United States
          Environmental Protection
          Agency
Office of Water
4C01
EPA 810-F-94-002
May 1994
f,EPA  IS YOUR DRINKING
          WATER  SAFE?
                     XQ<;
                                                    Recycled/Recyclable
                                                    Printed with Soy/Canola ink on paper that
                                                    contains at least 50% recyded fiber

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                       Is Your  Drinking Water Safe?
Introduction
Most Americans believe their drinking
Servicemen and their families, vacationers
abroad know the familiar problems of unsafe
scarcely give it a thought. We believe
depended upon. And usually we are
   Water is the best in the world.
     , tourists, and others who travel
        drinking water. At home we
     the purity of our water can be
       But there are exceptions.
                                                        that
                                                       right
                      These cases are serious enough to have
                      States to enact, in 1974, a far-reaching program
                      water is as good as we think it is. In 1986
                      to set memdatory guidelines for regulating key
                      monitoring of unregulated contaminants
                      ment technologies, bolster enforcement,
                      water sources. This comprehensive program
                      health—is the subject of this pamphlet.
                                  ifnoved the Congress of the United
                                         to ensure that our drinking
                                    , Congress updated this program
                                         contaminants, require the
                                    establish benchmarks for treat-
                                   and promote protection of ground
                                         and what it means to your
The Problem
If our water is good, why do we need a
reason is that the situation has been
decades. Our sources of water supply,
being endangered by new chemicals or
    pecial program to protect it? The
changing dramatically during recent
   both surface and ground water, are
   microbiological contaminants.
                       During these same years, our ability to detect contaminants has been im-
                       proving. Modern science can now identify specific chemicals in terms of
                       one part contaminant in one billion parts of water. In some cases, scientists
                       can measure them in trillionths. One part per billion is equivalent to one
                       pound in 500,000 tons or the first 16 inches or so of a trip to the moon. In
                       case you think such small amounts can't be very significant, keep in mind
                       that you can get sick from a single microscopic virus.

                       With information so detailed, new questions arise. What is the effect of
                       consuming these contaminants in such small amounts over long periods of
                       time? Doctors say that an acute, i.e., immediate illness, comes from this or
                       that virus or poison. But chronic, i.e. long-term problems that develop over
                       many years, are not so quickly diagnosed. There is genuine concern in the
                       scientific community that prolonged exposure to certain elements, even at
                       levels as low as a few parts per billion or trillion, may be increasing the
                       incidence of cancer and heart disease.

                       The Centers for Disease Control tell us there were an average of almost
                       7,400 cases of illness in the United States linked to drinking water each
                       year from 1971 to 1985. Total reported cases in this period ranged from

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                       1983's high of 21,000 to 1985's low of 1,600. These numbers are generally
                       thought to be considerably lower than the actual figures because drinking
                       water contaminants are not always considered suspect.

                       While we have almost eliminated typhoid and cholera as water problems,
                       we must continue to address the threat of viruses and other disease-caus-
                       ing organisms, as well as chemical contamination.

                       Although we currently know a great deal about the health impacts of
                       drinking water contamination, many questions remain. Ongoing research
                       will no doubt provide new information which will answer some old ques-
                       tions arid generate some new ones. Meanwhile, we can take the following
                       steps to reduce the risks to our health:

                             •  Ensure that our water is treated to remove harmful contaminants,

                             •  Test or monitor the purity of our water regularly to ensure its
                               quality, and

                             •  Develop an informed citizenry.


The National          The Safe Drinking Water Act directs the U.S. Environmental Protection
Approach             Agency (EPA) to establish minimum national drinking water standards.
                       These standards set limits on the amounts of various substances sometimes
                       found in drinking water.

                       This means that every public water supply in the country serving at least
                       15 service connections or 25 or more people must ensure that its water
                       meets these minimum standards. Even non-community supplies, such as
                       campgrounds and roadside motels with their own water supplies, are
                       covered by the regulations.

                       In 1986, Congress passed a set of amendments that expanded the protec-
                       tion to be provided by the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. These amend-
                       ments accelerated EPA's regulation of contaminants, banned all future use
                       of lead pipe and lead solder in public drinking water systems, mandated
                       greater protection of ground water sources of drinking water, and stream-
                       lined enforcement procedures to ensure that suppliers comply with the
                       Act.

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The amendments gave EPA three years to set standards for 83 contami-
nants, including 26 for which the Agency had already set enforceable
Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). In addition, EPA must set MCLs
for at least 25 more contaminants by 1991 and must regulate an additional
25 every three years thereafter. Enforcement of each new standard will
begin 18 months after each new or revised standard is set.

The lead ban prohibits the use of lead solders, flux and pipes in the instal-
lation or repair of public water systems and drinking water plumbing
connected to these systems. Public water systems must tell their users of
the potential sources of lead contamination, its health effects, and the steps
they can reasonably take to mitigate lead contamination.  States are respon-
sible for enforcing the lead ban, and EPA can withhold up to 5 percent of a
State's Public Water System Supervision grant if the Agency determines
the State is not enforcing the requirements.

Ground Water has been protected under the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act
and by State programs that pre-date the Federal effort. The 1986 amend-
ments extend that protection by establishing programs to protect critical
ground water sources of drinking water, to protect areas around wells that
supply public drinking water systems, and by regulating the underground
injection of wastes below drinking water sources.

Enforcement is vital to the success of the Safe Drinking Water Act. The
amendments to the Act authorize EPA to file civil suits or issue administra-
tive orders against public water systems in violation when States are slow
to take appropriate enforcement action, or when the State asks EPA to act.
Maximum civil penalties are now $25,000 per day of violation.

Small water  systems face numerous obstacles to meeting these new man-
dates. Lack  of resources and expertise are foremost among their problems.
To help small systems comply with the new rules, EPA has taken steps to
mobilize all groups interested in drinking water quality to use creative
approaches to build local and State capacity through outreach, education,
technical assistance and other institutional support.

Large systems, most of which easily complied with the requirements of the
1974 Safe Drinking Water Act, are also challenged by the new require-
ments. For example, one amendment requires that granular activated
carbon (GAC) filtration, an effective but expensive technology, be consid-

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                       ered the "best available technology" for controlling synthetic organic
                       chemicals. That means any other (cheaper) technology that a water system
                       substitutes for GAC must control these contaminants at least as well.

                       A new rule will require most large and small systems to filter surface
                       water supplies of drinking water that are not adequately protected against
                       contamination. Congress intended this requirement to protect the public
                       against Giardia lamblia, a virulent protozoan, and other contaminants.
                       Systems must also disinfect their drinking water supplies, something
                       which all but some of the smallest have been doing all along. The filtration
                       and disinfection requirements mean many drinking water systems must
                       invest in new equipment.


The State Role       In the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act, Congress said it wanted to ensure
                       safe drinking water for all Americans. Congress preferred that the States
                       take on the responsibility for the new program, which would build on
                       existing State programs. Since 1974,54 States and territories have been
                       granted primary enforcement authority for the program. EPA was respon-
                       sible for protecting the quality of water on Indian lands.. The 1986 amend-
                       ments change that. Now, Indian tribes that meet the same criteria as States
                       can assume primary enforcement authority over their drinking water.  At
                       publication, no Indian tribe has primacy for the drinking water program.

                       To be given primary enforcement authority for the program and to main-
                       tain it over time, a State or  Indian tribe must adopt drinking water stan-
                       dards at least as stringent as the national ones. (They may set stricter
                       standards if they wish.) Each State or tribe must also be able to carry out
                       adequate monitoring and enforcement requirements.  If a State or tribe
                       cannot or does not do so, EPA will step in and conduct the program.


Public Notification   Since June 24,1977, Federal law has required your water supplier to peri-
                       odically sample and test the water supplied to your tap. Most of the larger
                       suppliers were already doing that.  If a water supplier has not tested the
                       water or if tests reveal that a national drinking water standard has been
                       violated—that is,  if there is  too much of any substance for which a national
                       standard has been set—the  supplier must move to correct the situation.  The
                       supplier must also notify the appropriate State agency of the violation.

                       And you, the customer, must be notified too.  You may sometimes be
                       notified by:

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      • A notice in the newspaper,

      • An announcement on the radio or television, or

      • A letter from the health department or your water system, telling
        you that a drinking water standards has been violated.

If you hear or read an announcement that a drinking water standard has
been violated, don't panic. The announcement will explain the problem
and its potential adverse health effects. It will also explain what precau-
tions you should take and what the system is doing to correct the problem.
You will also be told whether you should seek alternate supplies of drink-
ing water until the violation is corrected.

Water systems must notify the principal radio and television stations
serving  their areas within 72 hours of discovering a violation that poses an
acute risk to human health. Public notice of acute violations must appear
in local newspapers within 14 days of their  detection. Systems must report
continuous violations every three months. Annual notification is required
for less serious violations.  This flexibility in public notification provided
by the 1986 amendments means EPA and the States can devote more atten-
tion to keeping the public informed of truly serious risks.

Certain  violations are cause for immediate action by consumers to ensure
that public health is not endangered. Other MCL violations will not mean
that your health is at risk immediately. The limit on the amount of each
substance allowed in drinking water was based on what you can consume
for a lifetime without adverse health effects. The limit was based on the
consumption of two liters (a little more than two quarts) of water (or wa-
ter-based fluids such as coffee, tea or soft drinks) every day for a lifetime.
A large  safety margin was built into most standards so that you will not be
harmed even if the water you drink exceeds some of the maximum con-
taminant levels for short periods of time.

The fact that your State water agency or water supplier announces a viola-
tion of a drinking water standard is not by itself cause for alarm. It is a
safety precaution  required by Congress to call public  attention to deficien-
cies in the drinking water supply. This procedure is intended to keep you
informed so that you can make intelligent decisions about the problem.

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                       In essence, Congress said in the Safe Drinking Water Act that you have a
                       right to expect water that meets minimum national standards for protec-
                       tion of public health. You have a right to be told—and your water supplier
                       must tell you—if your water does not meet these standards. Your supplier
                       is also obliged to inform you if the water is not being monitored as re-
                       quired. With such information from the supplier or State, you will know
                       what precautions to take. And you will be able to seek the attention of the
                       water supplier through public opinion to do whatever is necessary to bring
                       you safe water.

                       That might require major or minor improvements in your public water
                       supply system. It might require a new source of water.  Most large systems
                       will probably be able to remedy any problems that may be discovered.
                       Some smaller systems may not. In some cases, the best alternative might
                       be to tie into a nearby system.

                       Whatever the alternative, the public has a right to know about the quality
                       of its drinking water, and the supplier has the clear responsibility to correct
                       violations promptly or provide alternative, safe sources. With that infor-
                       mation, the public can then weigh all possible alternatives and help make
                       the decisions needed to ensure safe drinking water.

                       If adequate steps are not taken to correct violations of safe drinking water
                       standards, you have additional rights.

                       You~or any individual or organization—have the right to bring suit
                       against anyone you believe is violating the law: the water supply system,
                       the State, or EPA.


The Primary          The drinking water standards established by EPA reflect the best available
Standards            scientific and technical judgement. They were refined by the suggestions
                       and advice of a 15-member National Drinking Water Advisory Council,
                       made up of representatives of the general public, State and local agencies,
                       and experts in the field of public water supply. Also, EPA's Science Advi-
                       sory Board, made up of scientists, reviews the regulations to be sure they
                       are based on sound science.  In addition, the regulations are reviewed in
                       draft by other Federal agencies, environmental groups, and State and
                       industry associations, and the public.

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All EPA regulations are published for review and are subject to public
hearings before they go into effect. The National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations are no exception. Many witnesses testify at the public hear-
ings and EPA receives thousands of statements after the regulations were
proposed. EPA considers these comments when preparing the final ver-
sion of the regulations.

The regulations set achievable levels of drinking water quality to protect
your health.  They were originally called "interim" regulations because the
1974 Act stipulated that EPA was to issue MCLs on an interim basis and
then to revise them periodically. The final MCL for only one chemical,
fluoride, had been issued when Congress dropped "interim" from the
regulations' status. When that happened, interim MCLs for 25 contami-
nants and the final MCL for fluoride became National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations.

The 1986 amendments require EPA to issue a Maximum Contaminant
Level Goal (MCLG) along with an MCL. (MCLGs were known as Recom-
mended Maximum Contaminant Levels before the amendments.)  An
MCLG is an unenforceable health goal equal to the maximum level of a
contaminant which is not expected to cause any  adverse health effects over
a lifetime of exposure and includes a margin of safety.  EPA must, by law,
set MCLs as close to MCLGs as technology and economics allow.

Not every contaminant must have an MCLG and an MCL. EPA can, in-
stead, adopt a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation that requires
the use of a specific treatment method be used to control a contaminant.
The Agency has this option when it is not technically or economically
feasible  to determine how much of a contaminant is present in drinking
water.

Most substances currently regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act
occur naturally in our environment and in the foods we eat.  The national
drinking water standards set by EPA reflect the  levels we can safely con-
sume in our water, taking into account the amounts we are exposed to
from other sources.

Only two substances for which standards have been set pose an immediate
threat to health whenever they are exceeded:

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                        Bacteria—Coliform bacteria from human and animal wastes may be found
                        in drinking water if the water is not properly treated. These bacteria may
                        cause disease themselves or indicate that other harmful organisms may be
                        present in the water. Waterborne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, infec-
                        tious hepatitis and dysentery have been traced to improperly disinfected
                        drinking water.  If you should receive notice that the bacteria level in your
                        water exceeds the minimum standard, follow the directions given in the
                        notice.

                        Nitrate—Nitrate in drinking water above the national standard poses an
                        immediate threat to children six months to one year old. In some infants,
                        excessive levels of nitrate have been known to react with the hemoglobin in
                        the blood to produce an anemic condition commonly known as "blue
                        baby/' If you receive notice that your drinking water contains an excessive
                        amount of nitrate, do not give the water to infants under three months of
                        age and do not use it to prepare a formula.  Do not boil the water for exten-
                        sive periods with the intention of reducing the nitrate, because such boiling
                        will only increase the nitrate concentration. Simply read the notice you
                        receive and follow its instructions carefully.

                        The table on the following pages presents the National Primary Drinking
                        Water Standards for 30 contaminants. In addition to MCLs, the health
                        effects and sources of each contaminant are listed. Other than for bacteria
                        and nitrate, as discussed above, water that exceeds the MCLs for the ele-
                        ments on the table will pose no immediate threat to public health.  How-
                        ever, these substances must be controlled because drinking water that
                        exceeds these standards over long periods of time may prove harmful.


The Secondary       Unlike primary drinking water regulations, secondary drinking water
Standards             regulations are not designed to protect the public health. Instead, they are
                        intended to protect "public welfare" by providing guidelines regarding the
                        taste, odor, color and other aesthetic aspects of drinking water which do
                        not present a health risk. The  effects of 13 contaminants for which EPA
                        has developed Secondary Drinking Water Standards for the States are
                        presented in the table following the National Primary Drinking Water
                        Standards.
                                                                                          8

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        NATIONAL SECONDARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS*
CONTAMINANTS  SUGGESTED LEVELS    CONTAMINANT EFFECTS
Aluminum

Chloride

Color

Copper


Corrosivity



Fluoride


Foaming Agents

Iron


Manganese


Odor

pH


Silver

Sulfate

Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
 0.05 - 0.2 mg/L

   250 mg/L

15 color units

   1.0 mg/L


non-corrosive



   2.0 mg/L


   0.5 mg/L

   0.3 mg/L


   0.05 mg/L


3 threshold odor

 6.5 -8.5


 0.1 mg/L

  250 mg/L

  500 mg/L
Zinc
   5 mg/L
Discoloration of water

Salty taste; corrosion of pipes

Visible tint

Metallic Taste; blue/green staining of
porcelain

Metallic taste; fixture staining, corroded
pipes (Corrosive water can leach pipe mat-
erials, such as lead, into drinking water)

Dental Fluorosis (a brownish discoloration of
the teeth)

Aesthetic - Frothy, cloudy, bitter taste, odor

Bitter  metallic taste;   staining of laundry,
rusty color, sediment

Taste; staining of laundry, black to brown
color, black staining

"Rotten egg," musty  or chemical smell

Low pH - Bitter metallic taste, corrosion
High pH - Slippery feel, soda taste, deposits

Argyria (discoloration of skin), greying of eyes

Salty taste; laxative effects

Taste and possible relation between low
hardness and cardiovascular disease; also an
indicator of corrosivity (related to lead levels
in water); can damage plumbing and limit
effectiveness of soaps and detergents

Metallic taste
"Secondary Drinking Water Standards are unenforceable federal guidelines regarding the taste,
odor, color-and certain other non-aesthetic effects-of drinking water.  EPA recommends them to the
States as reasonable goals, but federal law does not require water systems to comply with them.
States may, however, adopt their own enforceable regulations governing these concerns. To be
safe, check your State's drinking water rules.
                                                                                  13

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Summary             The Safe Drinking Water Act gave the country its first comprehensive
                       national program to safeguard public drinking water. It established the
                       national drinking water standards, which protect the health of everyone
                       who receives their drinking water from systems serving at least 25 people
                       or having at least 15 service connections. More than 80 percent of the U.S.
                       population and a quarter million drinking water systems, including non-
                       community water systems, are affected by the Act.

                       In 1986, Congress amended the Safe Drinking Water Act in response to
                       various concerns raised by the public, EPA, State governments and the
                       water supply industry.  The pace of regulating drinking water contami-
                       nants was increased. EPA was given a schedule for regulating contami-
                       nants that threaten public health and deadlines for specifying criteria for
                       the filtration of surface water supplies and the disinfection of drinking
                       water from surface and ground water sources. The use of lead-containing
                       plumbing materials in public water systems and private drinking water
                       systems that connect to public supplies was outlawed.

                       The amendments also increased protection of ground water, a crucial
                       source of drinking water.  And they gave Indian tribes the same status as
                       States in seeking primary responsibility for drinking water and under-
                       ground injection control programs.

                       Many water supply systems will be able to meet the new national require-
                       ments with a minimum of effort. However, some water systems, especially
                       the small ones, may have a hard time affording the investment in technol-
                       ogy and technical expertise that these new regulations will require. EPA is
                       providing them with technical assistance.

                       EPA is also aiding States that need help with technical assistance and
                       grants for program administration. EPA is carrying on research to learn
                       more about the health effects of other potential water contaminants, how to
                       detect them in water, and how to get rid of them.

                       But the major responsibility for bringing you safe drinking water rests
                       with your water supplier, your State, and ultimately with you as a con-
                       cerned citizen.
                                                                               14

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This pamphlet has attempted to describe the drinking water program in
simple, non-technical language. But the job of implementing the Safe
Drinking Water Act and amendments is no simple matter. It is complex.  It
requires your cooperation and support.

And it requires your understanding that you may have to pay more for
safe drinking water-especially if you are served by a small water supply
system that has not kept up with modern technology.

It is expected that the cost of safe drinking water for some consumers will
increase substantially as systems improve their disinfection or filtration
practices. For consumers served by systems that have heavy metal or
inorganic contaminant problems, the cost may be even greater.

Whatever the added cost might be, keep the alternatives in mind: water
that's safe to drink, or the risk of disease or other harmful effects. It's a
small  price to pay for assuring yourself, your family, your community, and
all Americans that our water is truly safe to drink.
                                                       15

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 Need More
 Information?
 Additional information about safe drinking water, the
 1986 amendments  to the Safe Drinking Water Act,  and
 other related issues is available from EPA's Safe Drinking
 Water Hotline: 1-800-426-4791.  The following Regional
 Offices and  State agencies can also provide you  with
 information.
 Regional Offices
                   States Covered
EPA Region 1
JFK Federal Building
1 Congress Street
Boston, MA 02203

EPA Region 2
26  Federal Plaza
New York, NY  10278

EPA Region 3
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107

EPA Region 4
345 Courtland St. NE
Atlanta, GA 30365

EPA Region 5
77 West Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, IL 60604

EPA Region 6
1445 Ross Avenue
12th Floor
Dallas,  TX 75202

EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101

EPA Region 8
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202

EPA Region 9
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105

EPA Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
 Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode
 Island, Vermont
 New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, West Virginia
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah,
Wyoming
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa,
Trust Territories of the Pacific, Guam, Northern Marianas
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
                                                                              16

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                        State Water Supply Agencies
Water Supplies Section
Connecticut Department of
 Health Services
150 Washington Street
Hartford, CT06106
(203)  566-1253

Division of Water Supply
Dept.  of Environmental
 Protection
One Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617)  292-5529

Division of Health
Engineering, Maine Dept. of
Human Services
State  House (STA 10)
Augusta, ME 04333
(207)  287-2070

Water Supply Engineering
Bureau, Department of
Environmental Services
6 Hazen Drive,  P.O. Box 95
Concord, NH 03302
(603)  271-3503

Division of Drinking Water
Quality, Rhode  Island Dept.
of Health
75 Davis St., Cannon Bldg.
Providence, Rl 02908
(401)  277-6867

Water Supply Program
Vermont Department of
Environmental Conservation
103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT  05671
(802)  241-3400

Bureau of Safe  Drinking
Water, NJ Dept. of
Environmental Protection
P.O. Box CN-426
Trenton, NJ 06825
(609)  292-5550
Bureau of Public Water Supply
 Protection
New York Department of Health
2 University Place, Room 406
Albany, NY 12203-3313
(518)458-6731

Water Supply Supervision
 Program
Puerto Rico Dept. of Health
P.O. Box 70184
San Juan, PR 00936
(809) 754-6010

Planning & Natural Resources
Government of Virgin Islands
Nifky Center
Room 231
St. Thomas. VI 00802
(809) 774-3320

Public Water Systems Supervision
Program, Division of Public Health
Cooper Building, P.O. Box 637,
Federal & Water Streets
Dover, DE  19903
(302) 739-5410

Water Hygiene  Branch
Deparment of Consumer and
Regulatory Affairs
2100 Martin Luther King Ave.
Washington, DC 20020
(202)404-1120

Water Supply Program
Maryland Department of
Environment
2500 Broening  Highway
Dunkalk, MD 21224
(410) 631-3702

Division of Drinking Water
Management, Dept of Environmental
Resources
P.O. Box 8467
Harrisburg, PA  17107
(717) 787-9035
Division of Water Supply
 Engineering
Virginia Dept. of Health
1500 East Main Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-1766

Office of Environmental
 Health Services
815 Quarrier Street
Suite 418
Charleston, WV 25301
(304) 558-2981

Water Supply Branch
Dept. of Environmental
 Management
1751 W.L. Dickinson Drive
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205) 271-7773

Drinking Water Section
Department of Environmental
Protection, Twin Towers
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee,  FL 32399-2400
(904)487-1762

Drinking Water Program
Environmental Protection
Division
205 Butler Street SE
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404) 651-5154

Division of Water
Drinking Water Branch
Frankfort Office Park
14 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-3410

Division of Water Supply
MS Department of Health
Office U-232, P.O. Box 1700
2423 N. State Street
Jackson, MS 39215-1700
(601) 960-7518
                                                                                 17

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 Public Water Supply Sec.
 Div. of Environmental Health
 Dept. of Environment,
 Health & Natural Resources
 P.O. Box 27687
 Raleigh, NC 27611-7687
 (919) 733-2321

 Bureau of Drinking Water
 Protection, Dept. of Health
 and Environmental Control
 2600 Bull Street
 Columbia, SC 29201
 (803) 734-5310

 Division of Water Supply
 Tennessee Department of
 Environment & Conservation
 401 Church Street
 Nashville,  TN 37243-1549
 (615) 532-0191

 Division of Public Water
 Supplies
 Illinois EPA
 2200 Churchill Road
 Springfield, IL 62794-9276
 (217) 785-8653

 Drinking Water Branch
 Office of Water Management
 IN Dept. of Envir. Mgmt.
 100 North Senate Avenue
 Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
 (317) 233-4222

 Division of Water Supply
 Michigan Department of
 Public Health
 P.O. Box 30195
 Lansing, Ml 48909
 (517) 335-8326

 Drinking Water Protection
 Minnesota Department of
 Health
925 Delaware ST.  SE
Minneapolis, MN 55459
(612) 627-5133
 Division of Ground & Drinking
 Waters, Ohio Environmental
 Protection Agency
 P.O. Box 1049
 1800 WaterMark Drive
 Columbus, OH 43266-1049
 (614) 644-2752

 Bureau of Water Supply
 Department of Natural
 Resources
 P.O. Box 7921
 Madison, Wl 53707
 (608) 267-7651

 Division of Engineering
 Arkansas Dept. of Health
 Mail Slot 37
 4815 West Markham Street
 Little Rock, AR 72205-3867
 (501) 661-2623

 Office of Public Health
 Louisiana Dept. of Health
 and Hospitals
 P.O. Box 60630
 New Orleans, LA 70160
 (504) 568-5105

 Drinking Water Section
 New Mexico Health and
 Environment Department
 1190 St. Francis Drive
 Santa Fe, NM 87503
 (505) 827-2778

 Water Quality Programs
 Department of Environmental
 Quality
 1000 NE Tenth Street
 Oklahoma City, OK 73117
 (405) 271-5205

 Water Utilities Division
 Natural Resource Conservation
 Commission
 P.O.  Box 13087
Austin, TX 78711
 (512) 908-6930
 Environmental Protection Div.
 Dept. of Natural Resources
 Water Quality Bureau
 Wallace State Office Building
 900 East Grand Avenue
 Des Moines, IA 50319
 (515) 281-8869

 Public Water Supply Section
 Kansas Dept. of Health and
 the Environment
 Forbes Field, Building 740
 Topeka, KS 66620
 (913) 296-5503

 Public Drinking Water Program
 Division of Environmental
 Quality
 P.O. Box 176
 Jefferson City, MO 65102
 (314) 751-5331

 Division of Drinking Water
 and Environmental Sanitation
 NE Department of Health
 301  Centenial Mall South
 Lincoln, NE 68509
 (402)471-2541 or 0510

 Drinking Water Program
 WQCD-DW-B2
 CO Department of Health
 4300 Cherry Creek Drive So.
 Denver, CO 80222
 (303) 692-3546

 Water Quality Bureau
 Department of Health and
 Enviornmental Sciences
 Cogswell Bldg, Room A206
 Helena, MT 59620
 (406) 444-2406

 Division of Water Supply
 and Pollution Control
State Dept. of Health
 1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502
(701) 221-5225
                                                                                  18

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Office of Drinking Water
Department of Water and
Natural Resources
523 Capital Ave./Foss Bldg.
Pierre. SD  57501
(605) 773-3754

Division of Drinking Water
Utah Department of Envir-
onmental Quality
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City. UT84114
(801) 538-6159

Water Quality Division
Dept. of Environmental
Quality
Herschler Bldg., 4thFloor
Cheyenne, WY 82002
(307) 777-7781

Compliance Section
Office of Water Quality
Room 200
3033 North Central
Phoenix, AZ 85001
(602) 207-4617

Division of Drinking Water
and Environmental Mgmt.
CA Department of Health
Services, Room 692
714 P Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 323-6111
Environmental Management
Division
Department of Health
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, HI 96801
(808) 586-4304

Public Health Engineering
NV Department of Human
Resources, Consumer Health
505 East King Street,  Rm 103
Carson City, NV 89710
(702) 687-6615

Guam Environmental Protection
Agency
Government of Guam
130 Rojas Street/Harmon Plaza
Harmon, Guam 96911
(671) 646-8863

Division of Environmental Quality
Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands
P.O. Box 1304
Saipan, CM 96950
(670) 234-6114

Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of the Governor
American Samoa
Pago Pago,  American
 Samoa 96799
(No number available)
Palau Environmental Quality
Protection Board
Republic of Palau
P.O. Box 100
Koror, Palau 96940
(No number available)

Alaska Drinking Water Program
Wastewater & Water Treatment
Environmental Conservation Dept.
410 Willoughby
Juneau, AK 99801
(907)465-5316

Drinking Water Program
Div. of Environmental Quality
Department of Health & Welfare
1410 North Hilton
Boise, ID 83706
(208) 334-5860

Drinking Water Program
Health Division
Dept. of Human Resources
800 Northeast Oregon  Street
Portland, OR 97214-0450
(503) 731-4010

Drinking Water Division
Deparment of Health
Airdustrial Center
Building #3
P.O. Box 47822
Olympia, WA 98504-7822
(206) 753-1280
is U.S. GOVERNMENT PRIJTTTNTG OFFICE:  1995 - 61?-003 - 1302/01109
                                                                                  19

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