.  -      United States             ,
         Environmental Protection     Office of Water        EPA 811-F-95-003-T
         Agency                4603              October 1995

®EPA NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING

         WATER REGULATIONS



         Contaminant Specific Fact Sheets

         Synthetic Organic Chemicals - Technical Version


            Adipate, (2-diethylhexyl)          Ethylene Dibromide
            Alachlor                      Glyphosate
           " Aldicarb/Aldicarb Metabplites      Heptachlor/Heptachlor
         /                                 Epoxide
            Atrazine                      Hexachlorobenzene
            Benzo{a)pyrene                Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
            Carbofuran                    Lindane
            Chlordane                    Methoxychlor
            2,4-D                       Oxamyl (Vydate)
            Dalapon                      Pentachlorophenol
            Dibrpmochloropropane           Phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl)
            Dirroseb                      Picloram
            Dioxin^S^S-TCDD)            Polychlorinated Biphenyls
            Diquat                       Simazine
            Endothall                     Toxaphene
            Endrin                  5     2,4,5 - TP (Silvex)

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency     •
                                                       Office of Water
                                                       4601
             EPA 811-F-95-003a-T
                   October 1995
                             National  Primary  Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Adipate,  (2-diethylhexyl)
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 103-23-1

  COLOR/FORM/ODOR:
    Light colored, oily liquid with an
    aromatic odor

  M.P.: -67.8° C  B.P.: 214° C

  VAPOR PRESSURE: 8.5x10'7 mmHg at 25° C

  OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
    Log Kow = >6.11

  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 0.922 at 25° C
                                 SOLUBILITY: 0.78 g/L of water at 22° C;
                                    Slightly soluble in water

                                 SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:  '
                                    Koc estimated at 5004 to 48,000;
                                    immobile in soil

                                 ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:   N/A

                                 BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
                                    BCF = 27 in fish; not expected to
                                    bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.

                                 HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
                                    4.34x10-7 atm-cu m/mole at 20° C;
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  Adipic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester;
  Bis(2-ethylhexyl) hexanedioate; BEHA;
  DEHA; Adipol 2EH; Bisdflex DOA;
  Dioctyl adipate; Effomoll DOA; Flexol
  A26; Kodflex DOA; Monoplex DOA;
  Octyl adipate; Plastomoll DOA; Sicol
  250; Truflex DOA; Vestinol OA;
  Wickenol 158; Witamol 320;-Ergoplast
  AdDO; Kemester5652; Reomol DOA;
  Rucofiex plasticizer DOA; StaflexDOA.
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      0.4 mg/L
  MCL:       0.4 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1 day: 20 mg/L
             Longer-term: 20 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
                                                 shadow, cologne, foundations, rouge, blusher, nail-pol-
                                                 ish remover, moisturizers and indoor tanning prepara-
                                                 tions;  in meat wrapping operations.
                                                   Production of adipates in 1984 was 27.5 million pounds.

                                                 RELEASE PATTERNS                           ,
                                                   Sources of adipates include fly ash from municipal
            . .       .       ,           .-.'..   waste incineration, wastewater effluents from publicly-
 ..A haS n° datau°n the a°Ute toxicity of dl <2" owned treatment works (POTW) and chemical manufac-
ethylhexyl) ad.pate, or DEHA, wh.ch ,s relevant to the turj    ,ants Adf ates are a|so used as a plasticizer in
drinking water context.                   ,              ,
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures for a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consuming
1 liter of water per day: upto a 7-year exposure to 20 mg/
L.        .-•'-.-'          .    ..'-.-'••
  Chronic:   DEHA has the potential to cause the
following  health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: reduced body Weight and bone
mass; damage to liver and testes.
  Cancer: There is some evidence that DEHA may have
the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime exposure at
levels above the MCL.   -

USAGE PATTERNS
  Adipate is used  primarily as a plasticizer, commonly
blended with general purpose plasticizers in processing
polyvinyl and other polymers. It is also used as a solvent;
in aircraft lubricants; as a hydraulic fluid; as a plasticizer
or solvent in the  following cosmetics: bath oils,  eye
                                                  Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
                                                  RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
              1987 TO 1993
                                                                      Water
                                                  TOTALS (in pounds)     27,471

                                                  Top Five States*
                                                  OH                    531
                                                  IN                   5,500
                                                  VA                   1,886
                                                  TN    .              18,480
                                                  Ml                    250

                                                  Major Industries*
                                                  Gray iron foundries       2,263
                                                  Aluminum foundries        250
                                                  Rubber, plastic hose/belts   ,10
                                                  Space propulsion units        0
                                                  Misc Indust. organics     11,996
                      Land
                     425,230
                     173,900
                      93,275
                      46,102
                      26,409
                      29,750
                     316,438
                      50,409
                      32,078
                      20,363
                        131
                                                  * Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
                                                  greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs.
October 1995
                                          Technical Version
                                                                             Printed on Recycled Paper

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PVC materials and is  known  to leach from plumbing
made of PVC plastic. Thus, adipates have been recog-
nized as a potential drinking water contaminant.
   From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, adipate releases to land  and
water totalled over 450,000  Ibs,, of which  about 94
percent was to land. These releases were primarily from
gray  and ductile iron foundries. The largest releases
occurred in Ohio and Indiana. The largest direct releases
to water occurred in Tennessee.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  If released to air, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) can
exist in both vapor and particulate phases. The vapor
phase will degrade relatively rapidly by reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated
half-life of 16 hr). The particulate phase can be physically
removed from air by wet and dry deposition.
  If released to soil or water, adipate is expected to
biodegrade; activated sludge screening tests have shown
that adipate biodegrades readily, with a half-life of 2.7
days. Estimated Koc values of 5004-48,600 suggest that
adipate will be relatively immobile in soil (and not leach)
and should partition from the water column to sediment
in the aquatic environment. Volatilization is expected to
be very slow (half-life of 160 days) and not environmen-
tally important; aqueous hydrolysis is not expected to be
important except in very alkaline waters (pH 9 or higher).
  Dioctyl adipate was not acutely toxic to algae and fish
at or above its water solubility of 0.78 mg/l. It was acutely
and chronically toxic to Daphnia magna at 480-850 and
24-52  ug/l,  respectively.  A comparison  of the mean
environmental water concentration of dioctyl  adipate
(<0.5 ug/L) with laboratory chronic toxicity values for
Daphnia magna showed a safety margin of approxi-
mately 3 under present use and disposal patterns, dioctyl
adipate presents a small hazard to the freshwater aquatic
environment. A whole-fish  BCF of 27 was observed for
blue-gill fish was far less than an estimated BCF value in
excess of 2700 calculated from a measured log  Kow of
>6.11; the difference is thought to be due to metabolism
of adipate by the bluegill. This measured BCF indicates
that bioaccumulation and persistence in fish is not impor-
tant environmentally but may be important in aquatic
organisms that are unable to metabolize adipate.
  Occupational exposure can occurthrough dermal con-
tact and inhalation. The general population can be ex-
posed  through consumption of foods stored in plastic
films; DEHA is used as plasticizer in various food storage
wraps and it has been shown to migrate into stored foods.
Exposure via drinking water is also possible since DEHA
is also used as a plasticizer in PVC materials and is
known to leach from plumbing made of PVC plastic.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
           REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                         2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                         1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at >0.0006 rhg/L


         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE     .       METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-039            506; 525^2


         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal


         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         * EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

         A Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
         - Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                              United States
                              Environmental Protection
                              Agency
                      Office of Water
                      4601
             EPA811-F-95-003b-T
            •'•.'•:   October 1995
                              National Primary Drinking
                              Water  Regulations
                             Alachlor
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 15972-60-8

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    Available in granular, emulsifiable
    concentrate and flowable formulations,

  M.P.:* 40-41 °C  B.P.:  N/A

  VAPOR PRESSURE:  Negligible

  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.:  1.133 at 25° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
   Log Kow = 2.63 and 3.53

SOLUBILITY:  0.14 g/L of water at 23° C;
  .Slightly soluble in water

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:          "
   Koc = 2.08 to 2.28; medium to
   highmobility in soil

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
   BCF = 6 in fish; not expected to
   bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
   3.2x10-8 to 1.2x10-10 atm-cu m/mole;

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
   Alochlor; Lasagrin; Lassagrin; Lasso;-
   Lazo; Metachlor; Pillarzo; Alanox;
   Alanex; Chimichlor
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:     zero mg/L
  MCL:     ,  0.002 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1 day: 0.1 mg/L
             10-day: 0.1  mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
               RELEASE PATTERNS
                 The major source of environmental release of alachlor
               is through  its manufacture and use  as a herbicide.
               Alachlor was  detected in rural domestic well water by
               EPA's National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water
               Wells. EPA's Pesticides in Ground Water Database
               reports detections of alachlor in ground water at concen-
               trations above the MCL in at least 15 States.
  Acute: EPA has found alachlor to potentially cause
slight skin and eye irritation from acute exposures at ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
levels above the MCL.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-termexposures: Fora 10-kg child consuming 1 liter
of water per day, upto a ten-day exposure to 0.1 mg/L.
  Chronic: Alachlor has the potential to cause damage
to the liver, kidney, spleen, nasal mucosa and eye from
long-term exposure at levels above the MCL.
  Cancer: "There is some evidence that alachlor may
have the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime expo-
sure at levels above the MCL.

USAGE PATTERNS
  Alachlor is a herbicide used for preemergent control of
annual grasses, and broadleaf weeds in crops, primarily
on corn and sorghum (57%) and soybeans (43%). Appli-
cation to peanuts, cotton, vegetables and forage crops
contributes to less than 1% of its use.  Alachlor is the
second most widely used herbicide in the United States,
with particularly heavy use on corn and soybeans in
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, and
Wisconsin.
                 In soil, alachlorjs transformed to its metabolites prima-
               rily by biodegradation. The half-life of alachlor disappear-
               ance from soil is about 15 days,  although very little
               mineralization has been observed. The biodegradation
               of alachlor in soil-under spill conditions will be very slow
               due to toxicity. Photodegradation in soil is slow.
                 Log Koc values for alachlor have largely been in the
               range 2.08-2.28,  indicating that alachlor would have a
               high to medium mobility in soil, and that the leaching of
               alachlor from soil is high to medium; The adsorption of
               alachlor increases with an increase in organic content,
               clay content and surface area of soil. Alachlor was not
               detected in groundwater from a soil with high organic and
               clay content. This is probably due to longer residence
               time in this soil allowing  the degradation  of alachlor
               before it reached the water table. The presence of con-
               tinuous pores or channels in soil will increase the mobility
               of alachlor in soil.
                 The evaporation of alachlor from soil will increase as
               the moisture content and temperature of the  soil is
               increased. Increase in alachlor sorption in soil will de-
October 1995
                                          Technical Version
                                                                             Printed on Recycled Paper

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crease evaporation as evidenced by slower evaporation
with the increase in clay and organic matter content of
soil. It has been concluded that the loss of alachlor from
soil will be moderate and an estimated 3.5-6.5 kg/ha/yr or
more alachlorwill be lostfrom treated field. The estimated
half-life of alachlorevaporation from soil is in the range 12
to >200 days.
  In water, both photolysis and biodegradation are im-
portant for the loss  of alachlor,  although the role of
photolysis becomes important in  shallow clean water,
particularly in the presence of sensitizers.
  The mineralization of alachlor in groundwater aquifers
was slow and <1% mineralization was observed in 30
days. The disappearance of alachlor in groundwater free
of aquifer materials (e.g., sand) was very slow and the
half-life was in the range 808-1518 days. Between alachlor
concentrations of 1-5 ppb, the disappearance rate was
faster at higher temperatures, and in groundwater taken
from shallower depths. The lower biotransformation rates
in anaerobic groundwater compared to aerobic ground-
water may be due to less microbial activity orthe absence
of alachlor degraders in anaerobic samples. The mea-
sured and estimated Henry's Law constant (H) for ala-
chlor at ambient temperatures is in the range 3.2X10-8 to
1.2X10-10 atm-cu m/m'ole, so volatilization of alachlor
from water will not be important.
  The half-life of alachlor due to reaction with hydroxyl
radicals in the atmosphere has been estimated to be 2.1
hrs. Partial removal of alachlorwill also occur as a result
of dry and wet deposition.
  The bioconcentration of alachlor in aquatic organisms
is not important. Whole body bioconcentration  factor
(BCF)  for alachlor in fathead minnow  (Pimephales
promelas) was measured to be 6. Alachlor was rapidly
eliminated upon transfer offish in uncontaminated water
with 81% and 98% being eliminated after 24 hr and 14
days, respectively. The BCF value for alachlor vapor in
azalea plant leaves was experimentally determined in
greenhouse  experiments to be 2.8X10+5, with elimina-
tion of alachlor from the Jeaves starting at 15 days.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
           REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detectat>0.0002 mg'/L
                                  METHOD NUMBERS
                                  505; 507; 525.2; 508.1
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039


TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal
                                                        FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                        * EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                        • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

                                                        4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                        - Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                        • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                        • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                        • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October1995
Technical Version
                                             Page 2

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                             United States               Office of Water          EPA 811-F-9 5-003 c-T
                             Environmental Protection       4601                        October 199B
                             Agency                     ,
    &EFA              National Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Aldicarb and Aldicarb Metabolites
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES     OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):        BiocoNCENTRATiON FACTOR:
  ^                                Log Kow =1.13                   42 in fish; not expected to bioconcen-
  CAS NUMBER: 116-06-3              ^             •«„..«;,*         trate in aquatic organisms. '
                                 DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.2at25°C                                    .
  COLOR/FORM/ODOR:                  -,,,,/     « . ~     HENRY'S Uw COEFFICIENT:
    White crystals with slightly sulfurous   SOLUBILITY: 17 ug/L of water at 25?C       1.5x10-9atm-cum/mole;
    odor; Available in granular formulations e                         '
    containing 5 to 15% aldicarb         SO.L SORPT.ON COEFF.C.ENT: ^           TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
                                   ^ran^shfrom8:37:hl9htovefy      Temik;Carbamyl;Carbanolate;Sulfone
  M.P.:  99-100° C  B.P.: N/A             high mobihty in soil                 aldoxycarb; Union Carbide 21149

  VAPOR PRESSURE:  IxlO^mm Hg at25° C   ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS (IN MG/L)                 ing crops; cotton, sugar beet, fodder beet, strawberries,
                   MCLG  MCL   HAL(CHILD)        potatoes, onions, hops, vine nurseries, tree nurseries,
  AWi^rh   '       nnn-i  n nrv*  „«„«            groundnuts, soya beans, citrus fruit, bananas,, coffee,
  Ald,carb          0.001  0.003  none            sorghum, pecans, sweet potatoes & other crops. Cotton
  Aldicarb Sulfone   0.001  0.003  none            crops account for 83% of aldicarb use.
  Aldicarb Sulfoxide  0.001  0.004  none              As the result of the aldicarb contamination of drinking
NOTE: The MCLs for aldicarb and its metabolites are water wells, Union Carbide Corporation excluded the use
presently stayed.                                 of afdicarb products in Suffolk County, Long Island, New
                                               .York. The company also  limited the use of aldicarb
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY                           products,to once every two years and only after plant
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY                           emergency in the States of Maine and Wisconsin and the
  Acute: EPA has found aldicarb to potentially cause Counties of Hartford in Connecticut, Kent and New Castle
nausea, diarrhea and relatively minor neurological symp- in Delaware, Franklin and Hampshire in Massachusetts,
toms resulting from acute exposures at levels above the Worchesterin Maryland, Atlantic, Burlington, Cumberland,
MCL These effects appear to be rapidly and completely Monmouth and Salem in  New Jersey,  Newport ahd
reversible after exposure.  No Health Advisories have. Washington in Rhode Island,  and Accomack and
been established for short-term exposures.           Northampton in Virginia.               ,  .
  Chronic: Aldicarb has the potential to cause neuro-   Aldicarb may be applied at planting at the 1 Ib active
logical effects such as sweating, pupillary constriction ingredient/acre rate for aphid control in the State  of
and leg weakness from chronic exposure at levels above Maine.
the MCL. These effects are associated with the inhibition
of cholinesterase in blood and nerve tissue.           RELEASE PATTERNS
  C^^Therfeisinadequateevidencetostatewhet^   Release of aldicarb to the environment will occurdue
ornotertherald.carbor.tsmetabolrteshavethepotent.al to its manufacture and use as a.systemic insecticide,
to cause  cancer from  hfet.me exposures .in dnnkmg acarjcjde and nematocide for soil usye
water.

..    _ •                                        ENVIRONMENTAL FATE ,
USAGE PATTERNS
  ,...   ..     ,.  ..  ...     .,,     '   ,  , .    .   „   If aldicarb is released to the soil it should not bind to the
  AWICarb ,s applied to the «oil for control of chewing & soi|. |t wjl, be susceptible to cnemical and possibly bio.
sucking insects (aph.ds,  wh.tefl.es, leaf m.ners, so.l- ,  jca| oxjdation to form jts metabolites> a|djcarb syulfox.
dwellmg msects), spiderm.tes, and nematodesJt ,s used jde and aldjcarb su,fone H dro,  js js botn add and base
in glasshouse & outdoor ornamentals, and on the follow- cata|yzed with exarnpies Qyf hydyroiysis haif.|ives in soil at

October 1995                               Technical Version                      Printed on Recycled Pap'er

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15 deg C of 9.9 days at pH 6.34 and 7.0, 23 days at pH
7.2, and 3240 days at pH 5.4. Half-lives in soil have been
reported to be 7 days in loam soil under field conditions,
a  few days  in green house  soil; a  general  range of
persistence  in soil of 1-15  days has been  reported.
Aldicarb degraded faster in soil which had been previ-
ously treated with carbofuran.
   If aldicarb  is released to water it should not adsorb to
sediments or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. Aldi-
carb does not degrade  in groundwater  under aerobic
conditions unless relatively  high pH (pH 8.5) exists;
reported half-lives in groundwater under anaerobic con-
ditions at pH 7.7-8.3 were 62-1300 days. Aldicarb  has
been shown to be formed from aldicarb sulfoxide in
groundwater under aerobicconditions and under anaero-
bic conditions in groundwater to which glucose had been
added. Aldicarb may volatilize from soil with the rate of its
evaporation increasing with the rate of evaporation for
water.
  Aldicarb may leach to the groundwater in some soils
where the rates of hydrolysis and oxidation are relatively
slow, as in the slow hydrolysis of aldicarb reported at pH's
around 5.4. It will be subject to hydrolysis which is both
acid and base catalyzed with examples  of half-lives of
131 days at pH 3.95 and 6 days at pH 8.85 at 20 deg C,
and 3240 days at pH 5.5 and  15 deg  C.
   No information on biodegradation in natural waters
was found. It is susceptible to photolysis when irradiated
at 254 nm, but may not be photolyzed by light >290  nm.
Volatilization from water should not be an important  fate
process. Half-life is 5 days in lake and pond water.
   If aldicarb is released to the atmosphere  it will be
subject to reaction with  hydroxyl radicals with an esti-
mated vapor phase half-life of 3.49 days.  No information
on photolysis at environmentally significant wavelengths
was found.
  The propensity of aldicarb for bioaccumulation  and
biomagnification was tested in a model ecosystem with a
terrestrial-aquatic interface and a seven-element food
chain. Aldicarb was shown to have  a high degree of
persistence and a low potential for biodegradability.
  A BCF of  42 for an unspecified species  of fish  in a
microcosm study has been reported. A BCF of 4  has
been estimated from water solubility. Based on the re-
ported and estimated BCF, aldicarb should  not biocon-
centrate in aquatic organisms.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         NOTE: The MCLs for aldicarb and its metabolites
         are presently stayed. Systems must monitor for
         these contaminants by December 31, 1995.


         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples
           REPEAT FREQUENCY-none
         TRIGGERS - none                             '


         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE            METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-039            531.1
         Standard Methods            6610


         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal


         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         * EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

         4 Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                              United States
                              Environmental Protection
                              Agency    ,
                      Office of Water
                      4601
             EPA 811-F-9 5-003 d-T
                   October 1995
                              National  Primary Drinking
                              Water Regulations
                              Atrazine
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 1912-24-9

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:             .
    Available as suspension concentrate;
    wettable powder; water-dispersible
    granules.

  M.P.:  171-174° C     , B.P.: N/A

  VAPOR PRESSURE: 3x10"7 mm Hg at 20° C

  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.19 g/mL at 20° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
   LogKow = 2.75

SOLUBILITY:  0.03 g/L of water at 20° C

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
   Koc average is 122; medium to high
   mobility in soil

BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR.'
   Log BCF ranges from 0.3 to 2.0 in
   fish; low bioconcentration potential
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
  2.63x10-9 atm-cu m/mote (calculated);

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS: Aatrex; Actinite PK;
  Akticon; Argezin; Atazinax; Atranex;
  Atrataf;,Atred; Candex; ,Cekuzina-T;
  Chromozin; Crisatrina; Cyazin;
  Fenamin; Fenatrol; Gesaprim; Griffex;
  Hungazin; Inakor; Pitezin; Primatol;
  Radazin; Strazine; Vectal; Weedex A;
  Wonuk; Zeapos; Zeazine
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:     0.003 mg/L                •
  MCL:       0.003 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1-to 10-day: 0.1 mg/L
             Longer-term: 0.05 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found atrazine to potentially cause a
variety of acute  health effects from acute exposures at
levels above the MCL These effects include: congestion
of heart, lungs and kidneys; hypotension; antidiuresis;
muscle spasms; weight loss; adrenal degeneration.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, a one- to ten-day exposure to
0.1 mg/L or upto a 7-year exposure to 6.05 mg/L.
  Chronic: Atrazine has the potential to cause'weight
loss, cardiovascular damage, retinal and some ;muscle
degeneration, and mammary tumors from a lifetime ex-
posure at levels  above the MCL.
  Cancer: There js some evidence that atrazine may
have the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime expo-
sure at levels above the MCL.

USAGE PATTERNS
  Atrazine is  a  widely used herbicide for control of
broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sorghum, range-
land, sugarcane, macadamia orchards,  pineapple, turf
grass sod, asparagus, forestry, grasslands, grass crops,
                and roses.  It also was used until 1993 for control of
                vegetation in fallow arid in noncrop land
                 Atrazine was estimated to be the most heavily used
                herbicide in the United States in 1987/89, with its most
                extensive use for corn and soybeans in Illinois, Indiana,
                Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio,  Texas, and
                Wisconsin.
                - Effective in 1993, use for non-crop vegetation control
                was eliminated, and use was restricted by a requirement
                for a buffer zone between application sites and surface
                water.                -         .

                RELEASE PATTERNS
                 Atrazine may be released to the environment through
                effluents from manufacturing facilities and through its use
                as a herbicide. Atrazine was the second most frequently
                detected pesticide in EPA's National Survey of Pesti-
                cides in Drinking Water Wells.   EPA's Pesticides in
                Ground Water Database indicates  numerous detections
                of atrazine at concentrations above the MCL in ground
                water in several States, including  Delaware,  Illinois,
                Indiana, Iowa,  Kansas, Michigan,  Minnesota, Missouri,
                Nebraska and New York.

                ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
                 Microbial activity possibly accounts for significant deg-
                radation of atrazine in soil. The effect of atrazine on these
                organisms seems to be negligible.  Photodegradation
                and volatilization are of little significance under most field
                conditions.                         '
October 1995
                                          Technical Version
                                                                             Printed on Recycled Paper

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  Atrazine does not hydrolyze in soils when uncatalyzed
even at elevated temperatures. However, the rate of
hydrolysis was found to drastically increase upon small
additions of sterilized soil, humic acid, and fulvic acid,
indicating atrazine hydrolysis could  be catalyzed. Atr-
azine was completely hydrolyzed within 3-4 days at
extreme pHs. Alkaline hydrolysis proceeds twice as rapid
as acidic hydrolysis.
  The average Koc value for 4 soils was determined to
be 122. Based on the Koc values for soils, atrazine is
expected to maintain a high to medium mobility class in
soils. However atrazine  may also strongly absorb to
colloidal materials in the water column. Atrazine is more
readily adsorbed on muck or clay soils than on soils of low
clay & organic content. The downward movement or
leaching is limited by its adsorption to certain soil con-
stituents. Adsorption is not irreversible, and desprption
often occurs readily, depending on such factors as tem-
perature, moisture, and pH.
  Photolysis of atrazine did not occur in water'at wave-
lengths > 300 nm. At wavelengths greater than or equal
to 290 nm, the photolysis half-life of atrazine at a concen-
tration of 10 mg/l in aqueous solution at 15 deg C was 25
hr as compared  to  a half-life of 4.9 hr for identical
conditions with an acetone sensitizer added at a concen-
tration of 1 ml/100 ml.
  Based upon a water solubility of 30 mg/l at 20 deg C
and a vapor pressure of 2.78X10-7 mm Hg at 20 deg C, the
Henry's Law Constant for atrazine can be calculated to
be 2.63X10-5* atm-cu  m/mole, which indicates volatiliza-
tion of atrazine from water will not be environmentally
important.
  Reactions with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals in the atmosphere may be important, with reports
of an atmospheric half-life of about 2.6 hr at an  atmo-
spheric concentration of 5X10+s hydroxyl radicals per cu
cm.
  Experimental log BCF values of 2.0 to 0.3 have been
reported for atrazine in six fish species. Atrazine levels in
the tissues of Brook trout were below the detectable limit
after 44 weeks of exposure at a mean concentration of
0.74 mg/l. Based on these measures of BCF and uptake,
atrazine is not expected to bioconcentrate. The biocon-
centration factor  predicted from water solubility = 86
(calculated); predicted from soil adsorption coefficient =
7 (calculated).
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
           REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                         2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                         1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at> 0.001 mg/L
                                  METHOD NUMBERS
                                  505; 507; 508.1; 525.2
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039


TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal
         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         - EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

         4 Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496^6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
                                             Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                                                       Office of Water
                                                       4601
            EPA811-F-95-003e-T
                  October 1995
                             National  Primary  Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Benzo(a)pyrene
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 50-32-8

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    Pale yellow needlelike crystals, FAINTLY
    AROMATIC

  M.P.: 179-179.3° C     B.P.: >360°C

  VAPOR PRESSURE: >1 mm Hg at 20° C

  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.35at15°C
                                 OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
                                    Log Kow = 6.04

                                 SOLUBILITY:  0.0038 mg/L of water at 25°
                                    C; very low solubility in water

                                 SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
                                    Log Koc =6.6 to 6.8; very low mobility
                                    in soil
                                        '              -    \
                                 ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A
BiocoNCENTRATioN FACTOR:
   BCFs range from <1 to 2675 in fish;
   expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic
   organisms which are unable to metabo-
   lize it.                   .   '

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
   N/A; volatilization nonsignificant

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
   3,4-Benz(a)pyrene; BaP; BP
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      zero rhg/L
  MCL:       0.0002 mg/L
  HAL(child):  none

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found polycyclic aromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs)  similar to benzo(a)pyrene to potentially
cause the following health effects from acute exposures
at levels above the MCL: red blood cell damage, leading
to anemia; suppressed  immune system.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures have not been established at this
time.
  Chronic: Benzo(a)pyrerie has the potential to cause
the following health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: developmental and reproductive
effects.
  Cancer: There is some evidence that benzo(a)pyrene
has the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime expo-
sure at levels above the MCL.

USAGE PATTERNS
  Benzo(a)pyrene is one of a group of compounds called
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), orpolynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons  (PNAs). They are not produced
or used commercially but are ubiquitous in that they are
formed as a resutt of incomplete combustion of organic
materials.
                                                RELEASE PATTERNS
                                                  PAHs are found in exhaust from motor vehicles and
                                                other gasoline and diesel engines, emission from coal-,
                                                oil-, and wood-burning stoves and furnaces, cigarette
                                                smoke; general soot and smoke of industrial, municipal,
                                                and domestic origin, and cooked foods, especially .char-
                                                coal-broiled; in incinerators, coke ovens, and asphalt
                                                processing and use.                         ;
                                                  There are two major sources of PAHs in drinking water:
                                                d) contamination of raw water supplies from natural and
                                                manrmade sources, and 2) leachate from coal tar and
                                                asphalt,linings in Water storage tanks and distribution
                                                lines.  PAHs in raw water will tend to adsorb  to any
                                                particulate matter and be removed by filtration before
                                                reaching the tap.
                                                  PAHs ;in tap water will mainly be due to the presence
                                                of PAH-containing materials in water storage and distri-
                                                bution systems. Though few.data are available for esti-
                                                mating the potential for PAH release to water from these
                                                materials, there are reports that levels can reach 0.01 mg/
                                                L with optimum leaching conditions.       ,

                                                ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
                                                  Released benzo(a)pyrene is largely associated with
                                                particulate matter, soils, and sediments. Although envi-
                                                ronmental concentrations are highest near sources, its,
                                                presence in places djstant from primary sources indi-
                                                cates that it is reasonably stable in the atmosphere and
                                                capable of long distance transport. When released to air
                                                it may be subjectto direct photolysis, although adsorption
                                                to particulates apparently can retard this process. It may
October 1995
                                         Technical Version
                                                                            Printed on Recycled Paper

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also be removed by reaction with ozone (half-life 37 min)
and NO2 (half-life 7 days), and, an estimated half-life for
reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radi-
cals is 21.49 hr.
  If released to water, it will be expected to adsorb very
strongly to sediments and particulate matter. It will not
hydrolyze. It has been shown to be susceptible to signifi-
cant metabolism by microorganisms in some natural
waters without use as carbon or energy source, but in
most waters and in sediments it is stable towards biodeg-
radation. BaP will be expected to undergo significant
photodegradation near the surface of waters. Evapora-
tion may be significant with a predicted half-life of 43
days. However, adsorption to sediments and particulates
may significantly retard biodegradation, photodegrada-
tion, and evaporation.
  If released to soil it will be expected to adsorb very
strongly and will not be expected to leach to the ground-
water. However, its presence in some  groundwater
samples indicates that it can be transported  there by
some mechanism. It will not hydrolyze, and evaporation
from soils and surfaces is not expected to be significant.
Biodegradation  tests in soils have resulted in a wide
range of reported half-lives: 2 days to 1.9  yr. Based "on
these  values and  the apparent  lack of  a  significant
competing fate process, biodegradation may be an im-
portant process in soils.
  Benzo(a)pyrene is expected to bioconcentrate  in
aquatic organisms that can not metabolize it. Reported
BCFs include: Oysters, 3000; Rainbow trout, 920; Blue-
gills, 2,657; zooplankton, 1000 to 13,000. The presence
of humic acid in solution  has been shown to decrease^
bioconcentration. Those organisms which  lack a meta-'
bolic detoxification enzyme system, tend to accumulate
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For example, BCFs
have been found to be very low  (<1) for  mudsuckers,
sculpins and sand dabs.
  Human exposure will be from inhalation of  contami-
nated  air and consumption  of contaminated food and
water. Especially high exposure will occur through the
smoking of cigarettes and the ingestion of  certain foods
(eg smoked and charcoal broiled meats and fish).
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
           REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.00002 mg/L


         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE       ..    METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-039            525.1; 550; 550.1

                                              >
         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal


         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         * EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791


         A Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                      Office of Water
                      4601
            EPA811-F-95-003f-T
            ":'.    October 1995
                             National  Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Carbofuran
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 1563-66-2

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: White crystalline solid
 OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
   Log Kow = 2.32

 DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.18 at 20° C
    with a slightly phenolic odor. Available  SOLUBILITY: 0.7 g/L of water at 25° C;
    as a flowable paste or wettable
    powder.

  M.P.: 153-154° C B.P.: N/A

  VAPOR PRESSURE:
    3.4x10-6 mm Hg at 26.1° C
   Slightly soluble in water

. SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
   mean Koc of 29,4;
   significant mobility in soil

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
   117 in one species offish; not expected
   to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:         .
   1.02x10-10 atm-cu m/mole;

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
   Niagara 10242, Furadan 4F or3G,
   Brifur, Crisfuran, Chinufur, Curaterr,
   Yaltox, Pillarfuran, Kenofuran,
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      0.04 mg/L
  MCL:       0.04 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1 day; 0.05 mg/L
             Longer-term: 0.05 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
                USAGE PATTERNS
                  A1984 report estimated that application on alfalfa and
                rice accounted for about 90% of carbofuran use, with turf
                and grapes making up most of the remainder. Earlier
                uses were primarily on corn crops. This broad spectrum
                insecticide is sprayed directly onto soil and plants just
                after emergence to control beetles, nematodes and root-
                worm.
  Acute: EPA has found carbofuran to potentially cause   After September 1994, carbofuran will be allowed for
a variety of nervous system effects from acute expo-  use on only five U.S. crops: bananas (in Hawaii); pump-
sures, including: headache, sweating, nausea, diarrhea,  kins, cucumbers, watermelons, cantaloupes and squash;
chest pains, blurred vision, anxiety and general muscular  dry harvested cranberries,; pine progeny tests; and spin-
weakness. These effects.are largely due to carbofuran's  ach grown for seed. Carbofuran will soon be banned from
rapid inhibition of cholinesterase activity', and is generally  use on corn and sorghum in California.,;
reversible once exposure ceases.                               , .
                                   i                         .           ' •           •
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for  RELEASE PATTERNS
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-   Carbofuran enters surface water as a result of runoff
ing 1 liter of Water per day, upto a 7-year exposure to 0.05  from treated fields and enters ground water by |eaching
m9/L.                                            of treated crops.   /
  Chronic: Available data on chronic toxic effects from   EPA-S  1990 Natjpna| pesticide Survey djd not detect
oral exposures to carbofuran have shown that low doses  carbofuran |eveis above the MCL in rural domestic wells
of carbofuran appear to have little or no adverse health  or community Water System wells. EPA's Pesticides in
effects H,gher doses have the potential to cause dam-  Ground Water Database reports  few detections of
age to the  nervous and reproductive systems.          carbofuran in ground water between 1971 and 1991.
  Cancer; There is na evidence that carbofuran has the
potential to cause cancer from lifetime exposures in  ENVIRONMENTAL  FATE
drinking water.                                    ,
                                                  If released to soil, chemical hydrolysis and microbial
                                                 degradation appear to be the  important degradation'
                  ."'.-:                       processes.  Chemical  hydrolysis is  expected to occur
                                                 more rapidly in alkaline soil as compared to neutral or
October 1995
         Technical Version
                                                                            Printed on Recycled Paper

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acidic soils. Soil biodegradation may be important, with
the  rate  of degradation  of carbofuran in soil  greatly
increased by pretreatment with carbofuran.
   Experimentally measured Koc values ranging from 14
to 160 indicate that carbofuran may leach significantly in
many soils, as has been seen in the detection of carbofuran
in watertable aquifers beneath sandy soils in NY and Wl.
Leaching may not occur, however, in very high organic
content soils (65% carbon).
  Volatilization from soil is not expected to be significant,
although  some evaporation from plants may occur. A
review of literature reported the following half-lives for
carbofuran disappearance in soil: 2-72 days in laboratory
studies, 2-86 days for flooded soils and 26-110 days for
field soil.
   If released to  water,  carbofuran will be subject to
significant hydrolysis under alkaline conditions. The hy-
drolysis half-lives in water at 25 deg C are 690, 8.2 and
1.0 weeks at pH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0, respectively.
   Direct  photolysis and  photooxidation (via  hydroxyl
radicals)  may contribute to carbofuran's removal from
natural water and may become increasingly important as
the acidity of the water increases and the hydrolytic half-
life increases.
  Since carbofuran appears to be susceptible to degra-
dation by soil microbes, aquatic microbes may also be
able to degrade carbofuran. The half-lives for degrada-
tion of carbofuran in different waters ranges from several
hours to a few weeks.
  Aquatic volatilization, adsorption, and bioconcentra-
tion are not expected to be imp.ortant.
  If released to air, carbofuran will react in the vapor-
phase with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals
at an estimated half-life of 7.8 hr. Direct photolysis may be
important removal process for carbofuran in the atmo-
sphere.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
           REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                         2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                         1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detectat> 0.0009 mg/L


         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE            METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-039            531.1
         Standard Methods ,         ,  6610


         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal


         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         A EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline -  800/426-4791


         4 Other sources of toxicologies! and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

-------
                              United States
                              Environmental Protection
                              Agency
                     Office of Water
                     4601
             EPA811-F-95-003g-T
                   October "\ 995
                              National  Primary Drinking
                              Water Regulations
                              Chlordane
   CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

   CAS NUMBER: 57-74-9

   COLOR/FORM/ODOR:
     Viscous liquid, colorless to amber, with
     a slight chlorine-like aromatic odor

   M.P.: 103-108° C       B.P.: 175° C

   VAPOR PRESSURE: 1x10-5 mm Hg at 25° C

   OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
     Log Kow = 2.78
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.59-1.63 at 25° C

SOLUBILITY: 0.0001 g/L of water at 25° C;
   Insoluble in water

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
   log Koc estimated at 4.19 to 4.39;
   very low mobility in soil

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A
 i              "'     .
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
   1.3x10-3 atm-cu m/mole (gamma-
   chlordane)
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:  , ,
  log BCF=3.6 to 4.6 in fish; significant
  bioconcentration in aquatic organisms.

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  Velsicol 1068, Aspon-chlordane, Belt,
  Chlorindan, Chlor-KH, Cortilan-Neu,
  Dowchlor, Oktachlor, Oktaterr, Synklor,
  Tat Chlor4, Topiclor, Toxichlor, Intox 8,
  Gold Crest C-100, Kilex, Kypchlor,
  Niran, Termi-Ded, Prentox, Pentiklor.
 DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
   MCLG:      Zero mg/L                  .
   MCL:       0.0(32 mg/L
   HAL(child):  1 day: 0.06 mg/L
              10-day: 0.06 mg/L

 HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
   Acute: EPA has found chlordane to potentially cause
 central nervous system effects - including irritability,
 excess salivation, labored breathing, tremors, convul-
 sions, deep depression - and blood system effects such
 as anemia  and certain types of leukemia.
   Drinking  water levels which are considered "safe" for
 short-term exposures: Fora10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
 ing 1 liter of water per day, a one- to ten-day exposure to
 0.06 mg/L.
   Chronic: Chlordane has the potential to damage liver,
 kidneys heart lungs spleen and adrenal glands from long-
 term exposure at levels above the MCL.
   Cancer: There is some, evidence that chlordane may
.have the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime expo-
 sure at levels above the MCL

 USAGE PATTERNS
   The amount of chlordane used annually in the US prior
 to 1983 was estimated in 1985  to be greater that 3.6
 million pounds. It was used on corn, citrus, deciduous
 fruits and nuts, vegetables; for home, garden and orna-
 mentals; lawns, turf,  ditchbanks  and roadsides. It was
               applied directly to soil or foliage to control a variety of
               insect pests including parasitic roundworms and other
               nematodes, termites, cutworms, chiggers, leafhoppers.
               After July 1,1983 the only approved use for chlordane in
               the USA was for underground termite control. As of April
               14,1988, however, all commercial use of chlordane in the
               US has been cancelled. The only commercial use of
               chlordane products still permitted is for fire ant control in
               power transformers.

               RELEASE PATTERNS
               •••'. Chlordane has been released into the environment
               primarily from its application as an insecticide.

               ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
                 If released to  soil, chlordane may persist for long
               periods of time; under field conditions, the" mean degra-
               dation  rate has been observed to range from 4.05-
               28.33%/yr with a mean half-life of 3.3 years. Chlordane is
               expected to be generally immobile or only slightly mobile
               in soil, however, its detection in various groundwaters in
               N J and elsewhere indicates that movementto groundwa-
               ter can occur. Chlordane can volatilize significantly from
               soil surfaces on which it has been sprayed, particularly
               moist soil surfaces; however, shallow incorporation into
               soil will greatly restrict volatile losses. Although sufficient
               biodegradation data  are not available, it has been sug-
               gested that chlordane is very slowly biotransformed in the
               environment which is consistent with the long  persis-
               tence periods observed under field conditions.
 October 1995
        Technical Version
             Printed on Recycled Paper

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   If released to water, chlordane  is not expected to
undergo significant hydrolysis, oxidation or drect pho-
tolysis. The volatilization half-life from a representative
environmental pond, river and lake are estimated to be
18-26, 3.6-5.2 and 14.4-20.6 days, respectively. How-
ever, adsorption to sediment significantly attenuates the
importance of volatilization. Biodegradation does not
seem to be an important process. Sensitized photolysis
in the water column may  be possible. Adsorption to
sediment is expected to be a major fate process based on
soil  adsorption  data, estimated Koc values  (15,500-
24,600), and extensive sediment monitoring data. The
presence of chlordane in sediment core samples sug-
gests that chlordane may be very persistent in the ad-
sorbed state in the aquatic environment.
   Bioconcentration in fish is expected to be important
based on experimental BCF values which are generally
above 3,200, although there is  some evidence that
accumulation  is reversible over time in the absence of
further exposures. In contrast to other organochlorine
pesticides, chlordane and its degradation products do
not appear.to  be extensively concentrated in the higher
members of the terrestrial food chain, ie, homeotherms.
   If released to the atmosphere chlordane will be ex-
pected to exist predominately in the vapor phase. Chlor-
dane will react in the vapor-phase with photochemically
produced hydroxyl radicals at an estimated half-life rate
of 6.2 hr suggesting that this reaction is the dominant
chemical removal process. The detection of chlordane in
remote atmospheres (Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; The
Arctic) indicates that long range transport occurs.
   It has been  estimated that 96% of the airborne reser-
voir  of chlordane exists in the sorbed state which may
explain why its long range transport is possible without
chemical transformation. The detection of chlordane in
rainwater and its observed dry deposition at various rural
locations indicates that physical removal via wet and dry
deposition occurs in the environment.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY-, 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
           REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                         2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                         1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0002 mg/L
                                                                                METHOD NUMBERS
                                                                                505; 508; 508.1; 525.2
         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE
         EPA 600/4-88-039


         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal
                                                       FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                       * EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                       • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791


                                                       A Other sources of toxicclogical and environmental fate data include:
                                                       • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                       • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                       • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                       • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                      Office of Water
                      4601
             EPA811-F-95-003h-T
                   October 1995
                             National  Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             2,4-D
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 94-75-7

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    Colorless, odorless powder; available
    as soluble liquids, powder, dust,
    aerosol spray (foam)

  M.P.:  138°C   B.P.: 160° C

  VAPOR PRESSURE: 53 Pa at 160° C

  OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
    Log Kow = 2.81
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.:  1.42at15°C

SOLUBILITY: 0.5 g/L of water at 20° C;
  Slightly soluble in water

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
  Koc values are 19.6 to 109.1; low to
  moderate mobility in soil

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A

BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:      ,  •
  BCFs of 0.003 to 7 for various fish
  and aquatic plants; not expected to
  bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.
 HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
   1.02x 1.0-8 atm-cu m/mole;

. TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:   "Agent White",
   Bladex-B, Brush Killer 64, Dicofur,
   Dormon, Ipaner, Moxon, Netagrone,
   Pielik, Verton 38, Mota Maskros,
   Silvaprop 1, Agricorn D, Acme LV4,
   Croprider, Fernesta, Lawn-Keep,
   Penhamine D, Plantgard, Tributon,
   Weed-B-Gori, Weedatul, Agroxone,
   Weedar, Salvo, Green Cross Weed-No-
   More 80, Red Devil Dry Weed Killer,
   Scott's 4XD Weed Control, Weed-Rhap
   LV40, Weedone 100, 2,4-
   Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
         /           ,
  MCLG:      0.07 mg/L
  MCL:       0.07 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1 day: 1 mg/L
             10-day: 0.3 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
 . Acute: EPA has found 2,4-D to potentially cause
               as wheat and corn, and on pasture and rangelands.
                 Other uses of 2,4-D include brush control in forests, to
               increase the latex output of old rubber trees, and as a
               jungle defoliant. It may also be used as a plant growth
               regulator to control fruit  drop, such as on tomatoes to
               cause all fruits to ripen  at the same time for machine
               harvesting.
                 Production of 2,4-D was steady: from 48.2 million Ibs.
;nervous system damage trom snort-term exposures at
levels above the MCL:
Drinking water levels of 2,4-D which are considered
"safe" for short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child
consuming 1 liter of water per day, a one-day exposure
of 1 mg/L, or a ten-day exposure to 0.3 mg/L
Chronic: 2,4-D has the potential to cause damage to
the nervous system, kidneys and liver from long-term
exposure at levels above the MCL.
Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not 2,4-D has the potential to cause cancer from
lifetime exposures in drinking water. «

USAGE PATTERNS

2,4-D is registered in the US as a herbicide for the
control of broad-leaf weeds in agriculture, and for control
of woody plants along roadsides, railways, and utilities
rights of way. It has been most widely used on such Crops

Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND: 1987

Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 3,444
Top Five States
HI . 0
rri f
FL 5
MO 1,817
Ml 822
TX 800 ,
Major Industries
Cane sugar 0
Agri. chems. 2,616
Plastics, resins - 696
Misc. manufact. 0
Gen. Chemical 126


TO 1 993

Land
113,358 "'

73,679
38,456
0
8
0

99,886
815
0
400
8
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs. . .'•
uctooer 1995
                                          Technical Version
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in 1978 to 45.1 million Ibs in 1982. 1991 data indicates
only that production exceeded 5000 Ibs. In 1991, it was
estimated that industries consumed 2,4-D as follows:
agriculture, 83 percent; for industrial/commercial uses,
11 percent; for lawns and turf, 3 percent; for aquatic uses,
3 percent.

RELEASE PATTERNS
  Major environmental releases  of 2,4-D  are due to
agricultural applications of systemic herbicides. It is also
released as a result of the production or disposal of 2,4-
D or its by-products.
  From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, 2,4-D releases to land and water
totalled over 116,000 Ibs., most of which was released to
land. These  releases were primarily from cane sugar-
related industries (except  refineries).  The largest  re-
leases (10%  or more of the total) occurred in Hawaii.
      especially at basic pH's. Its release to the air will also be
      subject to photooxidation (estimated half-life of 1  day).
         There is no evidence that bioconcentration of 2,4-D
      occurs through the food chain. This has been demon-
      strated by large-scale monitoring for 2,4-D residues in
      soils, foods, feedstuffs, wildlife, human beings, and from
      examinations of the .many routes of metabolism  and
      degradation that exist in ecosystems.
         Human exposure will be primarily to those workers
      involved in the making and using 2,4-D compounds as
      herbicides as well as  those who work in and live near
      fields sprayed and treated with 2,4-D compounds. Expo-
      sure may also occur through ingestion of contaminated
      food products and drinking water.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  There are a variety of microorganisms in soil, freshwa-
ter and marine ecosystems which are capable of degrad-
ing 2,4-D. If released on land, 2,4-D will probably readily
biodegrade (typical half-lives <1 day to several weeks).
  Reported experimental  (free acid)  KOC values are
19.6  to 109.1. Adsorption appears  to increase with
increasing organic content and decreasing pH of soil.
Leaching to groundwater will likely be a significant pro-
cess  in coarse-grained  sandy soils with low organic
content or with very basic soils. In general little runoff
occurs with 2,4-D or its amine salts and runoff behavior
is the inverse of adsorption behavior. Thus, 2,4-D can be
desorbed from mineral soils, but not from those contain-
ing much organic matter.
  Percolating water appears to be the principal means of
movement and diffusion is important only for transport
over very small distance.  Upward movement of 2,4-D
occurs when the soil surface dries or if rapid evaporation
occurs. Thus,  2,4-D can  be concentrated at the soil
surface, where it can be photolyzed, transported by wind
either on dust or in vapor form, or leached downwards
again.
   If released to  water,  it  will  be lost primarily due to
biodegradation (typical half-lives 10 to >50 days). It will
be more persistent in oligotrophic waters and where high
concentrations are released. Degradation will be rapid in
sediments (half-life <1 day). Half-lives of 2-4 days were
reported for ultraviolet photolysis in water.
  Volatilization of 2,4-D free acid from water and soil is
expected to be negligible based on its extremely low
reported Henry's Law constant (1.02X10-8 atm-cu m/
mole or less). It will not appreciably adsorb to sediments,
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
        MONITORING:
        FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
          INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
          REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
        TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > '0.0005 mg/L


        ANALYSIS:
        REFERENCE SOURCE'      '     METHOD NUMBERS
        EPA 600/4-88-039  -:          515.1; 515.2; 555


        TREATMENT:
        BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
        Granular Activated Charcoal


        FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
        4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
        • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791            .


        * Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
        • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
        • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
        • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
        - National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                                                     Office of Water
                                                     4601
            EPA811-F-95-003J-T
                   October 1993
                             National Primary  Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Dalapon                                       ...'
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES     DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: i.4ati5°c
 CAS NUMBER: 75-99-0
                                SOLUBIUTY: 800 g/L of water at 25° C;
        ,                      .    Very soluble in water
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
  Colorless liquid with an acrid odor; sold  SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
  as sodium or magnesium salt           Koc N/A; very high mobility in soil

                                ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:   N/A
 M.P.: 20° C    B.P.: 190°C

 VAPOR PRESSURE: N/A

 OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
    Log Kow = 0.778 -
                                BlOCONCENTRATlON FACTOR:
                                  BCF =1 to 3; not expected to biocon^
                                  centrate in aquatic organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
  6.3x10-8 atm-cu m/mole

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:  2,2-dichloro-
  proprionic acid; 2,2-DPA; Revenge;
  Alatex; Basfapon; Basinex; Crisapon;
  Dawpon-RAE; Ded^Weed; Dowpon;
  Gramevin; Kenapon; Liropon; Propon;
  Radapon; Unipon; S-1315; S-95
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:     0.2 mg/L
  MCL:       0.2 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1-to 10-day: 3 mg/L
             longer-term: 0.3 mg/L
                                               of the sodium and magnesium salts.
                                                 Domestic production of dalapon in 1982 ranged be-
                                               tween 7 and 9 million Ibs. active ingredient. In 1984, its
                                               use in California was reported as follows: Non-food use,
                                               92.9% (89.9% use on rights .of way); main food crop
                                               treated was sugarbeet (6.7% of total).
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY                          RELEASE PATTERNS
  >5cute:EPAhasfounddalaPontopotentiallycausethe  Dalapon is released directly to the environment in its
following health effects from acute exposures at levels use as a herbicide for thecontrol of annual and perennial
above the MCL: no effects, but readily absorbed into and grasses
widely distributed throughout the body.
                                                  Since dalapon is not a listed chemical in the Toxics
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for Re,ease |nventory, data on releases during its manufac-
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22[to.) child consum-ture and nand|j  are not available.
ing 1 liter of water per day, up to a ten-day exposure to 3                                       .
mg/L or up to a 7-year exposure to 0.3 mg/L.             -                  -
                                                ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  Chronic:   Dalapon has the potential to cause the
following health effects from long-term exposures at  If released.*) soil, microbial degradation and leaching
levels above the MCL: increased kidney-to-body weight appear to be the important environmental fate processes,
                                                Dalapon leaches readily in soil; however, under condi-
  CancerL There is inadequate evidence to state whether tions favorable for microbialgrowth, microbial degrada-
or not dalapon has the potential to cause cancer from tion win probably proc4ed at a faster rate than leaching.
lifetime exposure in drinking water.                  In the absence of microbial action, dalapon degradation
                                                in soil is slow. The resultant average persistence of
USAGE PATTERNS     .*           ;                 dalapon at recommended rates of application has been
  Dalapon is a herbicide used to control grasses in aTePorted to be two to four weeks in most agricultural soils
wide variety of crops, including fruit trees, beans, coffee, durin9tne 9r°wir>g season, although a persistence of six
corn, cotton  and peas. It is also registered for use in amon1:hsnasbeenobservedinsoilsofvarious forests and
number of non-crop applications such as lawns, drainagetree nursenes-
ditches, along railroad tracks, and in industrial areas.  If released to water, microbial degradation, hydrolysis^
Dalapon is marketed as the sodium salt or as a mixture and photolysis are potentially important in the removal of
October 1995
                                        Technical Version
             Printed on Recycled Paper

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dalapon. The hydrolysis half-life of dalapon and its salts
in water is on the order of several months at temperatures
less than 25 deg C, with the hydrolysis forming pyruvic
acid. Under conditions favorable for microbial growth,
dalapon decomposition via microorganisms will probably
be  complete within one month which will diminish the
importance of chemical hydrolysis. Direct photolysis in
water may be possible, although photolytic rates  have
not been investigated under environmental conditions.
Aquatic volatilization and adsorption to sediments are not
expected to be significant.
  If released to the atmosphere, dalapon will react in the
vapor-phase with  photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals at an estimated half-life rate of 72.3 days. Atmo-
spheric removal via  washout may be possible  since
dalapon is extremely water soluble.
  Bioconcentration is not expected to be significant. The
BCF measured for dalapon (sodium salt) during a 3-day
exposure in an aquarium was 3 for fish and less than one
forsnails. BCF's of less than one have been measured for
poultry, rodents, dogs, and cows.
  Occupational exposure to dalapon may occur through
dermal and inhalatiqn routes associated with the formu-
lation and  application of dalapon herbicide.
                                                         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
                                                         MONITORING:
                                                         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:    •
                                                           INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
                                                        *   REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                                                                         2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons; •
                                                                         1 ,sample per 3 years for smaller systems
                                                         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.001 mg/L


                                                         ANALYSIS:
                                                         REFERENCE SOURCE            METHOD NUMBERS
                                                         EPA 600/4-88-039            515.1; 552.1


                                                         TREATMENT:
                                                         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
                                                         Granular Activated Charcoal
                                                                    /             '                      *
                                                         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                         * EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline -  800/426-4791

                                                         4 Other sources pf toxicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                         • Toxics Release Inventory, National  Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                            United States               Office of Water          EPA 811-F-95-003 j-T
                            Environmental Protection       4601                       October 199B
                            Agency                        •  ,

                            National  Primary  Drinking
                            Water  Regulations

                            Dibromochioropropane
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES     OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):        BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR: 11 (est.);
   :              ~~~               Log Kow = 2.43 (calculated)          low bioconcentration potential
  CAS NUMBER: 96-12-8                         ,                            ,              -
                                SOLUBILITY: 1.23g/Lofwaterat25° C;    HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:                   Slightly soluble in water              I^TxIO^atm-cu m/mole;
    Dense yellOw liquid with pungent odor;     :
    MAY ALSO BE GRANULAR              SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:             TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS I   DBCP;
                                  Log Koc = 2.01; high mobility          BBC 12; Fumagon; Fumazone; "
  M.P.: 5° C     B.P.:  196° C                                         Nemabrom; Nemafum; Nemagon;
                                ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:        Taste
  VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.8 mm Hg at 21° C       threshold in water is 0.01 mg/L
  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 2.08 at 20° C                                       Durham Nerriatocide EM 17,1
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS              ,             Though it is also used as ;a chemical intermediate in the
  MCLG'     zero mg/L                          production of a flame-retardant  essentially all of its
                                               present use is as a soil fumigant.              •
            0.0002 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1 day: 0.2 mg/L                      RELEASE PATTERNS     :                        •
             10-day: 0.05 mg/L                     In the past, release of DBCP to  the environment
                                               occurred primarily from its fumigant and nematocide
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY                          uses. In 1977, 831, 000 pounds of DBCP was used in CA
  Acute: EPA has found DBCP to potentially cause alone, mainly on grapes and tomatoes. In 1974, USA
kidney and liver damage and atrophy of the testes.     farmers applied 9.8 million pounds of DBCP on crops.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for   All registrations of end use products were cancelled in
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum- 1979 except  for the use as a, soil fumigant against
ing 1 liter of water per day, a one-day exposure of 0.2 mg/nematodes on pineapples in Hawaii. This use was can-
L or a ten-day exposure to 0.05 mg/L.               celled in 1985. The use of DBCP as a laboratory reactant
  Chronic:  DBCP has the potential to cause kidney is hot expected to result in significant  release to the
damage and antifertility effects from long-term exposure environment-                    ,
at levels above the MCL.
  CancejrvThereissomeevidencethatDBCPmayhave ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime exposure at   DBCP released to soij will likely volatilize or leach to
levels above the MCL.                             groundwater.  In a model soil assumed to contain 1,2-
                                            ,   dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)  evenly  distributed
USAGE PATTERNS                                  within the first 10cm, the volatilization half-life of DBCP
  p^^_             ,        .'•„'•           was estimated to be 1 .2  days. The observed log soil
  DBCP was once used as an unclassrfied nematocide     tjon C0efficient (Koc) of DBCP is 2. 11 in an unspeci-
for soil fumigation of cucumbers, summer squash, cab- fied soj| |n a soj| containing 1 Q% moisture, the log Koc of
bage, cauliflower, carrots, snap beans, okra, aster, shasta DBCp js ^ 6 Mode||ing predicted that DBCP will adsorb
daisy,  ornamental  turf (lawns), bermudagrass, so weaK,  that jt wj,, co.migrate with water through low
centipedegrass, St Augustine grass, zoysia grass, ardisia, organjc content soil
azalea, camellia,  forsythia, gardenia, hibiscus, roses,
and arborvitae.                                    In alkaline  soils, hydrolysis may be significant and
                                      '    ,     biodegradation is possible but is expected to be slow
October 1995                    _      Technical Version       :  _     Printed on Recycled Paper

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relative to volatilization and leaching to groundwater. Soil
microorganisms  (primarily  Pseudomonas  and
Flavobacteria) dehalogenated DBCP at a rate of 20% in
1 week at pH 8.
   In water, DBCP is expected to volatilize rapidly and
hydrolyze slowly. Using measured values of the water
solubility and vapor pressure of 1230 mg/l and 0.58 mm
Hg, respectively, a Henry's Law constant of 1.47X10"4
atm-cu m/mol was estimated. The volatilization half-life
values were 9.5 hr, 13.5 hr, and 224.2 days, respectively,
for streams, rivers,  and lakes.
   Hydrolysis half-lives of 38 and 141 years have been
reported at 25 and  15 deg C, respectively, at pH 7.  In
groundwater, DBCP is expected to persist due to its low
estimated rate of hydrolysis (half-life= 141  years at 15
deg C). Biodegradation may occur, but is expected to be
slow  relative to the rate of volatilization.  Sorption  to
sediments and bioconcentration are not expected to be
significant fate processes.
   In the atmosphere, vapor phase DBCP is expected to
react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals
with an estimated half-life of 12.19 days.
  A bioconcentration   factor for  1,2-dibromo-3-
chloropropane of 11 was estimated from a measured
water solubility of 1,230 ppm.
October 1995
                                                         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
                                                        MONITORING:
                                                        FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
                                                          INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
                                                          REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                                                                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                                                                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
                                                        TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.00002 mg/L


                                                        ANALYSIS:                                      ,
                                                        REFERENCE SOURCE             METHOD NUMBERS
                                                        EPA 600/4-88-039             504.1; 551


                                                        TREATMENT:
                                                        BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
                                                        Granular Activated Charcoal


                                                        FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                        * EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                        • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

                                                        * Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                        • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                        • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                        • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                        • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378

-------
                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                      Office of Water
                      4601
             EPA811-F-95-003k-T
                   October 1995
                             National Primary  Drinking
                             Water  Regulations
                             Dinoseb
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 88-86-7

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    Yellow/orange crystals; pungent odor

  M.P.: 38-42° C,  B.P.: N/A

  VAPOR PRESSURE:  1 mm Hg at 151.1° C

  OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):   N/A

  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.26 at 45° C
SOLUBILITY: 0.052 g/L of water at 25° C;
  tends to form salts which are highly
  soluble in water

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
  Koc =124 (measured); high mobility in
  soil

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A

BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
  BCF = 68 (est.); not expected to
  bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
  5.04x1 Q-4 atm-cu m/mole (est.)

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  2,4-dinitro-6-(1-methyl-propyl) phenol;
  Dinitrobutylphenol; Aatox; Chemox;
  Gebutox; Knox-weed; Basanite; BNp
  20; Butaphene; Dibutox; Dinitrall;
  Dinitro; Desicoil; Dow Selective Weed
  Killer; Hivertox; Ladob; Laseb;
  Nitropone C; Dytop; Premerge; He|-fire;
  Caldon; Kiloseb; Sinox General;
  Subitex:
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      0.007 mg/L
  MCL:       0.007 mg/L          -
  HAL(child):  1 to 10 day: 0.3 mg/L
             Longer-term: 0.01 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found dinoseb to potentially cause the
following health effects from acute exposures at levels
above the MCL: sweating, headache, mood changes.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, a one- to ten- day exposure to
0.3 mg/L or up to a 7-year exposure to 0.01 mg/L.
  Chronic:   Dinoseb has the potential to cause the
following health effects from  long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: decreased  body  and thyroid
weight, degeneration of testes; thickening of intestinal
lining.
  Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not dinoseb has the potential to cause  cancer from
lifetime exposure in drinking water.

USAGE PATTERNS
  Dinoseb is a contact herbicide used as the ammonium
or amine salt for post-emergence weed control in cereals,
undersown cereals, seedling lucerne and peas.
                  Oil solutions of dinoseb are used for pre-emergence
                control of annual weeds in beans, peas and potatoes, for
                pre-harvestdessication of hops, leguminous seed crops,
                potatoes and for control of runners and suckers in straw-
                berries and raspberries.              ~
                  Dinoseb is also used as a com yield enhancer and an
                insecticide and miticide.
                  1982 production of dinoseb was reported as 6.2 million
                Ibs., with consumption estimates as follows: as an herbi-
                cide for  soybeans, 32%; vegetable, 23%; deciduous
                fruits and nuts, 11%; peanuts, 8%; citrus, 3%; grain
                crops, 2%; other field crops, 6%; industrial/commercial
                uses, 15%.     ,

                RELEASE PATTERNS
                  Release of dinoseb has resulted primarily from its use
               -as an herbicide  on a variety of weeds.
                  Since dinoseb is not a, listed chemical in the Toxics
                Release Inventory, data on releases during its manufac-
                ture and handling are not available.

                ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
                  Dinoseb is expected to biodegrade in slowly and bind
                weakly to soil. Therefore, leaching in soil is possible and
                djnoseb has been detected in groundwater. However, it
                may bind more strongly to clay soils, especially at acidic
                pH. Photolytic degrdration of dinoseb from soil surface
                may be important.  Volatilization is not expected to be
                significant. The  laboratory^measured evaporation half-'
October 1995
         Technical Version
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life for dinoseb from a soil surface was 26 days. In the
absence of volatilization, the half-life of dinoseb in the
vadose zone sandy loam soil was estimated to be about
100 days.
   Dinoseb may photodegrade in surface water with a
half-life of 14-18 days. The estimated Henry's Law con-
stant of 5.04X10-4 atm cu m/mol suggests that volatiliza-
tion of dinoseb from water will be slow.  It is unlikely to
undergo significant biodegradation in most natural wa-
ters. Volatilization from water is expected to be slow.
   The half-life for the reaction of vapor phase dinoseb
with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals in the
atmosphere was estimated to be 14.1 days. Wet deposi-
tion may remove some of the compound from air.
   Bioconcentration is expected to  be insignificant. A
bioconcentration  factor (BCF) of 68 for dinoseb was
estimated from its water solubility (50 mg/L).
   Exposure to dinoseb in humans is expected to occur
primarily in workers using the herbicide.
                                                          OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
                                                          MONITORING:
                                                          FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
                                                            INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
                                                            REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                                                                          2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                                                                          1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
                                                          TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0002 mg/L


                                                          ANALYSIS:
                                                          REFERENCE SOURCE             METHOD NUMBERS
                                                          EPA 600/4-88-039     .        515.1; 515.2; 555


                                                          TREATMENT:
                                                          BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
                                                          Granular Activated Charcoal


                                                          FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                          i EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                          • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

                                                          4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                          • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                          • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                          • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                          - National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

-------
                              United States
                              Environmental Protection
                              Agency
                     Office of Water
                     4601
            EPA811-F-95-003I-T
                  October 1995
                              National  Primary  Drinking
                              Water Regulations
                              Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)
   CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

   CAS NUMBER: 1746-01-6

   COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
     White crystalline needles

   M.P.: 305-306° C       B.P.: N/A

   VAPOR PRESSURE: 7.4x10r4 mm Hg, 25° C

   DENSITY/SPEC. GRAY.:  N/A
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
  LogKow = 6.8

SOLUBILITY:  19.3 ng/L of water at 25° C;
  Insoluble in water

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
  Koc-N/A; very low mobility in soil

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
  3.2 to 3.9 in fish; expected to biocon-
  centrate in aquatic organisms.

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
  1:62x10"5 atm-cu m/mole;

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin;
  Dioxin; Tetradioxin;
 DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
   MCLG:     zero mg/L
   MCL:      3x10"8 mg/L
:   HAL(child): 1 day: 1x10-6 mg/L
             10-day: 1x10-7 mg/L    .

 HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
   Acute: EPA has found dioxin to potentially cause the
 following health effects from acute exposures at levels
 above the MCL: liver damage, weight loss, atrophy of
 thymus gland and immunosuppression.
   Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
 short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.j child consum-
 ing 1 liter of water per day, a one-day exposure of 1x10-
 6 mg/L or a ten-day exposure to 1 x10'7 mg/L.
   Chronic:   Dioxin has the  potential to cause the
 following health effects from  long-term exposures at
 levels  above the MCL: variety  of reproductive effects,
 from reduced fertility to birth defects.         ,
   Cancer: There is some evidence that dioxin may have
 the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime exposure at
 levels above the MCL.   .

 USAGE PATTERNS
   Dioxin is not produced or used commercially in the US.
 It  is a contaminant formed in the production  of 2,4,5-
 trichlorophenol and of a few chlprinated herbicides such
 as silvex. It may also be formed during combustion of a
 variety of chlorinated organic compounds.
   Dioxin has been tested for use in flameproofing poly-
               esters and as an insecticide, but these uses were never
               exploited commercially.              .    ,

               RELEASE PATTERNS                           '..-.•
                 2,3,7,8-TCDD is released to the environment in stack
               emissions from the incineration of municipal refuse and
               certain chemical wastes, in ,exhaust from automobiles
               powered by leaded gasoline,  in emissions from wood
               burning in the presence of chlorine, in accidental fires
               involving transformers containing PCBs and chlorinated
               benzenes, and from the improper  disposal of certain
               chlorinated chemical wastes. TCDD has been released
               to the environment as a low  level  impurity in various
               pesticides (such as 2,4,5-T and derivatives) which were
               manufactured from 2,4,5-trichlorophenol.
                 Dioxin is not a listed chemical in the Toxics Release
               Inventory. Data on its incidental releases are not avail-
               able.     .

               ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
                 Dioxin is one of the most toxic and environmentally
               stable tricyclic aromatic compounds of its structural class.
                 Due to its very low water solubility, most of the 2,3,7,8-
               TCDD occurring in water is expected to be associated
               with sediments or suspended material. Aquatic^ sedi-
               ments may be an important, and ultimate, environmental
               sink for all global  releases of TCDD. Two  processes
               which may be able to remove TCDD from water are
               photolysis and volatilization.
                 The photolysis half-life at the water's surface has been
               estimated to range from 21 hr in summer to 118  hr in
               winter; however, these rates will increase significantly as
 October 1995
        Technical Version
                                                                            Printed on Recycled Paper

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water depth  increases. Many bottom  sediments may   The major route of exposure to the general population
therefore not be susceptible to significant photodegrada- results from incineration processes and exhausts from
tion.                                                leaded gasoline engines.
  The volatilization half-life from the water column of an
environmental pond has been estimated to be 46 days;
however, when the effects of adsorption to sediment are
considered, the volatilization model predicts an overall          :
volatilization removal half-life of over 50 years.                  |
  Various  biological screening studies have  demon-
strated that TCDD is generally resistant-to biodegrada-       ,
tion. The persistence half-life of TCDD in lakes has been
estimated to be in excess of 1.5 yr.
  If released to soil, TCDD is not expected to leach. As                        ..'...
a rule, the amount of TCDD detected more than 8 cm
below the surface has been approximately 1/10 or less
than that  detected down to 8 cm.  Being only slightly
soluble in water, its migration in soil  may have occurred
along with soil colloids and particles to which it may have
been bound. Soil cores collected from roadsides in Times                         ,                .
Beach, MO in 1985 which had been  sprayed with waste
oils containing TCDD in the early 1970s  indicated that
most of the TCDD had remained in  the upper 15 cm. A
mean log  Koc of 7.39 was determined  for ten contami-
nated soils from NJ  and MO. Tests conducted by the
USDA determined that vertical movement of 2,3,7,8-                             ,
TCDD did not occur in a wide range of soil types.
  Being only slightly soluble in water, its migration in soil
may have occurred along with soil colloids and  particles
to which it may have been bound. Photodegradation on
terrestrial surfaces may be an important transformation
process. Volatilization from soil surfaces during warm
conditions may  be a major removal mechanism.  The
persistence half-life of TCDD on soil surfaces may vary
from less than 1 yr to 3 yrs, but half-lives in soil interiors
may be as long as 12 years. Screening studies have
shown that TCDD is generally resistant to biodegrada-
tton.
  If released to the atmosphere, vapor-phase TCDD
may be degraded by reaction with hydroxyl radicals and
direct photolysis. Particulate-phase TCDD may be physi-
cally removed from air by wet and dry deposition.
  Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms has been dem-
onstrated. Mean bioconcentration factors (BCF) of 29,200
(dry wt) and 5,840 (wet wt)  were  measured for fathead
minnows over a 28 day exposure; the elimination half-life
after exposure was found to be 14.5 days. Log BCFs of
approximately 3.2 to 3.9 were determined for rainbow
trout  and  fathead minnow in  laboratory flow-through
studies during 4-5 exposures. The  following log BCFs
have been reported forvarious aquatic organisms: snails,
fish (Gambusia), daphnia 4.3-4.4; duckweed, algae, cat-
fish, 3.6-3.95.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
        MONITORING:
        FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
          INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
          REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
        TRIGGERS-Return to Initial ,Freq. if detect at-> 5 ng/L
                                 METHOD NUMBERS
                                 1613
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 821-B-94-005


TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal
         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         * EPA can provide further regulatory and other general infprmation:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

         4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
 October 1995
Technical Version
                                            Page 2

-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
                                                       Office of Water
                                                       4601  -
             EPA811-F-95-b03mT
                   October 1995
                             National  Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Diquat
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER:  85-00-7

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    Colorless to yellow crystals; water
    solution is dark reddish brown

  M.P.:  335-340° C      B.P.: N/A

  VAPOR PRESSURE:  LSxIO"5 mm Hg at 20° C
    OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
      Log Kow = -3.05

    DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.22 -1.27 at 20° C

    SOLUBILITY: 700 g/L of water at 20° C;
      Very soluble in water

    SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
      Koc N/A; very low mobility in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
   Not expected to biocqncentrate in
   aquatic organisms.

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
   N/A; no evaporation from water/soil

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
   1,1-Ethylene 2,2-dipyridylium dibromide;
   Reglone
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:   .  0.02 mg/L
  MCL:       0.02 mg/L
  HAL(ehild):  none

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found diquat to potentially cause the
following health effects from acute exposures at levels
above the MCL: dehydration
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures have, not been established
  Chronic: Diquat has the potential to cause the follow-
ing  health effects  from long-term exposures at levels
above the MCL: cataracts.
  Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not diquat has the potential to cause cancer from a
lifetime exposure in drinking water.

USAGE PATTERNS
  Diquat is a herbicide that has been used extensively in
the  US since the late 1950s to  control both crop and
aquatic weeds. Its uses include  potato haulm destruc-
tion; as a desiccant and defoliant to aid harvesting cotton,
rapeseed and other  oil seed crops; to pre-wilt silage,
standing hay, etc. for storage; a plant growth regulator
and sugar cane-flowering suppressant.
  Diquat usage in 1980wasestimatedtobe200,000lbs.
of active ingredient. 1982 data indicates that diquat was
not  produced domestically, but imports  were nearly
835,000 Ibs. In 1982 it was estimated that diquat usage
                   patterns were as follows: Industrial/commercial uses,
                   67%; aquatic uses, 33%.

                   RELEASE PATTERNS
                     Diquat is released into the environment during its use
                   as a contact herbicide, aquatjc weed control agent, seed
                   desiccant and sugarcane flowering suppressant agent. It
                   may also be released into wastewater or in spills during
                   its manufacture, transport and storage.
                     Since diquat is not a listed chemical in the Toxics
                   Release Inventory, data on releases during its manufac-
                   ture and handling are not available.

                   ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
                     Diquat is rapidly adsorbed by clay constituents of soil
                   and in the sorbed state is resistant to biodegradation and
                   photodegradation. The duration of residual activity in soil
                   is a few days; the deactivation resulting from its binding
                   to the soil. In some soils such as montprillonite clay,
                   adsorption is considered  irreversible. There  is some
                   evidence of a more loosely bound component, the frac-
                   tion of which depends  on the type of soil.
                     Diquat is removed rapidly from aquatic systems, prin-
                   cipally by adsorption. If adsorption is initially to weeds,
                   biodegradation to soluble or volatile products occurs in
                   several weeks. When  sorbed to sediment, little or no
                   degradation probably  occurs. In any case, the diquat
                   disappears from the water in 2-4 weeks.  Diquat will
                   photodegrade in surface layers of water in 1-3 or more
                   weeks when not adsorbed to particulate matter.
                     Should diquat be released to the atmosphere during
October 1995
            Technical Version
            Printed on Recycled Paper

-------
spraying operations, it would be associated with aero-
sols. It will be subject to photolysis (half-life approx 48
hrs) and gravitational settling.
   Little  or no bioconcentration  in fish will occur, as is
expected for a chemical whose log octanol/water parti-
tion coefficient is -3.05. No residues were detected in
organs or tissues of channel catfish collected from pools
5 months after a single application  or 2 months after a
second treatment of 1 ppm diquat.
   Human  exposure will principally be by  agriculture
workers or others who use the chemical or are in the
vicinity of fields or bodies of water where diquat is used.
                                                             OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
                                                             MONITORING:
                                                             FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
                                                               INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
                                                               REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                                                                              2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                                                                              1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
                                                             TRIGGERS - Return to initialFreq. if detect at > 0.0004 mg/L

                                                             ANALYSIS:
                                                             REFERENCE SOURCE              METHOD NUMBERS
                                                             EPA 600/4-88-039              549.1

                                                             TREATMENT:
                                                             BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
                                                             Granular Activated Charcoal

                                                             FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                             * EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                             • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791,.

                                                             4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                             • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                             • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                             • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                             • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

-------
                              United States                Office of Water          EPA 811-F-9,5-003 n-t
                              Environmental Protection       4601                        October 199B
                              Agency         ' ,     '                                       -'-•:'

                              National  Primary  Drinking
                              Water Regulations

                              Endothall
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES      DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.431 at 15° C     BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
            ~  ~~~"         ro       *nn  „  r  i "!„•,««'       BCF <1 in fish; not expected to biocon-
  CASNUMBER: 145-73-3               SOLUB.UTY: 100g/Lofwaterat20° C;       centrate in aquatic organisms.
                                    Very soluble in water
  COLOR/FORM/ODOR:                                                TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
    Odorless, white crystals            SO.L SORPTONCOEFF.CIENT:                Hexahydro-3,6-endo-epoxy-1,2-
  NLP, 144° C (decomposes)              Koc <2; h,gh mob.hty m so.l            benzenedicarboxyHc acid; Accelerate;
                                  ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:   N/A            Aquathol; Des-i-cate; Endothall Turf
  VAPOR PRESSURE: very low at room temp.                                    Herbicide; Endothall Weed Killer;
                                  HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:  N/A            Herbicide 273; Hydrothol; Herbon
  OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):   N/A                                     Pennout; Hydout.
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS                         clover desiccants; potato vine killers.
  MCLG:     0.1 mg/L      ,                        EPA estimated total domestic usage in 1982 to have
  MCL:       0.1 mg/L                            been approximately 1.5 million Ibs. In California in 1984,
  ,.'...,.  „..,-.,   no    „                 87,000 Ibs. of the mono(N,N-diethylalkylamine) salt were
  HAL(chHd):  1- to 10-day: 0.8 mg/L                 used; 4)000 |bs  of the dimethylaymini sa|t w;re used;
             Longer-term: 0,2 mg/L                 minor amounts of the dimethylalkylamine and dipotassium
                                                 salts were used. Its estimated applications in California
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY                           were as follows: Cotton production, 95.6%; Sugarbeets,
  Acute: EPA has found endothall to potentially cause 3-9%' Remainder in landscape maintenance or "public
the following  health effects from acute exposures at health pest control.'"
levels above the MCL: depressed breathing and heart
rate                                             RELEASE PATTERNS

  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for   Release of endothall to the environment is expected to
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg ,(22 Ib) child consum- pccur Pnmari|y durin9its use as a pre-emergence, post-
ing 1 liter ofwaterperday, uptp a ten-day exposure to 0.8, emergence, turf and aquatic herbicide and harvest aid.
or up to a 7-year exposure to 0 2 mg/L                Other sources of release include loss during manufactur-
  _.    .     _•    ,_ „  ,  ,                         ing, formulation, packaging or disposal of this herbicide.
  Chronic:   Endothall  has the potential to cause the   _.
following health  effects from long-term exposures at   Since endothall is not a listed chemical in the Toxics
levels above  the MCL:  increased organ weights and Release Inventory,  data on releases  during its manufac-
organ-to-body weight ratios of stomach and intestine,   ture and handling are not available.    x
  Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether ENVIRONMENTAL FATC
or not endothall has the potential to cause cancer from a   ,,   .     . .     ..     .  ..  ,. .          ,      . „
lifetime exposure in drinking water.        '           .-. * releafed *°  so"' endothall ,s expected to rap.dly
             1                                    biodegrade under  aerobic conditions. The  half-life of
                                                 endothall in soil is reported to be 4 to 9 days. Endothall
USAGE PATTERNS                                   should be highly mobile in soil; however, rapid degrada-
  Endothall is used as a defoliant for a wide range of tion would limit the  extent of leaching. Its persistence in
crops and as a herbicide for both  terrestrial and aquatic s°il may be prolonged by adsorption to organic matter or
weeds. It is used as a desiccant on lucerne and on potato, by factors inhibiting microbial activity. Chemical hydroly-
for the defoliation of cotton, to control aquatic weeds and sis and volatilization are not expected to be significant.
as an aquatic algicidegrowthregulator.lt has been used   If released to water, endothall should rapidly biode-
for: sugar beets,  turf, hops sucker suppression;, alfalfa, grade under aerobic conditions (half-life approximately 1
October1995	   .           	Technical Version	Printed on Recycled Paper

-------
week or less) and biodegrade more slowly under anaero-
bic conditions. Glutamic acid is a major biotransformation
product of endothall under aerobic conditions. Endothall
is not expected to oxidize, chemically hydrolyze, photo-
lyze, volatilize or adsorb to suspended solids or sedi-
ments in water. The soil adsorption coefficient (Koc) of
endothall in sediment/water systems  has been mea-
sured to be < 2.
  If released to the atmosphere, endothall is expectedjto
exist predominantly on particles and should either settle
out or wash out in precipitation. It is  not expected to
chemically react or photolyze in the atmosphere.
  The whole body bioconcentration factor (BCF) of en-
dothall in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) has been mea-
sured to be < 1. Based on a its water solubility, a BCF of
< 1 has also been calculated. With these BCF values,
endothall is not expected to bioaccumulate in aquatic
organisms.
  The most probable routes of human exposure to endo-
thall are inhalation and  dermal contact of workers in-
volved  in the manufacture, handling or application  of
endothall. The  general public could potentially  be ex-
posed through use for lawn weed control.
                                                         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
                                                         MONITORING:
                                                         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
                                                           INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
                                                         •  REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                                                                         2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                                                                         1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
                                                         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.009 mg/L


                                                         ANALYSIS:
                                                         REFERENCE SOURCE '           METHOD NUMBERS •
                                                         EPA 600/4-88-039   -          548.1


                                                         TREATMENT:
                                                         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
                                                         Granular Activated Charcoal


                                                         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                         * EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791


                                                         i Other sources of lexicological and environmentalfate data include:
                                                         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404 ,
                                                         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

-------
                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                     Office of Water
                   '  4601
            EPA811-F-95-0030.T
                  October 1995
                              National  Primary Drinking
                             Water  Regulations
                              Endrin
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 72-20-8

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    Odorless white crystals

  M.P.: 200° C    B.P.: decomp. 245° C

  VAPOR PRESSURE: 2x10'7 mm Hg at 25° C

  OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
    Log Kow = 5.6(calc.),
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.7 at 20° C

SOLUBILITY: 0.2 mg/L of water; Slightly
  soluble in water

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
  Koc =34,000 (est); low mobility in soil

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A

BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
  1335 to 10,000 in fish; expected to
  bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
  4x10'7 atm-cu m/mole

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  Nendrin; EN 57; Endrex; Endricol;
  Hexadrin; Mendrin; Oktanex; Com-
  pound 269; Hexachloroepoxy-
  octahydro-endo.endo-dimethano^-
  naphthalene
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS         ,
  MCLG:     0.002 mg/L
  MCL:       0.002 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1-to 10-day: 0.02 mg/L
             Longer term: 0.003 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found endrin to potentially cause the
following health effects from acute exposures at levels
above the MCL: tremors, labored breathing, mental con-
fusion, convulsions.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1  liter of water per day, upto a ten-day exposure to
0.02 mg/L or up to a 7-year exposure to 0.003 mg/L.
  Chronic:   Endrin has the potential to cause the
following health effects from long-term exposures  at
levels above the MCL: convulsions and damage to liver
tissue.
  Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not endrin  has the potential to cause cancer from a
lifetime  exposure in drinking water.

USAGE PATTERNS .
.  Endrin is an aliphatic chlorinated insecticide which has
been used mainly on field crops such as cotton, maize,
sugarcane, rice, cereals, ornamentals, and other crops.
It has also been used for grasshoppers in non-cropland
and to control voles and mice in orchards.
                 Once widely used in the US, most uses were cancelled
               in 1980. Production in 1980 was reported to be 100,000
               Ibs.                         - •  •   . :

               RELEASE PATTERNS
                 Endrin's former source in the environment is from use
               as an insect, bird and rat-killer. It has been  used on
               agricultural crops, cotton seeds, control of birds on build-
               ings and mice in orchards. Its major use has been on
               cotton  crops. The  U.S. EPA presently considers the,
               pesticide cancelled.

               ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
                 Endrin is very persistent, but it is known to photode-
               gradeto delta-ketoendrin (half-life 7 days - June). Endrin
               released to soils will persist for extremely long periods of
               time (up to  14 yr  or more). Biodegradation may be
               enhanced somewhat in flooded soils or under anaerobic
               conditions. Its low water solubility and strong adsorption
               to soil makes leaching into groundwater unlikely. How-
               ever, the detection of endrin in certain groundwater
               samples suggest that leaching may be possible in some
               soils.
                 Endrin's low vapor pressure suggests only limited
               evaporation  from soil. However, several studies have
               suggested that moderate to extensive loss of endrin from
               soils and crops was due to evaporation. Runoff from rain
               or irrigation of particle-associated endrin will carry par^
               tide-associated endrin to water systems
                 Endrin released to water systems will not hydrolyze or
               biodegrade.  It will be subject to photoisomerization to
 October 1995
         Technical Version
             Printed on Recycled Paper

-------
ketoendrin. It will extensively sorb to sediment. Evapora-
tion from water will not be significant.
   Fate of endrin in the atmosphere is unknown, but it
probably will  be primarily associated with participate
matter and be removed mainly by rainout and dry depo-
sition.
   There is significant bioconcentration of endrin in fish,
with BCFs of 1335-10,000 reported. In addition, there is
moderate to extensive bioconcentration in shellfish (BCF
of 500-1250) and in snails (BCF of 49,000).
   Monitoring data demonstrates that endrin continues to
be a contaminant in air, water, sediment, soil, fish, and
other aquatic organisms. Human exposure appears to
come mostly from food or occupational exposure.
                                                           OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
                                                          MONITORING:
                                                          FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:    -
                                                            INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
                                                            REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                                                                           2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                                                                           1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
                                                          TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.00001 mg/L
                                                                                     METHOD NUMBERS
                                                                                     505; 508; 508.1; 525.2
         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE
         EPA 600/4-88-039

         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal
                                                          FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                          *  EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                          • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

                                                          *  Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                          • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                          • Toxics Release Inventory; National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                          • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                          • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                     Office of Water
                     4601
            EPA811-F-95-003p-t
                  October 1995
                             National  Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Ethylene  Dibromide
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES


  CAS NUMBER: 106-93-4
  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: Colorless, heavy liquid;
    mildly sweet chloroform-like odor.
  M.P.: 9.8° C  •  B.P.: 131-132° C
  VAPOR PRESSURE: 11.2 mm Hg
  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 2.2 g/ml    . • -  -
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
  Log Kow =135
SOLUBILITIES: 40 g/L of water at 25° C


SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT (Koc):
  low to moderate; Koc = 14 to 160
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR: <1 in fish
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: N/A
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  1,2-Dibromoethane; EDB; Glycol
  dibromide; Bromofume; Dowfume W 85;
  Aadibroom; Iscobrpme-D; Nefis;
  Pestmaster; EDB-85; Soilbrdm;
  Soilfume; Kopfume
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS     ;
  MCLG:      zero mg/l
  MCL:       0.00005 mg/l
  HAL(child):  1 day: 0.008 mg/l
             10-day: 0.008 mg/l

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found ethylehe dibromide (EDB) to
potentially cause a variety of acute health effects, includ-
ing damage to the liver, stomach, .and adrenal cortex
along with significant reproductive system toxicity, par-
ticularly the testes.                    :
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, a one-day exposure of 0.008
mg/L or a ten-day exposure to 0.008 mg/L.
  Chronic: A lifetime exposure to EDB at levels above
the MCL has the potential to damage the respiratory
system, nervous system, liver, heart, and  kidneys.
  Cancer: There is some evidence that EDB may have
the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime exposure at
levels above the MCL.

USAGE PATTERNS
  Ethylene dibromide is mainly used (83% of all use) as
a scavenger for lead in anti-knock gasoline mixtures,
particularly in aviation fuel. Other uses (17%) include:
solvent for resins, gums, and waxes; in waterproofing
preparations; as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis
of dyes and Pharmaceuticals;  and as a fumigant, insec-
ticide, nematicide  for grains and fruit.
               RELEASE PATTERNS
                 Monitoring of ethylene bromide in ocean water and
               ocean air suggests that ethylene bromide may be formed
               naturally in the ocean as a result of macro algae growth.
                 Artificial releases include: evaporative losses associ-
               ated  with the use, storage, and  transport of leaded
               gasoline in which it is used as a lead scavenger; spills and
               leaking storage tanks for leaded gasoline; exhaust from
               vehicles using leaded gasoline; emissions from its former
               use as a fumigant for soil, grain, fruits,  vegetables,
               tobacco, and seed uses whicri have recently been re-
               stricted or discontinued; wastewater and emissions from
               its use as a solvent for resins, gums, and waxes and; as
               a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of dyes and
               Pharmaceuticals; residue in fumigated food.
                 From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxics Release
                7ox7C RELEASE INVENTORY -
                RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
             1987 TO 1993
                                   Water
                TOTALS (in pounds)     2,554

                Top Six States
                CA          .         344
                MS                   342
                HI                   750
                NJ                   .  0
                TX                   110
                PR           .        500

                Top Industrial Sources
                , Petroleum refining       2,119
                Industrial organic         355
                 chemicals, fertilizers
                      Land
                      2,670
                       500
                         0
                       700
                       466
                         0
                      1,716
                      / 700
October 1995
        Technical Version
            Printed on Recycled Paper

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Inventory EDB releases to land totalled 2,670 IDS., and
water releases totalled 2,554 Ibs. These releases were
primarily from facilities classified as petroleum refineries.
The largest of these releases occurred in California and
Missouri.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  When spilled on land or applied to land during soil
fumigation, ethylene dibromide will exhibit low to moder-
ate adsorption and has  been  found in groundwater.
Measured KOC values range from  14 to 160. However,
in typical fields where gaseous ethylene dibromide has
been used  as a soil fumigant, 99% of the ethylene
dibromide used in fumigation is in the sorbed state.
  Persistence can vary greatly from soil to soil. In one
laboratory screening study  using  100 soils, half-lives
ranging from 1.5 to 18 weeks were determined. In one
field, ethylene bromide was detected in soil 19 years after
its last known application; the long  persistence was the
result of entrapment in intraparticle micropores of the soil.
Low Koc values and detection in various ground waters
indicate that ethylene bromide will leach in soil. The
relatively high vapor pressure (11.2 mm Hg) indicates
evaporation will occur from soil surfaces.
  In the atmosphere, ethylene dibromide will degrade by
reaction with  photochemically produced hydroxyl radi-
cals (half life 32 days).
  The primary removal process for ethylene bromide in
surface water is volatilization. Under normal conditions,
the volatilization half-life from a typical river and lake are
about one day and 5 days, respectively.
  In ground waters (such as aquifers) where volatiliza-
tion does not occur, ethylene bromide can be degraded
by faiodegradation and hydrolysis. Uncatalyzed hydroly-
sis is slow, with half-lives reported of 6 yr at 25 deg C, to
13.2 yr at pH7 and 20 deg C.  But hydrolysis catalyzed by
the presence of various natural substances (such as HS
ion) may be competitive with biodegradation (half-life of
1-2 months).  It reacts with  photochemically produced
hydroxyl radicals with a half life of 32 days or a 2.2% loss
per sunlit day. Ethylene bromide does not directly photo-
lyze when exposed to uv light between 300 and 400 nm.
  Biodegradation can be a primary  degradation process
in soil. A review of available biodegradation data pertain-
ing to ethylene bromide concluded that ethylene bromide
is biotransformed fairly readily in the environment; life-
times can be as short as several days in surface soils and
as long as many months  in aquifer materials.
  The measured log BCF in fish is < 1 indicating that
ethylene dibromide does  not bioconcentrate in fish.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
          INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
          REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
        .TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.00001 mg/L


         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE             METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-039             504.1; 551


         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal


         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

         * Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
        ' • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page.2

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                             United States       .
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                                                       Office of Water
                                                       4601
                                   EPA811-F-95-003q-T
                                         October 1995
                             National  Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Glyphosate
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES     DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: o.5g/ml at 15° C

  CAS NUMBER: 1071-83-6
  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    Odorless white crystals

  M.P.:230°C    B.P.: N/A

  VAPOR PRESSURE:  Negligible

  OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
                           N/A
                                 SOLUBILITY: 12 g/L of water at 25° C;
                                    Soluble in water

                                 SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
                                    Strong, reversible adsorption

                                 ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A

                                 HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:  N/A
                      BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
                         BCF <1 in fish; not expected to bibcon-
                         centrate in aquatic organisms.

                      TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
                         N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine; Glialka;
                         Roundup; Sting; Rodeo; Spasor,-
                         Muster; Tumbleweed; Sonic; Glifonox;
                         Glycel; Rondo
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      0.7 nig/L
  MCL:       0.7 mg/L                   ,
  HAL(child):  1-to 10-day: 20 mg/L
             Longer-term: 1 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found glyphosate to potentially cause
the following health effects from acute exposures at
levels above the MCL: congestion of the lungs; increased
breathing rate.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, upto a ten-day exposure to 20
mg/L or up to a 7-year exposure to 1 mg/L.
  Chronic: Glyphosate has the potential to cause the
following health effects  from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL:  kidney damage,. reproductive
effects.
  Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not glyphosate has the potential to cause cancer from
a lifetime exposure in drinking water.
                                                 beans, field com; ornamentals, lawns, turf, forest plant-
                                                 ings, greenhouses, rights-of-way.
                                                   Glyphosate is among the most widely used pesticides
                                                 by volume. In 1986, an estimated 6,308,000 pounds of
                                                 glyphosate was used in the United Sates. Usage in 1990
                                                 was estimated to be 11',595,000 pounds. It ranked elev-
                                                 enth among conventional pesticides in the US during
                                                 1990-91. In recent years, 13 to 20 million acres were
                                                 treated with  18.7  million Ibs. annually. Glyphosate is
                                                 generally sold as the isopropylamine salt and applied as
                                                 a liquid foliar spray.

                                                 RELEASE PATTERNS
                                                   Glyphosate is released to the environment in its use as
                                                 a herbicide for controlling woody and herbaceous weeds
                                                 on forestry, right-of-way, cropped and non-cropped sites.
                                                 These sites may be around water and in wetlands.
                                                   It may also be released to the environment during its
                                                 manufacture,  formulation, transport,  storage,  disposal
                                                 and cleanup, and from spills. Since glyphosate is not a,
                                                 listed chemical in the Toxics Release Inventory, data on
                                                 releases during its manufacture and handling are not
                                                 available.                  ;

USAGE PATTERNS                                   ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide registered for    Glyphosate is most often applied as a spray  of the
use on many food and non-food crops as well as non-  isopropylamine salt and is removed from the atmosphere
crop areas where total vegetation control is  desired.  by gravitational settling. After glyphosate is applied to
When applied at lower rates, it serves as a plant growth  forests. fields. and other land by spraying, it is strongly
regulator. The  most common uses include control  of  adsorbed to soil, remains in the upper soil layers, and has
broadleaf weeds  and grasses in :  hay/pasture, soy-  a low Propensity for leaching. Iron and aluminum clays
                                          '      and organic matter adsorbed  more  glyphosate than
                                                                            Printed on Recycled Paper
October 1995
Technical Version

-------
sodium and calcium clays and  was  readily bound to
kaolinite, illite, bentonite, charcoal and muck but not to
ethyl cellulose.
  Glyphosate readily and completely biodegrades in soil
even under low temperature conditions. Its average half-
life in soil is about 60 days. Biodegradation in foliage and
litter is somewhat faster.  In field studies, residues are
often found the following year.
  Glyphosate may enter aquatic systems through acci-
dental spraying, spray drift, or surface runoff. It dissipates
rapidly from the water column as a result of adsorption
and  possibly biodegradation.  The half-life in water is a
few  days. Sediment is the primary sink for glyphosate.
After spraying, glyphosate levels in sediment rise and
then decline to low levels in a few months. Due to its ionic
state in  water, glyphosate would not be expected to
volatilize from water or soil.
  Based  on its water solubility,  glyphosate  is not ex-
pected to bioconcentrate  in  aquatic organisms.  It  is
minimally retained and rapidly eliminated in fish, birds,
and  mammals. The BCF of glyphosate in fish following a
10-14  day exposure period was 0.2 to 0.3.
  Occupational workers and  home gardeners may be
exposed to glyphosate by inhalation and dermal contact
during spraying, mixing, and cleanup. They may also be
exposed by touching soil and plants to which glyphosate
was applied.  Occupational exposure may also occur
during glyphosate's manufacture, transport storage, and
disposal.                             ;
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
           REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                         2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                         1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.006 mg/L


         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE             METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-039 '            547
         Standard Methods          ;•   6651


         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal


         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         A EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Prinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791


         4 Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
         - Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • ???Nation'al Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                             United States               Office of Water          EPA 811-F-95-003r-T
                             Environmental Protection       4601                        October 1995
                             Agency                                     .        •

                             National Primary  Drinking
                             Water Regulations

                             Heptachlor and  Heptachlor Epoxide
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES     OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):         ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:   N/A
  CASNumber: Heptachlor-76-44-8        Log Kow = 3.9 to 5.4 (est.)          B.OCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
        Heptachlor epoxide-1024-57-3   DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.57 at 9° C          5000 to 15,000 in fish; potential to
  -.   ,,-  ,«                     <•.'„„„   ,,  r      „' „ „      bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.
  COLOR/FORM/ODOR:                  SOLUBILITY: 0.03 mg/Lqf water at 25  C;
    White to light tan waxy solid with a      insoluble in water                HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
    camphor-like odor. Available as       „    _       „ *n.                2.62x10-3 atm-cu m/mole;
    emulsifiable concentrates and oil      VAPOR PRESSURE:  SxlO^mm Hg at25° C
    solutions. The epoxide is formed from  SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT-              TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
    heotachlor in the environment          ^  v    ^  f!  I , ,0  ,           3-Chlorochlordene; Aahepta;
    heptachlor in the env,ronment.          Lpg Koc estimated at 4,48; low to very    AgrocereSj Hepta, Heptachlordane,
  M.P.: 95-96° C   B.P.: 145° C           low mobility in soil                  Heptagran, Heptamul, Heptox, Gold
                                                                  Crest H-60, Rhodiachlor, Velsicol 104,
                                                                  Basaklor, Soleptax, Termide
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS (IN MG/L)                 and telephone cable boxes.
              MCLG   MCL     HAL(1day)                          '•.'•':'
                                                RELEASE PATTERNS                    -
  Heptachlor:  zero    0.0004   0.01               Heptachlor may be released  directly to the soil in
   -epoxide:   zero    0.0002   0.01             connection with its use in termite and fire ant control.
                                                However, heptachlorhas beenfound in treated wastewa-
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY                           ter from some types of industrial  facilities.  Based on
   .   .  ,-r,..   , • •  .-.   x  L,  '  •'    ,. .,       monitoring data, mean loadings in various wastestreams
.  Acute EPA has found heptachlor to potentially cause are: coa| mjni  . 0 0081 foundriesA 0.030 and nonfer-
hver and  central nervous system damage from short- rous meta|s manufacturing. 0.Q008.      .
term exposures at levels above the MCL.                        -
  ou . .               .    .. ..      i'•',_.,_       Heptachlor epoxide is not produced commercially, but
  Short-term exposures^n dnnkmg  water wh.ch are rather js fohlied by the chemjca, and bio|  ica| tranysfor.
cons,dered "safe" for a 10-kg(22lb.) ch.ld consummg 1 mation of heptachlor in the environment.
liter of water per day: a one-to ten-day exposure to 0.01
mg/L-                                           ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  Chronic: Heptachlor and its epoxide have the poten-   Release of heptachlor to soil  surfaces will result in
tial to cause extensive liver damage from long-term volatilization from the surface, especially in moist soils,
exposure at levels above the MCL.                  but volatilization of heptachlor incorporated into soil will
  Cancer; There is some evidence that both heptachlor be slower. Hydrolysis in moist soils is expected to be
and  heptachlor epoxide have the potential to cause significant. In soil, heptachlor will  degrade  to -.1-
cancer from a lifetime exposure at levels above the MGL. hydroxychlordene, heptachlor epoxide and an unidehti-
                          ,                      fied metabolite less nydrpphilic than heptachlor epoxide.
USAGE PATTERNS                            "      Biodegradation may also be significant. Heptachlor is
  _   .  „    ,.   .  .,   .  ._„„        ,         expected to adsorb strongly to soil and, therefore, to
  Production of heptachlor in 1982 was nearly 100,000 resist leaching to groundwater
Ibs, all of which was used as a non-agricultural insecti-   ,,     .
cide. Most uses of the product were cancelled in 1978    HePtacnlor epoxide adsorbs strongly to soil and is
The only permitted commercial use of heptachlor prod- extremelyresistanttobiodegradation, persisting for many
ucts is for fire ant control in buried, pad-mounted electric years  In the uPPer  SO1' layers. Some volatilization or
power transformers, and in underground cable television Photo|ysis loss may  occur.
                  	\	  •	••    	     • •       •      ''   ' • .."  •..••/
October 1995 	    '	        Technical Version    	•   	 Printed on Recycled Paper

-------
  Release of heptachlorto water will result in hydrolysis
to 1-hydroxychlordene (half-life of about 1 day)  and
volatilization. Adsorption to sediments may occur.  Bio-
degradation of heptachlor may occur, but is expected to
be slow compared to hydrolysis. Direct and photosensi-
tized photolysis may occur but are not expected to occur
at a rate comparable to that of hydrolysis. Heptachlor
epoxide will adsorb strongly to suspended and bottom
sediment when released to water. Little biodegradation is
expected.
  In air, vapor phase heptachlor will  react with photo-
chemically generated  hydroxyl radicals with  an esti-
mated  half-life  of 36 min.  Direct photolysis may  also
occur. Heptachlor epoxide is expected to exist in both the
vapor and particulate phases in ambient air. Vapor phase
reactions with photochemically produced hydroxyl radi-
cal may be an important fate process (an estimated half-
life of 1.5 days). Heptachlor epoxide that associated with
particulate matter and  aerosols should be  subject to
gravitational settling and washout by rain. Due to its
stability, long range dispersal occurs, resulting  in the
contamination of remote areas. Some photolysis  loss
probably occurs but there is no data to evaluate the rate
of this process.
  Bioconcentration of  heptachlor may be significant:
bioconcentration factors average around 12,000 in vari-
ous fish species. Bioconcentration may be limited, how-
ever, by the rapidity of heptachlor hydrolysis in water and
the adsorption  of heptachlor to sediments. Heptachlor
epoxide is bioconcentrated extensivelyr It is taken up into
the food chain by plants and bioconcentrates into fish,
animals and milk.                  .    •   .
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
           REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                         2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                         1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if:
                               Heptachlor detected at > 0.0004 mg/L, or
                               epoxide detected at > 0.0002 mg/L

         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE   ,          METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-039             505; 508; 508.1; 525.2


         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal


         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline -  800/426-4791


         A Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                     Office of Water
                     4601
            EPA811-F-95-003S-T
                  October
                             National  Primary Drinking
                             Water  Regulations
                             Hexachlorobenzene
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 118-74-1

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    White needles

  M.P.: 231 °C   B.P.: 323-326° C

  VAPOR PRESSURE: 1.09x10'5 mm Hg, 25° C

  OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
    Log Kow = 5.31   ,
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.57 at 23.6° C

SOLUBILITY: 0.035 mg/L of water; In-
  soluble in water             -

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
  Koc estimated at 4-5; low soil mobility

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A  _

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
  Log BCF=3/1 to 4.5 in fish; expected
  to bioconcentrate in aquatic organ-
  isms.                    ,
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
  0.03 to 0.07,atm-cu m/mole; rapid
  evaporation from water

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  Hexa CB, HCB, Phenyl perchloryl,
  Perchlorobenzene, Pentachlorbphenyl
  chloride, Anticarie, Bunt-cure,, Co-op
  hexa, Julin's carbon chloride, No bunt
  40, No bunt 80, Sanocide, Snieciotpx,
  Smut-go, Granbx nm, Vorpnit C
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      zero mg/L
  MCL:       0.001 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1 day: 0.05 mg/L                 .
             Longer-term: 0.05 mg/L ^

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found hexachlbrobenzene (HGB) to
potentially cause the following health effects from acute
exposures at levels above the MCL: skin lesions, nerve
and liver damage
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, upto a 7-year exposure toO.05
mg/L
  Chronic: HCB has the potential to cause the following
health effects from long-term exposures at levels above
the MCL: damage to liver and kidney tissue; reproductive
effects; benign tumors of endocrine glands.
  Cancer: There is some evidence that HCB may have
the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime exposure at
levels above the MCL.

USAGE PATTERNS
  HCB is produced as a by-product or waste material in
the production of tetrachlbroethylene, trichloroethylene,
carbon   tetrachloride,    chlorine,    dimethyl
tetrachloroterephthalate, vinyl chloride,  atrazine,
propazine, simazine, pentachloronitrobenzene,  and
               mirex. It is a contaminant in several pesticides including
               dimethyl tetrachlorophthalate and pentachloronitroben-
               zene.
                 Production data on hexachlorobenzene is limited. In
               1982,  imports were reported to be 38,000 Ibs, with no
               evidence of commercial domestic production. However,
               2 to 5 million Ibs may be generated each year as a waste
               by-product of chlorination processes in chemical manu-
               facture.       .                                 .
                 The greatest use of HCB is in making other organic
               compounds such as rubber, dyes,  wood preservatives.
               Other uses of include: an additive in explosives, in
               electrode manufacture, and as a  fungicide on grains,
               especially wheat.

               RELEASE PATTERNS                     ,
                 Major environmental releases of HCB are due to air
                 Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -  -
                 RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:   1987 TO 1993
                TOTALS (in pounds)

                Top States
                LA
                TX

                Major Industries
                Alkalies, chlorine
                Agricultural chemicals
      Water

      1,286
        677
        609
        854
        297
Land

   1
   1
   0
   1
   0
October 1995
        Technical Version
                                                                           Printed on Recycled Paper

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and water discharges from its production as a by-product
of chemical manufacture, or from pesticide applications.
it is also released by some waste incineration processes.
It has been detected in treated waste water, from non-
ferrous metal manufacturing.
  From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, HCB releases to land and water
totalled 1,287  Ibs., all of which was to  water. These
releases were primarily from alkali, chlorine and agricul-
tural chemical industries. The largest releases occurred
in Louisiana and Texas.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  HCB is a very persistent environmental chemical due
to its chemical stability and resistance to biodegradation.
  If released to the atmosphere, HCB will exist primarily
in the vapor phase and degradation will be extremely
slow (estimated half-life with hydroxyl radicals is 2 years).
Long range global transport is possible. Physical removal
from the atmosphere can occur via washout by rainfall
and dry deposition.
  If released to water, HCB will significantly partition from
the water column to sediment and suspended matter.
Volatilization from the water column is rapid (half-life of
about 8 hrs has been measured in the  laboratory);
however, the strong adsorption to sediment can result in
long periods of persistence. Hydrolysis and biodegrada-
tion will not be significant processes in water.
  If released to soil, HCB will be strongly adsorbed and
not generally susceptible to leaching (a half-life of 1530
days has been reported). Little biodegradation will occur
and transport to groundwater is expected to be slow,
depending upon the organic carbon content of the soil;
some evaporation from surface soil to air may occur, the
extent of which is dependent upon the organic content of
the soil.
  Hexachlorobenzene-will  bioconcentrate in fish and
enter into  the food chain (has been  detected  in food
during market basket surveys). Log BCF in trout, 3.7-4.3;
sunfish,  3.1-4.3; and fathead minnow, 4.2-4.5. Similar
high BCF values (log BCF 2-3) have been measured in
aquatic microcosms.
  Human exposure will be from ambient air, contami-
nated drinking water and food, as well as contact with
contaminated soil or occupational atmospheres.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
           REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at;> 0.0001 mg/L ,
                                  METHOD NUMBERS
                                  505; 508; 508.1; 525.2
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039


TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal
         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         i EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

         A Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
                                             Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                         Office of Water
                         4601
            EPA811-F-95-003t-T
                  October 1995
   wEPA
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 77-47-4

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    dense, oily, yellow green liquid with a
    pungent odor.

  M.P.: -9°C    B.P.: 239° C

  VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.08 mm Hg at 25° C
    OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
       Log Kow = 3.99

    DENSITY/SPEC^ GRAV.: 1.7 at 25° C

    SOLUBILITY: 2 m/L of water at 25° C;
       Insoluble in water

    SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
       Koc measured at 4,265; low mobility
       in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A ,

BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
  BCFs range from 100 to 1230 in fish;
  some potential to bioconcentrate in
  aquatic organisms.

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
  2.7x10-2 atm-cu m/mole;

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  HEX, Hexachloropentadiene
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      0.05 mg/L
  Met:       0.05rng/L
  HAL(child):  none

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found hexachlorocyclopentadiene
(HEX) to potentially cause the following health effects
from acute exposures at levels above the MCL: gastroi-
ntestinal distress; damage to liver, kidneys and heart.
  At present, EPA has issued no drinking water health
advisory providing guidance on safe levels for short-term
exposures to this chemical in drinking water.
  Chronic: HEX has the potential to cause the following
health effects from long-term exposures at levels above
the MCL: damage to the stomach and kidneys.
  Cancer:  There is, no  evidence that HEX has the
potential to  cause cancer from a lifetime exposure in
drinking water.

USAGE PATTERNS
  It has been estimated that between 8 and 15 million Ibs.
of HEX are produced each year.
  Its greatest use  is as an intermediate in  chemical
manufacture, including the synthesis of chlorinated pes-
ticides, flame retardants, resins, dyes, Pharmaceuticals,
plastics, etc. HEX has ho end  uses of its own.
                   RELEASE PATTERNS
                     Majorsources of release of hexachlorocyclopentadiene
                   to the environment are  emissions and contaminated
                   wastewater from facilities which manufacture or use this
                   compound as a chemical intermediate, and from the
                   application of pesticides where it may remain as an
                   impurity. Other sources are air emissions from the incin-
                   eration of certain chlorinated wastes, and from water
                   treatment plants receiving contaminated wastestreams.
                     From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
                   cal Release Inventory, HEX releases to land and water
                   totalled only 78 Ibs., all of which was to water. These
                   releases were primarily from alkalis and chlorine indus-
                   tries. The largest releases occurred in  New York.

                   ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
                     Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is not a persistent envK
                   ronmental contaminant. If released to soil, it is predicted
                   to'be relatively immobile. In moist soil, this compound
                   would be subject to breakdown by light and chemical
                   reaction (half-life hours to weeks). Volatilization from soil
                   surfaces is expected to be minor.
                     If released to water, this compound will degrade within
                   minutes to hours primarily by photolysis and chemical
                   hydrolysis.  Though^HEX can adsorb to sediments, this
                   does not slow its rate of degradation. Volatilization from
                   water is expected to be a significant removal mechanism,
                   although high turbidity could extend the half-life to sev-
                   eral weeks. Biodegradation is expected to be of minor
                   importance.
                     Hexachlorocyclopentadiene could potentially bioac-
October1995
            Technical Version
            Printed on Recycled Paper

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cumulate in some aquatic organisms depending upon
the   species.    Bioconcentration   factors    of
hexachlorocyclopentadiene in a laboratory model  eco-
system: alga, 341; snail, 929; mosquito, 1634; and fish,
448.
                                                               OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
                                                              MONITORING:
                                                              FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
                                                                INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
                                                                REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                                                                                2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                                                                                1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
                                                              TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0002 mg/L
                                                                                          METHOD NUMBERS
                                                                                          505; 508; 508.1; 525.2
          ANALYSIS:
         , REFERENCE SOURCE
          EPA 600/4-88-039

          TREATMENT:
          BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
          Granular Activated Charcoal
                                                               FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                               4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general .information:
                                                               • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

                                                               4 Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                               : Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                               • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                               • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                               • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
. Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                     Office of Water
                     4601  ,
            EPA811-F-95-003u-T
                   October 1995
                             National Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Lindane
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 58-89-9

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: '
    White crystalline solid
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
   Log Kow = 3.72 to 3:61

SOLUBILITY:  7.3 mg/L of water at 25° C;
   Slightly soluble in water

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
  M.P.: 112.5°C  B.P.: 323.4° C           average Kbc= 1081; low soil mobility

  VAPOR PRESSURE: 9.4x1 CV6 mm Hg @ 25° C ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A

  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.85             ,
BiocoNCENTRAfiON FACTOR:
  319 to 1613 reported in fish; some
  potential to bioaccumulate.

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:  N/A

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  Benzene hexachloride-gamma, gamma-
  Hexachlorocyclohexane, Exagamma,
  Forlin, Gallogamma, Gammaphex,
  Inexit, Kwell, Lindagrandx, Lindaterra,
  Lovigram, Silvanol
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      0.0002 mg/L
  MCL:       0.0002 mg/L
  HALfchiid):  1 to 10 day: 1 mg/L
             Longer term: 0.03 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found lindane to potentially cause
nervous system effects from short-term exposures at
levels above the MCL. High body temperature and pul-
monary edema have been reported in children with acute
exposures.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, a one- to ten-day exposure to
1 mg/L or a  longer term exposure to 0.03 mg/L.
  Chronic: Lindane has the potential to cause liver and
kidney damage from long-term exposure at levels above
the MCL.
  Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not lindane  has the potential to cause cancer from
lifetime exposures in drinking water.

USAGE PATTERNS
  Most uses being restricted in 1983, lindane is currently
used primarily for treating wood-inhabiting beetles and
seeds. It is also  used as a dip  for livestock, for soil
treatment, on the foliage of fruit and nut trees, vegetables,
timber, ornamentals and for wood protection.
               RELEASE PATTERNS
                 Lindane enters surface water as a result of runoff from
               agricultural land and from home and garden applications
               where it is used as an insecticide.
                 Data from the early 1980's reported mean loadings in
               treated wastewater in kg/day as follows: coal mining -
               0.0081 .foundries - 0.02 and nonferrous metals manufac-
               turing - 0.0004.
                 From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxics Re-
               lease Inventory, lindane releases to  land and water
               totalled 1115 Ibs.

               ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
                 When released to water,  lindane is not expected to
               vojatilize significantly. The volatilization half-life of lin-
               dane from water at a depth of 1 meter was estimated to
               be 115 to 191 days. However, experimental volatilization,
               half-life of lindane in very shallow, turbulent waters was
               1.5 days.                         '
                 It is not expected to biodegrade or hydrolyze in most
               surface waters. Lindane released to acidic or neutral
               water is not expected to hydrolyze significantly, but in
               basic water, significant hydrolysis may occur.
                 Transport to the sediment should be slow and result
               predominantly from diffusion rather than settling. Lin-
               dane may slowly biodegrade in aerobic media and will
               rapidly degrade under anaerobic conditions. Lindane
               has been reported to photodegrade in water in spite of the
               lack of a photoreactive center, but  photolysis is not
               considered to be a major environmental fate process.
October 1995
         Technical Version
                                                                            Printed on Recycled Paper

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   Release of lindane to soil will most likely result in
volatilization from the soil surface, but not from greater
depths. A mean Koc of 1080.9 was obtained from Koc
determinations  on three soils(1). The average organic
carbon content  of the soils used was 13%(1). Based on
this moderate  Koc value and a  water solubility of 17
ppm(2), lindane is expected to leach slowly to groundwa-
ter
   Lindane in the atmosphere is likely to be subjectto rain-
out and dry  deposition. The estimated  half-life for the
reaction of vapor phase lindane with atmospheric hy-
droxyl radicals is 1.63 days.
   Lindane will bioconcentrate slightly in fish. Bioconcen-
tration factors of 16 to 1600 are reported for a variety of
molluscs,  crustaceans and fish.
                                                           OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
                                                           MONITORING:
                                                           FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
                                                             INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
                                                             REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                                                                            2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                                                                            1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
                                                           TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.00002 mg/L
                                                                                      METHOD NUMBERS
                                                                                      505:508:508.1:525.2
         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE.
         EPA 600/4-88-039

         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal
                                                           FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                           4  EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                           • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

                                                           *  Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                           • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404  ,
                                                           • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                           • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                           . • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
, Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                                                       Office of Water
                                                       4601
                        EPA 811-F-95-003v-T
                              October
                              National  Primary Drinking
                             Water  Regulations
                             Methoxychlor
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 72-43-5

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:        ;
    Colorjess crystals with slightly fruity
    odor; available as: wettable powder;
    emulsifiable, dust and aerosol concen-
    trates; oil solutions

  M.P.: .89 ° C    B.P.: N/A

  VAPOR PRESSURE: very low

  DENSITY/SPEC. QRAV.: 1.41 at 25°'C
                                 OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
                                    Log Kow = 4.83,4.91 and 5.08

                                 SOLUBILITY: 0.10 mg/L of water at 25° C;
                                    Slightly soluble in water

                                 HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
                                    1.6x10'5 atm-cu m/mole at 25° C
                                 ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:
                                    is.4.7 mg/L in water
odor threshold
                                 SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
                                    measured Koc ranges from 97QO to
                                    41,000 in sand to 80,000 to 100,000
   in fine silt; low mobility in soil

BlOCONCENTRAtlON FACTOR:'' .
   BGFs of 1500 to 8500 in shellfish and
   algae, much lower in fish; expected to
   bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
   2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyI)-1,1,1-   ,
   trichloroethane, dianisyl trichloroethane,
   Dimethoxy-DDT, Methoxy-DDT,
   Chemform, Maralate, Methoxo,
 ' Methoxcide, Metox, Moxie •
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS                  ,
  MCLG:      0.04 mg/L
  MCL:       0.04 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1 day: 0.05 mg/L
             Longer-term: 0.05 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY                 •
  Acute:  EPA has found methoxychlor to potentially
cause central nervous system depression, diarrhea, and
damage to liver, kidney and heart tissue from short-term
exposures at levels above the MCL.
  Drinking water levels which  are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures' For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, upto a 7-year exposure to 0.05
mg/L.
  Chronic: Methoxychlor has the potential to damage
liver, kidney and heart tissue and to retard growth from
long-term exposure at levels above the MCL         :'
  Cancer: There is no evidence that methoxychlor has
the potential to cause cancer from lifetime exposures in
drinking water.
                                                 toxicto others. It has been used extensively in Canada for
                                                 the control of biting flies, and is also effective against
                                                 mosquitoes and houseflies.
                                                   Available information indicates production of methoxy-
                                                 chlor has decreased: from 3.7  million Ibs. in 1978 to
                                                 700,000 ibs  in 1982.  In 1982  it was estimated that
                                                 industries consumed methoxychlor as follows: 43 per-
                                                 cent as an insecticide for livestock and poultry, 29 per-
                                                 cent on alfalfa crops and 29 percent on citrus.

                                                 RELEASE PATTERNS
                                                   Release of methoxychlor to the environment occurs
                                                 due to its use as an insecticide for home and garden
                                                 applications, livestock and poultry, alfalfa, soya beans,
                                                 forests (Dutch Elm disease), ornamental shrubs, decidu-
                                                 ous fruits and nuts, and vegetables Other sources of
                                                 release may include loss during the manufacture, formu-
                                                 lation, packaging, and disposal of methoxychlor.
                                                   From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
                                                 cal Release Inventory, methoxychlor releases to land
                                                 and water totalled only about 2000 Ibs.

                                                 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
USAGE PATTERNS         ,                           'Methoxychlor does" not tend to persist when released
  Methoxychlor is preferred to DDT for use on animals, to soil or water' and does not  accumulate in fish.
in animal feed, and on DDT-sensitive crops such as   If released to soil, methoxychlor is expected to remain
squash, melons,  etc. Since methoxychlor is more un- immobilized primarily in the upper layer of soil although a
stable than DDT, it has less residual effect. Compared to small percentage may migrate to lower depths, possibly
DDT, methoxychlor, is more toxic to some insects & less into groundwater as suggested by the detection of me-
Octbber 1995	     . •  	'   •    '	   Technical Version   	  .	Printed on Recycled Paper

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thoxychlor in some groundwater samples.
   Measured soil sorption  coefficient  (Koc)  values in,
various soil are as follows: 9700 to 41,000 in sand, 80,000
to 86,000 in coarse silt, 73,000 to 100,000 in medium silt,
80,000 to 100,000 in fine silt and 73,000 to 92,000 in clay.
In another study, a Koc of 620  was found in a water-
sediment system.                             .
   This range of Koc values suggests that methoxychlor
would be moderately mobile to immobile in soil and
adsorb significantly to suspended solids and sediments
in water. Methoxychlor was found to migrate as much as
100 cm  under conditions in which 95 to 97% of the
residues remained in the top 10  cm of soil.
   Under anaerobic soil/sediment conditions, biodegra-
'dation appears to be the dominant removal mechanism.
In sediments, methoxychlor was found to have a half-life
of >100 days under relatively aerobic conditions and < 28
days under anaerobic conditions. Half-lives in anaerobic
soils are  about 3 months.  Methoxychlor may undergo
indirect "sensitized" photolysis on the soil surfaces and
it may undergo chemical hydrolysis in moist soils (half-life
> 1 year).
   If released to water, methoxychlor may be removed or
transported by several different mechanisms. Methoxy-
chlor may adsorb to suspended solids and sediments. It
may undergo direct photolysis (half-life 4.5 months) or
indirect "sensitized" photolysis (half-life  <5 hours) de-
pending upon the presence of photosensitizers. Based
on the Henry's law constant, volatilization of methoxy-
chlor may be significant (half-life 4.5 days from a shallow
river).
   Methoxychlor may also biodegrade in sediments, as
mentioned above, but oxidation and chemical hydrolysis
are not expected to be significant fate processes.
   If released to the atmosphere, methoxychlor may exist
in either vapor or particulate form. Methoxychlor may
undergo reaction with photochemically generated hy-
droxyl radicals (estimated vapor phase half-life 3.7 hours)
or physical removal by settling  out or washing out in
precipitation.
   Significant bioconcentration has been measured in
certain shellfish, insects, algae and fish, although fish are
generally reported to metabolize methoxychlorfairly rap-
idly and do not accumulate it.
   The most probable route of exposure to methoxychlor
would be inhalation or dermal contact during home use of
this insecticide, inhalation of airborne particulate matter
containing methoxychlor or ingestion of food or drinking
water contaminated with methoxychlor.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
          , INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years .
          REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at> 0.0001 mg/L
                                  METHOD NUMBERS
                                  505; 508; 508.1; 525.2
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039


TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal
         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         - EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline -  800/426-4791


         * Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378    ,
 October 1995
Technical Version
                                             Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                                                   Office of Water
                                                   4601
                            EPA811-F-95-003wT
                                  October 199B
                             National  Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Oxamyl  (Vydate)
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 23135-22-0

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    White crystals with slight sulfurous
    odor.

  M.P.:  100-192° C, different .crystalline
    form at 108-110° C

  VAPOR PRESSURE: N/A
                              OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):

                              DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: N/A
          N/A
                              SOLUBILITY: 280 g/L of water at 25° C;
                                 Very soluble in water

                              SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:  N/A

                              ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR: N/A

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:  N/A

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  Vydate K; Thioxamyl; Dioxamyl; DPX
  1410; Dupont 1410; Methyl N'.N'-
  dirhethyI-N-((methylcarbamoyl)oxy)-
  1-thiooxamimidate   ;      *
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG:
Met: '
             0.2 mg/L
             0.2 mg/L
  HAL(child):  3 -to 10-day: 0.2 mg/L
             Longer-term: 0.2 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found oxamyl to potentially cause the
following health effects from acute exposures at levels
above the MGL:  tremors, salivation and tearing due to
cholinesterase inhibition.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, up to a 7-year exposure to 0.2
mg/L.
  Chronic:   Oxamyl has the potential to cause the
following health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: decreased body weight.
  Cancer: There is no evidence that oxamyl has the
potential to cause cancer from a  lifetime exposure in
drinking water.

USAGE PATTERNS
  Oxamyl is widely used for control of insects, mites and
nematodes on field crops, fruits and ornamentals. The
majority of oxamyl is  applied to  apples (36 percent),
potatoes (33 percent),  and tomatoes (20 percent).
  EPA estimated that 400,000 IDS. of oxamyl were pro-
duced in the US in 1 982.
RELEASE PATTERNS
  Oxamyl is released directly to the environment in its
use as an insecticide and during its manufacture, han-
dling and storage.
  Since oxamyl is'not a listed chemical in the Toxics
Release Inventory, data on releases during its manufac-
ture and handling are not available.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  Oxamyl is highly  soluble in water, and is relatively
stable in aqueous solutions at acidic pH. It hydrblyzes >
and photodegrades rapidly to an oximino compound.
  Biodegradation is also rapid in soils under both aerobic
and anaerobic conditions. While laboratory studies have
found oxamyl to be mobile in soils, field data indicates
only limited mobility, most likely due to rapid biodegrada-
tion.      -•
  Bioconcentration is not expected as oxamyl is rapidly
absorbed, metabolized and eliminated in toxicological
tests. However, some accumulation has been noted in
the skin and hair of rodents, so accumulation may occur
in species that do not readily metabolize the compound.
  Exposure data are limited, but oxamyl has been found
in drinking water at  levels averaging 5 percent of the
MCL.
October 1995
                                      Technical Version
                                                                           Printed on Recycled Paper

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                                                                   OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
                                                                   MONITORING:
                                                                   FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
                                                                     INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
                                                                     REPEAT F:REQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                                                                                      2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                                                                                      1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
                                                                   TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.002 mg/L

                                                                   ANALYSIS:
                                                                   REFERENCE SOURCE               METHOD NUMBERS
                                                                   EPA 600/4-88-039               531.1
                                                                   Standard Methods               6610
                                                                     •-1               '                                .
                                                                   TREATMENT:
                                                                   BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
                                                                   Granular Activated Charcoal
                                                                       ,                 I
                                                                   FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                                   A EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                                   • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

                                                                   4 Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                                   • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                                   • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                                   • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                                   .-National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

-------
                              United States
                              Environmental Protection
                              Agency
                      Office of Water
                      4601
             EPA811-F-95-003X-T
                   October 1995-
                              National  Primary
                              Water Regulations
                              Pentachlorophenol
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 87-86-5

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:  White solid with
    needle-like crystals and phenolic odor.
    Available as: sodium salt in prills/
    pellets; emulsifiable concentrate; or in
    organic solvents

  M.P.: 190-191 ° C    B.P.: 309-310° C

  VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.00011 mm Hg at 25° C

  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.:  1.98 at 22° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION:
   Log Kow= 5.12

SOLUBILITY: 0.02 g/L of water at 30° C;
1   Slightly soluble in water       ,

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS (WATER):
   Taste: 0.03 mg/L; odor: 1.6 mg/L,

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
   Koc = 3000 to 4000 in sediments; low
   mobility in soil

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:   N/A
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
   Log BCFs of 1 to 5.7 in humans, 1 to 4
   in fish; expected to bioconcentrate in
   aquatic organisms.

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
   PCP, Penchlorol, Dowicide 7,
   Permasan, Fungifen, Grundier arbezol,
   Lauxtol, Liroprem, Chlon, Dura Treet II*
   Santophen 20, Woodtreat, Penta
   Ready, Penta WR, Forpen-50, Ontrack
   WE Herbicide, Orthq Triox, Osmose
   WPC, Watershed WP, Weed and Brush
   Killer
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      zero mg/L
  "MCL:       0.001 mg/L  :
  HAL(chlld):  1 day: 1 mg/L
             Longer-term: 0.3 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
                treating agent for beans; antibacterial agent in disinfec-
                tants/cleaners; preharvesj defoliant on some crops; pre-
                servative for glues, starches, photographic papers.
                  Production of pentachlorophenol was 45. million Ibs in
                1983. In 1983 it was estimated that industries consumed
                PCP as follows: Wood Preservative, 90%; Sodium
                Pentachlorophenate, 10%
  Acute: EPA has found pentachlorophenol to pbten-  RELEASE PATTERNS
tially cause central nervous system effects from short-
term exposures at levels above the MCL.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, ah exposure to 1 mg/L for one
day or an exposure to 0.3 mg/L for up to 7 years.
  Chronic:   Pentachlorophenol has the  potential to
cause reproductive  effects and  damage to liver and
kidneys  from long-term  exposure at levels above the
MCL
  Cancer: There is some evidence that pentachlorophe-
nol may have the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime
exposure at levels above the MCL.              ,

USAGE PATTERNS
  The greatest uses of pentachlorophenol are as a wood
preservative (fungicide). Though once widely used as an
herbicide, was banned in  1987 for these and other uses,
as well as for any over-the-counter sales.
  Other uses included: soil fumigant for termites; seed
                  Pentachlorophenol may be released to the environ-
                ment as a result of its manufacture, storage, transport, or
                use as an industrial wood preservative for utility pojes,
                  Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
                  RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
               1987 TO 1993
                  TOTALS (in pounds)

                  Top Five States
                  NV
                  OR
                  WA          .
                  AR
                  GA

                  Major Industries
                  Explosives
                  Wood preserving
                  Misc. Chemicals
       Water
       18,700
           0
       4,313
       3,310
       2,735
         783
           0
       17,720  \
         250 •
 Land
79,780
64,100
 5,405
 5,995
 1,615
 1,255
34,100
15,678
30,000
                  * Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
                  greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs.
October 1995
                                           Technical Version
                                            Printed on Recycled Paper

-------
 cross arms, and fenceposts, and other items that con-
 sumes about 90% of its production.
   Other former uses that may have lead to its 'release
 were the manufacture of sodium pentachlorophenolate
 and minor uses as a fungicide, bactericide, algicide, and
 herbicide   for   crops,   leathers  and   textiles.
 Pentachlorophenol's used on wood is "restricted" and its
 non-wood use is undergoing special review by EPA.
   From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
 cal Release Inventory, pentachlorophenol releases to
 land and water totalled nearly  100,000 Ibs.,  of which
 about 80 percent was to land. The most widespread
 releases were primarily from wood preserving industries
 in many states. However, the great majority of releases
 occurred at a military munitions plant in Nevada.

 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
   Releases to soil can decrease in concentrations due to
 slowbiodegradation and leaching into groundwater. Pen-
 tachlorophenol has a tendency to adsorb to soil and
 sediment; calculated Koc=  1000, measured sediment
 Koc= 3,000-4,000. Adsorption to oxidized sediment is
 higher than to reduced sediment. Adsorption to soil and
 sediment appears to  be pH dependent, stronger under
 acid conditions. The Koc values for the total dissociated
 phenol was calculated to be 1250 and 1800 for light and
 heavy loam,  respectively, while for the undissociated
 species, the Koc is 25,000.
   Pentachlorophenol does biodegrade but may require
 several weeks for acclimation. Half-life in soil is approxi-
 mately weeks to months. In an artificial stream, microbial
 degradation  became  significant after 3 weeks and ac-
 counted for 26-46% removal. Pentachlorophenol miner-
 alization in water from several sites was very low (<5 ng/
 L per day). 3 and 5 ppm PCP were completely degraded
 in 38 and 57 days respectively when incubated in unsat-
 urated soils taken at 4 and 4.5 m depths.
   If released in water, pentachlorophenol will adsorb to
 sediment, photodegrade (especially at  higher pHs) and
 slowly biodegrade. The low  water solubility and moder-
 ate vapor pressure would suggest that evaporation from
 water is not rapid, especially at natural pHs where  pen-
 tachlorophenol is present in the dissociated form (pKa=
 4.74). Biodegradation in the streams, or in specific stream
 compartments such as the  sediment or  water column,
 was characterized by an adaptation period (3-5 weeks for
 the stream as a whole, and reproducible from the previ-
 ous year), which was inversely dependent on the  con-
 centration of pentachlorophenol and microbial biomass.
,  Pentachlorophenol does not appear to oxidize or hy-
 drolyze under environmental conditions;  however, pho-
 tolysis of the dissociated form in water appears to  be a
 significant process. A measured photolysis half-life has
       been reported to be 0.86 hrs.
          In air, pentachlorophenol will be lost due to photolysis
       and reaction with  photochemically produced hydroxyl
       radicals.
          Bioconcentration in fish will be moderate. Pentachloro-
       phenol is expected to bioconcentrate because of its low
       water solubility, but the bioconcentration factor will be
       dependent upon the pH of the water since pentachloro-
       phenol will be more dissociated at higher pHs.
          The log BCF with goldfish varied from 0.30 at pH 10 to
       1.75 at pH 7 to 2.12 at pH 5.5. Other reported log BCF
       values are 2.89 in  fathead minnow; 2.4-3.73 in rainbow
       trout; 0.7-1.7 in sheepshead minnows; and 2.47 in mos-
       quito fish; 2.85 in  zebra fish; 2.62 in golden brfe. The
       accumulation increased with temperature in orfe and
       decreased with temperature in zebra fish. The BCF of
       PCP in humans was measured from daily intake of PCP
       and measured concentration in different tissues, giving
       the following results: 5.7, 3.3, 1.4,  1.4, and 1.0 in liver,
       brain blood, spleen and adipose tissue respectively.
          Humans will be occupationally exposed to pentachlo-
       rophenol via inhalation and dermal contact primarily in
       situations where they  use this preservative or are in
       contact with treated wood product. The general popula-
       tion will be exposed primarily from ingesting food con-
       taminated with pentachlorophenol.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
          INITIAL FREQUENCY- ' 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
          REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.00004 mg/L
                                 METHOD NUMBERS
                                 515.1; 515.2; 525.2; 555
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039


TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal
         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426^791

         * Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical yersion
                                           Page 2

-------
                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                                                     Office of Water
                                                     4601
            EPA811-F-95-OQ3y-T
                   October 1995
                             National  Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Phthalate,  di(2-ethylhexyl)
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 117-81-7

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    Colorless oily liquid
                                SOLUBILITY: 0.285 mg/L of water at 24° C;
                                  Slightly soluble in water

                                SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
                                  Log Koc measured at 4 to 5; low
                                  mobility in soil
  M.P.: -50° C    B.P.: 230° C (5 mm Hg) ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A

  VAPOR PRESSURE:  1.32 mm Hg at 200° C   BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
                                    Log BCF =2 to 4 in fish; expected to
                                    bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.
OCTANOtJWATER' PARTITION (Kow):
  .Log Kow = 4.89
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
   DEHP; Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate;
  -BEHP; Dioctyl phthalate; Pittsburgh PX-
   138; Platinol AH; RC Plasticizer OOP;
   Reomol D79P; Sicol 150; Staflex OOP;
   Truflex OOP; Vestinol AH; Vinicizer 80;
   Palatinol AH; Hercoflex 260; Kodaflex
   OOP; Mollan O; Nuoplaz OOP; Octoil;
   Eviplast 80; Fleximel; Flexpl OOP;
   Good-rite GP264; Hatcof OOP;
   Ergoplast FDO; DAF 68;  Bisoflex.81
  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 0.99 at 20° C
                               HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
                                  1x10-4 atm-cu m/mole
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      zero
  MCL:       0.006 mg/L
  HAL(child):  none

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
(DEHP) to potentially cause the following health effects
from acute  exposures at levels above the MCL: mild
gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, vertigo.
  Chronic:    DEHP  has the potential to cause the
following  health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above  the  MCL: damage to liver  and testes;
reproductive effects.
  Cancer: There is some evidence that DEHP may have
the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime exposure at
levels, above the MCL.

USAGE PATTERNS
  DEHP is the most commonly used of a group of related
chemicals called phthalates or phthalic acid esters.The
greatest use of DEHP is  as a plasticizer for
polyvinylchloride (PVC) and  other polymers including
rubber, cellulose and  styrene. A number of packaging
materials and tubings used in the production of foods and
beverages  are  polyvinyl chloride contaminated with
phthalic acid esters, primarily DEHP.
  It is also used widely in insect repellant formulations
                                               cosmetics, rubbing alcohol, liquid soap, detergents, deco-
                                               rative inks, lacquers, munitions, industrial and lubricating
                                               oils, defoaming agents during paper and paperboard
                                               manufactures, and as pesticide carriers, in photographic
                                               film, wire and cable, adhesives, as an organic vacuum
                                               pump fluid, a dielectric in capacitators.
                                                 Production of DEHP increased during the 1980s, from
                                               251 million Ibs in 1982 to over286 million Ibs. in 1986, with
                                               imports of 6 million Ibs. In 1986, it was estimated that
                                               industries' consumed DEHP as follows:  plasticizer for
                                               polyvinyl chloride, 95%; other uses, 5%.
                                                Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY T
                                                RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:   1987 TO 1993
                                                                   Water
                                                TOTALS* (in pounds)    16,910

                                                Top Five States*
                                                Wl             .   • '   500
                                                TN                  3,491
                                                OH                    268
                                                NJ                  3,956
                                                NY                    500

                                                Major Industries
                                                Misc rubber products    ,   274
                                                Rubber, plastic hose        10
                                                Cyclic crudes, intermed.   3,099
                      Land
                    471,191
                     255,000
                     80,419
                     62,982
                     23,139
                     13,284
                     311,900
                     80,019
                     12;200
                                                * Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
                                                greater than 100 Ibs.
October 1995
                                          Technical Version
                                                                            Printed on Recycled Paper

-------
RELEASE PATTERNS
  DEHP is used in large quantities, primarily as a plasti-
cizerfor polyvinyl chloride and other polymeric materials.
Disposal of these products (incineration, landfill, etc) will
resultinthe release of DEHPinto the environment. DEHF*
has been detected in the effluent of numerous industrial
plants.
  From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, DEHP releases to land and water
totalled over 500,000 IDS., of which about 95 percent was
to land. These releases were primarily from rubber and
plastic hose industries  . The largest releases (10% or
more of the total) occurred in Wisconsin and Tennessee.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  DEHP released to soil will neither evaporate nor leach
into groundwater. DEHP has a strong tendency to adsorb
to soil and sediments. Calculated log  Koc values of 4 to
5 have been reported.  Experimental  evidence demon-
strates strong partitioning to clays and sediments (log K=
4-5).  Limited data  is available to suggest that  it may
biodegrade in soil  under aerobic conditions following
acclimation.
  DEHP released to water systems will biodegrade fairly
rapidly (half-life 2-3 weeks) following a period of acclima-
tion. It will also strongly adsorb to sediments (log Koc 4 to
5). Evaporation and hydrolysis are not significant aquatic
processes.
  Atmospheric DEHP will be carried long distances and
be removed by rain.
  DEHP does have a tendency to  bioconcentrate in
aquatic organisms; the experimental BCF values range
from a log of 2 to 4 in fish and invertebrates. In fathead
minnows the log BCF was 2.93; in bluegill sunfish it was
2.06.
  Human exposure will occur in occupational settings
and from air, from consumption of drinking water, food
(especially fish etc, where bioconcentration can  occur)
and food wrapped  in  PVC, as well as during blood
transfusions from PVC blood bags.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
          INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
          REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0006 mg/L


         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE            METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-039            506; 525.2


         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal


         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         A EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline -  800/426-4791

                                                   v
         * Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
         - Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

-------
                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                     Office of Water
                     4601
                  EPA811-F-95-003Z-T
                        October 1995
                              National  Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                              Picloram
  CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 1918-02-1

  COLOR/FORM/ODOR:
    Colorless crystals or powder with a
    chlorine-like odor; forms water soluble
    salts

  M.P.: 218-219° C    - B.P.: _° C

  VAPOR PRESSURE:  6.2x10'7 mm Hg, 25° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):

DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: N/A
N/A
SOLUBILITY: 430 mg/L of water at 25° C;
  Soluble in water

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:  ,
  Koc average= 13; moderate mobility
  in soil

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A
BlOCONCENTRATlON FACTOR:
   BCF=31 in fish; not expected to
   bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
   N/A; negligible volatilization

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
   4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid;
   "Agent White"; Tordon
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS,
  MCLG:      0.5 mg/L
  MCL:       0.5 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1-to 10-day: 20mg/L           .',
             Longer-term: 0.7 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found picloram to potentially cause
the following  health effects from  acute exposures at
levels above the MCL:  damage to central nervous sys-
tem, weakness, diarrhea, weight loss.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, a one- to ten-day exposure to
20 mg/L or up to a 7-year exposure to 0.7 mg/L.
  Chronic:   Picloram has the potential  to cause the
following  health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: liver damage.
  Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not picloram has the  potential to cause cancer from a
lifetime exposure  in drinking water.

USAGE PATTERNS
  Picloram is a systemic herbicide used in salt form for
controlling annual weeds on crops, and in combination
with 2,4-D or  2,4,5-T against perennials on non-crop-
lands for brush control.
  Picloram is used  to control  bitterweed, knapweed,
leafy spurge, locoweed, larkspur, mesquite, prickly pear,
and snakeweed on rangeland in the western states.
                 EPA estimates that 300,000 Ibs. of picloram were
               produced in the US in 1982.

               RELEASE PATTERNS
                 Picloram is released to the environment primarily from
               its application as a herbicide, and also during its produc-
               tion and handling. Since picloram is not a listed chemical
               in the Toxics Release Inventory, data on releases during
               its manufacture and handling are not available.

               ENVIRONMENTAL FATE                          ••-•-.
                 Picloram is the most persistent of the ehlorobenzoic
               acid herbicides.
                 If picioram is released to soil it will not be expected to
               adsorb to  the soil and may leach to  groundwater, a
               conclusion supported by the detection of picloram in
               some groundwater samples. However, picloram is an
               aromatic aminet and some aromatic amines have been
               .shown to.bind.to humic materials which may be present
               in some moist soils; this binding may decrease leaching
               processes. It will not be expected to hydrolyze or evapo-
               rate from soils or surfaces, it may be subject to significant
               biodegradation in soils and ground water, with reported
               half-lives in soils ranging from 55-100 days or more.
                 If released to water it will not be expected to adsorb to
               sediments, to evaporate, or to appreciably hydrolyze. It
               will be subject to significant near surface photolysis with
               reported half-lives ranging from 2.3-41.3 days. Based on
               biodegradation in soils and groundwater, it may be sub-
               ject to degradation in surface waters. As an  aromatic
               amine, its rate of degradation in water and soil may be
October 1995
         Technical Version
                  Printed on Recycled Paper

-------
increased due to oxidation by free radicals, adsorption to
humic  materials followed  by  oxidation, and  catalytic
oxidation  by cations, although  no experimental  data
specific to picloram were found.
   If released to the atmosphere  it will be subject to
significant deposition and washout due to its low vapor
pressure (will adsorb to particulate matter) and significant
water solubility. It may also be subject to significant direct
photolysis. The estimated  vapor phase half-life in the
atmosphere is 12.21 days as  a  result of reaction with
photochemically produced  hydroxyl radicals.
   Picloram is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms based on a reported  BCF of 31 in fish and
estimated BCFs of 1 to 20.
   General human exposure will occur mainly through its
manufacture and use as a herbicide.
                                                           OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
                                                           MONITORING:
                                                           FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
                                                             INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
                                                             REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                                                                           2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                                                                           1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
                                                           TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0001 mg/L


                                                           ANALYSIS:
                                                           REFERENCE SOURCE             METHOD NUMBERS
                                                           EPA 600/4-88-039             515.1; 515.2; 555


                                                           TREATMENT:
                                                           BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
                                                           Granular Activated Charcoal


                                                           FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                           A EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                           • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

                                                           4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                           •Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                           • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                           • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                           • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

-------
                            United States
                            Environmental Protection
                            Agency
Office of Water
4601
                                          EPA811-F-95-003aa-T
                                               .October 1995
                            National Primary Drinking
                            Water Regulations
                            Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 1336-36-3

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:  PCB is generic term
    for group of organic chemicals which
    can be odorless or mildly aromatic
   . solids or oily liquids; available in
    mixtures containing several PCBs and
    other organics as well.

  M.P.: 340 io 375° C     B.P.:  N/A

  OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):  N/A
VAPOR PRESSURE: N/A; moderately volatile
 . from water and soil

DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.44 at 30° C

SOLUBILITY: N/A; insoluble in water

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
  Koc generally above 5000; low
  mobility in soil, but may leach with
  mobile organic solvents.

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
         BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
           Log BCF - 3.26 to 5.27 in aquatic
           organisms; expected to bioconcentrate
           in aquatic organisms.

         HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:       • -,-.
           3.3x10^4 to 5x10-5 atm-cu m/mole at 20
           deg C

         TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
           PCB, Chlorinated diphenyl, Clophen,
           Kanechlpr, Aroclor, Fenclor, Chlorextol,
           Dykanol, Inerteen, Monter, Pyralene,
           Santotherm, sovol, Therminol, Noflambl
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:     zero mg/L
  MCL:      0.0005 mg/L  ;
  HAL(child): none
          /       ___'•"
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found PCBs to potentially cause the
following health effects from short-term exposures  at
levels above the MCL: acne-like eruptions and pigmen-
tation of the skin; hearing and vision problems; spasms.
  Chronic:  PCBs have the potential to cause the
following health effects from long-term exposure at levels,
above the  MCL: effects similar to acute poisonings;
irritation of nose,  throat and  gastrointestinal tracts;
               lubricants, cutting oils, in heat transfer systems, carbon-
               less reproducing paper.                   v
                  v         '       ..-"''        "         ' -
               RELEASE PATTERNS
                 Current evidence suggests that the major source  of
               PCB release to the  environment is an environmental
               cycling process of PCBs previously introduced into the
               environment; this cycling process involves volatilization
               from ground surfaces (water, soil) into the atmosphere
               with subsequent removal from the atmosphere via wet/
               dry deposition andjhen revolatilization. PCBs are also
               currently released to the environment from landfills con-
               taining PCB waste materials and products, incineration
               of municipal refuse and sewage sludge, and improper (or
cnanges in liver Tuncuon.
Cancer: There is some evidence that PCBs may have
the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime exposure at
levels above the MCL.

i
USAGE PATTERNS

Production of PCBs has decreased drastically: from
over 86 million Ibs. in 1970 to 35 million Ibs in 1977. EPA
banned most uses of PCBs in 1979. In 1975 it was
estimated that industries consumed PCBs as follows:
Capacitors, 70%; Transformers, 30%
PCBs were formerly used in the USA as hydraulic
fluids, plasticizers, adhesives, fire retardants, way ex-
tenders, dedusting agents, pesticide extenders, inks,
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:



TOTALS (in pounds)

Top Five States
CA '
NJ
KY
WA
TN

Major Industries
Non-ferrous wire .
Steel pipe/tubing
Pulp mills

• mm • f
Water
784


0
0
250
0
255

0
'0
0
i 987 TO 1993

• m _ .- f
Land
73,632


58,178 '
13,188
• 750
998
251

58,178
'998
October 1995
                                         Technical Version
                                          Printed on Recycled Paper

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illegal) disposal of PCB materials, such as waste trans-
former fluid, to open areas.
   From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, PCB releases to land and water
totalled over 74,000 IDS., of which about 99 percent was
to land. The bulk of these releases occurred in 1990 and
were primarily from non-ferrous wire drawing and insulat-
ing industries. The largest releases (10% or more of the
total) occurred in California.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
   PCBs are   mixtures of  different congeners  of
chlorobiphenyl and the relative importance of the envi-
ronmental fate mechanisms generally depends on the
degree of chlorination.  In general, the persistence of
PCBs increases with an increase in the degree of chlori-
nation. Mono-, di- and  trichlorinated  biphenyls biode-
grade relatively rapidly, tetrachlorinated.biphenyls biode-
grade slowly, and higher chlorinated biphenyls are resis-
tantto biodegradation. Although biodegradation of higher
chlorinated  congeners  may  occur very slowly on an
environmental basis, no other degradation mechanisms
have been shown to be important in natural water and soil
systems; therefore, biodegradation may be the ultimate
degradation process in water and soil.
   If released to soil, PCBs experience tight adsorption
with adsorption generally increasing with the degree of
chlorination of the PCB. PCBs will generally not leach
significantly in aqueous soil systems;  the higher chlori-
nated congeners will have a lowertendency to leach than
the lower chlorinated congeners.  In  the  presence of
organic solvents PCBs may leach quite rapidly through
soil. Vapor loss of PCBs from soil surfaces appears to be
an importantfate mechanism with the rate of volatilization
decreasing with increasing  chlorination. Although the
volatilization rate may be low, the total loss by volatiliza-
tion over time may be significant because of the persis-
tence and stability of PCBs. Enrichment of the low-CI
PCBs occurs in the vapor phase relative to the original
Aroclor; the residue will be enriched in the PCBs contain-
ing high Cl content
   If released to water, adsorption to sediment and sus-
pended matter will be an important fate process; PCB
concentrations in sediment and suspended matter, have
been shown to be greater than in the  associated water
column. Although adsorption can immobilize PCBs (es-
pecially the higher chlorinated congeners) for relatively
Jong periods of time, eventual resolution into the water
column has been shown to occur. The  PCB composition
in the water will be enriched in the lower chlorinated PCBs
because of their  greater water solubility, and the least
water soluble  PCBs (highest Cl content) will remain
adsorbed. In the absence of adsorption, PCBs volatilize
relatively rapidly from water. However, strong PCB ad-
       sorption to sediment significantly competes with volatil-
       ization, with the higher chlorinated PCBs having longer
       half-lives than the lower chlorinated PCBs. Although the
       resulting volatilization rate may be low, the total loss by
       volatilization overtime may be significant because of the
       persistence and stability of the PCBs.
         If released to the atmosphere, PCBs will primarily exist
       in the vapor-phase; the tendency to become associated
       with the particulate-phase will increase as the degree of
       chlorination of the PCB increases. Tjie dominant atmo-
       spheric transformation process  is probably the vapor-
       phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals which has esti-
       mated  half-lives  ranging from  12.9 days for
       monochlorobiphenyl   to    1.31    years   for
       heptachlorobiphenyl. .Physical removal of PCBs from the
       atmosphere, which is very important environmentally, is
       accomplished by wet and dry deposition.
         PCBs have been shown to bioconcentrate significantly
       in aquatic organisms. Average log BCFs of 3.26 to 5.27,
       reported for various congeners in aquatic organisms,
       show increasing accumulation with the more highly chlo-
       rinated congeners. The major PCB exposure routes to
       humans are through food and drinking water, and by
       inhalation of contaminated air.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
          INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
          REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at congener-specific limits


         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE         .  METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-039           505; 508; 508A


         TREATMENT:                                .
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal >


         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         *• EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

         * Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                     Office of Water
                     4601
            EPA811-F-95-002bb-T
                   October 1995
                             National  Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Simazine
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 122-34-9

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    White powder

  M.P.: 225° C    B.P.: N/A .

  VAPOR PRESSURE: 6.1x1fJ-9

  OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
    Log Kpw = 2.18
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.3g/ml at 20° C    BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
SOLUBILITY: 5 mg/L of water at 20" C;
  Soluble in water

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
  Koc =135 (measured); slight to high
  mobility iii soil,,depending upon other
  factors

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: -
  4.63x1 CV10 atm-cu m/mole
   BCF <10 in fish; not expected to
   bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
   Aktinit; Batazina; Bitemol;
   CAT(Herbicide); CDT; Cekuzina-S;
   Geigy 27,692; Gesatop; Herbaziri;
   Herbex; Hungazin; Premazine; Primatpl
   S; Pricep; Printop; Radocon; Simadex;
   Tafazine; Zeapur; 2-chloro-4,6-
   bis(ethylamino)-1,3,5-Triazine
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      0.004 mg/L
  MCL:       0.004 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1-to 10-day: 0.07 mg/L
             Longer-term: 0.07 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
                 Its major use is on corn where it is often combined with
               AAtrex. Other herbicides with which simazine is com-
               bined include: paraquat, on apples, peaches; Roundup
               or Oust for noncrop use; Surflan on Christmas trees; Dual
               on corn and ornamentals.
                 The amount of simazine used annually in the USA was
               estimated in 1985 to be 4.8 billion pounds.
  Acute: EPA has found simazine to potentially cause RELEASE PATTERNS
the following  health effects from acute exposures at   simazine may be released into the environment via
levels above the MCL: weight loss, changes m blood.  effluents at manufacturing sites and at points of applica-
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for tion where it is employed as a herbicide.
shott-terrrvexposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-   Sjnce simazine fs not a |jsted ehemica| ,in the Toxics
ing Irter of waterper day, up to a 7-year exposureto 0.07 Re|ease inventory, data on releases during its manufac-
mg                                      .       ture and handling are not available.
  Chronic:   Simazine has the potential to cause the                .
following  health effects from long-term exposures at ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
levels above the MCL: tremors; damage to testes,  kid-   |f released to water, simazine is not expected to adsorb
neys, liver and thyroid; gene mutations.              to sediment and  suspended paniculate matter, or to
  Cancer: There is some evidence that simazine may volatilize. Persistence depends upon many factors in-
havethe potential to cause cancer from a lifetime expo- eluding degree of algae and weed infestation. Simazine
sure at levels above the MCL.                       residues may persist up to 3 years in soil under aquatic
                                                field conditions. Dissipation of simazine in pond and lake
USAGE PATTERNS       '                           water was variable, with half-lives ranging from 50 to 700
                                              ..  days. Slow biodegradation of simazine may occur in
  Simazine is a pre-emergence herbicide used for con- water based upon tne s,ow biodegradation observed in
trol of broad-leaved and grassy weeds on a variety of soi| simazine is fairly resistant to hydrolysis.  However,
deep-rooted crops such as artichokes, asparagus, berry chemica| hydrolysis of simazine may be more important
crops, broad beans, citrus, pome and  stone fruits or- environmentally than biodegradation at low pH or when
chards, and others. It is also used on non-crop areas various catalysts are present.
such as farm ponds, fish hatcheries, etc.
October 1995
        Technical Version
                                                                            Printed on Recycled Paper

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  If released to soil,  the mobility of simazine will be
expected to vary from slight to high in soil-types ranging
from clay soils to sandy loams soils, respectively, based
upon soil column, soil thin-layer chromatography, and
Koc experiments. Therefore, it may leach to groundwa-
ter; adsorption of simazine in  soil has been observed to
increase as titratable acidity, organic matter and, to a
lesser extent, clay content of the soil increased.
  Simazine may be susceptible to slow hydrolysis in soil
based upon reported half-lives for degradation (purport-
edly mainly soil catalyzed hydrolysis) of simazine in two
soil 45 and 100 days.
  Simazine can be  utilized by certain soil microorgan-
isms  as a source  of energy and mineralization. No
degradation of simazine was  detected in a soil suspen-
sion test without the addition of glucose as an energy
source suggesting that degradation of simazine in these
soil experiments was due to  co-metabolism. Reported
persistence of simazine in soil varies from a half-life of <1
month to no degradation being observed in 3.5 months.
Simazine is not expected to volatilize from near surface
soils or surfaces under normal environmental conditions.
  If released to the atmosphere, simazine is expected to
exist almost  entirely in the  particulate phase. Vapor
phase reactions with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals in the atmosphere may be  important (estimated
half-life of about 2.8 hr). Photolysis may be an important
removal mechanism in the atmosphere.
  Simazine has a low potential to bioaccumulate in fish.
BCFs: 0.76-0.95, green sunfish ; <1, bluegill sunfish; 5,
bluegill sunfish; 2, catfish. Other BCF values up to 55
have been reported in the literature.
  The most probable exposure should be occupational
exposure which may occur through  dermal contact or
inhalation at places where simazine is produced or used
as a herbicide.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
          INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
          REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                        1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at> 0.00007 mg/L
                                                                                 METHOD NUMBERS
                                                                                 505; 507; 508.1; 525.2
         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE
         EPA 600/4-88-039


         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal
                                                        FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
                                                        4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
                                                        • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

                                                        4 Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
                                                        • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
                                                        •.Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
                                                        • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
                                                        • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                             United States
                             Environmental Protection
                             Agency
                      Office of Water
                      4601
             EPA 811-F-95-0033C-T
                   October 199E
                              National Primary Drinking
                             Water Regulations
                             Toxaphene
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 8001-35-2

  COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
    Amber waxy solid with a piney odor; a
    mixture of pdlychlorinated compounds,
    available as a dust, wettable powder,
    or as emulsifiable or oil solutions

  M.P.: 65-90°C   B.P.: Decomposes

  VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.4 mm Hg at 25° C

  OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
    Log Kow = 3.3

  DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.65 at 25° C
SOLUBILITY:  3 mg/L of water at 22° C;
   Slightly soluble in water

SOIL SORPTJON COEFFICIENT:
   Koc = 2.1x10s; very low mobility in soil

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:   Odor thresh-
   old in water is 0.14 mg/L

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
   BCFs of 3100 to 69,000 in fish; high
   potential to bioconcentrate in aquatic
   organisms.        ~

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
  -0.063 to 0.005 atm-cu m/mole; will
   volatilize from water/soil
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
  Chlorinated camphene,
  Octachlorocamphene, Camphochlor,
  Agricide Maggot Killer, Alltex, Crestoxo,
.  Compound 3956, Estonox, Fasco-
  Terpene, Genipherie, Hercules 3956,
  M5055, Melipax, Motox, Penphene,
  Phenacide, Phenatox, Strobane-T,
  Toxadust, Toxakil, Vertac 90%, toxon
  63, Attac, Anatpx, Royal Brand Bean
  Tox 82, Cotton Tox MP82, Security Tox-
  Sol-6, Security Tox-MP cotton spray,
  Security Motox 63 cotton spray, Agro-
  Chem Brand Torbidan 28, Dr Roger's
  TOX-ENE
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      zero mg/L
  MCL:       0.003 mg/L
  HAL(child):  none

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY         i
  Acute: EPA has found toxaphene to potentially cause
the following  health effects from  acute .exposures at
levels above the MCL: central nervous system effects
including restlessness, hyperexcitability, tremors, spasms
or convulsions.
  EPA has not set drinking water levels which are consid-
ered "safe" for short-term exposures.       .
  Chronic:  Toxaphene has the potential to cause the
following  health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MGL: liver and kidney degeneration;
central nervous system effects; possible immune system
suppression.
  Cancer: There is some evidence that toxaphene may
have  the" potential  to cause cancer from a lifetime
exposure at levels  above the MCL.

USAGE PATTERNS     '
  Production of toxaphene in 1977 was nearly 40 million
pounds. By 1982, when EPA cancelled most of its uses,
consumption was reported at 12 million pounds.
                 Toxaphene was used  as  an insecticide for cotton
                (50%), vegetables (17%), livestock and poultry (17%),
                soybeans (12%), alfalfa, wheat and sorghum (5%).
                 All formulations are now Restricted Use Pesticides.
                Special livestock formulations are available  & recom-
               ,rhended for the control of scab mites or mange  on
                livestock. Rigo  Toxaphene 6 has been registered  for
                sicklepod control in AL, GA, MS, AR, NC, SC, & TN as
                24(C) registrations for speciallocal needs. Strobajie T-
                90 has a broad  spectrum activity as stomach & contact
                residual insecticide, & it has shown activity against sev-
                eral species of worms, scab,  mites,  homflies, lice &
                mealybugs & major cotton insects. In the past, it has been
                used as piseicide (fish toxicant) in lakes.           ,
                 Other minor uses: for armyworms, cutworms, & grass-
                hoppers; for mealybug & pineapple gummosis moth
                control  on pineapples &  weevil control on  bananas.
                Conditional and restricted use as an insecticide and as a
                rhiticide in foliar treatment of: cranberries, strawberries,
                apples, pears, quinces, nectarines, peaches, bananas,
                pineapple, eggplant, peppers, pimentos, tomatoes, broc-
                coli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale,
                kohlrabi, spinach, lettuce (head and leaf), parsnips, ruta-
                bagas,  beans (lima,  green and snap), corn (sweet),
                cowpeas, okra, alfalfa, barley, oats, rice, rye, wheat,
                celery, cotton, horseradish, peanuts, peas, sunflowers,
                soybeans, ornamental plants, birch, elm, hickory, maple,
                oak, arid noncrop areas. Also used in seed crop foliar
October 1995
         Technical Version
             Printed on Recycled Paper

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treatment of clover and trefoil; in soil treatment of corn; in tial. Chickens fed 5,50, or 100 ppm toxaphene in the diet,
back rubber of beef cattle; in animal treatment of goats, residues are detected in eggs and adipose tissue with a
sheep, beef cattle, and hogs; and aerial application and BCF of about 5.
tank mixtures.                                          Monitoring data demonstrates that toxaphene is a
                                                     contaminant in some air, water, sediment, soil, fish and
RELEASE PATTERNS                                    other aquatic organisms, foods and birds. Human expo-
  Toxaphene is released into the environment primarily sure aPPears to come most|y from food or occupational
from its application as an insecticide forthe protection of exP°sure-
cotton, mostly in southern states.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
  Toxaphene is very persistent. When released to soil it
will persist for long periods (1 to 14 yr), is not expected to
leach to groundwater or be removed significantly  by
runoff unless adsorbed to clay particles which are re-
moved by runoff. In water itwill not appreciably hydrolyze,
photolyze, or significantly biodegrade. It will strongly sorb
to sediments.
  Little information concerning biodegradation of toxa-
phene in aquatic systems was found in the literature.
However, it has been reported that the detoxification of
toxaphene was due to adsorption rather than by degra-
dation in  8 Wisconsin lakes.  Degradation in aquatic
sediment  was more significant under anaerobic than
aerobic conditions and oxidative as well as reductive
metabolism can be important in the degradation of toxa-
phene. Anaerobic conditions in sediments led to nearly
50% overall degradation of 3 main components of toxa-
phene;  under aerobic conditions 13.6% degradation of
the 3 components was observed- Toxaphene is resistant
to degradation in soils with reported half-lives ranging
from 0.8 yrto 14 yr. 50% loss in 6 weeks due to biological
transformation in anaerobic, flooded soils was reported
while no transformation was found in  aerobic sediments.
  Evaporation from soils and  surfaces will be a signifi-
cant process for toxaphene. Based on range of reported
Henry's Law constants the calculated range of the half-
life for evaporation of toxaphene from a model river is 6.0-
6.3 hr. Although toxaphene is strongly adsorbed to soil,
evaporation  from  soils may be a significant process.
Evaporation losses of from 7 to 14 kg/ha/yr or more have
been estimated from loam soil under annual rainfall of
150 cm. Field studies have shown  it to  be detoxified
rapidly in shallow and very slowly in deep bodies of water.
  Toxaphene may undergo very slow direct photolysis in
the atmosphere. However vapor phase reactions with
photochemically produced hydroxyl  radicals should  be
more importantfate process (estimated half-life4-5 days).
Toxaphene can be transported long  distances in the air
(1200 km) probably adsorbed to particular matter.
  Bioconcentration factors (BCF) forfish - 3100 to 69,000;
for shrimp 400-1200; Algae - 6902; snails - 9600. These
BCF values indicated significant bioconcentration poten-
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES: •
          INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
          REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:.
                        2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                     •   1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.001 mg/L


         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE            METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-Q39       '     505; 508; 525.2


         TREATMENT:
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Arfivated Charcoal


         FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         A EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

         * Other sources of toxicclogical and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Releasejnventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-5531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • National Pesticide Hotline - 800/858-7378
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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                              United States
                              Environmental Protection
                              Agbncy
                      Office of Water
                      4601
             EPA811-F-95-003dd-T
                   October 1995
                              National  Primary _
                              Water Regulations
                              2,4,5 - TP (Silvex)
  CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

  CAS NUMBER: 93-72-1

  COLOR/FORM/ODOR:
    White powder with little odor; available
    in granules, solutions and tablets as
    the amine or sodium emulsifiable salts
    & various esters.

  M.P.:  181.6° C  B.P.:  N/A

  VAPOR PRESSURE: N/A
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow): N/A

DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.21 at 20° C

SOLUBILITY: 200 mg/L of water at 25? C;
   Slightly soluble in water

SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
   Koc reported at 2600; Very low
   mobility in soil

ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:  N/A

HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:  N/A
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
   BCF=58 in fish; not expected to
   bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.

TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
   2,4,5-Trichlorophehoxyproprionic acid;
   Weed-B-Gon; Proppn; Silvi-Rhap; Sta-
   fast; Miller Nu Set; Aqua-Vex;
   Color-Set; Ded-Weed; Fenoprop;
   Fenormone; Fruitone T; Garlon; Kuran;
   Kurosal G/SL; Silvex
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
  MCLG:      0.05 mg/L
  Mci_:       0.05 mg/L
  HAL(child):  1^ to 10-day: 0.2 mg/L
             Longer-term: 0.07 mg/L

HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
  Acute: EPA has found 2,4,5-TP to  potentially cause
the following  health effects from  acute  exposures at
levels above the MCL: depression and other nervous
system effects, weakness, stomach irritation and minor
damage to liver and kidneys.
  Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day, a one- to ten-day exposure to
0.2 mg/L or upto a 7-year exposure to 0.07 mg/L.
  Chronic:   2,4,5-TP has the potential to  cause the ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
following  health effects from long-term  exposures at
levels above the MCL: minor liver and kidney damage
                however, silvex is not used  in the U.S. due to the
                cancellation of all registered uses effective Jan 2,1985.
                  the greatest use of 2,4,5-TP was as,a postemergence
                herbicide for control of woody  plants, and broadleaf
                herbaceous weeds in rice and bluegrass turf, in sugar-
                cane, in rangeland improvement programs,  on lawns.
                Aquatic uses include control of weeds in: ditches  and
                riverbanks,  on floodways,  along  canals, reservoirs,
                streams, and along southern waterways.,

                RELEASE PATTERNS
                  Former sources of release include spraying from appli-
                cation of the herbicide formulations, runoff from fields,
                and direct release to water for control of aquatic weeds.
                It may also have been released as the result of hydrolysis
                of esters of silvex.
  Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not 2,4,5-TP has the potential to cause cancer from a
lifetime exposure in drinking water.         >

USAGE PATTERNS
  In 1982, 2,4,5-TP production was 500,000 pounds,
with industrial/commercial herbicide consuming.60%;
range and pastureland use consuming 40%. The amount
of silvex used annually in the U.S. prior to 1983  Was
estimated in  1985 to  be 7,000 pounds. At present,
                 When released on land, silvex will strongly adsorb to
                soils  and biodegrade,  but is not expected to  leach,
                hydrolyze, or evaporate. It may be lost due to runoff frorn
                treated fields. Silvex has been reported to be very well
                adsorbed to essentially completely adsorbed in soils
                (reported  Koc Value of 2600). Average half-lives  for
                biodegradation of silvex in soils ranged from 12 days for
                3 prairie soils to 17 days.  Negligible degradation was
                observed in air-dried soils.
                . If released to water, silvex will biodegrade slowly and
                strongly adsorb to sediment, where slow biodegradation
                will occur. The loss due to volatilization of silvex from
October 1995
         Technical Version
             Printed on Recycled Paper

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aqueous and soil systems will not be significant due to its
low vapor pressure of the acid. It will  not appreciably
hydrolyze but may be subject to photooxidation near the
surface of waters.
  While no data concerning the rate of biodegradation in
water were found, available information suggests that
silvex is degraded slowly both in water and sediments.
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol has been identified as a product of
the biodegradation of silvex. From limited data available,
it may be concluded that any phenoxy herbicide, whether
applied as ester or as dimethylamine salt formulations,
may  be  chemically  transformed  to the  same
phenoxyalkanoic anion in soil and water at rates depen-
dent on pH. These anions would presumably reassociate
with a variety of inorganic cations present in the soil to
maintain electrical neutrality, and then undergo leaching
and biological degradation.
  Silvex may be released to air during spraying opera-
tions but not as a result of evaporation due to its very low
vapor pressure. It will be lost from the atmosphere mainly
by rainout and dry deposition. Vapor phase photooxida-
tion by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals may be significant (estimated half-life 6.3 hrs).
  Bioconcentration of silvex will not be significant based
with a reported  bioconcentration factor of 58 for fish in
flowing water.
  Agricultural workers may have been exposed to silvex
during spraying operations using herbicides containing
this chemical. Exposure may have also occurred through
consumption of contaminated foods, including fruits and
milk. At present, however, no Workers are expected to be
exposed to silvex during application  of herbicides be-
cause all registered uses of silvex were canceled effec-
tive Jan 2, 1985.
         OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
         MONITORING:
         FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
           INITIAL FREQUENCY-  4 quarterly samples every 3 years
           REPEAT FREQUENCY- If no detections during initial round:
                         2 quarterly per year if serving >3300 persons;
                         1 sample per 3 years for smaller systems
         TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0002 mg/L


         ANALYSIS:
         REFERENCE SOURCE            METHOD NUMBERS
         EPA 600/4-88-039            515.1; 515.2; 555


         TREATMENT:                                   '
         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
         Granular Activated Charcoal


         Fo/? ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
         4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
         • EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791

         * Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
         • Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
         • Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
         • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
         • National Pesticide Hotline - SOO/858-7378  ,
 October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2

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