United States
Environmental Protection Office of Water EPA 811-F-95-004-T
Agency 4603 October 1995
wEPA NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING
WATER REGULATIONS
Contaminant Specific Fact Sheets
Volatile Organic Chemicals - Technical Version
Acrylamide Epichlorohydrin
Benzene Ethylbenzene
Carbon tetrachloride Styrene
Chlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene
o-Dichlorobenzene Toluene
p-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichloroberizene
1,2-DichIoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1 -Dichloroethylene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
cis-and trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Dichloromethane Trichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloropropane Vinyl Chloride
Xylenes (Total)
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
. Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004a-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Acrylam jde
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 79-06-1
COLOR/FORM/ODOR:
White odorless flake-like crystals
derived from benzene. Available in
powder form or as an aqueous
solution of 50% acrylamide monomer.
M.P.: 84.5° C B.P.: 125° C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.007 mm Hg at 20° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = -0.67
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.122 at 30° C
SOLUBILITY: 2.2 kg/L of water at 25° C;
Extremely soluble in wate'r
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
N/A; High mobility in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
, BCFs of 0.86 to 1.12 in fish; not
expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic
Organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
3.2x10-10 atm-cu m/mole; .
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
2-Propenamide, Acrylic amide,
Ethylenecarboxamide, Amresco Acryl-
40, Acrylagel, Optimum
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
} ' ~ - ' "
MCLG: zero mg/L
MCL: Treatment Technique
HJAL(child): 1 day: 1.5 mg/I_
10-day: 0.3 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found acrylamide to potentially cause
the following health effects from acute exposures at
levels above the MCL: damage to central and peripheral
nervous systems, weakness and ataxia in hind limbs.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
consumed it as follows: Water treatment, 45%; oil drilling;
20%; pulp and paper, 20%; mineral processing, 10%;
other, 5%. :
The greatest use of acrylamide is as a flocculant in the
treatment of sewage, waste and drinking water.
Other uses of include: as an intermediate in the pro-
duction of organic chemicals; synthesis of dyes, in the
sizing of paper and textiles; in ore processing; in the
construction of dam foundations and tunnels.
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: a one-day exposure of 1.5 mg/
L* 9 ton r"iow ovf\nd II*A tf\ f\ *3 rv^/^/1 i ii«stx% ** *7 \ ******** ^K^^MA
, a len-uay exposure TO u.o mg/L, upto a /-year expo-
sure to 0.002 mg/L. ,
Chronic: Acrylamide has the potential to cause the
following health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: damage to central and peripheral
nervous systems, paralysis.
Cancer: There is some evidence that acrylamide may
have the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime expo-
sure at levels above the MCL. .
USAGE PATTERNS
Demand for acrylamide was projected to increase
slightly: from 110 million Ibs. in 1987 to 120 million IDS in
1 992 (projected). In 1 987 it was estimated that industries
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND: 1987 TO 1993
TOTALS (in pounds)
Top Releases by State
Ml
WA
CT
LA .
PA
Major Industries*
Plastics and resins
Pulp mills
Indust. organics
* Water/Land totals only
greater 100 Ibs.
Water
36,287 -:
*
12,200
8,000
5,690
4,367
2,505
19,002 "
8,000
3,107
include facilities with
Land
5,818
0
o
0
500
20
2 177
£-1 III
0
2,200
releases
Printed on Recycled Paper
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RELEASE PATTERNS
Acrylamide may be released into wastewater during its
production and use in the synthesis of dyes, manufacture
of polymers, adhesives, paper, paperboard and textile
additive, soil-conditioning agents, ore processing, oil
recovery, and permanent press fabrics, and in the manu-
facture of polyacrylamidesforuse as a flocculating agent
for water treatment. The latter is the largest end use,
being employed in processing mineral ores as well as
treating waste water and drinking water. Improvements
;in the polymerization process has reduced the monomer
content of these polymers from 5% to 0.3%. Other
sources of release to water is from acrylamide-based
sewer grouting and recycling of waste paper.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, acrylamide releases to land and
watertotalled over 40,000 Ibs., of which about 85 percent
was to water. These releases were primarily from plastics
industries which use acrylamide as a monomer. The
largest releases occurred in Michigan.
lation had occurred. The uptake was rapid in the first 24
hr and then leveling off to a plateau after 72 hr. When the
fish were transferred to fresh water, levels of acrylamide
declined to 75% of the initial concn after 96 hr.
In another report, the rate of accumulation of acrylam-
ide monomer, in fish was about 0.8 times the concentra-
tion in the rearing water (10 ppm) at day 40. The accumu-
lation of acrylamide monomer in fish from polymer was
nondetectable. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of
acrylamide polymer as a coagulant may not cause seri-
ous problems for human health.
Human exposure will be primarily occupational via
dermal contact and inhalation, although exposure to the
general public has resulted from the leaching of the
acrylamide monomer from polyacyrlamide flocculants
used in water treatment.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Acrylamide degrades rapidly with acclimation in biode-
gradability screening tests. Acrylamide degraded in fil-
tered river water in 4 to 12 days. Adsorption to sediment
should not be significant.
If released on land, acrylamide would be expected to
leach readily into the ground and biodegrade within a few
weeks based on experimental data. In 5 surface soils that
were moistened to field capacity, 74-94% degradation
occurred in 14 days in 3 soils and 79 to 80% degradation
occurred in 6 days in the other two soils.
In order to access the efficiency of sewage works in
removing acrylamide, two sewage works were dosed for
four times longer than the residence time. Little loss of
acrylamide occured during initial or final settling. How-
ever 50 to 70% was lost in the activated sludge plants.
Further studies showed that high loss rates required high
microbial activity or, in particular, contact with surfaces of
high microbial activity. Studies of the river into which the
sewage works discharged its effluents suggest that mi-
crobial degradation is unlikely to affect the level of acryl-
amide in river water for several hours, and possibly days,
even in a river into which acrylamide is continually dis-
charged. Degradation was'however, more marked in the
summer.
In the atmosphere, the vapor phase chemical should
react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals
(half-life 6.6 hr) and be washed out by rain.
Bioconcentration in fish is not significant. Uptake of
acrylamide was studied in fingerling trout for 72 hr found
the BCF in the carcass and viscera was 0.86 and 1.12,
respectively, indicating that no appreciable bioaccumu<-
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING AND ANALYSIS: ,
No analytical methods are available so monitoring is not required. This
contaminant is being regulated by requiring use of a treatment technique
to limit its use by drinking water systems
TREATMENT
Treatment technique: When acrylamide is used in drinking water systems,
the combination of dose and monomer level may not exceed the following
level:
0.05 % dosed at 1 mg/L
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
* Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
- Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004b-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Benzene
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 71-43-2
/ -
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: Clear, colorless
aromatic liquid; highly flammable
M.P.: 5.5° C B.P.: 80.1 °C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 100 mm Hg at 26.1 ° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
LogKow = 2.13
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 0.8787 at 15° C
SOLUBILITIES: 1.8 g/L of water at 25° C;
Slightly soluble in,water;
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT: Koc estimated
at 98; high to very high mobility in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: Taste threshold
in water is 0.5 to 4.5 mg/L
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR: 3.5 to 4.4 in
fish; not expected to bioconcentrate in
aquatic organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
0.0053 atm-cu m/mole;
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS: Benzol 90,
Pyrpbenzpl, Pplystream, Coal naphtha,
Phene
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: Zero
MCL: 0.005 mg/L .
HAL: , 1 to 10 day: 0.2 mg/L
Longer-term: 0.2 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: Acute exposure to high levels of benzene
produces central nervous system (CNS) effects and
death. At lower levels, above the MCL, mild CNS effects
appear to be. concentration dependent and rapidly re-
versible. Other effects include immune system depres-
sion and bone marrow toxicity leading to aplastic anemia.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 10 kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: upto a ten-day exposure to 0.2
mg/L.
Chronic: Benzene has the potential,to cause chromo-
somal aberrations in people who are chronically exposed
at levels above the MCL.
Cancer: Benzene has the potential to cause cancer
from a lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS
Production of benzene in the USA in 1993 was over 12
billion IDS. ;
Used for printing & lithography, paint, rubber, dry
cleaning, adhesives & coatings, detergents, extraction
and rectification, preparation and use of inks in the
graphic arts industries, as a thinner for paints and as a
degreasing agent. In the tire industry and in shoe
factories, benzene is used extensively.
Used primarily as a raw material in the synthesis of
styrene (polystyrene plastics and synthetic rubber), phe-
nol (phenolic resins), cyclohexane (nylon); aniline, ma-
leic anhydride'(polyester resins), alkylbenzenes (deter-
gents), chlorobenzenes, and other products used in the
production of drugs, dyes, insecticides, and plastics.
In future, coal will increasingly replace petroleum &
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
TOTALS (in pounds)
Water
583,210
Top Releases by State*
TX. 1,446
AL 199,892
LA 138,268
CO _ 0
NM 0
IL . 3
Major Industries
Petroleum refining 141,876
Industrial chemicals 103,239
Steelworks, blast fum. 146,594
Alkalies, chlorine 150,934
Land
1,566,900
1,136,681
0
4,413
40,793
'38,699
34,110
1,240,777
287,305
21,022
988
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs.
October 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
natural gas as a source of hydrocarbons both for fuel &
petrochemicals. Processes such as USA Steel
Corporation's Clean Coke process, which yields138%
coke & 20% chemical by-products compared to 73%
coke & 2% chemical by-products in conventional coking
technology, should soon be used commercially. New
coking, liquefaction, & gasification processes for coal are
all potential sources of benzene.
RELEASE PATTERNS
Benzene will enter the atmosphere primarily from
fugitive emissions and exhaust connected with its use in
gasoline. Another important source is emissions associ-
ated with its production and use as an industrial interme-
diate. In addition, there are discharges into water from
industrial effluents and losses during spills. Benzene is
also released from its indirect production in coke ovens;
from nonferrous metal manufacture, ore mining, wood
processing, coal mining and textile manufacture. Al-
though most public drinking water supplies are free of
benzene or contain <0.3 ppb, exposure can be very high
from consumption of contaminated sources drawn from
wells contaminated by leaky gasoline storage tanks,
landfills, etc.
From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxics Release
Inventory, releases of benzene to water totalled 583,210
Ibs. Releases to land totalled 1,566,900 Ibs. As indicated
in the Table below, these releases were primarily from
petroleum refining industries, with the greatest releases
occuring in Texas and Alabama.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
If benzene is released to soil, it will be subject to rapid
volatilization near the surface and that which does not
evaporate will be highly to very highly mobile in the soil
and may leach to groundwater. It may be subject to
biodegradation based on reported biodegradation of
24% and 47% of the initial 20 ppm benzene in a base-rich
para-brownish soil in 1 and 10 weeks, respectively. It may
be subject to biodegradation in shallow, aerobic
groundwaters, but probably not under anaerobic condi-
tions.
If benzene is released to water, it will be subject to rapid
volatilization; the half-life for evaporation .in a wind-wave
tank with a moderate wind speed of 7.09 m/sec was 5.23
hrs; the estim'ated half-life for volatilization of benzene
from a model river one meter deep flowing 1 m/sec with
a wind velocity of 3 m/sec is estimated to be 2.7 hrs at 20
deg C.
It will not be expected to significantly adsorb to sedi-
ment, bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms or hydrolyze.
It may be subject to biodegradation based on a re-
ported biodegradation half-life of 16 days in an aerobic
iiver die-away test. In a marine ecosystem biodegrada-
tion occurred in 2 days after an acclimation period of 2
days and 2 weeks in the summer and spring, respec-
tively, whereas no degradation occurred in winter. Ac-
cording to one experiment, benzene has a half-life of 17
days due to photodegradation which could contribute to
benzene's removal in situations of cold water, poor
nutrients, or other conditions less conductive to microbial
degradation.
If benzene is released to the atmosphere, it will exist
predominantly in the vapor phase. Gas-phase benzene
will not be subject to direct photolysis but it will react with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with a half-
life of 13.4 days calculated using an experimental rate
constant for the reaction. The reaction time in polluted
atmospheres which contain nitrogen oxides or sulfur
dioxide is accelerated with the half-life being reported as
4-6 hours. Products of photooxidatiori include phenol,
nitrophenols, nitrobenzene, formic acid, and peroxyacetyl
nitrate.
Benzene is fairly soluble in water and is removed from
the atmosphere in rain. The primary routes of exposure
are inhalation of contaminated air, especially in areas
with high traffic, and in the vicinity of gasoline service
stations and consumption of contaminated drinking wa-
ter.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
, EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
4 Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA 811-F-95-004c-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Carbon tetrachloride
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 56-23-5
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: Colorless, clear, heavy
liquid; sweet aromatic odor similar to
chloroform
M.P.:-23°C B.P.: 76.54° C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 91.3 mm Hg at 20° C
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.59 at 20° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 2.62 to 2.83
SOLUBILITIES: .1.2 g/L of water at 25° C
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Koc = 71; moves readily through soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS:
Odor threshold in water is 0.52 mg/L
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
0.0304 atrn-cu m/mole at 24.8° C
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR (BCF):
Log BCF = 1.24 to i.48 in fish;
not significant
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS: Perchloromethane;
Metharie tetrachloride; Benzinoform;
Univerm; Necatorina; Facsiolin; Flukoids;
R10 (refrigerant); Tetraform; Tetrasol;
Freon 10; Halon 104
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: zero
MCL: 0.005 mg/L
HAL: 1 day: 4 mg/L
10-day: 0.2 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found carbon tetrachloride to poten-
tially cause liver kidney and lung damage when people
are exposed to it in drinking water at levels above the
MCL for relatively short periods of time.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: a one-day exposure of 4 mg/
L; a ten-day exposure to 0.2 mg/L; upto a 7-year expo-
sure to 0.07 mg/L. ,
Chronic: Carbon tetrachloride has the potential to
cause liver damage from a lifetime exposure at levels
above the MCL.
\ . ' - . -
Cancer: There is some evidence that carbon tetra-
chloride has the potential to cause liver cancer from a
lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS ,
Production of carbon tetrachloride in 1988 was 761
million Ibs; most of it is used for chemical synthesis of
fluorocarbons and this has been declining at a rate of
7.9%/yr,
Formerly used as dry cleaning agent and fire extin-
guisher, its production peaked in the USA in 1974. EPA
regulation of fluorocarbon propellants will continue the
trend in production cutback unless new applications are
found for the chemical.
Its solvent uses include: solvent for rubber cement;
cleaning agentfor machinery and electrical equipment;
for reducing fire hazard of grain fiimigants; in soap
perfumery and insecticides; in Pharmaceuticals; for cable
and semiconductor manufacture; as plasma etching gases
for etching aluminum in integrated circuits; for oils, fats,
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY-
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS-(in pounds) 52,719
Top Releases by State*
TX , 22,922
VW 4
LA 7,720
AL 8,205
CA 20
Major Industries*
Alkalies, chlorine 31,147
Inorganic chemicals 8,796
Petroleum refining 4,450
Misc. Indust. Organics 3,266
Agricultural chems. 817
Land
23,078
75
14,443
2,213
0
2,400
17,545
460
1,530
377
2,400
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs.
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, resins. pected to be highly mobile in soil and only slightly ad-
In chemical manufacture its uses include: in polymer sorDed to sediment.
technology as reaction medium, catalyst; in synthesis of Carbon tetrachloride has a low potential to bioconcen-
nylon-7 and other organic chlorination processes; in the trate. Log of the bioconcentration,factor in trout is 1.24, in
formulation of petrol additives; in organic synthesis for bluegill sunfish - 1.48.
chlorination of organic compounds; catalyst regenera-
tion; a chemical intermediate for fluorocarbons ,
RELEASE PATTERNS
In Soil: Carbon tetrachloride occurs due to spills, run-
off from agricultural sites, dumping, and through landfill
leaching.
In Surface Waters: Carbon tetrachloride occurs as a
result of industrial and agricultural activities, some may
reach surface water through rainfall. Waste water from
iron and steel manufacturing, foundries, metal finishing,
paint and ink formulations, petroleum refining and non-
ferrous metal manufacturing industries contain carbon
tetrachloride.
In Ain The major source of carbon tetrachloride is
industrial emission. The total nationwide .emissions of
carbon tetrachloride in 1978 from all sources was esti-
mated at 65 million Ib (4.5 million Ib from production
facilities). The primary source of these emissions is
solvent uses.
From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxic Release
Inventory, carbon tetrachloride releases to watertotalled
nearly 53,000 Ibs. Releases to land totalled over 23,000
Ibs. These releases were primarily from chemical manu-
facturing industries which use it in chlorination processes.
The largest releases occurred in Texas.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
In the troposphere, carbon tetrachloride is extremely
stable (residence time of 30-50 years). The primary loss
process is by escape to the stratosphere where it photo-
lyzes. As a result of its emission into the atmosphere and
slow degradation, the amount of carbon tetrachloride in
the atmosphere has been increasing. Some carbon
tetrachloride released to the atmosphere is expected to
partition into the ocean.
In water systems, evaporation appears to be the most
important removal process, although biodegradation may
occur under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (limited
data). Hydrolysis half-life in water is 7000 years at 25 deg
C
Releases or spills oh soil should result in rapid evapo-
ration due to high vapor pressure and leaching in soil
resulting in groundwater contamination due to its low
adsorption to soil. A measured KOC of 71 was reported.
Estimated retardation factor in breakthrough sampling in
groundwater is 1.44,- 1.8. Carbon tetrachloride is ex-
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2; 551
'TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration .
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791 ;
4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA!811-F-95-004drT
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Chlorobenzene
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 108-90-7
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: Colorless liquid with a
faint, almond-like, aromatic odor
M.P.: -45.6° C B.P.: 132° C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 11.8 mm Hg at 25° C
Log Kow = 2.18 TO 2.84
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.11 at 20° C
SOLUBILITIES: 0.45 g/L in water
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT: N/A
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR (BCF):
Log BCF = 1 to 2 in fish;
not significant '
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
0.00356 atm-cu m/mole (calculated)
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
Benzene chloride, Chlorbenzol, .
Monochlorobenzene, Phenyl chloride,
IP Carrier T 40, Tetrosin SP
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: 0.1 mg/L
MCL: 0.1 mg/L
HAL: 1 to 10 day: : 2 mg/L
Longer-term: 2 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found chlorobenzene to potentially
cause anesthetic effects and impaired liver and kidney
function from short-term exposures at levels above the
MCL.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: upto a 7-year exposure to 2
mg/L.
Chronic: Chlorobenzene has the potential to cause
liver, kidney and central nervous system damage from
long-term exposure at levels above the MCL.
Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not chlorobenzene has the potential to cause cancer
from a lifetime exposure in drinking water.
USAGE PATTERNS
Production,of chlorobenzene in 1988 was 270 million
pounds, and was expected to decrease.
Uses of chlorobenzene include: an intermediate in the
manufacture of other organic chemicals, dyestuffs and
insecticides (60%); as a solvent for adhesives, drugs,
.rubber, paints and dry-cleaning (30%); miscellaneous
uses include fiber-swelling agent in textile processing.
RELEASE PATTERNS
: ~\
Major environmental releases of chlorobenzene are
due to its use as a solvent in pesticides.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, chlorobenzene releases to water
totalled over 326,000 Ibs. Releases to land totalled nearly
37,000 Ibs. These releases were primarily from alkali and
chlorine industries which use chlorobenzene in chlorina-
tion processes. Most of these releases occurred in West
Virginia.
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
: Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 326,017
Top Five States*
WY '. 262,653
OH 20,598
NJ ' 13,710
LA 16,460
SC ., , 1,401
Major Industries
Alkalis, chlorine 261,058
Plastics, resins 23,756
Cyclic crudes, dyes , 21,657
Indus, organics 13,460
Gum, woodchems 0
Land
36,910
263
12,500
13,261
265
5,939
- 67
13,312
6,637
9,375
4,909
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
greater than a certain amount- usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs.
October 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Chlorobenzene will enter the atmosphere from fugitive
emissions connected with its use as a solvent in pesticide
formulations and as an industrial solvent. Once released
it will decrease in concentration due to dilution and
photooxidation.
Releases into water and onto land will dissipate due to
vaporization into the atmosphere and slow biodegrada-
tion in the soil or water.
It is relatively mobile in sandy soil and aquifer material
and biodegrades very slowly or not at all in these soils.
Therefore, it can be expected to leach into the groundwa-
ter. It has a moderate adsorption onto organic soil. If
retained long enough, a large number of soil bacteria and
fungi are capable of degrading chlorobenzene and min-
eralizing it. 2- and 4-chlorophenol are products of this
biodegradation. Degradation will generally be slow, but
fairly rapid mineralization (20%/week) has been reported
in one study. Acclimation of soil microorganisms to hy-
drocarbon metabolism is an important factor.
In water,.the primary loss will be due to evaporation,
wrth a half-life estimated at up to 10 to 11 hours, depend-
ing on the wind speed and water movement. The half-life
for evaporation is approximately 4.5 hours with moderate
wind speed.
Biodegradation will occur during the warmer seasons
and will proceed more rapidly in fresh water than in
estuarine and marine systems. Again, acclimation of soil
microorganisms is important. A moderate amount of
adsorption will occur onto organic sediments.
Little bioconcentration is expected into fish and food
products. Log BCF is 1 to 2 for several species offish.
Primary human exposure is from ambient air, espe-
cially near point sources.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safeprinking Water Hotline - ,800/426-4791
4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Age'ncy for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004e-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
o-Dichlorobenzene
CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 95-50-1
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV: 1.31 g/Lat20°C
SOLUBILITY: 0.14 g/L of water at 25° C;
Slightly soluble in water
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
Colorless liquid .with pleasant, aromatic SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
odor Koc measured at 280 to 320 for loam
soils; low to moderate mobility in soil
M.P.: -17° C -. B.P.: 180.5° C
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
VAPOR PRESSURE: 1.47 mm Hg at 25° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 3.38
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
BCF measured at 270 to 560 in fish;
expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
0.0012 atm-cu in/mole at 20° C
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
ortho Dichlorobenzol, Dilantin,
Dowtherm E, Chloroben, Dilatin DB
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: 0.6 mg/L
MCL: 0.6 mg/L
HAL: ^ 1 to 10 day: 9 mg/L
Longer-term: 9 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has no data on the acute toxicity of o-
dichlorobenzene which is relevant to the drinking water
cellaneous uses, 5%.
The greatest use of o-dichlorobenzene is as a chemi-
cal intermediate for making agricultural chemicals, .pri-
marily herbicides.
Other present and past uses include: solvent for waxes,
gums, resins, wood preservatives, paints; insecticide for
termites and borers; in making dyes; as a coolant, de-
odorizer, degreaser.
Drinking water, levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: upto a 7-year exposure to 9
mg/L.
Chronic: EPA has found o-dichlorobenzene to poten-
tially cause damage to the nervous system, liver, kidneys
and blood cells from long-term exposure at levels above
the MCL.
Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not o-dichlorobenzene has the potential to cause
cancer from lifetime exposures in drinking water.
USAGE PATTERNS
Production of o-dichlorobenzene has decreased since
the 1970's: from 54.6 million IDS. in 1975 to an estimated
43 million IDS. in 1991. In 1987 it was estimated that
industries consumed o-dichlorobenzene as follows: Or-
ganic synthesis (mainly for herbicides), 90%; toluene
diisocyanate processing solvent, 5%; solvent and mis-
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES to WATER AND LAND: 1987
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 75,967
Top Five States* ' ,
NJ 19,602
WV 39,653 "
OR 7,260
SC 1,502
TX 1J418
Major Industries
industrial Organics 15,416
Cyclic crudes, dyes 7,639
Alkalis, chlorine 38,029
Paper mills 7,260
Gum, wood chems. , 250
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with
TO 1993
... Land
171,663
165,661,
0
0
4 ROC
f,U4UO
1,000
98,092
67,418
o
o
4,378
releases
greater than a certain amount - usually 1 000 to 1 0,000 Ibs.
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
RELEASE PATTERNS
1,2-DichIorobenzene's use in manufacturing and sol-
vents may be significant sources of discharges into
water. Dichlorobenzenes also enter the water systems
(raw and contaminated water) from the use of 1,2rDCB as
a deodorant in industrial wastewater treatment. Chemi-
cal waste dump leachates and direct manufacturing
effluents are reported to be the major source of pollution
of the chlorobenzenes (including the dichlorobenzenes)
to Lake Ontario. The major source of 1,2-dichloroben-
zene emission to the atmosphere has been reported to
be solvent applications which may emit 25% of annual
production to the atmosphere.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, o-dichlorobenzene releases to
land and watertotalled over 240,000 Ibs., of which nearly
172,000 Ibs. was to land. These releases were primarily
from organic chemicals manufacturing industries which
use it as an intermediate in herbicide production. The
largest releases occurred in New Jersey.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
If released to soil, 1,2-dichlorobenzene can be moder-
ately to tightly adsorbed. Experimental Koc values of 280
to 320 were determined in silt loam soils containing less
than 2 percent organic matter. In equilibrium batch stud-
ies, a relatively strong adsorption of 1,2-dichlorobenzene
to collected aquifer material was observed. However, the
detection of 1,2-dichlorobenzene in various groundwaters
indicates that leaching can occur. Volatilization from soil
surfaces may be an important transport mechanism. It is
possible that 1,2-dichlorobenzene will be slowly biode-
graded in soil under aerobic conditions. Chemical trans-
formation by hydrolysis, oxidation or direct photolysis are
not expected to occur in s.oil.
If released to water, adsorption to sediment will be a
major environmental fate process based upon extensive
monitoring data in the Great Lakes area and Koc values.
Analysis of Lake Ontario sediment cores has indicated
the presence and persistence of 1,2-dichlorobenzene
since before 1940.1,2-DichIorobenzene is volatile from
the water column with an estimated half-life of 4.4 hours
from a model river one meter deep flowing 1 m/sec with
a wind velocity of 3 m/sec at 20 deg C; adsorption to
sediment will attenuate volatilization. It has been sug-
gested that the three dichlorobenzene isomers may
undergo slow biodegradation in natural water. The di-
chlorobenzenes are not expected to be biotransformed in
anaerobic water conditions found in aquifers.
1,2-Dichlorobenzene is not expected to undergo sig-
nificant hydrolysis in environmental waters. It is reported
to be resistant towards oxidation by peroxy radicals in
aquatic media. In an isooctane solvent, 1,2-dichloroben-
zene absorbs virtually no radiation above 300 nm; there-
fore, direct photolysis in the environment should not be
significant.
If released to air, 1,2-dichlorobenzene will exist pre-
dominantly in the vapor-phase and will react with photo-
chemically produced hydroxyl radicals at an estimated
half-life rate of 24 days in a typical atmosphere. Direct
photolysis in the troposphere is not expected to be
important. The detection of 1,2-dichlorobenzene in rain-
water suggests that atmospheric removal viawash-out is
possible. .
In a study of a representative green alga, the Iog10
bioconeentration factors .(BCF) for 1,2-dichlorobenzene
was4.17. ExperimentalBCF values of 66-560 have been
reported and 1,2-dichlorobenzene has been detected in
trout from Lake Ontario. General population exposure to
1,2-dichlorobenzene may occur through oral consump-
tion of contaminated drinking water and food (particularly
fish) and through inhalation of contaminated air since 1,2-
dichlorobenzene has been detected in widespread am-
bient air.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3, years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2 ,
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
A Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004f-T
October 199B
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
p-Dichlorobenzene
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 106-46-7
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: White crystals with
distinctive aromatic, mothball-like odor
M.P.:53.1°C B.P.: 174° C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 10 mm Hg at 54.8° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 3.37
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.25 g/ml at 20° C
SOLUBILITIES: 65.3 mg/L of water at 25° C
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Koc estimates range from 409 TO
1514
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR (BCF):
Low; Ranges from 100 to 250 in
various species
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
0.0015 atm-cu m/mole at 20° C
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS: Paradichlproben-
zene; Paradichlorobehzol; Paramoth;
Di-Chloricide; Paradi; Paradow; Persia-
Perazol; Evola; Parazene
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: 0.075 mg/L
/
MCL: 0.075 mg/L
HAL(child): 1 day: 10 mg/L
Longer-term: 10 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY \
Acute: May cause nausea, vomiting, headaches, and
irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
shortTterm exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: upto a 7-year exposure to 10
mg/L.
Chronic: p-DCB has the potential to cause the
following health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: anemia, skin lesions, appetite
loss, yellow atrophy of the liver and adverse blood
effects.
Cancer: There is some evidence that p-DCB has the
potential to cause cancer from a lifetime exposure at
levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS
Available production data on p-DCB shows a decreas-
ing trend down to, 15 million Ibs. in 1981. .Demand
however, was at 74 million Ibs in 1986; rose to 77 million
Ibs. the following year, and was projected to continue
increasing.
p-Dichlorobenzene is used as an insecticidal fumigant
against clothes moths (35-40%); as a deodorant for
garbage and restrooms (35-40%); as an insecticide for
control of fruit borers and ants; may be applied to tobacco
seed beds for blue mold control; for the control of peach
tree borer; and mildew and mold on leather and fabrics.
It is also used as an intermediate in the manufacture of
other organic chemicals such as 2,5-dichloroaniline, and
in plastics, dyes, Pharmaceuticals.
RELEASE PATTERNS
Chemical waste dump leachates and direct manufac-
turing effluents are reported to be the major source of
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 33,675
Top Five States* , . ' . -
WV 27,676
TX 1,280
DE 1,870
GA 750
LA ' 503
Major Industries
Alkalies, chlorine 27,676
Industrial org. chem. 3,076
Agricultural chem. 750
Cyclic crudes, intermed. 600
Land
4,482
0
3,132
200
0
0
0
3,350
0
0
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs.
October 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
pollution of the chlorobenzenes (including the dichloror
benzenes) to Lake Ontario. The major source of p-
dichlorobenzene emission to the atmosphere is volatil-
ization from use in toilet bowl deodorants, garbage de-
odorants and moth flakes.
In 1972, 70-90% of the annual USA production of p-
dichlorobenzene was estimated to have been released
into the atmosphere primarily as a result of use in toilet
bowl and garbage deodorants and use in moth control as
afumigant.
In 1984 it was reported that 67% of the p-dichloroben-
zene.consumed in the USA is used for space deodorants
and moth control with 33% used as an intermediate for
polyphenylene sulfide resin production; volatilization from
the deodorants and moth flakes will therefore be the
major emission source to the atmosphere.
From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxic Release
Inventory, p-DCB releases to watertotalled almost 34,000
Ibs. Releases to land totalled nearly 4,500 Ibs. These
releases were primarily from a single chemical manufac-
turing plant in West Virginia.
benzene in rain-water suggests that atmospheric wash-
out is possible.
For the most part, experimental BCF values reported
in the literature are less than 1000 which suggests that
significant bioconcentration will not occur; however, a
BCF of 1800 was determined for guppies in one study.
General population exposure to p-dichlorobenzene
may occur through oral consumption of contaminated
drinking water and food (particularly fish) and through
inhalation of contaminated air.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
If released to soil, p-dichlorobenzene can be moder-
ately to tightly adsorbed. Leaching from hazardous waste
disposal areas has occurred and the detection of p-
dichlorobenzene in various groundwaters indicates that
leaching can occur. Volatilization from soil surfaces may
be an important transport mechanism. It is possible that
p-dichlorobenzene will be slowly biodegraded in soil
under aerobic conditions. Chemical transformation by
hydrolysis, oxidation or direct photolysis are not ex-
pected to occur in soil.
If released to water, volatilization may be the dominant
removal process. The volatilization half-life from a model
river one meter deep flowing one meter/sec with a wind
velocity of 3 m/sec is estimated to be 4.3 hours at 20 deg
C. Adsorption to sediment will be a major environmental
fate process based upon extensive monitoring data in the
Great Lakes area and Koc values based upon monitoring
samples. Analysis of Lake Ontario sediment cores has
indicated the presence and persistence of p-dichloro-
benzene since before 1940. Adsorption to sediment will
attenuate volatilization. Aerobic biodegradation in water
may be possible, however, anaerobic biodegradation is
not expected to occur.
Aquatic hydrolysis, oxidation and direct photolysis are
not expected to be important. If released to air, p-dichlo-
robenzene will exist predominantly in the vapor-phase
and will react with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals at an estimated half-life rate of 31 days in typical
atmosphere. Direct photolysis in the troposphere is not
expected to be important. The detection of p-dichloro-
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- , 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
A EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
4 Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
OfficeiOf Water
4601 >
EPA811-F-95-004g-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
1,2-Dichloroethane
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 1Q7-06-2
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: Colorless, oily liquid
with a pleasant, sweet, chloroform-like
odor
M.P.: N/A B.P.: N/A
VAPOR PRESSURE: N/A; highly volatile
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV. : 1.235 at 20° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 1.48
SOLUBILITIES: 8.7 g/L of water at 20° C;
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT: Koc measured
' at 33 for silt/loam; high to very high
mobility in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: Taste threshold
in water is 29 mg/L
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR: Log BCF is 0.30
' in fish; not expected to bioconcentrate
in fish.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: N/A
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS: 1,2-Ethylene
dichloride; Glycol dichloride; Freon 150;
Borer sol; Brocide; Destruxol borer-sol;
Dichlor-mulsion; Dutch oil; .Granosan
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: zero mg/L
McL: 0.005 mg/L
HAL(child): 1-to 10-day: 0.7 mg/L ,
Longer-term: 0.7 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found acute oral exposures to 1,2-
dichloroethane to potentially cause central nervous sys-
tem disorders, and adverse lung, kidney, liver circulatory
and gastrointestinal effects.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For ajlO-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: upto a 7-year exposure to 0.7
mg/L.
Chronic: No reliable data are available concerning
toxic effects from chronic exposures to 1,2-dichloroethane
at levels above the MCL.
Cancer: There is some evidence that 1,2-
Dichloroethane may have the potential to cause cancer
from a lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS
Production of 1,2-dichlorpethane has increased
steadily: from about 14 billjon Ibs. in 1990 to 18 billion Ibs.
in 1993. In 1985 it was estimated that industries con-
sumed 1,2-dichloroethane as follows: Vinyl chloride
monomer, 97%; chlorinated solvents, 2%; miscellaneous,
1%.
The greatest use of 1,2-dichloroethane is in chemical
manufacture, including: vinyl chloride, tri- & tetra-
chloroethylene, vinylideni chloride & trichloroethane,
ethylene glycol, diaminbethylene, polyviny! chloride, ny-
lon, viscose rayon, styrene-butadiene rubber, and vari-
ous plastics; as a lead scavenger in gasoline.
1,2-dichloroethane has a variety of uses as a solvent
uses: for resins, asphalt, bitumen, rubber; for fats, oils,:
waxes, gums resins; used as pickling agent and a dry
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 433,056
Top Six States*
NJ 192,700
LA , 136,508
TX 36,459
MO 6,786
NY 11,330
KY 10,309
Major Industries
Industrial organics 211,146
Alkalies, chlorine 120,283
Cyclic crudes, intermed. 32,945
Agricultural chemicals 11,918
Industrial gases 15,497
Plastics materials, resins 6,908
Photographic equip. 11,566
Other Chemicals 8,179
Pharmaceuticals 7,525
Land
22,616
231
2,292
7,028
8,73*0
0
0
363
3,254
119
8,980
0
6,895
0
0
521
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
greater than a certain amount- usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs
uctooer.1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
clean agent; in photography, xerography, water soften-
ing & in production of cosmetics; for processing pharma-
ceutical products; in leather cleaning, degreaser com-
pounds, rubber cement, and acrylic adhesives. It is also
used in extracting spices such as annatto, paprika &
turmeric.
Other uses include as a fumigant for harvested grain,
in orchards, in mushroom houses; fumigant for uphol-
stery and carpets.
RELEASE PATTERNS
Major atmospheric releases of 1,2-dichloroethane are
due to its production and use as a chemical intermediate,
lead scavenger, extraction and cleaning solvent, diluent
for pesticides, grain fumigant and in paint, coatings and
adhesives. Other releases are from waste water, spills,
and/or improper disposal primarily from its use as a
cleaning solvent and chemical intermediates. Land re-
lease is primarily from its production and use as a
cleaning solvent and diluent for pesticides. Chlorination
of water does not appear to contribute to 1,2-
dichloroethane in drinking water.
From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxics Release
Inventory, releases to water totalled over 433,000 Ibs.
Release to land totalled over 22,000 Ibs. These releases
were primarily from facilities classified as producing
industrial organic chemicals, alkalies and chlorine. The
largest releases occurred in New Jersey and Louisiana.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Releases to water will primarily be removed by evapo-
ration (half-life several hours to 10 days). Although firm
experimental data are lacking, the photooxidation of 1,2-
dichloroethane in water is expected to be slow. The rate
of hydrolysis is not significant, being much slower than
other pertinent environmental processes such as volatil-
ization and photooxidation.
Releases on land will dissipate by volatilization to air
and by percolation into groundwater where it is likely to
persist for a very long time. Little adsorption to soil is
expected based upon an experimental Koc of 33 for silt
loam which in agreement with values calculated from the
water solubility. 1,2-DichIoroethane rapidly percolates
through sandy soil.
Once in the atmosphere, it may be transported long
distances and is primarily removed by photooxidation
(half-life approx 1 month). The direct photolysis of 1,2-
dichloroethane is not a significant loss process. It is
primarily degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with
hydroxyl radicals, having a half-life of a little over a month
with a 1.9% loss for a 12 hour sunlit day. Indirect evidence
for photooxidation of 1,2-dichloroethane comes from the
observation that monitoring levels are highest during the
njght and early morning. The products of photooxidation ..
are CO2 and HCI.
Biodegradability tests with 1,2-dichloroethane resulted
in little or no biodegradation in aerobic systems using <-
sewage seed or activated sludge. The one river die-away
test reported no degradation. The percent BOD pro-
duced in 5-10 days was 0-7%. Another investigator
reported slow to moderate biodegradation activity. The
extent of biodegradation is difficult to assess due to
compounds' susceptibility to volatilization. No degrada-
tion occurred in an acclimated anaerobic system after 4
months incubation.
1,2-Dichloroethane is not expected to bioconcentrate
in fish due to its low octanol/water partition function
(1.48). The measured log BCF in bluegill sunfish is 0.30.
Its presence in some food products is probably due to its
use as an extractant.
Major human exposure is from urban air, drinking
water from contaminated aquifers and occupational at-
mospheres.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0 0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT: : ' ,
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004h-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
1,1-Dichloroethylene
CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 75-35-4
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: Colorless liquid with a
mild, sweet, chloroform-like odor
M.P.: -122.5° C B.P.: 31.7°C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 591 mm Hg at 25° C;
highly volatile -
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Estimated log Kow= 1.32
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.213 at 20° C
SOLUBILITIES: 2.5 g/L of water at 25° C
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT: Koc estimated
at 150
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR: N/A; not ex-
pected to bioconcentrate in fish.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: N/A
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS: 1,1-DCE; 1,1-
Dichloroethene; Asym-dichloroethylene;
Vinylidene chloride;
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS ;
MCLG: 0.007 mg/L
MCL: 0.007 mg/L
HAL(child): 1 day: 2 mg/L
Longer-term: 1 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found 1,1-dichloroethyleneto poten-
tially cause adverse liver effects due to acute exposures
at levels above the MCL.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: a one-day exposure of 2 mg/
L; upto a 7-year exposure to 1 mg/L.
Chronic: Chronic' exposure to 1,1 -dichloroethylene
at levels above the MCL has the potential to cause liver
.and kidney damage, as well as toxicity to the developing
fetus. :
Cancer: There is some evidence that 1,1-
dichloroethylene may have the potential to cause cancer
at levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS
An estimated 90,700 tons/yr of the monomer were
produced in the USA during the early 1980s. Virtually all
of the 1,1-dichloroethylene produced is used in the
production of copolymers with vinyl chloride or acryloni-
trile. A small percentage (4%) of 1,1-dichloroethylene is
used as chemical intermediates. These products are
then used in adhesives, synthetic fibers, refrigerants,
food packaging and coating resins such as the saran
types.
RELEASE PATTERNS
1,1-Dichloroethylene may be released into the envi-
ronment as emissions or in wastewater during its produc-
tion and use in the manufacture of plastic wrap, adhe-
sives, and synthetic fiber. 1,1 -Dichloroethylene is formed
by a minor pathway during the anaerobic biodegradation
of trichloroethylene and also by the hydrolysis of 1,1,1-
trichloroethane. Therefore there is a potential for it to form
in groundwater that has been contaminated by chlori-
nated solvents. \, 1 -Dichloroethylene is also produced by
the thermardecomposition of 1,1/1 -trichloroethane, a
reaction that is catalyzed by copper. 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
is used as a degreasing agent in welding shops so there
is a potential for 1,1-dichloroethylene to be formed in
these shops as well as in other industrial environments
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND: 1987 TO 1993
TOTALS (in pounds)
Top States:
KY
TX
LA
Water
10,101
2,880
2,061
2,079
Major Industries
Plastics materials, resins 3,942
Alkalies, chlorine 4,173
Land
1,488
286
150
3
1,299
154
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
where 1,1,1-trichloroethane is used near sources of heat.
From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxics Release
Inventory, releases to water totalled over 10,000 Ibs.
Releases to land totalled about 1,500 Ibs. These re-
leases were primarily from facilities classified as produc-
ing alkalies/chlorine and plastics materials/resins. The
largest releases occurred in Kentucky.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Releases to water will primarily be lost to the atmo-
sphere through evaporation. The mass transfer coeffi-
cient between water and the atmosphere of 1,1-
dichloroethylene relative to oxygen has been measured
to be 0.62. Using data for the oxygen re-aeration rate of
typical bodies of water, one can calculate the half-life for
evaporation of 1,1-dichloroethylene to be 5.9,1.2 and 4.7
days from a pond, river and lake, respectively. In water,
the photooxidation of 1,1-dichloroethylene is insignifi-
cant. A hydrolysis half-life of 6-9 months has been ob-
served with no significant difference in hydrolysis rate
between pH 4.5 and 8.5. This value differs markedly from
the estimated hydrolytic half-life of 2 yr at pH 7.
If spilled on land, part of the 1,1-dichloroethylene will
evaporate and part will leach into the groundwater where
its fate is unknown, but degradation is expected to be
slow based upon microcosm studies. No experimental
data is available on the adsorption of 1,1 -dichloroethylene.
A low Koc of 150 are calculated from a regression
equation based on its octanol/water partition coefficient
(log Kow= 1.48).
Once in the atmosphere it will degrade rapidly by
photooxidation with a half-life of 11 hours in relatively
clean air or under 2 hours in polluted air.
Few studies on the biodegradation of vinylidene could
be found In one study, 45-78% of the chemical was lost
in 7 days when incubated with a wastewater inoculum;
however, a sizeable fraction of the loss was due to
volatilization. 97% of 1,1-dichloroethylene was reported
to be removed in a municipal wastewater plant but again
the fraction lost by evaporation is unknown.
Under anaerobic conditions in microcosms designed
to simulate the anaerobic conditions in groundwater and
landfills, 1,1-dichloroethylene undergoes reductive de-
chlorination to vinyl chloride. Inthe microcosms designed
to simulate a groundwater environment, 50% of the 1,1-
dtchloroethylene disappeared in 5-6 mo.
Under the simulated landfill conditions, degradation
occurred in 1-3 weeks. In another anaerobic biodegrada-
tion study that used materials from an aquiferthat receive
municipal landfill leachate and is known to support
methanogenesis, the 1,1-dichloroethylene disappeared
in 40 weeks. However, no significant degradation oc-
curred for 16 weeks. 1,1-Dichloroethylene was formed as
a degradation product.
No experimental data could be found on the biocon-
centration of 1,1 -dichloroethylene in fish or aquatic inver-
tebrates. Based on its low octanol/water partition coeffi-
cient (log Kow= 1.48) one Would not expect any signifi-
cant bioconcentratio'n.
The general population may be exposed to low levels
of 1,1-dichloroethylene in ambient air, indoor air, con-
taminated drinking water, and food which has come in
contact with plastic wrap which contains residual mono-
mer. / '
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE,
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide1 further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
* Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004i-T
Octoben995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
cis- and trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER:
cis-156-59-2
TRAMS-156-60-5
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: . '
Colorless, odorless liquid
M.P.: cfs- -80° C; trans- -50° C
B.P.: cis- 60.3° C; trans-48° C
VAPOR PRESSURE:
cis- 273 mm Hg at 30° C;
trans- 395 mm Hg at 30° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = cis-1.86; TRANS- 2.06
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.:
cis-1.26 at 20° C
trans-1.28 at 20° C
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water
cisr 3.5 g/L of water "
trans- 6.3 g/L of water at 25° C
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Kocs of cis and trans isomers are
estimated at 36 to 49; high to very
high mobility in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: -
cis- 0.00337 atm-cu m/rhole;
trans- 0.00672 atm-cu m/mole
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
BCFs of cis and trans isomers are
estimated at 15 to 22; not expected to
bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
Both isomers- 1,2-DCE,"Acetylene
dichloride;
cis-Z-1,2-dichloroethene;
trans- E-1,2-dichloroethene,
sym-dichloroethylene
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS (IN MG/L)
MCLG:
Met:
HAL(child)-
1 day:
Longer:
cis
0.07
0.07
4
3
trans
0.1
0.1
,20
2
_
" 1'2"
as the cis- isomer in its ability to depress the central
nervous system.
Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not either cis- or trans-1,2-DCE have the potential to
cause liver cancer from a lifetime exposure in drinking
water.
USAGE PATTERNS
Both the cis and trans forms - usually as a mixture - are
used as a solvent for waxes, resins, and acetylcelluldse;
in the extraction of rubber; as a refrigerant; in the manu-
facture of Pharmaceuticals and artificial pearls and in the
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found cis- and
t- t 1 ill «' 11 « ' 1 ««M wh*M> *r >*» fft I«MI I ih* VV w* hiVtM«l%^ W«l IVI *»! hi I IWI b4l l^^bll IW b«l 1^1 III bl 1^
d,chloroethylene to potentiaHy.cause central nervous extraction of oils and fats from fish and meat; as a
system depression from short-term exposures at levels
aboVe the MCL.
ou _. . . .. .. . . : ,
Short-term exposures in drinking water which are
considered "safe" for a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consuming 1
liter of water per day:
"'
chemical intermediate for making chlorinated compounds.
No data were available on recent production levels in
United States
RELEASE PATTERNS
.. * , x -,-
cis- a one-day exposure of 4 mg/L or upto a 7-year
exposure to 3 mg/L. Releases to the environment are expected to be lim-
. .. ,rt_ _" ited to manufacturing plants in the Gulf Region of the
trans- a one-day exposure of 20 mg/L or upto a 7-year Unjted stafes Sjnce ^^ ^^ 2_DQE fl » ^ , ^
exposure^to 2 mg/L. chemicals in the Toxics Release Inventory, data on
Chronic: Both cis- and trans-1 ,2-DCE have the releases during manufacture and handling are not avail-
potential to cause liver, circulatory and nervous system able.
damage .from long-term exposure at levels above the T^.! ,2-dichloroethylene may be released to the
MCL. The trans .somer ,s approximately tw,ce as potent environment irv air emissions and wastewater during its
October 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
production and use as a solvent and extractant, in or-
ganic synthesis, and in the manufacture of perfumes,
lacquers, and thermoplastics.
An assessment of the sources of trans-1,2-
dichloroethylene is complicated by the fact that it is a
priority pollutant while the cis isomer is not and the
standard EPA methods of analysis do not allow the
isomers to differentiated. This has resulted in monitoring
reports erroneously listing the trans isomer when the cis
isomer is present. The Michigan Department of Health
has the capability of distinguishing these isomers and
claims that it frequently finds the cis isomer and, if
concentrations are high, they occasionally find traces of
the trans isomer.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Both the cis- and trans-1,2-dichIoroethyleries may be
released to the environment in air emissions and waste-
water during its production and use. Under anaerobic
conditions that may exist in landfills, aquifers, or sedi-
ment one is likely to find 1,2-dichloroethylenes that are
formed as" breakdown products from the reductive
dehalogenation of common industrial solvents trichloro-
ethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,1,2,2-tetrach.loro-
ethane.
The cis-1,2-dichIoroethylene is apparently the more
common isomer found although it is mistakenly reported
as the trans isomer. The trans-isomer, being a priority
pollutant, is more commonly analyzed for and the analyti-
cal procedures generally used do not distinguish be-
tween isomers.
If 1,2-dichloroethylenes are released on soil, it should
evaporate and leach into the groundwater where very
slow biodegradation should occur.
If released into water, 1,2-dichloroethylenes will be lost
mainly through volatilization.
In the atmosphere, -1,2-dichloroethylenes will be lost
by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radi-
cals and scavenged by rain. Because it is relatively long-
lived in the atmosphere, considerable dispersal from
source areas should occur.
Biodegradation,'adsorption to sediment, and biocon-
centration in aquatic organisms should not be significant.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection.
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at * 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
4 _EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
* Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004J-T
October 1995
«*EPA
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Dichloromethane
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PRPPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 75-09-2
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
A colorless liquid with a sweet,
pleasant odor like chloroform.
M.P.: N/A B.P.: 39.75° C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 400 mm Hg at 24,1° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 1.25
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.:
SOLUBILITY: N/A
N/A
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Log Koc estimated at 1.68; High to
moderate mobility in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
BCF = 5 (est.); not expected to biocon-
centrate in aquatic organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
N/A; Reportedly high. Moderate
evaporation from water;
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
DCM, Methylefie chloride
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: zero
MCL: 0.005 mg/L
HAL(child): 1 day: 1.0 mg/L
10-day: 2 mg/L
. The greatest use of DCM is as a paint remover. Other
uses include: solvent and cleaning agent in chemical
manufacture, textiles, electronics, metals and plastics,
pesticides industries; blowing and cleaning agent in the
urethane foam industry; furhigant for strawberries and
grains, and as degreener for citrus fruits; in pharmaceu-
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found dichloromethane to potentially
cause the following health effects from acute exposures
at levels above the MCL: neurological (encephalosis)
and blood cell damage.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: a one-day exposure to 1 0 mg/
L or a ten-day exposure to 2 mg/L.
Chronic: Dichloromethane has the potential to cause
the following health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: liver damage
.
Cancer: There is sorne evidence that dichlorometh-
ane may have the potential to cause cancer from a
lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS
Production of DCM has been decreasing: from a high
of 561 million ibs. in 1986, to 410 million IDS in 1993
(projected 1993 data). In 1988, industries consumed
DCM for various uses as follows: paint stripper, 28%;
aerosols, 18%; exports, 15%; chemical processing, 11%;
urethane foam blowing agent, 9%; metal degreasing,
8%; electronics, 7%; other, 4%.
-Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND: 1987
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 1,544,694
Top Ten States*
CT 940,158
NY . 58,400
GA / 166,700
NJ 138,302
Wl " 0
SC 20,860
Ml 39,575
KS 0
MO 0
TX 15,910
Major Industries*
Medicinals, botanicals 1 ,1 06,858
Photographic supplies 58,400
Misc Indust. organics 141,942
Custom plastics, resins 0
Pharmaceuticals 37,575
Potato/corn chips&snacks 2,000
Air conditioning/heating 0
Steel pipe, tubing . 0
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with
TO 1993
Land
556,830
0
, 155,755
0
2,721
139,920 /
52,810
32,900
33,489
27,295
823
0
155,755
53,741
139,920
0
32,900
' 33,489
27,295
releases
greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs.
ucrooer 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
ticals and as an anesthetic; in extraction of caffeine,
cocoa, fats, spices and beer hops; as a heat transfer
agent in refrigeration products.
RELEASE PATTERNS
Dichloromethane is released to the air from its use as
an aerosol propellant, paint remover, metal degreaser
and a urethane foam blowing agent. It is released in
wastewater primarily from the following industries: Paint
and ink, aluminum forming, coal mining, photographic
equipment and supplies, pharmaceutical, organic chemi-
cal/plastics, rubber processing, foundries and laundries.
In a 1978 report, release of dichloromethane to the
land totalled 61.6 million Ibs, with a breakdown for its
various uses as follows: production, 22,000 Ibs; paint
removers, 19.4 million Ibs.; metal degreasing, 13.4 mil-
lion Ibs; aerosols, 8.4 million Ibs.; foam blowing agent, 2.6
million Ibs.; pharmaceutical solvent, 4.8 million Ibs.; mis-
cellaneous solvent uses, 13 million Ibs. Release of di-
chloromethane to water totalled 8.1 million Ibs., with
breakdown: production, 66,000 to 132,000 Ibs.; paint
removers, 3.1 million Ibs.; metal degreasing, 2.2 million
Ibs.; pharmaceutical solvent, 1 million Ibs.; miscella-
neous solvent uses, 1.7 million Ibs.
Dichloromethane is also formed during the chlorina-
tion of water.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, DCM releases to land and water
totalled over 2.1 million Ibs., of which about 75 % percent
was to water. These releases were primarily from medici-
nals and botanicals industries which use DCM as a
solvent and extractive. The largest releases occurred in
Connecticut and New York.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Most of the dichloromethane will be released to the
atmosphere where it will degrade by reaction with photo-
chemically produced hydroxyl radicals with a half-life of
a few months. It will be subject to direct photolysis.
Releases to water will primarily be removed by evapo-
ration. Half-lives for the evaporation from water of 3-5.6
hours have been determined at moderate mixing condi-
tions. When released into a river, dichloromethane levels
were non-detectable 3-15 miles from the source. Biodeg-
radation is possible in natural waters but will probably be
very slow compared with evaporation. Dichloromethane
is reported to completely biodegrade under aerobic con-
ditions with sewage seed or activated sludge between 6
hours to 7 days. It will not be expected to significantly
adsorb to sediment. Hydrolysis is not an important pro-
cess under normal environmental conditions, with a
minimum reported half-life for hydrolysis of approxi-
mately 18 months.
Releases to soil will evaporate rapidly from near- ,.
surface soil and partially leach into groundwater where its
fate is unknown. Little work has been done on the
adsorption of dichloromethahe to soil, It is adsorbed T
strongly to peat moss, less strongly to clay, only slightly
to dolomite limestone, and not at all to sand. A log Koc of
1.68 can be calculated from a reported log Kom of 1.44.
Although experimental data are lacking, dichlorometh-
ane would not be expected to bioconcentrate due to its
low octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow is 1.25),
from which an estimated BCF of 5 can be estimated using
recommended regression equation.
The major route of human exposure is from air, which
can be high near sources of emission, and contaminated ,
drinking water.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
4 Other sources of toxicologies! and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection.
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004k-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
1,2-Dichioropropane
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 78-87-5
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like
odor
M.P.: -100.4°C B.P.: 96.4° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 2.28
VAPOR PRESSURE: 50 mm Hg at 25° C
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.16 at 25° C
SOLUBILITY: 26 percent by weight in water
at 25° C; moderately soluble in water
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Koc = 47 in silt loam; very high
mobility in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: Odor in air not
noticeable at 15 to 23 ppm
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
Log BCF is less than 1 in fish; not
expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
0.0021 atm-cu rh/mole; highly volatile
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
Propylene dichloride; major component
of Nematox, Vidden D, and Dowfume
EB-5 '...,.-
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
Standards:
MCLG: zero mg/L
MCL: 0.005 mg/L
HAL(child):, 10-day: 0.09 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found short-term exposures to 1,2-
dichloropropane at levels above the MCL to potentially
impair the functions of the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands,
bladder, and the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
The greatest use of 1,2-dichloropropane is as a chemi-
cal intermediate in the production of carbon tetrachloride
and perchloroethylene, lead scavenger for antiknock
fluids, solvent.
Other uses have included: ion exchange resin manu-
facture, paper coating, scouring, spotting, metal de-
greasing agent, soil fumigant for nematodes, and insec-
ticide for stored grain. , ;
RELEASE PATTERNS
1,2-Dichloropropane may be released into the atmo-
sphere or in wastewater during its production or use as an
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: a ten-day exposure to 0.09 mg/
L _ -
, Chronic: Long-term exposures to 1 ,2-dichloropropane
at levels above the MCL have been found to potentially
affect the liver, kidneys, bladder, gastrointestinal tract
and the respiratory tract.
Cancer: There is some evidence that 1 ,2-
dichloropropane may have the potential to cause cancer
from a lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS
Production of 1 ,2- dichloropropane has decreased
greatly since a 1 980 report of 77 million IDS. Dow Chemi-
cal, the only listed producer, discontinued its production
in 1991. , -
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 98,504
Ton Five* ^fafoc - '
I *Jf* /ivt? Olalc?o
NY 30,000
LA 25,586
VA 14,629
TX 12,290
" NJ. 10,463
Major Industries
Alkalies, chlorine 37,297
Photographic equip. 30,000
Gum, wood chemicals 14,629
Plastics, resins 10,463
Misc. Indust. Organics > 4,793
1 987 TO 1993
Land
5,470
3,205
260
250
,:' 1,206
o
1,216 ,
3,205
250
0
250 -
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases :
greater than a certain amount - usually
1000to10;000lbs. ,
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
intermediate in chemical manufacture. There were also
significant releases during its former use as a soil fumi-
gant. It may also be released as leachate from municipal
landfills.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, 1,2-dichloropropane releases to
land andwatertotalled nearly 104,000 IDS., of which over
98,000 Ibs was released to water. These releases were
primarily from chemical industries which use it as an
intermediate in producing other chlorinated compounds.
The largest releases occurred in New York.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
If injected into soil 1,2-dichloropropane will be primarily
lost by volatilization. 1,2-Dichloropropane has been de-
tected in groundwater where its fate is unknown.
If released to surface water, 1,2-dichloropropane will
be lost by volatilization with half-lives ranging from ap-
proximately 6 hr for a river to 10 days for a lake.
Adsorption to soil and bioconcentration in fish will not
be significant.
In air it will react with photochemically generated
hydroxyl radicals (half-life >23 days) and be washed out
by rain. Therefore, there will be ample time for dispersal
as is evidenced by its presence in ambient air.
Human exposure is primarily due to inhalation. Occu-
pation exposure, both dermal and via inhalation, will
occur during and after its application as a soil fumigant as
well as during its production and other uses.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES;
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: ,
A EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
A Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA 811-F-95-004I- T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Epichlorohydrin
CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 106-89-8
COLOR/FORM/ODOR:
A colorless liquid with a pungent,
garlic-like odor.
M.P.: -48° C B.P.: 116:5°C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 10 mm Hg at 16.6° C
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: .1.18 at 20° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kpw = 0.26
SOLUBILITY: 6.5% miscible in water at 10°
C; Moderately soluble in water
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Koc estimated at 123; high mobility in
soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: Odor thresh-
old in water is 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L.
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
log BCF of 0.66 (species not reported);
not expected to bioconcentrate in
aquatic organisms. , '
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: N/A
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
(Chloromethyl)ethylene oxide, 1,2-
Epoxy-3-chloropropane,
Chloromethyloxirane, Glycerol
epichlorhydrin, Glycidyl chloride
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: , zero mg/L
Met: Treatment technique
HAL(child): 1-to 10-day: 0.1 mg/L
Longer-term: 0.07 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found epichlorohydrin to potentially
cause the following health effects from acute exposures
at levels above the MCL: skin irritation; detrimental ef-
fects on liver, kidneys, central nervous system.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
shorMerm exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: a one- or ten-day exposure to
0.1 mg/L; upto a 7-year exposure to 0.07 mg/L.
Chronic: Epichlorohydrin has the potential to cause
the following health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: stomach, eye and skin irritation;
chromosome aberrations; adverse changes in blood.
Cancer: There is some evidence that epichlorohydrin
may have the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime
exposure at levels above the MCL.
f~
USAGE PATTERNS
Production and imports of epichlorohydrin increased
from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s: from 294 million Ibs.
to 511 million Ibs. In 1984 it was estimated that industries
consumed epichlorohydrin as follows: Epoxy resins, 65%;
glycerine, 25%; epichlorohydrin elastomers, 5%; miscel-
laneous, 5%
The greatest use of epichlorohydrin is as a monomer
for epoxy resins, elastomers and other polymers.
Other uses include: a polymer coating material in water
supply systems; an intermediate in organic synthesis,
particularly glycerine; solvent for cellulose esters and
ethers; high wet-strength resins for paper industry; in
preparation of ion exchange resins; in the manufacture of
Pharmaceuticals; an insect fumigant.
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 42,705
Top Five States
AL 29,385
LA ' 6,924
NJ 2,164
TX 200
AR 1,594
Major Industries ,
Industrial organics 25,137
Plastics and resins 6,392
Industrial inorganics 4,200
Agricultural chemicals 2,207
Alkalis, chlorine 2,100
Land
22,849
18,476
2,663
16
1,396
0
14,941
2,509
1,600
1,532
1,033
\jciooer vyyo
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
RELEASE PATTERNS
Epichlorohydrin may be released to the atmosphere
and in wastewater during its production and use in epoxy
resins, glycerin manufacture, as a chemical intermediate
in the manufacture of other chemicals, and other uses.
Other uses which may lead to its release include textile
treatment, coatings, solvent, surface active agent, stabi-
lizer in insecticide, and elastomer manufacture.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, epichlorohydrin releases to land
and water totalled over 65,000 Ibs., of which about two-
thirds was to water. These releases were primarily from
industrial organic chemical industries. The largest re-
leases occurred in Alabama.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE ' .
Epichlorohydrin is relatively volatile and would there-
fore readily evaporate from near-surface soils and other
solid surfaces. If released into water it will be lost primarily
by evaporation (half-life 29 hr in a typical river) and
hydrolysis (half-life 8.2 days). It will not adsorb apprecia-
bly to sediment. If spilled on land, it will evaporate and
leach into the groundwater where it will hydrolyze. The
Kocfor epichlorohydrin, calculated from its water solubil-
. ity, is 123 which indicates that it is not appreciably
adsorbed. After a spill of 20,000 gal following a train
accident, water in wells closest to the spill were highly
contaminated.
Biodegradation and chemical reactions with ions and
reactive species may accelerate its loss in soil and water
but data from field studies are lacking. In the atmosphere,
epichlorohydrin will degrade by reaction with photo-
chemically produced hydroxyl radicals (est half-life 4
days). ,
It will not bioconcentrate appreciably in aquatic organ-
isms. The log BCF has been estimated to be 0.66.
There is a lack of monitoring data for epichlorohydrin in
all but occupational settings. Humans will primarily be
exposed to epichlorohydrin in occupational settings.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING AND ANALYSIS:
No analytical methods are available so monitoring is not required. This
contaminant is being regulated by requiring use of a treatment technique
to limit its; use by drinking water systems, r
TREATMENT
Treatment technique: When acrylamide is used in drinking water systems,
the combination of dose and monomer level may not exceed the following
level:
0.01 % dosed at 20 mg/L
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
* Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic.Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004m-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Ethylbenzene
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 100-41-4
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log K0w = 3.15
SOLUBILITY: 0.14 g/L of water at 15° C;
low solubility in water
Colorless liquid with a sweet, gasoline-
like odor - SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
, Koc measured at 164 silt loam;
M.P.: -95° C B.P.: 136.2°C moderate mobility in soil
VAPOR PRESSURE: 10 mm Hg at 25.9° C
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 0.87 at 20° C
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: Taste and
odor threshold in water is 0.029 mg/L
BiocoNCENTRATiON FACTOR:
Measu'red log BCF values of 0.67 to 1.9
in fish; not expected to bioconcentrate
in aquatic organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
0.0084 atm-cu m/mole; rapid evapora-
tion from water!
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
Ethylbenzol. Phenylethane
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG:
MCL:
HAL(child):
0.7 mg/L
0.7 mg/L
1 day: 30 mg/L
10-day: 3 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
RELEASE PATTERNS
Ethylbenzene will enter the atmosphere primarily from
fugitive emissions and exhaust connected with its use in
gasoline. More localized sources will be emissions, waste
water and spills from its production and industrial use.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, ethylbenzene releases to water
totalled over 47,293 Ibs., while releases to land totalled
Acute: EPA has found ethylbenzene to potentially
cause drowsiness, fatigue, headache and mild eye and
respiratory irritation from short-term exposures at levels
above the MCL.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 1Q-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: a one-day exposure to 30 mg/
L; a ten-day exposure to 3 mg/L.
Chronic: Ethylbenzene has the potential to cause
damage to the liver, kjdneys, central nervous system and
eyes from longrterm exposure at levels above the MCL.
Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not ethylbenzene has the potential to cause cancer
from a lifetime exposure in drinking water.
USAGE PATTERNS
Production of ethylbenzene has increased: from 6.9
billion Ibs. in 1 982 to 1 1 .8 billion Ibs in 1 993. The greatest
use - over 99 percent - of ethylbenzene is as an interme-
diate for styrene monomer production.
Other uses include: a solvent for coatings, and in the
production of synthetic rubber and cellulose acetate.
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY - ,
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND: 1987 TO 1993
TOTALS (in pounds)
Top Ten States
T*V
TX
VI
IL ,
PR
VA
DE
NJ
NM
WY
LA
Major Industries
Petroleum refining
Plastics/resins
Indust. Organics
Pharmaceuticals
Metal containers
Water
47,293
9;870
1,233
31
0
17,997
3,460
1,892
0
250
4,383
55,201
12,384
10,683
14,090
0
Land
714,580 ,
480,164
72,245 ,
44,789
23,980
1,950
13,324
11,510
13,076
12,755
4,552
718,884
9,212
9,781
0
11,510
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
greater than a Certain amount '- usually 1 000 to 1 0,000 Ibs.
October 1995 Technical Version
Printed, on
Recycled Paper
-------
over 714,000 Ibs. These releases were primarily from
petroleum refining industries. The largest releases oc-
curred in Texas. The largest direct releases to water
occurred in Virginia.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
If ethylbenzene is released to the atmosphere, it will
exist predominantly in the vapor phase, based on its
vapor pressure. There it will photochemically degrade by
reaction with hydroxyl radicals (half-life 0.5 to 2 days) and
partially return to earth in rain. It will not be subject to
direct photolysis.
Evaporation and biodegradation are significant in wa-
ter. Ethylbenzene will evaporate rapidly from water: a
half-life for evaporation from moving, shallow water is 3.1
hr. After a period of inocula adaptation, ethylbenzene is
biodegraded fairly rapidly by sewage or activated sludge
inoculua. As a component of gas oil, it is completely
degraded in groundwater in 8 days and seawater in 10
days. No degradation was observed in anaerobic reac-
tors or at low concentrations in batch reactors under
denitrifying'conditions. Ethylbenzene is resistant to hy-
drolysis. Some ethylbenzene may be adsorbed by sedi-
ment.
Ethylbenzene is only adsorbed moderately by soil. The
measured Koc for silt loam was 164. Its presence in bank
infiltrated water suggests that there is a good probability
of its leaching through soil. It will not significantly hydro-
lyze in water or soil.
Significant bioconcentration in fish is not expected to
occur. Experimental data on the bioconcentration of
ethylbenzene include a log BCF of 1.9 in goldfish and
0.67 for clams exposed to the water-soluble fraction of
crude oil. This, with a calculated log BCF of 2.16 in fish,
indicatethatethylbertzeneshquld not significantly biocon-
centrate in aquatic organisms.
The primary source of exposure is from the air espe-
cially fn areas of high traffic. However, ethylbenzene is a
contaminant in many drinking water supplies and levels
can be quite high for wells near leaking gasoline storage
tanks and for many drinking waters taken from surface
waters.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
A Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
JLJnited States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004n-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Styrene
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 100-42-5
COLOR/FORM/ODOR:
Colorless or yellowish oily liquid with
aromatic, almost floral odor; available
as polymer grade.
M.P.: -30.63° C B.P.: 145.2°C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 4.5 mm Hg at,25° C;
highly volatile
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 2.95
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 0.906, at 20° C
SOLUBILITY: 310 mg/L at 25° C; Slightly
soluble in water
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Koc estimated at 520 to 555; low
mobility in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: Taste thresh-
old in water is 0.73 mg/L
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
BCF = 13.5 in fish; not expected to
bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
0.00275 atm-cu m/mole at 25° C; rapid
evaporation from water. ,
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
Vinyl benzene, Phenethylene,
Cinnamene, Diarex HF 77, Styrolene,
Styron, Styropol,
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: 0.1 mg/L
MCL: 0.1 mg/L
HAL(child): 1 day: 20 mg/L
Longer-term: 2 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found styrene to potentially cause the
following health effects from acute exposures at levels
above the MCL: nervous system effects such as depres-
sion, loss of concentration, weakness, fatigue and nau-
sea.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 22 Ib. child consuming 1 liter
of water per day: a one-day exposure to 20 mg/L; upto a
7-year exposure to 2 mg/L
Chronic: "Styrene has the potential to cause the
following health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: liver and nerve tissue damage.
Cancer: There is some evidence that styrene may
have the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime expo-
sure at levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS , ,
Production of styrene has increased: from 8.5 billion
Ibs. in 1988 to 10.7 billion Ibs in 1993. In 1989, it was
estimated that industries consumed styrene as follows:
Polystyrene, 55%; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS),
10%; styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), 5%; styrene-buta-
diene latex, 5%; unsaturated polyester resins, 5%; mis-
cellaneous uses, including other copoiymers, 7%; ex-
ports, 13%.
Initially, styrene was used primarily in the synthetic
rubber industry, but most styrene is currently consumed
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 275,888
Top Eight States* r
TX 160,411
VW > 1,600
IN 0
Wl 0
OH 0
GA ''-'.- 0
LA 53,430
FL 0
Major Industries*
Adhesives, sealants 0
Concrete products 0
Synthetic rubber 152,215
Misc. plastic products 515
Plastics and resins 25,133
Boatbuilding, repair 220
Car parts, access. 0
Misc. Indust. organics 34,275
Travel trailers, campers 0
Custom plastic resins 720
Land
1,796,451
572,294
555,360
124,794
102,973
90,358
79,000
0
38,800
537,360
398,424
149,147
201,713
71,363
83,256
79,250
43,290
45,129
44,320
* Water/Land totajs only include facilities with releases
greater than a certain :amount - usually 1000 to 10,000lbs,
ucrooer 7995
Technical Version
-. Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
in plastics, resins, coatings, and paints. To date, all
commercial uses are based on chemical reactions that
polymerize or copolymerize styrene.
RELEASE PATTERNS
Styrene is released into the environment by emissions
and effluents from its production and its use in polymer
manufacture. It has been found in exhausts from spark-
ignition engines, oxy-acetylene flames, cigarette smoke
and gases emitted by pyrolysis of brake linings. Stack
emissions from waste incineration have been found to
contain styrene. Styrene is emitted in automobile ex-
haust. Consumers may be exposed to potentially high
levels of styrene monomer through contact with unsatur-
ated polyester resin products used in fiberglass boat
construction and repair, and as auto body fillers and
casting plastics. These products may contain styrene at
concentrations of 30 to 50%. Its presence in various food
products is due to monomer leaching from polystyrene
containers.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release inventory, styrene releases to land and
water totalled over 2 million Ibs., qf which about 85
percent was to land. These releases were primarily from
adhesives and sealants industries. The largest releases
occurred in Texas. The largest direct releases to water
occurred in Louisiana.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
If released to the atmosphere, styrepe will react rapidly
with both hydroxyl radicals and ozone with a combined,
calculated half-life of about 2.5 hours. If released to
environmental bodies of water, styrene will .volatilize
relatively rapidly and may be subject to biodegradation.
Five day aqueous theoretical BOD (TBOD) of 80% in
acclimated sewage seed and 42% TBOD in an
unacclimated seed have been observed. Styrene is not
expected to hydrolyze.
If released to soil it will biodegrade, with reports of 95%
degradation from a landfill soil and 87% degradation from
a sandy loam soil in 16 weeks. It is expected to leach with
a low-to-moderate soil mobility, based upon a Koc of 520
to 555 estimated using regression-derived equations or
structure estimation methods.
Styrene is not expected to bioaccumulate or bipcon-
centrate in organisms and food chains to any measurable
extent. A BCF of 13.5 was experimentally determined in
a bioconcentration study using goldfish. Based upon its
measured water solubility and log Kow, the BCF of
styrene can be estimated to be approximately 24 and
100, respectively, from regression-derived equations.
While styrene has been detected in various drinking
waters, it was not detected in a groundwater supply
survey of 945 finished water supplies which use ground-
water sources. .Styrene has been detected in various
chemical, textile, latex, oil refinery and industrial waste-
water effluents. Styrene has been frequently detected in
the ambient air of source dominated locations and urban
areas, has been detected in the air of a national forest in
Alabama, and has been detected in the vicinity of oil fires.
Food packaged in polystyrene containers has been
found to contain small amounts of styrene.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
* Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:,
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-0040-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Tetrachloroethylene
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES,
CAS NUMBER: 127-18-4,
COLOR/FORM/ODOR:
Colorless liquid with mildy sweet,
chloroform-like odor; available in many
forms, from worm pills to dry-cleaning
grades containing various stabilizers.
M.P.: -19°C B.P.: 121°C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 18.47 mm Hg at 25° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 3.40
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: '1.62 at 20° C
SOLUBILITY: 0.15 g/L of water at 25° C;
Slightly soluble in water
SOIL soRPTiON COEFFICIENT:
. Koc = 210 (exp.) to 238 (est); low to
moderate mobility in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: Taste thresh-
old in water is 0.3 mg/L
BiocoNCENTRATiON FACTOR:
BCFs of 39 to 49 reported in fish; not
expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: N/A
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
Ethylene tetrachloride, Perchloroethyl-
ene, PCE, Ankilostin, Didakene,
Fedal-un, Nema, Perclene, Persec,
Tetlen, Tetracap, Tetraleno, Tetropil,
Antisal 1, Dow-per, Perawin, Perchlor,
Percosolv, Perk, Pefklone, Tetraguer,
Tetralex, Tetravec
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: zero mg/L
Met: 0.005 mg/L
HAL(child): 1- to 10-day: 2 mg/L
Longer-term: 1 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
processing, 50%; chemical Intermediate (mostly fluoro-
carbon F-113), 28%; industrial metal cleaning, 9%; ex-
ports, 10%; .other, 3%. :
The greatest use of tetrachloroethylene is in the textile
industry for processing, finishing, sizing/and as a compo-
nent of aerosol dry-cleaning products. '
Other uses include: an intermediate in the synthesis of
;i/te: EPA has found tetrachloroethylene to poten-
tially cause the following health effects from acute expo-
sures at levels above the MCL: detrimental effects to
liver, kidney, and central nervous system.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of Water per day: a one- to ten-day exposure to
2 mg/L; upto a 7-year exposure to 1 mg/L.
Chronic: Tetrachloroethylene has the potential to
cause the following health effects from long-term expo-
sures at levels above the MCL: detrimental effects to
liver, kidney, and central nervous system.
Cancer: There is some evidence that tetrachloroeth-
ylene may have the potential to cause cancer from a
lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS
Production of tetrachloroethylene has decreased: from
736 million Ibs. in 1978 to 405 million Ibs in 1.986.
In 1989 it was estimated that industries consumed
tetrachloroethylene as follows: Dry cleaning and textile
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND: 1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 297,602
Top Seven States*
LA 23,639
SO 104,728
NH 62,150
NO' 42,192
IL 0
TX 36,144
OH 0
Major Industries*
Alkalis, chlorine 63,472
Leather tanning.finishing 62,150
Cotton fabric finishing 51,577
Misc textile finishing 48,082
Knit outwear mills 45,808
Misc. apparel, access. 6
Transportation Equip. 3,750
Ammunition 0
Land
750,104
610,518
0
0
13,102
40,500
720
32,170
611,242
0
', 0
2,000
0
40,500
27,000
" 20,575
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs.
October 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
fluorocarbons, an insulating/cooling fluid in electric trans- in a mesocosm simulating Narraganset Bay, RI were 11
formers, in typewriter correction fluids, as veterinary days in winter, 25 days in spring, and 14 days in summer.
medication againstworms, once used as grain protectant/ PCE wj|| not be expected to significantly biodegrade in
fumigant. water or adsorb to sediment. PCE will not be expected to
significantly hydrolyze iri soil or water under normal
RELEASE PATTERNS . environmental conditions (half-life 9 months at 25 degC).
Major releases of tetrachloroethylene are: via vapor-
ization losses from dry cleaning and industrial metal
cleaning; wastewater, particularly from metal finishing,
laundries, aluminum forming, organic chemical/plastics
manufacturing and municipal treatment plants. It is also
estimated that emissions account for approximately 90%
of the tetrachloroethylene produced in the United States.
Water pollution can occur from tetrachloroethylene
leaching from vinyl liners in'asbestos-cement water pipe-
lines for water distribution, and during chlorination water
treatment, where it can be formed in small quantities.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, tetrachloroethylene releases to
land and water totalled over 1 million IDS., of which about
75 percent.was to land.
These releases were primarily.from alkali and chlorine
industries which use tetrachloroethylene in making other
chemicals. The largest releases occurred in Louisiana
and South Carolina.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
If PCE is released to soil, it will be subject to evapora-
tion into the atmosphere and to leaching to the groundwa-
ter. Tetrachloroethylene was slightly adsorbed on sand
and clay minerals. The Henry's adsorption coefficients
were approximately in proportion to the organic content
of the soil samples. Based on the reported and estimated
Koc's (209 to 1685), tetrachloroethylene will be expected
to exhibit lowto medium mobility in soil and therefore may
leach slowly to the groundwater.
There is evidence t'hat slow biodegradation of PCE
occurs under anaerobic conditions when the microor-
ganisms have been acclimated. In experiments using
continuous-flow laboratory methanogenic column with
well acclimated mixed cultures and a 2-day detention
time, there was an average PCE removal rate of 76%.
Removal of 86% PCE occurred in a methanogenic biofilm
column (8 weeks of activation followed by 9-12 weeks
ofacclimation). In a microcosm containing muck from an
aquifer recharge basin, 72.8% loss was observed in 21
days against 12-17% in controls. In one field ground
water recharge project, degradation was observed in the
50 day recharge period.
If PCE is released to water, it will be subject to rapid
volatilization with estimated half-lives ranging from <1
day to several weeks. Measured volatilization half-lives
If PCE is released to the atmosphere, it will exist mainly
in the gas-phase and it will be subject to photooxidation
with estimates of degradation time scales ranging from
an approximate half-life of 2 months to complete degra-
dation in an hour. Some of the PCE in the atmosphere
may be subject to washout in rain based on the solubility
of PCE in water and the fact that PCE has been detected
in rain.
Based on the reported and estimated BCF's, tetrachlo-
roethylene will not be expected to significantly biocon-
centrate in aquatic organisms. BCFs of 39 to 49 were
measured in fish; a BCF of 226 was .estimated from
octanol water partition coefficient.
Major human exposure is from inhalation of contami-
nated urban air, especially near point sources such as dry
cleaners, drinking contaminated water from contami-
nated aquifers and drinking water distributed in pipelines
with vinyl liners, and inhalation of contaminated occupa-
tional atmospheres in metal degreasing and dry cleaning
industries.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502;2; 524.2; 551
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
4 Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency ,
Office of Water
4601
, EPA811-F-95-004p-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Toluene
CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 2.69
CAS NUMBER: 108-88-3
SOLUBILITY: N/A; Slightly soluble in water
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
Colorless liquid with a sweet, benzene- SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
like odor Koc measured at 37 to 178 in several
soils; very high to moderate mobility in
M.P.: -95° C .. B.P.: 111° C soj|
VAPOR PRESSURE: 36.7 mm Hg at 30° C
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 0.866 at 20° C
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS,: Odor and
taste thresholds in water are reported ,
as 0.04 and 1 mg/L v
BlOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
BCFs: <100 in fish; <10 in shellfish; 380
in algae; not expected to bioconcentrate
in aquatic organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: N/A
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
Methylbenzene, Methacide, .
Phenylmethane, Toluol, Antisai 1A
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: 1 mg/L
MCL: 1 mg/L
HAL(child): 1 day: 20 mg/L /
, Longer-term: 2 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found toluene to potentially cause the
following health effects from acute exposures at levels
above the MCL: low oral toxicity to central nervous
system, may cause fatigue, nausea, weakness, confu-
sion.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: For a 22 Ib. child consuming 1 liter
of water per day: a one-day exposure to 20 mg/L; upto a
7-year exposure to 2 mg/L. '
Chronic: Toluene has the potential to cause the
following health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: spasms, tremors, imbalance;
impairment of speech, hearing, vision, memory, coordi-
nation; liver and kidney damage.
Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not toluene has the potential to cause cancer from
lifetime exposures in drinking water.
USAGE PATTERNS
Production of toluene has increased: from 5.1 billion
Ibs. in 1985 to 6.4 billion Ibs in 1993. In 1985, it was
estimated that industries consumed toluene as follows:
Benzene, 46%; gasoline blending, 37%; solvent, 8%;
toluene diisocyanate, 7%; miscellaneous chemicals, 2%.
The largest chemieai use for toluene is the production
of benzene and urethane via hydrodealkylation.
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND: 1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS* (in pounds) 732,310
Top Ten States*
TX 16,285
CA , ,0
CT 316,068
OK 0
VA > 27,500
VI 2,970
, IL . , .56
Ml ,0
WV 117,523
SC ..''-' 6,000
Major Industries*
Petroleum refining 227,196
Medicinals, botanicals 301,585
Petroleum/coal prods. 38,856
Misc Ind. Chemicals 179,576
Gaskets, sealing devices 4,002
Wood office furniture , 0
Plastics, resins 57,661
Wood home furniture 30,000
Paints, allied products 5,927
* Water/Land totals Only include facilities with releases
greater than 10,000 Ibs.
Land
3,672,041
969,210
930,000
,0
287,000
216,000
191,504
180,824
129,226
1,377
89,578
2,580,941
1,108
287,000
107,159
216,000
129,226
39,139
65,444
October 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
Other uses include; manufacture of benzoic acid,
benzaldehyde, explosives, dyes, and many other or-
ganic compounds; as a solvent for paints, lacquers,
gums, resins; in the extraction of various principles from
plants; as gasoline additive; as a diluent for photogravure
inks; in cements, solvents, spot removers, cosmetics,
antifreezes; an asphalt and naphtha constituent; in deter-
gent manufacture; in fuel blending
RELEASE PATTERNS
Toluene is released into the atmosphere principally
from the volatilization of petroleum fuels and toluene-
based solvents and thinners and from motor vehicle
exhaust. Considerable emissions are from: its discharge
into waterways or spills on land during the storage,
transport and disposal of fuels and oils; from its produc-
tion from petroleum and coal; as a by-product from
styrene production, and from its use as a chemical
intermediate.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, toluene releases to land and
water totalled over 4 million Ibs., of which about 83
percent was to land. These releases were primarily from
petroleum refining industries. The largest releases oc-
curred in Texas and California. The largest releases
directly to water occurred in Connecticut and West Vir-
ginia.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
If toluene is released to soil, it will be lost by evapora-
tion from near-surface soil and by leaching to the ground-
water. Based on the reported Koc values, toluene will be
expected to exhibit very high to moderate in soil and
therefore may leach to the groundwater. Field data from
infiltration sites is conflicting; in one study toluene is
eliminated during bank infiltration, while in other studies
it penetrates infiltration sites. These results may bear on
site-related factors such as load, flow rate, soil character-
istics, and other loss factors such as evaporation and
biodegradation. Reported Koc values: Wendover silty
loam, 37, Grimsby silt loam, 16.0, Vaudreil sandy loam,
46; sandy soil, 178; 100 and 151.
Biodegradation occurs both in soil and groundwater,
but it is apt to be slow especially at high concentrations,
which may be toxic to microorganisms. The presence of
acclimated microbial populations may allow rapid bio-
degradation. Toluene completely degraded in ground-
water in 8 days including a lag of 3-4 days while microbial
populations became acclimated. Other investigators found
that only 1-2% of toluene degraded in the subsurface
environment and less than 90% degraded in 4 weeks in
soil cores at various depths both above and below the
water table. It will not significantly hydrolyze in soil or
water under normal environmental conditions.
If toluene is released into water, its removal can be
rapid or take several weeks, depending on temperature,
mixing conditions, and acclimation of microorganisms.
Toluene evaporates rapidly from water with an experi-
mentally determined half-life of 2.9 to 5.7 hr for evapora-
tion from 1 m of water with moderate mixing conditions.
In a mesocosm experiment with simulated conditions for
Narragansett Bay, Rl, the loss was primarily by evapora-
tion in winter with a half-life of 13 days. It will hot signifi-
cantly adsorb to sediment.
If toluene is released to the atmosphere, it will degrade
by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radi-
cals (half-life 3 hr to slightly over 1 day) or be washed out
in rain. It will not be subject to direct photolysis.
It will not significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic organ-
isms. Reported BCFs: eels, 13.2; Manila clam, 1.67;
mussel, 4.2; algae, 380; golden ide fish, 90.
The primary source of human exposure is from inhala1
tion of contaminated ambient air, especially in traffic or
near filling stations, or in occupational atmospheres
where toluene-based solvents are used.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2:524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
* Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
- Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004q-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 120-82-1
COLOR/FORM/ODOR:
Aromatic, colorless liquid
M.P.: 17°C B.P.: 213.5° C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.29 mm Hg at 25° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 4.02 ;
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.45 at 20° C
SOLUBILITY: 30 mg/L of water at 20° C;
Slightly soluble in water
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
. ' Koc ranges from 1000 to 5000;
moderate to high mobility in soil
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: .Odor thresh-
old in water is 3 mg/L
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
BCFs range from 490 to 2800 in fish;
expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms. ,
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: .'-
3.9x10^ atm-cu m/mole
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
1,2,4-TrichIorobenzol, Hostetex L-PEC
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: 0.07 mg/L
MCL: 0.07 mg/L
HAL(child): 1 day: 0.1 mg/L
Longer term: 0.1 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
carrier. Other uses include: an intermediate in the manu-
facture of herbicides and higher chlorinated benzenes;
dielectric fluid; solvent; heat-transfer medium; degreas-
ing agents; septic tank and drain cleaners; wood preser-
vatives; and abrasive formulations. It was once used as
a soil treatment for termite control.
RELEASE PATTERNS
cute: EPA has found 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to po- MaJ°renvironmental releasesbfl ,2,4-trichlorobenzene
tentially cause the following health effects from acute aredue torts manufacture and use as a dye carrier. 1,2,4-
exposures at levels above the MCL: changes in liver, Trichlorpbenzene is also a product of hexachldroben-
i_«i-_ ..it1 i* i, - 7OnO f"lO/"thlrtrilHStirM'^ \^\t ^n<^^r*f\]r\ir+ t»A\«*^*"n-\ <-»li i/-ls>«*-s
kidneys and adrenal glands
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: upto a 7-year exposure to 0.1
mg/L.
Chronic: 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene has the potential to
cause the following health effects from long-term expo-
sures at levels above the MCL: increased adrenal gland
weights
Cancer: There is presently no evidence that 1,2,4-
Trichlorobehzene has the potential to cause cancer from
a lifetime exposure in drinking water.
USAGE PATTERNS
Current production figures on 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
are not available. EPA estimated 1983 production to bfe
in the range of 3 to 8 million Ibs, 1983 imports were
reportedly over 3 million IDS.
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is primarily used as a dye
zene dechlorination by anaerobic sewage sludge.
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY-
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 157,541
Top Five States*
NC . 80,253
VA 36,970
GA 17,639
WV 20,300
NY 1,150
Major Industries*
Finishing plants, misc 52,249
Finishing plants, synth. ,47,976
Weaving, finishing mills 20,139
Alkalies, chlorine 21,773
Knitting mills, misc 9,077
Knit outerwear mills 1,300
Land
-22,835
13,209
0
8,951
0
1
0
0
8,951
1
9,994
3,200
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
greater than 100 Ibs.
v-icrooer
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, 1,2,4-trichIorobenzene releases
to land and water totalled over 180,000 IDS., pf which
about 87% was to water. These releases were primarily
from textile finishing industries. The largest releases
occurred in North Carolina and Virginia.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
If 1,2,4-trichIorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) is released to
the soil it will probably adsorb to the soil and therefore will
not leach appreciably to the groundwater. However,
1,2,4-TCB has been detected in some groundwater
samples which indicates that it can be transported there
by some process. 1,2,4-TCB will not hydrolyze or biode-
grade in groundwater, but it may biodegrade slowly in the
soil based upon the data from one experiment.
If released to waterit will adsorb to the sediments. It will
not hydrolyze in surface waters but it may be subject to
significant biodegradation. It is expected to significantly
evaporate from water with half-lives of 11-22 days for
evaporation from a seawater microcosm and a half-life of
4.2 hr predicted for evaporation from a model river.
Adsorption to sediments or absorption by microorgan-
isms may minimize the rate of evaporation. A half-life of
450 years has been reported for sunlight photolysis in
surface waters at 40 deg latitude in summer.
If 1,2,4-trichIorobenzene is released to the atmosphere,
it may react with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals with a resulting estimated vapor phase half-life in
the atmosphere of 18.5 days.
Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms has been mea-
sured and values for fish ranging from 51 to 2800 have
been reported.
Exposure to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene will result mainly
from occupational exposure during its manufacture and
use, while general population exposure will result from
the ingestion of contaminated drinking water and food,
especially contaminated fish.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
4 Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States'
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F:95-004r-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 71-55-6
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: Colorless liquid with
sweet, chloroform-like odor
M.P.: -30.4° C B.P.: 74.1 °C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 127 mm Hg at 25° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 2.49
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.34 at 20° C
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water; 4.4 g/L of
water at 20° C;
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR: Low; 8.9 in fish
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: 0.008 atrh-cu m/
mole;
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS: Chloroethene;
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT: Koc is 81 in silty Methylchloroform; Aerothene TT;
clay, 89 in sandy loam. Algylen; Alpha-T; Chlorten; Gemalgene;
Genklene; Dowclene; Solvent 111;
; ''.' Trichloran; Inhibisol
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG; 0.2 mg/L
MCL: 0.2 mg/L
HAL(child): 1 day: 100 mg/L
Longer-term: 40 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found that 1,1,1-trjchloroethane has
the potential to cause damage to the liver, nervous
system and circulatory system from acute exposures
above the MCL.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures; Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter per day, a one-day exposure of 100 mg/L; upto
a 7-year exposure to 40 mg/L.
Chronic: 1,1,1 -trichloroethane has the potential to
cause liver, nervous system and circulatory system dam-
age from a lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL.
Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not 1,1,1-trichloroethane has the potential to cause
cancer from exposures in drinking water.
USAGE PATTERNS
'Demand for 1,1,1-trichloroethane in 1988 was 700
million Ib., increased to 705 million in 1989, and was
projected (in 1989) to reach 735 million Ib. in 1993.
Solvent uses include vapor degreasing of metal prod-
ucts; for cleaning precision instruments; for textile pro-
cessing and dyeing; in aerosols, in which it acts both as
a vapor pressure depressant and as a solvent and carrier
for many of the active ingredients used in aerosols.
It is also used as an intermediate in the manufacture of
organic chemicals, as a coolant and lubricant in metal
cutting oils; as a component of inks and drain cleaners.
Agricultural uses have included postharvest fumigation
of strawberries; for degreening citrus fruits; as a solvent
for various insecticides.
! ' , --,' . - '
Proportions consumed for various uses in 1989 were:
vapor degreasing; 34%; cold cleaning, ,12%; aerosols,
10%; adhesives, 8%; intermediate, 7%; coatings, 5%;
electronics, 4%; other, 5%; exports, 15%.
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) , 222,403
Top Six States*
CA 0
GA 0
AR 0
IN' 15,000
VA" , 0
UT 40,000
Major Industries
Gray iron foundries 1,084
Aircraft 546
Manufacturing industries 1,018
Wood furniture 0
Fabricated structural metal 0
Plating, polishing 6,152
Turbines, generators 40,317
Land
812,873
109,070
73,258
67,000
46,096
51,822
0
76,158
73,258
72,572
53,038
51,425
41,647
966
* State totals only include facilities with releases greater
than 10,000 Ibs.
October 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
RELEASE PATTERNS
1,1,1-TrichIoroethane is likely to enter the environment
from air emissions or in wastewaterfrom its production or
use in vapor degreasing, metal cleaning, etc. It can also
enter the environment in leachates and volatile emis-
sions from landfills.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, releases to water totalled over
222,000 Ibs. Releases to land totalled over 812,000 Ibs.
These releases were primarily from metal fabrication
industries. The largest releases occurred in California
and Georgia. The largest direct releases to water oc-
curred in Utah and Indiana.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE ' ,
1,1,1-Trichloroethane has a high Henry's Law con-
stant (8X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4)) and will volatilize rap-
idly from water and soil with diffusion through the liquid
phase controlling volatilization from water. Half-life for
evaporation from water obtained from laboratory sys-
tems range from a fraction of an hour to several hours.
Various estimates of volatilization half-lives range from
5.1-10.6 days for ponds, 3-29 hr for rivers, and 3.8-12
days for lakes.
The adsorption of 1,1,1-trichloroethane to soil is pro-
portional to the organic carbon content of the soil(4-6).
The mineral content of the soil is not a contributing
factor(5). 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is adsorbed strongly to
peat moss, less strongly to clay, very slightly to dolomite
limestone and not at all to sand(2). It has a low adsorption
to silt loam (Koc = 183)(3). From the fact that it is not
retained in the soil during bank infiltration, and that it is
frequently found in groundwater in high concentrations,
one can safely conclude that it is not adsorbed strongly
by soils, especially subsurface soils(1). Based upon
experimental measurement, the mean Koc range .of
1,1,1-trichloroethane in a silty clay soil and sandy loam
soil is 81-89(8,SRC).'
There is' no or very slow degradation in soils. No
degradation has been observed in subsurface soils in 27
weeks. However in loamy sand, slow degradation has
been observed under acclimated conditions. Slow deg-
radation may occur in water under anaerobic or aerated
conditions; degradation may take several weeks and
acclimation is important. No degradation in river water
has been found. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane degraded to vi-
nylidene chloride as a first step in its biotransformation in
microcosms containing aquifer water and sediment col-
lected from uncontaminated sites in the Everglades.
Considerable degradation occurred within two weeks.
Field evidence of biodegradation in aquifers indicates a
half-life of 231 days.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane has been shown to undergo
biotransformation by a reductive dechlorination to 1,1-
dichloroethane and chloroethane under methanogenic
conditions. Laboratory reactors have demonstrated that
1,1,1-trichloroethane can be biodegraded under anaero-
bic simulations; it was suggested that in-situ anaerobic
biodegrdation may be a viable alternative for clean-up for
various contaminated soil and groundwater sites.
Hydrolysis is not a significant degradation process
having a half-life of approximately 6 months. The product
of hydrolysis is vinylidene chloride. Direct photolysis is
not important in the troposphere, but is,in the strato-
sphere, and leads to the chemical's rapid degradation.
Photodegradation is not observed in water.
The BCF in bluegill sunfish in a 28 day test was 8.9.
This indicates that 1,1,1-trichloroethane has little ten-
dency to bioconcentrate in fish. Although the amount of
experimental data for 1,1,1-trichloroethane is limited,
confidence in this result is increased because values of
BCFs in related compounds are similar.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2; 551
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
* Other sources of lexicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA 811-F-95-004S-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 79-00-5
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR:
Clear liquid with a pleasant, chloro-
form-like odor
M.P.: -36.6° C B.P.: 113.8°C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 23 mm Hg at 25°;C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 2.17
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV." 1.4 at 20° C
SOLUBILITY: 4.4 g/L of water at 20° C;
Soluble in water
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
BlOCONCENTRATON FACTOR:
BCF <1 in fish; not expected to biocon-
centrate in aquatic,organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
e, 8.24x1O-4 atm-cu m/mole;
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Koc measured at 83 to 209; moderate TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
to high mobility in soil Beta-trichloroetnane; Beta-T; Vinyl
trichloride ,
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS ,
MCLG: 0.003 mg/L
MCL: 0.005 mg/L
HAL(cnild): 1 day: 0.6 mg/L
Longer-term: 0.4 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1',2-
TCE) to potentially cause the following health effects
from acute exposures at levels above the MCL: irritation
of gastrointestinal tract; red or hemorrhaged lungs; pale
liver.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: a one-day exposure of 0.6 mg/
L; upto a 7-year exposure to 0.4 mg/L.
Chronic: 1,1,2-TCE has, the potential to cause the
following health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: damage to liver and kidneys.
Cancer: There is some evidence that 1,1,2-TCE may
have the potential to cause cancer from a lifetime expo-
sure at levels above the MCL,
USAGE PATTERNS ,
1,1,2-Trichloroethane is only important as an interme-
diate in the production of 1,1-dichloroethylene (vinyli-
dene chloride) and to some extent for the synthesis of
tetrachloroethanes. It is also used in adhesives, produc-
tion of teflon tubing, in lacquer and coating formulations,:
and as a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, etc. ' \
-An estimated 124 million Ibs. of 1,1,2-TCE was pro-
duced in the US during 1974, based on the manufacture
of vinylidene chloride.
RELEASE PATTERNS
1,1,2-Trichloroethane will enter the atmosphere from
its use in the manufacture of vinylidene chloride and its.
use as a solvent. It will also be discharged in wastewater
associated with these uses and in leachates and volatile
emissions from landfills. The EPA estimates the gross
annual discharge of 1,1,2-TCE waste in the US to be 4
million Ibs. . ,
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
Tbxrc RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 30,326
Top Five States*
.LA 14,481
TX 9,699
NY 4,570
MD 750-
KY , 447
Major Industries*
Alkalies, chlorine 21,783
Photograph equipment 4,570
Meat packing plants 981
Petroleum refining 959
Blast furnaces, steelworks 750
Land
756
332
294
130
0
0
361
'130
0
0
0
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases
greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to 10,000 Ibs.
October 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
cal Release Inventory, 1,1,2-TCE releases to land and
watertotalled over 30,000 IDS., of which about 98 percent
was to water. These releases were primarily from alkalis
and chlorine industries which use it as an intermediate in
chemical manufacture. The largest releases occurred in
Louisiana and Texas.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
When released into water, 1,1,2-trichloroethane should
primarily evaporate. Little of the chemical will be lost by
adsorption to sediment or by biodegradation. Aquatic
hydrolysis is not expected to be important.
Once in the atmosphere, 1,1,2-trichloroethane will
photodegrade slowly by reaction with hydroxyl radicals
(half-life 24-50 days in unpolluted atmospheres to a few
days in polluted atmospheres).
When released to land 1,1,2-trichloroethane should
partially volatilize and partially leach into the groundwa-
ter. Experimentally determined Koc values of 83-209
indicated that 1,1,2-trichloroethane will be moderately to
highly mobile in soil. Several biodegradation screening
studies have determined that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is
resistantto biodegradation. Other screening studies have
observed biotransformation under anaerobic conditions.
Biodegradation in groundwater or subsurface regions
may occur, but appears to be very slow.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane would not be expected to biocon-
centrate since the experimental log BCF in fish was
reported to be <1.
Primary human exposure is from occupational expo-
sure and from ambient air in the vicinity of industrial
sources and contaminated drinking water.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
4 EPA cart provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency ,
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004t-T
October, 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Trichloroethylene
CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 79-01-6
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 2.29
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT: :
SOLUBILITIES: 1.1 mg/L of water at 25° C 0.01 atm-cu m/mole
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: Clear, colorless or blue ,
- mobile liquid with sweet chloroform-like SoiL SORPTION COEFFICIENT: Log Koc = 2 for TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS: 1,1,2-Trichloroeth-
odor many soil types; nigh to very,high ylene; Acetylene trichloroethylene;
MD 7-30^ mobility in soil Algylen; Anameth; Benzinol; Chlorilen;
M.P.: -73 C B.P.: 87 C n c ,,, on. « u CirCosolv; Germalgene; Lethurin; Perm-
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR: 17 to 39 in fish; a _hior- D=t,ir,«i- oh-i -TDI DI \/i
VAPOR PRESSURE: 57.8 mm Hg at 20° C moderate a-chlor, Petzinol, Philex; TRI-Plus M;
- Vitran
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 1.465 at 20° C,
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: zero
MCL: 0.005 mg/L
HAL(child): none
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found trichloroethylene to potentially
cause vomiting and abdominal pain from acute expo-
sures at levels above the MCL.
No Health Advisories have been established for short-
term exposures.
Chronic: Trichloroethylene has the potential to cause
liver damage from a lifetime exposure at levels above the
MCL.
Cancer: .There is some evidence that trichloroethyl-
ene may have the potential to cause cancer from a
lifetime exposure at levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS
Production of trichloroethylene has increased from just
over260,000 Ibs in 1981 to 320 million Ibs. in 1991. Vapor
degreasing of fabricated metal parts and some textiles
accounts for 80% of its use.
Five percent is used as an intermediate in the produc-
tion of organic chemicals and Pharmaceuticals. Miscella-
neous uses (5%) include solvents for dry cleaning, ex-
traction and as a refrigerant/heat exchange liquid. An
estimated 10% is exported.
RELEASE PATTERNS
Major environmental releases of trichloroethylene are
due to air emissions from metal degreasing plants. Waste-
water from metal finishing, paint and ink formulation,
electrical/electronic components, and rubber processing
industries also may contain trichloroethylene.
From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxics Release
Inventory, trichloroethylene releases to water totalled
over 100,000 Ibs, Releases to land totalled over 191,000
Ibs: These releases were primarily from steel pipe and
tube manufacturing industries. The largest releases oc-
Tpxic RELEASE INVENTORY <
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
1987 TO 1993
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 100,293
Top Six States*
.PA 0
IL 0
GA 3,742
TX 0
MA 0
WV 12,822
Major Industries
Steel pipe, tubes 31
Misc. Indust. Organics 27,708
Car parts, access. 4,405
Plating, polishing 3,342
Wool fabric mills 3,942-
Land
191,088
33,450
30,711
17,532
21,000
19,920
0
39,288
0
19,920
20,100
18,081
* State totals only include facilities with releases greater
than 10,000 Ibs.
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
cunred in Pennsylvania and Illinois. The largest direct
releases to water occurred in West Virginia.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Relatively high vapor pressure and low adsorption
coefficient to a number of soil types indicates ready
transport through soil and low potential for adsorption to
sediments. The mobility in soil is confirmed in soil column
studies and river bank infiltration studies. Four to six
percent of environmental concentrations of trichloroeth-
ylene adsorbed to two silty clay loams (Koc=87and 150).
No adsorption to Ca-saturated montmorillonite and 17%
adsorption to Al-saturated montmorillonite was observed.
The high Henry's Law Constant indicates rapid evapo-
ration from water. Half-lives of evaporation have been
reported to be on the order of several minutes to hours,
depending upon the turbulence. Field studies also sup-
port rapid evaporation from water. Trichloroethylene is
not hydrolyzed by water under normal conditions. It does
not adsorb light of less than 290 nm and therefore should
not directly photodegrade. However, slow (half-life -I0.7
months) photooxidation in water has been noted.
Trichloroethylene is relatively reactive under smog
conditions with 60% degradation in 140 min and 50%
degradation in 1 to 3.5 hours reported. Atmospheric
residence times based upon reaction with hydroxyl radi-
cal is 5 days(6-8) with production of phosgene,
dichloroacetyl chloride, and formyl chloride.
Marine monitoring data only suggest moderate biocon-
centration (2-25 times). Bioconcentration factors of 17 to
39 have been reported in bluegill sunfish and rainbow
trout.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2; 551
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide further regulatory, and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004U-T
October 1995
T -
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Vinyl Chloride
CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CAS NUMBER: 75-01-4
COLOR/ FORM/ODOR: -
Colorless gas, sweet odor
M.P.: -13.37°C B.P.: -153.2° C
VAPOR PRESSURE: 2600 mm Hg at 25° C
DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 0.91 at 20° C
OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 0.6 (calculated)
SOLUBILITY: 2.7 g/L of water; Slightly
soluble in water
SOIL SORPTION COEFHCIENT:
Koc estimated at 56; highly mobile in
soil , .
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: N/A
BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR:
Estimated BCF = 7; not expected to
biocpncentrate in aquatic organisms.
HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
0.056Q atm-cu rn/mple;
S . : '
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
Chlorethene; Chlorethylene;
monochloroethene; Monovinyl chloride
(MVC); Trovidur .
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: . zero mg/L
MCL: 0.002 mg/L
HAL(child): 1 - to' 10-day: 3 mg/L
.Longer-term: 0.01 mg/L
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
Acute: EPA has found vinyl chloride to potentially
cause neurological effects from acute exposures at lev-
els above the MGL. -
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures; For a 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: a one- to ten-day exposure of
3 mg/L; upto a 7-year exposure to 0.01 mg/L.
Chronic: Vinyl chloride has the potential to cause
neurological and liver effects from long-term exposure at
levels above the MCL.
Limited quantities of vinyl chloride were used in the
United States as an aerosol propellant, a refrigerant, an
extraction solvent and as an ingredient of drug and
cosmetic products.
Proportions consumed for various uses in 1989 were:
polyvinyl chloride products, 91%; exports, 7%; other,
including chlorinated solvents, 2%.
RELEASE PATTERNS
Although vinyl chloride is produced in large quantities,
almost all of it is used captively for the production of
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other polymers. Therefore,
its major release to the environment will be as emissions
and wastewater at these production and manufacturing
facilities. Vinyl chloride is also a product of anaerobic
degradation of chlorination solvents such as would be
expected to.pccur in groundwater and landfills.
Cancer: Vinyl chloride has the potential to cause
cancer from a lifetime. exposure at levels above the MCL.
USAGE PATTERNS '
Production of vinyl chloride in 1993 .was nearly 14
billion Ibs.
Vinyl chloride is used in the manufacture of numerous
products in building and construction, automotive indus-
try, electrical wire insulation and cables, piping, industrial
and household equipment, medical supplies, and is
depended upon heavily by the rubber, paper, and glass
industries.
. .. _ . -
. '.-
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND:
TOTALS (in pounds)
i
Top Five States
LA
DE
OH
PA
SC
Major Industries
Plastics, resins
Water
21,693
12,600.
86
3,360
0
n
\J
19,489
1 987 TO 1993
Land
17,038
, 0
8,829
0
3,290
31 rin
, I UU
-
13,375
October 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
Small quantities of vinyl chloride can be released to
food by migration of vinyl chloride monomer present in
polyvinyl chloride food wrappings and containers. Major
human exposure will be from inhalation of occupational
atmospheres and from ingestion of contaminated food
and drinking water which has come into contact with
polyvinyl chloride packaging material or pipe which has
not been treated adequately to remove residual mono-
mer.
From 1987 to 1992, according to EPA's Toxic Release
Inventory, vinyl chloride releases to land totalled over
17,000 IDS., and releases to water totalled over 21,000
Ibs. These releases were primarily from plastics materi-
als and resins industries. The largest releases occurred
in Louisiana and Delaware.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
If vinyl chloride is released to soil, it will be subject to
rapid volatilization with reported half-lives of 0.2 and 0.5
days for evaporation from soil at 1 and 10 cm incorpora-
tion, respectively, based on a high vapor pressure of
2,600 mm Hg at 25 degrees C. Based on a reported water
solubility of 2,700 mg/L, a Koc of-56 was estimated.
According to estimated Koc values, vinyl chloride will be
expected to be highly mobile in soil and it may leach to the
groundwater. It may be subject to biodegradation under
anaerobic conditions such as exists in flooded soil and
groundwater.
If released to water, vinyl chloride will rapidly evapo-
rate. Using a reported Henry's Law constant, of 0.0560
atm/cu m-mole, a half-life of 0.805 hr was calculated for
evaporation from a model river 1 m deep with a current of
3 m/sec and with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec. In waters
containing photosensitizers such as humic acid, photo-
degradation will occur fairly rapidly. Limited existing data
indicate that vinyl chloride is resistant to biodegradation
in aerobic systems and therefore, it may not be subject to
biodegradation in aerobic soils and natural waters. It will
not be expected to hydrolyze in soils or natural waters
under normal environmental conditions.
If vinyl chloride is released to the atmosphere, it can be
expected to exist mainly in the vapor-phase in the ambi-
ent atmosphere and to degrade rapidly in air by gas-
phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals with an estimated half-life of 1.5 days.
Some data indicate that vinyl chloride is too readily
volatilized to undergo bioaccumulation, except perhaps
in the most extreme exposure conditions. Based on a
reported water solubility of 2,700 mg/l, a BCF-of 7 was
estimated, indicating that vinyl chloride will not be ex-
pected to significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic organ-
isms.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2; 524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
* EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000'
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4601
EPA811-F-95-004V-T
October 1995
National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations
Xylenes (Total)
CHEMICAL/ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES VAPOR PRESSURE: N/A
CAS NUMBER: 1330-20-7 OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION (Kow):
Log Kow = 3.12-3.20
COLOR/FORM/ODOR:
Clear liquid with a sweet odor; The DENSITY/SPEC. GRAV.: 0.864 at 20° C
commercial product "mixed xylenes" 0 ,.,,. , . ., . .
generally contains approximately 40% SOLUBILITY: N/A; ln?oluble m water
m-xylene and 20% each of o-xylene, p- HENRY'S LAW COEFFICIENT:
xylene, and ethylbenzene, as well as o.22 to 0.32 atm-cu m/mole;
small quantities of toluene , ' ;
ODOR/TASTE THRESHOLDS: Odorthresh-
M.P.: N/A B.P.: 137-140° C oldin air is 5x10-= mg/L
SOIL SORPTION COEFFICIENT:
Koc = 48 -68; high to moderate mobility
in soil .
BlOCONCENTRATlON FACTOR:
Log BCF=2.14 in fish (calc.); not
expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic
organisms. ,
TRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:
Dimethyl benzene, Xylol, Methyltoluene,
Violets s
DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
MCLG: 10 mg/L
MCL: 10 mg/L
HAL(child): 1 day: 40 mg/L
USAGE PATTERNS _.'"
The commercial product mixed xylenes (a technical
product generally containing 20% each of o-xylene, p-
xylene and ethylbenzene, as well as small quantities of
Longer-term: 40 mg/L .
, - ' : ....-' ,
HEALTH EFFECTS SUMMARY
. Acule: EPAhas found xylenes to potentially cause the
following health effects from acute exposures at levels
above the MCL: disturbances in the central nervous
system, such as changes in cognitive abilities, balance,
and coordination.
Drinking water levels which are considered "safe" for
short-term exposures: Fora 10-kg (22 Ib.) child consum-
ing 1 liter of water per day: upto a 7-year exposure to 40
mg/L , ,
Chronic: Xylenes have the potential to cause the
following - health effects from long-term exposures at
levels above the MCL: damage to the central nervous
system, liver and kidneys. Compared with benzene and
toluene, very much less is known of the human health
hazards, particularly the chronic effects of xylenes, either
as mixed xylenes, as individual isomers or in admixture
with other alkylbenzenes.
Cancer: There is inadequate evidence to state whether
or not xylenes have the potential to cause cancer from
lifetime exposures in drinking water.
Toxic RELEASE INVENTORY -
RELEASES TO WATER AND LAND: 1987
Water
TOTALS (in pounds) 875,943
Top Ten States*
TX 30,853
NJ 294,437
IL 36
IN 0
AL 34,361
CA 0
Ml 0
GA 68,310
VA 50,100
WA 27,860
Major Industries*
Petroleum refining , 131,817
Metal barrels, drums 5
Textile finishing, misc. 278,454
Misc. Industrial chems. , 95,706
Extruded Aluminum prod. 1,265
Furniture, fixtures 0
Cotton fabric finishing 68,310
Wood office furniture 0 ,
Pharmaceuticals 52,285 ..
Paper mills 52,480
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with
TO 1 993
Land
3,897,738
2,099,734
280,759
206,990
145,079
59,022
91,500
86,774
15,000
33,000
' 52,360
2,678,958
289,542
,0
69,696
138,798
91,500
15,000
67,677
3,100
2,122
releases
greater than a certain amount -, usually 1 000 to 1 0,000 Ibs.
October 1995
Technical Version
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
toluene) analogously to toluene is an agent of major
chemical and occupational significance.
It is produced in very large quantities and is extensively
employed in a broad spectrum of applications, primarily
as a solvent for which its use is increasing as a safe
replacement for benzene, and in gasoline as part of the
BTX component (benzene-toluene-xylene); xylenes are
also frequently used in the rubber industry with other
solvents such as toluene and benzene.
Most consumption of xylene mixtures is to produce the
individual isomers, particularly p-xylene. As individual
isomers they are extensively employed in the synthesis
of synthetic agents. For example, phthalicacid, isophthalic
acid, terephthalic acid, and diemthylterephthalate have
very broad applications in the further preparation of
phthalate ester plasticizers and components of polyester
fiber, film and fabricated items. .
Production of xylenes has increased: from about 5
billion Ibs. in 1982 to 6.84 billion Ibsin 1993. In 1982 it was
estimated that industries consumed xylenes as follows:
production of ortho-xylene, 15%; production of para-
xylene, 60%; miscellaneous, 14%; exports, 11%
RELEASE PATTERNS
Major environmental releases of xylenes are due to:
emissions from petroleum refining, gasoline and diesel
engines; emissions from its use as a solvent for alkyl
resins, lacquers, enamels, rubber cement, pesticide
sprays and in organic synthesis; leaks and evaporation
losses during the transport and storage of gasoline and
other fuels and from carburetor losses; agricultural spray-
ing. Xylenes are a natural products of many plants, and
are a component of petroleum and coal tar.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPA's Toxic Chemi-
cal Release Inventory, xylene releases to land and water
totalled nearly 4.8 billion Ibs., of which about 81 percent
was to land. These releases were primarily from petro-
leum industries which produce xylenes as by-products of
gasoline refining. The largest releases occurred in Texas.
The largest direct releases to water occurred in New
Jersey and Georgia.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Most of the xylenes are released into the atmosphere
where they may photochemically degrade by reaction
with hydroxyl radicals (half-life 1-18 hr).
The dominant removal process in water is volatiliza-
tion. Xylenes are resistant to hydrolysis, since there are
no hydrolyzable functions. Xylenes are volatile com-
pounds with relatively high Henry's Law constant (0.22
for the ortho isomer and 0.32 for the m- and p- isomers).
The half-life for evaporation from water is 3.2 hr for o-
xylene and will be 2% higher for the m- and p-xylenei
Measures of the rate of evaporation of xylenes from a
1:1000 jet fuel:water mixture found that this rate aver-
aged approximately 0.6 times the oxygen reaeration rate.
Combining this ratio with oxygen reaeration rates for
typical bodies of water, one estimates that the half-life for
evaporation of xylenes from a typical river or pond is 29
and .144 hr, respectively.
Xylenes are moderately mobile in soil and may leach
into grpundwater where they are known to persist for
several years, despite some evidence that-they biode-
grade in both soil and groundwater. This evidence in-
cludes standard biodegradability tests using various in-
ocula including sewage, activated sludge and sea water,
where mixtures are completely degraded in 8 days in
groundwater with an acclimation period of 3-4 days.
Xylenes have low to moderate adsorption to soil based
on the KOC of o-xylene(48-68) and similar chemicals.
Xylenes have been observed to pass through soil at a
dune-infiltration site on the Rhine River and to leach into
groundwater under a rapid infiltration site.
Bioconcentration is not expected to be significant.
Based on the log octanol/water partition coefficient of
3.12-3.20 for the individual isomers and using a regres-
sion relation, the log BCF for fish is calculated to be 2.14-
2.20. The log BCF for eels is 1.3.
The primary source of exposure is from air, but, xy-
lenes are a low level contaminant of both ground and
surface public water supplies.
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
MONITORING:
FOR GROUND/SURFACE WATER SOURCES:
INITIAL FREQUENCY- 4 quarterly samples every 3 years
REPEAT FREQUENCY- Annually after 1 year of no detection
TRIGGERS - Return to Initial Freq. if detect at > 0.0005 mg/L
ANALYSIS:
REFERENCE SOURCE
EPA 600/4-88-039
METHOD NUMBERS
502.2;524.2
TREATMENT:
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
Granular Activated Charcoal and Packed Tower Aeration
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
4 EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
4 Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library, of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Tpxic Substances, and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000
October 1995
Technical Version
Page 2
------- |