United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics
Washington, DC 20460
EPA745-B-00-008
May 2000
&EPA
Emergency Planning and Community Right-
To-Know Act Section 313 Reporting Guidance
for the Textile Processing Industry
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT v
OVERVIEW vi
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.0 PURPOSE 1-1
1.1 Background on EPCRA Section 313 and PPA Section 6607 1-2
CHAPTER 2 - REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 2-1
2.0 PURPOSE 2-1
2.1 Must You Report? 2-2
2.2 SIC Code Determination 2-4
2.3 Number of Employees 2-7
2.4 Manufacturing, Processing, and Otherwise Use of EPCRA Section
313 Chemicals or Chemical Categories 2-8
2.5 Activity Categories 2-10
2.6 Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) Chemicals 2-13
2.7 How Do You Report? 2-16
2.8 Form R 2-16
2.9 Alternate Threshold and Form A 2-17
2.10 Trade Secrets 2-19
2.11 Recordkeeping 2-20
CHAPTER 3 - EPCRA SECTION 313 CHEMICAL OR CHEMICAL CATEGORY
ACTIVITY THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS 3-1
3.0 PURPOSE 3-1
3.1 Step 1 - Identify Which EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals or Chemical
Categories are Manufactured (Including Imported), Processed, or
Otherwise Used 3-1
3.2 Step 2. Identify the Activity Category and Any Exempt Activities
for Each EPCRA Section 313 Chemical 3-8
3.2.1 Concentration Ranges for Threshold Determination 3-12
3.2.2 Evaluation of Exemptions 3-13
3.2.2.1 DeMinimisExemption 3-14
3.2.2.2 Articles Exemption 3-16
3.2.2.3 Facility-Related Exemption 3-18
Laboratory Activity Exemption 3-18
3.2.2.4 Activity-Related Exemptions (Otherwise Use
Exemptions) 3-19
3.2.3 Additional Guidance on Threshold Calculations for Certain
Activities 3-21
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
3.2.3.1 Reuse Activities 3-21
3.2.3.2 Remediation Activities 3-22
3.2.3.3 Recycling Activities 3-23
3.3 Step 3. Calculate the Quantity of Each EPCRA Section 313 Chemical
and Chemical Category and Determine Which Ones Exceed an
Activity Threshold 3-23
CHAPTER 4 - ESTIMATING RELEASE AND OTHER WASTE MANAGEMENT
QUANTITIES 4-1
4.0 PURPOSE 4-1
4.1 General Steps for Determining Release and Other Waste Management
Activity Quantities 4-1
4.1.1 Step 1: Prepare a Process Flow Diagram 4-3
4.1.2 Step 2: Identify EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical
Categories and Potential Sources of Chemical Release and
Other Waste Management Activities 4-3
4.1.3 Step 3: Identify Release and Other Waste Management
Activity Types 4-4
4.1.4 Step 4: Determine the Most Appropriate Method(s) to Calculate
the Estimates for Release and Other Waste Management Activity
Quantities 4-17
4.1.4.1 Monitoring Data or Direct Measurement (code M) . . . 4-19
4.1.4.2 Mass Balance (code C) 4-20
4.1.4.3 Emission Factors (code E) 4-22
4.1.4.4 Engineering Calculations (code O) 4-24
4.1.4.5 Estimating Release and Other Waste Management
Quantities 4-26
4.2 Textile Industry and Process Description 4-31
4.2.1 Yarn Formation 4-33
4.2.2 Fabric Formation 4-36
4.2.3 Wet Processing 4-41
4.2.4 Product Fabrication 4-52
Appendix A TRI GUIDANCE RESOURCES
Appendix B BASIC CALCULATION TECHNIQUES
Appendix C GUIDANCE FOR REPORTING AQUEOUS AMMONIA
Appendix D TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY: LIST OF TOXIC CHEMICALS WITHIN
THE GLYCOL ETHERS CATEGORY (excerpt)
Appendix E UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS
INDEX
11
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Page
2-1 SIC Codes Covered by EPCRA Section 313 Reporting 2-4
2-2 SIC Codes for Textile Manufacturing Facilities 2-5
2-3 EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories Commonly Encountered
in Textile Manufacturing 2-10
2-4 Activity Categories 2-11
2-5 Reporting Thresholds for EPCRA Section 313 Listed PBT Chemicals 2-14
3-1 Reporting Thresholds 3-8
3-2 Definitions and Examples of Manufacturing Subcategories 3-10
3-3 Definitions and Examples of Processing Subcategories 3-11
3-4 Definitions and Examples of Otherwise Use Subcategories 3-12
3-5 EPCRA Section 313 Reporting Threshold Worksheet 3-26
3-6 Sample EPCRA Section 313 Reporting Threshold Worksheet 3-27
4-1 Summary of Residue Quantities From Pilot-Scale Experimental Study
(weight percent of drum capacity) 4-11
4-2 Potential Data Sources for Release and Other Waste Management
Calculations 4-19
4-3 Release and Other Waste Management Quantity Estimation Worksheet .... 4-27
4-4 Common EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories
Associated with Release and Other Waste Management Activity Types
During Fabric Formation 4-39
4-5 Common EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories
Associated with Release and Other Waste Management Activity Types
During Textile Wet Processing 4-47
4-6 Typical Dye Fixation Values 4-50
in
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
2-1 EPCRA Section 313 Reporting Decision Diagram 2-3
4-1 Release and Other Waste Management Calculation Approach 4-2
4-2 Possible Release and Other Waste Management Types for EPCRA Section
313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories 4-5
4-3 Typical Textile Processing Flow Diagram 4-32
4-4 Typical Yarn Formation Process Flow Diagram 4-34
4-5 Fabric Formation Process for Producing Flat Fabrics 4-38
4-6 Wet Processing Fabric Preparation Flow Diagram 4-42
4-7 Wet Processing Printing, Dyeing, and Finishing Flow Diagram 4-43
4-8 Textile Product Fabrication Process Flow Diagram 4-52
IV
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The U.S. EPA wishes to acknowledge the valuable contributions made by the staff
and members of the American Textile Manufacturers Institute (ATMI). Without the insight
provided by those in the industry with actual experience in the fulfilling of the EPCRA
Section 313 reporting requirements we would not have been able to produce a document that we
believe will be of great assistance to those who must prepare future EPCRA Section 313 reports.
Special thanks go to Ms. Stephanie Janczuk, Government Relations Associate, ATMI.
-------
OVERVIEW
This document supersedes the booklet entitled Title III Section 313 Release
Reporting Guidance, Estimating Chemical Releases From Textile Dyeing, dated February 1988.
It is intended to assist establishments and facilities in the Textile Manufacturing Industry in
complying with the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA)
Section 313 and Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) Section 6607 reporting requirements, the
preparation of Form R or the alternate certification statement, Form A. The EPCRA Section 313
program is commonly referred to as the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI).
The principal differences in this new document include:
More detailed examples;
New EPCRA Section 313 regulations and guidance developed since 1988;
PPA Section 6607 reporting requirements;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) interpretive guidance on
various issues specific to textile manufacturing; and
EPCRA Section 313 issues regarding processes not discussed in the earlier
document.
This document is designed to be a supplement to the annual issue of the Toxic
Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Forms and Instructions, ( TRI Forms and Instructions). It
is organized to provide a step-by-step guide to compliance with EPCRA Section 313, starting
with how to determine if your facility must report and ending with guidance for estimating
release and other waste management quantities.
The textile manufacturing process begins with spinning natural and man-made
fibers into yarns and threads. These are then converted (by weaving and knitting) into fabrics.
The fabrics, and in some cases the yarns and threads used to make them, are dyed and finished.
Fabrics may then proceed through additional processing steps designed to fabricate textile
products such as carpets, rugs, curtains, linens, apparel, and canvas.
Chapter 1 introduces EPCRA Section 313 and PPA Section 6607 reporting and
provides a brief background on Section 313 of EPCRA and Section 6607 of PPA.
vi
-------
Chapter 2 discusses reporting requirements and begins with how to determine if
your facility must report. This determination is based on your answers to a series of four
questions:
Is your facility's primary Standard Industry Classification (SIC) Code on
the EPCRA Section 313 list?
Does your facility employ ten or more full-time employees or the
equivalent?
Does your facility manufacture, process, or otherwise use any EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories?
Does your facility exceed any of the activity thresholds for an EPCRA
Section 313 chemical or chemical category?
If the answer to ANY ONE of the first three questions is "No" you are not required to submit an
EPCRA Section 313 report for any chemicals. If you answer "yes" to the first three questions
and "no" to the fourth, you are not required to submit an EPCRA Section 313 report for that
chemical or chemical category. If you answer "Yes" to ALL four questions, the next step is to
determine what kind of report you must prepare, a Form R or the alternate certification statement,
Form A. Chapter 2 provides detailed information on the requirements for each kind of report.
Chapter 2 concludes with a discussion on how to address trade secrets and the records that you
should keep to support your reporting.
Chapter 3 discusses how to calculate the activity thresholds (manufacture,
process, and otherwise use) for the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals. Information is provided on
how to determine which EPCRA Section 313 chemicals your facility manufactures, processes, or
otherwise uses and how to calculate the quantities of each. Detailed information is also provided
on the various exemptions:
• De minimis exemption;
• Article exemption;
• Facility-related exemption; and
• Activity-related exemptions.
Chapter 3 concludes with a discussion of how to determine which EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories exceed a reporting threshold.
vn
-------
Chapter 4 discusses how to estimate the release and other waste management
amounts for those EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories for which you must
prepare a report. The first part of this chapter provides a step-by-step approach designed to
minimize the risk of overlooking an activity involving an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or
chemical category and any potential sources or types of release and other waste management
activities. This procedure consists of:
Preparation of a detailed process flow diagram;
Identification of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories
and potential sources of chemical release and other waste management
activities;
Identification of the potential types of release and other waste
management activities from each source; and
Determination of the most appropriate methods for estimating the
quantities of EPCRA Section 313 chemical and chemical category release
and other waste management activities.
The second part of Chapter 4 is organized to follow the steps above as they pertain
to textile manufacturing. The commonly used EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories, process descriptions, release and other waste management estimates, example
calculations, and common problems are presented.
This document includes examples and common errors applicable to textile
manufacturing. These examples are based on information received from representatives of the
American Textile Manufacturers Institute, questions received by the EPCRA Hotline, and
questions identified during voluntary site surveys of facilities that have filed EPCRA Section 313
reports in the past.
Vlll
-------
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
i.o PURPOSE
The purpose of this guidance manual is two-fold. The primary purpose is to assist
textile manufacturing facilities in complying with the reporting requirements of Section 313 of
the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA) and of Section
6607 of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (PPA). This manual explains the EPCRA Section
313 reporting requirements and discusses specific release and other waste management activities
encountered at many textile manufacturing facilities. Since each plant is unique, the
recommendations presented may have to be modified for your particular facility. The secondary
purpose is to provide information to other interested parties (such as management, legal
professionals, inspectors, consultants, teachers, students, and the general public) about the
processes and some of the toxic chemicals used in this industry.
This manual is intended solely for guidance and does not alter any statutory or
regulatory requirements. The document should be used in conjunction with the appropriate
statutes and regulations but does not supersede them. Accordingly, the reader should consult
other applicable documents (for example, the statute, the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR),
relevant preamble language, and the current Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Forms
and Instructions (TRI Forms and Instructions)).
This document supersedes the 1988 document entitled Title III Section 313
Release Reporting Guidance, Estimating Chemical Releases From Textile Dyeing. This new
document includes:
More detailed examples;
New EPCRA Section 313 regulations and guidance developed since 1988;
PPA Section 6607 reporting requirements;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA's) interpretive
guidance on various issues specific to textile manufacturing; and
EPCRA Section 313 issues regarding processes not discussed in the earlier
document.
1-1
-------
It is intended to supplement the TRI Forms and Instructions document that is updated and
published annually by U.S. EPA. It is essential that you use the current version of the TRI Forms
and Instructions to determine if (and how) you should report. Changes or modifications to
EPCRA Section 313 reporting requirements are reflected in the annual TRI Forms and
Instructions and should be reviewed before compiling information for the report.
The objectives of this manual are to:
• Reduce the level of effort expended by those facilities that prepare an
EPCRA Section 313 report; and
• Increase the accuracy and completeness of the data being reported.
U.S. EPA cannot anticipate every potential issue or question that may apply to
your facility. Therefore, this manual attempts to address those issues most prevalent or common
for textile manufacturing. Used in conjunction with the most current TRI Forms and Instructions
and Estimating Release and Waste Treatment Efficiencies for the Toxic Chemical Release
Inventory Form (1999 version)., facilities should be able to provide complete and accurate
information for EPCRA Section 313 reporting. Additional discussions on specific issues can be
found in U.S. EPA's current edition of EPCRA Section 313, Questions and Answers (the 1998
edition is EPA 745-B-98-004), which is available on the U.S. EPA's TRI website
(http://www.epa.gov/tri) or by contacting the EPCRA Hotline at 1-800-424-9346.
In the Washington, DC metropolitan area, call 703-412-9810.
1.1 Background on EPCRA Section 313 and PPA Section 6607
The following overview of EPCRA Section 313 and Section 6607 of the PPA,
will provide you with a basic understanding of the objectives and requirements of this program,
and will help you in completing your forms.
1-2
-------
One of the primary goals of EPCRA is to increase the public's knowledge of, and
access to, information on both the presence of toxic chemicals in their communities and on
releases into the environment and other waste management activities of those chemicals.
EPCRA Section 313 requires certain designated businesses (see SIC Code discussion, Chapter 2,
Section 2.2) to submit annual reports (commonly referred to as Form R reports and Form A
reports) on over 600 EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories. Covered facilities
report the amounts released or otherwise managed as waste. However, if a facility meets the
reporting criteria for listed toxic chemicals, the facility must report even if there are no releases
or other waste management quantities associated with these chemicals. Throughout this
document, whenever EPCRA Section 313 chemicals are discussed, the discussion includes
chemical categories as appropriate. Chemicals or chemical categories may be added or deleted
from the list. Therefore, before completing your annual report, be sure to check the most current
list included with the TRI Forms and Instructions when evaluating the chemicals and chemical
categories present at your facility. Copies of the reporting package can be requested from the
EPCRA Hotline, 1-800-424-9346.
All facilities meeting the EPCRA Section 313 reporting criteria must report the
annual release and other waste management activity quantities (routine and accidental) of
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories to all environmental media. A separate
report is required for each EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category that is
manufactured (including imported), processed, or otherwise used above the reporting threshold.
The reports must be submitted to U.S. EPA and State or Tribal governments, on or before July 1,
for activities in the previous calendar year. The owner/operator of the facility on July 1 is
primarily responsible for the report, even if the owner/operator did not own the facility during the
reporting year. However, property owners with no business interest in the operation of the
facility, other than a lessor interest, are exempt from reporting requirements.
EPCRA also mandates U.S. EPA to establish and maintain a publicly available
database system consisting of the information reported under Section 313 and under Section
6607 of the PPA. This database, known as the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI)
database, can be accessed through the following sources:
1-2
-------
• U.S. EPA Internet site, http://www.epa.gov/tri;
• Envirofacts Warehouse Internet site, http://www.epa.gov/enviro/; and
• Right-to-Know Network, http://www.rtk.net/trisearch.html.
However, information qualifying as a trade secret, in accordance with the
regulatory requirements, is protected from public release. In addition to being a resource for the
public, TRI data are also used in the research and development of regulations related to EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories.
To reduce the reporting burden for small businesses, U.S. EPA established an
alternate activity threshold of one million pounds manufactured, processed, or otherwise used for
facilities with total annual reportable amounts of 500 pounds or less for each EPCRA Section
313 chemical or chemical category. Provided the facility does not exceed either the reportable
amount or the alternate threshold, the facility may file a certification form (Form A) rather than a
Form R. By filing the Form A, the facility certifies that they do not exceed the reportable amount
of 500 pounds or exceed the alternate threshold of one million pounds for the respective
chemical or chemical category.
Note that the annual reportable amount includes the quantity of EPCRA Section
313 chemical or chemical category in all production-related waste management activities, not
just releases (see the discussion in Section 2.8 for more detail). Also note that either a Form A or
a Form R, but not both, must be submitted for each EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical
category above any reporting threshold, even if there are zero release and other waste
management quantities.
Violation of EPCRA Section 313 reporting provisions may result in federal civil
penalties of up to $27,500 per day for each violation (61 FR 69360). State enforcement
provisions may also be applicable depending on the state's EPCRA Section 313 reporting
regulations.
Members of the American Textile Manufacturers Institute provided input on
common problems, specific to textile manufacturing, encountered by those completing the
EPCRA Section 313 reports. U.S. EPA has combined this input with questions forwarded to the
1-4
-------
EPCRA Hotline and those identified during voluntary site surveys of facilities that have filed
EPCRA Section 313 reports in the past. Selected issues and guidance addressing these common
problems are presented throughout this document as applicable.
The TRI Forms and Instructions and The 1994 and 1995 Toxic Release Inventory
Data Quality Report, EPA 745-R-98-002 also contains discussions of common problems in
completing the EPCRA Section 313 reports. You are encouraged to read both documents before
filling out the Form R (or Form A) for your facility.
If, after reading this manual, you still have questions about EPCRA Section 313
reporting, please contact the EPCRA Hotline at 1-800-424-9346 or refer to the U.S. EPA's TRI
website, http://www.epa.gov/tri. Assistance is also available from the designated EPCRA
Section 313 Coordinator in the U.S. EPA regional office and the EPCRA contact in your state
(see the TRI Forms and Instructions for a current list of these contacts). Additional guidance is
also available in the resources listed in Appendix A.
1-5
-------
CHAPTER 2 - REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
2.0 PURPOSE
The purpose of this chapter is to help you determine if you must prepare an
EPCRA Section 313 report(s) and, if so, what kind of report(s) should be prepared (Form R or
the alternate certification statement, the Form A). This chapter presents the EPCRA Section 313
reporting requirements to help you determine if these requirements apply to your facility. It also
discusses the reporting of trade secrets and the records that must be kept.
To understand the following discussion you must first understand how EPCRA
defines a facility. The term "facility" is defined as, "all buildings, equipment, structures, and
other stationary items which are located on a single site or on contiguous or adjacent sites and
which are owned or operated by the same person (or by any person who controls, who is
controlled by, or who is under common control with such person)." A facility may contain more
than one "establishment" (40 CFR 372.3). An "establishment" is defined as, "an economic unit,
generally at a single physical location, where business is conducted, or where services or
industrial operations are performed" (40 CFR 372.3).
U.S. EPA recognizes that for business reasons it may be easier and more
appropriate for establishments at one facility to report separately. However, the combined
quantities of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories manufactured, processed, or
otherwise used in all establishments making up that facility must be considered for threshold
determinations. Also, the combined release and other waste management activities reported
singly for each establishment must total those for the facility as a whole.
Note that if a facility is comprised of more than one establishment, once an
activity threshold is met by the facility, providing the facility meets the SIC Code and employee
threshold criteria, release and other waste management activities from all establishments at the
facility must be reported.
2-1
-------
Example - Multiple Establishments
Your facility has several different establishments, all with SIC Codes covered by EPCRA Section 313. One
establishment used 7,000 pounds of toluene, an EPCRA Section 313 chemical, during the year to clean
equipment. Another establishment purchased and used 4,000 pounds of toluene during the year as a solvent to
separate a component from a mixture with recovery of toluene for reuse. Both activities constitute otherwise use
of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical (as presented in Section 2.5 and described in detail in Chapter 3) and the
total for the facility exceeded the 10,000-pound otherwise use threshold for the year. Thus, if your facility meets
the employee threshold, you must file one Form R for toluene from your facility, or two Form Rs, one from each
establishment. Please note that you may be eligible to file one Form A for the facility but you cannot file a
separate Form A for each establishment.
2.1 Must You Report?
How do you determine if your facility must prepare an EPCRA Section 313
report? Your answers to the following four questions will help you decide (illustrated by
Figure 2-1):
1) Is the primary SIC Code for your facility included in the list covered by
EPCRA Section 313 reporting (see Section 2.2)?
2) Does your facility have 10 or more full-time employees or the equivalent
(see Section 2.3)?
3) Does your facility manufacture (which includes importation), process, or
otherwise use EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories (see
Section 2.4)?
4) Does your facility exceed any applicable thresholds of EPCRA Section
313 chemicals or chemical categories (for non-PBT chemicals: 25,000
pounds per year for manufacturing; 25,000 pounds per year for processing;
or 10,000 pounds per year for otherwise use - see Section 2.5; for PBT
chemicals - see Section 2.6 for applicable thresholds)?
2-2
-------
Is Your Facility's Primary SIC Code Included
on the EPCRA Section 313 List?
(See Section 2.2)
NO
YES
Does Your Facility Have 10 or More Full-Time
Employees or the Equivalent?
(See Section 2.3)
NO
YES
Does Your Facility Manufacture, Process, or
Otherwise Use any EPCRA Section 313
Chemicals or Chemical Categories?
(See Section 2.4)
NO
STOP
NO EPCRA
SECTION 313 REPORTS
REQUIRED FOR ANY
CHEMICALS OR
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES
YES
Does Your Facility Exceed Any of the
Thresholds for a Chemical or Chemical
Category (after excluding quantities that are
exempt from threshold calculations)
(See Section 2.6)
NO
AN EPCRA SECTION 313 REPORT IS
NOT REQUIRED FOR THIS CHEMICAL
OR CHEMICAL CATEGORY
YES
AN EPCRA SECTION 313 REPORT IS
REQUIRED FOR THIS CHEMICAL OR
CHEMICAL CATEGORY
Is the Amount Manufactured, OR Processed, OR Otherwise Used less than or equal to 1,000,000
pounds AND is the Reportable Amount less than or equal to 500 Ib/yr
(See Section 2.9)
YES
NO
FORM A OR FORM R
IS REQUIRED FOR THIS CHEMICAL OR
CHEMICAL CATEGORY (FOR PBT
CHEMICALS, A FORM R IS REQUIRED)
FORM R IS REQUIRED FOR THIS
CHEMICALORCHEMICAL
CATEGORY (FORM A CANNOT BE
SUBMITTED)
Figure 2-1. EPCRA Section 313 Reporting Decision Diagram
-------
If you answered "No" to any of the first three questions, you are not required to
prepare any EPCRA Section 313 reports. If you answered "Yes" to ALL of the first three
questions, you must complete a threshold calculation for each EPCRA Section 313 chemical and
chemical category at the facility, and submit an EPCRA Section 313 report for each chemical and
chemical category exceeding the applicable threshold.
2.2
SIC Code Determination
Facilities with the SIC Codes presented in Table 2-1 are covered by the EPCRA
Section 313 reporting requirements.
Table 2-1
SIC Codes Covered by EPCRA Section 313 Reporting
SIC Code Major Groups
SIC Codes
10
12
20 through 3 9
4911, 4931, and 4939
4953
5169
5171
7389
Industry
Metal Mining
Coal Mining
Manufacturing
Electric and Other Services and
Combination Utilities
Refuse Systems
Chemicals and Allied Products
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
Business Services
Qualifiers
Except SIC Codes 1011, 1081, and 1094
Except SIC Code 1241
None
Limited to facilities that combust coal
and/or oil for the purpose of generating
electricity for distribution in commerce
Limited to facilities regulated under
RCRA Subtitle C
None
None
Limited to facilities primarily engaged in
solvent recovery services on a contract or
fee basis
Table 2-2 presents a listing of each four-digit SIC Code for textile manufacturing
facilities, with brief descriptions. You should determine the SIC Code(s) for your facility, based
on the activities on site. For assistance in determining which SIC Code best suits your facility
refer to Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 published by the Office of Management
and Budget.
2-4
-------
Table 2-2
SIC Codes for Textile Manufacturing Facilities
SIC Code
2211
2221
2231
2241
2251
2252
2253
2254
2257
2258
2259
2261
2262
2269
2273
2281
2282
2284
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
Description
Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Cotton
Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Man-Made Fiber and Silk
Broadwoven Fabric Mills, Wool (including Dyeing and Finishing)
Narrow Fabric and Other Smallwares Mills: Cotton, Wool, Silk, and Man-Made
Fiber
Women's Full-Length and Knee-Length Hosiery, Except Socks
Hosiery, Not Elsewhere Classified
Knit Outerwear Mills
Knit Underwear and Nightwear Mills
Weft Knit Fabric Mills
Lace and Warp Knit Fabric Mills
Knitting Mills, Not Elsewhere Classified
Finishers of Broadwoven Fabrics, Cotton
Finishers of Broadwoven Fabrics, Man-Made Fiber and Silk
Finishers of Textiles, Not Elsewhere Classified
Carpet and Rug Mills
Yarn Spinning Mills
Yarn Texturizing, Throwing, Twisting, and Winding Mills
Thread Mills
Coated Fabrics, not Rubberized
Tire Cord and Tire Fabric Mills
Nonwoven Fabric Mills
Rope, Cordage, and Twine Mills
Textile Goods, Not Elsewhere Classified
Note that auxiliary facilities can assume the SIC Code of another covered
establishment if the primary function is to support the covered establishment's operations. For
the purpose of EPCRA Section 313, auxiliary facilities are defined as those that are primarily
engaged in performing support services for another covered establishment, or multiple
establishments of a covered facility, and are in a different physical location from the primary
facility. In addition, auxiliary facilities perform an integral role in the primary facility's
activities. In general, the auxiliary facility's basic administrative services (e.g., paperwork,
2-5
-------
payroll, employment) are performed by the primary facility. If an auxiliary facility's primary
function is to support/service a facility with a covered SIC Code, the auxiliary facility assumes
the covered SIC Code as its primary SIC Code and must consider the other reporting
requirements (40 CFR Section 372.22) to determine if it must comply with the EPCRA Section
313 reporting requirements. However, if the SIC Code for the primary facility is not covered by
EPCRA Section 313, then neither the primary nor the auxiliary facility is required to submit a
report.
If your facility has more than one SIC Code (i.e., several establishments with
different SIC Codes are owned or operated by the same entity and are located at your facility),
you are subject to reporting requirements if:
All the establishments have SIC Codes covered by EPCRA Section 313;
OR
The total value of the products shipped or services provided at
establishments with covered SIC Codes is greater than 50% of the value of
the entire facility's products and services; OR
Any one of the establishments with a covered SIC Code ships and/or
produces products or provides services whose value exceeds the value of
services provided, products produced, and/or shipped by every other
establishment within the facility.
Example - Primary SIC Code
A facility has two establishments. The first establishment performs dyeing and printing operations on textile
fabrics and is in SIC Code 2269, which is a covered SIC Code. The second establishment performs textile folding
and packaging services and is in SIC Code 7389. SIC Code 7389 is not an EPCRA Section 313 covered SIC
Code. The textile product is worth $20/unit as received by the establishment in the covered SIC Code. The
facility determines the dyed or printed fabric is worth $70/unit as received by the establishment in the non-
covered SIC Code. The finished product value is estimated to be $80/unit. The value added by the establishment
in the covered SIC Code ($50/unit) is more than 50% of the product value; therefore, the primary SIC Code is
2269, a covered SIC Code. Thus, the establishment is covered by EPCRA Section 313 reporting and the entire
facility is subject to reporting.
A pilot plant within a covered SIC Code is considered a covered facility and is
subject to reporting, provided it meets the employee and activity criteria (note that pilot plants are
not eligible for the laboratory exemption, which is discussed in Chapter 3). Warehouses on the
2-6
-------
same site as facilities in a covered SIC Code, and warehouses that qualify as auxiliary facilities of
covered facilities, are also subject to reporting, provided all applicable reporting requirements are
met.
While you are currently required to determine your facility's reporting eligibility
based on the SIC code system described above, it is important to be aware that the SIC code
system will be replaced by a new system in the future. On April 9, 1997 (62 FR 17287), the
Office of Management and Budget promulgated the North American Industrial Classification
System (NAICS). NAICS is a new economic classification system that replaces the SIC code
system as a means of classifying economic activities for economic forecasting and statistical
purposes. The transition to the new NAICS may require regulatory actions. As a result, the SIC
code system is still required to be used as the mechanism to determine your facility's reporting
eligibility. EPA will issue notice in the Federal Register to inform you and other EPCRA
Section 313 facilities of its plans to adopt the NAICS and how facilities should make their
NAICS code determination.
2.3 Number of Employees
If your facility meets SIC Code and activity threshold criteria, you are required to
prepare an EPCRA Section 313 report if your facility has 10 or more full-time employees or the
equivalent. A full-time employee equivalent is defined as a work year of 2,000 hours. If your
facility's employees hours total 20,000 or more hours in a calendar year, you meet the 10 or more
employee threshold criterion.
The following information should be included in your employee calculations:
Owners;
Operations/manufacturing staff;
Clerical staff;
Temporary employees;
Sales personnel;
Truck drivers (employed by the facility);
Other non-manufacturing or off-site facility employees directly supporting
the facility;
2-7
-------
• Paid vacation and sick leave; and
• Contractor employees (maintenance, construction, etc. but excluding
contracted truck drivers and minor intermittent service vendors (e.g., trash
handlers)).
In general, if an individual is employed or hired to work at the facility, all the
hours worked by that individual for the facility (including paid leave and overtime) should be
counted in determining if the 20,000-hour criterion has been met.
Example - Employee Equivalent Calculation
Your facility has six full-time employees working 2,000 hours/year. You also employ two full-time sales people
and a delivery truck driver (employed by the facility) who are assigned to the plant, each working 2,000
hours/year but predominantly on the road or from their homes. The wastewater treatment system (on site and
owned by the facility) is operated by a contractor who spends an average of two hours per day and five days per
week at the plant. Finally, you built an addition to the plant warehouse during the year, using four contractor
personnel who were on site full time for six months (working on average of 1,000 hours each). You would
calculate the number of full-time employee equivalents as follows:
• Hours for your nine full-time employees (six plant personnel, two salespeople, and one
delivery truck driver) are:
(9 employees) x (2,000 hours/year) = 18,000 hours/year;
• Hours for the wastewater treatment system operator are:
(2 hours/day) x (5 days/week) x (52 weeks/year) = 520 hours/year; and
• Hours for the construction crew are:
(4 contractors) x (1,000 hours) = 4,000 hours/year.
Your facility has a total of 22,520 hours for the year, which is above the 20,000 hours/year threshold; therefore,
you meet the employee criterion.
2.4 Manufacturing. Processing, and Otherwise Use of EPCRA Section 313
Chemicals or Chemical Categories
If you are in a covered SIC Code and have 10 or more full-time employee
equivalents, you must determine which EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories
are manufactured, processed, or otherwise used at your facility. You should prepare a list which
includes all chemicals and chemical categories found in mixtures and trade name products at all
establishments at the facility. This list should then be compared to the CURRENT list of
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories found in the TRI Forms and Instructions
document for that reporting year (also available from the EPCRA Hotline, 1-800-424-9346).
2-8
-------
Once you identify the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories at your facility,
you must evaluate the activities involving each chemical and chemical category and determine if
any activity thresholds have been met.
The original list of chemicals and chemical categories subject to EPCRA Section
313 reporting was a combination of chemical lists from New Jersey and Maryland. Refinements
to the list have been made and changes are anticipated to continue. The list can be modified by
U.S. EPA initiatives or industry or the public can petition U.S. EPA to modify the list. When
evaluating a chemical or chemical category for addition or deletion from the list, U.S. EPA must
consider the chemical's potential acute human health effects and chronic human health effects, or
its adverse environmental effects. U.S. EPA reviews these petitions and initiates a rulemaking to
add or delete the chemical or chemical category from the list, or publishes an explanation why it
denied the petition.
Note that chemicals and chemical categories are periodically added, delisted, or
modified. Therefore, it is imperative that you refer to the appropriate reporting year's list. You
can refer to the U.S. EPA's TRI website, http://www.epa.gov/tri, for updated guidance. Also,
note that a list of synonyms for EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories can be
found in the U.S. EPA publication Common Synonyms for Chemicals Listed Under Section 313
of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act, (EPA 745-R-95-008). Table 2-
3 lists the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories most frequently reported for
textile manufacturing. This list is not intended to be all inclusive and should only be used as a
guide.
2-9
-------
Table 2-3
EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories Commonly
Encountered in Textile Manufacturing
(SIC Major Group 22)
Process
Dyeing/Printing
Desizing
Sizing
Scouring
Chemical Finishing
Coating Operations
Article/Formulation
Components
Manufacturing/Processing
Aids
Reactants
Chemicals and Chemical Categories
Ethylene glycol, certain glycol ethers, methanol, copper compounds,
compounds
chromium
Certain glycol ethers
Methanol
Biphenyl, xylene, certain glycol ethers
Certain glycol ethers, methyl ethyl ketone, formaldehyde
Dichloromethane, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene
Chromium compounds, copper compounds, methanol, antimony compounds
Ethylene glycol, methanol, phenol, toluene, xylene, biphenyl
Diisocyanates, formaldehyde, methanol, phenol
2.5
Activity Categories
EPCRA Section 313 defines three activity categories for the listed chemicals and
chemical categories: manufacturing (which includes importing), processing, and otherwise use.
The activity thresholds are 25,000 pounds per year for manufacturing, 25,000 pounds per year for
processing, and 10,000 pounds per year for otherwise use1. These thresholds apply to each
chemical or chemical category individually. The quantity of chemicals or chemical categories
stored on site or purchased is not relevant for threshold determinations. Rather, the
determination is based solely on the annual quantity actually manufactured (including imported),
processed, or otherwise used. Therefore, EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories
that are brought on site and stored, but are not prepared in the reporting year for distribution in
that year or subsequent years or are not otherwise used on site during the reporting year, are not
considered towards any activity threshold.
'These activity thresholds are for non-PBT chemicals. See Section 2.6 for the activity thresholds applicable to PBT
chemicals.
2-10
-------
Expanded definitions with examples of each of the three activities are found in
Chapter 3, Tables 3-2, 3-3, and 3-4. The terms are briefly defined in Table 2-4.
Table 2-4
Activity Categories
Activity
Category
Definition
Threshold1
(Ib/yr)
Manufacture
To produce, prepare, import, or compound an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or
chemical category. Manufacture also applies to an EPCRA Section 313 chemical
or chemical category that is produced coincidentally during the manufacture,
processing, otherwise use, or disposal of another chemical or mixture of chemicals
as a byproduct, and an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category that
remains in that other chemical or mixture of chemicals as an impurity during the
manufacturing, processing, or otherwise use or disposal of any other chemical
substance or mixture.
25,000
Process
To prepare an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category, or a mixture or
trade name product containing an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical
category, for distribution in commerce. For example, the addition of an EPCRA
Section 313 chemical as a flame retardant for fabric should be reported if you
exceeded the reporting threshold. Processing includes the preparation for sale to
your customers (and transferring between facilities within your company) of a
chemical or formulation that you manufacture. For example, if you manufacture
an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category or product, package it, and
then distribute it into commerce, this chemical has been manufactured AND
processed by your facility.
25,000
'These activity thresholds are for non-PBT chemicals. See Section 2.6 for the activity thresholds applicable to PBT
chemicals. 2-11
-------
Table 2-4 (Continued)
Activity
Category
Definition
Threshold1
(lb/yr)
Otherwise
Use
Generally, use of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category that does
not fall under the manufacture or process definitions is classified as otherwise use.
An EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category that is otherwise used does
not function by being incorporated into a product that is distributed in commerce,
but may be used instead as a manufacturing or processing aid (e.g., catalyst), in
waste processing, or as a fuel (including waste fuel).
OnMay 1, 1997 U.S. EPA revised the interpretation of otherwise use. The
following new otherwise use definition became effective with the 1998 reporting
year (62 FR 23834, May 1, 1997):
Otherwise use means "any use of a toxic chemical contained in a mixture
or other trade name product or waste, that is not covered by the terms
manufacture or process. Otherwise use of a toxic chemical does not
include disposal, stabilization (without subsequent distribution in
commerce), or treatment for destruction unless:
1) The toxic chemical that was disposed, stabilized, or treated for
destruction was received from off site for the purposes of further waste
management; OR
2) The toxic chemical that was disposed, stabilized, or treated for
destruction was manufactured as a result of waste management activities
on materials received from off site for the purposes of further waste
management activities."
10,000
'These activity thresholds are for non-PBT chemicals. See Section 2.6 for the activity thresholds applicable to PBT
chemicals.
COMMON ERROR - Coincidental Manufacture
The coincidental manufacture of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category, outside the primary
product process line but in direct support of the process, is frequently overlooked. For example, the coincidental
manufacture of nitrate compounds from on-site wastewater treatment of nitric acid is commonly overlooked. In
many processes, nitric acid is typically discharged, collected, and sent to an on-site treatment plant, where it is
neutralized and discharged to a POTW. Nitrate compounds are coincidentally manufactured during the
neutralization of nitric acid and are subject to the 25,000 pounds per year reporting threshold. If the threshold is
exceeded, corresponding releases should be reported as a "Discharge to POTW" in Section 6.1 and included in
Section 8.7 ("Quantity Treated Off Site") of the Form R, and not reported under Section 6.2 "Transfers to Other
Off-Site Locations." The quantity of nitrate compounds coincidentally manufactured can be estimated as
discussed in detail inEPA's guidance document, Toxics Release Inventory, List of Chemicals Within the Water
Dissociable Nitrate Compounds Category and Guidance for Reporting (Revised May 1996, EPA 745-E-96-004).
Another coincidental manufacture example would be the production of metal oxides (metal compounds) during
fuel combustion (e.g., burning of coal and/or oil to generate power).
2-12
-------
Relabeling or redistribution of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical
category where no repackaging occurs does not constitute manufacturing, processing, or
otherwise use of that chemical. This type of activity should not be included in threshold
determinations.
Also, note that the threshold determinations for the three activity categories
(manufacturing, processing, and otherwise use) are mutually exclusive. That is, you must
conduct a separate threshold determination for each activity category and if you exceed any
threshold, all release and other waste management activities of that EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category at the facility must be considered for reporting.
2.6 Persistent. Bioaccumulative., and Toxic (PBT) Chemicals
U.S. EPA promulgated the final rule for Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic
(PBT) chemicals in the October 29, 1999 Federal Register (64 FR 209). This rule applies for the
reporting year beginning January 1, 2000 (for EPCRA Section 313 reports that must be filed by
July 1, 2001).
In this rule, U.S. EPA has added seven chemicals and lowered the reporting
thresholds for 18 chemicals and chemical categories that meet the EPCRA Section 313 criteria
for persistence and bioaccumulation. The PBT chemicals and their thresholds are listed in Table
2-5.
2-13
-------
Table 2-5
Reporting Thresholds for EPCRA Section 313 Listed PBT Chemicals
Chemical Name or Chemical Category
Aldrin
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Chlordane
Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds category
(manufacturing; and the processing or otherwise
use of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds if the
dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are present as
contaminants in a chemical and if they were
created during the manufacturing of that chemical)
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Isodrin
Methoxychlor
Octachlorostyrene
Pendimethalin
Pentachlorobenzene
Polycyclic aromatic compounds category
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)
Tetrabromobisphenol A
Toxaphene
Trifluralin
Mercury
Mercury compounds
CASRN
309-00-2
191-24-2
57-74-9
NA
76-44-8
118-74-1
465-73-6
72-43-5
29082-74-4
40487-42-1
608-93-5
NA
1336-36-3
79-94-7
8001-35-2
1582-09-8
7439-97-6
NA
Section 313 Reporting Threshold (in
pounds unless noted other-wise)
100
10
10
0.1 grams
10
10
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
10
U.S. EPA also added two chemicals to the polycyclic aromatic compounds
(PACs) category that is listed above:
• Benzo(j,k)fluorene (fluoranthene)
• 3-methyl chloanthrene
These two chemicals are not to be reported individually; rather, they should be included within
the PACs compound category.
2-14
-------
U.S. EPA finalized two thresholds based on the chemicals' potential to persist and
bioaccumulate in the environment. The two levels include setting Section 313 manufacture,
process, and otherwise use thresholds to 100 pounds for PBT chemicals and to 10 pounds for that
subset of PBT chemicals that are highly persistent and highly bioaccumulative. One exception is
the dioxin and dioxin-like compounds category. EPA set the threshold for the dioxin and dioxin-
like compound category at 0.1 gram.
U.S. EPA eliminated the de minimis exemption for the PBT chemicals. However,
this action does not affect the applicability of the de minimis exemption to the supplier
notification requirements (40 CFR 372.45(d)(l)). U.S. EPA also excluded all PBT chemicals
from eligibility for the alternate threshold of 1 million pounds (see Section 2.9) and eliminated
range reporting of PBT chemicals and chemical categories for on-site releases and transfers off-
site for further waste management.
Concurrent with the additions and lowered thresholds discussed above, U.S. EPA
added "vanadium, except when contained in an alloy" and "vanadium compounds" to the list of
toxic chemicals subject to reporting under EPCRA Section 313. The corresponding thresholds
for vanadium and vanadium compounds remain 10,000 pounds if otherwise used, 25,000 pounds
if processed, and 25,000 pounds if manufactured. Please refer to the discussion on "Qualifiers"
in Section 3.1 if vanadium is a concern at your facility.
Note that U.S. EPA is currently developing five guidance documents for
chemicals modified by the PBT rule:
Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds;
Mercury and mercury compounds;
Vanadium and vanadium compounds;
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) category; and
Other PBT chemicals.
Please refer to this guidance if applicable to your facility.
2-15
-------
2.7 How Do You Report?
You must submit an EPCRA Section 313 report for each EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category that exceeds a threshold for manufacturing, OR processing, OR
otherwise use (providing you meet the employee and SIC Code criteria). Provided you do not
exceed certain alternate activity thresholds and total annual reportable amounts, you may prepare
a Form A (See Section 2.8) rather than a Form R. The TRI Forms and Instructions contain
detailed directions for the preparation and submittal of EPCRA Section 313 reports for each
listed chemical for the reporting year. The TRI Forms and Instructions are sent to all facilities
that submitted EPCRA Section 313 reports the preceding year. However, if you do not receive a
courtesy copy, you may request copies of the TRI Forms and Instructions from the EPCRA
Hotline (1-800-424-9346).
2.8 FormR
Form R is the report in which the information required by EPCRA Section 313 is
reported. If you are submitting a Form R, it is essential that you use the TRI Forms and
Instructions for the appropriate reporting year. U.S. EPA encourages the electronic submittal of
the Form R, via the Automated Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Software (ATRS).
Use of the ATRS will save preparation time in data entry and photocopying and reduce errors via
on-line validation routines and use of pick lists. The ATRS can be found on the Internet at:
• http://www.epa.gov/atrs
The ATRS is available in both DOS and Windows versions. More information can be found in
the TRI Forms and Instructions and by calling the ATRS User Support Hotline at (703) 816-
4434.
2-16
-------
The Form R consists of two parts:
Part I. Facility Identification Information. This part may be photocopied and re-
used for each Form R you submit, except for the signature, which must be original
for each submission.
Part II. Chemical Specific Information. You must complete this part separately
for each EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category; it cannot be reused
year to year even if reporting has not changed.
Submission of incomplete EPCRA Section 313 reports may result in issuance of a
Notice of Technical Error (NOTE), Notice of Significant Error (NOSE), or Notice of Non-
compliance (NON). See the current TRI Forms and Instructions for more detailed information
on completing the Form R and submitting the EPCRA Section 313 report.
2.9 Alternate Threshold and Form A
U.S. EPA developed the Form A, also referred to as the "Certification Statement"
to reduce the annual reporting burden for facilities with minimal amounts of EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories released and otherwise managed as waste (59 FR
61488, November 1994; applicable beginning reporting year 1994 and beyond). On Form A you
certify that you are not required to report the release and other waste management information
required by EPCRA Section 313 and PPA Section 6607. A facility must meet the following two
criteria to use a Form A:
First, the total annual reportable amount of the EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category cannot exceed 500 pounds per year. The
"reportable amount" is defined as the sum of the on-site amounts released
(including disposal), treated, recycled, and combusted for energy recovery,
combined with the sum of the amounts transferred off site for recycling,
energy recovery, treatment, and/or release (including disposal). This total
corresponds to the total of data elements 8.1 through 8.7 on the 1999
version of the Form R.
2-17
-------
Second, the amount of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical
category manufactured, processed, OR otherwise used cannot exceed one
million pounds. It is important to note that the quantities for each activity
are mutually exclusive and must be evaluated independently. If the
quantity for any one of the activities exceeds 1,000,000 pounds a Form A
cannot be used.
Example - Form A Threshold
If the combined annual reportable amounts from all activities do not exceed 500 pounds, a facility that
manufactures 900,000 pounds of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical and processes 150,000 pounds of the same
chemical is eligible to use the Form A because the facility did not exceed the one million pounds threshold for
either activity, even though the total activity usage exceeds one million pounds.
The Form A Certification Statement must be submitted for each eligible EPCRA
Section 313 chemical and chemical category. The information on the Form A will be included in
the publicly accessible TRI database; however, these data are marked to indicate that they
represent certification statements rather than Form Rs. Note that separate establishments at a
facility cannot submit separate Form As for the same chemical or chemical category; rather, only
one Form A per EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category can be submitted per
facility.
While Form A requests facility identification and chemical identification
information, no release and other waste management quantity estimations to any media are
required. You must simply certify that the total annual reportable amount did not exceed 500
pounds, and the amounts manufactured, processed, or otherwise used did not exceed one million
pounds. Once the facility has completed estimates to justify the submission of a Form A, there is
a considerable time savings in using the Form A, especially in subsequent years, providing
activities involving the chemical or chemical category did not change significantly. It is strongly
recommended that you document your initial rationale and refer to it every year to verify that you
have not modified a part of the process that would invalidate the initial rationale supporting use
of the Form A.
2-18
-------
Common Error - Form A Reporting
Many facilities in this industry may be eligible to submit the Alternate Certification Statement (Form A). Listed
below are some key points to remember when deciding if you should submit a Form A or Form R for an EPCRA
Section 313 chemical or chemical category:
1. The 500 Ib/yr annual reportable amount criteria refers to a single EPCRA Section 313 chemical (or chemical
category) and is the sum of the on-site amounts released (including disposal), treated, recycled and
combusted for energy recovery combined with amounts transferred off-site for further waste management
activities. This total is the sum of the data elements 8.1 through 8.7 of the 1999 Form R for a single
chemical (or chemical category).
2. The 1,000,000 Ib/yr alternate threshold refers to the amount of a single EPCRA Section 313 chemical (or
chemical category) manufactured, OR the amount of a single EPCRA Section 313 chemical (or chemical
category) processed, OR the amount of a single EPCRA Section 313 chemical (or chemical category)
otherwise used. The quantities are mutually exclusive and must be evaluated independently. If the quantity
for any one of these activities exceeds 1,000,000 pounds, a Form A cannot be used.
Example: Your site otherwise uses a total of 750,000 Ib/yr of chromium compounds, and
processes an additional 300,000 Ib/yr of chromium compounds. Chromium compound disposal
(based on the parent metal chromium) totals 250 Ib/yr to an off-site landfill, and 100 Ib/yr
discharged to a POTW. No recycling or treatment of chromium compounds occur. Your site
did not exceed the 1,000,000-pound alternate threshold for processing, nor did your site exceed
the alternate threshold for otherwise use. The total annual reportable amount of 350 Ib/yr falls
below 500 Ib/yr. Therefore, you may complete a Form A for chromium compounds, rather than
a Form R.
When determining if you are eligible to complete a Form A, rather than a Form R, remember that each EPCRA
Section 313 chemical or chemical category should be reviewed individually. For example, you may need to
complete a Form R for Chemicals A, B, and C, however a Form A may be completed for Chemical D (assuming
the eligibility requirements are met).
Example: Your site otherwise uses 300,000 Ib/yr of methanol and 200,000 Ib/yr copper
compounds. The total annual reportable amount for methanol is 10,000 Ib/yr, and the total
annual reportable amount for copper compounds is 200 Ib/yr. You must complete a Form R for
methanol, however you are eligible to complete a Form A for copper compounds.
If your facility consists of multiple establishments, only a single Form A can be submitted for the entire facility
(separate establishments at a facility cannot submit separate Form As for the same chemical or chemical category;
one Form A can be submitted for multiple chemicals or chemical categories).
Example: Your site has three establishments and all otherwise use methanol. The first
establishment otherwise uses 500,000 Ib/yr of methanol. The second and third establishments
each otherwise use 300,000 Ib/yr of methanol. The total amount of methanol otherwise used at
the facility equals 1,100,000 Ib/yr (500,000 + 300,000 + 300,000). You may not submit a Form
A for methanol. You may either submit one Form R for the entire facility, or you may submit
three Form Rs (one for each establishment) for methanol.
2.10 Trade Secrets
If you submit trade secret information, you must prepare two versions of the
substantiation form as prescribed in 40 CFR Part 350 (see 53 FR 28801, July 29, 1988) as well as
2-19
-------
two versions of the EPCRA Section 313 report. One set of reports should be "sanitized" (i.e., it
should provide a generic name for the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category
identity). This version will be made available to the public. The second version, the
"unsanitized" version, should provide the actual identity of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical
and have the trade secret claim clearly marked in Part I, Section 2.1 of the Form R or Form A.
The trade secrets provision only applies to the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical
category identity. All other parts of the Form R or Form A must be filled out accordingly.
Individual states may have additional criteria for confidential business information
and the submittal of both sanitized and unsanitized reports for EPCRA Section 313 chemicals
and chemical categories. Facilities may jeopardize the trade secret status of an EPCRA Section
313 chemical or chemical category by submitting an unsanitized version to a state agency or
tribal government that does not require an unsanitized version.
More information on trade secret claims, including contacts for individual state's
submission requirements, can be found in the TRI Forms and Instructions.
2.11 Recordkeeping
Complete and accurate records are absolutely essential to meaningful compliance
with EPCRA Section 313 reporting requirements. Compiling and maintaining good records will
help you to reduce the effort and cost in preparing future reports, and to document how you
arrived at the reported data in the event of U.S. EPA compliance audits. U.S. EPA requires you
to maintain records substantiating each EPCRA Section 313 report submission for a minimum of
three years. Each facility must keep copies of every EPCRA Section 313 report along with all
supporting documents, calculations, work sheets, and other forms that you used to prepare the
EPCRA Section 313 report. U.S. EPA may request this supporting documentation during a
regulatory audit.
Specifically, U.S. EPA requires the following records be maintained for a period
of three years from the date of the submission of a report (summarized from 40 CFR 372.10):
2-20
-------
1) A copy of each EPCRA Section 313 report that is submitted.
2) All supporting materials and documentation used to make the compliance
determination that the facility or establishment is a covered facility.
3) Documentation supporting the report submitted, including:
• Claimed allowable exemptions,
• Threshold determinations,
• Calculations for each quantity reported as being released, either on
or off site, or otherwise managed as waste,
• Activity determinations, including dates of manufacturing,
processing, or use,
• The basis of all estimates,
• Receipts or manifests associated with transfers of each EPCRA
Section 313 chemical or chemical category in waste to off-site
locations, and
• Waste treatment methods, treatment efficiencies, ranges of influent
concentrations to treatment, sequential nature of treatment steps,
and operating data to support efficiency claims.
4) For facilities submitting a Form A, all supporting materials used to make
the compliance determination that the facility or establishment is eligible
to submit a Form A, including:
• Data supporting the determination the alternate threshold applies,
• Calculations of the annual reportable amounts,
• Receipts or manifests associated with the transfer of each EPCRA
Section 313 chemical or chemical category in waste to off-site
locations, and
• Waste treatment methods, treatment efficiencies, ranges of influent
concentrations to treatment, sequential nature of treatment steps,
and operating data to support efficiency claims.
Because EPCRA Section 313 reporting does not require additional testing or
monitoring you must determine the best readily available source of information for all estimates.
Some facilities may have detailed monitoring data and off-site transfer records that can be used
for estimates while others may only have purchase and inventory records. Examples of records
that you should keep, if applicable, might include:
• Each EPCRA Section 313 report submitted;
2-21
-------
EPCRA Section 313 Reporting Threshold Worksheets (sample worksheets
can be found in Chapter 3 of this document as well as in the TRI Forms
and Instructions);
EPCRA Section 313 Reporting Release and Other Waste Management
Quantity Estimation Worksheets (sample worksheets can be found in
Chapter 4 of this document);
Engineering calculations and other notes;
Formulation sheets;
Purchase records from suppliers;
Inventory data;
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs);
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS);
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)/State Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) permits and monitoring reports;
EPCRA Section 312, Tier II reports;
Monitoring records;
Air permits;
Flow measurement data;
Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous waste
generator's reports;
Pretreatment reports filed with local governments;
Invoices from waste management firms;
Manufacturer's estimates of treatment efficiencies;
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Conservation, and Liability Act
of 1980 (CERCLA) Reportable Quantity (RQ) reports;
RCRA manifests; and
Process flow diagrams (including emissions, releases, and other waste
management activities).
2-22
-------
CHAPTER 3 - EPCRA SECTION 313 CHEMICAL OR
CHEMICAL CATEGORY ACTIVITY THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS
3.0 PURPOSE
This chapter provides a step-by-step procedure for determining if any EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories exceed a reporting threshold. Threshold
determinations are essentially a three step process:
Step 1) Identify any EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories
you manufacture/import, process, or otherwise use.
Step 2) Identify the activity category and any exempt activities for each
EPCRA Section 313 chemical and chemical category.
Step 3) Calculate the quantity of each EPCRA Section 313 chemical and
chemical category and determine which ones exceed an activity
threshold.
3.1 Step 1 - Identify Which EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals or Chemical
Categories are Manufactured (Including Imported). Processed, or Otherwise
Used
Compile lists of all chemicals and mixtures at your facility. For facilities with
many different chemicals and mixtures it is often helpful to prepare two lists: one with the pure
(single ingredient) chemicals (including chemical compounds) and one with the mixtures and
trade name products. On the second list, under the name of each mixture/trade name product,
write the names of all chemicals in that product. Next, compare the chemicals and chemical
categories on both lists to the current EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories list
found in the TRI Forms and Instructions (remember that chemicals and chemical categories may
be periodically added and deleted and you should use the current reporting year's instructions).
Highlight the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories that are on your lists.
Review the lists to be sure each chemical and chemical category is shown by its
correct EPCRA Section 313 name. For example, a common EPCRA Section 313 chemical
found in textile manufacturing operations is methanol. Methanol (Chemical Abstracts Service
3-1
-------
(CAS) Registry No. 67-56-1) has several synonyms including carbinol, methyl alcohol, methyl
hydroxide, and wood alcohol. It must be reported on Form R (or Form A), Item 1.2, by its
EPCRA Section 313 chemical name, methanol. Synonyms can be found in the U.S. EPA
document Common Synonyms for Chemicals Listed Under Section 313 of the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPA 745-R-95-008).
While you must consider every chemical on the EPCRA Section 313 chemical
and chemical category list, you should be aware of the chemicals and chemical categories
typically used in textile manufacturing. As a guide, the most frequently reported EPCRA Section
313 chemicals and chemical categories for reporting year 1995 by textile manufacturing
facilities, SIC Major Group 22, and the processes they are typically used in, are listed in Table
2-3.
A computerized spreadsheet may be helpful in developing your facility's chemical
and chemical category list and performing threshold calculations. The spreadsheet could show
the chemical, chemical category, or chemical mixture with corresponding component
concentrations; the yearly quantity manufactured, processed, or otherwise used; and the CAS
Registry number. The spreadsheet could also be designed to identify the total quantity by activity
category (amounts manufactured, processed, and otherwise used) for each EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category in every mixture, compound, and trade name product.
An initial investment of time will be required to develop this spreadsheet;
however, the time and effort saved in threshold calculations in subsequent years will be
significant. Such a system will also reduce the potential of inadvertently overlooking EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories present in mixtures purchased from off-site
sources.
To develop the chemical and chemical category list and the associated activity
categories you may want to consult the following:
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs);
Facility purchasing records;
5-2
-------
• New Source Performance Standards (NSPS);
• Inventory records;
• Air and water discharge permits;
• Individual manufacturing/operating functions; and
• Receipts or manifests associated with the transfer of each EPCRA Section
313 chemical and chemical categories in waste to off-site locations.
The following is suggested useful information needed to prepare your EPCRA
Section 313 reports and should be included for each chemical and chemical category on your
spreadsheet:
• The mixture name and associated EPCRA Section 313 chemical and
chemical category names;
• The associated Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry numbers;
• The trade name for mixtures and compounds;
• The throughput quantities; and
• Whether the chemical or chemical category is manufactured, processed, or
otherwise used at the facility (be sure to include quantities that are
coincidentally manufactured and imported, as appropriate).
MSDSs provide important information for the type and composition of chemicals
and chemical categories in mixtures, and for determining whether you have purchased raw
materials that contain EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories. As of 1989,
chemical suppliers to facilities in SIC Major Group Codes 20 through 39 are required to notify
manufacturing customers of any EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories present
above the applicable de minimis concentration in mixtures or trade name products distributed to
facilities. The notice must be provided to the receiving facility and may be attached or
incorporated into that product's MSDS. If no MSDS is required, the notification must be in a
letter that accompanies the first shipment of the product to your facility each year. This letter
must contain the chemical name, CAS Registry number, and the weight or volume percent (or a
range) of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category in mixtures or trade name
products.
Carefully review the entire MSDS. Although new MSDSs must list whether
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories are present, the language and location of
this notification is not currently standardized. Depending on the supplier, this information could
-------
be found in different sections of the MSDS. The most likely sections of an MSDS to provide
information on EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories are:
Physical properties/chemical composition section;
Regulatory section;
Hazardous components section;
Labeling section; and
Additional information section.
Also, many EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories are present as
impurities in mixtures. These quantities must also be considered in threshold determinations
unless the concentration is below the de minimis value (see Section 3.2.2.1).
COMMON ERROR - Mixture Components
Facilities often overlook EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories that are present in small
quantities of bulk solutions. For example, xylene is often purchased in large quantities for use as a solvent,
among other things. Most facilities correctly report for xylene; however, ethylbenzene is typically present at up to
15% in commercially available solutions of xylene. Many facilities have historically overlooked the ethylbenzene
in their bulk xylene purchases.
Several chemicals on the EPCRA Section 313 chemical list include qualifiers
related to use or form. Some chemicals are reportable ONLY if manufactured by a specified
process or classified in a specified activity category. For example, isopropyl alcohol is only
reportable if it is manufactured using the strong acid process and saccharin is reportable only if it
is manufactured. Some other chemicals are only reportable if present in certain forms. For
example, only yellow or white phosphorus is reportable, while black or red phosphorus is not
reportable.
The qualifiers and associated chemicals and chemical categories are presented
below. A detailed discussion of the qualifier criteria can be found in the TRI Forms and
Instructions. Please make special note of the discussion pertaining to vanadium and vanadium
compounds.
• Aluminum oxide (fibrous) - Aluminum oxide is only subject to threshold
determination and release and other waste management calculations when
5-4
-------
it is handled in fibrous forms. U.S. EPA has characterized fibrous
aluminum oxide for purposes of EPCRA Section 313 reporting as a man-
made fiber commonly used in high-temperature insulation applications
such as furnace linings, filtration, gaskets, joints, and seals.
Ammonia - (includes anhydrous ammonia and aqueous ammonia from
water dissociable ammonium salts and other sources) On June 26, 1995,
U.S. EPA qualified the listing for ammonia (CAS Registry No. 7664-41-7)
and deleted ammonium sulfate (solution) (CAS Registry No. 7783-20-2)
from the EPCRA Section 313 chemical list. Both the qualification and the
deletion were effective as of reporting year 1994. The qualifier for
ammonia means that anhydrous forms of ammonia are 100% reportable
while only 10% of the total aqueous ammonia is reportable. Any
evaporation of ammonia from aqueous ammonia solutions is considered
anhydrous ammonia. This qualifier applies to both activity threshold
determinations and release and other waste management calculations.
Note that while ammonium sulfate is no longer an EPCRA Section 313
chemical, 10% of the aqueous ammonia formed from the dissociation of
ammonium sulfate (and all other ammonium salts) is reportable, and must
be included in both activity threshold determinations and release and other
waste management calculations. Additionally, any ammonium nitrate
must also be included in the threshold determination and the nitrate
portion included in the release and other waste management calculations,
for the nitrate compounds category. U.S. EPA has published guidance on
reporting for ammonia and ammonium salts in Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know, EPCRA Section 313, Guidance for Reporting
Aqueous Ammonia, EPA 745-R-95-012 (included as Appendix C).
Asbestos (friable) - Asbestos only needs to be considered when it is
handled in the friable form. Friable refers to the physical characteristics of
being able to crumble, pulverize, or reduce to a powder with hand
pressure.
Fume or dust - Two metals (aluminum and zinc) are qualified with "fume
or dust." This definition excludes "wet" forms such as solutions or
slurries, but includes powder, particulate, or gaseous forms of these
metals. There is no particle size limitation for particulates. For example,
use of zinc metal as part of a final textile product is not subject to
reporting unless the zinc is in the form of a fume or dust. However, even
though elemental zinc is reportable only in the fume or dust form, all
forms of zinc compounds are reportable. Note that the entire weight of all
zinc compounds should be included in the threshold determination for zinc
compounds, while only the metal portion of metal compounds is reported
in the release and other waste management amounts. Prior to reporting
year 2000, vanadium was also qualified with "fume or dust." As of
reporting year 2000 this qualifier has been removed for vanadium such
that all physical forms are now reportable unless the vanadium is
5-5
-------
contained in an alloy. Please see the discussion on vanadium and
vanadium compounds below, if applicable.
Hydrochloric acid (acid aerosols) - On July 25, 1996, US EPA
promulgated a final rule delisting non-aerosol forms of hydrochloric acid
(CAS Registry No. 7647-01-0) from the EPCRA Section 313 chemical list
(effective for the 1995 reporting year). Therefore, threshold
determinations and release and other waste management estimates now
apply only to the aerosol forms. Under EPCRA Section 313, the term
aerosol covers any generation of airborne acid (including mists, vapors,
gas, or fog) without any particle size limitation. Therefore, any process
that sprays hydrochloric acid "manufactures" hydrochloric acid aerosol
and you should include this quantity in the manufacturing threshold
determination.
Manufacturing qualifiers - Two chemicals, saccharin and isopropyl
alcohol, contain qualifiers relating to manufacture. The qualifier for
saccharin means that only manufacturers of the chemical are subject to the
reporting requirement. The qualifier for isopropyl alcohol means that only
facilities that manufacture the chemical by the strong acid process are
required to report. Facilities that only process or otherwise use these
chemicals are not required to report. Thus, a facility that uses isopropyl
alcohol as a solvent should not report for isopropyl alcohol.
Nitrate Compounds (water dissociable; reportable only in aqueous
solution) - A nitrate compound is covered by this listing only when in
water and if water dissociable. Although the complete weight of the
nitrate compound must be used for threshold determinations for the nitrate
compounds category, only the nitrate portion of the compound must be
considered for release and other waste management calculations. One
issue recently raised by industry is how to report nitrate compounds in
wastewater and sludge that is applied to farms as a nitrogen source (either
on site or off site). Although during such use nitrate compounds may be
taken up by plants and cycled back into the ecosystem, U.S. EPA
considers that the nitrate compounds in wastewaters/sludges to be
managed as waste. In this scenario, nitrate compounds should be reported
as being disposed to land (either on site or off site as appropriate). U.S.
EPA has published guidance for these chemicals in List of Toxic
Chemicals Within the Water Dissociable Nitrate Compounds Category
and Guidance for Reporting (EPA 745-R-96-004).
Phosphorus (yellow or white) - Only manufacturing, processing, or
otherwise use of phosphorus in the yellow or white chemical forms require
reporting. Black and red phosphorus are not subject to EPCRA
Section 313 reporting.
5-6
-------
Sulfuric acid (acid aerosols) - On June 26, 1995, U.S. EPA promulgated
a final rule delisting non-aerosol forms of sulfuric acid (CAS Registry No.
7664-93-9) from the EPCRA Section 313 chemical list (effective for the
1994 reporting year). Therefore, threshold determinations and release and
other waste management estimates now apply only to the aerosol forms.
Under EPCRA Section 313, the term aerosol covers any generation of
airborne acid (including mists, vapors, gas, or fog) without any particle
size limitation. Therefore, any process that sprays sulfuric acid
"manufactures" sulfuric acid aerosol and you should include this quantity
in the manufacturing threshold determination. U.S. EPA has published
guidance for acid aerosols in Guidance for Reporting Sulfuric Acid., EPA
745-R-97-007.
Vanadium and vanadium compounds - Note that prior to reporting year
2000 (effective December 31, 1999 for EPCRA Section 313 reports that
must be filed by July 1, 2001), the fume or dust qualifier also applied to
vanadium. As of December 31, 1999, U.S. EPA removed this qualifier for
vanadium for reporting year 2000 and beyond. Concurrently, U.S. EPA
exempted all physical forms of metallic vanadium that are present in
alloys. Therefore, vanadium that is present in any physical form of alloys
should not be considered for EPCRA Section 313 reporting. However, if
vanadium is separated from the alloy, all physical forms of the vanadium
are considered to be manufactured and the quantity manufactured should
be applied to the 25,000-pound manufacturing threshold. If the vanadium
is subsequently processed or otherwise used, the applicable quantity
should also be applied to the processing or otherwise use threshold(s). Jf a
threshold is exceeded, all quantities released or otherwise managed as
waste must be reported as appropriate.
Concurrent with this rulemaking, U.S. EPA also added vanadium
compounds to the list of toxic chemicals subject to reporting under
EPCRA Section 313. U.S. EPA specifically excluded vanadium
compounds from the fume or dust qualifier and from the alloy exemption.
Therefore, all physical forms of vanadium compounds must be included in
threshold determinations and release and other waste management
activities estimates.
COMMON ERROR - Sulfuric and Hydrochloric Acid (Acid Aerosols)
The textile manufacturing industry uses aqueous sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment and textile
dyeing operations. Only aerosol forms of sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, including mists, vapors, gas, fog,
and other airborne forms of any particle size, are reportable under EPCRA Section 313. Therefore, facilities do
not need to include non-aerosol forms of either chemical toward threshold determinations and subsequent release
and other waste management calculations.
5-7
-------
3.2 Step 2. Identify the Activity Category and Any Exempt Activities for Each
EPCRA Section 313 Chemical
The next step is to identify the activity category (or categories) and any exempt
activities for each EPCRA Section 313 chemical and chemical category on your list. Table 3-1
lists the reporting thresholds for each of the activity categories (Tables 3-2 through 3-4 provide
detailed definitions of subcategories for each activity category). Each threshold must be
individually calculated; they are mutually exclusive and are not additive.
Table 3-1
Reporting Thresholds
Activity Category
Manufacture (including import)
Process
Otherwise Use
Threshold1
25,000 pounds per year
25,000 pounds per year
10,000 pounds per year
'These reporting thresholds are for non-PBT chemicals. See Section 2.6 for the reporting thresholds
applicable to PBT chemicals.
Example -Threshold Determination
If your facility manufactures 22,000 pounds of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category and you
also otherwise use 8,000 pounds of the same chemical or chemical category, you have not exceeded either
threshold and an EPCRA Section 313 report for that chemical or chemical category is not required. However, if
your facility manufactures 28,000 pounds per year of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category and
otherwise uses 8,000 pounds of the same chemical or chemical category, you have exceeded the manufacturing
threshold and ALL release and other waste management quantities (except those specifically exempted) of that
chemical or chemical category must be reported on the Form R, including those from the otherwise use activity.
-------
Example - Xylene Isomers
Textile manufacturing operations use the EPCRA Section 313 chemical xylene with the mixed isomers, CAS
Registry No. 1330-20-7, being the most frequently reported type. Ortho-, meta-, and para-xylene are each listed
on the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals list in addition to xylene (mixed isomers). The mixed isomers
classification should be used when a mixture contains any combination of two or three of the isomers. The
threshold determination for xylene should be calculated for each isomeric form individually unless the xylenes are
manufactured, processed, or otherwise used as a mixture of xylene isomers. For example, a covered facility
annually uses 8,000 pounds of para-xylene, 6,000 pounds of ortho-xylene, and 8,000 pounds of mixed isomers as
carrier solvents in three separate processing lines. All three activities of xylene are classified as otherwise used as
the carrier is intended to evaporate and not remain with the product. There are no other uses of any form of
xylene in the facility. The otherwise used activity threshold of 10,000 pounds/year has not been reached for any
of the xylenes and an EPCRA Section 313 report need not be prepared for xylene. However, should any two of
the streams mix, the facility will exceed the otherwise use threshold for mixed isomers and an EPCRA Section
313 report must be prepared for the mixed isomer form of xylene.
Each of the activity categories is divided into subcategories.
COMMON ERROR - Threshold Determination for Recirculation
Facilities often incorrectly base threshold calculations on the amount of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or
chemical categories in a recirculation system rather than the amount actually used in the reporting year. The
amount of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category that is actually manufactured (including the
quantity imported), processed, or otherwise used, not the amount in storage or in the system, should be the amount
applied to the threshold determination. For example, a solvent containing an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or
chemical category is used, recirculated on site, and reused as a solvent. The amount of EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category recirculated in the on-site recycling process is not considered in the threshold
determination because it is considered a "direct reuse" and is not reportable. Only the amount of new chemical
added to the system should be included in the otherwise used threshold calculation. However, if you send a
solvent containing an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category off site for distillation and subsequent
recycling, it should be reported as a transfer to an off-site location for recycling (Part II, Sections 6.2 and 8.5 of
the 1999 Form R) because the distillation is considered a waste management activity. The amount of solvent
returned to you and subsequently used in the same reporting year must be included in the threshold determination.
If the reporting threshold is exceeded, the total quantity recycled should be reported in Section 8.4, i.e., the
amount recycled on site must be reported in Section 8.4 each time it is recycled.
As discussed in the TRI Forms and Instructions, you are required to designate EACH category
and subcategory that applies to your facility. Detailed definitions, including descriptions of
subcategories for each activity and selected examples, are presented in Tables 3-2, 3-3, and 3-4.
5-9
-------
Table 3-2
Definitions and Examples of Manufacturing Subcategories
Manufacturing
Activity Subcategory
Definition
Examples in the
Textile Industry
Produced or imported for
on-site use/processing
A chemical or chemical category that is
produced or imported and then further
processed or otherwise used at the same
facility.
Produced or imported for
sale/distribution
A chemical or chemical category that is
produced or imported specifically for sale or
distribution outside the manufacturing
facility.
Produced as a
byproduct
A chemical or chemical category that is
produced coincidentally during the
production, processing, or otherwise use of
another chemical substance or mixture and is
separated from that substance or mixture.
Toxic chemicals produced and released as a
result of waste treatment or disposal are also
considered byproducts.
Ammonia, phenol, and methanol.
Produced as an impurity
A chemical or chemical category that is
produced coincidentally as a result of the
manufacture, processing, or otherwise use of
another chemical and remains primarily in the
mixture or product with that other chemical.
5-10
-------
Table 3-3
Definitions and Examples of Processing Subcategories
Processing Activity
Subcategory
Definition
Examples in the Textile Industry
Reactant
A natural or synthetic chemical or chemical
category used in chemical reactions for the
manufacture of another chemical substance
or product. Examples include feedstocks,
raw materials, intermediates, and initiators.
Formaldehyde, methanol, and
phenol.
Formulation component
A chemical or chemical category that is
added to a product or product mixture prior
to further distribution of the product and acts
as a performance enhancer during use of the
product. Examples include additives, dyes,
reaction diluents, initiators, solvents,
inhibitors, emulsifiers, surfactants,
lubricants, flame retardants, and rheological
modifiers.
Antimony compounds, copper
compounds, chromium compounds,
and methanol
Article component
A chemical or chemical category that
becomes an integral component of an article
distributed for industrial, trade, or consumer
use.
Repackaging only
A chemical or chemical category that is
processed or prepared for distribution in
commerce in a different form, state, or
quantity. May include, but is not limited to,
the transfer of material from a bulk
container, such as a tank truck, to smaller
containers such as cans or bottles.
5-11
-------
Table 3-4
Definitions and Examples of Otherwise Use Subcategories
Otherwise Use
Activity Subcategory
Definition
Examples in the
Textile Industry
Chemical processing aid
A chemical or chemical category that is
added to a reaction mixture to aid in the
manufacture or synthesis of another chemical
substance but is not intended to remain in or
become part of the product or product
mixture. Examples include process solvents,
catalysts, inhibitors, initiators, reaction
terminators, and solution buffers.
Biphenyl, methanol,
dichloromethane, ethylene glycol,
phenol, toluene, and xylene.
Manufacturing aid
A chemical or chemical category that aids
the manufacturing process but does not
become part of the resulting product and is
not added to the reaction mixture during the
manufacture or synthesis of another chemical
substance. Examples include process
lubricants, metalworking fluids, coolants,
refrigerants, and hydraulic fluids.
Equipment cleaning agents such as
ethylene glycol and methanol.
Ancillary or other use
A chemical or chemical category that is used
for purposes other than aiding chemical
processing or manufacturing. Examples
include cleaners, degreasers, lubricants, fuels
(including waste fuels), and chemicals used
for treating wastes.
3.2.1
Concentration Ranges for Threshold Determination
You should use the best readily available information, or where such data are not
available, reasonable estimates, for all calculations in EPCRA Section 313 reporting; however,
the exact concentration of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category in a mixture or
trade name product may not be known. The supplier or MSDS may only list ranges, or upper or
lower bound concentrations. U.S. EPA has developed guidance on how to use information in
these situations for threshold determinations.
If the concentration is provided as a lower and upper bound or as a range,
you should use the mid-point in your calculations for the threshold
determination. For example, the MSDS for the trade name product states
methanol is present in a concentration of not less than 20% and not more
than 40%, or it may be stated as present at a concentration between 20 to
5-12
-------
40%. You should use the midpoint value of 30% methanol in your
threshold calculations.
• If only the lower bound concentration of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical
or chemical category is specified and the concentration of other
components are given, subtract the other component values from 100%.
The remainder should be considered the upper bound for the EPCRA
Section 313 chemical or chemical category and you should use the given
lower bound to calculate the mid-point as discussed above. For example,
the MSDS states that a solvent contains at least 50% methyl ethyl ketone
(MEK) and 20% non-hazardous surfactants. Subtracting the
non-hazardous contents from 100% leaves 80% as the upper bound for
MEK. The mid-point between upper (80%) and lower (50%) bounds is
65%, the value you should use in your threshold calculation.
• If only the lower bound is specified and no information on other
components is given, you should assume the upper bound is 100% and
calculate the mid-point as above.
• If only the upper bound concentration is provided, you should use this
value in your threshold calculation.
Special guidance for concentration ranges that straddle the de minimis value is presented in
Section 3.2.2.1.
3.2.2 Evaluation of Exemptions
When determining thresholds, you can exclude quantities of any EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories that are manufactured, processed, or otherwise
used in exempt activities. Exemptions are divided into four classes:
1. De minimis exemption;
2. Article exemption;
3. Facility-related exemption; and
4. Activity-related exemptions.
COMMON ERROR - Exempt Activities
Quantities of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category used for exempt activities do not need to be
included in your threshold determinations or release and other waste management calculations, even if the
chemical or chemical category is used in a reportable activity elsewhere in the facility.
> 1O
5-13
-------
3.2.2.1 De Minimis Exemption
If the amount of EPCRA Section 313 chemical(s) or chemical categories present
in a mixture or trade name product processed or otherwise used is below its de minimis
concentration level, that amount is considered to be exempt from threshold determinations and
release and other waste management calculations. Note that this exemption does not apply to
manufacturing, except for importation or as an impurity as discussed below. Also note that the
de minimis exemption does not apply to the manufacturing, processing, or otherwise use of the
PBT chemicals (refer to Section 2.6). The de minimis concentration for EPCRA Section 313
chemicals and chemical categories is 1%, except for Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA)-defmed carcinogens, which have a 0.1% de minimis concentration.
Note that if a mixture contains more than one member of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical
category, the weight percent of all members must be summed. If the total meets or exceeds the
category's de minimis level, the de minimis exemption does not apply. U.S. EPA has published
several detailed questions and answers and a directive in the current edition of EPCRA Section
313, Questions and Answers (1998 edition is EPA 745-B-98-004; see Appendix A, Directive #2)
that may be helpful if you have additional concerns about the de minimis exemption. The TRI
Forms and Instructions list each EPCRA Section 313 chemical and chemical category with the
associated de minimis value.
Once the de minimis level has been equaled or exceeded, the exemption no longer
applies to that process stream, even if the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category
later falls below the de minimis concentration. All release and other waste management activities
that occur after the de minimis concentration has been equaled or exceeded are subject to
reporting. The facility does not have to report release and other waste management activities that
took place before the de minimis concentration was equaled or exceeded.
Example - De Minimis
Your facility processes a mixture containing 1.1% nitric acid and 0.6% manganese. The de minimis exemption
would apply to manganese because the concentration is below 1%, which is the de minimis level for manganese;
however, it would not apply to nitric acid. All of the nitric acid must be included in threshold determinations and
release and other waste management calculations.
5-14
-------
The de minimis exemption also applies to EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and
chemical categories that are coincidentally manufactured below the de minimis level only if that
chemical is manufactured as an impurity in a mixture that is subsequently distributed in
commerce. In addition, the exemption applies to EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories below the de minimis concentration in an imported mixture or trade name product.
For some mixtures the concentration of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and
chemical categories may be available only as a range. U.S. EPA has developed guidance on how
to determine quantities applicable to threshold determinations and release and other waste
management calculations when this range straddles the de minimis value. In general, only the
quantity of the processed or otherwise used EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category
whose concentration exceeds the de minimis must be considered. Therefore, U.S. EPA allows
facilities to estimate the quantity below the de minimis and exclude it from further consideration.
The following examples illustrate this point.
Examples - De Minimis Concentration Ranges
Example 1:
A facility processes 8,000,000 pounds of a mixture containing 0.25 to 1.25% manganese. Manganese is subject to a 1% de
minimis concentration exemption. The amount of mixture subject to reporting is the quantity containing manganese above the
de minimis concentration:
(8,000,000) x (0.0125 - 0.0099) - (0.0125 - 0.0025)
The average concentration of manganese that is not exempt (above the de minimis) is:
(0.0125+ 0.0100)-(2)
Therefore, the amount of manganese that is subject to threshold determination and release and other waste management
estimates is:
(8,000,000) x (0.0125-0.0099)
(0.0125-0.0025)
(0.0125-KJ.OIOO)
(2)
= 23,400 pounds
= 23,400 pounds manganese (which is below the processing threshold)
In this example, because the facility's information pertaining to manganese was available to two decimal places, 0.99 was
used to determine the amount below the de minimis concentrations. If the information was available to one decimal place, 0.9
should be used, as in Example 2 below.
5-15
-------
Example 2:
As in Example 1, manganese is present in a mixture, of which 8,000,000 pounds is processed. The MSDS states the mixture
contains 0.2% to 1.2% manganese. The amount of mixture subject to reporting (above de minimis) is:
(8,000,000) x (0.012 - 0.009) - (0.012 - 0.002)
The average concentration of manganese that is not exempt (above de minimis) is:
(0.012+ 0.010)-(2)
Therefore, the amount of manganese that is subject to threshold determinations and release and other waste management
estimates is:
(8,000,000) x (0.012-0.009)
(0.012-0.002)
(0.012-K).010)
(2)
= 26,400 pounds
= 26,400 pounds manganese (which is above the processing threshold)
The exemption does not apply to EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories coincidentally manufactured as byproducts and separated from the product, nor does it
apply to EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories coincidentally manufactured as
a result of waste management activities, from either on site or off site. (Under EPCRA Section
313, U.S. EPA does not consider waste to be a mixture.) For example, facilities may generate
nitrate compounds as byproducts. The nitrate compounds would be considered to be
coincidentally manufactured and the de minimis exemption would not apply. Thus, the amount
of nitrate compounds (water dissociable and in water) created should be counted toward the
25,000-pound manufacturing threshold.
3.2.2.2
Articles Exemption
An article is defined as a manufactured item that:
Is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture;
Has end-use functions dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or
design; and
Does not release an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category
under normal conditions of processing or otherwise use of the item at the
facility.
5-16
-------
If you receive a manufactured article from another facility or you produce the
article in your facility and process or otherwise use it without changing the shape or design, and
your processing or otherwise use does not result in the release into the environment of more than
0.5 pound of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category in a reporting year for all
like articles, then the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category in that article is exempt
from threshold determinations and release and other waste management calculations (U.S. EPA
allows a release of 0.5 pound or less to be rounded to zero; the 0.5 pound limit does not apply to
each individual article, but applies to the sum of all releases from processing or use of all like
articles). Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories used to produce an article, however, do
not qualify for the article exemption.
The shape and design can be changed somewhat during processing and otherwise
use as long as part of the item retains the original dimensions. That is, as a result of processing
or otherwise use, if an item retains its initial thickness or diameter, in whole or in part, then it
still meets the article definition. If the item's original dimensional characteristics are totally
altered during processing or otherwise use, the item would not meet the definition. As an
example, items that do not meet the definition would be items that are cold extruded, such as lead
ingots formed into wire or rods. However, cutting a manufactured item into pieces that are
recognizable as the article would not change the exemption status as long as the diameter and the
thickness of the item remain unchanged. For instance, metal wire may be bent and sheet metal
may be cut, punched, stamped, or pressed without losing the article status as long as no change is
made in the diameter of the wire or tubing or the thickness of the sheet and no releases above 0.5
pound per year occur for all like articles.
Example - Articles Exemption
A textile facility may receive fabric for further processing, such as cutting the fabric to a certain design
specification. The fabric may be trimmed by the facility without losing the article status. However, if the releases
of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical from all like fabrics exceed 0.5 pounds per year, the article exemption is
negated.
Any processing or otherwise use of an article that results in a release above 0.5
pound per year for each EPCRA Section 313 and chemical category chemical for all like articles
3-17
-------
also negates the exemption. Cutting, grinding, melting, or other processing of a manufactured
item could result in a release of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category during
normal conditions of use and, therefore, could negate the article exemption if the total annual
releases from all like articles exceeds 0.5 pound in a year. However, if all of the resulting waste
is recycled or reused either on site or off site, so that the release of the EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category does not exceed 0.5 pound for the calendar year, then the article's
exemption status is maintained. If the processing or otherwise use of similar manufactured items
results in atotal release of less than or equal to 0.5 pound of any individual EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category to any environmental media in a calendar year, U.S. EPA will
allow this quantity to be rounded to zero and the manufactured items maintain their article status.
The 0.5-pound limit does not apply to each individual article, but applies to the sum of all
releases from processing or otherwise use of like articles for each EPCRA Section 313 chemical
or chemical category. The current edition of EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers (1998
edition is EPA 745-B-98-004) presents several specific question and answer discussions
pertaining to the articles exemption.
Example - Articles Exemption
If a textile article is subjected to a fabric printing process that removes a portion of an EPCRA Section 313
chemical from the surface that is not recycled or reused, this process would constitute a release and could negate
the article exemption if the total releases from all like articles is greater than 0.5 Ib for the reporting year.
3.2.2.3 Facility-Related Exemption
Laboratory Activity Exemption
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories that are manufactured,
processed, or otherwise used in laboratories under the supervision of a technically qualified
individual are exempted from the threshold determination (and subsequent release and other
waste management calculations). This exemption may be applicable in circumstances such as
laboratory sampling and analysis, research and development, and quality assurance and quality
control activities. It does not include pilot plant scale or specialty chemical production. It also
5-18
-------
does not include laboratory support activities. For example, chemicals used to maintain
laboratory equipment are not eligible for the laboratory exemption.
Example - Laboratory Activity Exemption
A textile manufacturer applies various formulations of fabric coatings containing EPCRA Section 313 chemicals
to product samples for testing flame resistance. The testing occurs in the facility's laboratory under the
supervision of a "technically qualified individual." The EPCRA Section 313 chemicals used in this activity
would be exempt from EPCRA Section 313 reporting and should not be included in any threshold determinations
or release and other waste management calculations.
3.2.2.4 Activity-Related Exemptions (Otherwise Use Exemptions)
Some exemptions apply to the otherwise use of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical
or chemical category. The specific quantities of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories used in these activities do not need to be included in facility threshold determinations
(nor the associated release and other waste management calculations). The following otherwise
use activities are considered exempt:
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories used in routine
janitorial or facility grounds maintenance. Examples are bathroom
cleaners, fertilizers, and garden pesticides similar in type or concentration
to consumer products. Materials used to clean process equipment do not
meet this exemption.
Personal use of items. Examples are foods, drugs, cosmetics, and other
personal items including those items within a facility-operated cafeteria,
store, or infirmary. Office supplies such as correction fluid are also
exempt.
Structural components of the facility Exemptions apply to EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories present in materials used to
construct, repair, or maintain structural components of a facility. An
example common to all facilities would be the solvents and pigments used
to paint the buildings. Materials used to construct, repair, or maintain
process equipment are not exempt.
5-19
-------
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories used with
facility motor vehicles. This exemption includes the use of EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories for the purpose of
maintaining motor vehicles operated by the facility. Common examples
include gasoline, radiator coolant, windshield wiper fluid, brake and
transmission fluid, oils and lubricants, cleaning solutions, and solvents in
paint used to touch up the vehicle. Motor vehicles include, but may not be
limited to, cars, trucks, forklifts, locomotives, and aircraft. Note that this
exemption applies to the OTHERWISE USE of EPCRA Section 313
chemicals and chemical categories. The coincidental manufacture of
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories resulting from
combustion of gasoline is not exempt and should be considered toward the
manufacturing threshold.
Example - Motor Vehicle Exemption
Methanol is purchased for use as a processing aid and as a windshield washer anti-
freeze in company vehicles. Only the amount used as a processing aid would be used in
facility threshold calculations. Even if the facility still exceeds the otherwise use
threshold, the amount in the anti-freeze is exempt from release and other waste
management calculations.
This exemption does NOT apply to stationary equipment. The use of
lubricants and fuels for stationary process equipment (e.g., pumps and
compressors) and stationary energy sources (e.g., furnaces, boilers,
heaters), are NOT exempt.
Example - Process Equipment Chemical Use
Lubricants containing listed EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories
used on facility vehicles, or on-site structural maintenance activities that are not integral
to the process, are exempt activities. However, lubricants used to maintain pumps and
compressors that aid facility process operations are not exempt and the amount of the
EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category in the lubricant should be applied to
the otherwise use threshold.
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories in certain air
or water drawn from the environment or municipal sources Included
are an exemption for EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories present in process water and non-contact cooling water drawn
from the environment or a municipal source, or chemicals and chemical
categories present in air used either as compressed air or as an oxygen
source for combustion.
5-20
-------
Example - Chemicals in Process Water
A facility uses river water for one of its processes. This water contains approximately
100 pounds of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category. The facility
ultimately returns the water that contains the entire 100 pounds of the EPCRA Section
313 chemical or chemical category to the river. The EPCRA Section 313 chemical or
chemical category in the water can be considered exempt because the EPCRA Section
313 chemical or chemical category was present as it was drawn from the environment.
The facility does not need to consider the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical
category drawn with river water for threshold determinations or release and other waste
management calculations.
3.2.3 Additional Guidance on Threshold Calculations for Certain Activities
This section covers three specific situations in which the threshold determination
may vary from normal facility operations: reuse, remediation, and recycling activities of EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories.
3.2.3.1 Reuse Activities
Threshold determinations of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories that are reused at the facility are based only on the amount of the EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category that is added to the system during the year, not the total volume in
the system. For example, a facility operates a refrigeration unit that contains 15,000 pounds of
anhydrous ammonia at the beginning of the year. The system is charged with 2,000 pounds of
anhydrous ammonia during the year. The facility has therefore otherwise used only 2,000 pounds
of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category and is not required to report (unless
the facility has additional otherwise use activities of ammonia that, when taken together, exceed
the reporting threshold). If, however, the whole refrigeration unit was recharged with 15,000
pounds of new or fresh anhydrous ammonia during the year, the facility would exceed the
otherwise use threshold, and be required to report.
5-21
-------
Example - Threshold Determination. Recirculation
Facilities often incorrectly base threshold calculations on the amount of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals in a
recirculation system rather than the amount actually used in the reporting year. The amount of the EPCRA
Section 313 chemical that is actually manufactured (including the quantity imported), processed, or otherwise
used, not the amount in storage or in the system, should be the amount applied to the threshold determination.
For example, a solvent containing an EPCRA Section 313 chemical is used, recirculated on site, and reused as a
solvent. The amount of EPCRA Section 313 chemical recirculated in the on-site recycling process is not
considered in the threshold determination because it is considered a "direct reuse" and is not reportable. Only the
amount of new chemical added to the system should be included in the otherwise used threshold calculation.
However, if you send a solvent containing an EPCRA Section 313 chemical off site for distillation and subsequent
recycling, it should be reported as a transfer to an off-site location for recycling (Form R, Part II, Section 6.2 and
8.5) because the distillation is considered a waste management activity. The amount of solvent returned to you
and subsequently used in the same reporting year must be included in the threshold determination. If the
reporting threshold is exceeded, the total quantity recycled should be reported in Section 8.4; i.e., the amount
recycled must be reported in Section 8.4 each time it is recycled.
3.2.3.2 Remediation Activities
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories undergoing remediation
(e.g., Superfund remediation) are not being manufactured, processed, or otherwise used.
Therefore, they are not included in the activity threshold determinations.
However, if you are conducting remediation of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical
or chemical category that is also being manufactured, processed, or otherwise used by the facility
above an activity threshold level, you must consider this activity for release and other waste
management calculations. You must report any release or other waste management quantities of
an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category due to remediation in Part II, Sections 5
through 8, accordingly, of the 1999 Form R. Those quantities would also be considered as part
of the amount for determining Form A eligibility. EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories used for remediation should be considered toward threshold determinations.
Excavation of material already landfilled does not constitute a release or other
waste management activity for EPCRA Section 313 reporting purposes. If an EPCRA Section
313 chemical or chemical category exceeds one of the reporting thresholds elsewhere at the
facility, all release and other waste management quantities of that chemical must be reported,
including release and other waste management quantities resulting from remediation. However,
5-22
-------
routine activities (e.g., dredging a lagoon), even if not performed every year, are not considered
to be remedial actions and are always subject to reporting.
3.2.3.3 Recycling Activities
For on-site recycling and reuse systems where the same EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category is recycled and reused multiple times, the quantity should be
counted only once (at the time it is introduced into the system) for threshold calculations. (Please
note that for reporting on-site waste management activities, the quantity of the EPCRA Section
313 chemical or chemical category should be counted every time it exits the recycling unit in
Section 8 of Form R.) EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories recycled off site
and returned to the facility should be treated as newly purchased materials for purposes of
EPCRA Section 313 threshold determinations.
3.3 Step 3. Calculate the Quantity of Each EPCRA Section 313 Chemical and
Chemical Category and Determine Which Ones Exceed an Activity
Threshold
The final step is to determine the quantity and which EPCRA Section 313
chemicals and chemical categories exceed an activity threshold. At this point you should have:
1. Identified each EPCRA Section 313 chemical and chemical category at
your facility.
2. Determined the activity category for each EPCRA Section 313 chemical
and chemical category (manufactured, processed, or otherwise used).
Now, you must sum the amount for each EPCRA Section 313 chemical and
chemical category by activity category, subtract all exempt quantities, and compare the totals to
the applicable thresholds. Each EPCRA Section 313 chemical and chemical category exceeding
any one of the activity thresholds requires the submission of an EPCRA Section 313 report.
Provided you meet certain criteria you may prepare a Form A rather than a Form R (see Section
2.8).
> O">
5-23
-------
COMMON ERROR - Assuming a Threshold is Exceeded
U.S. EPA recently published a report, The 1994 and 1995 Toxic Release Inventory Data Quality Report, EPA
745-R-98-002, with the site survey results of over 100 facilities to evaluate EPCRA Section 313 reporting quality.
One of the findings of this survey was that facilities that simply assumed that chemical activity thresholds were
exceeded were often in error. This resulted in many of these facilities filing EPCRA Section 313 reports when
thresholds were actually not exceeded. Unless the facility has strong grounds to support such an assumption, the
time spent in explicitly calculating the activity threshold is well spent.
COMMON ERROR - Zero Release and Other Waste Management Quantities
If you meet all reporting criteria and exceed any activity threshold for an EPCRA Section 313 chemical, you must
prepare a Form R OR Form A for that chemical activity, even if you have zero release and other waste
management activities. Exceeding the chemical activity threshold, not the quantity released and otherwise
managed as waste determines whether you must report. Note that if the release and other waste managed quantity
is 500 pounds or less you may be eligible to use the alternate certification statement, Form A, rather than a
Form R (see Section 2.9) for each chemical or chemical category.
COMMON ERROR - Certain Glvcol Ethers
Many facilities in the textile industry otherwise use glycol ethers in various processes. Certain glycol ethers are
reportable as a chemical category for EPCRA Section 313. The definition of which glycol ethers are reportable
was modified starting with reporting year 1993 to exclude high molecular weight glycol ethers. The current
definition and listing of specific chemicals reportable under EPCRA Section 313 is presented in U.S. EPA's Toxic
Release Inventory: List of Toxic Chemicals Within the Glycol Ethers Category, May 1995 (EPA 745-R-95-006)
and has been included in this document as Appendix D.
When performing threshold calculations, you must determine which glycol ethers your facility uses and whether
they are reportable under EPCRA Section 313.
COMMON ERROR - Threshold Determinations for Metal Compounds
Facilities are often confused regarding threshold calculations for metal compounds. The threshold determination
for metal compounds should be calculated using the total amount of the compound, not just the weight of the
parent metal. If a threshold is exceeded, the reportable quantities should be based on the amount of parent metal
only. To determine if the de minimis concentration is exceeded, the weight of the entire compound must be
applied.
For those metal compounds listed separately on the EPCRA Section 313 chemical list, do not include the amounts
of those compounds manufactured, processed, or otherwise used in threshold determinations for the metal
compound category. If a compound is listed separately, thresholds and release and other waste management
quantities should both be based on the entire compound amount. An EPCRA Section 313 report, if required,
should be submitted for this chemical individually.
To determine if an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category exceeds a
reporting threshold, you must calculate the annual activity amount of that chemical. Start with
5-24
-------
the amount of chemical at the facility as of January 1, add any amount brought on site during the
year and the amount manufactured (including imported), and subtract the amount left in the
inventory on December 31. If necessary, adjust the total to account for exempt activities (see
Section 3.2.2 for a discussion of exemptions). You should then compare the result to the
appropriate threshold to determine if you are required to submit an EPCRA Section 313 report
for that chemical or chemical category. Keep in mind that the threshold calculations are
independent for each activity category: manufactured, processed, and otherwise used. If more
than one activity category applies, the amount associated with each category is determined
separately.
Table 3-5 presents a work sheet that may be helpful when conducting your
threshold determinations. Table 3-6 illustrates an example of how the work sheet can be used for
the following example:
Example - Threshold Worksheet
Assume your facility purchases two mixtures that contain methyl ethyl ketone in the applicable reporting year.
You purchased 25,000 pounds of Mixture A (which is 50% methyl ethyl ketone, by weight, according to the
MSDS) and 110,000 pounds of Mixture B (which contains 20% methyl ethyl ketone, by weight). Further, you
determine that you process the entire quantity of Mixture A, while you process only half of Mixture B and
otherwise use the other half. You do not qualify for any exempt activities.
In this example, you would have processed a total of 23,500 pounds of methyl ethyl ketone (12,500 pounds from
activities associated with Mixture A and 11,000 pounds from activities associated with Mixture B). You would
also have otherwise used a total of 11,000 pounds (all from Mixture B). Therefore, you would not have exceeded
the 25,000 pound threshold for processing; however, you would have exceeded the 10,000 pound threshold for
otherwise use and would be required to submit an EPCRA Section 313 report that includes releases and other
waste management quantities from all activities (including processing).
5-25
-------
Table 3-5. EPCRA Section 313 Reporting Threshold Worksheet
Facility Name:
EPCRA Section 313 Chemical or Chemical Category:
CAS Registry Number:
Reporting Year:
Date Worksheet Prepared:
Prepared By:
Amounts of the chemical manufactured,
Mixture Name or Other Identifier
1.
2.
3.
4.
Subtotal:
processed, or otherwise used.
Information
Source
Total Weight
(Ib)
Percent TRI
Chemical
by Weight
TRI
Chemical
Weight
Ob)
Amount of the EPCRA Section 313 Chemical by Activity (Ib):
Manufactured
(A) Ib.
Processed
(B) Ib.
Otherwise Used
(C) Ib.
oo
to
Exempt quantity of the chemical that should be excluded.
Mixture Name as Listed Above
1.
2.
3.
4.
Subtotal:
Applicable Exemption (de
minimis, article, facility,
activity)
Fraction or Percent Exempt
(if Applicable)
Amount of the EPCRA Section 313 Chemical Exempt from
Above (Ib):
Manufactured
(A,) Ib.
Processed
(B,) Ib.
Otherwise Used
(C,) Ib.
Amount subject to threshold:
Activity threshold quantities2:
Ib.
Ib.
Ib.
25.000 Ib.
10.000 Ib.
Compare to threshold for EPCRA Section 313 reporting. Activity threshold quantities2: 25.000 Ib.
If any one of these thresholds is exceeded, reporting is required for all activities. [Do not submit this worksheet with your EPCRA Section 313 report; retain it for your
records.!
2These activity thresholds apply to non-PBT chemicals. See Section 2.6 for activity thresholds applicable to PBT chemicals.
-------
Table 3-6. Sample EPCRA Section 313 Reporting Threshold Worksheet
Facility Name: ABC Textile Finishing. Inc.
EPCRA Section 313 Chemical or Chemical Category: Methyl ethyl ketone
CAS Registry Number: 78-93-3
Reporting Year: 1999
Date Worksheet Prepared: May 1. 2000
Prepared By: A.B. Galloway
Amounts of the chemical manufactured, processed, or otherwise used.
Mixture Name or Other Identifier
1. Mixture A
2. MixtureB
3.
4.
Subtotal:
Information
Source
Purchasing
records, MSDS
Purchasing
records, MSDS
Total Weight
Ob)
25,000
110,000
Percent TRI
Chemical
by Weight
50%
20%
TRI
Chemical
Weight
Ob)
12,500
22,000
Amount of the EPCRA Section 313 Chemical by Activity (Ib):
Manufactured
—
—
(A) 0 Ib.
Processed
12,500
11,000
(B) 23,500 Ib.
Otherwise Used
—
11,000
(C) 11,000 Ib.
oo
to
Exempt quantity of the chemical that should be excluded.
Mixture Name as Listed Above
1. None
2.
3.
4.
Subtotal:
Applicable Exemption (de
minimis, article, facility,
activity)
Fraction or Percent Exempt
Of Applicable)
Amount of the EPCRA Section 313 Chemical Exempt from
Above Ob):
Manufactured
(AO 0 Ib.
Processed
(BO 0 Ib.
Otherwise Used
(c^oib.
Amount subject to threshold: rA-A.) 0 Ib. rB-B.) 23.500 Ib. rC-C.) 11.000 Ib.
Compare to threshold for EPCRA Section 313 reporting. Activity threshold quantities2: 25.000 Ib. 25.000 Ib. 10.000 Ib.
If any one of these thresholds is exceeded, reporting is required for all activities. [Do not submit this worksheet with your EPCRA Section 313 report; retain it for your
records.!
2These activity thresholds apply to non-PBT chemicals. See Section 2.6 for activity thresholds applicable to PBT chemicals.
-------
CHAPTER 4 - ESTIMATING RELEASE AND OTHER WASTE
MANAGEMENT QUANTITIES
4.0 PURPOSE
This chapter is intended to guide the user in developing a systematic approach for
estimating release and other waste management quantities of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and
chemical categories from textile manufacturing processes. Figure 4-1 diagrams a recommended
approach for estimating quantities of reportable EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical
categories.
This chapter also includes common EPCRA Section 313 reporting and
compliance issues as they apply to textile manufacturers. The general discussion (Section 4.1) is
followed by a presentation of specific examples and issues (Section 4.2) as they pertain to textile
manufacturers.
4.1 General Steps for Determining Release and Other Waste Management
Activity Quantities
Release and other waste management activity quantities can be determined by
completing the following four steps described in detail in the following sections.
Step 1) Prepare a process flow diagram.
Step 2) Identify EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories
and potential sources of chemical release and other waste
management activities.
Step 3) Identify release and other waste management activity types.
Step 4) Determine the most appropriate method(s) and calculate the
estimates for release and other waste management activity
quantities.
4-1
-------
STEP 1:
Prepare Process
Flow Diagram
STEP 2: Identify EPCRA
Section 313 Chemicals
li Identify Sources of Release
and Other Waste
Management Activities
Source 1
Source 2
STEP 3: Define the
Operation
Source 3
STEP 3: Identify Releases and Other
Waste Management Activity
Types
Fugitive Point Discharge Underground Land
Air Air to Injection On Site
Waterbody
POTW Transfer
Off Site for
Recycling
Transfer Transfer
Off Site for Off Site for
Energy Recovery Treatment
Transfer On-Site On-Site On-Site
Off Site for Waste Energy Recycling
Disposal Treatment Recovery
STEP 4: Review Available
Data & Choose
Estimation Method I
STEP 4: Calculate Estimates for
Releases and Other Waste
Management Activity
Quantities
Figure 4-1. Release and Other Waste Management Calculation Approach
-------
For EPCRA Section 313 purposes, "sources" means the streams or units that
generate the release and other waste management activity (such as process vents, container
residue, or spills) and "types" means the environmental media corresponding to elements in
Sections 5 through 8 of the 1999 Form R (for example, releases to fugitive air, releases to stack
air, discharges to receiving streams or POTWs, or releases to land).
4.1.1
Step 1: Prepare a Process Flow Diagram
Preparing a process flow diagram will help you to identify potential sources and
types of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories released and otherwise managed
as waste at your facility. Depending on the complexity of your facility, you may want to diagram
individual processes or operations rather than the entire facility. The diagram should show how
materials flow through the processes and identify material input, generation, and output points.
Looking at each operation separately, you can determine where EPCRA Section 313 chemicals
and chemical categories are used and the medium to which they may be released or otherwise
managed as waste.
4.1.2
Step 2: Identify EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories
and Potential Sources of Chemical Release and Other Waste Management
Activities
Once a process flow diagram has been developed, you must determine the
potential sources and the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories that may be
released and otherwise managed as waste from each unit operation and process. Remember to
include upsets and routine maintenance activities. Potential sources include:
Accidental spills and releases;
Air pollution control devices (e.g.,
baghouses, electrostatic precipitators,
and scrubbers)
Clean up and housekeeping
practices;
Combustion byproducts.
Container residues;
Fittings;
Flanges;
Process discharge streams;
Process vents;
Pumps;
Recycling and energy recovery
byproducts;
Relief valves;
Stock pile losses;
Storage tanks;
-------
Storm water runoff; • Volatilization from process or
Tower stacks; treatment; and
Transfer operations; • Waste treatment discharges.
Treatment sludge;
Next, you must identify the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories that may be released or otherwise managed as waste from each source. A thorough
knowledge of the facility operations and processes is required for this determination. You should
also consider whether any of the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories are
coincidentally manufactured at your facility. Table 2-3 identifies EPCRA Section 313 chemicals
and chemical categories typically used in textile manufacturing. This table can be used as an aid
in identifying which chemicals and chemical categories are found in your process. The list may
not include all the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories your facility uses, and
it may include many chemicals that you do not use.
4.1.3 Step 3: Identify Release and Other Waste Management Activity Types
For each identified source of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical
category, you should examine all possible release and other waste management activity types.
Figure 4-2 schematically represents the possible release and other waste management activity
types as they correspond to individual data elements of the Form R. Remember to include both
routine operations and accidents when identifying types. This diagram along with the following
descriptions can be used as a checklist to make sure all possible types of release and other waste
management activities have been considered.
a. Fugitive or Non-Point Air Emissions (Part II, Section 5.1 of Form R) -
Includes all emissions to the air that are not released through stacks, vents,
ducts, pipes, or any confined air stream. Examples include:
4-4
-------
Point Sources
(Part II, Sections
5.2 and 8.1)
Fugitive Emissions
(Part II, Sections
5.1 and 8.1)
Toxic Chemical In
Operation
T
Transfer Off Site for Recycling
(Part II, Sections 6.2 and 8.5)
Transfer Off Site for Energy Recovery
(Part II, Sections 6.2 and 8.3)
Transfer Off Site for Treatment
(Part II, Sections 6.2 and 8.7)
Transfer Off Site for Disposal
(Part II, Sections 6.2 and 8.1)
On-Site Treatment
(Part II, Sections 7A and 8.6)
On-Site Energy Recovery
(Part II, Sections 7B and 8.2)
On-Site Recycling
(Part II, Sections 1C and 8.4)
Underground Injection
(Part II, Sections
Receiving Streams 5.4 and 8.1)
(Part II, Sections Land on site (|andfill,
5.3 and 8.1) land treatment,
surface impoundment)
(Part II, Sections
5.5 and 8.1)
POTW
(Part II, Sections
6.1 and 8.1, or 8.7)
Figure 4-2. Possible Release and Other Waste Management Types1
for EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories
1 Sections refer to 1999 Form R. Quantities released to the environment as a result of remedial actions, catastrophic
events, or one-time events should be reported in Part II, Section 8 as Subsection 8.8.
4-5
-------
Equipment leaks from valves, pump seals, flanges, compressors, sampling
connections, open-ended lines, etc.;
Releases from building ventilation systems, such as a roof fan in an open
room;
Evaporative losses from solvent cleaning tanks, surface impoundments,
and spills; and
Emissions from any other fugitive or non-point source.
COMMON ERROR - Reporting Fugitive Emissions
A common reporting error is failure to account for fugitive air releases during the
transfer of volatile chemicals such as toluene, chlorine, or ammonia from storage tanks
to unit operations. Sources of fugitive air releases from transfer operations include
valves and pipe flanges. To calculate breathing and working losses, SOCMI emission
factors, AP-42 emission factors and equations, and EPA's TANKS computer program
can be used (see Section 4.1.4.3).
Note that releases from storage tanks are classified as stack air emissions.
b. Stack or Point Air Emissions (Part II, Section 5.2 of Form R) -
Includes all emissions to the air that occur through stacks, vents, ducts,
pipes, or any confined air stream, including the emissions from storage
tanks and air pollution control equipment. Note that emissions released
from general room air through a ventilation system are not considered
stack or point releases for the purpose of EPCRA Section 313 reporting
unless they are channeled through an air pollution control device. Instead,
they are considered fugitive releases. However, you should note that for
certain state reporting requirements not associated with EPCRA Section
313 reporting, some state air quality agencies consider ventilation systems
to be a stack or point source.
c. Discharges to Receiving Streams or Water Bodies (Part II, Section 5.3
of Form R) - Includes direct wastewater discharges to a receiving stream
or surface water body. Discharges usually occur under a NPDES or
SPDES permit.
d. Underground Injection On-Site to Class I Wells (Part II, Section 5.4.1
of Form R) and to Class II through V Wells (Part II, Section 5.4.2 of
Form R) - Includes releases into an underground well at the facility.
These wells may be monitored under an Underground Injection Control
(UIC) Program permit. RCRA Hazardous Waste Generator Reports may
be a good source of information for wastes injected into a Class I well.
Injection rate meters may provide information for all the well classes.
e. Disposal to Land On-Site (Part II, Section 5.5 of Form R) - Includes
all releases to land on site, both planned (i.e., disposal) and unplanned
(i.e., accidental release or spill). The four predefined subcategories for
4-6
-------
reporting quantities released to land within the boundaries of the facility
are:
(1) Landfill - The landfill may be either a RCRA permitted (Part II,
Section 5.51 A) or a non-hazardous waste landfill (Part II, Section
5.5 IB). Both types are included if they are located on site. Leaks
from landfills in the years subsequent to the disposal of the
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories in the
landfill do not need to be reported as a release.
(2) Land treatment/application farming - Land treatment is a
disposal method in which a waste containing an EPCRA
Section 313 chemical or chemical category is applied to or
incorporated into soil. Volatilization of an EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category because of the disposal operation
must be included in the total fugitive air releases and should be
excluded from land treatment/application farming to avoid double
counting.
Sludge and/or aqueous solutions that contain biomass and other
organic materials are often collected and applied to farm land.
This procedure supplies a nitrogen source for plants and supplies
metabolites for microorganisms. U.S. EPA considers this
operation to be land treatment/farming if it occurs on site. If a
facility sends this material off site for the same purpose, it is
considered to be a "transfer to an off-site location, disposal" and
should be reported under Sections 6.2 and 8.1 of the Form R.
The ultimate disposition of the chemical or chemical category after
application to the land does not change the required reporting. For
example, even if the chemical or chemical category is eventually
biodegraded by microorganisms or plants, it is not considered
recycled, reused, or treated.
(3) Surface impoundment - A surface impoundment is a natural
topographic depression, man-made excavation, or diked area
formed primarily of earthen materials that is designed to hold an
accumulation of wastes containing free liquids. Examples include:
holding, settling, storage, and elevation pits; ponds; and lagoons.
Quantities of the toxic chemical released to surface impoundments
that are used merely as part of a wastewater treatment process
generally must not be reported in this section. However, if the
sludge from the surface impoundment contains the EPCRA
Section 313 chemical or chemical category, then the EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories in the sludge must be
estimated in this section unless the sludge is removed and
subjected to another waste management activity.
4-7
-------
(4) Other disposal - Releases to land that do not fit the categories of
landfills, land treatment, or surface impoundment are classified as
other disposal. This disposal may include any spills or leaks of the
EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category to land.
f. Discharges to Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) (Part II,
Section 6.1 of Form R) - Includes the amount of EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category in water transferred to an off-site POTW.
Note that metals and metal compounds transferred to a POTW must also
be reported in Section 8.1.
g. Transfers to Other Off-Site Locations (Part II, Section 6.2 of Form
R) - Includes all off-site transfers containing the EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category for the purposes of disposal, treatment,
energy recovery, or recycling. Off-site transfer for disposal includes
underground injection, landfill/surface impoundment, other land disposal
and transfer to a waste broker for disposal. The amount transferred off site
for disposal must also be reported in Section 8.1.
Be sure to consider metals and metal compounds that are present in
pigments used in spray coating applications. Waste containing these
pigments may be present in spent filters or other waste generated from
spray booths.
Also reported in Section 6.2 would be any residual EPCRA Section 313
chemicals or chemical categories in "empty" containers transferred off
site. U.S. EPA expects that all containers (bags, totes, drums, tank trucks,
etc.) will have a small amount of residual solids and/or liquid. On-site
cleaning of containers must be considered for EPCRA Section 313
reporting. If the cleaning occurs with a solvent (organic or aqueous), you
must report the disposition of the waste solvent as appropriate. If the
containers are sent off site for disposal or reclamation, you should report
the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category in this section.
4-8
-------
COMMON ERROR - Shipping Container Residue
Do not overlook residual chemicals or chemical categories in containers. U.S. EPA
recently published The 1994 and 1995 Toxic Release Inventory Data Quality Report,
EPA 745-R-98-002, presenting the site survey results of over 100 facilities to evaluate
EPCRA Section 313 reporting quality. This survey found the largest source of
overlooked release and other waste management activities was from container residue.
So-called "empty" drums may contain an inch or more of liquid after draining and
similarly "empty" bags may contain residues of dust and powder. Even though each
individual drum or bag may only contain a small amount of an EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category, for facilities that receive hundreds or thousands of
drums or bags each year the annual cumulative amount of an EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category can be substantial. The quantities should typically be
reported in Section 6.2. Please note that unlike RCRA, EPCRA Section 313 does not
define what constitutes an "empty" container. EPCRA Section 313 is merely trying to
account for all the quantities of toxic chemicals released and otherwise managed as
waste.
Actual data and a knowledge of the unloading methods at your facility can
be used to estimate the quantity of residual EPCRA Section 313 chemicals
or chemical categories in containers. However, U.S. EPA has developed
guidance to assist facilities if no site-specific information is available.
Table 4-1 provides results from experimentation on residue quantities left
in drums and tanks when emptied. These results are presented as the mass
percent of the vessel capacity, and are categorized based on unloading
method, vessel material, and bulk fluid material properties such as
viscosity and surface tension. No testing was conducted for residual solids
in this study. If data or site-specific knowledge is available to estimate the
quantity of solid residual in containers, it should be considered. If no data
are available, U.S. EPA believes an estimate of 1% residual solid material
is reasonable.
4-9
-------
Example - Container Residue
You have determined that a Form R for an EPCRA Section 313 chemical must be submitted. The facility
purchases and uses one thousand 55-gallon steel drums that contain a 10% aqueous solution of the chemical.
Further, it is assumed that the physical properties of the solution are similar to water. The solution is pumped
from the drums directly into a mixing vessel and the "empty" drums are triple-rinsed with water. The rinse water
is indirectly discharged to a POTW and the cleaned drums are sent to a drum reclaimer.
Table 4-1 lists the residue quantity of water in a steel drum, unloaded by pumping, as approximately 2.29% of
drum capacity. In this example, it can be assumed that all of the residual solution in the drums was transferred to
the rinse water. Therefore, the quantity sent off site to the drum reclaimer should be reported as "zero."
The annual quantity of residual solution that is transferred to the rinse water can be estimated by multiplying the
mean weight percent of residual solution remaining in a pumped steel drum by the total annual weight of solution
in the drums. If the density is not known, it may be appropriate to use the density of water (8.34 pounds per
gallon):
(0.0229) x (55 gal/drum) x (1,000 drums) x (8.34 Ib/gal) = 10,504 pounds solution.
The concentration of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical in the solution is 10%.
(10,504 Ib solution) x (0.10) = 1,050 pounds EPCRA Section 313 chemical.
Therefore, 1,050 pounds of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical are sent off site to the POTW, and should be
reported in Part II, Sections 6.1 and 8.7 of the 1999 FormR. Because they cannot be destroyed, metals cannot be
reported as being treated, and metals and metal portions of metal compounds should be reported in Part II,
Sections 6.1 and 8.1 of the 1999 FormR.
h. On-Site Waste Treatment (Part II, Section 7A of Form R) - Includes all
on-site waste treatment of reported EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and
chemical categories. The information reported in Section 7A focuses on
the treatment of the entire waste stream, not the specific EPCRA Section
313 chemical or chemical category. The information includes: type of
waste stream (gaseous, aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or solid); treatment
methods or sequence; influent concentrations of the EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category; treatment efficiency of each method or
sequence; and whether efficiency data are based on actual operating data.
Metals and metal portions of metal compounds subjected to a combustion
process are not destroyed but should still be reported as going through the
treatment process, with a treatment efficiency of zero. Note that only the
metal portion of metal compounds should be reported in the Form R. The
following example illustrates how Section 7A should be completed for on-
site treatment of a wastewater stream containing three EPCRA Section 313
chemicals.
4-10
-------
Table 4-1
Summary of Residue Quantities From Pilot-Scale Experimental Studya'b
(weight percent of drum capacity)
Unloading
Method
Pumping
Pumping
Pouring
Pouring
Gravity
Drain
Gravity
Drain
Gravity
Drain
Vessel Type
Steel drum
Plastic drum
Bung-top steel
drum
Open-top steel
drum
Slope-bottom
steel tank
Dish-bottom
steel tank
Dish-bottom
glass-lined tank
Value
Range
Mean
Range
Mean
Range
Mean
Range
Mean
Range
Mean
Range
Mean
Range
Mean
Material
Kerosene0
1.93-3.08
2.48
1.69-4.08
2.61
0.244 - 0.472
0.404
0.032-0.080
0.054
0.020-0.039
0.033
0.031 -0.042
0.038
0.024 - 0.049
0.040
Water"
1.84-2.61
2.29
2.54-4.67
3.28
0.266-0.458
0.403
0.026-0.039
0.034
0.016-0.024
0.019
0.033-0.034
0.034
0.020 - 0.040
0.033
Motor OiF
1.97-2.23
2.06
1.70-3.48
2.30
0.677 - 0.787
0.737
0.328-0.368
0.350
0.100-0.121
0.111
0.133-0.191
0.161
0.112-0.134
0.127
Surfactant
Solution*
3.06
3.06
Not
Available
0.485
0.485
0.089
0.089
0.048
0.048
0.058
0.058
0.040
0.040
Trom "Releases During Cleaning of Equipment." Prepared by PEI Associates, Inc., for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington DC, Contract No. 68-02-4248. June 30,
1986.
bThe values listed in this table should only be applied to similar vessel types, unloading methods, and bulk fluid
materials. At viscosities greater than 200 centipoise, the residue quantities can rise dramatically and the information
on this table is not applicable.
Tor kerosene, viscosity = 5 centipoise, surface tension = 29.3 dynes/cm2
Tor water, viscosity = 4 centipoise, surface tension = 77.3 dynes/cm2
Tor motor oil, viscosity = 97 centipoise, surface tension = 34.5 dynes/cm2
Tor surfactant solution viscosity = 3 centipoise, surface tension =31.4 dynes/cm2
4-11
-------
Example - On-Site Waste Treatment
A process at the facility generates a wastewater stream containing an EPCRA Section 313 chemical (chemical A).
A second process generates a wastewater stream containing two EPCRA Section 313 chemicals, a metal
(chemical B) and a mineral acid (chemical C). Thresholds for all three chemicals have been exceeded and you are
in the process of completing separate Form Rs for each chemical.
The two wastewater streams are combined and sent to an on-site wastewater treatment system before being
released to a POTW. This system consists of an oil/water separator that removes 99% of chemical A; a
neutralization tank in which the pH is adjusted to 7.5, thereby destroying 100% of the mineral acid (chemical C);
and a settling tank where 95% of the metal (chemical B) is removed from the water (and eventually land filled off
site).
Section 7 A should be completed slightly differently when you file the Form R for each of the chemicals. The table
accompanying this example shows how Section 7A should be completed for each chemical. First, on each
Form R you should identify the type of waste stream in Section 7A. la as wastewater (aqueous waste, code W).
Next, on each Form R you should list the code for each of the treatment steps that is applied to the entire waste
stream, regardless of whether the operation affects the chemical for which you are completing the Form R (for
instance, the first four blocks of Section 7A. Ib of all three Form Rs should show: P19 (liquid phase separation),
Cl 1 (neutralization), PI 1 (settling/clarification), and N/A (to signify the end of the treatment system). Note that
Section 7 A. Ib is the only section of the Form R that is not chemical specific. It applies to the entire waste stream
being treated. Section 7 A. Ic of each Form R should show the concentration of the specific chemical in the
influent to the first step of the process (oil/water separation). For this example, assume chemicals A, B, and C are
all present at concentrations greater than 1%. Therefore, code "1" should be entered. Section 7A. Id is also
chemical specific. It applies to the efficiency of the entire system in destroying and/or removing the chemical for
which you are preparing the Form R. You should enter 99% when filing for chemical A, 95% for chemical B,
and 100% for chemical C. Finally, you should report whether the influent concentration and efficiency estimates
are based on operating data for each chemical, as appropriate.
Chemical A
7A.la
w
7A.lb
3. Pll
6.
1. P19 2. Cll
4. N/A 5.
7. 8.
7A.lc
-^
7A.ld
99 %
7A.le
Yes No
X
Chemical B
7A.la
w
7A.lb
3. Pll
6.
1. P19 2. Cll
4. N/A 5.
7. 8.
7A.lc
—
7A.ld
95 %
7A.le
Yes No
X
Chemical C
7A.la
w
7A.lb
3. Pll
6.
1. P19 2. Cll
4. N/A 5.
7. 8.
7A.lc
-^
7A.ld
100 %
7A.le
Yes No
X
Note that the quantity removed and/or destroyed is not reported in Section 7 and that the efficiency reported in
Section 7 A. Id refers to the amount of EPCRA Section 313 chemical destroyed and/or removed from the
applicable waste stream. The amount actually destroyed should be reported in Section 8.6 (quantity treated on
site). For example, when completing the Form R for chemical B you should report "0" pounds in Section 8.6
because the metal has been removed from the wastewater stream, but not actually destroyed. The quantity of
chemical B that is ultimately land filled off site should be reported in Sections 6.2 and 8.1. However, when
completing the Form R for chemical C you should report the entire quantity in Section 8.6 because raising the pH
to 7.5 will completely destroy the mineral acid.
4-12
-------
i. On-Site Energy Recovery (Part II, Section 7B of Form R) - Includes all
on-site energy recovery of reported EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and
chemical categories. U.S. EPA's view is that EPCRA Section 313
chemicals or chemical categories that do not contribute significant heat
energy during combustion processes should not be considered for energy
recovery. Therefore, only EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical
categories with a significant heating value that are combusted in an energy
recovery unit such as an industrial furnace, kiln, or boiler can be reported
for energy recovery. If an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical
category is incinerated on site but does not significantly contribute energy
to the process, (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)) it must be considered
on-site waste treatment (see 4.1.3, h. above). Metals and metal portions of
metal compounds will never be combusted for energy recovery. Note that
only the metal portion of metal compounds should be reported in the Form
R.
j. On-Site Recycling (Part II, Section 7C of Form R) - Includes all on-site
recycling methods used on EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical
categories.
k. Source Reduction and Recycling Activities (Part II, Section 8 of
Form R)* - Provide information about source reduction and recycling
activities related to the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category
for which release and other waste management activities are being
reported. Section 8 uses some data collected to complete Part II, Sections
5 through 7. For this reason, Section 8 should be completed last. The
relationship between Sections 5, 6, and 8.8 to Sections 8.1, 8.3, 8.5, and
8.7 are provided in equation forms below.
(1) Quantity Released (Part II, Section 8.1 of Form R) - The
quantity reported in Section 8.1 is the quantity reported in all of
Section 5 plus the quantity of metals and metal compounds
reported as discharged off site to POTWs in Section 6.1 plus the
quantity reported as sent off site for disposal in Section 6.2 minus
the quantity reported in Section 8.8 that was released on site or sent
off site for disposal:
§8.1 = §5 + §6.1 (metals and metal compounds) + §6.2 (disposal) -
§8.8 (on-site release or off-site disposal only)
(2) Quantity Used for Energy Recovery On-Site (Part II,
Section 8.2 of Form R) - Estimate the quantity of the EPCRA
Section 313 chemical or chemical category in wastes combusted
for energy recovery on site. This estimate should be the quantity of
*The Subsection 8.1 through 8.8 designations are for the 1999 Form R. Please refer to the current reporting year TRI
Forms and Instructions for any changes.
4-13
-------
the chemical or chemical category combusted in the process for
which codes were reported in Section 7B. Test data from trial
burns or other monitoring data may be used to estimate the quantity
of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category
combusted for energy recovery purposes. If monitoring data are
not available, vendor specifications regarding combustion
efficiency may be used as they relate to the EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category. A quantity must be reported in
Section 8.2 when a method of on-site energy recovery is reported
in Section 7B and vice versa.
Two conditions need to be met to report the combustion of an
EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category in waste as
energy recovery: the chemical or chemical category (1) must have a
significant heating value and (2) must be combusted in an energy
recovery unit, such as a waste heat boiler, an industrial furnace, or
a kiln. If an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category
that does not have a significant heating value (except metals and
metal compounds) is combusted for energy recovery on site, it
must be considered on-site waste treatment (see 4.1.3.h).
However, this does not apply to metals and metal compounds.
Metals and metal compounds in a waste that are combusted on site
will never be combusted for energy recovery or treated for
destruction and are therefore normally disposed. Note that "NA"
should be reported for EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and
chemical categories that do not have a significant heating value.
This includes metals, metal portions of metal compounds,
halogens, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and CFCs.
(3) Quantity Used for Energy Recovery Off-Site (Part II,
Section 8.3 of Form R) - The quantity reported in Section 8.3 is
the quantity reported in Section 6.2 for which energy recovery
codes are reported. If a quantity is reported in Section 8.8, subtract
any associated off-site transfers for energy recovery:
§8.3 = §6.2 (energy recovery) - §8.8 (off-site energy recovery)
Two conditions need to be met to report the combustion of an
EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category in waste as
energy recovery: the chemical or chemical category (1) must have a
significant heating value and (2) must be combusted in an energy
recovery unit, such as a waste heat boiler, an industrial furnace, or
a kiln. If an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category
that does not have a significant heating value (except metals and
metal compounds) is sent off site for energy recovery, it must be
considered off-site waste treatment (see 4.1.3 .g). However, this
4-14
-------
does not apply to metal and metal compounds. Metals and metal
compounds sent off site for combustion in energy recovery units
must be considered as sent off site for disposal because typically
they will ultimately be disposed. Metals and metal portions of
metal compounds will never be treated or combusted for energy
recovery. Note that only the metal portion of metal compounds
should be reported in the Form R. Also note that "NA" should be
reported for EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories that do not have a significant heating value. This
includes metals, metal portions of metal compounds, halogens,
HCFCs, and CFCs.
(4) Quantity Recycled On-Site (Part II, Section 8.4 of Form R) -
Estimate the quantity of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or
chemical category recycled in wastes on site. This estimate should
be the quantity of the chemical or chemical category recycled in the
process for which codes were reported in Section 7C. A quantity
should be reported in Section 8.4 when a method of on-site
recycling is reported in Section 7C and vice versa. To estimate this
quantity, you should determine if operating data exist that indicate
a recovery efficiency and use that efficiency value combined with
throughput data to calculate an estimate. If operating data are
unavailable, available vendor specifications may be appropriate.
(5) Quantity Recycled Off-Site (Part II, Section 8.5 of Form R) -
The quantity reported in Section 8.5 must be the same as the
quantity reported in Section 6.2 for which recycling codes are
reported. If a quantity is reported in Section 8.8, subtract any
associated off-site transfers for recycling.
If the facility has knowledge about metals being recovered, this
quantity should be reported in Section 8.5.
§8.5 = §6.2 (recycling) - §8.8 (off-site recycling)
COMMON ERROR - Direct Reuse vs. Recycling
The direct reuse of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical does not need to be
included in the amount reported in Part II, Section 8 of Form R. However,
recycling of the chemical should be included.
(6) Quantity Treated On-Site (Part II, Section 8.6 of Form R) -
Waste treatment in Section 8 is limited to the destruction or
chemical conversion of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or
4-15
-------
chemical category in wastes. The quantities reported in Section 8.6
will be those that have undergone processes that are a subset of the
processes for which codes were reported in Section 7A, where
treatment includes physical removal from a waste stream. To
estimate the quantity treated, you should determine if operating
data exist that indicate a treatment efficiency (e.g., destruction or
chemical conversion of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or
chemical category) and use that efficiency value combined with
throughput data to calculate an estimate. Because metals cannot be
destroyed or chemically converted into something other than the
metal or metal compound, metals cannot be reported as being
treated in Section 8.6. Note that conversion of a metal from one
oxidation state to another (e.g., Cr(VI) to Cr(ni)) is not considered
treatment for Section 8.6. If operating data are unavailable,
available vendor specifications may be appropriate. Section 7A
must be completed if a quantity is entered in Section 8.6.
(7) Quantity Treated Off-Site (Part II, Section 8.7 of Form R) -
The quantity reported in Section 8.7 must be the same as the
quantity reported in Section 6.2 for which treatment codes are
reported plus quantities sent to a POTW as reported in Section 6.1
except for metals and metal compounds. If a quantity is reported in
Section 8.8, subtract the amount sent off site for treatment:
§8.7 = §6.1 (except metals and metal compounds) + §6.2
(treatment) - §8.8 (off-site treatment)
Because metals cannot be destroyed or chemically converted into
something other than the metal or metal compound, metals cannot
be reported as treated in Section 8.7. Quantities of metals reported
in Section 6.1 and 6.2 should be reported in Section 8.1 (Quantity
Released) unless the facility has knowledge that the metal is being
recovered.
(8) Quantity Released to the Environment as a Result of Remedial
Actions, Catastrophic Events, or One-Time Events Not
Associated with Production Processes (Part II, Section 8.8 of
Form R) - The purpose of this section is to separate quantities
recycled off site, used for energy recovery off site, treated off site,
or released (including disposed) that are associated with normal or
routine production from those quantities that are not. The quantity
reported in Section 8.8 is the quantity of the EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category released directly into the
environment or sent off site for recycling, energy recovery,
treatment, or disposal during the reporting year because of any of
the following events:
4-16
-------
• Remedial actions;
• Catastrophic events such as earthquakes, fires, or floods; or
• One-time events not associated with normal or routine
production processes.
The quantity reported in Section 8.8 should not be included with
quantities reported in Part n, Sections 8.1 through 8.7 of Form R,
but should be included in Part II, Sections 5 and 6 of Form R as
appropriate.
Spills that occur as a routine part of production operations and
could be reduced or eliminated by improved handling, loading, or
unloading procedures are included in the quantities reported in
Section 8.1 through 8.7 as appropriate. This includes small
drippings and spills that often occur during transfer operations and
loading/unloading operations.
On-site releases and off transfers for further waste management
from remediation of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical
category or an unpreventable accident unrelated to production
(such as a hurricane) are reportable in Section 8.8.
On-site treatment, energy recovery, or recycling of EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories in wastes generated
as a result of remedial actions, catastrophic events, or one-time
events not associated with production processes are not reported in
Part II, Section 8.8, nor in Sections 8.1 through 8.7 of Form R.
COMMON ERROR - Double Counting
Release and other waste management activities should not be inadvertently "double counted." A single
wastewater discharge should not be listed as both a release to water (on site) and a discharge to POTW (off site).
Similarly, a release to land should not be listed as both a release to land (on site) and as sent to an off-site landfill.
Estimates of release and other waste management activities should be prepared for Sections 5 through 7 of the
Form R. For the most part, Section 8 relies on the data collected to complete these previous sections. Therefore,
Section 8 should be completed last. However, the data elements of Section 8 (8.1 through 8.7) are mutually
exclusive and care should be taken to avoid double counting.
4.1.4 Step 4: Determine the Most Appropriate Method(s) to Calculate the
Estimates for Release and Other Waste Management Activity Quantities
After you have identified all of the potential sources for release and other waste
management activity types, you must estimate the quantities of each EPCRA Section 313
chemical and chemical category released and otherwise managed as waste. U.S. EPA has
4-17
-------
identified four basic methods that may be used to develop estimates (each method has been
assigned a code that must be included when reporting). The methods and corresponding codes
are:
• Monitoring Data or Direct Measurement (M);
• Mass Balance (C);
• Emission Factors (E); and,
• Engineering Calculations (O).
Descriptions of these techniques are provided in the U.S. EPA publication,
Estimating Releases and Waste Treatment Efficiencies for the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory
Forms (1999 edition). They are also briefly described below. A more detailed discussion
including examples of selected calculation techniques is presented in Appendix B. U.S. EPA
does not require you to conduct additional sampling or testing for EPCRA Section 313 reporting;
however, you are required to use the best readily available information to determine the method
that will result in the most accurate estimate. For example, it may not be appropriate to use
emission factors or engineering calculations if more accurate data, such as stack testing results,
are available. You are required to identify the primary method used for each estimation.
Many potential sources of data exist for these (and other) methods of developing
estimates. Table 4-2 presents potential data sources and the estimation methodology in which
they are most likely to be used. Based on site-specific knowledge and potential data sources
available, you should be able to determine the best method for calculating each release and other
waste management activity quantity.
Once all potential release and other waste management activity sources, types, and
estimation methods have been determined, an estimate for each EPCRA Section 313 chemical
and chemical category can be developed corresponding to the elements on Form R.
4-18
-------
Table 4-2
Potential Data Sources for Release and Other Waste Management
Calculations
DATA SOURCES
Monitoring Data
• Air permits
* Continuous emission monitoring
• Effluent limitations
• Hazardous waste analysis
• Industrial hygiene monitoring data
• NPDES permits
• Outfall monitoring data
• pH for acids and bases
• POTW pretreatment standards
• RCRA permit
• Stack monitoring data
• New Source Performance Standards
• Title V permit data
Emission Factors
AP-42 chemical specific emission factors
Facility or trade association derived chemical-
specific emission factors
Mass Balance
• Air emissions inventory
• Hazardous material inventory
• Hazardous waste manifests
• MSDSs
• Pollution prevention reports
• Spill event records
• Supply and purchasing records
Engineering Calculations
• Facility non-chemical specific emission factors.
• Henry's Law
• Raoult's Law
• SOCMI* or trade association non-chemical
specific emission factors
• Solubilities
• Volatilization rates
* Synthetic Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry
4.1.4.1
Monitoring Data or Direct Measurement (code M)
Using monitoring data or direct measurements is usually the best method for
developing chemical release and other waste management activity quantity estimates. Your
facility may be required to perform monitoring under provisions of the Clean Air Act (CAA),
Clean Water Act (CWA), RCRA, or other statutory or regulatory requirements. If so, data should
be available for developing estimates. Data may have also been collected for your facility
through an occupational health and safety assessment. If only a small amount of direct
measurement data are available or if you believe the monitoring data are not a representative
sample (for instance, results from a worst-case scenario), you must decide if another estimation
method would give a more accurate result.
4-19
-------
Example - Monitoring Data
Data from the on-site wastewater treatment facility indicate the annual average concentration of cobalt in the
discharge is 150 mg/L. The wastewater treatment facility processed 1.5 million gallons of water. The treated
wastewater is discharged to an off-site POTW. The amount of cobalt transferred off site to the POTW (for
Section 6.1 of the Form R) is estimated as follows:
Amount of cobalt transferred
= (150 mg/L) x 1 x !!? x 1 x (1,500,000 gal/yr)
^ 1,000 mgj ^ 453.59 gj ^ 0.2642 galj
= 1,877 Ib/yr (rounded to 1,900 Ib/yr with two significant figures)
COMMON ERROR - Treatment Efficiencies
Vendor data on treatment efficiencies often represent ideal operating conditions. You should adjust such data to
account for downtime and process upsets during the year that would result in lower efficiencies. Remember that
efficiencies reported by vendors are often general and may not apply to specific chemicals. For example, an
incinerator or flare may be 99.99% efficient in destroying certain organic chemicals, but will have a 0% efficiency
in destroying metals.
4.1.4.2 Mass Balance (code C)
A mass balance involves determining the amount of an EPCRA Section 313
chemical or chemical category entering and leaving an operation. The mass balance is written as
follows:
Input + Generation = Output + Consumption
where:
Input refers to the materials (chemicals) entering an operation. For
example, chlorine added to process water as a disinfectant would be
considered an input to the water treatment operation.
Generation identifies those chemicals created during an operation
(manufactured, including coincidental manufacturing). For example,
when nitrogen sources are used in biological wastewater treatment
4-20
-------
systems, nitrate compounds and additional ammonia may be coincidentally
manufactured.
Output refers to the materials (chemicals) leaving an operation by various
avenues. Output (avenues) may include on-site release and other on-site
waste management activities; transfers off site for recycling, energy
recovery, treatment, storage, or disposal; or the amount of chemical that
leaves with the final product. In a fabric painting operation, for example,
pigments may leave the operation as part of the product (color paint on the
fabric) or in the wastewater from the dye bath or rinse.
Consumption refers to the amount of chemical converted to another
substance during the operation (i.e., reacted). For example, in the
phosphating process, accelerators may be added to enhance reaction speed,
eliminate hydrogen production, or sludge formation control. Several
materials can be used for this purpose, including nitrite or nitrate
compounds, which would be consumed in the process.
The mass balance technique may be applied toward manufactured, processed, or
otherwise used EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories. It is typically most
useful for otherwise used chemicals that do not become part of the final product, such as
catalysts. For large inputs and outputs, a mass balance may not be the best estimation method
because slight uncertainties in mass calculations can yield significant errors in the release and
other waste management estimates.
Example - Mass Balance
A facility otherwise uses a volatile EPCRA Section 313 chemical as a solvent. The facility has an on-site
recycling system for the solvent and adds 20,000 pounds to the recycling system (to make up for system losses).
The chemical is released to the air from relief vents during system filling operations and from leaks in valves and
fittings. During system maintenance, the lines are bled directly into water and the system is vented to the air.
Monitoring data of the wastewater, including chemical concentrations and wastewater throughput, indicate that
1,200 pounds of the chemical were discharged to the wastewater. The remaining losses are assumed to be fugitive
air release and are estimated as follows:
Fugitive air releases of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical
Amount input (Ib/yr) - Amount released to wastewater (Ib/yr)
20,000 Ib/yr -1,200 Ib/yr
18,800 Ib/yr
19,000 Ib/yr with two significant figures
4-21
-------
COMMON ERROR - Mass Balances for Otherwise Used Chemicals
Facilities often do not account for the entire quantity of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals that are otherwise used.
Such chemicals may or may not leave the facility with the product. For those instances where the EPCRA Section
313 chemical or chemical category does not leave the facility in the product, all throughput may be lost during
processing through on-site releases to air, water, or land, or it may be shipped off site for further waste
management. Thus, the entire throughput is often reportable on Form R as release and other waste management
activities to various media. Be sure to consider the entire throughput in these circumstances and partition it as
appropriate. A mass balance may be the best starting point to estimate the release and other waste management
quantities. Commonly overlooked sources include container residue, chemicals in dust collected inbaghouses
and then sent off site, heated processes (which result in stack or fugitive air emissions), and scrap material that is
landfilled.
4.1.4.3 Emission Factors (code E)
An emission factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of
a chemical or chemical category released with an associated activity. These factors are usually
expressed as the weight of chemical or chemical category released divided by a unit weight,
volume, distance, or duration of the activity releasing the chemical (e.g., pounds of chemical
released per pounds of product produced). Emission factors, commonly used to estimate air
emissions, have been developed for many different industries and activities. You should
carefully evaluate the source of the emission factor and the conditions for its use to determine if
it is applicable to the situation at your facility. If there are more than one EPA published
emission factors, you should determine which is the most appropriate for your operations and
document your rationale.
The most widely known and used source for emission factors is U.S. EPA's
publication Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42). Volume I of AP-42
contains information on over 200 stationary source categories, including process descriptions and
potential sources of air emissions from these processes. Methodologies for estimating the
quantity of air pollutant emissions from these sources are presented as Emission Factors. For
EPCRA Section 313 purposes only CHEMICAL-SPECIFIC emission factors can be reported as
Code "E" - Emission Factor in Part n, Section 5, Column B, Basis for estimate, of the Form R.
AP-42 contains emission factors for individual chemicals and for the chemical group Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs). The VOC emission factors are NOT chemical specific and when
used must be reported in Column B as Code "O" - Engineering Calculations. Each chapter in
4-22
-------
Volume I covers a major industry or source category. Of special interest to textile manufacturing
facilities is Chapter 4: Evaporation Loss Sources, in particular Section 4.11: Textile Fabric
Printing; Chapter 6: Organic Chemical Process Industry; and Chapter 7: Liquid Storage Tanks.
AP-42 can be accessed at the following Internet site:
• http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42.html
In an effort to provide current emissions data in an easy-to-access format, U.S.
EPA has prepared a CD-ROM entitled Air CHIEF (Air ClearingHouse for Inventories and
Emission Factors). The Air CHIEF CD-ROM is updated annually and is available from the
Government Printing Office and can be ordered from their Web site. In addition to AP-42, the
Air CHIEF CD-ROM contains the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) data system, a database
management system containing U.S. EPA's recommended emission estimation factors for
criteria and hazardous air pollutants. The CD-ROM also contains installable copies of software
programs for air emission estimation models such as "TANKS" for VOC emission from storage
tanks; "WATERS" for air emissions from wastewater systems; and "CHEMDAT8" for VOC
emissions from Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility (TSDF) processes. Additional
information on Air CHIEF and the CD-ROM is available at:
• http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/airchief.html
Your facility may have developed non-chemical-specific emission factors for
fugitive or stack emissions based on stack tests for various air permits. Be sure to consider these
emission factors if appropriate. However, if such factors are used, they are considered
"engineering calculations" for the purposes of EPCRA Section 313 reporting.
4-23
-------
Example - Emission Factors
Emission factors have been developed for air releases of fuel constituents and combustion products from boiler
operations. AP-42 lists a range of formaldehyde emission factors when No. 6 fuel oil is consumed:
0.024 to 0.061 Ib formaldehyde generated/103 gal No. 6 fuel oil fired.
Assuming a facility met reporting requirements for formaldehyde, the facility operating a boiler using No. 6 fuel
oil could use the above emission factor to determine the amount of formaldehyde generated and subsequently
released to the air. If 1,000,000 gallons of No. 6 fuel oil is used during a reporting year, the amount of
formaldehyde generated would be between:
(0.024 lb/103 gal) x (1,000,000 gal) and (0.061 lb/103 gal) x (1,000,000 gal)
= 24 and 61 Ib of formaldehyde generated
If there are no engineering controls or air pollution control devices that would destroy or remove the
formaldehyde, this quantity should be reported in Part II, Sections 5.2 and 8.1 of the 1999 FormR.
NOTE: No. 6 fuel oil contains other EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories and EPCRA Section
313 chemicals and chemical categories may also be coincidentally manufactured during combustion. All should
be considered for EPCRA Section 313 reporting.
4.1.4.4 Engineering Calculations (code O)
Engineering calculations are assumptions and/or judgments used to estimate
quantities of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories released or otherwise
managed as waste. The quantities are estimated by using physical and chemical properties and
relationships (e.g., Ideal Gas law, Raoult's law) or by modifying an emission factor to reflect the
chemical properties of the chemical in question. Engineering calculations rely on the process
parameters; you must have a thorough knowledge of your facility operations to complete these
calculations.
Engineering calculations can also include computer models. Several computer
models are available for estimating emissions from storage tanks, landfills, water and wastewater
treatment, and other processes.
4-24
-------
Examples - Engineering Calculations
Example 1:
Stack monitoring data are available for xylene but you are required to report for toluene. Your facility uses
toluene and xylene for the same application and the concentrations of the chemicals in the liquid feedstock are
approximately the same. You can estimate the emissions of toluene by adjusting the monitoring data of xylene by
a ratio of the vapor pressure for xylene to toluene. This example is an engineering calculation based on physical
properties and process operation information:
From facility stack monitoring data, an estimated 200 pounds of xylene are released as air emissions during the
reporting year. Toluene is also present in the air emissions, but not monitored. The stack operates at
approximately 20°C. Based on literature data, the vapor pressure at 20°C for toluene is 22 millimeters of mercury
(mmHg) and for xylene is 6 mmHg. Using a ratio of the vapor pressures, the amount of toluene released as air
emissions from the stack can be calculated:
X Ib/yr toluene = 22 mmHg (vapor pressure of toluenel
200 Ib/yr xylene 6 mmHg (vapor pressure of xylene)
X Ib/yr toluene = (200 Ib/yr xylenel (22 mmHg toluenel
(6 mmHg xylene)
Completing the calculation, the facility determines that 730 pounds of toluene were released as stack air emissions
during the reporting year. The quantity of toluene released should be reported in Sections 5.2 and 8.1 of the 1999
FormR.
Example 2:
A coating process uses 10,000 gallons per year of a paint that is 3% xylene by volume. All of the xylene in the
paint is assumed to evaporate during the coating operation. The coating process is equipped with a fume
collection hood that captures 80% (capture efficiency) of the paint vapors. The remaining 20% of the paint
vapors are assumed to be released as fugitive air emissions. The collection hood routes the paint vapors to an
incinerator that is vented to the atmosphere and has a destruction efficiency of 99% for xylene. The specific
gravity of xylene is 0.86 and the density of water is 8.34 Ib/gal. Fugitive air emissions and stack air emissions
may be estimated as follows:
1. The total amount of xylene volatilized (assumed to be the total amount of xylene in
paint)
(10,000 gal/yr paint) x (0.03 xylene) x (0.86 xylene specific gravity) x
(8.34 Ib/gal, density of water)
2,152 Ib/yr xylene evaporated from coating operations
2. The amount of xylene released as fugitive air emissions
(2,152 Ib/yr) x (0.20)
430 Ib/yr
3. The amount of xylene released as stack air emissions
(2,152 Ib/yr) x (0.80 capture efficiency) x (1.0 - 0.99 incinerated)
17 Ib/yr
This should be reported in Sections 5.2 and 8.1 of the 1999 Form R.
4-25
-------
Non-chemical-specific emission factors, Synthetic Organic Chemicals
Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI) emission factors, industry-determined emission factors for
processes or equipment, and site-specific emission factors also can be used, but must be
classified as "Engineering Calculations" for EPCRA Section 313 reporting.
4.1.4.5 Estimating Release and Other Waste Management Quantities
Once all sources, types, and appropriate estimation methodologies have been
identified, you can estimate the release and other waste management activity quantities of
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories for each element of the Form R. The
recommended approach is that you estimate amounts from all sources at your facility to each type
as identified by the elements of Form R. Table 4-3 presents a work sheet that may be helpful in
compiling this information.
If you prepare a Form R, you must also enter on-site treatment information in
Section 7 A, including the code for each treatment method used, the destruction and removal
efficiency for the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category in the treated waste stream,
and the concentration of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category in the influent to
treatment. You should report treatment methods that do not actually destroy or remove the
chemical by entering "zero (0)" for removal efficiency. Similarly, on-site energy recovery
methods and on-site recycling methods must be reported in Sections 7B and 7C, respectively.
4-26
-------
Table 4-3
Release and Other
Waste Management Quantity Estimation Worksheet
Facility Name:
EPCRA Section 313 Chemical or Chemical Category:
CAS Registry Number:
Reporting Year:
Date Worksheet Prepared:
Prepared by:
ON SITE
Release or Other Waste Management Activity Type
Amount
(Ib)
Basis of
Estimate
Form R Element*
(1999 version)
FUGITIVE AIR
Equipment Leaks
Process Areas
Evaporative Losses, Spills, Surface Impoundments
Total =
5. land 8. lor 8.8
5. land 8. lor 8. 8
5. land 8. lor 8.8
5. land 8. lor 8. 8
STACK AIR
Process Vents
Storage Tanks
Control Device Stacks
Other
Total =
5. 2 and 8.1 or 8. 8
5.2 and 8. lor 8.8
5.2 and 8. lor 8. 8
5.2 and 8. lor 8.8
5. 2 and 8. lor 8. 8
RECEIVING STREAM/WATER BODY DISCHARGE
Stormwater Discharge
On-Site Treatment Plant Discharge
Total =
5. 3 and 8.1 or 8. 8
5. 3 and 8. lor 8.8
5. 3 and 8.1 or 8. 8
ON-SITE UNDERGROUND INJECTION
Underground Injection to Class I Wells
Underground Injection to Class II - V Wells
Total =
5. 4 and 8. lor 8. 8
5.4 and 8. lor 8.8
5. 4 and 8. lor 8. 8
*Entries for Section 8.8 only if release is result of remedial action, catastrophic event, or one-time event not
associated with production process.
4-27
-------
Table 4-3 (Continued)
ON SITE
Release or Other Waste Management Activity Type
Amount
(Ib)
Basis of
Estimate
Form R Element*
(1999 version)
ON-SITE LAND
RCRA Subtitle C Landfill
Other Landfill
Land Treatment/Application Farming
Surface Impoundment
Other Disposal
Total =
ON-SITE ENERGY RECOVERY
Industrial Kiln
Industrial Furnace
Industrial Boiler
Other Energy Recovery Methods
Total =
ON-SITE RECYCLING
Solvents/Organics Recovery
Metals Recovery
Acid Regeneration
Other Reuse or Recovery
Total =
ON-SITE TREATMENT
Air Emissions Treatment
Biological Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Incineration/Thermal Treatment
Physical Treatment
Solidification/Stabilization
Total =
5. 5 and 8. lor 8. 8
5. 5 and 8. lor 8.8
5. 5 and 8.1, 8.6, or 8.8
5.5 and 8. lor 8.8
5. 5 and 8.1 or 8. 8
5. 5 and 8. lor 8.8
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
*Entries for Section 8.8 only if release is result of remedial action, catastrophic event, or one-time event not
associated with production process.
4-28
-------
Table 4-3 (Continued)
OFF SITE
Release or Other Waste Management
Activity Type
Amount
(Ib)
Basis of
Estimate
Form R Element*
(1999 version)
Off-Site Location
(name)
OFF-SITE DISPOSAL
Solidification/Stabilization (metals and
metal compounds only)
Amount of metal and metal compounds to
POTW
Wastewater Treatment (excluding
POTWs) metals and metal compounds
only
Underground Injection
Landfill/Surface Impoundment
Land Treatment
Other Land Disposal
Other Off-Site Management
Total =
6.2 and 8. lor 8. 8
6.1 and 8. lor 8. 8
6. 2 and 8. lor 8. 8
6.2 and 8. lor 8.8
6.2 and 8. lor 8. 8
6.2 and 8. lor 8.8
6.2 and 8. lor 8.8
6.2 and 8. lor 8.8
6.2 and 8. lor 8. 8
OTHER AMOUNTS SENT OFF SITE
Amounts sent for storage
Amounts sent for unknown waste
management practice
Total =
6.2 and 8. lor 8. 8
6.2 and 8. lor 8.8
6.2 and 8. lor 8.8
OFF-SITE TREATMENT
Solidification/Stabilization
Incineration/Thermal Treatment
Incineration/Insignificant Fuel Value
Wastewater Treatment (to POTW
excluding metals and metal compounds)
Wastewater Treatment (excluding POTW
and metal and metal compounds)
Sent to Waste Treatment Broker
Total =
6.2 and 8.7 or 8.8
6.2 and 8.7 or 8.8
6.2 and 8.7 or 8.8
6.1 and 8. 7 or 8. 8
6.2 and 8.7 or 8.8
6.2 and 8. 7 or 8. 8
6.2 and 8.7 or 8.8
*Entries for Section 8.8 only if release is result of remedial action, catastrophic event, or one-time event not
associated with production process.
4-29
-------
Table 4-3 (Continued)
OFF SITE
Release or Other Waste Management
Activity Type
Amount
(Ib)
Basis of
Estimate
Form R Element*
(1999 version)
Off-Site Location
(name)
OFF-SITE ENERGY RECOVERY
Off-Site Energy Recovery
Sent to Energy Recovery Broker
Total =
6.2 and 8.3 or 8.8
6.2 and 8.3 or 8.8
6.2 and 8. 3 or 8. 8
OFF-SITE RECYCLING
Solvents/Organics Recovery
Metals Recovery
Other Reuse or Recovery
Acid Regeneration
Sent to Recycling Waste Broker
Total =
6.2 and 8.5 or 8.8
6.2 and 8.5 or 8.8
6.2 and 8.5 or 8.8
6.2 and 8.5 or 8.8
6.2 and 8.5 or 8.8
6.2 and 8.5 or 8.8
*Entries for Section 8.8 only if release is result of remedial action, catastrophic event, or one-time event not
associated with production process.
4-30
-------
4.2 Textile Industry and Process Description
The textile industry includes multiple processes and activities. Many facilities
may only perform a subset of the four major textile manufacturing operations and may use only
one raw material type. This section discusses the recommended approach for estimating
quantities of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories for each operation. You
should evaluate the processes at your facility and determine which operations apply. The four
textile operations discussed are:
• Yarn Formation: preparing and spinning raw materials (natural and synthetic);
texturizing man-made filament fibers.
• Fabric Formation: warping and slashing yarn; performing weaving and knitting
operations.
• Wet Processing: preparing the fabric for dyeing and finishing; dyeing, printing,
and finishing operations.
• Product Fabrication: cutting and sewing the fabric, performing final finishing
operations.
Figure 4-3 provides a schematic view of a typical textile processing operation.
4-31
-------
Man-Made
Filament Fibers
Man-Made
Staple Fibers
Raw Wool, Cotton
— YARN
FORMATION
— FABRIC
FORMATION
— WET
PROCESSING
— FABRICATION
Finished goods
Figure 4-3. Typical Textile Processing Flow Diagram
Source: U.S. EPA, Profile of the Textile Industry, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, 1997.
4-32
-------
The following sections present specific information on textile processes, release
and other waste management sources and types, and sample calculations for estimating release
and other waste management quantities for each of the four operations.
4.2.1 Yarn Formation
In the yarn formation process, fibers are bound using spinning operations,
grouping, and twisting. Staple fibers, natural and man-made, are prepared for spinning through a
combination of various processing steps such as blending, drawing, carding, opening, combing,
and roving. These operations are primarily mechanical; but can include some chemical activities
for the removal of impurities from the fiber and for machine maintenance. Man-made filament
fibers may be manufactured using EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories.
Processing of these fibers, known as texturizing, can result in the removal and subsequent release
and other waste management activities of the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories from the fiber. The use of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals is not common, however,
you should review what chemicals are manufactured, processed, or otherwise used during yarn
formation.
For EPCRA Section 313 reporting, it is important to identify all release and other
waste management activity sources and types for each of the EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and
chemical categories being reported. Remember to include both routine and accidental release
and other waste management activities.
Step 1: Prepare a Process Flow Diagram
A site-specific process flow diagram should be prepared to help identify all
potential sources and types of chemical release and other waste management activities. Figure
4-4 presents a typical yarn formation process and the possible release and other waste
management sources by unit operation. A textile facility may not employ all of these processing
steps; each facility should prepare its own diagram to reflect current unit operations.
4-33
-------
Man-Made
Filament Fibers
—& Process Flow
- > Potential Waste Stream Sources
Man-Made
Staple Fibers
Off-Site
Recycling
• On-Site
Disposal
Off-Site
Disposal
Natural Fibers
(Dust, fibers)
i-*-Off-Site Recycling
i- ->• On-Site Disposal
-> Off-Site Disposal
-> Off-Site Recycling
machine '--*• Off-Site Disposal
operating aids)
Step 2:
Figure 4-4. Typical Yarn Formation Process Flow Diagram
Identify EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories and
Potential Sources of Chemical Release and Other Waste Management
Activities
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories are not commonly
employed during yarn formation; however, EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical
categories may be processed or otherwise used during cleaning operations, or brought on site
with the material. Potential liquid sources of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories include used oil, lubricants, and other machine maintenance chemicals. Solid waste
sources include excess or waste yarn that may contain EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and
chemical categories. This excess yarn is typically generated during texturizing, carding, and
spinning.
4-34
-------
Step 3: Identify Release and Other Waste Management Activity Types
Oils, lubricants, machine maintenance chemicals, and waste yarn and material are
typically released on site to land or sent to off-site disposal. Off-site recycling may also be
performed, but is not typical. Depending on your facility processes, you should evaluate the
disposal and other waste management activities for these sources.
Step 4: Determine the Most Appropriate Method(s) and Calculate the Estimates for
Release and Other Waste Management Activity Quantities
The most typical estimation methods for yarn formation, and the textile industry
in general, are mass balances and engineering calculations. Purchasing records, along with
MSDSs can be used to determine the total amount of a chemical brought on site. Operational
data may be used to determine the quantity of the chemical processed or otherwise used in each
unit operation. Engineering assumptions and process knowledge can help to determine the
ultimate fate of the chemical(s).
Example -Mass Balance for Machine Maintenance Chemical
A textile facility otherwise uses an EPCRA Section 313 machine maintenance chemical. The chemical is
collected and sent off site for recycling. Purchasing records show that five shipments of the chemical (5,000
pounds each) were received during the year, totaling 25,000 pounds of the chemical brought on site. Inventory
records list 3,000 pounds of the chemical on site January 1 and 2,000 pounds on site December 31. The total
amount of the chemical used during the year is calculated below:
Amount Used: 25,000 Ib + 3,000 Ib - 2,000 Ib = 26,000 Ib
Shipping records show that 24,000 pounds of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical were collected and sent off site
for recycling. Based on process knowledge, the remaining amount of the chemical was disposed on site.
Amount Disposed: 26,000 Ib Used - 24,000 Ib Recycled = 2,000 Ib
Textile facilities may manage solid waste, such as scrap yarn, by on-site or off-site
land disposal. RCRA reports and hazardous waste manifests are potential sources of information
for concentrations of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories and the volume of
the waste disposed.
4-35
-------
4.2.2 Fabric Formation
From the spun or filament yarn, fabric is formed by knitting or weaving
operations. Yarn can be processed directly through knitting operations but typically requires
preparation for weaving operations. Preparation for weaving includes warping and slashing
(sizing). Sizing agents added to the yarn by solution or pad/dry techniques may contain EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories. Other chemical additives may be added to
increase yarn softness and pliability. Following drying operations, yarn may then be woven into
fabric. Like yarn formation, both knitting and weaving operations are primarily mechanical.
Chemical activities include the addition of sizing agents and chemical additives and the use of
machine maintenance and cleaning chemicals.
Step 1: Prepare a Process Flow Diagram
A site-specific process flow diagram should be prepared to help identify all
potential sources and types of chemical release and waste management activities. Figure 4-5
shows a typical fabric formation process and the possible release and other waste management
sources by unit operation. A facility may perform only knitting or only weaving operations; each
facility should prepare its own diagram to reflect current unit operations.
Step 2: Identify EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories and
Potential Sources of Chemical Release and Other Waste Management
Activities
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories are primarily otherwise
used during fabric formation as fabric processing agents and equipment cleaning and
maintenance chemicals. Fabric processing agents include sizing agents and performance-
enhancing chemicals. Typical chemicals may include certain glycol ethers, ethylene glycol, and
methanol. These chemicals typically volatilize or are washed off during fabric formation.
However, some may remain with the fabric throughout the fabric formation process and into the
wet processing and finishing operations.
4-36
-------
Both fugitive and point source air emissions containing EPCRA Section 313
chemicals and chemical categories typically occur during the slashing (sizing) operation or
during fabric drying operations. This includes chemicals used as sizing agents or performance-
enhancing chemicals. Dust air emissions may also be generated during fabric formation, but will
most likely be collected for disposal.
Potential liquid sources of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories include process wastewater from fabric cleaning and slashing operations; used oil,
lubricants, and other machine maintenance chemicals; and wastewater from aqueous equipment
cleaning operations. Process equipment cleaning operations do not qualify for the routine
janitorial maintenance exemption.
Solid waste is the most common release and other waste management source from
fabric formation. The primary source of solid waste is excess fabric material and scraps that may
contain EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories not volatilized or removed
during fabric formation or chemicals brought on-site with the raw material (e.g., antimony oxide
used as a fire resistant). Another solid waste source is dust containing EPCRA Section 313
chemicals and chemical categories that is collected by air pollution control devices or by floor
sweepings. These solid wastes are usually generated during knitting or weaving operations.
During slashing operations, residue left in sizing agent or other chemical agent containers may be
a source of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories.
4-37
-------
Spun Yam & Filament Yam
(dust, lint, oils,
Off-Site Disposal •*-
Off-Site Treatment <-
Off-Site Recycling •<-
lubricants)
Fabric To
Wet Processing
Sizing_
Agents
->• Process Flow
- *• Potential Waste Stream Sources
Fugitive or Stack Air
(sizing solutions, .>. Discharge to Receiving Stream
sizing agents) '
•>-On-Site Treatment
-KOff-Site Treatment
> Off-Site Recycling
--- ^Fugitive or Stack Air
>• Off-Site Disposal
Fabric To
Wet Processing
Figure 4-5. Fabric Formation Process for Producing Flat Fabrics
Step 3:
Identify Release and Other Waste Management Activity Types
Both fugitive and point source air emissions are typical EPCRA Section 313
release and other waste management types during fabric processing. Fugitive emissions are most
likely to result from slashing and drying operations when chemicals, such as methanol,
evaporate. Dusts containing EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories may be
generated as potential fugitive emissions; however, they are typically collected (e.g., ventilation
system filters, baghouses, etc.) and otherwise managed as waste. If air from any process is
controlled through an air pollution control device, such as a scrubber, any chemical release from
the device is considered to be point source, or stack emissions. Remember that metals and metal
portions of metal compounds cannot be destroyed, but should still be reported as being sent
through the treatment process, with a treatment efficiency of zero. Section 7A and 8.6 should be
completed as appropriate (see example in Section 4.1.3(h)). Fugitive dust emissions may escape
from air pollution control devices such as a baghouse (baghouses are typically 95 to 99 percent
efficient in capturing dust particles).
Facilities typically combine wastewater streams from operations such as
equipment cleaning, fabric cleaning, and slashing. This waste stream is then usually sent to a
4-38
-------
POTW. A facility may also perform on-site treatment prior to discharging to a POTW or
receiving stream.
Fabric scraps and dust containing EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories are typically sent off site for disposal, but your facility may have another waste
management activity for scraps. Keep in mind that dusts may be collected in floor sweepings or
in air pollution control devices, such as baghouses. Oils, lubricants, and other machine operating
aids may be sent off site for disposal, treatment, or recycling. Containers that may have residual
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories are often sent back to the supplier for
reuse (see Section 4.1.3 for examples pertaining to container residue).
Table 4-4 presents the most common release and other waste management activity
types and EPCRA Section 313 chemicals typical to fabric formation operations.
Table 4-4
Common EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories Associated
with Release and Other Waste Management Activity Types During Fabric
Formation
Release and Other
Waste Management Activity Types
Fugitive Air Release
Point Source Air Release
POTW
Common EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and
Chemical Categories
Ammonia
Methanol
Ammonia
Methanol
Ammonia
Ethylene glycol
Step 4: Determine the Most Appropriate Method(s) and Calculate the Estimates for
Release and Other Waste Management Activity Quantities
The most typical estimation methods for fabric formation are mass balances and
engineering calculations. Information sources for mass balances include purchasing records,
MSDSs, and operational data. Using engineering assumptions and process knowledge, you can
4-39
-------
determine whether an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category is released and
otherwise managed as waste or remains in the product. You must also determine to which media
a chemical is released and otherwise managed as waste.
Both dusts and chemical emissions may be generated during fabric formation.
Volatile chemicals not intended to remain in the fabric will most likely evaporate during
processing or drying operations. Emission factors and engineering calculations are the most
common approaches to calculating air release and other waste management amounts. Chemical-
specific emission factors are not often available for typical textile processing operations.
However, you can use general emission factors found in AP-42 in conjunction with engineering
calculations to estimate quantities of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories
emitted to air (remember that non-chemical-specific emission factors are considered to be
engineering calculations for EPCRA Section 313 reporting).
Emission factor and engineering calculation sources include AP-42 emission
factors, facility specific emission factors, SOCMI emission factors, and worker exposure data.
Other data sources include operating permits, monitoring data, and air pollution control device
information, such as testing data and control efficiency. Mass balances may also be used to
estimate emissions by subtracting all other known release and other waste management activity
amounts from the total amount used in the process, as shown in the following example.
Example -Mass Balance for Air Estimates
Your facility used 20,000 pounds of perchloroethylene to dry clean samples. Your dry cleaning operation area
has no air control devices. Manifests show that 5,000 pounds of spent perchloroethylene was sent off site for
disposal. You can calculate the air releases of perchloroethylene as follows:
Amount Released as Fugitive Emissions to Air = 20,000 Ib used - 5,000 Ib to off-site disposal
= 15,000 Ib perchloroethylene released to air
When preparing the Form R for perchloroethylene, be sure to use the correct EPCRA Section 313 chemical name,
tetrachloroethylene. A list of common EPCRA Section 313 chemical synonyms is located in U.S. EPA's Common
Synonyms for Chemicals Listed Under Section 313 of EPCRA. (EPA 745-R-95-008), May 1995.
Dust containing EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories may be
collected by an air pollution control device or swept from floors as solid waste. Using
engineering calculations, the amount of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical or chemical category
4-40
-------
present in the dust may be estimated using the chemical concentration in the fabric and the
amount of dust generated. If the amount of dust generated is unknown, a mass balance, using
purchasing and production information, may be used to estimate the quantity.
In addition to RCRA reports and hazardous waste manifests, accidental spill
records may supply information on solid waste release and other waste management activities.
These records may include chemical concentrations and amount of waste disposed on site or
collected for other release and waste management activities.
For information on calculating wastewater release and other waste management
quantities, see Section 4.2.3 (Wet Processing), Step 4.
4.2.3 Wet Processing
Wet processing enhances appearance, durability, and serviceability of the fabric.
Chemical agents, such as dyes, pigments, strength agents, and flame resistors are applied through
a water-intensive process. Synthetic materials may be desized and scoured prior to dyeing or
printing. After preparation for wet processing, dyeing or printing can occur, followed by rinsing,
drying, or heat setting. Printing operations typically do not use water. The final wet processing
step is mechanical and chemical finishing; these operations are used to improve appearance,
texture, and performance of the fabric.
Dye application includes various dye types and methods. Equipment commonly
used for textile dyeing includes beck, beam, jet, jig, package, pad, and vat dyeing machines.
Dyes can be fixed to the textile chemically and/or physically. Dyes may be bonded to the fabric
or precipitated by removal of a dye solubilizing agent. Color patterns can also be added to fabric
using printing techniques such as rotary screen, direct, discharge, resist, flat screen, and roller
printing. Color can be affixed through the use of pigments, solvents, and resin binders.
4-41
-------
to
Scouring
Agents
Natural Fiber
100% Synthetic Fiber
1
Singeing
Desizing
(sizing solution)
. +. Discharge to ^
Receiving Stream
*• Discharge to POTW •* - -
> On-Site Treatment -* - -
(sizing solution)
Fugitive or
"Stack Air
Desizing
(volatile chemicals and solvents) ... ... .. (volatile chemicals and solvents)
Scouring
(scouring bath)
.. +. Discharge to + ..
Receiving Stream
- *• Discharge to POTW •* -
— *• On-Site Treatment •* —
(scouring bath)
Scouring
Bulking
Bleaching
To Printing/Dyeing
• Process Flow
• Potential Waste Stream Sources
Discharge to .
Receiving Stream^
Discharge to POTW •*--
On-Site Treatment •*
(process
wastewater)
Mercerizing
T
To Printing/Dyeing
Figure 4-6. Wet Processing Fabric Preparation Flow Diagram
Source: U.S. EPA, Profile of the Textile Industry, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, 1997.
Scouring
Agents
Bleaching
Chemicals
-------
Finishing
Chemicals
• Process Flow
• Potential Waste Stream Sources
tgraphics\tri\figures\textile1.cdr
Fabric (dusts, volatile
chemicals)
^ ^. pugjtjve or stack Air
1 i
1 1—i i >• Fugitive or Stack Air
Printing/Dyeing .(f°_lvf ?!}_|_ _ _ + Qn-Site or Off-Site Energy Recovery
-I [... ^. Qn-Site or Off-Site Recycling
(exhausted ,- - - > Discnarge to Receiving Stream
bath water, i 3 3
rinsewater) i >• Discharge to POTW
i ^ On-Site Treatment
i
'---*• Off-Site Treatment
—i (volatile
Drying/Heat chemicals) ,_ .x. ^ , ..
Setting *" Fu9ltlve or stack Air
^ r
Mechanical
Finishing
(overspray, volatile
chemicals)
^. pugjtjve or stack Air
i ^ Fugitive or Stack Air
, - -(s-°-e-nls)- n - - -*. On-Site or Off-Site Energy Recovery
! 1 - - - *• On-Site or Off-Site Recycling
Chemical (cleaning water,
Finishing |- -n-e—t-r)T- - - > Discharge to Receiving Stream
i >• Discharge to POTW
i >• On-Site Treatment
'---*• Off-Site Treatment
(container
residue, , > Off-Site Disposal
fabric scrap) i _ _
---i- ^ Off-Site Treatment
i
1 — >• Off-Site Recycling
To Product
Fabrication
Figure 4-7. Wet Processing Printing, Dyeing, and Finishing Flow Diagram
Source: U.S. EPA, Profile of the Textile Industry, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, 1997.
Step 1:
Prepare a Process Flow Diagram
A site-specific process flow diagram should be prepared to help identify all
potential sources and types of chemical release and other waste management activities. Figures
4-6 and 4-7 present wet processing flow diagrams, including preparation and dyeing, printing,
and finishing steps. The typical release and other waste management sources are shown by unit
operation. The diagram shows two fabric preparation paths, one for synthetic fiber (e.g., nylon)
and one for natural fiber (e.g., cotton, cotton blends).
4-43
-------
Step 2: Identify EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories and
Potential Sources of Chemical Release and Other Waste Management
Activities
For the textile industry, wet processing operations are significant sources of
EPCRA Section 313 chemical and chemical category release and other waste management
activities. Typical chemicals include ammonia, certain glycol ethers, and methyl ethyl ketone.
Alkaline or solvent solutions are used during scouring. Solvents, although used in the past, are
being replaced with aqueous chemicals. Bleaching agents and other chemical additives are used
during bleaching operations, however, these are usually not EPCRA Section 313 chemicals.
Acids are used for neutralizing remaining caustic soda during mercerizing operations. During
dyeing or printing operations, chemicals such as solubilizing agents, dye carriers, salts, and fixing
agents may be employed to speed the process or enhance the process effects. Chemical activities
during finishing operations include the use of optical brighteners, softeners, and flame resistant
chemicals.
During fabric preparation, air emissions of chemicals may be generated from
sources such as desizing, scouring, and singeing operations. Dusts containing EPCRA Section
313 chemicals and chemical categories and volatile EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories may be emitted from sources such as printing and dyeing operations. EPCRA Section
313 chemicals and chemical categories may volatilize during drying, heat setting, and finishing
operations. Other sources of EPCRA Section 313 chemical and chemical category air emissions
are tanks that are used to store process chemicals prior to use in the wet process and the loading
and unloading operations associated with these chemicals.
The primary liquid sources of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories are spent process baths, solutions, and rinses. Process wastewater sources include
spent sizing solutions, scouring and dyeing baths, cleaning rinses, dyeing rinses, textile cleaning
water, and mercerizing operations. Chemicals typically found in textile industry wastewater
include dyes, pigments, and salts. Salts present in process wastewater may have been used as
raw materials (e.g., metal compound salts) or may be byproducts from neutralization or other
chemical reactions (e.g., nitrate compounds). Metal compounds such as copper compounds and
chromium compounds are also commonly present in process wastewater streams. Other liquid
4-44
-------
sources include equipment cleaning wastewater, container cleaning wastewater, and used
lubricants and other machine operating aids. Cleaning solvents may become part of the
wastewater after scouring operations and equipment cleaning. Note that process equipment
cleaning operations do not qualify for the routine janitorial maintenance exemption.
Solid waste sources are similar to those found in yarn and fabric formation
operations. Potential sources include textile and fabric scrap or off-specification product
containing EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories, dusts containing EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories, container residue, and machine operating aids.
Step 3: Identify Release and Other Waste Management Activity Types
Fugitive and stack air emissions of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories occur during wet processing operations. Fugitive releases may include carrier
chemicals such as formaldehyde. Fugitive emissions may result from singeing, desizing,
scouring, printing, dyeing, drying, and finishing operations when chemicals evaporate. If the air
emissions from any operation are captured by an air pollution control device, any releases from
the device are considered to be point air releases. Also, air emissions from tank vents are
classified as point air releases for EPCRA Section 313 reporting. As with fabric formation,
dusts containing EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories may be generated as
fugitive emissions, however, the sources of these emissions are primarily the weighing and
unloading of chemicals for use in the process. These dusts may be controlled by a baghouse or
collected for disposal. Section 4.2.2 contains additional discussion on air pollution control
devices, such as baghouses. Section 7A and 8.6 should be completed as appropriate (see
example in Section 4.1.3(h)).
4-45
-------
COMMON ERROR - Reporting Carrier Chemicals
Typically, carrier chemicals are otherwise used, and you can assume none of the chemical remains with the textile
product. Therefore, the total amount of the chemical should be accounted for through air releases, amounts
captured or destroyed in control devices, and amounts sent off site. The total amount is best determined from
purchasing records.
Another common reporting error is overestimation of the amount of chemical in waste sent off site. If testing data
is available, the quantity of waste sent off site should be based on an analysis of the waste. See Section 4.1.4.1 for
information on the use of monitoring data. The total amount of waste shipped off site must be adjusted for the
chemical concentration. Many off-site disposal facilities that receive waste will provide information on the
concentration and quantity of a chemical present in each shipment. This information is a key component of a
mass balance for estimating chemical release and other waste management quantities.
The wet processing operations generate the majority of wastewater in textile
processes. Typically, the wastewater is sent to a POTW or to another off-site location for waste
treatment. In addition, facilities may perform on-site wastewater treatment prior to discharge to a
POTW or a receiving stream.
Solid waste containing EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories may
result in release and other waste management activity types such as disposal or recycling.
Textile or fabric scraps, off-specification product, and dust are typically disposed of off site, but
your facility may have other waste management activities. If the solid waste contains any
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or chemical categories, the amount sent off site or handled on site
needs to be included during release and other waste management calculations. Keep in mind that
dusts may be collected in floor sweepings or in air pollution control devices, such as baghouses.
Oils, lubricants, and other machine operating aids may be disposed on site or sent off site for
disposal or recycling. Containers that may have residual EPCRA Section 313 chemicals or
chemical categories may be disposed, otherwise waste managed, or returned to the supplier for
reuse. Calculating container residue quantities is described in Section 4.1.3(g). If on-site waste
treatment is performed, sludges may be generated and then sent off site for disposal or other
waste management activities.
Table 4-5 presents common release and waste management types and EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals typical to wet processing operations.
4-46
-------
Table 4-5
Common EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories Associated
with Release and Other Waste Management Activity Types During Textile
Wet Processing
Release and Other
Waste Management Activity Types
Fugitive Air Release
Point Source Air Release
Water Release
POTW
On-Site Treatment
Common EPCRA Section 313
Certain glycol ethers
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Methanol
Certain glycol ethers
Ammonia
Ethylene glycol
Certain glycol ethers
Chemicals and Chemical Categories
Ammonia
Methanol
Formaldehyde
Certain glycol ethers
Formaldehyde
Certain glycol ethers
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Step 4: Determine the Most Appropriate Method(s) and Calculate the Estimates for
Release and Other Waste Management Activity Quantities
Mass balances combined with engineering calculations are the most widely used
estimation methods for textile operations. Information that may be needed for completing the
mass balance includes operational data such as batch recipes, inventory records, and production
records. This can be used to determine the quantity of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical or
chemical category that has been used on site. MSDSs contain information on EPCRA Section
313 chemicals and chemical categories contained in mixtures purchased by the facility that may
also be used for mass balances. Finally, knowledge of your facility processes and engineering
calculations may be used to determine how much of a chemical remains with the fabric. For air
emission estimates, emission factors or engineering calculations may be used. Section 4.2.2
provides additional information on air emission calculations. The example below shows how
vendor data may be used to estimate releases and other waste management activities of air
emissions.
4-47
-------
Example - Air Pollutant Controls for Chemical Finishing
Your facility uses 30,000 pounds of anorganic coating with a 15% concentration of toluene, present as a solvent,
during finishing operations. You have exceeded a threshold for toluene in other processes at your facility. In this
example, it is assumed that the solvent volatilizes completely in the dryer. The dryer vent stack leads to a
scrubber, which has a vendor-specified removal efficiency of 95 percent for volatile organic compounds. The
scrubber water is then sent directly to a POTW.
The amount of toluene emitted to the dryer vent stack is:
(30,000 Ib organic coating) x (0.15) = 4,500 Ib toluene
Stack Air Release:
The amount of toluene passing through the scrubber and released as stack air is:
(4,500 Ib toluene) x (1 - 0.95) = 225 Ib
This quantity should be reported in Part II, Section 5.2 and Part II, Section 8.1 on the RY 1999 Form R.
Discharge to POTW:
The remaining toluene is discharged with the scrubber water:
(4,500 Ib toluene) x (0.95) = 4,275 Ib
This quantity should be reported in Part II, Section 6.1 and Part II, Section 8.7 (Quantity Treated Off Site) as
appropriate.
Wet processing operations are water-intensive and calculating the quantity of
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories released and otherwise managed as
waste through process wastewater streams may be the most logical first step. Non-volatile
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories that are otherwise used often become
part of the process wastewater.
Your facility may have wastewater monitoring data that is more appropriate than
mass balance calculations. Data containing chemical concentrations and stream throughput is
often collected before discharges to a POTW or to a receiving stream (see Appendix B for an
example of how to use NPDES monitoring data to estimate discharges to a receiving stream).
4-48
-------
Example - Nonvolatile Wet Processing Chemical
Your facility receives and otherwise uses a surfactant solution in 500-pound steel drums with a concentration of
10% of a nonvolatile EPCRA Section 313 chemical. The solution is pumped from the drum directly into the
process. In this example, you must determine the quantity of this chemical released and otherwise managed as
waste from this use. It is assumed that you have exceeded a threshold due to activities involving the chemical
elsewhere at your facility.
During the year, you receive and otherwise use 150 drums of the solution. The empty drums are then sent off site
to a landfill. The total amount of the EPCRA Section 313 chemical received and subsequently used is:
(500 Ib) x (0.10) x (150 drums) = 7,500 Ib
You have determined that none of the surfactant solution remains with the final product; rather, all that is
introduced into the process is ultimately discharged with process wastewater to a POTW. Table 4-1 lists residue
quantities that would remain in the drum after use, in weight percent of container capacity. The mean residue
quantity for a surfactant solution in a steel drum that is emptied via pumping is 3.06%. The following amounts of
the nonvolatile EPCRA Section 313 chemical should be reported:
Sent to Off-Site Land Disposal:
(7,500 Ib) x (0.0306) = 230 Ib
This quantity should be reported in Part II, Section 6.2 and Part II, Section 8.1 of the RY 1999 Form R.
Discharged to POTW:
(7,500 Ib) x (1.0 - 0.0306) = 7,270 Ib
This quantity should be reported in Part II, Section 6.1 and Part II, Section 8.7 of the RY 1999 Form R.
Textile dyeing operations use various bath constituents that may contain EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories. Although these chemicals are intended to
remain with the fabric, some, such as dyes, may be left in the bath process water. The amount of
dye and dye components remaining in the process water can be calculated using fixation values
as shown in the following equation.
Dye remaining in process water = Dye Input x (1 -fixation)
The fixation value can be based on facility data, manufacturer's information, or a published
factor. An average fixation value may be appropriate to determine the annual amount of dye lost
to the process water for facilities with large volumes and variations in processes. Table 4-6 lists
4-49
-------
some common fixation values by dye type that may be appropriate if site-specific information is
not available.
Table 4-6
Typical Dye Fixation Values
Dye Class
Acid
Basic
Direct
Disperse
Reactive
Sulfur
Vat
Typical Fixation (%)
80-93
97-98
70-95
80-92
60-90
60-70
80-95
Source: U.S. EPA. Profile of the Textile Industry. Office of Enforcement and
Compliance, 1997.
Example - Using Engineering Calculations to Estimate Dye Chemicals in Process
Wastewater (Dye Fixation Values)
Metals in process wastewater are expected to be present from textile dyeing operations or from the use of dyeing
aids. If no monitoring data exist, the quantity can be calculated using dye fixation data.
For example, your facility uses a chromium-complex dye with 2 weight percent chromium. From process
information, you know typically 85% of the dye becomes fixed on the fabric. If 10,000 pounds of the chromium
complex dye is used annually, the amount of chromium expected in the process water can be calculated as shown
below.
Amount of Chromium in Process Water
= (Weight of dye used) x (Weight % chromium) x (l -fixation)
= (10,000 Ib) x (0.02) x (1-0.85)
= 30 Ib chromium
If you operate a continuous dyeing or printing process, include any amount of
unused dye or pigment removed and subsequently released and otherwise managed as waste from
the process in your calculations, as appropriate. Also include losses due to screen washing for
printing processes. Estimates should be based on knowledge of unused bath volume and
concentration of chemicals in the bath.
4-50
-------
Process wastewater may be directly discharged or treated at an on-site or off-site
treatment system. If you discharge directly to a surface water, you should have a NPDES or
SPDES permit for your facility. This permit may require monitoring, may limit discharges, and
may contain other information to help you determine the amount of EPCRA Section 313
chemicals that are discharged. A calculation example using NPDES permit data has been
provided in Appendix B. Alteratively, if you indirectly discharge to a POTW, the wastewater
may require pretreatment, monitoring, sampling and testing of the treated effluent, and flow rate
measurements. This information can be used to estimate the quantities discharged in a manner
similar to that presented in the example using NPDES data.
Example - Chromium Compounds in Wastewater
Your textile processing facility otherwise uses 1 1,000 pounds per year of a chromium compound, specifically,
sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) as a metal salt.
For metal compounds, such as Na2Cr2O7, you must apply the entire weight of the compound toward the threshold
determination, therefore the otherwise used threshold (10,000 pounds per year) has been exceeded. You must
report all releases and other waste management activity amounts for the parent metal, chromium.
When calculating release and other waste management activity amounts for reporting, use only the weight of
parent metal in the compound. The weight of chromium per pound of sodium dichromate must be determined
using the following atomic weights: Cr=52.0 Na = 23.0 O = 16.0
In this example, engineering judgement is used to assume that all the sodium dichromate is removed from the
process with the exhausted bath water. The amount of chromium in the wastewater from sodium dichromate can
then be determined as follows:
Amount of chromium in wastewater =
2 (52.0) Ib/lbmol of Cr
(11,000 Ib/yr Na2Cr207)
v '
[2(52.0) +2(23.0) + 7 (16.0)] Ib/lbmol of Na2Cr2O7
= 4,366 Ib/yr
You must report this amount on a Form R (not on a Form A), since the reportable amount exceeds 500 Ib/yr. If
the wastewater is sent to a POTW, this amount should be reported in Part II, Section 6. 1 of the 1999 Form R. If
the wastewater is discharged to a receiving stream, show this amount in Part II, Section 5.3 of the Form R.
Remember that metals sent to a POTW are not considered to be treated for destruction. Therefore, they should
also be reported in Part II, Section 8.1, Quantity Released, not in Part II, Section 8.7, Quantity Treated Off Site.
4-51
-------
COMMON ERROR - Acids and Bases
If you use an EPCRA Section 313 mineral acid or base at your facility, but it is effectively neutralized to a pH
between 6 and 9, EPA considers the quantity in the resulting stream to be less than 0.5 pound. You should report
"zero" for the appropriate release and other waste management activity quantity. Keep in mind that the
neutralization of an acid or base may result in the coincidental manufacture of another EPCRA Section 313
chemical. For example, neutralization of nitric acid in wastewater will coincidentally manufacture water
dissociable nitrate compounds as a byproduct.
Also note any qualifiers for EPCPxA Section 313 chemicals. For example, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid are
only reportable as aerosols; therefore, any quantity of these acids that is released or otherwise managed as waste
in solution should not be considered in the quantity reported.
4.2.4 Product Fabrication
Product fabrication includes cutting and sewing of the fabric to form the finished
product. Some mills are stand-alone facilities and receive the dyed fabric from an off-site
facility. Product fabrication mills need to determine which EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and
chemical categories may be contained in the fabric received from off site.
Step 1: Prepare a Process Flow Diagram
Figure 4-8 shows a typical product fabrication operation. A site-specific process
flow diagram should be prepared to help identify all potential sources and types of chemical
release and waste management activities.
4-52
-------
Dyed or Printed
Fabric
Cutting
(scrap fabric)
Off-Site Disposal
On-Site Recycling
Off-Site Recycling
Sewing
T
Final Textile
Product
Process Flow
Potential Waste Stream Sources
Figure 4-8. Textile Product Fabrication Process Flow Diagram
Step 2: Identify EPCRA Section 313 Chemicals and Chemical Categories and
Potential Sources of Chemical Release and Other Waste Management
Activities
As with yarn and fabric formation, EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories may be present in solid textile scraps. These wastes are often generated from textile
cutting and sewing operations. EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories may also
be used for equipment cleaning operations.
Potential liquid sources of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical
categories include wastewater from equipment cleaning operations and used oil, lubricants, and
other machine maintenance chemicals. Note that process equipment cleaning operations do not
qualify for the routine janitorial maintenance exemption. Process wastewater may included any
finishing chemical solutions used in the process.
The primary source of solid waste is excess fabric material and scraps that may
contain EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories not volatilized or removed
during processing. Another solid waste source is collected dust containing EPCRA Section 313
4-53
-------
chemicals or chemical categories. These solid wastes are usually generated during textile cutting
operations.
Step 3: Identify Release and Other Waste Management Activity Types
Dusts containing EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories may be
generated as fugitive emissions, however, the dust is not typically released, rather it is often
collected and otherwise managed as waste.
Solid waste sources of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories
from product fabrication may result in release and waste management activity types such as
disposal or recycling. Fabric scraps and dust are typically disposed of off site, but your facility
may have another waste management activity for scraps. The ultimate disposition of EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories in the dust should be reported as appropriate.
Any scrap materials from final product components must also be considered when determining
the amount of an EPCRA Section 313 chemical that is released and otherwise managed as waste.
Oils, lubricants, and other machine operating aids may be disposed or sent off-site for recycling.
Step 4: Determine the Most Appropriate Method(s) and Calculate the Estimates for
Release and Other Waste Management Activity Quantities
As with yarn formation (See Section 4.2.1, Step 4), the most typical estimation
methods for product fabrication are mass balances and engineering calculations. Information
sources for mass balances include purchasing records, MSDSs, and operational data. Using
engineering assumptions and process knowledge, you can determine how much of an EPCRA
Section 313 chemical or chemical category is released and otherwise managed as waste with
fabric scraps and how much becomes part of the final product. See the previous Step 4
discussions in Sections 4.2.1 through 4.2.3 for information on how to use a mass balance for
estimating the quantities of EPCRA Section 313 chemicals released and otherwise managed as
waste.
4-54
-------
Appendix A
TRI GUIDANCE RESOURCES
-------
Appendix A
TRI GUIDANCE RESOURCES
A.1 EPCRA Section 313 RELATED REFERENCES
40 CFR 372. Toxic Chemical Release Reporting: Community Right-to-Know: Final Rule
See 53 FR 4500, February 16, 1988.
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Forms and Instructions for the Current Reporting
Year - See also Automated Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Software (ATRS) under
Section A.2, Internet Sites.
U.S. EPA publishes this document each year to provide current guidance for preparing the Form
R and Form A reports. This document contains the most up-to-date list of chemicals for which
reports are required. It includes a blank Form R and Form A and provides step-by-step
instructions for completing each report. It also has a list of U.S. EPA regional and state contacts
for EPCRA Section 313 reporting. The current version of this document should always be
consulted in preparing the EPCRA Section 313 report.
Common Synonyms for Chemicals Listed Under EPCRA Section 313 of the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPA 745-R-95-008)
This glossary contains chemical names and their synonyms for substances covered by the
reporting requirements of EPCRA Section 313. The glossary was developed to aid in
determining whether a facility manufactures, processes, or uses a chemical subject to EPCRA
Section 313 reporting.
Consolidated List of Chemicals Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-
Know Act TEPCRA^ and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act (as amended^ (EPA 740-R-95-001)
List of chemicals covered by EPCRA Sections 302 and 313, CERCLA Hazardous Substances,
and CAA 112(r). The list contains the chemical name, CAS Registry Number, and reporting
requirement(s) to which the chemical is subject.
Data Quality Checks to Prevent Common Reporting Errors on Form R/A (EPA 745-R-98-012)
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act: EPCRA Section 313 Release
Reporting Requirements. August. 1995 (EPA 745/K-95-052)
This brochure alerts businesses to their reporting obligations under EPCRA Section 313 and
assists in determining whether their facility is required to report. The brochure contains U.S. EPA
Regional contacts, the list of EPCRA Section 313 toxic chemicals and a description of the
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes subject to EPCRA Section 313.
EPCRA Section 313 Questions and Answers: 1998 Version. (EPA 745-B-98-004).
Executive Order 12856 - Federal Compliance with Right-to-Know Laws and Pollution
Prevention Requirements: Questions and Answers (EPA 745-R-95-011)
This document assists federal facilities in complying with Executive Order 12856. This
information has been compiled by U.S. EPA from questions received from federal facilities. This
document is intended for the exclusive use of federal facilities in complying with Sections 302,
A-l
-------
303, 304, 311, 312, and 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA) of 1986 and the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, as directed by the Executive Order.
Supplier Notification Requirements (EPA 560/4-91-006)
This pamphlet assists chemical suppliers who may be subject to the supplier notification
requirements under EPCRA Section 313. The pamphlet explains the supplier notification
requirements, gives examples of situations which require notification, describes the trade secret
provision, and contains a sample notification.
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory - Data Quality Checks to Prevent Common Reporting Errors
on Form R/Form A (EPA 745-R-98-012)
This is a compilation of Notices of Data Change, Significant Error, Noncompliance, or Technical
Error. It provides a listing of common errors found on the Form R reports submitted to U.S.
EPA. It also provides a discussion of the types of errors which result in each of the above
Notices as well as a list of Notice of Technical Error codes and descriptions.
Trade Secrets Rule and Form
See 53 FR 28772, July 29, 1988. This rule implements the trade secrets provision of the EPCRA
(Section 322) and includes a copy of the trade secret substantiation form.
A.2 INFORMATION SOURCES
Most of the materials included as reference in this manual are available from the following
sources:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCEPI)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419
(800)490-9198
Fax:(513)489-8695
Internet: http://www. epa.gov/ncepihom/index.html
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know (EPCRA) Information Hotline
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(800) 424-9346 or (703) 412-9810 (for the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area)
TDD: (800)553-7672
Internet Sites
TRI homepage: http://www.epa.gov/tri
This site contains information on the Toxic Release Inventory and provides links
to a variety of data and documents related to the TRI program.
Automated Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Software (ATRS):
http://www. epa.gov/atrs
This site provides access to the automated EPCRA Section 313 reporting forms
for electronic submittal of required data to U.S. EPA.
Air CHIEF CD-ROM
A-2
-------
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/airchief.html
This site provides information on the Air CHIEF CD-ROM, contents, ordering
information, system requirements, and sources for additional information.
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF):
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/
This site provides access to the latest information and tools for estimating
emissions of air pollutants and performing emission inventories.
Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR: http://www.epa.gov/epacfr40
This site was created by U.S. EPA to expand access to Title 40 - Environmental
Protections of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42):
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42etc. html
This site provides access to files containing guidance for estimating emissions
from specific sources and emission factors.
Federal Register Notice: http://www.epa.gov/EPA-TRI
This site provides access to all Federal Register notices related to the TRI program
from 1994 to current.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs):
http://msds.pdc. Cornell, edu/issearch/msdssrch.htm
A key word searchable database of 325,000 MSDSs.
TANKS: http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/tanks.html
This site contains information on TANKS, a DOS-based computer software
program that computes estimates of VOC emissions from fixed and floating-roof
storage tanks.
WATER8/CHEMDATS: http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/software. html#water8
WATERS is an analytical model for estimating compound-specific air emissions
from wastewater collection and treatment systems. CHEMDAT8 is a Lotus 1-2-3
spreadsheet for estimating VOC emissions from TSDF processes.
A-3
-------
A.3 INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC TECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS
In 1988 and 1990, U.S. EPA developed a group of individual guidance documents for industries
or activities in industries who primarily manufacture, process, or otherwise use EPCRA
Section 313 chemicals. See list of industries/activities below. U.S. EPA is currently revising
some of these documents and preparing additional documents. The newer versions will be
available beginning in the Fall of 1998.
Chemical Distribution Facilities. January 1999 (EPA 745-B-99-005)
Coal Mining Facilities. January 1999 (EPA 745-B-99-002)
Coincidental Manufacture/By-Products (EPA 745-B-00-014)
Electricity Generating Facilities. January 1999 (EPA 745-B-99-003)
Estimating Releases and Waste Treatment Efficiencies
Food Processors. September 1998 (EPA 745-R-98-011)
Formulation of Aqueous Solutions
Foundry Operations (EPA 745-B-00-016)
Leather Tanning and Finishing Industry. April 2000 (EPA 745-B-00-012)
Metal Working and Electroplating Operations. April 2000 (EPA 745-B-00-015)
Metal Mining Facilities. January 1999 (EPA 745-B-99-001)
Monofilament Fiber Manufacture (EPA 745-B-00-013)
Pulp. Paper, and Paperboard Production (EPA 745-B-00-010)
Petroleum Terminals and Bulk Storage Facilities. January 1999 (EPA 745-B-99-006)
Presswood & Laminated Wood Products Manufacturing
Printing Industry. April 2000 (EPA 745-B-00-005)
RCRA Subtitle C TSD Facilities and Solvent Recovery Facilities . January 1999 (EPA 745-B-99-
004)
Rubber and Plastics Manufacturing. April 2000 (EPA 745-B-00-017)
Semiconductor Manufacture (EPA 745-R-99-007)
Smelting Operations (EPA 745-B-00-009)
A-4
-------
Spray Application and Electrodeposition of Organic Coatings. December 1998 (EPA 745-B-99-
014)
Textile Processing Industry. April 2000 (EPA 745-B-00-008)
Welding Operations (EPA 745-B-00-011)
Wood Preserving Operations (EPA 745-B-00-007)
U.S. EPA, Office of Compliance, published a series of documents in 1995 called Sector
Notebooks. These documents provide information of general interest regarding environmental
issues associated with specific industrial sectors. The Document Control Numbers (DCN) range
from EPA/310-R-95-001 through EPA/310-R-95-018.
A.4 CHEMICAL-SPECIFIC GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS
U.S. EPA has also developed a group of guidance documents specific to individual chemicals
and chemical categories. These are presented below.
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know EPCRA Section 313: Guidance for
Reporting Aqueous Ammonia. July 1995 (EPA 745-R-95-012)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know EPCRA Section 313: List of Toxic
Chemicals within the Chlorophenols Category. November 1995 (EPA 745-B-95-004)
Estimating Releases for Mineral Acid Discharges Using pH Measurements. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. June 1991.
Guidance for Reporting Sulfuric Acid (acid aerosols including mists, vapors, gas, fog, and other
airborne forms of any particle size). November 1997 (EPA-745-R-97-007)
Toxic Release Inventory List of Toxic Chemicals within the Glycol Ethers Category and
Guidance for Reporting. May 1995 (EPA 745-R-95-006)
Toxic Release Inventory List of Toxic Chemicals within the Nicotine and Salts Category and
Guidance for Reporting. February 1995 (EPA 745-R-95-004)
Toxic Release Inventory List of Toxic Chemicals within the Polychlorinated Alkanes Category
and Guidance for Reporting. February 1995 (EPA 745-R-95-001)
Toxic Release Inventory List of Toxic of Chemicals within the Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
Category. February 1995 (EPA 745-R-95-003)
Toxic Release Inventory List of Toxic Chemicals within the Strychnine and Salts Category and
Guidance for Reporting. February 1995 (EPA 745-R-95-005)
Toxic Release Inventory List of Toxic of Chemicals within the Water Dissociable Nitrate
Compounds Category and Guidance for Reporting. May, 1996 (EPA 745-R-96-004)
A-5
-------
Toxics Release Inventory - List of Toxic Chemicals Within Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic Acid
Category. November 1994, EPA 745-B-94-003.
Toxics Release Inventory - Copper Phthalocyanine Compounds Excluded for the Reporting
Requirements Under the Copper Compounds Category on the EPCRA Section 313 List. April
1995, EPA 745-R-95-007.
Toxics Release Inventory - List of Toxic Chemicals Within Warfarin Category. November 1994,
EPA 745-B-94-004.
A.5 OTHER USEFUL REFERENCES
Burgess, W.A. Recognition of Health Hazards in Industry. Harvard School of Public Health.
Boston, Massachusetts, John-Wiley & Sons.
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Latest Edition, Robert C. Weast, Editor, CRC Press,
Inc., Florida.
Kirk Othmer - Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Latest Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New
York.
Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Various Sources. Available from: National
Technical Information Services (NTIS), (703) 487-4650.
The Merck Index. Latest Edition, Merck & Co., Inc., New Jersey.
Perry, R.H. and C.H. Chilton, Chemical Engineer's Handbook. Latest Edition, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York.
Sax, N.I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. Latest Edition, Van
Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
U.S. EPA, Profile of the Textile Industry. Latest Edition, Office of Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance.
A-6
-------
Appendix B
BASIC CALCULATION TECHNIQUES
-------
Appendix B
BASIC CALCULATION TECHNIQUES
This section will provide the basic techniques needed to use specific types of data or engineering
calculations. Examples are provided for:
(1) Stack monitoring data;
(2) Industrial hygiene data;
(3) Raoult's Law;
(4) Air emission factors;
(5) RCRA hazardous waste analysis data;
(6) NPDES monitoring data.
(1) Stack Monitoring Data
The following is an example of a release calculation using monitoring data.
Example: Stack monitoring data are available for a paint booth. The measured
average concentration of toluene is 0.1 ppmv (dry gas basis). The moisture
content in the stack is typically 10%, and stack conditions are maintained at 80°C
and atmospheric pressure. The stack gas velocity is 8 m/s. The diameter of the
stack is 0.3 m. Calculate the point air release of toluene.
Step 1. Calculate volumetric flow of stack gas stream.
Volumetric flow = (gas velocity) x [(IT) x (internal stack diameter)2/4)]
Volumetric flow = (8.0 m/s) x [(71) x (0.3 m)2/4] = 0.6 m3/s
Step 2. Correct for moisture content in stack gas stream.
Stack exhausts may contain large amounts of water vapor. The concentration of
the chemical in the exhaust is often presented on a dry basis. For an accurate
release rate, correct the vent gas flow rate for the moisture content by multiplying
by the term (1 - fraction water vapor). The dry gas rate can then by multiplied by
the chemical concentration.
(Note: If the toluene concentration is on a wet gas basis, no correction is necessary
for moisture content.)
B-l
-------
Dry volumetric flow = (Volumetric flow) x (1-fraction water vapor)
Dry volumetric flow = (0.6 m3/s) x (1-0.10) = 0.5 m3/s
Step 3. Convert ppmv to mg/m3.
• ppmv is defined as one part of a chemical in 106 parts of gas (1.0 m3/106
m3).
• Use the molar volume of a gas, corrected for stack temperature and
pressure conditions, calculated by the ideal gas law (PV = nRT). Note that
the molar volume of an ideal gas at 237 K and 1 atm is 22.4 L/mole.
• Molecular weight of toluene (MW) = 92.14 g/mole.
R = the Ideal Gas Constant (0.082057 L - atm per mole-Kelvin)
To calculate the molar volume of stack gas, use the ideal gas equation.
V RT
Molar volume = — =
n P
For the example, the stack conditions are 80° C (353 K) and atmospheric pressure
(1 atm).
Molar volume = 0.082057 L atm x (353 K)/(latm)
I mole-K)
= 29.0 L/mole
The conversion of ppmv to mg/m3 can now be calculated.
—- = (concentration of chemical, ppmv) x x (MW)
m3] \ molar volume of gasj
B-2
-------
Using the example, the concentration of toluene is calculated as follows:
v ( mole } v ( 92.14 g} ( L } ( 1,000 r
106 m3J I 29.0 Lj ^ mole ) ( 1(T3 m*) ( 1 g
Step 4. Calculate air releases.
Air releases are calculated as follows:
n ~ ,
= 0.3 mg/r
Air Release=(volumetric flow, m3/s) x (concentration, mg/m3) x (operating time, s/yr)
The paint booth is used 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, 52 weeks per year.
Operating time = f 8 -^-) x (5 -*ZL\ x I 52 ™^} = 2,080 hr/yr
\ day) \ weeky ^ yr )
A D i m« s/x /no / 3x f 3,600 s") f 2,080 hr} ( Ib ^
Air Release = (0.5 mj/s) x (0.3 mg/mj) x _? x _? x
v hr y I yr } \454 gy
1,000 mg
= 2.5 Ib/yr of toluene
It is important to note that this calculation assumes the measured emissions are
representative of actual emissions at all times; however, this is not always the case. Ideally, a
continuous emissions monitor provides the most representative data.
Also note that monitoring and stack data may have units that are different than
those used in the example. Modify conversion factors and constants to reflect your data when
calculating air releases.
(2) Industrial Hygiene Data
The following is an example of a release calculation using industrial hygiene data.
Example: Occupational industrial hygiene data shows that workers are exposed
to an average of 0.1 ppmv benzene (wet gas basis). The density of benzene vapor
is 0.2 lb/ft3. The ventilation system exhausts 20,000 acfm of room air at 70°F.
The plant operates 24 hours per day, 330 days per year.
The benzene concentration is on a wet gas basis, therefore a moisture correction
of the ventilation flow rate is not necessary. The industrial hygiene data is
collected at the same ambient conditions as the ventilation system, therefore no
adjustment for temperature or pressure needs to be performed. A conservative
estimation of benzene fugitive releases could be calculated as follows:
-------
Air Release = (ventilation flow rate, fWmin) x (operating time, rnin/yr) x
(concentration of chemical, ppmv) x (vapor density of chemical, lb/ft3)
Benzene releases per year would be calculated as follows:
20,000 ft3 [60 mini I 24 hr) f 330 day) 0.1 ft3 benzene 0.2 Ib
x x x x x
min ) { hr ) { day ) ( yr ) ( 1Q6 ft3 air } ( ft3
= 190 Ib/yr of benzene
(3) Raoult's Law
The following is an example of a release calculation using Raoult's Law. Raoult's
Law states that the partial pressure of a compound in the vapor phase over a solution may be
estimated by multiplying its mole fraction in the liquid solution by the vapor pressure of the pure
chemical.
PA ~ XAiLP° - XA]GPT
where:
P° = Vapor pressure of pure liquid chemical A;
XAL = Mole fraction of chemical A in solution;
XA,G = Mole fraction of chemical A in the gas phase;
PA = Partial pressure of chemical A in the gas phase; and
PT = Total pressure.
Example: A wash tank holds a solution containing 10% by weight of
o-xylene (A) and 90% by weight of toluene (B). The tank is vented to the atmosphere; the
process vent flow rate is estimated as 100 acfm (2.83m3/min) based on a minimum fresh air
ventilation rate. The molecular weight of o-xylene is 106.17 g/mole and toluene is 92.14 g/mole.
The vapor pressure of o-xylene is 10 mm of Hg (0.19 psia). The total pressure of the system is
14.7 psia (atmospheric conditions). The process tank is in service 250 days/yr. Calculate the air
release of o-xylene.
Step 1: Calculate the mole fraction of o-xylene in the liquid solution.
B-4
-------
X
wt fraction A
MWA
A,L
wt fraction A wt fraction B
MW,
MWr
Where:
MW
wt fraction
Mole fraction of chemical A in liquid solution;
Molecular weight of chemical, g/mole; and
Weight fraction of chemical in material.
X
A,L
0.1
106.17
0.1
0.9
106.17 92.14
X, L = 0.09
Step 2: Calculate the mole fraction of o-xylene in the gas phase.
where:
X
X
p°
PT
A,G
A,L
Mole fraction of chemical A in gas phase;
Mole fraction of chemical A in liquid solution;
Vapor pressure of pure liquid chemical A, psia; and
Total pressure of system, psia.
XAO = [0.09]
0.19 psia
14.7 psia
= 0.001
Step 3: Calculate releases using Raoult's Law.
B-5
-------
Emissions = (XAG) x (APR) x (t) x (MWA) x I J_
where:
Emissions = Air release of pollutant A, g-A/yr;
XA G = Mole fraction of chemical A in gas phase;
APR = Air flow rate of room, m3/min;
t = Operating time of wash tank, min/yr;
MW = Molecular weight of chemical, g/g-mole; and
MV = Gas molar volume (22.4 L/mole at standard temperature
and pressure).
If conditions vary from standard temperature and pressure the gas molar volume
can be calculated using the ideal gas law and tank conditions as presented in
Example 1.
Emissions = (0.001) x
{ 2.83m3l ( 250 day] ( 24 hr^ ( 60 min^ ( mole
v J v v v
x x
^ min ) ( yr ) { day ) ( hr ) (22AL) { mole ) ( 10^3m3,
= 4.8 x 106g/yr
The emission of o-xylene is calculated as shown below.
Emissions = (4.8 x 106 g/yr) x lb = 10,570 Ib/yr of o-xylene
I 454 gj
Air releases for toluene can be calculated in a similar manner.
(4) Air Emission Factor
The following is an example of a release calculation using air emission factors.
Example: An industrial boiler uses 300 gallons per hour of No. 2 fuel oil. The
boiler operates 2,000 hours per year. Calculate emissions of formaldehyde using
the AP-42 emission factors.
AE = (EF) x (AU) x (QT)
B-6
-------
where:
AE = Annual emissions of pollutant, Ib/yr
EF = Emission factor of pollutant, lb/103 gallon of fuel. EF for
formaldehyde for an industrial boiler burning No. 2 fuel oil is
0.035 to 0.061 lb/103 gallons.
AU = Quantity of fuel used, gal/yr.
OT = Operating time, hr/yr.
Using an emission factor of 0.061 pounds of formaldehyde per gallon of fuel, the
air releases are calculated as follows:
AT7 0.061 Ib ( 300 gal} ( 2,000 hr^ ., , ,,, ,, ,, , , , ,
AE = x °— x -L = 36.6 Ib/yr of formaldehyde
[lO3 gal } ( hr ) ( yr J
(5) RCRA Waste Analysis
The following is an example of a calculation using RCRA waste analysis data.
Example: Spent paint wastes were disposed at an off-site waste treatment
facility. The quantity of paint waste shipped was five 55-gallon drums per year.
Analysis of the waste showed 5% cadmium by weight. Estimating the density of
the paint waste to be 9.5 Ib/gallon, the amount of cadmium to off-site disposal is
calculated as follows:
Amount of cadmium = (amount of paint waste disposed, gal/yr) x (concentration of cadmium, Ib/lb)
(density of paint waste, Ib/gal)
f 55 gal] [ 9.5 Ib | f 51b Cd | 101 ,, , , , .
x §_ x x = 131 Ib/yr of cadmium
^ drum } V gal J ^ lOOlb waste,)
(6) NPDES Data
The following is an example of a calculation using NPDES data.
NPDES permits require periodic monitoring of the effluent stream. In this
example, quarterly samples were taken to be analyzed for silver content. Each sample was an
hourly, flowrate-based composite taken for one day to be representative of the discharge for that
day. The total effluent volume for that day was also recorded. The following data were collected
on each sample day.
B-7
-------
Yearly Quarter Discharge Flow Rate
Sample Number (IP6 gal/dav) Total Silver (LJQ/L)
1 0.5 10
2 0.6 10
3 0.4 6
4 0.2 <3
To calculate the amount of silver in pounds discharged on each sample day, the
concentration of silver in the discharge is multiplied by the discharge flow rate for that day, as
shown below for the first quarter sample.
Amount of silver = (daily flow rate) x (silver concentration)
r. „ [ lOugl lg I lib 1 f 3.785L] 0.5 x io6gal
First Quarter: —^& x &_ x x &
I L ) lOVg 1454§J I gal H day
= 0.041b/day of silver
The amount of silver discharged during each of the other three monitoring events
was similarly determined to be:
0.05 Ib/day; 0.02 Ib/day, and 0.005 Ib/day.
For the last data point the concentration of silver was reported by the laboratory to
be less than the detection limit of 3 |ig/L. For this calculation the detection limit was used to
calculate the daily discharge, a conservative assumption.
The average daily discharge was calculated to be:
Ib/day = 0.03 Ib/day
0.04+ 0.05+0.02 + 0.005'!
4 J
The plant operates 350 days/year (plant shuts down for two weeks in July).
The estimated annual discharge of silver is calculated as follows:
Annual discharge = (350 day/yr) (0.03 Ib/day) = 10.5 Ib of silver/yr
B-S
-------
Appendix C
GUIDANCE FOR REPORTING AQUEOUS AMMONIA
-------
United States Environmental
Protect! on_Agency
Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics
Washington, DC 20460
July 1995
EPA745-R-95-012
EMERGENCY PLANNING AND
COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW
EPCRA Section 313
Guidance for Reporting Aqueous Ammonia
EPCRA Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act of 1986 (EPCRA) requires certain facilities manufacturing, processing, or otherwise using
listed toxic chemicals to report their environmental releases of such chemicals annually.
Beginning with the 1991 reporting year, such facilities also must report pollution prevention and
recycling data for such chemicals, pursuant to section 6607 of the Pollution Prevention Act, 42
U.S.C. 13106. When enacted, EPCRA Section 313 established an initial list of toxic chemicals
that was comprised of more than 300 chemicals and 20 chemical categories. EPCRA Section
313(d) authorizes EPA to add chemicals to or delete chemicals from the list, and sets forth
criteria for these actions.
CONTENTS
Section 1. Introduction C-2
1.1 Who Must Report C-2
1.2 Thresholds C-2
1.3 Chemical Sources of Aqueous Ammonia C-3
1.4 De Minimis Concentrations C-3
Section 2. Guidance for Reporting Aqueous Ammonia C-4
2.1 Determining Threshold and Release Quantities for Ammonia C-4
2.2 Chemical Sources of Aqueous Ammonia C-5
2.2.1 Reporting Aqueous Ammonia Generated from Anhydrous
Ammonia
in Water C-5
2.2.2 Reporting of Ammonia Generated from the Dissociation of
Ammonium Salts (Other Than Ammonium Nitrate) C-6
2.2.3 Reporting of Aqueous Ammonia Generated from the Dissociation
of Ammonium Nitrate C-7
Section 3. CAS Number and List of Some Chemical Sources of Aqueous Ammonia . . . C-10
C-l
-------
Section 1. Introduction
On June 30, 1995 EPA finalized four actions in response to a petition received in
1989 to delete ammonium sulfate (solution) from the list of toxic chemicals subject to reporting
under EPCRA Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of
1986 (EPCRA), 42 U.S.C. 11001. The four actions taken are summarized as follows: (1)
deleted ammonium sulfate (solution) from the EPCRA Section 313 list of toxic chemicals, (2)
required that threshold and release determinations for aqueous ammonia be based on 10 percent
of the total aqueous ammonia present in aqueous solutions of ammonia, (3) modified the
ammonia listing by adding the following qualifier: ammonia (includes anhydrous ammonia and
aqueous ammonia from water dissociable ammonium salts and other sources; 10 percent of total
aqueous ammonia is reportable under this listing), and (4) deleted ammonium nitrate (solution)
as a separately listed chemical on the EPCRA Section 313 list of toxic chemicals. All actions are
effective for the 1994 reporting year for reports due July 1, 1995, with the exception of the
deletion of ammonium nitrate (solution) as a separately listed chemical, which is effective for the
1995 reporting year for reports due July 1, 1996. At the time that these actions were finalized,
EPA indicated that the Agency would develop, as appropriate, interpretations and guidance that
the Agency determines are necessary to facilitate accurate reporting for aqueous ammonia. This
document constitutes such guidance for reporting under the ammonia listing.
Section 1.1 Who Must Report
A plant, factory, or other facility is subject to the provisions of EPCRA Section
313, if it meets all three of the following criteria:
• It conducts manufacturing operations (is included in Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) codes 20 through 39); and
• It has 10 or more full-time employees (or the equivalent 20,000 hours per
year); and
• It manufactures, imports, processes, or otherwise uses any of the toxic
chemicals listed on the EPCRA Section 313 list in amounts greater than
the "threshold" quantities specified below.
Section 1.2 Thresholds
Thresholds are specified amounts of toxic chemicals used during the calendar year
that trigger reporting requirements.
If a facility manufactures or imports any of the listed toxic chemicals, the
threshold quantity will be:
• 25,000 pounds per toxic chemical or category over the calendar year.
If a facility processes any of the listed toxic chemicals, the threshold quantity will
be:
• 25,000 pounds per toxic chemical or category over the calendar year.
C-2
-------
If a facility otherwise uses any of the listed toxic chemicals (without incorporating
it into any product or producing it at the facility), the threshold quantity is:
• 10,000 pounds per toxic chemical or category over the calendar year.
Section 1.3 Chemical Sources of Aqueous Ammonia
If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses anhydrous ammonia or
aqueous ammonia, they must report under the ammonia listing. EPA is providing a table of
Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) numbers and chemical names to aid the regulated community
in determining whether they need to report under the ammonia listing for aqueous ammonia.
This table includes a list of water dissociable ammonium salts which, when placed in water, are a
source of aqueous ammonia. The table contains only commonly used ammonium salts and
therefore is not exhaustive. If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses aqueous
ammonia, regardless of its source, it must report under the ammonia listing, even if the source of
the aqueous ammonia is not listed in the table provided in this document.
Section 1.4 DeMinimis Concentrations
The ammonia listing is subject to the one percent de minimis concentration. Thus,
solutions containing aqueous ammonia at a concentration in excess of one percent of the 10
percent reportable under this listing should be factored into threshold and release
determinations.
C-2
-------
Section 2. Guidance for Reporting Aqueous Ammonia
Note: for the purposes of reporting under the ammonia listing for aqueous
ammonia, water dissociable ammonium salts means that the ammonium ion dissociates from its
counterion when in solution.
Section 2.1 Determining Threshold and Release Quantities for Ammonia
If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses anhydrous ammonia., the
quantity applied towards threshold determinations for the ammonia listing is the total quantity of
the anhydrous ammonia manufactured, processed, or otherwise used. The quantity reported
when calculating the amount of ammonia that is released, transferred, or otherwise managed is
the total quantity of anhydrous ammonia released or transferred.
If the facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses anhydrous ammonia in
quantities that exceed the appropriate threshold and subsequently dissolves some or all of the
anhydrous ammonia in water, then the following applies: 1) threshold determinations are based
on 100 percent of the anhydrous ammonia (simply 10 percent of aqueous ammonia); 2) release,
transfer, and other waste management quantities for the aqueous ammonia are calculated as 10
percent of total ammonia; 3) release, transfer, and other waste management quantities for the
anhydrous ammonia are calculated as 100 percent of the anhydrous ammonia.
If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses aqueous ammonia, the
quantity applied toward threshold determinations for the ammonia listing is 10 percent of the
total quantity of the aqueous ammonia manufactured, processed, or otherwise used. The quantity
reported when calculating the amount of ammonia that is released, transferred, or otherwise
managed is 10 percent of the total quantity of aqueous ammonia released or transferred.
If a facility dissolves a water dissociable ammonium salt in water that facility has
manufactured aqueous ammonia and 10 percent of the total aqueous ammonia manufactured
from these salts is to be included in manufacturing threshold determinations under the ammonia
listing.
If aqueous ammonia from water dissociable ammonium salts is processed or
otherwise used, then 10 percent of the total aqueous ammonia is to be included in all processing
and otherwise use threshold determinations under the ammonia listing.
Example 1: In a calendar year, a facility places 25,000 Ibs of anhydrous ammonia in water for
processing and processes 25,000 Ibs of aqueous ammonia from an ammonium salt. The
facility must include all of the 25,000 Ibs of anhydrous ammonia in the determination of the
processing threshold, but only 10 percent (or 2,500 Ibs) of the aqueous ammonia from the
ammonium salt in the processing threshold determination.
Total aqueous ammonia is the sum of the two forms of ammonia (un-ionized,
NH3, and ionized, NH4+) present in aqueous solutions. A precise calculation of the weight of
C-4
-------
total aqueous ammonia would require determining the ratio of the two forms of ammonia present
using the pH and temperature of the solution. The weight of total aqueous ammonia can be more
easily calculated by assuming that aqueous ammonia is comprised entirely of the NH4+ form or
the NH3 form. For the purpose of determining threshold and release quantities under EPCRA
Section 313, EPA recommends that total aqueous ammonia be calculated in terms of NH3
equivalents (i.e., for determining weights, assume total ammonia is comprised entirely of the
NH3 form). This method is simpler than using pH and temperature data to determine the ratio of
the two forms present and is consistent with the presentation of total ammonia toxicity in a
separate EPA document, Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia (EPA document #440/5-
85-001, January 1985).
Section 2.2 Chemical Sources of Aqueous Ammonia
Aqueous ammonia may be generated in solution from a variety of sources that
include the release of anhydrous ammonia to water and the dissociation of ammonium salts in
water. Water dissociable ammonium salts are not reportable in their entirety under the ammonia
listing; these salts are reportable to the extent that they dissociate in water, and only 10 percent of
the total aqueous ammonia that results when these salts dissociate is reportable. If these salts are
not placed in water, they are not reportable.
If these salts are purchased neat or as solids by a facility, then placed in water by
that facility, the facility is manufacturing aqueous ammonia.
Section 2.2.1 Reporting Aqueous Ammonia Generated from Anhydrous Ammonia in
Water
If the source of aqueous ammonia is anhydrous ammonia in water, total aqueous
ammonia (calculated in terms of NH3 equivalents) is equal to the quantity of anhydrous ammonia
manufactured, processed, or otherwise used. A hypothetical scenario demonstrating the
calculations involved in reporting aqueous ammonia generated from anhydrous ammonia in
water is given in Example 2.
Example 2: In a calendar year, a facility uses 30,000 pounds of anhydrous ammonia to
neutralize acids in a wastewater stream. The neutralized waste stream (containing aqueous
ammonia from dissociated ammonium salts) is then transferred to a POTW. The quantity to
be applied toward threshold determinations is the total quantity of anhydrous ammonia used in
the waste stream neutralization, or 30,000 pounds. The quantity of ammonia reported as
transferred is 10 percent of the total quantity of aqueous ammonia transferred, or 3,000
pounds.
Section 2.2.2 Reporting Aqueous Ammonia Generated from the Dissociation of
Ammonium Salts (Other Than Ammonium Nitrate)
If the source of aqueous ammonia is the dissociation of ammonium salts in water,
total aqueous ammonia (calculated in terms of NH3 equivalents) is calculated from the weight
percent (wt%) of the NH3 equivalents of the ammonium salt. The NH3 equivalent wt% of an
ammonium salt is calculated using the following equation:
C-5
-------
NH3 equivalent wt% = (NH3 equivalent weight)/(MW ammonium salt) x 100
If the source of aqueous ammonia is a monovalent compound (such as ammonium chloride,
NH4C1, ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, or ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), the NH3 equivalent
weight is equal to the MW of NH3 (17.03 kg/kmol). If divalent compounds are involved (such as
ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3), then the NH3 equivalent weight is equal to the MW of NH3
multiplied by two. Similarly, if trivalent compound are involved, then the NH3 equivalent weight
is equal to the MW of NH3 multiplied by three.
Example 3:
The NH3 equivalent wt% of ammonium chloride is calculated as follows:
NH3 equivalent wt% = (NH3 equivalent weight)/(MW ammonium chloride) x 100
NH3 equivalent wt% = (17.03)7(53.49) x 100
NH3 equivalent wt% = 31.84%
The NH3 equivalent wt% of ammonium carbonate is calculated as follows:
NH3 equivalent wt% = 2 x (NH3 equivalent weight)/(MW ammonium chloride) x 100
NH3 equivalent wt% = 2 x (17.03)7(96.09) x 100
NH3 equivalent wt% = 35.45%
To aid the regulated community in reporting under the ammonia listing for
aqueous ammonia, the table of chemical sources of aqueous ammonium provided in Section 3 of
this document includes, in addition to CAS number, chemical name, and molecular weight, the
NH3 equivalent wt% of the commonly used, water dissociable ammonium salts listed in this
table.
Example 4: In a calendar year, a facility uses 100,000 pounds of ammonium chloride, NH4C1,
in aqueous solution which is released to wastewater streams, then transferred to a POTW. The
NH3 equivalent wt% of ammonium chloride is 31.84% (taken from Table 1 in Section 3 below
or calculated as in Example 3 above). The total quantity of aqueous ammonia present in
solution is 31.84% of the 100,000 pounds of ammonia chloride used, or 31,840 pounds. The
quantity applied towards threshold determinations for the ammonia listing is 10 percent of the
total quantity of aqueous ammonia present in solution, or 3,184 pounds. The quantity of
ammonia reported as released or transferred is 10 percent of the total quantity of aqueous
ammonia released or transferred, or 3,184 pounds.
C-6
-------
Example 5: In a calendar year, a facility uses 500,000 pounds of ammonium carbonate,
(NH4)2CO3, and 400,000 pounds of ammonium bicarbonate, NH4HCO3, in aqueous solution
which is released to wastewater streams, then transferred to a POTW. The NH3 equivalent
wt% of ammonium carbonate is 35.45%, and the NH3 equivalent wt% of ammonium
bicarbonate is 21.54% (taken from Table 1 in Section 3 below or calculated as in Example 3
above). The quantity of aqueous ammonia present in solution from ammonium carbonate is
35.45% of the 500,000 pounds of ammonia carbonate used, or 177,250 pounds. The quantity
of aqueous ammonia present in solution from ammonium bicarbonate is 21.54% of the
400,000 pounds of ammonia bicarbonate used or 86,160 pounds. The total quantity of
aqueous ammonia present in solution is 263,410 pounds. The quantity applied towards
threshold determinations for the ammonia listing is 10 percent of the total quantity of aqueous
ammonia present in solution, or 26,341 pounds. The quantity of ammonia reported as released
or transferred is 10 percent of the total quantity of aqueous ammonia released or transferred, or
26,341 pounds.
Section 2.2.3 Reporting Aqueous Ammonia Generated from the Dissociation of
Ammonium Nitrate
Some sources of aqueous ammonia may be reportable under other EPCRA
Section 313 category listings. Ammonium nitrate (solution) is relevant to reporting under the
ammonia listing to the extent that 10 percent of the total aqueous ammonia that results when
ammonium nitrate dissociates is reported when determining thresholds and calculating releases.
However, under the nitrate compound category listing, ammonium nitrate (and other mixed salts
containing ammonium and nitrate) must be reported in its entirety. When reporting ammonium
nitrate under this category listing, the total nitrate compound, including both the nitrate ion
portion and the ammonium counterion, is included when determining threshold quantities.
However, only the nitrate ion portion is included when determining the amount of ammonium
nitrate that is released, transferred, or otherwise managed in wastes. The calculations involved in
determining threshold and release quantities for reporting under the nitrate compound category
listing are described in a separate directive, List of Toxic Chemicals within the Water Dissociable
Nitrate Compounds Category and Guidance for Reporting (EPA document #745-R-95-002,
February 1995). Note: reporting ammonium nitrate under the ammonia listing and nitrate
compounds category listing is effective for the 1995 reporting year for reports due July 1, 1996.
C-7
-------
Example 6: In a calendar year, a facility uses 1,250,000 pounds of ammonium nitrate,
NH4NO3, in aqueous solution which is released to wastewater streams, then transferred to a
POTW. The NH3 equivalent wt% of ammonium nitrate is 21.28% (taken from Table 1 in
Section 3 below or calculated as in Example 3 above). The total quantity of aqueous ammonia
present in solution is 21.28% of the 1,250,000 pounds of ammonia chloride used, or 266,000
pounds. The quantity applied towards threshold determinations for the ammonia listing is 10
percent of the total quantity of aqueous ammonia present in solution, or 26,600 pounds. The
quantity of ammonia reported as released or transferred is 10 percent of the total quantity of
aqueous ammonia released or transferred, or 26,600 pounds. For determining thresholds and
calculating releases under the nitrate compound category listing, see the separate directive, List
of Toxic Chemicals within the Water Dissociable Nitrate Compounds Category and Guidance
for Reporting (EPA document #745-R-95-002, February, 1995).
-------
Example 7: In a calendar year, a facility transfers 100,000 pounds of nitric acid (HNO3) to an
on-site treatment facility. The nitric acid is neutralized with anhydrous ammonia, and
treatment efficiency is 95 percent (the nitrate compound formed as a result of the treatment is
ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3). The neutralized waste stream (containing aqueous ammonia
from dissociated ammonium nitrate) is then transferred to a POTW. The quantity of nitric acid
neutralized is 95 percent of 100,000 pounds or 95,000 pounds. The quantity of nitric acid
neutralized is converted first to kilograms then to kilomoles using the following equations:
Kilograms HNO3 neutralized = (Ibs HNO3 neutralized) x (0.4536 kg/lb)
Kilomoles HNO3 neutralized = (kg HNO3) - (MW of HNO3 in kg/kmol)
Substituting the appropriate values into the above equations yields:
Kilograms HNO3 neutralized = 95,000 Ibs x 0.4536 kg/lb = 43,092 kg
Kilomoles HNO3 neutralized = 43,092 kg + 63.01 kg/kmol = 683.9 kmol
The quantity of anhydrous ammonia used in kilomoles in the acid neutralization and the
quantity of ammonium nitrate generated in kilomoles from the neutralization are equal to the
quantity of nitric acid neutralized (683.9 kmol). The quantity of anhydrous ammonia used in
kilograms and pounds in the acid neutralization is calculated as follows:
Kilograms NH3 used = (kmol NH3) x (MW of NH3 in kg/kmol)
Pounds NH3 used = (kg NH3) x (2.205 Ibs/kg)
Substituting the appropriate values into the above equation yields:
Kilograms NH3 used = (683.9 kmol) x (17.03 kg/kmol) = 11,647 kmol
Pounds NH3 used = (11,647 NH3) x (2,205 Ibs/kg) = 25,682 pounds
The quantity reported applied towards threshold determinations for the ammonia listing is the
total quantity of anhydrous ammonia used in the acid neutralization, or 25,682 pounds. The
quantity of ammonia reported as released or transferred is 10 percent of the total quantity of
aqueous ammonia released or transferred, or 2,568 pounds. For determining thresholds and
calculating releases under the nitrate compound category listing, see the separate directive, List
of Toxic Chemicals within the Water Dissociable Nitrate Compounds Category and Guidance
for Reporting (EPA document #745-R-95-002, February 1995).
C-9
-------
Section 3. CAS Number and List of Some Chemical Sources of Aqueous Ammonia
EPA is providing the following table of CAS numbers and chemical names to aid
the regulated community in determining whether they need to report under the ammonia listing
for aqueous ammonia. If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses, in aqueous
solution, a chemical which is listed below, they must report 10 percent of the total aqueous
ammonia that is the result of the dissociation of this chemical. However, this list is not
exhaustive. If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses, in aqueous solution, a water
dissociable ammonium compound, they must report 10 percent of the total aqueous ammonia that
is the result of the dissociation of the compound, even if the compound does not appear in the
following table.
Table C-l
Listing by CAS Number and Molecular Weight of
Some Chemical Sources of Aqueous Ammonia
Chemical Name
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium aluminum sulfate
(Ammonium aluminum disulfate)
Ammonium antimony fluoride
(Diammonium pentafluoroantimonate)
Ammonium arsenate
(Ammonium arsenate, hydrogen)
(Ammonium arsenate, dihydrogen)
Ammonium arsenate
(Diammonium arsenate)
(Diammonium arsenate, hydrogen)
(Diammonium arsenate, monohydrogen)
Ammonium arsenite
Ammonium azide
Ammonium benzenesulfonate
Ammonium benzoate
Ammonium bromate
Ammonium bromide
Ammonium cadmium chloride
(Ammonium cadmium trichloride)
Ammonium carbamate
Ammonium carbonate carbamate
Ammonium carbonate
(Diammonium carbonate)
Molecular
Weight*
77.08
237.14
252.82
158.97
176.00
124.96
60.06
175.20
139.15
145.94
97.94
236.81
78.07
157.13
96.09
NH3
Equivalent
Wt%
22.09
7.181
13.47
10.71
19.35
13.63
28.35
9.720
12.24
11.67
17.39
7.191
21.81
21.68
35.45
CAS Number
631-61-8
7784-25-0
32516-50-0
13462-93-6
7784-44-3
13462-94-7
12164-94-2
19402-64-3
1863-63-4
13843-59-9
12124-97-9
18532-52-0
1111-78-0
8000-73-5
506-87-3
C-10
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Chemical Name
Ammonium carbonate, hydrogen
(Ammonium bicarbonate)
Ammonium cerium nitrate
(Ammonium hexanitratocerate)
(Ammonium hexanitratocerate (IV))
(Diammonium cerium hexanitrate)
Ammonium cerous nitrate
(Ammonium cerous nitrate, tetrahydrate)
Ammonium chlorate
Ammonium perchlorate
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chromate
(Ammonium chromate (VI))
(Diammonium chromate)
Ammonium chromate
(Ammonium dichromate)
(Ammonium dichromate (VI))
(Ammonium bichromate)
(Diammonium dichromate)
Ammonium chromium sulfate
(Ammonium chromic sulfate)
Ammonium citrate
(Ammonium citrate, monohydrogen)
(Ammonium citrate, dibasic)
(Diammonium citrate)
(Diammonium citrate, hydrogen)
Ammonium citrate
(Ammonium citrate, tribasic)
(Triammonium citrate)
Ammonium cobalt sulfate
(Ammonium cobaltous sulfate)
Ammonium cupric chloride
(Ammonium chlorocuprate (II))
(Diammonium copper tetrachloride)
(Diammonium tetrachlorocuprate)
Ammonium cyanate
(Ammonium isocyanate)
Ammonium cyanide
Ammonium cyanoaurate, monohydrate
(Ammonium tetracyanoaurate, monohydrate)
Molecular
Weight*
79.06
548.23
486.22
101.49
117.49
53.49
152.07
252.06
265.17
226.19
243.22
289.14
241.43
60.06
44.06
319.07
NH3
Equivalent
Wt%
21.54
6.213
7.005
16.78
14.49
31.84
22.40
13.51
6.422
15.06
21.01
11.78
14.11
28.35
38.65
5.337
CAS Number
1066-33-7
16774-21-3
13083-04-0
10192-29-7
7790-98-9
12125-02-9
7788-98-9
7789-09-5
13548-43-1
3012-65-5
3458-72-8
13596-46-8
15610-76-1
22981-32-4
12211-52-8
14323-26-3
C-ll
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Chemical Name
Ammonium cyanoaurate
(Ammonium dicyanoaurate)
Ammonium ferricyanide
(Ammonium hexacyanoferrate (III))
(Triammonium hexacyanoferrate)
Ammonium ferrocyanide
(Ammonium hexacyanoferrate (II))
(Tetraammonium ferrocyanide)
(Tetraammonium hexacyanoferrate)
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium fluoride
(Ammonium difluoride)
(Ammonium bifluoride)
(Ammonium fluoride, hydrogen)
(Ammonium difluoride, hydrogen)
(Ammonium bifluoride, hydrogen)
Ammonium fluoroborate
(Ammonium tetrafluoroborate)
Ammonium fluorogermanate (IV)
(Ammonium hexafluorogermanate (IV))
(Diammonium hexafluorogermanate)
Ammonium fluorophosphate
(Ammonium hexafluorophosphate)
Ammonium fluorosulfate
(Ammonium fluorosulfonate)
Ammonium formate
Ammonium gallium sulfate
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium iodide
Ammonium iridium chloride
(Ammonium chloroiridate (III))
(Ammonium hexachloroiridate)
(Triammonium hexachloroiridate)
Ammonium iron sulfate
(Ammonium ferric sulfate)
(Ammonium iron disulfate)
Ammonium iron sulfate
(Ammonium ferrous sulfate)
(Diammonium iron disulfate)
(Diammonium ferrous disulfate)
Molecular
Weight*
267.04
266.07
284.11
37.04
57.04
104.84
222.66
163.00
117.10
63.06
282.90
35.05
144.94
459.05
269.02
286.05
NH3
Equivalent
Wt%
6.377
19.20
23.98
45.98
29.86
16.24
15.30
10.45
14.54
27.01
6.020
48.59
11.75
11.13
6.330
11.91
CAS Number
31096-40-9
14221-48-8
14481-29-9
12125-01-8
1341-49-7
13826-83-0
16962-47-3
16941-11-0
13446-08-7
540-69-2
15335-98-5
1336-21-6
12027-06-4
15752-05-3
10138-04-2
10045-89-3
C-12
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Chemical Name
Ammonium lactate
(Ammonium 2-hydroxypropionate)
Ammonium laurate
(Ammonium dodecanoate)
Ammonium magnesium sulfate
Ammonium malate
Ammonium malate, hydrogen
(Ammonium bimalate)
Ammonium molybdate
(Diammonium molybdate)
Ammonium molybdate
(Ammonium heptamolybdate)
(Ammonium molybdate, hydrate)
(Ammonium molybdate, tetrahydrate)
(Ammonium />aramolybdate, tetrahydrate)
Ammonium nickel chloride, hexahydrate
Ammonium nickel sulfate
(Ammonium nickel sulfate, hexahydrate)
(Ammonium nickel disulfate, hexahydrate)
(Diammonium nickel disulfate, hexahydrate)
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate sulfate
Ammonium nitrite
Ammonium oleate
Ammonium oxalate
Ammonium palladium chloride
(Ammonium chloropalladate (II))
(Ammonium tetrachloropalladte (II))
(Diammonium tetrachloropalladate)
Ammonium phosphate
(Ammonium orthophosphate)
Ammonium phosphate
(Ammonium biphosphate)
(Ammonium phosphate, hydrogen)
(Ammonium phosphate, dihydrogen)
(Ammonium orthophosphate, dihydrogen)
(Ammonium phosphate, monobasic)
Molecular
Weight*
107.11
217.35
252.50
168.15
151.12
196.01
1,163.8
183.09
286.88
80.04
212.18
64.04
299.50
124.10
284.31
149.09
115.03
NH3
Equivalent
Wt%
15.90
7.835
13.49
20.26
11.27
17.38
8.780
9.301
11.87
21.28
24.08
26.59
5.686
27.45
11.98
34.27
14.80
CAS Number
515-98-0
2437-23-2
14727-95-8
6283-27-8
5972-71-4
13106-76-8
12054-85-2
16122-03-5
7785-20-8
6484-52-2
12436-94-1
13446-48-5
544-60-5
1113-38-8
13820-40-1
10124-31-9
7722-76-1
C-13
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Chemical Name
Ammonium phosphate
(Ammonium phosphate, hydrogen)
(Ammonium orthophosphate, monohydrogen)
(Ammonium phosphate, dibasic)
(Ammonium orthophosphate, dibasic)
(Diammonium phosphate)
(Diammonium orthophosphate)
(Diammonium phosphate, hydrogen)
(Diammonium phosphate, monohydrogen)
(Diammonium orthophosphate, hydrogen)
Ammonium phosphinate
(Ammonium hypophosphite)
Ammonium phosphite
(Ammonium biphosphite)
(Ammonium phosphite, dihydrogen)
Ammonium picramate
Ammonium propionate
Ammonium rhodium chloride
(Ammonium chlororhodate (III))
(Ammonium hexachlororhodate (III))
(Triammonium rhodium hexachloride)
(Triammonium hexachlororhodate)
Ammonium salicylate
(Ammonium 2-hydroxybenzoate)
Ammonium selenide
Ammonium silicon fluoride
(Ammonium fluorosilicate)
(Ammonium hexafluorosilicate)
(Diammonium silicon hexafluoride)
(Diammonium fluorosilicate)
(Diammonium hexafluorosilicate)
Ammonium stearate
(Ammonium octadecanoate)
Ammonium succinate
(Diammonium succinate)
Ammonium sulfamate
(Ammonium amidosulfate)
(Ammonium amidosulfonate)
Ammonium sulfate
(Diammonium sulfate)
Molecular
Weight*
132.06
83.03
99.03
216.15
91.11
369.74
155.15
115.04
178.15
301.51
152.15
114.12
132.13
NH3
Equivalent
Wt%
25.79
20.51
17.20
7.879
18.69
13.82
10.98
29.61
19.12
5.648
22.39
14.92
25.78
CAS Number
7783-28-0
7803-65-8
13446-12-3
1134-85-6
17496-08-1
15336-18-2
528-94-9
66455-76-3
16919-19-0
1002-89-7
2226-88-2
7773-06-0
7783-20-2
C-14
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Chemical Name
Ammonium sulfate
(Ammonium bisulfate)
(Ammonium sulfate, hydrogen)
(Ammonium sulfate, monohydrogen)
Ammonium />ersulfate
(Ammonium peroxysulfate)
(Ammonium peroxydisulfate)
(Diammonium persulfate)
(Diammonium peroxydifulsite)
Ammonium sulfide
(Ammonium bisulfide)
(Ammonium sulfide, hydrogen)
Ammonium sulfide
(Ammonium monosulfide)
(Diammonium sulfide)
Ammonium sulfide
(Diammonium pentasulfide)
Ammonium sulfite, monohydrate
(Diammonium sulfite, monohydrate)
Ammonium sulfite
(Ammonium bisulfite)
(Ammonium sulfite, hydrogen)
Ammonium tetrachloroaurate (III), hydrate
Ammonium thiocarbamate
Ammonium thiocarbonate
(Diammonium trithiocarbonate)
Ammonium thiocyanate
(Ammonium isothiocyanate)
(Ammonium sulfocyanate)
(Ammonium rhodanate)
(Rhodanid)
Ammonium dithionate
Ammonium thiosulfate
(Ammonium hyposulfite)
(Diammonium thiosulfate)
Ammonium tin bromide
(Ammonium bromostannate (IV))
(Ammonium hexabromostannate (IV))
(Diammonium hexabromostannate)
Molecular
Weight*
115.10
228.19
51.11
68.14
196.39
116.13
99.10
356.82
94.13
144.27
76.12
196.19
148.20
634.19
NH3
Equivalent
Wt%
14.80
14.93
33.32
49.99
17.34
29.33
17.18
4.772
18.09
23.61
22.37
17.36
22.98
5.371
CAS Number
7803-63-6
7727-54-0
12124-99-1
12135-76-1
12135-77-2
7783-11-1
10192-30-0
13874-04-9
16687-42-6
13453-08-2
1762-95-4
60816-52-6
7783-18-8
16925-34-1
C-15
-------
Table C-l (Continued)
Chemical Name
Ammonium tin chloride
(Ammonium chlorostannate (IV))
(Ammonium hexachlorostannate (IV))
(Diammonium tin hexachloride)
(Diammonium hexachlorostannate)
Ammonium titanium fluoride
(Ammonium fluorotitanate (IV))
(Ammonium hexafluorotitanate (IV))
(Diammonium titanium hexafluoride)
(Diammonium hexafluorotitanate)
Ammonium titanium oxalate, monohydrate
(Diammonium dioxalatooxotitanate, monohydrate)
Ammonium tungstate
(Ammonium tungstate (VI))
(Ammonium />aratungstate)
(Hexaammonium tungstate)
Ammonium tungstate
(Ammonium tungstate (VI))
(Ammonium />aratungstate)
(Decaammonium tungstate)
Ammonium valerate
(Ammonium pentoate)
Ammonium zinc chloride
(Ammonium chlorozincate)
(Ammonium tetrachlorozincate)
(Diammonium tetrachlorozincate)
Molecular
Weight*
367.48
197.95
276.00
1,779.2
3,058.6
119.16
243.27
NH3
Equivalent
Wt%
9.269
17.21
12.34
5.743
5.568
14.29
14.00
CAS Number
16960-53-5
16962-40-6
10580-03-7
12028-06-7
11120-25-5
42739-38-8
14639-97-5
*For hydrated compounds, e.g., ammonium sulfite, monohydrate, the molecular weight excludes the weight of the hydrate
portion.
C-16
-------
Appendix D
TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY: LIST OF TOXIC CHEMICALS WITHIN
THE GLYCOL ETHERS CATEGORY
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics
Washington, DC 20460
May 1995
EPA 745-R-95-006
TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY
List of Toxic Chemicals within the Glycol Ethers
Category
Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)
requires certain facilities manufacturing, processing, or otherwise using listed toxic chemicals to
report their environmental releases of such chemicals annually. Beginning with the 1991
reporting year, such facilities also must report pollution prevention and recycling data for such
chemicals, pursuant to section 6607 of the Pollution Prevention Act, 42 U.S.C. 13106. When
enacted, EPCRA Section 313 established an initial list of toxic chemicals that was comprised of
more than 300 chemicals and 20 chemical categories. EPCRA Section 313(d) authorizes EPA to
add chemicals to or delete chemicals from the list, and sets forth criteria for these actions.
CONTENTS
Section 1. Introduction D-2
Section 2. CAS Number List of Some Chemicals within the Glycol Ethers Category . . . D-5
Section 3. CAS Number List of Some Mixtures That Contain Glycol Ethers within
the Category D-160
Section 4. CAS Number List of Some Oligomeric or Polymeric Chemicals That
Might Contain Glycol Ether Components within the Category D-162
D-l
-------
Section 1. Introduction
On June 28, 1994, EPA promulgated a final rule (published in the Federal Register July 5,
1994) modifying the definition of the glycol ethers category on the list of toxic chemicals under
Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA),
42 U.S.C. 11001 et.seq. The effect of this modification, which is described at 59 FR 34386, is
that many high molecular weight glycol ethers were excluded from the category. As described in
the final rule, this modification was made retroactive for the 1993 reporting year for reports due
July 1, 1994. This modification is also effective for all subsequent reporting years. As part of
this modification and as the result of public comment, EPA changed the category name at 40
CFR 372.65(c) from 'glycol ethers' to 'certain glycol ethers.' However, this document will refer
to the constituents of this category simply as glycol ethers. At the time of the modification, EPA
indicated that the Agency would work with the public and the regulated community to develop,
as appropriate, interpretations and guidance that the Agency determines are necessary to facilitate
accurate reporting for the modified glycol ethers category. This document constitutes such
guidance.
Who Must Report
A plant, factory, or other facility is subject to the provisions of EPCRA section 313, if it
meets all three of the following criteria:
• It conducts manufacturing operations (is included in Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) codes 20 through 39); and
• It has 10 or more full-time employees (or the equivalent 20,000 hours per year);
and
• It manufactures, imports, processes, or otherwise uses any of the toxic chemicals
listed on the EPCRA section 313 list in amounts greater than the "threshold"
quantities specified below.
Thresholds
Thresholds are specified amounts of toxic chemicals manufactured, processed, or
otherwise used during the calendar year that trigger reporting requirements.
If a facility manufactures or imports any of the listed toxic chemicals, the threshold
quantity will be:
• 25,000 pounds per toxic chemical or category over the calendar year.
If a facility processes any of the listed toxic chemicals, the threshold quantity will be:
• 25,000 pounds per toxic chemical or category over the calendar year.
If a facility otherwise uses any of the listed toxic chemicals, the threshold quantity is:
D-2
-------
• 10,000 pounds per toxic chemical or category over the calendar year.
EPCRA section 313 requires threshold determinations for chemical categories to be based
on the total of all chemicals in the category manufactured, processed, or otherwise used. For
example, a facility that manufactures three members of a chemical category would count the total
amount of all three chemicals manufactured towards the manufacturing threshold for that
category. When filing reports for chemical categories, the releases are determined in the same
manner as the thresholds. One report is filed for the category and all releases are reported on this
form.
Glycol Ethers Category Definition
The glycol ethers category is defined by the following formula:
R - (OCH2CH2)n - OR'
where:
n = 1,2, or 3;
R = Alkyl C7 or less, or phenyl or alkyl substituted phenyl;
R' = H or alkyl C7 or less, or
OR' consisting of a carboxylic acid ester, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, or
sulfonate.
Chemicals that meet this category definition are reportable.
EPA is providing three lists of CAS numbers and chemical names to aid the regulated
community in determining whether they need to report for the glycol ethers category. Section 2
(pages 5 to 159) lists individual chemicals that meet the definition of the EPCRA section 313
'certain glycol ethers' category. This list consists only of chemicals that have been assigned CAS
numbers and, thus, is not exhaustive. If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses, in
greater than threshold quantities, a glycol ether that meets the category definition, whether or not
that chemical is on the list, they must report the chemical.
Section 3 (pages 160 to 161) lists chemical mixtures which contain glycol ethers that
meet the definition of the EPCRA section 313 'certain glycol ethers' category. EPA has tried to
make this list as complete as possible; however, not all mixtures that contain reportable glycol
ethers will necessarily appear on this list. If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses
a mixture which includes components, in greater than threshold quantities, that meet the
definition of the EPCRA section 313 'certain glycol ethers' category, they must report the glycol
ether component(s) that meet the category definition.
Section 4 (pages 162 to 180) lists oligomeric and polymeric chemicals (for the category
formulae, R - (OCH2CH2)n - OR', n is unspecified) that might contain a glycol ether component
(n = 1, 2, or 3). EPA has tried to make this list as complete as possible; however, not all
oligomeric or polymeric chemicals that might contain glycol ethers will necessarily appear on
D-3
-------
this list. If a facility manufactures, processes, or otherwise uses an oligomeric or polymeric
chemical that contains components, in greater than threshold quantities, that meet the definition
of the EPCRA section 313 'certain glycol ethers' category, they must report the glycol ether
component(s) that meet the category definition.
Ethylene Glycol Ethers versus Propylene Glycol Ethers
The members of this category are glycol ethers derived from ethylene glycol, diethylene
glycol, and triethylene glycol. This category does not contain glycol ethers based on propylene
glycol, dipropylene glycol, or tripropylene glycol.
Individually Listed Glycol Ethers
There are two chemicals, 2-methoxyethanol (CAS number 109-86-4) and 2-ethoxyethanol
(CAS number 110-80-5) that are on the individual chemical list and CAS number lists (40 CFR
37265(a) and (b)). Threshold determinations should be made for each of these chemicals
individually and separately from the glycol ethers category.
De Minimis Concentrations
The glycol ethers category is subject to the one percent de minimis concentration. Thus,
mixtures that contain members of this category at concentrations in excess of one percent should
be factored into threshold and release determinations.
D-4
-------
Appendix E
UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS
(From U.S. Coast Guard Commandant Instruction M.I6465.12A)
-------
CONVERSION FACTORS
To Convert
To
Multiply By
Length
inches
inches
feet
feet
feet
feet
yards
yards
miles (U.S. statute)
miles (U.S. statute)
miles (U.S. statute)
miles (U.S. statute)
meters
meters
meters
nautical miles
millimeters
feet
inches
meters
yards
miles (U.S. statute)
feet
miles (U.S. statute)
feet
yards
meters
nautical miles
feet
yards
miles (U.S. statute)
miles (U.S. statute)
25.4
0.0833
12
0.3048
0.3333
0.0001894
3
0.0005682
5280
1760
1609
0.868
3.271
1.094
0.0006214
1.152
Area
square inches
square inches
square feet
square feet
square meters
square miles
square yards
square centimeters
square feet
square inches
square meters
square feet
square yards
square feet
6.452
0.006944
144
0.09290
10.76
3,097,600
9
Volume
cubic inches
cubic inches
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic meters
liters
quarts (U.S. liquid)
U.S. gallons
U.S. gallons
U.S. gallons
barrels (petroleum)
Imperial gallons
milliliters
cubic centimeters
cubic feet
cubic inches
cubic meters
U.S. gallons
cubic feet
quarts (U.S. liquid)
liters
barrels (petroleum)
cubic feet
Imperial gallons
U.S. gallons
U.S. gallons
cubic centimeters
16.39
0.0005787
1728
0.02832
7.481
35.31
1.057
0.9463
0.02381
0.1337
0.8327
42
1.201
1
E-l
-------
To Convert
CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued)
To Multiply By
Time
seconds
seconds
seconds
minutes
minutes
minutes
hours
hours
hours
minutes
hours
days
seconds
hours
days
seconds
minutes
days
0.01667
0.0002778
0.00001157
60
0.01667
0.0006944
3600
60
0.04167
Mass or Weight
pounds
pounds
pounds
pounds
tons (short)
tons (metric)
tons (long)
kilograms
tonnes (metric tons)
kilograms
short tons
long tons
metric tons
pounds
pounds
pounds
pounds
kilograms
0.4536
0.0005
0.000464
0.0004536
2000
2205
2240
2.205
1000
Energy
calories
calories
Btu (British thermal units)
Btu
joules
joules
Btu
joules
calories
joules
calories
Btu
0.003968
4.187
252.0
1055
0.2388
0.0009479
Velocity
feet per second
feet per second
feet per second
meters per second
meters per second
miles per hour
miles per hour
knots
knots
knots
pounds per cubic foot
grams per cubic centimeter
grams er cubic centimeter
kilograms per cubic meter
meters per second
miles per hour
knots
feet per second
miles per hour
meters per second
feet per second
meters per second
miles per hour
feet per second
grams per cubic centimeter
pounds per cubic foot
kilograms per cubic meter
grams per cubic centimeter
0.3048
0.6818
0.5921
3.281
2.237
0.4470
1.467
0.5148
1.151
1.689
0.01602
62.42
1000
0.001
E-2
-------
To Convert
CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued)
To Multiply By
Pressure
ponds per square inch (absolute) (psia)
psia
psia
psia
pounds per square inch (gauge) (psig)
millimeters of mercury (torr)
millimeters of mercury (torr)
inches of water
kilograms per square centimeter
inches of water
kilograms per square centimeter
atmospheres
kilograms per square centimeter
atmospheres
bars
kilonewtons per square meter (kN/m2)
bars
kilonewtons per square meter (kN/m2)
bars
kilonewtons per square meter (kN/m2) 6.895
atmospheres 0.0680
inches of water 27.67
millimeters of mercury (torr) 51.72
psia add 14.70
psia 0.01934
kN/m2 0.1333
psia 0.03614
millimeters of mercury (torr) 735.6
kN/m2 0.2491
atmospheres 0.9678
kN/m2 101.3
psia 14.22
psia 14.70
kN/m2 100
psia 0.1450
atmospheres 0.9869
atmospheres 0.009869
kilograms per square centimeter 1.020
Viscosity
centipoises
pounds per foot per second
centipoises
centipoises
poises
grams per centimeter per second
Newton seconds per square meter
pounds per foot per second 0.0006720
centipoises 1488
poises 0.01
Newton seconds per square meter 0.001
grams per centimeter per second 1
poises 1
centipoises 1000
Thermal Conductivity
Btu per hour per foot per °F
Btu per hour per foot per °F
watts per meter-kelvin
kilocalories per hour per meter per °C
kilocalories per hour per meter per °C
watts per meter-kelvin 1.731
kilocalories per hour per meter per ° C 1.488
Btu per hour per foot per °F 0.5778
watts per meter-kelvin 1.163
Btu per hour per foot per °F 0.6720
Heat Capacity
Btu per pound per °F
Btu per pound per °F
joules per kilogram-kelvin
calories per gram per °C
calories per gram per °C
joules per kilogram-kelvin
Btu per pound per °F
Btu per pound per °F
1
4187
0.0002388
1
E-3
-------
To Convert
CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued)
To Multiply By
Concentration (in water solution)
parts per million (ppm)
milligrams per liter
milligrams per cubic meter
grams per cubic centimeter
grams per cubic centimeter
pounds per cubic foot
milligrams per liter
ppm
grams per cubic centimeter
milligrams per cubic meter
pounds per cubic foot
grams per cubic centimeter
1
1
IxlO'9
IxlO9
62.42
0.01602
Temperature
degrees Kelvin (°K)
degrees Rankine (°R)
degrees centigrade (°C)
degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
degrees centigrade (°C)
degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
degrees Rankine (°R)
degrees Kelvin (°K)
degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
degrees centigrade (°C)
degrees Kelvin (°K)
degrees Kelvin (°K)
1.8
0.5556
first multiply by 1.8, then add 32
first subtract 32, then multiply by
0.5556
add 273.2
add 459.7
Flow
cubic feet per second
U.S. gallons per minute
U.S. gallons per minute
cubic feet per second
448.9
0.002228
Universal Gas Constant (R)
8.314 joules per gram mole-kelvin
1.987 calories per gram mole-kelvin
1.987 Btu per pound mole per °F
10.73 psia-cubic feet per pound mole per °F
82.057 atm-cubic centimeters per gram mole-kelvin
62.361 millimeters mercury liter per gram mole-kelvin
E-4
-------
INDEX
The pages listed in bold text in the index correspond to the primary uses or definitions of the
associated term. Additionally, this index includes a list of primary purposes for examples and
common errors that are presented throughout the document.
Acid aerosol (sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) 3-6, 3-7
Activity
Chemical use, subcategories 2-11, 2-12, 3-8, 3-10 to 3-12
Exemption (see Exemptions)
Thresholds (see Thresholds)
Air emissions
Fugitive or non-point . . 4-4, 4-6, 4-27, 4-37 to 4-39, 4-40, 4-42, 4-43, 4-45, 4-47
Stack or point source 4-6, 4-24, 4-27, 4-37 to 4-39, 4-43, 4-45, 4-47, 4-48
Article exemption (see Exemptions)
Automated toxic chemical release inventory software (ATRS) 2-16
Byproduct (see Manufacture)
Chemical-specific
Acid aerosols 3-6, 3-7
Ammonia 3-5, 3-10, 3-21, 4-6, 4-21, 4-39, 4-44, 4-47, Appendix C
Ethylene glycol 2-10, 3-12, 4-36, 4-39, 4-47
Formaldehyde 2-10, 3-11, 4-24, 4-47
Glycol ethers 2-10, 3-24, 4-36, 4-44, 4-47, Appendix D
Hydrochloric acid 3-6, 3-7
Metal compounds 2-10, 3-11, 4-12 to 4-16, 4-29, 4-38, 4-44, 4-50, 4-51
Methanol 2-10, 3-1, 3-10 to 3-12, 3-20, 4-36, 4-38, 4-39, 4-47
Methyl ethyl ketone 2-10, 3-25, 4-44
Nitrate compounds 3-6, 4-21, 4-44
Phenol 2-10, 3-10 to 3-12
Sulfuric acid 3-7
Toluene 2-10, 3-12, 4-6, 4-25, 4-48
Chemical processing aid 3-12
Combustion 3-20, 4-13 to 4-15, 4-24
For energy recovery off-site 4-14, 4-15
For energy recovery on-site 4-13
For treatment off-site 4-16
For treatment on-site 4-10, 4-12, 4-15, 4-16
Common errors
Acids and bases 4-52
Assuming a threshold is exceeded 3-24
Certain glycol ethers 3-24
Coincidental manufacturing 2-12
Direct reuse vs. Recycling 4-15
Double counting 4-17
Exempt activities 3-13
Form A reporting 2-19
Mass balance for otherwise used chemicals 4-22
Index-1
-------
INDEX (Continued)
Mixture components 3-4
Reporting carrier chemicals 4-46
Reporting fugitive emissions 4-6
Shipping container residue 4-9
Sulfuric and hydrochloric acid (acid aerosols) 3-7
Threshold determination for recirculation 3-9
Threshold determination for metal compounds 3-24
Treatment efficiencies 4-20
Zero release and other waste management quantities 3-24
Container residue 4-8 to 4-11, 4-37 to 4-39, 4-43, 4-45, 4-46
Example, container residue 4-10
De minimis (see Exemptions)
Example, de minimis 3-14
Example, de minimis concentration ranges 3-15
Disposal 4-6 to 4-8
Land, on-site 4-6 to 4-8, 4-34
Land, off-site 4-8, 4-34, 4-38, 4-43, 4-49, 4-53
Documentation (see Recordkeeping)
Double counting 4-17
Common error, double counting 4-17
Dyeing 2-6, 2-10, 4-31, 4-41, 4-43 to 4-45, 4-49, 4-50
Emission factors 4-18 to 4-19, 4-22 to 4-24, 4-40, B-6
Example, emission factors 4-24, B-6
Employee equivalent calculation 2-7, 2-8
Example, calculating employees 2-8
Energy recovery (see Combustion for energy recovery)
Engineering calculations 4-18 to 4-19, 4-24 to 4-26, 4-39, 4-40, 4-47, 4-50, 4-53, B-4
Example, engineering calculations 4-25, 4-50, 4-51
EPCRA hotline 1-2, 1-3, 1-5
Establishment 2-1, 2-5, 2-6
Example, primary SIC code 2-6
Example, multiple establishments 2-2
Examples
Air pollutant controls for chemical finishing 4-48
Articles exemption 3-17, 3-18
Chemicals in process water 3-21
Chromium compounds in wastewater 4-51
Container residue 4-10
De minimis 3-14
De minimis concentration ranges 3-15
Dye Fixation Values 4-50
Emission factors 4-24
Employee equivalent calculation 2-8
Engineering calculations 4-25
Form A threshold 2-18
Index-2
-------
INDEX (Continued)
Laboratory activity exemption 3-19
Mass balance 4-21
Mass balance for air estimates 4-40
Mass balance for machine maintenance chemical 4-35
Monitoring data 4-20
Motor vehicle exemption 3-20
Multiple establishments 2-2
Nonvolatile wet processing chemical 4-49
On-site waste treatment 4-12
Primary SIC code 2-6
Process equipment exemption 3-20
Threshold determination 3-8
Threshold determination, recirculation 3-22
Threshold worksheet 3-25 to 3-27
Xylene isomers 3-9
Exemptions 3-13 to 3-21
Activity-related 3-19 to 3-21
Article 3-16 to 3-18
De minimis 3-14 to 3-16
Drawn from environment 3-20
Facility-related 3-18, 3-19
Grounds maintenance 3-19
Janitorial 3-19
Laboratory 3-18
Motor vehicle 3-20
Personal use, example 3-19
Structural components 3-19
Vanadium 3-7
Fabric formation 4-31, 4-36 to 4-41
Fabric preparation 4-41 to 4-52
Facility
Auxiliary facility 2-5
Covered facility 2-4 to 2-7
Multi-establishment facilities (see Establishments)
Pilot plant 2-6, 2-7
Facility-related exemption (see Exemption)
Fixation (dye) 4-49, 4-50
Form A 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 2-17 to 2-19
Common error, Form A reporting 2-19
Example Form A threshold 2-18
Form R 1-3, 2-1, 2-16, 2-17, 4-4 to 4-17, 4-27 to 4-30
Glycol ethers (see Chemical specific)
Impurity 3-10, 3-14
Knitting 2-5, 4-31, 4-32, 4-36 to 4-41
Laboratory exemption (see Exemption)
Index-3
-------
INDEX (Continued)
Manufacture/Manufacturing 2-11, 3-4, 3-6, 3-8, 3-10
Byproduct 2-11, 3-10, 3-16, 4-3
Coincidental manufacture 2-11, 2-12, 3-10, 3-16, 3-19
Manufacturing subcategories 3-10
Mass balance 4-18 to 4-22, 4-39, 4-47, 4-54
Example, mass balance 4-21, 4-40
Methods (see Reportable amount estimate methods)
Mixture 2-11, 2-12, 3-1 to 3-4, 3-11, 3-12, 3-14
Monitoring data 4-18 to 4-20, 4-48, B-l, B-7
Example, monitoring data 4-20
Motor vehicle exemption (see Exemption)
MSDS 3-2 to 3-4, 3-12, 3-13
Otherwise use 2-12, 3-8, 3-12
Common error, mass balance for otherwise used chemicals 4-22
Owner/operator 1-3
PBT chemicals 2-13 to 2-15
Penalties 1-4
Pilot plant (see Facility)
Point source (see Air emissions)
POTW 4-8, 4-12, 4-16, 4-19, 4-20, 4-29, 4-38, 4-39, 4-42, 4-43, 4-46, 4-47, 4-51
Printing 2-6, 2-10, 3-18, 4-31, 4-41, 4-43 to 4-45, 4-50
Process/processing 2-11, 3-8, 3-11
Process equipment 3-20
Example, process equipment chemical use 3-20
Process water 3-20
Example, chemicals in process water 3-21
Processing subcategories 3-11
Product fabrication 4-31, 4-52-4-54
Qualifiers 3-4 to 3-7
Recordkeeping 2-20 to 2-22
Recycling 3-23, 4-5, 4-13, 4-15, 4-28, 4-30
Off-site 3-23, 4-5, 4-15, 4-30
On-site 3-23, 4-5, 4-13 to 4-15, 4-28
Release Chapter 4
Accidental 4-16, 4-17, 4-27 to 4-30
Estimates (steps to calculate) 4-1, 4-17
Sources 4-3, 4-34, 4-44, 4-53
Types 4-3 to 4-5, 4-34, 4-35, 4-38, 4-39, 4-42, 4-43, 4-45, 4-47, 4-53, 4-54
Remedial actions (remediation) 3-22, 4-16, 4-17
Reportable amount 2-17, 2-19
Reportable amount estimate methods 4-17 to 4-30
(see Emission factors)
(see Engineering calculations)
(see Mass balance)
(see Monitoring data)
Index-4
-------
INDEX (Continued)
Reporting criteria 2-2 to 2-4
Reuse 3-9, 3-21
Sources (see Release)
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2-4 to 2-7
Primary SIC code 2-6
Supplier notification 2-15, 3-3, 3-4
Technically qualified individual 3-18, 3-19
Thresholds 3-8, 3-9
Example, Form A threshold 2-18
Threshold determination Chapter 3, 3-23 to 3-27
Threshold worksheet 3-26
Total annual reportable amount (see Reportable amount)
Trade secret 2-19, 2-20
Transfers 4-8, 4-9, 4-15 to 4-17
Treatment efficiency 4-10, 4-12, 4-20
Treatment for destruction
On-site 4-10, 4-12, 4-15 to 4-16, 4-28, 4-47
Off-site 4-16, 4-29
Types (see Release)
Waste management Chapter 4
Waste treatment (see Treatment for destruction)
Common error, treatment efficiencies 4-20
Example, on-site waste treatment 4-12
Wastewater discharge 4-5, 4-6, 4-27, 4-47
Weaving 4-31, 4-36 to 4-41
Wet Processing 4-41 to 4-52
Yarn formation 4-31, 4-33 to 4-35
Index-5
------- |