United States Environmental
Protection Agency
Office of Water
(WH-550)
EPA 811/F-93-001
August 1993
STATUS OF DBF REGULATORY
NEGOTIATION
Three new rules [Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (D/DBPR) and Enhanced
Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR) - proposal 3/94 and promulgation 12/96;
Information Collection Rule (ICR) - proposal 12/93 and promulgation 6/94; all dates
are tentative] have been developed in a regulatory negotiation, with participation
from State and local health and regulatory agencies and elected officials, consumer
groups, environmental groups, and the drinking water industry. The tentative
implementation schedule is as follows:
EFFECTIVE DATES FOR ICR, D/DBPR, AND ESWTR
SYSTEM TYPE
Surface water
systems (2)
Ground water
systems (2)
POPULATION
SERVED
£100,000
10,000-99,999
< 10,000
2:10,000
< 10,000
ICRCI)
micro
10/94-3/96
1/95-12/95
NA
NA
NA
DBP
1 0/94-3/96
NA
NA
10/94-3/96(3)
NA
D/DBPR
Stage 1
7/98
7/98
12/00
12/00
7/02
ESWTR
7/98
7/98
12/00
NA
NA
(1) - ICR monitoring, divided into microDiOiogicai occurrence ana uor occurrence, win ueyin 100,000 people and ground water systems serving 2 50,000 people must
complete bench- or pilot-scale studies of disinfection byproduct precursor removal
by activated carbon or membranes by 9/97. These data, in addition to concurrent
health effects and technology research, will be used to develop the ESWTR and Stage
2 of the D/DBPR.
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
The ESWTR will propose several options. Generally, these include 1) requirements
that surface water systems with poorer quality source waters remove microbiological
contaminants above levels currently required by the SWTR of 99.9% and 99.99% for
Giardia and viruses, respectively; and 2) making no changes if the current SWTR iğ
determined adequate. In addition, systems may be required to treat for
Cryptosporidium. ICR results will be used to develop the specific treatment
requirements. The 12/96 ESWTR will be modified for systems serving <10,000
(proposal 6/97, promulgation 12/98).
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Di3infectant3/DJ3i~ Taction Byproducts Rule
This rule will be promulgated in two stages. The first stage will propose to lower
the existing maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total trihalomethanes from 0.10
mg/1 to 0.080 mg/1 and extend the MCL to all system sizes, establish six new MCLs
and maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDL), and require enhanced coagulation or
enhanced precipitative 'softening for certain systems. The second stage, which will
incorporate ICR data and new research data, will be developed by regulatory
negotiation or a similar consensus process to begin in 1997.
D/DBPR STAGE 1 REQUIREMENTS
Compound
Total trihalomethanes (3)
Haloacetic acids (five) (4)
Bromate (5)
Chlorite (6)
Chlorine (7)
Chloramines (7)
Chlorine dioxide (7)
MCUMRDU1)
0.080 mg/l
0.060 mg/l
0.010 mg/l
1 .0 mg/l
4.0 mg/l
4.0 mg/l
0.8 mg/l
Compliance Based On (2)
running annual average
running annual average
running annual average
monthly average
running annual average
running annual average
daily sampling
1) - Both MCLs and MRDLs are enforceable.
(2) - Samples for all compounds except chlorine dioxide and bromate taken at specified distribution system L
locations. Chlorine dioxide and bromate taken at entrance to distribution system.
(3) - Sum of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform concentrations.
(4) - Sum of mono-, di-, and trichloroacetic acids and mono- and dibromoacetic acid concentrations.
(5) - Required only for systems using ozone.
(6) - Required only for systems using chlorine dioxide.
(7) - Required only for systems using this disinfectant.
In addition to the above, systems using surface water (or ground water under the
direct influence of surface water) and conventional filtration treatment must meet a
treatment technique for removal of disinfection byproduct precursors (compounds that
react with disinfectants to form DBFs), measured as total organic carbon unless they
meet specified avoidance criteria. Systems must operate with enhanced coagulation
or enhanced softening to meet the required TOG percentage removals.
ESTIMATED COSTS FOR THE ICR, D/DBPR (Stage 1). AND
RULE
ICR (2)
D/DBPR
Stage 1
ESWTR
CAPITAL
($)
$57 mil
$4.4 bil
<$8 bil
(3)
OPERATIONS &
MAINTENANCE
$0
$489 mil/yr
TBD
TOTAL! 1)
($/yr)
NA
$1.035 bil
TBD
MONITORING
$73 mil
$58 mil/yr
TBD
ESWTR
STATE
IMPLEMENTATION
$0
$23 mil/yr
$3 mil/yr
1 ) - Total annual costs are the sum of annualized capital costs plus annual operations and maintenance costs.
(2) - ICR capital costs are for bench- and pilot-scale studies. ICR monitoring costs are total, not annual, costs.
(3) - Insufficient data for accurate estimate.
TBD - to be determined.
For more information, contact the Safe Drinking Water Hotline, 1-800-426-4791.
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