EPA 811-Z-94-006
Monday
December 5, 1994
s E ^
Part II
Environmental
Protection Agency
40 CFR Parts 141 and 143
Analytical Methods for Regulated
Drinking Water Contaminants; Final Rule
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62456 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
40 CFR Parts 141 and 143
[WH-FRL-5116-4]
RIN 2040-AC12
National Primary and Secondary
Drinking Water Regulations: Analytical
Methods for Regulated Drinking Water
Contaminants.
AGENCY: Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
SUMMARY: EPA is promulgating the use
of several new analytical methods and
updated versions of previously
approved methods for a number of
regulated contaminants in drinking
water. At the same time, the Agency is
withdrawing approval of outdated
methods or outdated versions of the
same methods. The purpose of the rule
is to approve new methods, withdraw
outdated methods, and update older
methods for analysis of regulated
contaminants in drinking water. The
rule is expected to eliminate
unnecessary duplication by
withdrawing older versions of the same
method, and satisfy public requests for
approval of new technologies in
drinking water analyses.
DATES: This final rule is effective on
January 4,1995. The incorporation of
the publications listed in this document
are approved by the Director of the
Federal Register as of January 4,1995.
ADDRESSES: Copies of the public
comments received on the proposal,
EPA's responses, and all other
supporting documents are available for
review at the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Drinking
Water Docket, 401 M Street, S.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20460. For access to
the docket material, call (202) 260-3027
on Monday through Friday, excluding
Federal holidays, between 9:00 am and
3:30 pm Eastern Time for an
appointment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr.
Jitendra Saxena, Drinking Water
Standards Division, Office of Ground
Water and Drinking Water (4603), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 401
M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460,
(202) 260-9579. General information
may also be obtained from the EPA Safe
Drinking Water Hotline. Callers within
the United States may reach the Hotline
at (800) 426^1791. The Hotline is open
Monday through Friday, excluding
Federal holidays, from 9:00 am to 5:30
pm Eastern Time.
For technical information regarding
chemistry methods, contact Richard
Reding, Ph.D., Office of Ground Water
and Drinking Water (TSD), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, telephone (513)
569-7946, or Baldev Bathija, Ph.D.,
Office of Ground Water and Drinking
Water (MC-4603), U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
20460, telephone (202) 260-3040. For
technical questions regarding
microbiology methods, contact Paul S.
Berger, Ph.D., Office of Ground Water
and Drinking Water (MC-4603), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 20460, telephone,
(202) 260-3039.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
EPA Regional Offices:
I JFK Federal Bldg., One Congress Street,
llth floor, Boston, MA 02203, Phone:
(617)565-3610, Jerry Healey
II 26 Federal Plaza, Room 824, New York, NY
10278, Phone: (212) 264-1800, Walter
Andrews
III 841 Chestnut Building, Philadelphia, PA
19107, Phone: (215) 597-9873, Stuart
Kerzner
IV 345 Courtland Street, N.E., Atlanta, GA
30365, Phone: (404) 347-3633, Wayne
Aronson
V 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL
60604, Phone: (312) 353-2151, Ed
Walters
VI1445 Ross Avenue, Dallas, TX 75202,
Phone: (214) 655-7150, Thomas Love
VII 726 Minnesota Avenue.Kansas City, KS
66101,Phone: (913) 276-7032, Ralph
Langemeir
VIII One Denver Place, 999 18th Street, Suite
500, Denver, CO 80202-2466, Phone:
(303) 293-1652, Patrick Crotty
IX 75 Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA
94105, Phone: (415) 744-1817, William
Thurston
X1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101,
Phone: (206) 553-4092, Kenneth Feigner
Table of Contents
I. Statutory Authority
II. Regulatory Background
III. Explanation of Today's Action
IV. Response to Comments Received on the
Proposed Rule and Notice of Availability
V. Availability and Sources for Methods
Information
VI. Regulation Assessment Requirements
VII. References
I. Statutory Authority
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA),
as amended hi 1986, requires EPA to
promulgate national primary drinking
water regulations (NPDWRs) which
specify maximum contaminant levels
(MCLs) or treatment techniques for
drinking water contaminants (42 U.S.C.
300g-l). NPDWRs apply to public water
systems (42 U.S.C. 300f(l)(A)).
According to section 1401(1)03) of the
Act, NPDWRs include "criteria and
procedures to assure a supply of
drinking water which dependably
complies with such maximum
contaminant levels; including quality
control and testing procedures. * * *"
In addition, Section 1445 (a) of the Act
authorizes the Administrator to
establish regulations for monitoring to
assist in determining whether persons
are acting in compliance with the
requirements of the SDWA. EPA's
promulgation of analytical methods is
authorized under these sections of the
SDWA as well as the general rulemaking
authority in SDWA Section 1450(a) (42
U.S.C. 300j-9(a)).
II. Regulatory Background
EPA has promulgated analytical
methods for all currently regulated
drinking water contaminants for which
MCLs or monitoring requirements have
been promulgated. In most cases, the
Agency has promulgated regulations
specifying (i.e., approving) use of more
than one analytical method for a
contaminant, and laboratories may use
any one of them for determining
compliance with an MCL or monitoring
requirement. After any regulation is
published, EPA may amend the
regulations to approve additional
methods, or modifications to approved
methods, or withdraw methods that
become obsolete.
On December 15,1993, EPA proposed
to approve the use of several new
methods and modifications of existing
methods that EPA believed were as good
as, or better than, current methods and
procedures (58 FR 65622). The Agency
also proposed to withdraw approval for
outdated methods or outdated versions
of the same methods. In addition, EPA
published a Notice of Availability
(NOA) (59 FR 35891) on July 14,1994,
to make available data from EPA's
evaluation of several new analytical
methods, and to propose withdrawal of
approval for several outdated EPA
methods. EPA requested public
'comments on the proposal and on the
NOA. Today's notice takes final action
on the methods covered by the proposal
and the NOA.
III. Explanation of Today's Action
With a few minor exceptions, which
are described below, the actions
described in the 1993 proposed rule and
the 1994 NOA are approved in today's
rule. The coliform transit time will
remain at 30 hours, and the Agency will
not require systems to hold samples at
10 °C during transit. EPA will approve
the Colisure test for simultaneously
determining the presence of total
coliforms and E. coli.
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In the July 1994 NOA, EPA described
the new versions of EPA Methods 200.7,
200.8, 200.9, 245.1 (EPA, 1994a) and
504.1 (EPA, 1993d) that are approved in
today's rule. Mercury and sodium have
been added to the analytical scope of
Methods 200.8 and 200.7, respectively.
EPA is approving EPA Method 508.1
(EPA, 1994c), \vhich allows liquid-solid
extraction (LSE) procedures to be used
under Method 508 conditions for
analysis of many analytes contained in
EPA Methods 507 and 508. A minor
revision to dioxin method 1613 that
allows use of LSE is approved.
Hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene has been
added to the analytical scope of EPA
Method 508.
Trimethylsilyldiazomethane may be
used as an alternative derivatizing
reagent in Methods 515.1 and 515.2.
EPA Methods 150.1,150.2 and 515.1 are
not withdrawn. Turbidity measurements
of samples need not be made
immediately before beginning an
analysis for metals; it is only necessary
that the sample be acidified and held for
sixteen hours. For EPA Method 531.1
(carbamales), samples no longer need to
be frozen, thereby eliminating the
possibility of frozen samples breaking
the sample vial. Standard Method 6610
is approved as an alternative to Method
531.1. Analysis for 2,3,7,8-TCDD
(dioxin) with Method 1613, or for
asbestos with Method 100.1 or 100.2 can
be simplified by using the guidance
contained in the EPA document,
Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods (EPA, 1994d).
Technical Notes contains mandatory
and optional procedures that will be
died in the drinking water regulations.
EPA is also correcting minor errors in
the 1993 proposal. An erroneous listing
of USGS methods 1-2822-85 and I-
2823-85 for sulfate, and ASTM D2036-
91A for cyanide are removed in today's
rule. The ASTM method had been listed
twice in the table of approved methods.
A typographical error occurred in listing
the USGS method for silver and the
ASTM method for chloride. The correct
listings are USGS 1-3720-85 (silver) and
ASTM D4327-91 (chloride).
The effective date for all actions in
this rule, except withdrawal of obsolete
methods, is January 4,1995. The
withdrawal date for obsolete methods is
July 1,1996 (or 18 months from
publication, whichever is later), which
is a year later than proposed. After this
date, EPA's manual "Methods for
Chemical Analysis of Water and
Wastes" (EPA, 1983a) will contain only
three approved drinking water
methods—Methods 150.1,150.2, and
245.2. To spare new laboratories the
expense of purchasing this manual, EPA
will provide single copies of these
methods to users who do not have a
copy of the 1983 manual. For the
convenience of readers and for clarity of
the rules, methods that are withdrawn
will be specified only by tabulating
them in the document, Technical Notes
on Drinking Water Methods (EPA,
1994d), and in the next revision of the
Manual for the Certification of
Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water
(EPA, 1990b).
IV. Response to Comments Received on
the Proposed Rule and Notice of
Availability
EPA received 136 comments on the
December 15,1993, proposal; 92
comments were related to chemical-
analytical methods and 79 comments
were related to the methods associated
with the coliform and surface water
treatment rules. The Agency received
twenty comments on the July 14,1994,
Notice of Availability. The commenters
included analytical laboratories, water
utilities, analytical instrument
manufacturers, State and local
regulators, and trade associations.
A summary of major comments and
the Agency's response to the issues
raised are presented in this section. The
Agency's detailed response to the
comments received on the 1993
proposed rule and the 1994 NOA is
available in the public docket for this
rule (EPA, 1994e).
A. New Methods
Comment on the ten new methods
was favorable. These methods, EPA
methods 100.2, 551, 552.1, 555,
Standard Methods 4500-C1-E, 4500-C1-
H, 4500-C1-I, 4500-Os-B, 4500-C1O2-E
and Great Lakes Instruments Method 2
were described in the 1993 proposal.
Specific public comments on some of
the methods are answered below.
EPA Method 100.2 (asbestos) Four
comments contained several suggestions
and criticisms. Method 100.2 has been
editorially revised to reflect the
comments. These changes, however, do
not affect the performance, cost or
applicability of the method. One
commenter asked EPA to approve SM
2570 for asbestos, which was published
in a 1994 supplement to the eighteenth
edition of Standard Methods (APHA,
1994). EPA does not approve SM 2570
for asbestos in today's rule, because this
method differs in significant ways from
Method 100.2. For example, SM 2570
uses a larger pore filter (0.45 micron) to
trap asbestos fibers, while EPA method
100.2 uses a 0.22 micron filter. The
commenter did not provide any data
comparing asbestos trapping efficiency
of these two filters, whereas EPA has
data (EPA, 1994e) to show that larger
pore-size filters trap fewer asbestos
fibers in drinking water samples.
Method 552.1 A commenter asked
that the sodium hydroxide rinse in
Method 552il be optional, because the
rinse is not compatible with their LSE
product. Method 552.1 was developed
and validated with ion exchange
cartridges to take advantage of the
special chemical properties of dalapon
and the other acids covered by the
method. To efficiently extract the acids
the ion exchange resin must be activated
with a sodium hydroxide rinse. Sorbent
conditioning and elution steps, which
are specified in Method 552.1 or any
LSE method, cannot be modified or
eliminated to accommodate the support
material. Thus, EPA will not allow the
sodium hydroxide rinse in Method
552.1 to be optional, because EPA has
received no data to support the
commenter's request to make the rinse
optional.
The same commenter asked for a more
generic definition of LSE media in
Method 552.1 and in other LSE
methods. The commenter believes EPA
is unnecessarily narrowing the choice of
LSE disks and cartridges. EPA does not
believe LSE methods are overly
restrictive in allowing use of alternative
LSE disks or cartridges. However, EPA
believes that additional guidance to
help users correctly choose alternative
LSE media without compromising the
reliability of the analysis would be
useful. The guidance is summarized
below and will be published in
Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods (EPA, 1994d). The guidance is
applicable to all LSE methods and
supersedes the phrase "or equivalent"
that is used in some methods to describe
selection of alternative LSE cartridges or
disks.
Liquid-solid extraction is performed
using various sorbents that are either
packed into a cartridge or enmeshed in
a disk of inert support material. EPA
methods describe the cartridge or disk
that was used to develop the LSE
procedure, and to produce the data
which is published in the method. If a
product is mentioned in the methods, it
is for information purposes only. EPA
believes various LSE cartridges and
disks may be used, provided they meet
all quality control requirements of the
method, and provided they contain a
sorbent that uses the same
physicochemical principles as the
cartridge or disk that is described in the
approved LSE method. To demonstrate
that alternative LSE cartridges and disks
meet all quality control criteria, the
analyst must be aware of the chemistry
of the method. For example, in
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62458 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations
evaluating Method 552.1 the recovery of
the free acid (not a chemical derivative)
from the water sample must be tested
with the alternative LSE cartridge or
disk.
In judging LSE disk media, both the
sorbent and the support must be
evaluated. In the case of sorbents,
similarities in polarity are not sufficient.
For example, a Gig-Silica sorbent may
not perform the same as a styrene
divinylbenzene copolymer sorbent.
Thus, these sorbents would not be
considered to be equivalent. In judging
supports, any physical support used to
hold the sorbent is acceptable provided
the support is inert and compatible with
the solutions or solvents required in the
conditioning and elution steps of the
method. However, any sorbent
conditioning or elution steps, which are
specified in the method must not be
modified or eliminated to accommodate
the support material.
EPA Method 555 Several
commenters noted that the method
detection limits (MDLs) for some
analytes were greater than MDLs in the
alternative method (EPA Method 515.1),
or were too high to meet monitoring
triggers, which are specified at 40 CFR
141.24(h)(18). Thus, they questioned
whether Method 555 was a suitable
alternative to Method 515.2. EPA
believes commenters mistakenly looked
at MDLs in Table 2 of Method 555,
which shows the results of spikes at 10
ppb. However, spikes at 0.5 ppb (Table
5 in the method) resulted in MDLs that
are equivalent to Method 515.1 MDLs,
and these MDLs have been validated in
a second laboratory (EPA, 1992a). EPA
also notes that monitoring triggers for
several organic contaminants, including
Method 555 analytes, may be amended
in a future rulemaking (EPA, 1993b,
1994f).
Great Lakes Instruments (GLI) Method
2 (turbidity) Some commenters
objected to the method because it is
vendor and instrument-specific. EPA
generally develops and approves
methods that are not vendor-specific.
Users are not limited to the GLI method;
generic methods SM 2130B and EPA
180.1 are approved for turbidity.
However, under the Alternative Test
Procedures (ATP) program EPA has
approved vendor-specific methods or
products as alternatives to approved
methods (53 FR 5142, February 19,
1988). GLI Method 2 was evaluated
under EPA's ATP program and
recommended for approval as an
alternative method. EPA realizes GLI is
the source of copies of GLI Method 2,
which is a factor a laboratory choosing
to adopt this method must consider.
Some commenters believed the GLI
method should be approved as a version
of an international procedure, ISO 7027.
The ISO procedure measures turbidity
via either 90° scattered or transmitted
light depending on concentration.
Although instruments conforming to
ISO 7027 specifications are similar to
the GLI instrument, only the GLI
instrument uses pulsed, multiple
detectors to simultaneously read both
90° scattered and transmitted light. EPA
has received no data on the ISO 7027
use of separate 90° scattered or
transmitted light measurements to judge
equivalency to other approved turbidity
methods.
SM 4500-C1-E, Low Level
Amperometric Titration A commenter
noted a typographical error in a
calculation in SM 4500-C1-E, which the
Standard Methods Committee has
agreed to correct. In approving SM
4500-C1-E, EPA will print the correct
formula for SM 4500-C1-E in Technical
Notes on Drinking Water Methods (EPA,
1994d). The Standard Methods
Committee will publish a correction to
this method in the next (19th) edition of
Standard Methods (Eaton, 1993a).
SM 6610 (APHA, 1994) A
commenter asked to approve this
method as an alternative to EPA Method
531.1. EPA aided the development of
this method, which was published in
1994 in a supplement to the eighteenth
edition of Standard Methods. EPA
agrees •with the commenter, and will
approve SM6610 for analysis of
aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb
sulfoxide, carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-
hydroxycarbofuran, methomyl, and
oxamyl.
EPA Method 1613, Revision B, dioxin
(EPA, 19941) EPA was asked to replace
the approved Revision A of Method
1613 with Revision B. EPA agrees with
the suggestion. As with Revision A,
users can greatly simplify use of
Revision B of Method 1613 when only
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(2,3,7,8-TCDD) is to be determined in
drinking water samples by using
procedures described in Technical
Notes on Drinking Water Methods (EPA,
1994d).
EPA proposed Revision A of Method
1613 for the monitoring of several
chlorinated dioxins and furans under
the Clean Water Act on February 7,1991
(56 FR 5090), and approved it only'for
measurement of 2,3,7,8-TCDD under
the Safe Drinking Water Act on July 17,
1992 (57 FR 31803). In response to
comments on the 1991 proposal, EPA
developed Revision B. The only
technical changes made in Revision B
that affect determination of 2,3,7,8-
TCDD in drinking water matrices are (1)
slight changes in performance
specifications based on the compilation
of data from interlaboratory and other
studies, (2) additional language
intended to provide analysts with
increased flexibility to use liquid solid
extraction procedures, and (3) further
clarification of the documentation
required when analysts employ the
flexibility provided in the method to use
alternate techniques not explicitly
described in the method.
B. Expanded Scope for Already
Approved Methods
Comments on expanding the
analytical scope of these five methods
were favorable. These methods, EPA
Methods 200.8, 200.9, 300.0, SM 4110B,
and American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) method D4327-91,
were discussed in the 1993 proposal or
the 1994 NOA. Specific comments
requesting that approved methods cover
additional analytes are described and
answered below.
A commenter asked EPA to expand
the scope of Method 200.8 to include
additional metals that are not currently
regulated by EPA. While EPA
encourages laboratories to use any
approved method for all contaminants
that are within the analytical scope of
the method, EPA can only approve a
method for contaminants that are
regulated. One commenter asked why
Method 200.9 did not include the
secondary drinking water contaminant,
zinc. EPA believes analysis of zinc with
Method 200.9 is impractical, because
the instrument and procedure used are
very sensitive to small amounts of lead.
The analysis is subject to random
contamination, and the concentration
range of zinc that can be reliably
measured is too narrow to be of use with
typical drinking water samples. EPA
recommends more suitable methods
(EPA 200.7, 200.9, SM 3120B and SM
3111B) for measurement of zinc in
drinking water samples.
Commenters were concerned about
expanding the scope of the ion
chromatography methods to include
fluoride. They believed that EPA did not
have data to show that interference
problems would not preclude use of ion
chromatography for the analysis of
fluoride in drinking water samples.
EPA's 1990 study (Bionetics) which
involved participation of seventeen
laboratories demonstrated that fluoride
can be reliably measured in drinking
water samples with ion
chromatography. Thus, EPA has no
hesitation in approving the three
proposed ion chromatography methods
for the analysis of fluoride in drinking
water.
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C. Updated Methods
Comment on updating earlier versions
of six methods to the current versions
was favorable. These methods, EPA
Methods 504.1, 515.2, 524.2, 525.2,
548.1 and 549.1, were discussed in the
1993 proposal or the 1994 NOA.
Problems were reported by a commenter
with the use of
trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) for
derivatization of the analytes in
Methods 515.1 and 515.2. The
commenter suggested that EPA also
allow the use of diazomethane for this
purpose. EPA agrees with the
commenter and, as discussed in the
1993 proposal, EPA allows use of either
derivatizing reagent. However, because
dalapon is not adequately derivatized by
TMSD, the use of TMSD in Method
515.1 is not approved for analysis of
dalapon. Procedures for using TMSD
with Methods 515.1 and 515.2 are
described in the document Technical
Notes on Drinking Water Methods (EPA,
1994d).
D. Updates to Methods by Reference to
Most Recent Manual
Comments were favorable on
approving versions of previously
approved methods that are now
contained in the eighteenth edition of
Standard Methods (APHA, 1992) and in
five new EPA manuals (EPA, 1994a,
1991,1990a, 1992b and 1993a). These
publications were described and
discussed in the 1993 proposal or the
1994 NOA. Questions or requests from
commenters about some of the methods
contained in these publications are
described and answered below.
1994 EPA Metals Manual (EPA,
1994a) Three commenters asked to add
other regulated metals to the scope of
Method 200.7, because use of a new
axial configured inductively coupled
plasma (ICP) atomic emission
spcctroscopy (AES) instrument
improves the sensitivity of the method
to the required regulatory limits. EPA
will not approve this request in today's
rule, because Method 200.7 as written
allows use of other types of ICP/AES
instruments that cannot meet the
regulatory limits for the additional
metals. To extend the scope of Method
200.7 as suggested by the commenters
would require either a formal ATP
approval (EPA, 1993c), or publication of
a new AES method that allowed only
instruments with an axial configuration.
1991 Organic Methods Manual (EPA,
1991) One commenter requested a
change in the scope of EPA Method 505
because of the detection limits for some
method analytes. These changes
included withdrawal of alachlor,
atrazine and simazine, and addition of
toxaphene. EPA is evaluating the
detection limits in several methods.
When this evaluation is complete, EPA
may propose to withdraw approval of
methods or modify the scope of
methods, such as Method 505. In the
interim, EPA does not agree that the
scope of Method 505 should be changed
to withdraw alachlor, atrazine and
simazine. However, EPA agrees that
analysis for these nitrogen-containing
compounds may require use of a
nitrogen-phosphorous detector (NPD)
rather than the electron capture detector
(ECD). Today's rule specifies that an
NPD should be substituted for the ECD
in Method 505 (or another approved
method should be used) to determine
alachlor, atrazine and simazine, if lower
detection limits are required.
EPA agrees with the comment about
toxaphene. In today's rule EPA is
correcting an omission in the 1993
proposal by continuing to approve
Method 505 for toxaphene. However,
EPA notes that the Method 505 MDL for
toxaphene is very close to the MCL. To
improve the sensitivity of the analysis
analysts may wish to use Method 508
for toxaphene and other Method 505
analytes for which use of an NPD will
not improve the sensitivity. Method 508
is very similar to Method 505 except
that the MDLs are lower, because a
larger sample volume is extracted.
MCL compliance determination for
PCBs requires that EPA method 505 or
508 be used as a screen for PCBs as
Aroclors prior to quantitation as
decachlorobiphenyl by EPA Method
508A. Three commenters requested that
EPA switch the sequence of compliance
methods for PCBs, i.e., use Method
508A to screen and Method 505 or 508
to quantify PCBs. The suggested change
in the sequence of compliance methods
is beyond the scope of this rule since it
would require amending the MCL
compliance determination sequence in
40 CFR 141.24(h)(13)(i)-(iii). Only
Method 508A can measure
decachlorobiphenyl, and
§ 141.24(h)(13)(ii) specifically requires
"using Method 508A to quantify PCBs
as decachlorobiphenyl".
It was suggested by a commenter that
EPA include hexachloro-
cyclopentadiene (HCP) in the scope of
EPA Method 508. EPA agrees with the
commenter, and will allow
measurement of HCP with EPA Method
508. However, the analyst must show
that the analyte recoveries and other
criteria, which are specified for HCP in
Section 9 of Method 508.1 are achieved
using Method 508 procedures. This
option will be described in the
document, Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods (EPA, 1994d).
1993 EPA Inorganic Methods Manual
(EPA, 1993a) A commenter asked what
the differences were between Method
335.3 and the updated version, Method
335.4, since both versions require
manual distillation of the sample to
prepare it for measurement of cyanide.
The technical differences between these
methods are minor. EPA improved the
automation of procedures in Method
335.4, and added the option to use a
labor-saving distillation procedure. The
distillation option is described in
Method 335.4, and it is approved and
described for other spectrophotometric
methods in Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods (EPA, 1994d).
Two commenters objected to
replacement of Method 335.3 with
335.4. The objection appeared to be
based on the mistaken belief that
Method 335.4 requires a manual
distillation of the sample to prepare it
for measurement of cyanide and that the
earlier version, Method 335.3, did not.
EPA has never allowed
spectrophotometric measurements of
cyanide in water samples without
manual distillation of the sample using
SM 4500-CN-C (cf. 40 CFR 136.3, Table
IB; 59 FR 4507, January 31, 1994; and
57 FR 31839, July 17, 1992).
Commenters may have been misled by
a discussion in Method 335.3 of an
alternate ultraviolet (UV) digestion
procedure that does not require manual
distillation. EPA has never approved
this optional UV procedure for
compliance measurements of cyanide,
because EPA has no data to show that
UV digestion would not provide
inaccurate results that underestimate
the level of contamination. To avoid
manual distillation of the sample,
laboratories may use a selective
electrode method for cyanide.
EPA notes that the "amenable"
spectrophotometric methods, ASTM
D2036-91B and SM 4500-CN-G, also
require distillation prior to either free or
total cyanide measurements. To further
clarify EPA's intent to require manual
distillation for all spectrophotometric
determinations of cyanide, these
methods will be listed at 40 CFR
141.23(k) in today's rule under the
phrase "Manual distillation followed
by". Immediately following this phrase,
the rules specify use of SM 4500-CN-
C to conduct this distillation.
Microbiological Methods
The vast majority of comments on the
eighteenth edition version of
microbiology methods concerned the
maximum time between sample
collection and analysis (transit time) of
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62460 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations
drinking water samples. Commenters
opposed reducing this time from 30
hours (16th edition of Standard
Methods) to 24 hours (18th edition of
Standard Methods). The Standard
Methods committee reduced the transit
time because of its concern about
coliform die-off in the sample over time.
Commenters opposed reducing the time
because it would (1) be logistically
impractical if not impossible to do, (2)
increase costs for sample transport and
resampling, (3) cause hardships in
sample collection, and (4) complicate
and decrease laboratory flexibility. A
few commenters claimed that the
reduced transit time is not supported by
data.
Coliforms usually die off over time,
especially when water temperatures are
warm, but EPA recognizes that there is
debate among investigators over the rate
of that decline. EPA is currently
conducting additional studies on this
question, using fecal coliforms and E.
coli, and results are anticipated by the
end of 1994. Given the logistical and
other problems that might result by
decreasing the transit time to 24 hours,
EPA is deferring a decision on whether
to reduce the transit time until more
data become available. For the time
being, the Agency has added a footnote
to the Table in § 141.21(f)(3), allowing a
maximum transit time of 30 hours. If
EPA decides that a reduction from 30
hours is warranted, the Agency will
work with the States to minimize the
hardships identified in the public
comments. Meanwhile, EPA strongly
encourages States and systems to review
their procedures and identify practical
alternatives for providing samples to
laboratories more quickly.
Other commenters objected to the
requirement in the 18th edition of
Standard Methods to hold samples at
less than 10 °C during transit. The
Standard Methods committee specified
this value because of its concern about
coliform die-off in the sample at higher
temperatures, where the bacterial
metabolism of coliforms and non-
coliforms alike is normally greater.
Commenters objected to any EPA
requirement that would require them to
keep samples cool during sample
transit. They asserted that this
requirement would (1) be unnecessary
and would complicate sample transport
logistics, (2) increase sampling costs and
shipping costs for both systems and
laboratories, because coolers and ice
Eacks cost money and samples are
eavier and thus more expensive to
ship, and (3) lead to problems with
frozen samples or a significantly
increased number of invalid samples.
Commenters also stated that under the
presence-absence concept, sample
cooling was less important than under
the earlier rule based on coliform
density.
EPA is deferring a decision on sample
transit temperature until the Agency
initiates a review, and possible revision,
of the Total Coliform Rule. For the time
being, the Agency has added a footnote
to the Table in § 141.21(f)(3)
encouraging, but not requiring, systems
to hold samples at less than 10 °C
during transit. Nevertheless, the Agency
strongly encourages systems to cool
their samples during transit, especially
during warm summer months, to
minimize coliform die-off. The Agency
is currently conducting additional
studies on this question, using fecal
coliforms and E. coli, and results are
anticipated by the end of 1994. If EPA
decides that a reduction is warranted,
the Agency will work with the States to
minimize the hardships identified in the
public comments.
EPA is also approving a new method,
the Colisure test, for simultaneously
determining the presence of total
coliforms and E. coli, both of which
must be monitored under the Total
Coliform Rule (40 CFR 141.21). Data
supporting the use of this method was
presented in the notice of July 14,1994
(NOA).
Most commenters supported approval
of the Colisure test, but several raised
questions about the test, primarily
concerning the incubation time. They
cited the Broadway et al. (1992) data
that indicated that only 64% and 69%
of the bottles were total coliform-
positive and E. co./j-positive,
respectively, after 24 hours compared to
the 48-hour results. According to the
Broadway et al. data, 85% and 88% of
the bottles were total coliform-positive
and E. co/i-positive, respectively, after
28 hours compared to the 48-hour
results.
EPA agrees with the commenters who
contended that 24 hours of incubation
was insufficient for the Colisure test.
The Agency, however, believes that the
recovery rate after 28 hours is
reasonable, and will approve the
Colisure test as a 28-hour test.
Moreover, based on additional data from
the product manufacturer showing that
the false-positive rate after 48 hours is
small, EPA will allow laboratories to
hold the test up to 48 hours before
observing results.
Chemical Methods
There were only minor comments on
the proposal to update chemistry
methods to the versions contained in
the 18th edition of Standard Methods.
The 18th edition versions contain no or
minor changes to earlier versions, and
EPA received no comments to document
specific hardships in converting to 18th
edition chemical methods. Several
commenters noted that, although
thallium is not in the scope of SM
3113B, EPA erroneously approved SM
3113B for thallium (57 FR 31840, July
17,1992). EPA agrees and will delete
this approval in today's rule.
A commenter noted that the 18th
edition version of SM 4500-C1-G omits
instructions that would allow
measurement of total residual chlorine
in drinking water samples using a
colorimetric method. The Standard
Methods Committee has written (Eaton,
1993b) that an editorial omission, not a
technical change, occurred in recent
versions of SM 4500-C1-G. The error
will be corrected in the next (19th)
edition of Standard Methods. EPA
corrects the error today by describing
the omitted instructions in Technical
Notes on Drinking Water Methods (EPA,
1994d).
E. Methods To Be Withdrawn and
Replaced
General Comments Received on
Withdrawal of Methods
One commenter suggested that all
methods carry a "draft" status for three
years after publication; other
commenters asked EPA to approve new
methods more quickly. It would defeat
EPA's intent to provide modern
technology quickly, if a method had to
be published, proposed, and then kept
in draft status for three years. EPA
balances this problem by allowing
optional use of old or new methods
during a transitional period, which in
the case of this rule extends to July 1,
1996 (or 18 months after publication,
whichever is later).
Several commenters believed EPA
was eliminating, or intended to
eliminate, all autoanalyzer or
colorimetric methods. This is incorrect;
EPA is replacing only obsolete methods
with equivalent ASTM, EPA and
Standard Methods. EPA is not
eliminating colorimetric or autoanalyzer
technology for any regulated
contaminant, except arsenic. Evidence
of EPA's intent is in the 1993 methods
manual (EPA, 1993a), which updated
colorimetric methods for cyanide
(335.4), nitrite and nitrate (353.2), and
sulfate (375.2). EPA has and continues
to approve autoanalyzer and
colorimetric ASTM and Standard
Methods for cyanide, fluoride, nitrite,
nitrate and sulfate.
Some commenters stated that
changing from EPA methods to
equivalent Standard Methods and
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ASTM methods would be very time-
consuming and expensive, but provided
no specific information to support this
statement. EPA is withdrawing methods
that aro incomplete and often require
users to rely on the equivalent ASTM or
Standard Methods. Thus the change, in
many cases, has already taken place. In
other cases, there are very minor
differences between the withdrawn and
tho replacement methods. EPA notes
that laboratories may continue to use a
withdrawn method for other than
compliance monitoring samples. EPA's
actions in today's rule save laboratories
money, because they need only support
one version of an ASTM, EPA, or
Standard Method. Prior to this rule,
laboratories were required to use
methods in the 14th, 16th, 17th, and
18lh editions of Standard Methods, and
at least two different versions of EPA
Methods 200.7 and 524.2.
EPA received numerous comments
requesting an extension of the
withdrawal date for analytical methods.
The suggested dates ranged from July 1,
1995, to July 1,2000. Based on these
comments, EPA will extend the
methods withdrawal date from July 1,
1995, to July 1,1996 (or 18 months from
publication, whichever is later), which
is beyond the withdrawal date suggested
by most commenters. New methods or
new versions of current methods will be
approved within 30 days of publication
Of the rule. This overlap in approval
dates for new methods and withdrawal
of obsolete methods will give
laboratories sufficient time to become
certified with the new methods.
Comments on Withdrawal of Specific
Methods
Packed-Column EPA Methods
Commenters generally favored
withdrawal of packed column methods
for volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
and trihalomethanes (THMs), and
replacing them with technologically
advanced capillary column methods.
Additional costs incurred in supporting
older, obsolete methods until EPA
withdraws these methods, and the
suitability of capillary columns to
handle the increasing number of
regulated contaminants were cited as
reasons for supporting withdrawal. The
July 1,1995, withdrawal date may be
too early, as pointed out by some
commenters. EPA will extend the date
to July 1,1996 (or 18 months from
publication, whichever is later), to give
laboratories more time to plan an
orderly transition to capillary column
methods.
Some commenters asked EPA for
continuation of the use of packed-
column methods, if they meet current
regulatory requirements. EPA feels that
packed-column methods have many
drawbacks. For example, the cis and
trans dichloroethene isomers cannot be
separated with the packed-columns
specified for VOC analysis (Lyter, 1994).
Such separation problems with packed-
column methods have limited EPA's
ability to prepare samples for EPA's
laboratory performance evaluation (PE)
program. To accommodate packed-
column methods, separate PE samples
are prepared for THMs and VOCs to
minimize THM and VOC interferences
that users of packed column EPA
methods will experience. If only
capillary columns are approved, EPA
will have more latitude to mix VOCs
and THMs in PE samples to better test
laboratories with concentrations and
mixtures of THMs and VOCs, as might
realistically occur in drinking waters.
EPA notes that laboratories may
continue to use packed column methods
for other than compliance monitoring
analyses, such as routine plant
operation or source evaluation samples.
A commenter asked why EPA
proposed to withdraw THM Methods
501.1 and 501.2 in the 1993 proposal,
but subsequently proposed to continue
approval of these packed column
methods in the Information Collection
Rule (ICR) (59 FR 6354 and 6413-6414,
February 10,1994). In today's rule, EPA
is clarifying why and how Methods
501.1 and 501.2 can and should be
withdrawn without affecting analytical
needs that were described in the ICR
proposal. In the ICR, EPA proposed
Methods 501.1 and 501.2 only because
ICR data must be gathered quickly to
support pending disinfectant byproduct
control regulations. To support these
regulations, EPA proposed to conduct
THM monitoring at a limited number of
PWS for eighteen months beginning in
1995. Since this data must be collected
by laboratories certified to conduct
THM analyses, it could be a hardship to
revoke the certification of laboratories
now using Methods 501.1 and 501.2.
EPA notes that EPA also proposed and
encouraged laboratories to use one of
the capillary column methods (EPA
Methods 502.2, 524.2 and 551) to
conduct THM monitoring for the ICR.
And in a subsequent disinfection
byproduct rule (59 FR 38668, July 29,
1994) EPA proposed only capillary
methods for THM compliance
monitoring (59 FR 38821).
As explained in the 1993 proposal
and in the 1992 THM methods rule (58
FR 41344, August 3,1993), EPA intends
to and will withdraw packed column
methods for THM and VOC compliance
analysis. To accommodate the special
and immediate information collection
needs of the ICR, EPA is deferring
withdrawal of packed column Methods
501.1 and 501.2 until July 1,1996 (or 18
months after publication, whichever is
later). This date is expected to be after
the beginning of the proposed ICR
monitoring period. When the ICR rule is
promulgated, certification under
Methods 501.1 and 501.2 will be
granted such that the withdrawal date
will not impede collection of THM data
for the ICR.
Colorimetric Methods for Arsenic—A
commenter requested that EPA not
withdraw colorimetric methods for
arsenic. Because the detection limits of
these methods are very near the MCL for
arsenic, colorimetric measurements do
not provide a reliable indication of
variability of, or trends in, ambient
concentrations of arsenic in the water
supply when these concentrations are
less than the MCL. EPA believes the
detection limit deficiency warrants
withdrawal of colorimetric methods for
arsenic.
In addition, since EPA approves other
methods that measure all twelve
regulated metals, including arsenic, it is
not cost-effective to measure arsenic
separately with a colorimetric method.
The cost of a complete, broad-spectrum
metals analysis by atomic absorption or
ICP is not reduced if arsenic is not
included. And EPA knows of no
situation where arsenic is the only metal
to be determined in a compliance
sample. EPA believes that there is no
scientific reason or economic need for a
colorimetric method that only measures
arsenic. However, EPA notes that
withdrawal of these methods does not
preclude their use for other than
compliance monitoring samples.
EPA Methods 208.2 and 354.1—A
commenter asked EPA to replace EPA
Methods 208.2 (barium) and 354.1
(nitrite) with the equivalent methods
SM 3113B and SM 4500-NO2-B, which
are published in the 18th edition of
Standard Methods (APHA, 1992). EPA
agrees and will withdraw Methods
208.2 and 354.1, since equivalent
methods using the same equipment and
procedures are approved.
EPA Method 340.2 (fluoride)—
Commenters expressed concern that
withdrawal of this ion-selective
electrode method will require use of
EPA Method 300.0, which requires
purchase of an ion chromatograph. This
is incorrect; only the EPA ion-selective
electrode method will be withdrawn.
The ASTM and SM methods, which use
the same equipment as the EPA method,
are approved for fluoride compliance
determinations.
Hydrazine Methods for Nitrate and
Nitrite—A commenter agreed with
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62462 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations
EPA's withdrawal of hydrazine method
353.1, stating that the method is
obsolete. The commenter, however,
wanted EPA to make available at least
one hydrazine method for nitrite and
nitrate by approving SM 4500-NO3—H.
EPA is withdrawing Method 353.1
because hydrazine is carcinogenic and
toxic, and creates a significant
hazardous waste disposal problem. SM
4500—NOs-H has the same problems
and, therefore, cannot be approved. EPA
believes users of hydrazine methods
will be able to convert easily to the
approved cadmium reduction methods
for nitrate and nitrite by changing their
reagent from hydrazine to cadmium
when their supply of hydrazine is
depleted. The cadmium methods, which
have been approved for nitrate and
nitrite since 1991, use the same
equipment as the hydrazine methods.
Flame AA for metals—Three
commenters requested that flame atomic
absorption (AA) and graphite furnace
methods not be withdrawn. EPA has not
withdrawn flame AA and graphite
furnace methods published by ASTM or
Standard Methods; only the obsolete
EPA versions of these methods are
withdrawn.
Direct Aspiration Flame AA
Methods—Some commenters wanted
EPA to expand the scope of these
methods to include metals other than
barium and nickel. EPA cannot expand
the scope, because the methods are not
sensitive enough to measure metals
other than barium and nickel.
Method 515.1—EPA received many
comments requesting that this method
not be withdrawn, primarily for two
reasons. First, neither proposed
replacement method, 552.1 or 515.2,
covers all of the regulated chemicals
that are in Method 515.1. Secondly, the
new dalapon method (552.1) requires
significantly different equipment,
procedures and skills than Method
515.1. Four commenters agreed with
EPA's proposal to withdraw Method
515.1, because a combination of
Methods 515.2 and 552.1 meets their
regulatory needs. EPA agrees with the
majority of commenters and will not
withdraw Method 515.1.
Methods for Secondary
Contaminants—Some commenters
believed that delisting a secondary
contaminant method precludes its use
for other than compliance monitoring
samples. This is not correct; EPA does
not certify laboratories for secondary
monitoring, and EPA only recommends
methods for secondary contaminants.
Unless State requirements provide
otherwise, laboratories may use
methods other than those cited at 40
CFR143.4(b) for measurement of
secondary contaminants.
EPA Method 245.2 (mercury)—EPA
was asked to withdraw this method,
which is an automated, cold vapor
method for mercury. EPA cannot
withdraw this method because there is
no other equivalent version of the
method. Because EPA does not have
enough information to assess the effect
that withdrawal of Method 245.2 would
have, it is deferring a decision on
withdrawal.
EPA Methods 150.1,150.2 (pH)—In
the 1994 NOA, EPA proposed to replace
these methods with equivalent ASTM
and Standard Methods for pH. A
commenter noted that the EPA methods
are easier to use under field conditions.
The commenter indicated that since
many pH measurements are made in the
field at the point of sample collection,
withdrawal of the EPA methods would
pose a significant hardship. EPA agrees
with the commenter, and will not
withdraw these methods until ASTM or
Standard Methods pH methods are
simplified for field use.
F. Miscellaneous
Reformat Listing of Methods in 40
CFR Parts 141 and 143—Commenters
have asked EPA to improve the
organization and clarity of the drinking
water regulations. Commenters have
criticized the organization of the rules,
and noted difficulty in obtaining copies
of drinking water regulations. They
need the regulations, because they
contain tables and lists of approved
methods, and because mandatory
method instructions are included in the
text of the rules and in footnotes to the
tables of methods. These instructions
are not contained in the approved
methods, because they were developed
after the method was published. In
today's rule, EPA is minimizing the use
of footnotes and lengthy technical
instructions in drinking water rules.
EPA is accomplishing this by including
these instructions in the document
Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods (EPA, 1994d). This EPA
publication contains mandatory
procedures, clarifications and helpful
options, such as guidance on more
efficient ways to conduct asbestos and
dioxin compliance measurements. EPA
will place these instructions in the
affected method when the method is
revised and published. EPA intends to
use this document to publish future
method corrections or modifications
(after notice and comment in the
Federal Register as necessary). EPA
believes Technical Notes will be easier
for users to obtain, read and photocopy
than the tables of approved methods in
the drinking water rules. Incorporating
Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods by reference in the rule has the
effect of making its provisions as
mandatory as those in the approved
drinking water methods.
EPA is improving the clarity of the
rules by consolidating listings of
analytical methods. Analytical methods
for THMs have been moved from
§ 141.30 to § 141.24(e). Appendix C of
§ 141.30, which contained THM
Methods 501.1 and 501.2, is withdrawn
immediately, but the methods may be
used for compliance monitoring under
§ 141.30 until July 1,1996 (or 18 months
from publication, whichever is later).
And analytical methods formerly
specified for lead, copper, and
corrosivity at 40 CFR 141.89(a) and
sodium at § 141.41(d) are now listed
with other inorganic methods at
§ 141.23(k)(l). EPA notes that although
sodium was removed from the list of 83
contaminants included in the 1986
amendments to the SDWA (53 FR
26487), the provisions at § 141.41 still
obtain.
Specifications for Continuous
Chlorine Monitoring Methods—
Commenters favored the proposed
specification for continuous chlorine
monitoring measurements to be based
on calibration with an approved grab
sample method. Two commenters asked
EPA to extend the calibration period to
seven days. EPA has no data to support
such an extension. However, the EPA
protocol for continuous chlorine
monitoring allows a laboratory to use an
alternative protocol, if it is approved by
the State. EPA believes it is prudent for
States to monitor and approve changes
to the EPA protocol, such as those
suggested by commenters. The protocol
approved in today's rule is specified at
40 CFR 141.74(a)(2), and allows States
to grant variations, including certain
changes in the chemistry of the method.
Allow Interchange of Detectors in
EPA Methods 505, 507, 508—
Commenters favored this proposal. Two
commenters noted that data with
alternative detectors must be verified,
and were concerned about poor BCD
response of some nitrogen-containing
compounds. EPA agrees that data must
be verified when changing detectors,
and that the results for all chemicals in
Methods 505, 507 or 508 may not meet
quality control requirements when an
alternative detector is used. This is why
Section 6.8.3 of Methods 507 and 508,
and Section 10.4 of Methods 505, 507
and 508 allow alternative detectors only
if the initial demonstration of capability
criteria in Section 10 of each method is
met by the alternative detector.
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Ono commenter wanted to allow use
of other detectors with EPA Method
504. EPA cannot approve this request,
because EPA has no data to justify use
of alternative detectors in Methods 504
or 504.1, which use an electron capture
detector (ECD). The ECD has been the
only detector capable of routinely
measuring EDB and DBCP at the
required parts-per-trillion
concentrations (56 FR 3550, January 30,
1991).
Guidance on Preserving Samples—A
commenter asked that biocide
procedures be dropped from the VOC
methods, because EPA has dropped
mercuric chloride as a biocide in
synthetic organic chemical (SOC)
methods. EPA dropped mercuric
chloride from SOC methods, because
EPA has no data to show that
blodegradation of a regulated SOC
occurs in a typical drinking water
sample, and because mercuric chloride
is toxic and a hazardous waste.
However, EPA has data to show
degradation (EPA, 1994e) in samples
collected for measurement of VOCs. The
biocide procedures required in the VOC
methods require some combination of
chilling, rapid transit and analysis, or
acidification. None of these procedures
pose health or waste disposal problems
that compare with the problems
associated \vith preservation using
mercuric chloride. Therefore, EPA
continues to require use of a biocide in
VOC methods.
Liquid-Solid Extraction (LSE) in EPA
Methods 507 and 508—Some
commenters believed more data were
needed before EPA allowed use of LSE
in Methods 507 and 508; EPA agrees.
EPA stated in the December proposal
that "the Agency regards this proposed
modification as tentative and will base
a final decision on whether to approve
on public comment and additional EPA
performance data." After studying this
option and developing additional data
(EPA, 1994e), EPA has decided not to
add LSE as an option in Methods 507
and 508, because EPA does not have
data to support use of this technique for
all of the chemicals in the methods. As
an alternative, EPA has developed and
is approving Method 508.1 (EPA,
1994c). Method 508.1 uses the
procedures and the electron capture
detector that are used in Method 508,
and it allows use of LSE. The scope of
Method 508.1 covers many of the
Method 507 and 508 analytes that are
subject to regulated or unregulated
contaminant monitoring requirements,
but it does not include butachlor, PCBs
or toxaphcne. In today's rule EPA will
approve Method 508.1 for measurement
of alachlor, atrazine, chlordane, endrin,
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide,
hexachloro-benzene,
hexachlorocyclopentadiene, lindane,
methoxychlor, and simazine, which are
regulated SOCs. It is also approved for
aldrin, dieldrin, metolachlor,
metribuzin, and propachlor, which are
unregulated SOCs.
Methods for Other Contaminants—In
the 1993 proposal EPA provided
guidance to systems that wish to
measure chemicals that are not
regulated, and need advice on what
method to use. The guidance stated that
"although EPA approves methods only
for contaminants regulated under the
Safe Drinking Water Act, the Agency
encourages laboratories to use these
methods for other contaminants if the
method description specifically
includes these contaminants." One
commenter mistakenly believed that
this eliminates the use of other methods
or techniques, such as test kits.
Although EPA encourages laboratories
to save money by using a compliance
method to measure all chemicals of
interest that are in the analytical scope
of the method, this does not preclude
systems from using other methods,
including test kits, for samples other
than compliance monitoring samples.
EPA cautions users to carefully
evaluate the performance of a method
when using it for samples other than
compliance monitoring samples or for
contaminants not regulated under the
SDWA. For example, EDB and DBCP
appear in the scope of EPA Methods
504.1, 502.2, 524.2 and 551. However,
Methods 502.2 and 524.2 are not
approved for compliance analyses,
because they do not have the sensitivity
to measure compliance with the EDB
and DBCP MCLs.
Methods Approval Process—Several
commenters believe that the process of
proposing and approving methods or
method modifications will always be
too slow to accommodate the technical
and certification needs of the laboratory
community. To solve this problem,
commenters asked EPA to specify
performance criteria in drinking water
rules, or in the approved methods. The
purpose of this would be to allow
laboratories to use any analytical
method, provided it met the mandatory
criteria. EPA agrees that the present
methods approval system is slow. To
solve this problem, EPA and other
organizations are seeking to consolidate
methods across regulatory programs and
media, and to write generic method
performance criteria (EPA, 1994g). A
performance-based method system, as
suggested by commenters, might be part
of the final solution. There are two
groups working on this problem. The
groups are the Intergovernmental Task
Force on Monitoring, and EPA's
Environmental Monitoring Management
Council. A recommendation of these
groups may be for EPA to propose a new
method approval and method-writing
protocol. The protocol would be
designed to expedite approval of
drinking water method modifications
while maintaining the degree of control
needed to ensure effective enforcement
of drinking water regulations.
Field and Test Kits—Two commenters
noted an omission in the rule text in the
1993 proposal that appears to eliminate
an important option. This option allows
States to approve use of DPD
colorimetric test kits for measurement of
chlorine residuals. EPA did not intend
to eliminate this option, and agrees the
wording in the 1993 proposal (58 FR
65631) may be misleading. Today's rule
clearly allows use of the DPD kits,
provided the State also approves use of
the kits. This option is specified at 40
CFR 141.74(a)(2).
A commenter asked EPA to approve
field kits for pH, and methods for
continuous monitoring of pH and
residual chlorine. EPA does not need to
approve field methods for pH because
currently, analysis with an approved pH
method may be conducted in the field
or in the laboratory. Regarding
continuous monitoring methods, in
today's rule, EPA provides criteria for
continuous monitoring of chlorine
residuals (40 CFR 141.74(a)(2)). Since
EPA does not require continuous pH
monitoring, EPA does not approve or
disapprove methods for continuous
measurement of pH.
Turbidity—A commenter asked that
turbidity measurements, which are
specified in the drinking water
regulations, be waived if no particulate
or cloudiness is visible to the analyst.
The present requirement is that
turbidity be measured in all samples,
and that digestion be performed if the
turbidity is one NTU or greater. EPA
cannot waive turbidity measurements
on samples that appear to be clear,
because samples with turbidity of up to
three NTU can appear clear to the
unaided eye.
Corrosivity—One commenter noted
the proposed rule made no reference to
updating the methods for corrosivity in
40 CFR 141.42(c). These methods were
published in 1980 and 1982 (45 FR
57346, August 27,1980 and 47 FR
10999, March 12,1982). In the Lead and
Copper Rule (56 FR 26460, June 7,
1991), EPA agreed that corrosion control
strategies could be developed or
evaluated by measuring alkalinity and
other parameters (56 FR 26489 and
26496). However, the Lead and Copper
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Rule did not update or specify use of the
methods in 40 CFR 141.42(c). Instead,
more current methods were specified in
40 CFR 141.89(a) (56 FR 26509-26510).
In today's rule, EPA eliminates possible
confusion between the requirements in
40 CFR 141.89 and 141.42 by removing
subparagraphs 40 CFR 141.42(a)-(c).
New Technologies—Comments were
received asking the Agency to evaluate
and develop methods based on new
technologies, such as bioassay, ELISA,
and capillary electrophoresis. The
Agency continues to incorporate new
technologies in methods, and
appreciates the many articles that were
sent to draw attention to new
technologies. In the last twenty years,
the Agency has aided the development
of the mass spectrometer into a
powerful and routine analytical
instrument. With suggestions from the
laboratory community (56 FR 3550,
January 30,1991), the Agency moved
from packed to capillary column gas
chromatographic technology, and
expects to adopt innovative procedures
and instruments in future methods.
In the 1993 proposal, EPA invited
public suggestions that EPA might
consider approving in this rule or in a
later rulemaking. This invitation was
not meant to imply that new methods or
method modifications submitted as
suggestions would or could bypass
requirements that are specified at 40
CFR 141.27. Some commenters __.,,
expressed interest in having their
method or instrumentation included in
EPA-approved methods. EPA suggests
that these commenters submit their data
to EPA's Alternative Test Procedures
(ATP) program for evaluation. A method
or instrument can be considered for
approval by EPA after it has received a
favorable evaluation under the ATP
program. A protocol for submitting ATP
data is available from EPA (EPA, 1993c).
V. Availability and Sources for
Methods Information
Commenters requested help in
obtaining copies of analytical methods
cited in drinking water rules. Sources of
all approved methods are contained in
the References section of this rule.
These methods are available for review
but not distribution at the EPA Drinking
Water Docket (MC 4101), 401 M Street
SW., Washington, DC 20460. For access
to the docket material, please call (202)
260-3027 between 9 am and 3:30 pm,
EST, Monday through Friday, excluding
federal holidays. EPA only stocks or
distributes copies of methods published
by EPA. All other methods must be
obtained from the publisher. Sources
(with addresses) for all approved
methods are cited at 40 CFR Parts 141
and 143, and in the References section
of today's rule. Most EPA methods and
the document, Technical Notes on
Drinking Water Methods, may be
purchased from the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS), U.S.
Department of Commerce, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. The
toll-free number is: (800) 553-6847,
local: (703) 487-4650. Refer to the
drinking water rules or the References
section of this rule to obtain the NTIS
order number and purchase
information, or contact the Safe
Drinking Water hotline. The hotline
operates from 9 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. EST,
Monday through Friday, excluding
federal holidays. The toll-free number is
(800) 426^1791. EPA Methods 504.1,
508.1 and 525.2 are not published in an
NTIS manual. These methods may be
obtained directly from EPA,
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268; the
phone number is (513) 569-7586. Since
Methods 150.1 (pH), 150.2 (pH) and
245.2 (mercury) are published in
"Methods for Chemical Analysis of
Water and Wastes" (EPA, 1983a),
owners of this EPA manual do not need
to reorder these methods.
EPA believes most laboratories will
need only the more recently published
or approved methods that are listed in
today's rule. These methods (or
manuals) are as follows. Technical
Notes on Drinking Water Methods,
October 1994, NTIS PB95-104766; EPA
Method 508.1, "Determination of
Chlorinated Pesticides, Herbicides, and
Organohalides in Water Using Liquid-
Solid Extraction and Electron Capture
Gas Chromatography", October 1994;
EPA Method 100.2, "Determination of
Asbestos Structures over lOum in
Length in Drinking Water", June 1994,
NTIS PB94- 201902; "Methods for the
Determination of Metals in
Environmental Samples—Supplement
I", May 1994, NTIS PB94-184942; EPA
Method 525.2, "Determination of
Organic Compounds in Drinking Water
by Liquid-Solid Extraction in Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry", March 1994; EPA
Method 504.1, "1,2-Dibromoethane
(EDB), l,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
(DBCP), and 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
(123TCP) in Water by Microextraction
and Gas Chromatography", 1993;
"Methods for the Determination of
Inorganic Substances in Environmental
Samples", August 1993, NTIS PB91-
231498; "Methods for the Determination
of Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water—Supplement H," August 1992,
NTIS PB92- 207703; Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater 18th Edition Supplement,
1994; Colisure, Millipore Corp., 1994;
and GLI Method 2, "Turbidity", Great
Lakes Instruments, Inc., November 2,
1992.
The American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) annually reprints all
of the methods contained in the Annual
Book of ASTM Methods, even methods
that have not been editorially or
technically revised. Thus, it is
permissible to use any edition that
contains the EPA-approved version of
the compliance method. EPA notes that
Orion Method 601 "Standard Method of
Test for Nitrate in Drinking Water",
which is equivalent to SM 4500-NO3-D
(APHA, 1992), is identical to Orion
Method WeWWG/5880. Method
WeWWG/5880 is approved for nitrate
analysis. ATI Orion republished the
method in 1994 and renumbered it as
601, because the 1985 manual "Orion
Guide to Water and Wastewater
Analysis", which contained WeWWG/
5880, is no longer available. In today's
rule EPA cites WeWWG/5880 as 601 at
40CFR141.23(k)(l).
VI. Regulation Assessment
Requirements
A. Executive Order 12866
Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR
51735, October 4,1993), the Agency
must determine whether the regulatory
action is "significant" and therefore
subject to OMB review and the
requirements of the Executive Order.
The Order defines "significant
regulatory action" as one that is likely
to result in a rule that may:
(1) Have an annual effect on the
economy of $100 million or more, or
adversely affect in a material way the
economy, a sector of the economy,
productivity, competition, jobs, the
environment, public health or safety, or
State, local, or tribal governments or
communities;
(2) Create a serious inconsistency or
otherwise interfere with an action taken
or planned by another agency;
(3) Materially alter the budgetary
impact of entitlements, grants, user fees,
or loan programs or the rights and
obligations of recipients thereof; or
(4) Raise novel legal or policy issues
arising out of legal mandates, the
President's priorities, or the principles
set forth in the Executive Order.
It has been determined that this rule
is not a "significant regulatory action"
under the terms of Executive Order
12866 and is therefore not subject to
OMB review.
B. Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act
requires EPA to explicitly consider the
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Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 62465
effect of these regulations on small
entities. By policy, EPA has decided to
consider regulatory alternatives if there
is any economic impact on any number
of small entities.
This rule is consistent with the
objectives of the Regulatory Flexibility
Act because it will not have any
economic impact on any small entities.
This rule specifies analytical methods
that laboratories must use for testing
regulated drinking water contaminants.
Monitoring requirements were
promulgated in earlier notices. The rule
would require laboratories to use the
most recent version of a method and
imposes no additional requirements. It
is actually expected to reduce cost of
analysis by eliminating current
requirements to use different versions of
the same method, and by allowing more
contaminants to be analyzed
simultaneously by using a single
method. Therefore, the Agency believes
that this notice would have no adverse
effect on any number of small entities.
C. Papenvork Reduction Act
The rule contains no requests for
information and consequently is not
subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act,
44U.S.C. 350letseq.
D. Science Advisory Board, National
Drinking Water Advisory Council, and
Secretary of Health and Human Services
In accordance with section 1412(d)
and (e) of the SDWA, the Agency
consulted with the Science Advisory
Board, the National Drinking Water
Advisory Council, and the Secretary of
Health and Human Services on this
action and took their comments into
account.
VII. References
APHA. 1992. Eighteenth edition of Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 1992, American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20005.
APHA. 1904. Method 6610 "Carbamate
Pesticides" in Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater,
18th Edition Supplement, 1994,
American Public Health Association,
1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington,
D.C 20005. APHA.
ASTM. 1994. Annual Book ofASTM
Methods, 1994, Vol. 11.01 and 11.02,
American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103.
Bionclics. Report from Kenneth W. Edgell, et
ol., "Determination of Inorganic Anions
in Water by Ion Chromatography:
Collaborative Study", Bionetics Corp., 16
Triangle Park Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio
45246,1991.
Broadway, S., B. Pyle, G. McFeters. 1992.
Final report of equivalency testing for
Colisure. Montana State University,
Bozeman, MT.
Eaton. 1993a. Letter from Andrew D. Eaton,
Standard Methods Committee, "Error in
4500-C1 E", American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20005, June 4,1993.
Eaton. 1993b. Letter from Andrew D. Eaton,
Standard Methods Committee, "Inquiry
on Chlorine Residual 4500-C1 (18th
Edition)", American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20005, October 26,
1993.
EPA. 1974. Method 245.2, "Mercury,
Automated Cold Vapor Technique",
EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268,1974.
Also contained in reference EPA, 1983a.
EPA. 1978. Method 150.1, "pH,
Electrometric", EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH 45268,1978. Also
contained in reference EPA, 1983a.
EPA. 1982. Method 150.2, "pH Continuous
Monitoring, Electro-metric", EPA,
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268,
December 1982. Also contained in
reference EPA, 1983a.
EPA. 1983a. "Methods for Chemical Analysis
of Water and Wastes", EPA, March 1983,
NTIS PB84-128677.
EPA. 1983b. Method 100.1, "Analytical
Method for the Determination of
Asbestos Fibers in Water", September
1983, NTIS PB83-260471.
EPA. 1990a. "Methods for the Determination
of Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water—Supplement I", July 1990, NTIS
PB91-146027.
EPA. 1990b. Manual for the Certification of
Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water,
Third Edition, Office of Water Resource
Center (RC-4100), 401 M. Street S.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20460, EPA 570-9-90-
008, April 1990.
EPA. 1991. "Methods for the Determination
of Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water", December 1988, revised July
1991, NTIS PB91-231480.
EPA. 1992a. Memorandum from Richard L.
Carr, "Second Laboratory Validation of
Method 555", December 10,1992, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 1992b. "Methods for the Determination
of Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water—Supplement II," August 1992,
NTIS PB92-207703.
EPA. 1993a. "Methods for the Determination
of Inorganic Substances in
Environmental Samples", August 1993,
NTIS PB94-121811.
EPA. 1993b. Memorandum from James R.
Elder, "Detection Limits in Compliance
Monitoring", December 16,1993, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 1993c. "Protocol for Nationwide
Approval of New or Revised Methods",
Rev. 1.4, EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH 45268, July 14,1993.
EPA. 1993d. Method 504.1, "1,2-
Dibromoethane (EDB),'l,2-Dibromo-3-
chloropropane (DBCP), and 1,2,3-
Trichloropropane (123TCP) in Water by
Microextraction and Gas
Chromatography", EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH 45268,1993.
EPA. 1994a. "Methods for the Determination
of Metals in Environmental Samples—
Supplement I", May 1994, NTIS PB94-
184942.
EPA. 1994b. Method 525.2, Rev. 1.0,
"Determination of Organic Compounds
in Drinking Water by Liquid-Solid
Extraction in Capillary Column Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry",
EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, March
1994.
EPA. 1994c. Method 508.1, Rev. 1.0,
"Determination of Chlorinated
Pesticides, Herbicides, and
Organohalides by Liquid-Solid
Extraction and Electron Capture Gas
Chromatography", EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH 45268,1994.
EPA. 1994d. Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173,
October 1994, NTIS PB95-104766.
EPA. 1994e. "Response to Comments on
December 15,1993, Analytical Methods
Proposal, 58 FR 65622", Office of Water
Docket (MC 4601), 401 M. St. S.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20460, October 1994.
EPA. 1994f. Memorandum from Mary Ann
Feige, et al., "Detection Limits in the
Regulations", March 11,1994, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 1994g. Memorandum from Robert M.
Sussman, "EMMC Activities", May 13,
1994, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
EPA. 1994h. Method 100.2, "Determination
of Asbestos Structures over lOjun in
Length in Drinking Water", June 1994,
NTIS PB94-201902.
EPA. 1994i. Method 1613: "Tetra-through
Octa-Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by
Isotope-Dilution HRGC/HRMS", October
1994, NTIS PB95-104774.
Great Lakes. GLI Method 2, "Turbidity",
Great Lakes Instruments, Inc., 8855
North 55th Street, Milwaukee, WI53223,
November 2, 1992.
Lyter. Letter from P. Ted Lyter, Dept. of
Environmental Resources,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, P.O.
Box 1467, Harrisburg, PA 17105-1467,
January 12,1994.
Millipore. "Waters Test Method for
Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate in Water
Using Single Column Ion
Chromatography", Method B-1011,
Millipore Corporation, Waters
Chromatography Division, 34 Maple
Street, Milford, MA 01757.
Millipore. 1994. Colisure Presence/Absence
Test for Detection and Identification of
Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia coli in
Drinking Water. February 28,1994.
Millipore Corp., Technical Services
Department, 80 Ashby Road, Bedford,
MA 01730.
-------
62466 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations
Orion. Technical Bulletin 601, "Standard
Method of Test for Nitrate in Drinking
Water", PN 221890-001, ATI Orion, 529
Main Street, Boston, MA 02129, July
1994.
Technicon. 1972. Industrial Method No. 129-
71W, "Fluoride in Water and
Wastewater", Technicon Industrial
Systems, Tarrytown, NY 10591,
December 1972.
Technicon. 1989. Method No. 380-75WE,
"Fluoride in Water and Wastewater",
Technicon Industrial Systems,
Tarrytown, NY 10591, February 1976.
USGS. 1989. Methods 1-3720-85,1-3300-85,
1-1030-85,1-1601-85,1-2598-85,1-
1700-85 and 1-2700-85 in Techniques of
Water Resources Investigations of the
U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, Chapter
A—1, 3rd ed., U.S. Geological Survey,
Books and Open File Reports Section,
Box 25425, Federal Center, Denver, CO
80225-0425, 1989.
USGS. 1993. Method 1-2601-90 in Methods
of Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey
National Water Quality Laboratory—
Determination of Inorganic and Organic
Constituents in Water and Fluvial
Sediments, Open File Report 93-125,
U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open
File Reports Section, Box 25425, Federal
Center, Denver, CO 80225-0425,1993.
List of Subjects
40 CFR Part 141
Environmental Protection, Chemicals,
Incorporation by reference,
Intergovernmental relations, Water
supply.
40 CFR Part 143
Chemicals, Incorporation by
reference, Intergovernmental relations,
Water supply.
Dated: November 25,1994.
Carol M. Browner,
Administrator.
For the reasons set out in the
preamble, parts 141 and 143 of title 40,
Code of Federal Regulations, are
amended as follows:
PART 141—NATIONAL PRIMARY
DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
1. The authority citation for part 141
continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-l, 300g-2
300g-3, 300g-4, 300g-5, 300g-6, SOOj^i,
300J-9.
2. Section 141.21 is amended by
revising paragraph (f)(3), removing and
reserving (f)(4), revising the next to last
sentence of (f)(5), revising the second
sentence of (f](6)(i), revising the second
sentence of (f)(6)(ii), Adding (F)(6)(iv),
and adding a new sentence as the next
to last sentence in (f)(8) to read as
follows:
§ 141.21 Coliform sampling.
*****
(fj***
(3) Public water systems must
conduct total coliform analyses in
accordance with one of the analytical
methods in the following table. These
methods are contained in the 18th
edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater,
1992, American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW.,
Washington, DC 20005. A description of
the Colisure Test may be obtained from
the Millipore Corporation, Technical
Services Department, 80 Ashby Road,
Bedford, MA 01730. The toll-free phone
number is (800) 645-5476.
Orga-
nism
Total
Coli-
forms1.
Methodology
Total Coliform
Fermentation
Technique 2-3-*.
Total Coliform
Membrane Fil-
ter Technique.
Presence-Ab-
sence (P-A)
Coliform Test4-5.
ONPG-MUG
Test6.
Colisure Test7.
Citation
9221 A, B.
9222A, B, C.
9221 D.
9223.
1The time from sample collection to initi-
ation of analysis may not exceed 30 hours.
2 Lactose broth, as commercially available,
may be used in lieu of lauryl tryptose broth, if
the system conducts at least 25 parallel tests
between this medium and lauryl tryptose broth
using the water normally tested, and this com-
parison demonstrates that the false-positive
rate for total coliforms, using lactose broth, is
less than 10 percent.
3 If inverted tubes are used to detect gas
production, the media should cover these
tubes at least one-half to two-thirds after the
sample is added.
4 No requirement exists to run the com-
pleted phase on 10 percent of all total coli-
form-positive confirmed tubes.
5 Six-times formulation strength may be
used if the medium is filter-sterilized rather
than autoclaved.
6 The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as
the Autoanalysis Colilert System.
7 The Colisure Test must be incubated for
28 hours before examining the results. If an
examination of the results at 28 hours is not
convenient, then results may be examined at
any time between 28 hours and 48 hours.
(4) [Reserved]
(5)* * * The preparation of EC
medium is described in the 18th edition
of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater,
1992, Method 9221E—p. 9-52,
paragraph la. * * *
(6)* * *
(i) * * * EC medium is described in
the 18th edition of Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 1992, Method 9221E—p. 9-
52, paragraph la. * * *
(ii) * * * Nutrient Agar is described
in the 18th edition of Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 1992, p. 9-47 to 9-48.
(iii)* * *
(iv) The Colisure Test. A description
of the Colisure Test may be obtained
from the Millipore Corporation,
Technical Services Department, 80
Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730.
*****
(8) * * * A description of the
Colisure Test may be obtained from the
Millipore Corp., Technical Services
Department, 80 Ashby Road, Bedford,
MA 01730. * * *
*****
3. Section 141.22(a) is amended by
removing the next to last sentence and
revising the last sentence to read as
follows:
§ 141.22 Turbidity sampling and analytical
.requirements.
*****
(a) * * * Turbidity measurements
shall be made as directed in
§ 141.74(a)(l).
*****
4. Section 141.23 is amended by
removing paragraph (k)(2) and
redesignating paragraph (k)(4) as (k)(2),
by removing paragraph (k)(3) and
redesignating paragraph (k)(5) as (k)(3),
by removing and reserving paragraph
(q), and revising paragraph (k)(l) to read
as follows:
§ 141.23 Inorganic chemical sampling and
analytical requirements.
*****
(k) * * *
(1) Analysis for the following
contaminants shall be conducted in
accordance with the methods in the
following Table, or their equivalent as
determined by EPA. Criteria for
analyzing arsenic, barium, beryllium,
cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper,
lead, nickel, selenium, sodium, and
thallium with digestion or directly
without digestion, and other analytical
test procedures are contained in
Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October
1994. This document also contains
approved analytical test methods which
remain available for compliance
monitoring until July 1,1996. These
methods will not be available for use
after July 1,1996. This document is
available from the National Technical
Information Service, NTIS PB95-
104766, U.S. Department of Commerce,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22161. The toll-free number is
800-553-6847.
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Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 62467
Contaminant
Antimony
Arsento
Asbestos
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Cyanide
Fluoride
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrate
Nitrite
Selenium
ThaMum
Lead
Cooper
pH „
Conductivity
Calcium
Alkalinity
Methodology
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Hydride-Atomic Absorption
Atomic Absorption; Platform
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Inductively Coupled Plasma
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic Absorption; Platform
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Hydride Atomic Absorption
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Inductively Coupled Plasma
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic Absorption; Direct
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Inductively Coupled Plasma
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic Absorption; Platform
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Inductively Coupled Plasma
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic Absorption; Platform
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Inductively Coupled Plasma
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic Absorption; Platform
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Manual Distillation followed by
Spectrophotometric, Amenable
Spectrophotometric Manual
Semi-automated
Selective Electrode
Ion Chromatography
Manual Distill.; Color. SPADNS
Manual Electrode
Automated Electrode
Automated Alizarin
Manual, Cold Vapor
Automated, Cold Vapor
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Inductively Coupled Plasma
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic Absorption; Platform
Atomic Absorption; Direct
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Ion Chromatography
Automated Cadmium Reduction
Ion Selective Electrode
Manual Cadmium Reduction
Ion Chromatography
Automated Cadmium Reduction
Manual Cadmium Reduction
Spectrophotometric
Hydride-Atomic Absorption
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic Absorption; Platform
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic Absorption; Platform
Atomic absorption; furnace
CP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic absorption; platform
Atomic absorption; furnace
Atomic absorption; direct aspiration
CP
CP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic absorption; platform
Electrometric
Conductance
EDTA titrimetric
Atomic absorption; direct aspiration
nductively-coupled plasma
Titrimetric
EPA
22008
2 200 9
2 200 7
22008
2 200 9
9-]00 1
10 100 2
22007
2 200 8
22007
22008
22009
22007
22008
22009
2200 7
2 200 8
2 200 9
6 335 4
6 3000
2 245 1
12452
2 200 8
22007
22008
22009
6 3000
6 353 2
6 300 0
6 353 2
22008
22009
22008
22009
2 200 8
22009
2200 7
22008
22009
1 -(50 1
1 1502
22007
ASTM3
D-3697-92
D-2972-93C
D 2972 93B
D— 3645— 93B
D2036-91 B
D2036— 91 A
04327 91
D1179 93B
D3223-91
D4327 91
D3867 90A
D3867-90B
D4327 91
D3867 90A
D3867 90B
D3859 93A
D3859 93B
D3559 90D
D1688— 90C
D1688-90A
nioq'WM
D1 125-91 A
D51 1-93A
D511-93B
D1067-92B
SM"
3113B
OHODR
3113B
^114R
•51OCIR
311 1D
3113B
Q-ionR
^H^R
3113B
O-tOflR
3113B
4500— CN C
4500CN G
4^nO— PM F
4500CN F
411 OR
4500F B D
4500F— C
4500F E
3112B
3120B
311 1B
3113B
411 OB
4500— NOs F
4^00— wn^ n
4500— NOs E
411 OR
4^nri— wo F
4Rnn— wn, F
4500— NO2 B
•3114R
3113B
3113B
3113B
3111B
O-JOflR
A cnn_u + R
OKIflR
3500-Ca D
3111B
ii?nR
2320B.
Other
5 1 QQr»n_ft£
1 1 ^ftfl_7f>WP
11 1OQ 71 \A/
s Ft— inn
7fifl1
8R_1 n-i H
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62468 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations
Contaminant
phate12.
Silica
Tsmperature
Methodology
Colorimetric automated ascorbic acid
Colorimetric ascorbic acid single reagent
automated discrete - -
Ion Chromatography
Colorimetric molybdate blue*
Colorimetric
Molybdosilicate
Heteropoly blu6
Automated method for molybdate-reactive silica
Inductively-coupled plasma
Thermometric
Inductively-coupled plasma
Atomic Absorotion: direct asoiration
EPA
6 365.1
6 300.0
2200.7
2 200.7
ASTM3
D515-88A
D4327-91
D859-88
SM4
4500-P-F.
4500-P-E.
4110.
4500-Si-D.
4500-Si-E.
4500-Si-F.
3120B.
2550B.
3111B.
Other
5 1-1 030-85
5 1-1 601 -85
5 1-2601-90
si-2598-85
5l-1700-85
sl-2700-85
FOOTNOTES:
1 Methods 150 1 150.2 and 245.2 are available from US EPA, EMSL, Cincinnati, OH 45268. The identical methods were formerly in "Methods
for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes", EPA-600/4-79-020, March 1983, which is available at NTIS, PB84-128677.
2 "Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples—Supplement I", EPA-600/R-94-111, May 1994. Available at NTIS, PB
94-184942.
3 The procedures shall be done in accordance with the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Vols. 11.01 and 11.02, American Society for
Testing and Materials. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a)
and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103.
Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal Register,
800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
4 The procedures shall be done in accordance with the 18th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992,
American Public Health Association. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5
DSC 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington,
DC 20005. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal
Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
5 Available from Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225-^0425.
6 "Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples", EPA-600/R-93-100, August 1993. Available at NTIS,
PB94-121811.
7 The procedure shall be done in accordance with the Technical Bulletin 601 "Standard Method of Test for Nitrate in Drinking Water", July
1994 PN 221890-001, Analytical Technology, Inc. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in ac-
cordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from ATI Orion, 529 Main Street, Boston, MA 02129. Copies may be
inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Cap-
itol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
8 Method B-1011, "Waters Test Method for Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate in Water Using Single Column Ion Chromatography", Millipore Cor-
poration, Waters Chromatography Division, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757.
9 Method 100.1, "Analytical Method For Determination of Asbestos Fibers in Water", EPA-600/4-83-043, EPA, September 1983. Available at
NTIS, PB83-260471.
10Method 100.2, "Determination Of Asbestos Structure Over 10-nm In Length In Drinking Water", EPA-600/R-94-134, June 1994. Available
at NTIS, PB94-201902.
11 The procedures shall be done in accordance with the Industrial Method No. 129-71W, "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater", December
1972 and Method No. 380-75WE, "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater", February 1976, Technicon Industrial Systems. This incorporation by ref-
erence was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained
from the Technicon Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, NY 10591. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW.,
Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
12Unfiltered, no digestion or hydrolysis.
(q) [Reserved]
5. Section 141.24 is amended by
removing and reserving paragraphs
(f)(16), and (h)(12), adding paragraphs
(e), reviewing paragraph (h)(13),
introductory text, and paragraph
(h)(13)(i) to read as follows:
§ 141.24 Organic chemicals other than
total trihalomethanes, sampling and
analytical requirements.
*****
(e) Analyses for the contaminants in
this section shall he conducted using
the following EPA methods or their
equivalent as approved by EPA.
Methods 502.2, 505, 507, 508, 508A,
515.1 and 531.1 are in Methods for the
Determination of Organic Compounds
in Drinking Water, EPA-600/4-88-039,
December 1988, Revised, July 1991.
Methods 506, 547, 550, 550.1 and 551
are in Methods for the Determination of
Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water—Supplement I, EPA-600-4-90-
020, July 1990. Methods 515.2, 524.2,
548.1, 549.1, 552.1 and 555 are in
Methods for the Determination of
Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water—Supplement II, EPA-600/R-92-
129, August 1992. Method 1613 is titled
"Tetra-through Octa-Chlorinated
Dioxins and Furans by Isotope-Dilution
HRGC/HRMS", EPA-821-B-94-005,
October 1994. These documents are
available from the National Technical
Information Service, NTIS PB91-
231480, PB91-146027, PB92-207703
and PB95-104774, U.S. Department of
Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll-
free number is 800-553-6847. Method
6651 shall be followed in accordance
with the 18th edition of Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater, 1992, American Public
Health Association. This incorporation
by reference was approved by the
Director of the Federal Register in
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1
CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained
from the American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW.,
Washington, DC 20005. Copies may be
inspected at EPA's Drinking Water
Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington,
DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal
-------
Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 62469
Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW.,
Suite 700, Washington, DC. Method
6610 shall be followed in accordance
with the Supplement to the 18th edition
of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater,
1994, American Public Health
Association. This incorporation by
reference was approved by the Director
of the Federal Register in accordance
with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1CFR Part 51.
Copies may be obtained from the
American Public Health Association,
1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington,
DC 20005. Copies may be inspected at
EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401M
Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or
at the Office of the Federal Register, 800
North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, -
Washington, DC. Other analytical test
procedures are contained in Technical
Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-
GOO/R-94-173, October 1994, NTIS
PB95-104766. This document also
contains approved analytical methods
which remain available for compliance
monitoring until July 1,1996. These
methods will not be available for use
after July 1,1996. EPA Methods 504.1,
508.1 and 525.2 are available from US
EPA EMSL, Cincinnati, OH 45268. The
phone number is 513-569-7586.
Contaminant
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chtorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichlojobenzene
1,4-DtohlOfobenzene
1,2-DtcWoroothane ....
cis-Dichlofoethylene ..
trans-
DicWoroethylene.
Dfchtoromethane
1,2-Dichloropropane .
Ethytoonzena
Styrena
Tetrachtoroethylene ..
1,1,1 -Trichtoroethane
Trichtoroethylene
Toluene
1.2,4-
Trfchtorobenzene.
1,1-DfcWofoethylene .
1 ,1 ^-Trichtoroethane
VlnyJ chtorida
Xyfeoes (total)
2,3,7.8-TCOO (dioxin)
2,4-D
2.4.5-TP (Silvex)
Atachtor
AtrazJna
Beitto(a)pyrene
Carbofuran
Chtordane
Dalapon ,
Dt(2-elhylhexyl) adi-
pate.
Method
502.2, 524.2.
502.2,524.2,551.
502.2. 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2,524.2,551.
502.2, 524.2, 551.
502.2,524.2,551.
5022 5242
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
502.2, 524.2.
1613.
5152 555 515 1
515.2,555,515.1.
505' ,507, 525.2,
508.1.
505 ' 507 5252
508.1.
525.2,550,550.1.
531.1,6610.
505, 508, 525.2,
508.1.
552 1 515 1
506, 525.2.
Contaminant
Di(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate.
Dibromochloro-
propane (DBCP).
Dinoseb ,
Diquat ,
Endothall
Endrin ,
Ethylene dibromide
(EDB).
Glyphosate
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide ..
Hexachlorobenzene ..
Hexachlorocyclopent-
adiene.
Lindane
Methoxychlor.
Oxamyl
PCBs2 (as decachlc-
robiphenyl).
(asAroclors)
Pentachlorophenol ....
Picloram .
Simazine
Toxaphene
Total
Trihalomethanes.
Method
506, 525.2.
504.1,551.
515.2,555,515.1.
549.1.
548.1.
505, 508, 525.2,
508.1.
504.1,551.
547,6651.
505, 508, 525.2,
508.1.
505, 508, 525.2,
508.1.
505, 508, 525.2,
508.1.
505, 525.2, 508,
508.1.
505, 508, 525.2,
508.1.
505, 508, 525.2,
508.1.
531.1,6610.
508A.
505, 508.
515.2, 525.2, 555,
515.1.
515.2,555,515.1.
5051, 507, 525.2,
508.1.
505, 508, 525.2.
502.2,524.2,551.
1A nitrogen-phosphorous detector should be
substituted for the electron capture detector in
Method 505 (or another approved method
should be used) to determine alachlor,
atrazine and simazine, if lower detection limits
are required.
2 PCBs are qualitatively identified as
Aroclors and measured for compliance pur-
poses as decachlorobiphenyl.
(h)* * *
(12) (Reserved)
(13) Analysis for PCBs shall be
conducted as follows using the methods
in paragraph (e) of this section:
(i) Each system which monitors for
PCBs shall analyze each sample using
either Method 505 or Method 508.
*****
6. Section 141.30 is amended by
revising paragraph (e) and by removing
removing Appendix A, Appendix B, and
Appendix C to read as follows:
§141.30 Total trihalomethane sampling,
analytical and other requirements.
*****
(e) Sampling and analyses made
pursuant to this section shall be
conducted by the total trihalomethane
methods as directed in § 141.24(e), and
in Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October
1994, which is available at NTIS, PB95-
104766.
*****
7. Section 141.40 is amended by
revising paragraphs (g), (n)(ll), and
(n)(12) to read as follows:
§ 141.40 Special monitoring for inorganic
and organic chemicals.
*****
(g) Analysis for the unregulated
contaminants listed under paragraphs
(e) and (j) of this section shall be
conducted using EPA Methods 502.2 or
524.2, or their equivalent as determined
by EPA, except analysis for
bromodichloromethane, bromoform,
chlorodibromomethane and chloroform
under paragraph (e) of this section also
may be conducted by EPA Method 551,
and analysis for 1,2,3-trichloropropane
also may be conducted by EPA Method
504.1. A source for the EPA methods is
referenced at § 141.24(e).
*****
(n) * * *
(11) Systems shall monitor for the
unregulated organic contaminants listed
below, using the method(s) identified
below and using the analytical test
procedures contained in Technical
Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-
600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is
available at NTIS, PB95-104766.
Method 6610 shall be followed in
accordance with the Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater 18th Edition Supplement,
1994, American Public Health
Association. This incorporation by
reference was approved by the Director
of the Federal Register in accordance
with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51.
Copies may be obtained from the
American Public Health Association,
1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington,
DC 20005. Copies may be inspected at
EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M
Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or
at the Office of the Federal Register, 800
North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700,
Washington, DC. A source for EPA
methods 505, 507, 508, 508.1, 515.2,
525.2 and 531.1 is referenced at
§ 141.24(e).
Contaminants
aldicarb
aldicarb sulfone ...
aldicarb sulfoxide
aldrin
butachlor
carbaryl ..
dicamba .
dieldrin ...
3-hydroxycarbofuran
methomyl
Method
531.1, 6610.
531.1,6610.
531.1,6610.
505, 508, 525.2,
508.1.
507, 525.2.
531.1,6610.
515.2,555,515.1.
505, 508, 525.2,
508.1.
531.1,6610.
531.1,6610.
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62470 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations
Contaminants
metolachlor
metribuzin
orooachlor
Method
507, 525.2, 508.1.
507,525.2,508.1.
508.525.2,508.1.
(12) Systems shall monitor for sulfate,
an unregulated inorganic contaminant,
by using the methods listed at
§143.4[b).
*****
8. Section 141.41 is amended by
revising paragraph (d) to read as
follows:
§ 141.41 Special monitoring for sodium.
*****
(d) Analyses for sodium shall be
conducted as directed in § 141.23(k)(l).
9. Section 141.42 is amended by
removing and reserving paragraphs (a)
through (c).
10. Section 141.74 is amended by
revising paragraphs (a)(l) and (a)(2), and
removing paragraphs (a)(3) through
(a)(7) to read as follows:
§ 141.74 Analytical and monitoring
requirements.
(a) * * *
(1) Public water systems must
conduct analysis of pH in accordance
with one of the methods listed at
§ 141.23(k)(l). Public water systems
must conduct analyses of total
coliforms, fecal coliforms, heterotrophic
bacteria, turbidity, and temperature in
accordance with one of the following
analytical methods and by using
analytical test procedures contained in
Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October
1994, which is available at NTIS PB95-
104766.
Orga-
nism
Total
Coli-
forms.
Fecal
Coli-
forms.
Heterot-
rophic
bac-
teria2.
Turbid-
ity.
Methodology
Total Coliform
Fermentation
Technique/
3,4,5/.
Total Coliform
Membrane
Filter Tech-
nique.
ONPG-MUG
Test6.
Fecal Coliform
MPN Proce-
dure7.
Fecal Coliforms
Membrane
Filter Proce-
dure.
Pour Plate
Method.
Nephelometric
Method.
Citation 1
9221 A,
9222A,
9223
9221 E
9222D
921 5B
21 SOB
B, C
B, C
Orga-
nism
Tem-
pera-
ture.
Methodology
Nephelometric
Method.
Great Lakes In-
struments.
Citation 1
180.18
Method 29
2550
measurement at least every five days, or
with a protocol approved by the State.
FOOTNOTES:
1 Except where noted, all methods refer to
the 18th edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992,
American Public Health Association, 1015 Fif-
teenth Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005.
2 The time from sample collection to initi-
ation of analysis may not exceed 8 hours.
3 Lactose broth, as commercially available,
may be used in lieu of lauryl tryptose broth, if
the system conducts at least 25 parallel tests
between this medium and lauryl tryptose broth
using the water normally tested, and this com-
parison demonstrates that the false-positive
rate for total coliforms, using lactose broth, is
less than 10 percent.
4 Media should cover inverted tubes at least
one-half to two-thirds after the sample is
added.
5 No requirement exists to run the com-
pleted phase on 10 percent of all total coli-
form-positive confirmed tubes.
6 The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as
the Autoanalysis Colilert System.
7A-1 Broth may be held up to three months
in a tightly closed screwcap tube at 4°C.
8 "Methods for the Determination of Inor-
ganic Substances in Environmental Samples",
EPA-600/R-93-100, August 1993. Available
atNTIS, PB94-121811.
9GLI Method 2, "Turbidity", November 2,
1992, Great Lakes Instruments, Inc., 8855
North 55th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53223.
(2) Public water systems must
measure residual disinfectant
concentrations with one of the
analytical methods in the following
table. The methods are contained in the
18th edition of Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 1992. Other analytical test
procedures are contained in Technical
Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-
600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is
available at NTIS PB95-104766. If
approved by the State, residual
disinfectant concentrations for free
chlorine and combined chlorine also
may be measured by using DPD
colorimetric test kits. Free and total
chlorine residuals may be measured
continuously by adapting a specified
chlorine residual method for use with a
continuous monitoring instrument
provided the chemistry, accuracy, and
precision remain same. Instruments
used for continuous monitoring must be
calibrated with a grab sample
Resid-
ual
Free
Chlo-
rine.
Total
Chlo-
rine.
Chlorine
Diox-
ide.
Ozone .
Methodology
Amperometric
Titration.
DPD Ferrous
Titrimetric.
DPD Colori-
metric.
Syringaldazine
(FACTS).
Amperometric
Titration.
Amperometric
Titration (low
level meas-
urement).
DPD Ferrous
Titrimetric.
DPD Colori-
metric.
lodometric Elec-
trode.
Amperometric
Titration.
DPD Method ....
Amperometric
Titration.
Indigo Method ..
Methods
4500-CI D
4500-CI F
4500-CI G
4500-CI H
4500-CI D
4500-CI E
4500-CI F
4500-CI G
4500-CI I
4500-CIO2 C
4500-CIO2 D
4500-CIO2 E
4500-O3 B
11. Section 141.89 is amended by
revising paragraph (a) introductory text;
removing the table in paragraph (a); and
by removing and reserving paragraph (b)
to read as follows:
§ 141.89 Analytical methods.
(a) Analyses for lead, copper, pH,
conductivity, calcium, alkalinity,
orthophosphate, silica, and temperature
shall be conducted with the methods in
§141.23(k)(l).
PART 143—NATIONAL SECONDARY
DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
1. The authority citation for part 143
continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-l, 300g-2
300g-3, 300g-4, 300g-5, 300g-6, 300J-4,
300J-9.
2. Section 143.4 is amended by
revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:
§143.4 Monitoring.
*****
(b) Measurement of pH, copper and
fluoride to determine compliance under
§ 143.3 may be conducted with one of
the methods in § 141.23(k)(l). Analyses
of aluminum, chloride, foaming agents,
iron, manganese, odor, silver, sulfate,
total dissolved solids (TDS) and zinc to
determine compliance under § 143.3
may be conducted with the methods in
-------
Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 232 / Monday, December 5, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 62471
the following Table. Criteria for
analyzing aluminum, copper, iron,
manganese, silver and zinc samples
with digestion or directly without
digestion, and other analytical test
procedures are contained in Technical
Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-
600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is
available at NTIS PB95-104766.
Contaminant
Aluminum
CWoride
Color
Foaming Agents
Iron
Manganese
Odor ....
Silver
Sutfate
TDS
Zinc .„
EPA
aonn 7
2 200.8
2 200.9
1 3000
2 200 7
2 200.9
2200 7
2 200.8
2 200.9
2 200 7
2 200.8
2 200.9
1 -jnn n
1 375.2
2onn 7
2 200.8
ASTM3
rMQ07_Q1
PMooy Q1
SM4
311 3B
3111D
4500-CI— D
KRAftC*
3111B
3113B
3111B
3113B
3111B
3113B
4500-SO4-F
4500-SO4-C,D ....
3111B.
Other
I— 6f 20-85°
and
> Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples", EPA-600/R-93-100, August 1993. Available at NTIS,
J Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples—Supplement I", EPA-600/R-94-111, May 1994. Available at NTIS,
shall be done in accordance with the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Vols. 11.01 and 11.02 American Society for
incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U S C 552(a)
i""i mX. n°- P1" i.i ?m J?18 ,American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia PA 19103
-,JMad/E cA? W78 W^Doc^tl 401 M Street- SW- Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal Register'
it, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
'" ""' don.? in accordance with the 18th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 1992
rrr^'TncS^I-J?"^ • '"corporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance'with 5
r—ivi-SSKfe81)? 1:CFR Pa£ 5-1' c°P'es mav be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW Washina-
ipn, DC 20005. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW Washinaton DC 20460- or at thp riffirp nf th»
Federal Register. 800 North Capitol Street, NW.. Suite 700, Washington, DC. «>"«iaiuN, uo ^u^ou, or at ine unice or me
°Availabte from Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225-0425.
[FR Doc. 94-29692 Filed 12-2-94; 8:45 ami
QllUNO CODE 6J60-50-P
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