fta-contage
of Chemical
in Bath
6
13.8 g/l
2.5
18.5
31.725 g/l
1.5
4
0.176 g/l
3.5
20
2.75
1.75
14.5
100
0.25
Cost of
Chemicals
$25.45/gal
$2.57/lb
7.62/gal
$1.60/gal
$1.3Mb
$2.00/gal
$391.80/gal
$1.31/lb
$2.00/gal
$18.10/gal
$27.60/gal
$12.90/gal
$16.45/gal
$1.60/gal
$39.00/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$98.79
$50.27
$14.65
$2,180.53
$287.79
$623.45
$91.20
$3.76
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
$114.98
$58.87
$22.15
$1,185.52
$272.59
$253.76
$120.48
$7.33
                                           G-40
-------
                                                                               APPENDIX G
Process: Electroless Copper
Supplier #3
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microetcli
Predip
Activator/Palladium
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Anti-Tarnish
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
57
79.5
185
38.6
Volume in Bath

Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Percentage
of Chemical
j»Baflt
10
5
2.5
9.8 g/1
2.5
75
1
75
8.96 g/1
1
4
10
0.2
3
0.5
1
Cost of
Chemicals
$36.68/gal
S28.78/gal
$15.81/gal
$2.62/lb
$1.60/gal
$5.39/gal
$497.71/gal
$5.39/gal
S497.il/lb
$77.71/gal
$11.51/gal
$15.44
$19.36/gal
$9.19/gal
$4.50/gal
$28.26/gal
Total Cost
oJiheBntfc
(Horizontal)
$356.00
$16.32
$201.32
$514.12
$3,013.94
$433.14
$10.90
Total Cost
of &e Bath
(Vertical)
$414.32
$19.11
$304.41
$679.18
$2,854.71
$176.30
$21.26
Process:  Electroless Copper
Supplier #4
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microetch
Predip
Activator/Palladium
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Acid Dip
Anti-Tarnish
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
57
79.5
185
78.8
38.6
Volume in Bath
-------
APPENDIX G
Process:  Electroless Copper
Supplier #5
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microctch
Preclip
Palladium Catalyst
Electroless Copper
Anti-Tarnish
Volume In Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
138.5
185
38.6
Volume i»Bath
(ill gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
15
60g/l
1
1165g/l
3
97
4.2
10
12
2.5
3
Cost of
Chemicals
$26.50/gal
S2.57/lb
$1.60/gal
$1.59/gal
$497/gal
$1.59/lb
$19.29/gal
$29.37/gal
$51.40/gal
$20.50/gal
$1.60/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$257.18
$83.59
$768.14
$2,280.00
$1,834.31
$21.63
Total Cost
offlteBath
(Vertical)
$299.31
$97.89
$1,161.46
$1,239.60
$746.61
$42.20
Process:  Electroless Copper
Supplier #6
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Prcdip
Activator
Reducer
Electroless Copper
Volume in Bath
(ia gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
49.8
57
57
185
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.3
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
Percentage
of Chemical
in Bath
0.5
4
2.5
5
25
0.5
0.5
5g/l
1.4
8
0.15
3
Cost of
Chemicals
$22.70/gal
$26.88/gal
$0.594/g
$99.29/gal
$147.5/gal
$0.0594/g
$147.5/gal
$.795/lb
No data
No data
No data
No data
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Horizontal)
$77.87
$247.22
$2,101.89
$42.03

Total Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
$90.63
$373.81
$2,776.71
$55.52

                                           G-42
-------
                                                                             APPENDIX G
Process: Formaldehyde-Free Electroless Copper
Supplier #1
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microetch
Predip
Activator
Accelerator
Electroless Copper
Anti-Tarnish
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
VohnnejnBath
-------
APPENDIX G
Process: Tin-Palladium
Supplier #1
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Microetch
Prcdip
Activator
Accelerator
Acid Dip Bath
Volume to Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
64.3
49.8
138.5
79.5
78.8
Volume Jo B«th
-------
                                                                              APPENDIX G
Process:  Carbon
Supplier#1
Bath
Cleaner
Conditioner
Carbon Black
Microetch
Volume in Bath
(to gallons)
Horizontal
44
55.7
128
64.3
Volume jn Bath
(in gallons)
Vertical,
No data
No data
No data
No data
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
Percentage
of Chemical
iftBaflt
5
2.5
100
200 g/1
1
Cost of
Chemicals
$90.43/gal
$192.17/lb
$153.98/gal
$1.17/lb
$1.60/gal
Total Cost
«f the Bath
(Horizontal)
$198.94
$267.60
$19,709.44
$126.03
Total Cost
oftJwsBath
(Vertical
No data
No data
No data
No data
Process: Graphite
Supplier #1
Bath
Cleaner/Conditioner
Graphite
Fixer
Microetch
Volume toBath
(to gallons)
Horizontal
64.7
36.5
57
64.3
V&tameinBsrth
{in gallons)
Vertical
No data
No data
No data
No data
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
Percentage:
of Chemical
in Bath
25
60
10
55
2
Cost or
Chemicals
$47.83/gal
$675/gal
$16.50/gal
$9.32/gal
$1.60/gal
Total Cost
of the Bath
{Horizontal)
$773.66
$14,782.50
$94.05
$331.66
Total Cost
of the Bath
(Vertical)
No data
No data
No data
No data
Process: Conductive Polymer
Supplier #1
Bath
Microetch
Cleaner/Conditioner
Catalyst
Conductive Polymer
Volume in Bath
(in gallons)
Horizontal
64.3
64.7
138.5
26
Volume to Bath
{to gallons)
Vertical
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Chemical
Name
A
B
C
D
E
F
O
H
I
Percentage
of Chemical
to Bath
2
7.5 Kg
10
81.5
0.3
0.5
15
23
0.7
Cost of
Chemicals
$1.60/gal
$3.41/Kg
$21.90/gal
$36.90/gal
$4.00/gal
$24.60/gal
$90.30/gal
$17.40/gal
$24.60/gal
Total Cost
rf the Ba&
{Horizontal)
$27.64
$140.82
$4,183.90
$460.70
Total Cost
oftheBaflj
(Vertical)
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
                                          G-45
-------
APPENDIX G
Summary average cost per bath
Process: Electroless Copper
Bath
Cleaner/
Conditioner
Microetch
Prcdip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Electroless
Copper
Neutralizcr
Anti-Tarnish
Total
Total Bath
Cost
(Conveyorized)
S161.99
S57.03
S22S.03
$1,649.24
S755.24
S779.29
$91.20
$9.41

Replacement
Frequency
(Conveyorized)
10
21
13
1
15
4
6
28

Annual
Cost
(Conveyorfczed)
$1,619.90
$1,197.63
$2,925.39
$1,649.24
$11,328.60
$3,117.16
$547.20
$263.48
$22,648.60
Total Bath
Cost
(Nbn-
Conveyorlzed)
$188.53
$66.08
$340.26
$1,318.30
$718.48
$317.19
$120.48
$16.15

Replacement
Frequency
(Non-
Conveyorized)
9
18
8
1
16
10
6
13

Annual
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorlzed)
$1,696.77
$1,189.44
$2,722.08
$1,318.30
$11,495.68
$3,171.90
$722.88
$209.95
$22,527.00
Process: Formaldehyde-Free Electroless Copper
Bath
Cleaner/
Conditioner
Microetch
Predip
Activator
Accelerator
Electroless
Copper
Anti-Tarnish
Total
Total Bath
Cost
(Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

Replacement
Frequency
(Conveyorjzed)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

Annual
Cost
(Co&Vfeyor&ed)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

Total Bath
Cost
{Non-
CoftVeyorizied)
$384.56
$19.11
$360.31
$562.17
$2,854.70
$1,633.84
$21.54

Replacement
Frequency
(Non-
Conyosyorized)
9
18
8
1
16
10
14

Annual
Cost
(Nott*
ConveyoJF&ed)
$3,461.04
$343.98
$2,882.48
$562.17
$45,675.20
$16,338.40
$301.56
$69,564.83
                                      G-46
-------
                                                                                    APPENDIX G
Process: Organic Palladium
Bath
Cleaner
Microetch
Conditioner
Predip
Conductor
Post Dip
Acid Dip
Bath
Total
TotalBath
.Cost
(ConVeyoriztd)
$155.05
$650.54
$133.58
-
$534.60
$156.78
$19.95

Replacement
frequency
{Conyeyorized)
39
21
25
21
1
31
21

Annual
Cost
{Conveyorfzed)
$6,046.95
$13,661.34
$3,339.50
-
$534.60
$4,860.18
$418.95
$28,861.52
Total Bath
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
$180.45
$761.83
$180.45
-
$372.74
$262.35
$19.02

Replacement
Frequency
(Non-
Conveyorized)
23
18
18
14
2
18
22

Annual
Cast
(Nan-
Conveyorized)
$4,150.35
$13,714.74
$3,248.10
-
$745.48
$4,722.30
$418.34
$26,999.31
* Acid Dip assumed to be similar in price to acid dip for tin palladium.
Process: Tin-Palladium
Bath
Cleaner/
Conditioner
Microetch
Predip
Catalyst
Accelerator
Acid Dip
Bath
Total
Total Bath
Cost
(Conveyorized)
$236.31
$233.27
$380.04
$6,305.56
$908.78
$15.06

Replacement
frequency
(Conveyorized)
9
21
15
1
7
7

Annual
Cost
(Conveyorfeed)
$2,126.79
$4,898.67
$5,700.60
$6,305.56
$6,361.46
$105.42
$25,498.50
TotalBath
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
$296.25
$273.18
$574.61
$3,428.29
$860.77
$16.82

Replacement
frequency
{Non-
Cojaveyorized)
7
18
10
1
7
8

Annual
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
$2,073.75
$4,917.24
$5,746.10
$3,428.29
$6,025.39
$134.56
$22,325.33
  Some processes included an enhancer bath that will not be included in analysis.
Process:  Carbon
Bath
Cleaner
Conditioner
Carbon
Black1
Microetch
Total
TotalBath
Cost
(Conveyorized)
$198.94
$267.60
$19,709.44
$126.03

Replacement
Frequency
(Conveyorized)
26
20
1
21

Annual
Cost
(Conveyorized)
$5,172.44
$5,352.00
$19,709.44
$2,646.63
$32,880.51
Total Bath
Cost
(Non-
Conveyomed)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Replacement
frequency
(Non-
Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Annual
Cost
(Non-
Conveyorized)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1  Carbon had no bath replacements in the simulation, however, at least one bath out of two would more than
likely have been replaced.
                                              G-47
-------
APPENDIX G
Process: Graphite
Bath
Cleaner/
Conditioner
Graphite
Fixer
Microctch
Total
Total Bath
Cost
(Conveyorized)
S773.66
814,782.50
S94.05
S331.66

Replacement
Frequency
(CQ»veywfc0d)
11
3
NA
21

Annual
Cost
(Cottveyw&ed)
$8,510.26
$44,347.50
NA
$6,964.86
$59,822.62
Total Bath
Cost
(NoB-
C«nv«yoraed)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Replacement
Frequency
-------
                                                                         APPENDIX G
G.6   Sensitivity Analyses
                                        G-49
-------
APPENDIX G
   1      e>
c  S.    .g
  c
                                      Q.

                                      2
                   Q_
    !_  C  _(U  — —

    2  fe  «  S =5
    ro  -c  5  2  ra
    Jj  O  §  £ u.
                     ^ O
j*
c
CO
                   H
08 JO

CD  °-

f ^  :| w
Q.  .^  i;
£  OJ  t3 £
CO •=  £ OS  ._
CO U.  UJ CO  I-
                                                            c
                                                            g

                                                            TO

                                                            O
                                                            Q.
                                                            01

                                                            £
                                                                ro
      8
      2
      A
      cu
      O
     U
      O
      

                                                                                                                H
                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                Q.
                                                        I SJBIIOQ
                                                           G-50
-------
                                                                                APPENDIX G-
    o
T3

 p
 CO
 O



I
6
 o —
r o
    Q. .0.

    i  o-
    10  LU
                  CO

                 •5
                  (O
                            "55
                           .2
    c  E -o
    CO  'C  CO
   I-  Q- U.
    U)

    CD




Q. CO
                 03 ^.
0/3 —  i-u .^  ,_  o; jo

£  E  c  t5  J2  S S
^«  —».. (0  (D  CG  *—• tn
3  en  -e  >
0)  C  Q  -jj
 0)


!•=
 Q.  o
                     CD  CO h-  LU
                                         = O
                                G-51
-------
APPENDIX G
                                     G-52
-------
                                              APPENDIX G
o
'•Q
1
a.
"eo
E
•T? °
- •£. c
1 £
"E &
to ^
6 J3
"c
(1)
.0.
D
£•
i
ct

Q.
C
G
ii



^
03
U_


a_
"53
ca
€)
E?
03
O
-------
APPENDIX G
                   c
                   g

                   '•g

                   •a

                   e
                   Q.

                   "co

                   k.
                   O
                   c
ical
Labo
a.
13
C
CO
a>

O
—  CO

§  •§
£  .!2
(D  Q

CO  Q)
a. ^
ate
                      iSSsi^Ss
               2 s>
     C  Cl)
     g  I—
a.    ;S  o3
  3r- t:  en

     §.£

  P S  §• -
                                   «1
                     SJ  co
                     g

                     S

                     S
                     "55
                             •ss.caj±:jrca-^l«^
                             u_SoQUJl-WSCD£
                           HI
                                                                                  0)
                                                                                  O)

                                                                                  m
                                                                                  £
                                                                                  O
                                                                                  +•»

                                                                                  CD

                                                                                  s
                                                                                  OJ
                                                                                  CL
                                       ($)
                                           G-54
-------
                                                                                         APPENDIX G
 u

 2
OH


Chemical(s)
"c
CD
Q.
CT
LU
03
OL
production
03
Labor for no


Installation

QL
c
CO
CD
O
CO
CD
£>
CO
o
CO
b
Wastewater


o
CO
u_


1


Electricity


Q.
"55
C/D
"co
03
O3
£Z
'ai
Sampling & '
Material
0
c
o
Transportatil
"c

                                                                                                o
                                                                                           o
                                                                                           10
                                               SJB||OQ
                                               G-55
-------
APPENDIX G
              cS. -E
              — 0)
    s>
    CO
    •S
            =
            S
            S
          o
_Q.


CT Q.
                E £
                •c co
                Q. m
5   |
.2J   to
          H
                     u. I- •$•
  -~   O)
  C   C
  CD   '^


  I   I
  jg   03 c
  o- >• en o
  Q) .TIS f— *r*^


*»H*
CO r^f flJ «

        S 5 = ^ ro " ro
                             LLI
                               G-56
-------
                                                                            APPENDIX G
       o

       •a
       o
       a.  c


    a.  E  a.

---  2  o  '5

£  i  c  s
   QJ  (p

   S>  ro

   5 5
   "5 's
   CO  °


   3  2


tl 1  *
                                 CD

                                 C
                                08  c

                                 O)  Q
                                       C

                                       0)



                                       CD
                                       O
O H
    C J2  C
    co  ca  >-
    — _1  CL
                                   -

                                 I" «   S
                                                                                    o
                                                                                    a)

                                                                                    re

                                                                                   O
                                                                                   .<•»

                                                                                    o

                                                                                    E
                                                                                    o
                                                                                   a.
                               SJB||OQ
                                 G-57
-------
APPENDIX G
                                                                             0)
                                                                             en

                                                                             re

                                                                             O
                                                                             •••I
                                                                             c
                                                                             0)
                                        G-58
-------
                             APPENDIX G

"ST
I
CD
.C
O
mal production I
P
2 i
Labor for i
Tank Clea


o
CD
LL.
'c
CD
Q.
0- Q.
LU =
?» <"
™ "
•c to
Q_ O3
Discharge 1
cu
Wastewat
in of Material j
W
to
•Transport.
D)
c
t/3
°3
Sampling


Electricity
"c
CD
CD
O
CD
Q.
CD
tx
o>
iZ


t_
CD
i


Installatiol


CO
0
It  ;HI
                              CD
                              O)
                              C
                              re

                              O
                              4^

                              01

                              e
                              0)
                              a.
             G-59
-------
APPENDIX G
                                    G-60
-------
      Appendix H

P2P Computer Printouts:
 Pollutants Generated by
   Energy Production
-------
-------
                                                                    APPENDJX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Carbon
per ssf of board produced
1 year

              3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
 by Pollution Category, Pollutant Class, and Pollutant for Overall Environment
Pollution
Category
j
Human
health
impacts
^
i








Use
impairment
impacts








\
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics


Toxic Organics
V
/Acid Rain Precursors


Corrosives



Dissolved Solids


Global Warmers


Odo rants

Particulates

Smog Formers



Amount •
Prevented
0.50 g


59. mg

0.50 g


0.53 g



34. mg


56. g


0.26 g

60 . mg

0.50 g




Pollutant

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Hydrocarbons

Particulates

Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Amount
Prevented

0.18 g
0.32 g

59. mg

0.18 g
0.32 g

0.18 g
0.32 g
26 . mg

8.4, mg
26 . mg

56. g
0.18 g

0.26 g

60. mg

59 . - mg
0.26 g
0.18 g
Disposal  /Solid Wastes
capacity  |
impacts   \
             4.3
                     Solid wastes
                                                 4.3
    NOTE: Some  totals  in these  reports  may appear incorrect  since all
    numbers displayed  have  been rounded to two significant figuares.
                                     H-l
-------
APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT? FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Carbon
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
               by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:

*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Human health  impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)

*Use impairment  impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Disposal cap'cty  impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
61. g
56. g
59. mg
8.4 mg
0.26 g
0.18 g
60. mg
4.3 g
0.32 g
26. mg
0.56 g
59. mg
0.18 g
0.32 g
57. g
56. g
59. mg
8 .4 mg
0.26 g
0.18 g
60. mg
0.32 g
26. mg
4.3 g
4.3 g
Water
34. mg


8.4 mg





26 . mg




34 . mg


8.4 mg




26. mg


Soil/
Grdwater
4.3 g






4.3 g















4.3 g
4.3 g
Air
57.
56.
59.

0.26
0.18
60.

0.32

0.56
59.
0.18
0.32
57.
56.
59.

0.26
0.18
60.
0..32



( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
g(
g(
mg(
(
g(
|
g(
mg(
g(
g(
g(
g(
mg(
(
g(
g(
mg(
g(
((
(
(
     NOTE:  Some  totals  in these reports may appear incorrect since all
     numbers  displayed  have been  rounded to two significant figures.
                                      H-2
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Electroless V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
               by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:

*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)

*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
130. g
120. g
0.16 g
22 . mg
0.14 g
0.51 g
0.19 g
14. g
1.0 g
86. mg
1.7 g
0.16 g
0.51 g
1.0 g
120. g
120. g
0.16 g
22 . mg
0.14 g
0.51 g
0.19 g
1.0 g
86. mg
14. g
14. g
Water
0.11 g


22 . mg





86 . mg




0.11 g


22. mg




86 . mg


Soil/
Grdwater
14. g






14. g















14. g
14. g
Air
120.
120.
0.16

0.14
0.51
0.19

1.0

1.7
0.16
0.51
1.0
120.
120.
0.16

0.14
0.51
0.19
1 oO



( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
g(
(
g(
g(
g(
(
g(
j
g(
g(
g(
g(
g(
g(
g(
(
g(
g(
g(
g(
1
(
(
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
     numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                      H-3
-------
APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Electroless V
per ssf of board produced
1 year

3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution
Category
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Human
health
impacts

Toxic Organics
i
/Acid Rain Precursors








Use
impairment
impacts









Corrosives



Dissolved Solids


Global Warmers
Odorants

Particulates

Smog Formers


\
Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
1.5 g

0.16 g
1.5 g


1.6 g



O.ll g


120. g
0.14 g

0.19 g

0.82 g



Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Hydrocarbons

Particulates

Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Envi ronment
Amount
Prevented
0.51 g
1.0 g
0.16 g

0.51 g
1.0 g

0.51 g
1.0 g
86. mg

22. mg
86. rag
120. g
0.51 g

0.14 g

0.19 g

0.16 g
0.14 g
0.51 g
 Disposal  /Solid Wastes
 capacity  |
 impacts   \
            14.
                     Solid wastes
                                                14.
     NOTE:  Some totals  in these reports may appear incorrect  since  all
     numbers  displayed  have been rounded to two  significant figures.
                                       H-4
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Electroless Copper C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
               by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:

*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)

*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
32. g
28. g
40 . mg
5 .4 mg
34. mg
0.12 g
47. mg
3.4 g
0.25 g
21. mg
0.41 g
40 . mg
0.12 g
0.25 g
29. g
28. g
40. mg
5 .4 mg
34. mg
0.12 g
47. mg
0.25 g
21. mg
3.4 g
3.4 g
Water
26. mg


5.4 mg





21. mg




26. mg


5 .4 mg




21. mg
-

Soil/
Grdwater
3.4 g






3.4 g















3.4 g
3.4 g
Air
29.
28.
40.

34.
0.12
47.

0.25

0.41
40.
0.12
0.25
29.
28.
40.

34.
0.12
47.
0.25



( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg(
(
g(
(
g(
mg(
g(
g(
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg(
g(
|
(
(
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since  all
     numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                      H-5
-------
 APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Electroless Copper C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution
Category
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Human
health
impacts


Toxic Organics
\
/Acid Rain Precursors








Use
impairment
impacts










Corrosives



Dissolved Solids


Global Warmers


Odorants

Particulates

Smog Formers


Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
0.37 g


40. mg

0.37 g


0.39 g



26 . rag


28. g


34 . mg

47. mg

0.20 g



Pollutant

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Hydrocarbons

Particulates

Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
                                                                   Environment

                                                                       Amount
                                                                      Prevented
          \
 Disposal /Solid Wastes
 capacity |
 impacts  \
             3.4
                     Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
                     Solid wastes
                                                                       0.12
                                                                       0.25

                                                                      40.
                                                       g
                                                       g

                                                      mg
                                                                       0.12  g
                                                                       0.25  g

                                                                       0.12  g
                                                                       0.25  g
                                                                      21.   mg

                                                                       5.4  mg
                                                                      21.   mg

                                                                      28.    g
                                                                       0.12  g
                                                                      34.

                                                                      47.
                                                      mg

                                                      mg
40.   mg
34.   mg
 0.12  g
                                                 3.4
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since.all
     numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                       H-6
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All  Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Graphite
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
               by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:

*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)

*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media

29. g
27. g
31. mg
4.3 mg
98. mg
94. mg
33 . mg
2.4 g
0.18 g
14. mg
0.30 g
31. mg
94. mg
0.18 g
27. g
27. g
31 . rag
4.3 mg
98 . mg
94 . mg
33 . mg
0.18 g
14 . mg
2.4 g
2.4 g
Water

19 . mg


4.3 mg





14. mg




19. mg


4.3 mg




14 . mg


Soil/
Grdwater

2.4 g






2.4 g















2.4 g
2.4 g
Air

27.
27.
31.

98. .
94.
33.

0.18

0.30
31.
94.
0.18
27.
27.
31.

98.
94.
33.
O.JL8



( Indoor
( Air
/
\
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
mg(
mg(
(
g(
(
g(
mg(
mg(
g(
g(
g<
mg(
{
mg(
mg(
mg(
g(
(
(
\
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
     numbers displayed have been rounded to two.significant figures.
                                     H-7
-------
APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Graphite
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
 by Pollution Category, Pollutant Class, and Pollutant for Overall
                                             Environment
Pollution
Category
/
Human
health
impacts
1








Use
impairment
impacts








Pollutant
Class
'Toxic Inorganics

Toxic Organics
v
'Acid Rain Precursors


Corrosives



Dissolved Solids


Global Warmers
Odorants

Particulates

Smog Formers


^
Amount
Prevented
0.27 g

31. rag
0.27 g


0.28 g



19. mg


27. g
98 . mg

33 . mg

0.22 g



Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Hydrocarbons

Particulates

Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Amount
Prevented
94. mg
0.18 g
31. mg

94. mg
0.18 g

94. mg
0.18 g
14. mg

4.3 mg
14 . mg
27. g
94 . mg

98 . mg

33 . mg

31. mg
98. mg
94 . mg
  Disposal /Solid Wastes
  capacity |
  impacts  \
                                    2.4
                     Solid wastes
                                                 2.4
      NOTE:  Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
      numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                       H-8
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Conductive Polymer
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
               by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:

*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)

*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
22. g
19. g
27. mg
3.7 rag
24. mg
84. mg
32. mg
2.3 g
0.17 g
14 . mg
0.28 g
27. mg
84 . mg
0.17 g
20. g
19. g
27. mg
3.7 mg
24 . mg
84 . mg
32. mg
0.17 ,g
14 . mg
2.3 g
2.3 g
Water
18 . mg


3.7 mg





14. mg




18 . mg


3 . 7 mg




14 . mg


Soil/
Grdwater
2.3 g






2.3 g















2.3 g
2.3 g
Air
20.
19.
27.

24.
84.
32.

0.17

0.28
27.
84.
0.17
20.
19. -
27.

24.
84.
32.
O.JL7



( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
rag ( '
(
mg(
mg(
mg(
(
g(
|
g(
mg{
mg(
g(
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
mg(
mg'(
g(
|
(
(
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
     numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                     H-9
-------
APPENDIX H
                     POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                         All Previously Selected Stage(s)
 Product:
 Unit-of-Use:
 Product Life:
Conductive Polymer
per ssf of board produced
1 year
m = = s=3SE,SssSss = s = = s: = 	 = 	 = = 	 = _ = = = 	 — — = =
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, Pollutant Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Pollution
Category
/
Human
health
impacts
/



Use
impairment
impacts



V
Pollutant
Class
'Toxic Inorganics
Toxic Organics
^
'Acid Rain Precursors
Corrosives

Dissolved Solids

Global Warmers
Odorants
Particulates
Smog Formers

Amount
Prevented
0.25 g
27. mg
0.25 g
0.27 g

18 . mg

19. g
24. mg
32. mg
0.14 g

Pollutant
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid
Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
                                                                    Environment

                                                                        Amount
                                                                       Prevented
                                                                       84.   mg
                                                                        0.17  g
           \
  Disposal /Solid Wastes
  capacity  |
  impacts  \
             2.3
                     Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
                     Solid wastes
                                                                       27.
                                                                             mg
                                                                       84.   mg
                                                                        0.17  g

                                                                       84.   mg
                                                                        0.17  g
                                                                       14.   mg

                                                                        3.7  mg
                                                                       14.   mg
19.
84.

24.

32.

27.
24.
84.


 2.3
 g
mg

mg

mg

mg
mg
mg
      NOTE:  Some  totals  in these  reports may appear  incorrect  since;all
      numbers  displayed  have  been rounded  to two  significant figutes.
                                     H-10
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Tin Palladium V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
               by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:

*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)

*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Disposal cap'cty  impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
30. g
27. g
38. mg
5.1 mg
33 . mg
0.12 g
45. mg
3.2 g
0.23 g
20. mg
0.39 g
38. mg
0.12 g
0.23 g
27. g
27. g
38 . mg
5 . 1 mg
33 . mg
,0.12 g
45 . mg
0.23 g
20 . mg
3.2 -g
3.2 g
Water
25 . mg


5.1 mg





20. mg




25. mg


5.1 mg




20 . mg


Soil/
Grdwater
3.2 g






3.2 g















3.2 g
3.2 g
Air
27.
27.
38.

33.
0.12
45.

0.23

0.39
38.
0.12
0.23
27.
27.
38.

33.
0.12
45.
0..23



( Indoor
( Air
._ / 	
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg(
(
g(
<
g(
mg(
g(
g(
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
- g(
mg(
g<
(
(
(
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
     numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                     H-ll
-------
APPENDIX H
                     POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT  FOR
                         All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Tin Palladium V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution
Category
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Human
health
impacts


Toxic Organics
\
/Acid Rain Precursors








Use
impairment
impacts







«


Corrosives



Dissolved Solids


Global Warmers


Odorants

Particulates

Smog Formers


Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
0.35 g


38 . mg

0.35 g


0.37 g



25. mg


27. g


33 . mg

45. mg

0.19 g



Pollutant

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Hydrocarbons

Particulates

Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
                                                                    Environment

                                                                        Amount
                                                                       Prevented
                                                                        0.12   g
                                                                        0.23   g
           \
 Disposal  /Solid Wastes
 capacity  |
 impacts   \
             3.2
                     Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
                     Solid wastes
                                                                       38.
                                                                             mg
                                                                        0.12  g
                                                                        0.23  g

                                                                        0.12  g
                                                                        0.23  g
                                                                       2 0.    mg

                                                                        5.1  mg
                                                                       20.    mg

                                                                       27.     g
                                                                        0.12  g
                                                                       33.

                                                                       45.
                                                      mg

                                                      mg
38.    mg
33.    mg
 0.12  g
 3.2
      NOTE:  Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
      numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figilres.
                                      H-12
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Tin Palladium C
per ssf of board produced
1 year

              2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
               by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:

*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)

*Use impairment  impacts
.Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
23. g
20. g
28 . mg
3.7 mg
24. mg
86. mg
33 . mg
2.4 g
0.17 g
15. mg
0.29 g
28. mg
86. mg
0.17 g
20. g
20. g
28 . mg
3.7 mg
24. mg
86. mg
33 . mg
0.17 g
15 . .mg
2.4 g
2.4 g
Water
18 . mg


3.7 mg



15 . mg




18. mg


3.7 mg



15 . mg


Soil/
Grdwater
2.4 g




2.4 g














2.4 g
2.4 g
Air
20.
20.
28.

24.
86.
33.

0.17

0.29
28.
86.
0.17
20.
20.
28.
24.
86.
33.
0.17



( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
mg(
mg(
(
g(
[
g(
mg(
mg(
g(
g(
g(
mg(
mg(
mg(
mg(
g(
[
(
(
      NOTE:  Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
      numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                      H-13
-------
APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED—SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Tin Palladium C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
 by Pollution Category, Pollutant Class, and Pollutant for Overall Environment
Pollution
Category
/
Human
health
impacts
\
/








Use
impairment
impacts








1
Pollutant
Class
'Toxic Inorganics


Toxic Organics
^
'Acid Rain Precursors


Corrosives



Dissolved Solids


Global Warmers


Odorants

Particulates

Smog Formers


^
Amount
Prevented
0.26 g


28. mg

0.26 g


0.27 g



18. mg


20. g


24. mg

33 . mg

0.14 g




Pollutant

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Hydrocarbons

Particulates

Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Amount
Prevented

86. mg
0.17 g

28 . mg

86 . mg
0.17 g

86 . rag
0.17 g
15. mg

3.7 mg
15. mg

20. g
8 6 . mg

24 . mg

33 . mg

28 . mg
24. mg
86. mg
 Disposal /Solid Wastes
 capacity |
 impacts  \
             2.4
                     Solid wastes
2.4
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since ;
     number^ displayed have been rounded to two significant figiires.
                                     H-14
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Organic Palladium V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
               by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium ,
Pollution prevented for:

*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Human health  impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)

*Use impairment  impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
16. g
14. g
19. mg
2.6 mg
17. mg
60 . mg
23 . mg
1.7 g
0.12 g
10. mg
0.20 g
19. mg
60. mg
0.12 g
14. g
14. g
19 . mg
2 . 6 mg
17. mg
60 . mg
23. mg
0.12 g
10 . . mg
1.7 g
1.7 g
Water
13 . mg


2.6 mg





10. mg




13 . mg


2.6 mg




10 . mg


Soil/
Grdwater
1.7 g






1.7 g















1.7 g
1.7 g
Air
14.
14.
19.

17.
60.
23.

0.12

0.20
19.
60.
0.12
14.
14.
19.

17.
60.
23.
O..J.2



( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
mg(
mg(
(
g(
1
g(
mg(
mg(
g<
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
.mg(
mg(
g(
|
(
(
      NOTE:  Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
      numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                      H-15
-------
APPENDIX H
                     POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                         All Previously Selected Stage(s)
 Product:
 Unit-of-Use:
 Product Life:
Organic Palladium V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
               3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
  by Pollution Category,  Pollutant Class,  and Pollutant for Overall Environment
Pollution
Category

Human
health
impacts

j








Use
impairment
impacts








\
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Toxic Organics
^
/Acid Rain Precursors


Corrosives



Dissolved Solids


Global Warmers


Odorants

Particulates

Smog Formers



Amount
Prevented
0.18 g
19. mg

0.18 g


0.19 g



13 . mg


14. g


17. mg

23 . mg

96. mg




Pollutant

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Hydrocarbons

Particulates

Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Amount
Prevented

60 . mg
0.12 g
19. mg

60 . mg
0.12 a
-^" ^3
60 . mg
0.12 g
10 . mg

2.6 mg
10 . mg

14. g
60. mg

17. mg

23 . mg

19. mg
17. mg
60. mg
 Disposal /Solid Wastes
 capacity |
 impacts  \
            1.7
                    Solid wastes
                                                1.7
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
     numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                     H-16
-------
                                                                    APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Organic Palladium C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
               by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:

*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)

*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Disposal cap'cty impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
35. g
30. g
43 . mg
5 .8 mg
37. mg
0.13 g
51. mg
3.7 g
0.27 g
22-. mg
0.44 g
43 . mg
0.13 g
0.27 g
31. g
30. g
43 . mg
5.8 mg
37. mg
0.13 g
51. mg
0.27 g
22 . mg
3.7 g
3.7 g
Water
28. mg


5.8 mg





22. mg




28. mg


5.8 mg




22 . mg


Soil/
Grdwater
3.7 g






3.7 g















3.7 g
3.7 g
Air
31.
30.
43.

37.
0.13
51.

0.27

0.44
43.
0.13
0.27
31.
30.
43.

37.
0.13
51.
0..27



( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg(
(
g(
f
\
g(
mg(
g(
g(
g<
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg'(
g(
|
(
(
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
     numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                      H-17
-------
APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
Organic Palladium C
per ssf of board produced
1 year
3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
by Pollution Category, Pollutant
Pollution
Category
Pollutant
Class
/Toxic Inorganics
Human
health
impacts


Toxic Organics
\
/Acid Rain Precursors








Use
impairment
impacts










Corrosives



Dissolved Solids


Global Warmers


Odorants

Particulates

Smog Formers


Class, and Pollutant for Overall
Amount
Prevented
0.40 g


43 . mg

0.40 g


0.42 g



28 . mg


31. g


37. mg

51. mg

0.21 g



Pollutant

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Hydrocarbons

Particulates

Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
                                                                   Envi ronment

                                                                       Amount
                                                                      Prevented
          \
 Disposal /Solid Wastes
 capacity |
 impacts  \
             3.7
                     Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
                     Solid wastes
                                                                       0.13
                                                                       0.27

                                                                      43.
                                                       g
                                                       g

                                                      mg
                                                                       0.13  g
                                                                       0.27  g

                                                                       0.13  g
                                                                       0.27  g
                                                                      22.   mg
                                                                       5.8
                                                                      22.
                                                      mg
                                                      mg
                                                                      30.    g
                                                                       0.13  g
                                                                      37.

                                                                      51.
                                                      mg

                                                      mg
43.    mg
37.    mg
 0.13  g
 3.7
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since,all
     numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                     H-18
-------
                                                                   APPENDIX H
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
        NonFormaldehyde Elect V
        per ssf of board produced
        1 year



2. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
 by Pollution Category, by Pollutant and by Medium
Pollution prevented for:

*Overall environment
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Solid wastes
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Human health impacts
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)

*Use impairment impacts
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Dissolved solids
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides  (NOx)
Particulates
Sulfur oxides  (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

*Disposal cap'cty  impacts
Solid wastes
All
Media
63. g
55. g
78 . mg
10. mg
67. mg
0.24 g
92 . mg
6.7 g
0.48 g
41. mg
0.80 g
78. mg
0.24 g
0.48 g
56. g
55. g
78 . mg
10 . mg
67. mg
0.24 g
92. mg
0.48 g
41. mg
6.7 g
6.7 g
Water
51. mg


10 . mg





41. mg




51. mg


10 . mg




41. mg


Soil/
Grdwater
6.7 g






6.7 g















6.7 g
6.7 g
Air
56.
55.
78.

67.
0.24
92.

0.48

0.80
78.
0.24
0.48
56.
55.
78.

67.
0.24
92.
0.48



( Indoor
( Air
g(
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg(
(
g(
|
g(
mg(
g(
g(
g<
g(
mg(
(
mg(
g(
mg(
g(
1
(
(
     NOTE: Some totals  in these reports may appear incorrect since all
     numbers displayed  have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                     H-19
-------
APPENDIX H
Product:
Unit-of-Use:
Product Life:
                    POLLUTION GENERATED--SUMMARY REPORT FOR
                        All Previously Selected Stage(s)
NonFormaldehyde Elect V
per ssf of board produced
1 year
              3. Pollution Generated per Unit-of-Use of product--
 by Pollution Category, Pollutant Class, and Pollutant for Overall
                                             Environment
Pollution
Category
/
Human
health
impacts
\
i








Use
impairment
impacts








1
Pollutant
Class
'Toxic Inorganics


Toxic Organics
\,
'Acid Rain Precursors


•Corrosives



Dissolved Solids


Global Warmers


Odorants

Particulates

Smog Formers


\
Amount
Prevented
0.73 g


78 . mg

0.73 g


0.77 g



51. mg


55. g


67. mg

92 . mg

0.39 g




Pollutant

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfuric acid

Dissolved solids
Sulfuric acid

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Hydrocarbons

Particulates

Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Amount
Prevented

0.24 g
0.48 g

78 . mg

0.24 g
0.48 g

0.24 g
0.48 g
41. mg

10. mg
41. mg

55. g
0.24 g

67. mg

92 . mg

78 . mg
67 . mg
0.24 g
 Disposal /Solid Wastes
 capacity |
 impacts  \
             6.7
                     Solid wastes
6.7
     NOTE: Some totals in these reports may appear incorrect since all
     numbers displayed have been rounded to two significant figures.
                                      H-20
-------