United States
Environmental Protection Office of Water : EPA 812-D-94-001
Agency . 4601 April 1994
CONSOLIDATED REGULATIONS FOR
THE CHEMICAL PHASES
DRAFT
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CONSOLIDATED REGULATIONS
for the
CHEMICAL PHASES
UNOFFICIAL
APRIL, 1994
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT . April, 1994
NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER JREGULATIONS
SUBPART Ar- GENERAL ....i.j. ... 1
§141.1 APPLICABILITY 1
§141.2 DEFINITIONS ...... ... ;'. 1
§1413 COVERAGE -..-..;...* 2
§14L3(a) 2
§14L3(b) .........:......... I..... 2
§14L3(c).. ........... .......V 2
§14L3(d) ..... ... 2
§141.4 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS ........ ..... 3
§141.4(a) Requirements .... 3
§141.5 SITING REQUIREMENTS —...... —. ..;.... 3
§141.5(a) Disasters . 3
§114L5(b) Flooding . ...... .'. ....... 3
§141.6 EFFECTIVE DATES 3
§141.6(a) ...............; 3
§141.6(b) ... .... . ..I...... 3
§141.6(c). ............ 3
§141.6(d) '........, ... 3
§141.6(e) -.' ^....;.... ............ 3
§i4i.6(o ................:..... 3
- •' • §i4i.6(g) .........;............;................ ,3
SUBPART B — MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS ... .-....... .. .... .. 3
§141.11 MCLsforlOCs j,'. 3
§141.il(b) IPDWR Arsenic MCL ..... 3
§141.11(c) Revised NPDWR Fluoride MCL ./.......... ...3
§141.11 (d) Nitrate in Non-Community Water Systems .......( 3
§141.12 MCLs FOR ORGANIC CHEMICALS ...... 4
SUBPART C - MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS , . 4
§141.23 INORGANIC CHEMICALS: SAMPLING & ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS ...... 4
§141.23(a) Sampling Protocol ... I..................... 4
§141.23(b) Asbestos Sampling 'f .......;. .... . 6
§141.23(c) Sampling Frequency for lOCs .6
§ 141.23 (d) Sampling Frequency for Nitrate, ............. 7
§141.23(e) Sampling Frequency for Nitrite I......... i.. 7
§141.23(f), (g), and (h) IOC CONFIRMATION SAMPLING ................... 8
§141.23 (g) State Designation of Increased Sampling Frequency ................. 8
§141.23(h) System Request for Increased Sampling Frequency 8
§141.23(i) COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS .,...'... .1..................... 8
§ 141.23(j) STATE MONITORING PLANS .:..................... 9
§141.230) State Designated Sampling Schedules ..I..... 9
§141.23(k) INORGANIC ANALYSIS .....9
§141.230) Sampling Requirements for Arsenic 13
§141.23(m]f Initially Exceeding the MCL ............. .: . .'.., - 13
§l4L23(n) MCL Violations .... 13
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§141.24 ORGANIC CHEMICALS OTHER THAN TOTAL TRDIALOMETHANES,
SAMPLING & ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS 13
§141.24(a) Endrin Monitoring 13
§141.24(b) Exceedance of the MCL .......". :.........., 13
§141.24(c) Results of Additional Analysis I..:.'...' ,... 13
§141.24(d) Grandfathering Data ...". 13
§141.24(e) Endrin Analysis ............. .;... ... . 13
§141.24(0 VOC Sampling Requirements , ............ ...... 14
§141.24(h) SOC Sampling Requirements ..... 17
§141.27 ALTERNATE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES ..... :... 21
§14L27(a) Requirements for Permission .../. ',...". 21
§141.29 MONITORING OF CONSECUTIVE PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM ... ...'. 21
SUBPART D — REPORTING, PUBLIC NOTIFICATION AND RECORDKEEPING , ..-'..' 21
? • ' "- - - = . •",-•! . % *"'' , -' •
§14131 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS ........;... . 21
§14131(a) Timing ...... ....../.............I. ..........!! 21
. §14131(b) Failure to Comply with National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations . 21
§14131(c) State Laboratory Reporting 21
§14131(d) Notifying the State 22
§14131(e) Submittal of Records .;..' ...... ...... 22
§14132 GENERAL PUBLIC NOTICE REQUIREMENTS '. 22
§14132(a) Notice of Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), Treatment
Technique.and Variance and Exemption Schedule Violations . ...... 22
§14132(b) Other Violations, Variances, Exemptions......! ............ 22
§14132(c) Notice to New Billing Units ... 23
§141.32(4) Content of Public Notices . ... ........... .... 23
§14132(e) Mandatory Health Effects Language ».•...' 23
§14133 RECORD MAINTENANCE .. .;.,.................. 35
§14L33(a) Requirements ...... 35
§141.33(b) Records of Action to Correct Violations ...........' 35
§14133(c) Records of Sanitary Surveys . X . 35
, §14L33(d) Records of Variance or Exemption ..!..... .. 35
§14135 REPORTING AND PUBLIC NOTIFICATION FOR CERTAIN UNREGULATED
CONTAMINANTS .:.„.... :..'.'.' 35
§14135(a) Applicability '............... 35
§14135(b) Requirements ... ...... ...'.........I.... ... 35
§14135(c) Records of Variance or Exemption 35
§14135(d) Notice of Availability of Sampling Results ... .1 .'..; 35
SUBPART E — SPECIAL REGULATIONS, INCLUDING^MONITORINGREGULATIONS AND
PROHIBITION ON LEAD USE .. ..: .... [ 36
• §141.40 MONITORING FOR UNREGULATED INORGANIC & ORGANIC "
CONTAMINANTS ...;....... ........]....;....... 36
§141.40(a) Monitoring for Unregulated Organic Chemicals i ... 36
§141.40(b) Surface Water Monitoring ......... .. !.. 36
§l4l.40(c) Ground Water Monitoring ... ..... .......... ^ 36
§141.40(d) Confirmation Samples :'.'.,... . 36
§141.4Q(e) Contaminants to Monitor .'........ 36
§141.40(0 [Reserved] ....... ...*................'... 36
§141.40(g) Analytical Methods ., 36
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§141.40(h) Approved Laboratories ., • • • • 36
§141.40© Grandfathering Data ...••••; 36
§141.40(]') Contaminants for Discretionary Monitoring • 37
§141.40(k) Sampling Systems with Fewer than 150 Service Connections . 37
§141.400) Repeat Sampling , 37
§141.40(m) Composite Sampling ...'.... .. • • • 37
§141.40(n) Phase n Unregulated Contaminants . , 37
SUBPART F-— MAXIMUM CONTAMmANT UEVEL GOALS ..... 38
§141.50 MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL GOALS (MCLGs) FOR ORGANIC
CONTAMINANTS 38
§141.50(a) ZERO MCLGs 38
§141.50(b) Non-zero MCLGs ...........: • • • • • 38
§141.51 MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL GOALS FOR INORGANIC
CONTAMINANTS ..'. •••••• • • • ' • •• 38
§141.51(a) [Reserved] •• • • •' • • • • 3°
§141.51(b) MCLGs > • • • • •••-•• 39
SXJBPART G — NATIONAL REVISED PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS:
MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS , • • • • • • • 39
§141.60 EFEECnVEDATES ....... 39
§141.60(a) VOCs i • • ...... 39
§141.60(b) SOCs ...'..< 39
§141.61 MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS (MCLs) FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS .. 39
§141.61(a) Volatile Organic MCLs ;........... 39
§141.61(b) Organic BATs ..... - • • • • " 39
§141.61(c) Synthetic Organic MCLs -..» • .••••• 40
§141.62 MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS (MCLs) FOR INORGANIC
CONTAMINANTS :............ 1 41
§141.62(a) [Reserved] - '••-• -• 41
§141.62(b) MCLs for lOCs • • • 41
§141.62(c) BATs for lOCs ....; ..•.._.• 41
§141.89 ANALYTICAL METHODS .,. • 41
SUBPART J — USE OF NON-CENTRALIZED TREATMENT DEVICES ,.. • 42
§141.100 CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS USING .
POINT-OF-ENTRY DEVICES -. 42
§141.100(a) Requirements 42
§141.100(b) Operation and Maintenance Responsibility • 42
§141.100(c) Monitoring Plan > - .;....... 42
§141.100(d) Microbiological Safely ...... • • • • 42
§141.100(e) Rights and Responsibilities ., ,.. • • 42
§141.101 USE OF OTHER NON-CENTRALIZED TREATMENT DEVICES 42
SUBPART K —TREATMENT TECHNIQUES • • 42
§141.110 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .-... ." ... 42
, §141.111 TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR ACRYIAMIDE & EPICHLOROHYDRIN 42
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AUTHORITY: 42 U.S.C. 300f, SOQg-l, 300g-2, 300g-3,
300g-4, 300g-5, 3fWg-6, 300J-4 and 300J-9.
SUBPART A — GENERAL
§141.1 APPLICABILITY
This part establishes primary drinking water
regulations pursuant to section 1412 of the Public
Health Service Act, as amended by the Safe Drinking
Water Act (Pub. L. 93-523); and related regulations
applicable to public water systems.
§141.2 DEFINITIONS
"ACT" means the Public Health Service Act, as
amended by the Safe Drinking Water Act, Pub. L. 93-
523.
"BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY OR BAT" means
the best technology, treatment techniques, or other
means which the Administrator finds, after examination
for efficacy under field conditions and not solely under
laboratory conditions* are available (taking cost into
consideration). For the purposes of setting MCLs for
synthetic organic chemicals, any BAT must be at least as
effective as granular activated carbon. -
"COAGULATION" means a process using coagulant
chemicals and mixing by which colloidal and suspended
materials are destabilized and agglomerated into floes.
"COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEM" means a public
water system which serves at least 15 service
connections used by year-round residents or regularly
serves at least; 25 year-round residents.
"COMPLIANCE CYCLE" means the nine-year calendar
year cycle during which public water systems must
monitor. .Each compliance cycle consists of three three-
year compliance periods. The first calendar year cycle
begins January 1,1993 and ends December 31, 2001; the
second begins January 1,2002 and ends December 31,
2010; the third begins January 1,2011 and ends
December 31, 2019. ,
"COMPLIANCE PERIOD" means a three-year [calendar
year] period within a compliance cycle. Each
compliance cycle has three three-year compliance
periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first
compliance period runs from January 1,1993 to .
December 31, 1995; the second from January 1, 1996 to
December 31, 1998; the third from January 1, 1999 to
December 31, 2001.
. "CONTAMINANT" means any physical, chemical, or
biological substance ormatter in water. '
"CONVENTIONAL FILTRATION TREATMENT" means
a series of processes including coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation, and filtration resulting in substantial
paniculate removal. ,
"DlATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTRATION" means a
process resulting in substantial paniculate removal in
which (1) a precoat cake of diatomaceous earth filter
media is deposited on a support membrane (septum),
and (2) while the water is filtered by passing through
the cake on the septum, additional filter media known
as body feed is continuously added to feed water to
maintain the permeability of the filter cake. ,
"DIRECT FILTRATION" means a series of processes
including coagulation and filtration but excluding
sedimentation resulting in substantial paniculate
removal. . . . •
"FILTRATION" means a process for removing
paniculate matter from water by passage through
porous media. j
"FLOCCULATION" nieans a process to enhance
agglomeration or collection of smaller floe panicles into
larger, more easily setlleable particles through gentle
stirring by hydraulic or mechanical means.
"GROUND WATER UNDER THE DIRECT INFLUENCE
OF SURFACE WATER" means any water beneath the
surface of the ground with (1) significant occurrence of
insects or other macroprganisms, algae, or large-
diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, or (2)
(significant and relatively rapid shifts in water
characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, ,
conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to
climatological or surface water conditions. Direct
influence must be determined for individual sources in
accordance with criteria established by the State. The
State determination of direct influence may be based on
site-specific measurements of water quality and/or
documentation of well construction characteristics and
geology with field evaluation. :' ,
"HALOGEN" means one of the chemical elements
chlorine, bromine, or iodine. , .
"INITIAL COMPLIANCE PERIOD" means the first full
three-year compliance period which begins at least ;18
months after promulgation, except for contaminants
listed at §§ 141.61(a)(19)-(21), (c)(19)-(33), and
141.62(b)(ll)-(16), initial compliance period means the
first full three-year compliance period after . •
promulgation for systems with 150 or more service
connections (January 1993—December 1995), and the
first full three-year compliance period after the effective
date of the regulation (January 1996—December 1998)
for systems having fewer than 150'service connections.
"MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL ok MCL"
means the maximum permissible level of a contaminant
in water which is delivered to the free flowing outlet of
the ultimate user of a public water system, except in the
case of turbidity where the maximum permissible level is
measured at the point of entry to the distribution
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system. Contaminants added to the water under
circumstances controlled by the user, except those
resulting form corrosion of piping and plumbing caused
by water quality, are excluded from this definition.
"MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL GOAL OR
MCLG" means the maximum level of a contaminant in
drinking water at which no known or anticipated
adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and
which allows an adequate margin of safety. Maximum
contaminant level goals are nonenforceable health goals.
"NEAR THE FIRST SERVICE CONNECTION" means at
one of the 20 percent of all service connections in the
entire system that are nearest the water supply
treatment facility, as measured by water transport time
within the distribution system.
"NON-COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEM OR NCWS"
means a public water system that is not a community
water system.
"NON-TRANSIENT NON-COMMUNITY WATER
SYSTEM OR NTNCWS" means a public water system
that is not a community water system and that regularly
serves at least 25 of the same persons over 6 months per
year.
"PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SAMPLE" means a
reference sample provided to a laboratory for the
purpose of demonstrating that the laboratory can
successfully analyze the sample within limits of
performance specified by the Agency. The true value of
the concentration of the reference material is unknown
to the laboratory at the time of the analysis.
"PERSON" means an individual; corporation; company;
association; partnership; municipality; or State, Federal
or tribal agency.
"POINT-OF-ENTRY TREATMENT DEVICE" is a
treatment device applied to the drinking water entering
a house or building for the purpose of reducing
contaminants in the drinking water distributed
throughout the house or building.
"POINT-OF-USE TREATMENT DEVICE" is a treatment
device applied to a single tap used for the purpose of .
reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one tap.
"PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM" means a system for
provision to the public of piped water for human
consumption, if such system has at least fifteen service
connections or regularly serves an average of at least
twenty-five individuals daily at least 60 days out of the
year. Such term includes (1) any collection, treatment,
storage, and distribution facilities under control of the
operator of such system and used primarily in
connection with such system, and (2) any collection or
prctrcatment storage facilities not under such control
which are used primarily in connection with such system.
A public water system is either a "community water
system" or a "noncommunity water system." v
"REPEAT COMPLIANCE PERIOD" means any
subsequent compliance period after the initial
compliance period.
"SANITARY SURVEY" means an onsite review of the
water source, facilities, equipment, operation and
maintenance of a public water system for the purpose of •
evaluating the adequacy of such source, facilities,
equipment, operation and maintenance for producing
and distributing safe drinking water.
"SEDIMENTATION" means a process for removal of
solids before filtration by gravity or separation.
"SLOW SAND FILTRATION" means a process
involving passage of raw water through a bed of sand at
low velocity (generally less than 0.4 m/h) resulting in
substantial particulate removal by physical and biological
mechanisms.
"STATED means the agency of the State or Tribal
government which has jurisdiction over public water
systems. During any period when a State or Tribal --
government does not have primary enforcement
responsibility pursuant to Section 1413 of the Act, the
term "State" means' the Regional Administrator, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency; /
"SUPPLIER OF WATER" means any person who owns
or operates a public water system.
"SURFACE WATER" means all water which is open to
the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff.
"SYSTEM WITH A SINGLE SERVICE CONNECTION"
means a system which supplies drinking water to .
consumers via a single service line. , '
"TOTAL TRIHALOMETHANES (TTHM)" means the
sum of the concentration in milligrams per liter of the
trihalomethane compounds (trichloromethane
[chloroform]rdibromoChloromethane,
bromodichloromethane and tribromomethane
[bromoform]), rounded to two significant figures.
"TRANSIENT NON-COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEM
(TWS)" means a non-community water system that
does not regularly serve at least 25 of the same persons
over six months per year-
"TRIHALOMETHANE (THM)" means one of the
famfly of organic compounds,1 named as derivatives of
methane, wherein three of the four hydrogen atoms in
methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the
molecular structure.
§141.3 COVERAGE
This part shall apply to each public water system,
unless the public water system meets,all of the following
conditions:
§1413(a) Consists only of distribution arid storage
facilities (and does not have any collection and
treatment facilities);
§14U(b) Obtains all of its water from, but is not
owned or operated by, a public water system to which
such regulations apply: .
§141.3(c) Does not sell water to any person; and
§1413(d) Is not a carrier which conveys passengers in
interstate commerce.
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§141.4 VARIANCES AND EXEMPTIONS
§141.4(a) Requirements: Variances or exemptions
from certain provisions of these regulations may be
granted pursuant to sections 1415 and 1416 of the Act
by the entity with primary enforcement responsibility,
except that variances or exemptions from the MCL for
total coliforms and variances from any of the treatment
technique requirements of Subpart H of this part may
not be granted.
§141.5 SITING REQUIREMENTS
. Before a person may enter into a financial
commitment fdr or initiate construction of a new public
water system or increase the capacity of an existing
public water system, he shall notify the State and, to the
extent practicable, avoid locating part or all of the new
or expanded facility at a site which:
§141.5(a) Disasters: Is subject to a significant risk
form earthquakes, floods, fires or other disasters which
could cause a breakdown of the public water system or
a portion thereof; or - •
§1141.5(b) Flooding: Except for intake structures, is
within the floodplain of a 100-year flood or is lower
than any recorded high tide where appropriate records
exist. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will
not seek to override land use decisions affecting public
water systems siting which are made at the State or local
government levels.
§141.6 EFFECTIVE DATES
§141.6(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)
through (g) of this section and in paragraph (a)(2) of
section 141.80, the regulations set forth in this part shall
-take effect on June 24,1977. -
§141.6(b) Reference.to THMs.
§141.6(c) The regulations set forth in §§141.11(a), (d),
and (e); 141.14(a)(l); 141.14(b)(l)(i); 141.14(b)(2)(i);
141.14(d); 141.23(a)(3) and (a)(4); 141.23(f);
141.23(a)(3); 141.24(e) and (f); 141.27(a); 141.31(a), (d)
and (e); 141.32(b)(3); and 14132(d) shall take effect
immediately upon promulgation.
§141.6(d) Reference to Sodium.
§141.6(e) Reference to Corrosivity.
§141.6(f) The regulations set forth in §141.11(c) and
§141.23(g) are effective May 2, 1986. Section
141.23(g)(4) is effective October 2, 1987.
§141.6(g) The regulations contained in Section 141.6
paragraph (c) of the table in 141.12 and 141.62(b)(l)
are effective July 1, 1991. The regulations contained in
§§141.11(b), 141.23, 141.24, 142.57(b), 143.4(b)(12) and
(b)(13) are effective July 30,1992. The regulations
contained in the revisions to §§14132(e)(16), (25)
through (27) and (46); 141,61(c)(i6); and 141.62(b)(3)
are effective January 1,1993. The effective date of
regulations contained in §§141.61(c)(2), (3) and (4) is
postponed.
§141.6(h) Regulations for the analytic methods listed
at §141.23(k)(4) for measuring antimony, beryllium,
cyanide, nickel, and thallium are effective August 17,
1992. The analytic methods under §141(f)(16) for
dichloromethane, 1,2,,4-trichlorobenzene, and. 1,1,2-
trichlproethane are effective August 17, 1992; The
analytic methods under §141.24(h)(12) for measuring
',- dalapon, dinoseb, diquat, endothall, endrin, glyphosate,
pxamyl, picloram, simazine, benzo(a)pyrene, di(2-
ethylhexyl)adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalatei
hexachlorobenzehe, hexachlorbcyclopentadiene, and '
2^,7,8-TODD are effective August 17,4992. The
revision to §141.12(a) dated July 17,1992 is effective
August 17,1992. •!,,..
SUBPART B— MAXIMUM
CONTAMINANT LEVELS (MCLs)
§141.11 MCLs for lOCs
i ' • ~ ' ••
§141.H(a) Applicability: The MCL for nitrate is
applicable to both community water systems and non-
community water systems except as provided by in
- paragraph (d) of this isection. The levels for the other
inorganic chemicals ajDply only to community water
systems. Compliance with MCLs is calculated pursuant
to§14L23. I
§141.11(b) IPDWR Arsenic MCL: 0.05 mg/1.
§141.11(c) Revised jNPDWR Fluoride MCL: The
• maximum contaminant level for fluoride is 4.0 mg/1. See
40 CFR 143.3, which establishes a secondary maximum .
contaminant level at 2,0 mg/1.
§141.il(d) Nitrate in Non-Community Water
Systems: At the discretion of the State, nitrate levels
not to exceed 20 mg/1 may be allowed in a non-
community water system if the supplier of water
demonstrates to the sjitisfaction of the State that:
§141.11(d)(l) Avail abilfity to Infants: Such water
.will not be available to children under 6 months of age;
and ... ' -• • • : :! •'. ' '"-•_•
§141.11 (d) (2) Continuous Posting: There will be
continuous posting of the fact that nitrate levels exceed
10 mg/1 and the potential health effects of exposure; and
§141.11(d) (3) Noticfe to Health Authorities: Local
and State public health authorities will be notified
annually of nitrate levels, that exceed 10 mg/I; and
§141.11 (d) (4) Advei-se Effects: No adverse health
effects shall result.
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§141.12 MCLs FOR ORGANIC
CHEMICALS
The following are the maximum contaminant levels for
organic chemicals. The maximum contaminant levels
for organic chemicals in paragraph (a) of this section
apply to all community water systems. Compliance with
the maximum contaminant level in paragraph (a) of this
Section is calculated pursuant to §141.24. The maximum
contaminant level for total trihalomethanes in paragraph
(c) of this section applies only to community water
systems which serve a population of 10,000 or more
individuals and which add a disinfectant (oxidant) to the.
water in any part of the drinking water treatment
process. Compliance with the maximum contaminant •
level for total trihalomethanes is calculated pursuant to
§141.30.
Contaminant
Name
(a) Chlorinated hydrocarbons:
Endrin (1,23,4,10,10-
hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-
1.4,43,5,6,7,8,8 l-octahydro-1,4-
endo, endo-5,8-dimethano
naphthalene)
(b) [Reserved]
(c) Total trihalomethanes (the
sum of the concentrations of
bromodichloromethane,
dibromochloromethane,
tribromoraethane
(bromoform) and
trichloromethane (chloroform)
Maximum
Contaminant
Level (milligrams
per liter)
0.0002
0.10
SUBPART C - MONITORING AND
ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
§141.23 INORGANIC CHEMICALS:
SAMPLING & ANALYTICAL
REQUIREMENTS
Community water systems shall conduct monitoring to
determine compliance with the maximum contaminant ,
levels specified in §141.62 in accordance with this
section. Non-transient, non-community water systems
shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with
the maximum contaminant levels specified1 in §141.62 in
accordance with this section. Transient, non-community
water systems shall conduct monitoring to determine
compliance with the nitrate and nitrite maximum
contaminant levels in §141.11 and §141.62 (as
appropriate) in accordance with this section.
§141.23(a) Sampling Protocol: Monitoring shall be
conducted as follows: •
§141.23(a)(l) Ground Water Sampling Points:
Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one
sample at eveiy entry point to the distribution system
which is representative of each well after treatment
(hereafter called a sampling point) beginning in the
initial compliance period starting January 1,1993. The
system shall take each sample at the same sampling
point unless conditions make another sampling point
more representative of each source or treatment plant
§141.23(a)(2) Surface Water Sampling Points:
Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one
sample at every entry point to the distribution system
after any application of treatment or in the distribution
system at a point which is representative of each,source
after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point)
beginning in the initial compliance period. The system
shall take each sample at the same sampling point
unless conditions make another sampling point more
representative of each source or treatment plant.
Note: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water
systems include systems with a combination of surface
and ground sources.
§141.23(a)(3) Multiple Sources: If a system draws
water from more than one source and the sources are
combined before distribution, the system must sample at
an entry point to the distribution system during periods
of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is
representative of all sources being used).
§141.23(a)(4) Composite Sampling: The State
may reduce the total number of samples which must be
analyzed by allowing the use of compositing. Composite
samples from a maximum of five sampling points are
allowed, provided that the detection limit of the method
used for analysis is less" than one-fifth of the MCL-
Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory.
§141.23(a)(4)(i) Fqllow-Up Sampling: If the
concentration in the composite sample is greater than or
equal to one-fifth of the MCL of any inorganic
chemical, then a follow-up sample must be .taken within
14 days at each sampling point included in the
composite. These samples must be analyzed for the ^
contaminants which exceeded one-fifth of the MCL in
the composite sample. Detection limits for each
analytical method and MCLs for each inorganic
contaminant are the following:
-4 -
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
DETECTION LIMITS FOR INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
Contaminant
Antimony
Asbestos
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
. Chromium
Cyanide
\
Fluoride
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrate
Nitrite
Selenium
Thallium
MCL
(mg/L)
0.006
7MFLP)
2
.0.004
0.005
0.1
0.2
4.0
0.002
0.1
10(asN)
l(asN)
0.05
0.002
Methodology • ,
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Atomic Absorption; Platform
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Hydride-Atomic Absorption
Transmission Electron Microscopy ,
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Atomic Absorption; Direct Aspiration
Inductively Coupled Plasma
, Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Atomic Absorption; Platform
Inductively Coupled Plasma(3)
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Inductively Coupled Plasma
Atomic Absorption; Furnace , '
Inductively Coupled Plasma
Distillation, Spectrophotometric<4> j
Distillation, Automated, Spectrophotorfletric<4)
Selective Electrode(4) •
Distillation, Amenable, Spectrophotometric(5)
Colormetric SPADNS '-..,!'•
Potentiometric ion selective electrode.
Automated Alizarin fluoride blue V
Automated ion selective electrode .-.
Manual Cold Vapor Technique ... i
Automated Cold Vapor Technique '' , '
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Atomic Absorption; Platform
Inductively Coupled Plasma<3) - • .
ICP-Mass Spectrometry ' -
Manual Cadmium Reduction
Automated Hydrazine Reduction
Automated Cadmium Reduction
Ion Selective Electrode
Ion Chrbmatography • ,
Spectrophotometric .
Automated Cadmium Reduction
Manual Cadmium Reduction
Ion Chromatography
Atomic Absorption; Furnace i
.Atomic Absorption; Gaseous Hydride ;
Atomic Absorption; Furnace
Atomic Absorption; Platform . .
ICP-Mass Spectrometry
Detection Limit
(mg/L)
0.003
0.0008^
0.0004
0.001
0.01 MFL
0.002
0.1
0.002(0.001)(1>
0.0002
0.00002(6>
• 0.0003
0.0003
0.0001
0.001(1>
0.001
0.007(0.001)(1)
0.02
0.005
0.05
0.02
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0.
0.0002
. 0.0002
0.001
0.0006(6> .
0.005
0.0005
0.01
0.01
0.05
1
0.01
0.01
• 0.05
0.01
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.001
O.OOOT^
0.0003
(1) Using concentration technique in Appendix A to EPA Method 200.7: i
(2) MFL = million Obers per liter > 10 fan. i : "
(3) Using a 2X preconcentration step as noted in Method 200.7. Lower MDLs may be achieved when using a 4X
preconcehtration. . » '
(4) Screening method for total cyanides. 1,
(5) Measures "free" cyanides. - '
(6) Lower MDLs are reported using stabilized temperature graphite furnace atomic asorption. . '
- 5 -
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
§141.23(a)(4)(ii) If the population served by the
Astern is >3,30b persons, then compositing may duly be
permitted by the State at sampling points within a single
system. In systems serving £3,300 persons, the State
may permit compositing among different systems
provided the 5-sample limit is maintained.
§141.23 (a) (4) Oil) If duplicates of the original sample
taken from each sampling point used in the composite
are available, the system may use this instead of
resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the
results reported to the State within 14 days of collection.
§141.23(a)(5) Citations for IOC Monitoring
Requirements: The frequency of monitoring for
asbestos shall be in accordance with paragraph (b) of
this section; the frequency of monitoring for barium,
cadmium, chromium, fluoride, mercury, and selenium
shall be in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section;
the frequency of monitoring for nitrate shall be in
accordance with paragraph (d) of this section; and the
frequency of monitoring for nitrite shall be in
accordance with paragraph (e) of this section.
Asbestos
§141.23(b) Asbestos Sampling: The frequency of
monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the
maximum contaminant level for asbestos specified in
§141.62(b) shall be conducted as follows:
§141.23(b)(l) Initial Sampling Frequency: Each
community and non-transient, non-community water
system is required to monitor for asbestos during the,
first three-year compliance period of each nine-year
compliance cycle beginning in the compliance period
starting January 1,1993.
§141.23 (b) (2) Sampling During Waiverr If the
system believes it is not vulnerable to either asbestos
contamination in its source water or due to corrosion of
asbestos-cement pipe, or both, it may apply to the State
for a waiver of the monitoring requirement in paragraph
(b)(l) of this section. If the State grants the waiver, the
system is not required to monitor.
§141.23(b)(3) Bases of an Asbestos Waiver The
State may grant a waiver based on a consideration of
the following factors:
(i) Potential asbestos contamination of the water
source, and
(H) The use of asbestos-cement pipe for finished
water distribution and the corrosive nature of the water.
§141.23(b)(4) Effect of an Asbestos^Waiver: A
waiver remains in effect until the completion of the
three-year compliance period. Systems not receiving a
waiver must monitor in accordance- with the provisions
of paragraph (b)(l) of this section.
§141.23(b)(S) Distribution System Vulnerability
for Asbestos: A system vulnerable to asbestos
contamination due .solely to corrosion of
asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at a tap
served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions
where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.
§141.23(b)(ti) Source Water Vulnerability for
Asbestos: A system vulnerable to asbestos
contamination due solely to, source water shall monitor
in accordance with the provision of paragraph (a) of this
section. •
§14L23(b)(7) Combined Asbestos Vulnerability:
A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due both
to its source water supply and corrosion of
asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at a tap
. served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions
where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.
§l4l.23(b)(8) Exceedance of the Asbestos MCL:
A system which exceeds the maximum contaminant
levels as determined in §141.23(i) of this section shall
monitor quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the
violation occurred.
§141.23(b)(9) Asbestos Reliably & Consistently
Below the MCL: The State may decrease the
quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequency ,
specified in paragraph (b)(l) of this section provided
the State has determined that the system is reliably and
consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In
no case can a State make this determination unless a
groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly
samples and a surface (or combined surface/ground)
water system takes a minimum of four quarterly
samples. , • . . ' -
§141.23(b)(10) Grandfathered Asbestos Data: If
monitoring data collected after January 1,1990 are
generally consistent with the requirements of §141.23(b),
then the State may allow systems to use that data to
satisfy the monitoring requirement for the initial
compliance period beginning January 1,1993.
| /PCs }
§141.23(c) Sampling Frequency for lOCs: The
frequency of monitoring conducted to determine
compliance with the maximum contaminant levels in
§141.62 for antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium,
' chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium
and thallium shall be as follows:
§141.23(c)(l) lOCs Sampling Frequency:
Groundwater systems shall take one sample at each
sampling point during each compliance period. Surface
water systems (or combined surface/ground) shall take
one sample annually at each sampling^ point.
§141.23(c)(2) lOCs Sampling Waiver: The system
may apply to the State for a waiver from the monitoring
frequencies specified in paragraph (c)(l) of this section.
States may grant waivers for cyanide monitoring upon
- 6 -
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
determining that a water system is not vulnerable to
cyanide contamination. -
§141.23(c)(3) IOC Sampling During a Waiver: A
condition of the waiver shall require that a system; shall
take a minimum'of one sample while the waiver is
effective. The term during which the waiver is effective
shall not exceed one compliance cycle (i.e., nine years).
§141.23(c)(4) IOC Waivers & Grandfathered
Data: The State may grant a waiver provided surface
water systems have monitored annually for at least three
years and groundwater systems have conducted a ,
minimum of three rounds of monitoring. (At least one
sample shall have been taken since January 1,1990.),
Both surface and groundwater systems shall
demonstrate that all previous analytical results were less
than the maximum contaminant level. Systems that use
a new water source are not eligible for a waiver until
three rounds of monitoring from the new source have
. been completed. •
§141.23(c)(5) IOC Sampling Frequency During a
Waiver: In determining the appropriate reduced
monitoring frequency, the State shall consider
(i) Reported concentrations from all previous
monitoring; -- ' • '
(ii) The degree of variation in reported
concentrations; and
(iii) Other factors which may affect contaminant
concentrations such as changes in groundwater pumping
rates, changes in the system's configuration, changes in
the system's operating procedures, or changes in stream
flows or characteristics.
§141.23(c)(6) Effect of an IOC Waiver: A decision
by the State to grant a waiver shall be made in writing
and shall set forth the basis for the determination. The
determination may be initiated by the State or upon an
, application by the public water system. The public
water system shall specify the basis for its request. The
State shall review and, where appropriate, revise its
determination of the appropriate monitoring frequency
when the system submits new monitoring data or when
other data relevant to .the system's appropriate •
monitoring frequency become available. , , ,
§141.23(c)(7) ExceedanceofanlOCMCL:
Systems which exceed the maximum contaminant levels
as calculated in §141.23(i) of this section shall monitor
quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the
violation occurred.
§141.23(c)(8) lOCs Reliably & Consistently Below
the MCL: The State may decrease the quarterly
monitoring requirement to the frequencies specified in
paragraphs (c)(l) and (c)(2) of this section provided it
has determined that the system is reliably and
consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In
no case can a State make this determination unless a
groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly
samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of
four quarterly samples.
Nitrate
§141.23(d) Sampling Frequency for Nitrate: All
public water systems (community; non-transient,
non-community; and transient, non-community systems) '
shall monitor to determine compliance with the
maximum contaminsint level for nitrate in §141.62.
§141.23(d)(l) Initial Nitrate Sampling:
Community and non-transient, non-community water
systems served by groundwater systems shall monitor
annually beginning January 1,1993; systems served by
surface water shall monitor quarterly beginning
January 1,1993. i
§141.23(d)(2) Ground Water Repeat Nitrate
Sampling: For community and non-transient,,
non-community water systems, the repeat monitoring
frequency for ground water systems shall be quarterly
for at least one year following any one sample in which
the concentration is &50 percent of the MCL. The
State may allow a groundwater system to reduce the
sampling frequency to annually after four consecutive
quarterly samples arc reliably and consistently less than
the MCL. !
§141.23(d)(3) Repeat Nitrate SW Sampling: For
community and non-transient, non-community water
systems, the. State may allow a surface water system to
reduce the sampling frequency to annually if all
analytical results from four consecutive quarters are
<50 percent of the MGL. A surface water system shall
return to quarterly monitoring if any one sample is 2:50
percent of the MCL.
§141.23(d)(4) Transient Nitrate Sampling
Frequency: Each transient non-community water
system shall monitor annually beginning January 1,1993.
§141.23 (d) (5) Scheduling Annual Nitrate Repeat
Samples: After the initial round of quarterly sampling
is completed, each community and non-transient non-
community system which is monitoring annually shall
take subsequent samples during the quarter(s) which
previously resulted in' the highest analytical result.
§141.23(e) Sampling Frequency for Nitrite: All,
public water systems {community; non-transient,
non-community; and transient, non-community systems)
shall monitor to deteirmine compliance with the
maximum contaminant level for nitrite in §141.62(b).
§141.23(e)(l) Initial Nitrite Sampling: All public
water systems shall take one sample at each sampling
- 7 •
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^um^^^l^^ll^MIMIMMI
point in the compliance period beginning January 1,
1993 and ending December 31,1995.
§14L23(e)(2) Under the Nitrite Trigger Level:
After the initial sample, systems where an analytical
result for nitrite is <50 percent of the MCL shall
monitor at the frequency specified by the State.
§14L23(e)(3) Above the Nitrite Trigger Level: For
community, non-transient, non-community, and transient
non-community water systems, the repeat monitoring
frequency for any water system shall be quarterly for at
least one year following any one sample in which the
concentration is £50 percent of the MCL. The State
may allow a system to reduce the sampling frequency to
annually after determining the system is reliably and
consistently less than the MCL.
§141.23(e)(4) Scheduling of Annual Nitrite
Repeat Samples: Systems which are monitoring
annually shall take each subsequent sample during the
quarters) which previously resulted in the highest
analytical result.
§141.23(1), (g), and (h)
IOC CONFIRMATION SAMPLING
§141.23(0(1) Deadline for lOCs Confirmation
Samples: Where the results of sampling for asbestos,
barium, cadmium, chromium, fluoride, mercury, or
selenium indicate an exceedance of the maximum
contaminant level, the State may require that one
additional sample be collected as soon as possible after
the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed two-
weeks) at the same sampling point.
§141.23(0 (2) Deadline for Nitrate & Nitrite
Confirmation Samples: Where nitrate or nitrite
sampling results indicate an exceedance of the MCL, the
system shall take a confirmation sample within 24 hours
of the system's receipt of notification of the analytical
results of the first sample. Systems unable to comply
with the 24-hour sampling requirement must
immediately notify the consumers served by the area
served by the public water system in accordance with
§141.32. Systems exercising this option must take and
analyze a confirmation sample within two weeks of
notification of the analytical results of the first sample.
§141.23(0(3) Compliance Calculations &
Confirmation Samples: If a State-required
confirmation sample is taken for any contaminant, then
the results of the initial and confirmation sample shall
be averaged. The resulting average shall be used to
determine the system's compliance in accordance with
paragraph (i) of this .section. States have the discretion
to delete results of obvious sampling errors.
April, 1994
HmMMmMmi
§141.23(g) State Designation of Increased
Sampling Frequency. The State may require more
frequent monitoring than specified in paragraphs (b),
(c), (d) and (e) of this section or may require
confirmation samples for positive and negative results at
its discretion. , ,.'••..
§141.23(h) System Request for Increased
Sampling Frequency: Systems may apply to the State
to conduct more frequent monitoring than the minimum
monitoring frequencies specified in this section.
§141.23(1) COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS:
Compliance with §§ 141.11 or 141.62(b) (as appropriate)
shall be determined based on the analytical result(s)
obtained at each sampling point.
§141.23(0(1) Sampling Frequencies Greater Than
Annual: For systems which are conducting monitoring
at a frequency greater than annual, compliance with the
maximum contaminant level for antimony, asbestos,
barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium is
determined by a running annual average at any sampling
point. If the average of any sampling point is greater
than the MCL, then the system is out of compliance. If
any one sample would cause the annual average to be.
exceeded, then the system is out of compliance
immediately. Any sample below the method detection
limit shall be calculated at zero for the purpose of
determining the annual average.
§141.23(0(2) Sampling Frequencies of Annual or
Less: For systems which are monitoring annually, or
less frequently, the system is out of compliance with the
maximum contaminant level for asbestos, barium,
cadmium, chromium, fluoride, mercury, selenium or
thallium if the level of a contaminant at any sampling
point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation
sample is required by the State, the determination of
compliance will be based on the average of the two
samples.
§141.23(0(3) Compliance Calculations for Nitrate
& Nitrite: Compliance with the maximum contaminant
levels1 for nitrate and nitrite is determined based on one
sample if the levels of these contaminants is below the
MCLs. If the levels of nitrate or nitrite exceed the
MCLs in the initial sample, a confirmation sample is
required in accordance with paragraph (f)(2) of this
section, and compliance shall be determined based on
the average of the initial and confirmation samples.
§141.23(0(4) Separable Distribution Systems: If a
public water system has a distribution system separable
from other parts of the distribution system with no v
interconnections, the State may allow the system to give
public notice to only the area served by that portion of
the system which is out of compliance.
- 8 -
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
§ 141.23® STATE MONITORING PLANS:
§141.230") State Designated Sampling Schedules:
Each public water system shall monitor at the time .
designated by the State .during each compliance period.
§141.23(10 INORGANIC ANALYSIS:
§141.23(k)(l) Analytical Methods for lOCs:
Analysis for asbestos, barium, cadmium, chromium,
mercury, nitrate, nitrite, and selenium shall be
conducted using the following.methods: [Ed. note: The
provisions of this section have been replaced by the
provisions in §l41.23(k)(4).J
§141.23(k)(2) Analytical Methods for Arsenic:
Analyses for arsenic shall be conducted using the
following methods:
Method1 206.2, Atomic Absorption Furnace
Technique; or Method1 206.3, or Method4 D2972-88B,
or Method2 307A, or Method31-1062-85, Atomic
Absorption-Gaseous Hydride; or Method1 206.4, or
Method* D-2972-88A, or Method2 307B,
Spectrpphotometric, Silver Diethyl-dithiocarbamate; or
Method 200.7A, Inductively Coupled Plasma
Technique5.',
§141.23(k)(3) Analytical Methods for Fluoride:
Analysis fo'r fluoride shall be conducted [using the
following methods: | " v
(1) "Methods of Chemical Analysis of Water and
Wastes," EPA Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
(EPA-600/4-79-020), March 1979. Available from
ORD Publications; CERI, EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio
45268. For approved analytical procedures for
metals, the technique applicable to total metals
must be used, j
(2) "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewateri" 16th Edition, American Public
Health Association, American Waterworks
Association, Water Pollution Control Federation,
1985. •••••/-
(3) Techniques of Water-Resources Investigation of
the United States Geological Survey, Chapter A-i,
"Methods for Determination of Inorganic
Substances b Water and Fluvial Sediments," Book
5, 1979, Stock *bl4-b01-03177-9. Available from
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
(4) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, part 31 Water,
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916
Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103.
(5) Appendix to Method 200.7, March 1987, U.S.
EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
§141.23(k)(4) Malytical Methods for lOCs:
Analysis for the listed; inorganic contaminants shall be •
conducted using the following methods (see table on next
page): i
- 9. -
-------
_______
fc
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o
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3
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52
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i
Mcthodologj
j
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t^
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_, ^
i
ill
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Atomic Absorption; Furnace*
Atomic Absorption; Platform*
ICP-Mass Spectrometry*
Hydride-Atomic Absorption"
1
1 .
=
25
w
o
Transmission Electron Microsc
Asbestos
•
6
n Q
c*i cn f**i
iii
Atomic Absorption; Furnace*
Atomic Absorption; Direct*
Inductively Coupled Plasma*
E
S 8
C*l f**l . .
«
Vt
e>
II I i
i1
•
Atomic Absorption; Furnace*
Atomic Absorption; Platform*
Inductively Coupled Plasma '
ICP-Mass Spectrometr/
|
I
«
*>
si
Atomic Absorption; Furnace*
Inductively Coupled Plasma*
|| Cad.mium
«
m m
OO O
?J CM
Atomic Absorption;" Furnace*
Inductively Coupled Plasma*
E
6
IBJ
gg
3 A
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2
QU.O W
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in in in tn
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Distillation, Spec.
Distillation, Selective Electrod
Distillation, Amenable, Spec.
Distillation, Automated, Spec.
3
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2
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in vi
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Y |
Manual Cold Vapor Techniqu
Automated Cold Vapor Techn
S
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a §8
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to f**i fi
.
^i§li
Atomic Absorption; Furnace*
Atomic Absorption; Platform*
Atomic Absorption; Direct*
Inductively Coupled Plasma*
ICP-Mass Spectrometry*
1
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m c*i r*") c*i
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Manual Cadmium Reduction
Automated Hydrazine Reducl
Automated Cadmium Reduct
Ion Selective Electrode
Ion Chromatography
V
H
-2. '
-
• ••::!
Vi V»
S 2
• ^^
?«? ' '
*p^ *f**
*n .rj ,
v> S
en *o c**i (*i
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Spectdphometric
Automated Cadmium Reduct
Manual Cadmium Reduction
Ion Chromatography -
o " '
1 ;
B3 03
^r oo
ss
oo oo
Be
*
i ".
1 Hydride-Atomic Absorption10
Atomic Absorption; Furnace*
|| Selenium
S3
v
.
6M
Atomic Absorption; Furnace*
Atomic Absorption; Platform
ICP-Mass Spectrometry*
Thallium
t
o
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g.
o
1
<§
-------
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
§141.23(k)(5) IOC Sample Holding limes &
Preservation Methods: Sample collection for
antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium,
chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite, selenium, and
thallium under this section shall be conducted using the
sample preservation, container, and maximum holding
time procedures specified in the table below:
Contaminant
Antimony
Asbestos
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Cyanide
Fluoride
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrate
Chlorinated
Non-chlorinated
Nitrite
Selenium
Thallium
Preservative w
Cone HNO3 to pH <2
Cool,4°C
Cone HNO3 to pH <2 ^
Cone HNOj to pH <2
Cone HNO3 to pH <2
Cone HNOj to pH <2
Cool. 4°C, NaOH to pH >12 (4>
None
Cone HNO3 to pH <2
Cone HNOj to pH <2
Cool,4°C
Cone H2SO4 to pH <2
cooi,4°c :
ConcHNOjtopH <2
Cone HNOj to pH <2
Container <2)
P or G
P or G
PorG
P or G
PorG
PorG
PorG
P or G
P or G
PorG
PorG
PorG
PorG
PorG
PorG
Maximum Holding Time <3>
6 months - *,
•~* ' '
6 months ,
6 months
6 months
6 months
14 days
1 month
28 days
6 months
28 days
14 days
48 hours
6 months
6 months •
(1) If HNOJ cannot be used because of shipping restrictions, sample may be initially preserved by icing and immediately shipping it
to the laboratory. Upon receipt in the laboratory, the sample must be acidified with cone HNO3 to pH <2 and held for 16
hours before analysis. ' - '
(2) P « plastic, hard or soft; G = glass, hard or soft.
(3) In all cases, samples should be analyzed as soon after collection as possible. . . • , .
(4) Sec method(s) for the information for preservation. '
§141.23 (k) (6) Laboratory Certification: Analysis
under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories that have been certified by EPA or the
State. Laboratories may conduct sample analysis under
provisional certification until January 1,1996. To
receive certification to conduct analyses for antimony,
asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium; chromium,
cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite and
selenium and thallium, the laboratory must:
(i) Analyze Performance Evaluation samples which
include those substances provide by EPA Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory or equivalent samples
provided by the State.
(ii) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses that
are within the following acceptance limits:
Contaminant
Antimony
Asbestos
Barium ,
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Cyanide
Fluoride
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrate
Nitrite
Selenium
Thallium
Acceptance Limit
± 30% at
2 standard
on study
± 15% at
±-15% at
± 20% at
± 15% at
±25% at
± 10% at
± 30% at
± 15% at
± 10% at
± 15% at
± 20% at
± 30% at
2:0.006 mg/1
deviations based
statistics
2:0.15 mg/1
2:0.001 mg/1
2:0.002 mg/1
2:0.01 mg/1
2:0.1 mg/1
1 to 10 mg/1
2:0.0005 mg/1
2:0.01 mgVl
2:0.4 mg/1 -
2:0.4 mg/1
2:0.01 mg/1
2:0.002 mg/1
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
§141.230) Sampling Requirements for Arsenic:
Analysis for the purpose of determining compliance with
§141.11 shall be conducted using the requirements
specified in paragraphs (1) through (q) of this section.
§141.230) (1) IOC Surface Water Sampling:
Analysis for all community water systems utilizing
surface water sources shall be completed by June 24,
1978. These analyses shall be repeated at yearly
intervals. ...
§141.230X2) IOC Ground Water Sampling:
Analyses for all community water systems utilizing only
ground water sources shall be completed by June 24,
1979. These analyses shall be repeated at three year
intervals.
§141.230) (3) NCWS Sampling: For non-community
water systems, whether supplied by surface or ground
sources, analyses for nitrate shall be completed by
December 24,1980. These analyses shall be repeated at
intervals determined by the State.
§141.230) (4) State Authority: The State has the
authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results and
other information compiled by their sanctioned
representatives and agencies.
§141.23(m) Initially Exceeding the MCL: If the
result of an analysis made under paragraph (1) of this
section indicates that the level of any contaminant listed
in § 141.11 exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the
supplier of the water shall report to the State within 7
days and initiate three additional analyses at the same
sampling point within one month.
§141.23(n) MCL Violations: When the average of
four analyses made pursuant to paragraph (m) of this
section, rounded to the same number of significant
figures as the maximum contaminant level for the
substance in question, exceeds the maximum
contaminant level, the supplier of water shall notify the
State pursuant to § 141.31 and give notice to the public
pursuant to § 141.32. Monitoring after public
.notification shall be at a frequency designated by the
State and shall continue until the maximum contaminant
'level has not been exceeded in two successive samples
or until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a
variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become
' effective. •
§141.24 ORGANIC CHEMICALS OTHER
THAN TOTAL TRIHALOMETHANES,
SAMPLING & ANALYTICAL
REQUIREMENTS
§141.24(a) Endrin Monitoring: Monitoring of
endrin for purposes of determining compliance with the
maximum contaminant level listed in §141.12(a) shall be
conducted as follows: .
§14i.24(a)(l) Surface Water Monitoring: For all
community water systems utilizing surface water sources,
analyses shall be completed within one year following
the effective date of this part. Samples analyzed shall
be collected during the period of the year designated by
the State as the period when contamination by
pesticides is most likely to occur. These analyses shall
1 be repeated at intervals specified by the State but in no
event less frequently than at three year intervals.
§141.24(a)(2) Ground Water Monitoring: For
community water systems utilizing only ground water
sources, analyses shall be completed by those systems
specified by the State.
§141.24(a)(3) Determining Compliance and
Enforcement: The State has the authority to
determine compliance or initiate enforcement action
based upon analytical results and other information
compiled by their sanctioned representatives and
agencies. >
§141.24(b) Exceedance of the MCL: If the result of
an analysis made pursuant to paragraph (a) of this
section indicates that I the level of any contaminant listed
in §141.24(a) and (b) exceeds the maximum
contaminant level, the supplier of water shall report to
the State within 7 days and initiate three additional •
analyses within one month^
§141.24(c) Results of Additional Analysis: When
the average of four analyses made pursuant to
paragraph (b) of this, section rounded to the same
number of significant figures as the maximum
contaminant level for the substance in question, exceeds
the maximum contaminant level, the supplier of water
shall report to the State pursuant to §141.31 and give
notice to the public pursuant to §141.32. Monitoring
after public notification shall be at a frequency
designated by the State and shall continue until the
maximum contaminant level has not been exceeded in
two successive samples or until a monitoring schedule as
a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement
action shall become eiffective. ".•••••
§141.24(d) Grandfathering Data: For the initial
, analysis required by paragraphs (a)(l) and (2) of this
' section, data for surface water acquired within one year .
prior to the effective .date of this part and data for
ground water acquireilJ within three years prior to the
effective date of this part may be substituted at the
discretion of the State. '
§141.24(e) Endrin Analysis: Analysis made to
determine compliance: with the maximum contaminant
level for endrin in §141.12(a) shall be made in
accordance with EPA Methods 505, "Analysis of ,
Qrganohalide Pesticides and Commercial <
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Products (Aroclors) in Water
by Microextraction and Gas Chromatography" and 508,
"Determination of Chlorinated Pesticides in Water by
Gas Chromatography | With an Electron Capture
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
Detector." The Methods are contained in "Methods f9
the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water," ORD Publications, CERI, EPA/600/4-88/039,
July 1991. These methods are available from the
National Technical Information Service (NT1S), U.S.
Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, VA 22161. The toll-free number is 1-800-
336-4700. ,
I VOCs
§141.24(0 VOC Sampling Requirements:
lEd. note: §141.24(f) applies to all VOCs beginning Jan. 1,
1993] Beginning with the initial compliance period,
analysis of the contaminants listed in §141.61(a)(l)
through (21) for the purpose of determining compliance
with the maximum contaminant level shall be conducted
as follows:
§141.24(0(1) VOC GW Monitoring: Groundwater
systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every
entry point to the distribution system which is
representative of each well after treatment (hereafter
called a sampling point): Each sample must be taken at
the same sampling point unless conditions make another
sampling point more representative of each source,
treatment plant, or within the distribution system.
§141.24(0(2) VOC SW Monitoring: Surface water
systems (or combined surface/ground) shall take a
minimum of one sample at .points in the distribution
system that are representative of each source or at each .
entry point to the distribution system after treatment s
(hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must
be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions
make another sampling point more representative of
each source, treatment plant, or within the distribution
system.
§141.24(0(3) Multiple Sources: If the system draws
water from more than one source and the sources are
combined before distribution, the system must sample at
an entry point to 'the distribution system during periods
of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water
representative of all sources is being used).
§141.24(0(4) Initial VOCs Sampling Frequency:
Each community and non-transient non-community
water system shall take four consecutive quarterly
samples for each contaminant listed in §141.61 (a)(2)
through (21) during each compliance period, beginning
in the initial compliance.
§141.24(0(5) Results of Initial Sampling: If the
initial monitoring for contaminants listed in
§141.61(a)(l) through (8) and the monitoring for the
contaminants listed in §141.61(a)(9) through (21) as
allowed in paragraph (f)(18) has been completed by
December 31,1992, and the system did not detect any
contaminant listed in §141.61(a)(l) through (21), then
each ground and surface water system shall take one
sample annually beginning with the initial compliance ;
period. If the monitoring described in § 14L.24(f)(4) is
completed on or before December 31,1992, and the
system did not detect any contaminant listed in §§
141.62(a)(2)-(21), each ground and surface water system
shall take one sample annually for the remainder of the
compliance period.
§141.24(0(6) Reduced VOC Sampling for Ground
Water Systems: After a minimum of three years of
annual sampling, the Siate may allow groundwater ,
systems with no previous detection of any contaminant
listed in §141.61(a) to take one sample during each '•
compliance period.
§141.24(0(7) VOC Sampling Waivers: Each
community and non-transient non-community ground
water system which does not detect a contaminant listed
in §141.61(a)(l) through (21) may apply to the State for
a waiver from the requirements of paragraphs (f)(5) and
(f)(6) of this section after completing the initial
monitoring. (For purposes of this section, detection is
defined as £0.0005 mg/1.) A waiver shall be effective
for no more than six years (two'compliance periods).
States may also issue waivers to small systems for the ••
initial round of monitoring for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
§141.24(0(8) Waiver Criteria: A State may grant a
waiver after evaluating the following factor(s):
§141.24(0(8)(i) USE WAIVERS: Knowledge of
previous use (including transport, storage, or disposal)
. of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of
influence of the system. .If a determination by the State
reveals no previous use of the contaminant within the
watershed or zone of influence, a waiver may be
granted. ' -
§141.24(0(8)(ii) SUSCEPTIBILITY WAIVERS: If
previous use of the contaminant is unknown or, it has
been used previously, then the following factors shall be
used to determine whether a waiver is granted.
§141.24(0(8)(ii)(A) Previous analytical results.
§141.24(0 (8) (ii)(B) The proximity of the system to a
potential point or non-point source of contamination.
Point sources include spills and leaks of chemicals at or
near a water treatment facility or at manufacturing,
distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and
municipal waste landfills and other waste handling or "
treatment facilities.
§141.24(0 (8) (ii)(C) The environmental persistence
and transport of the contaminants.
§141.24(0(8)(ii)(D) The"number of persons served by
the public water system and the proximity of a smaller
system to a larger system.
§141.24(0(8)(ii)(E) How well the water source is
protected against contamination, such as whether it is a
surface or groundwater system. Groundwater systems
must consider factors such as depth of the well, the type
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
of soB, and wellhead protection. Surface water systems
must consider watershed protection.
§141.24(0(9) VOC Waivers for
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
^^MMgMgMM^MiWI^MK^WMMMIIMMHM1
§141.24(0(14)0") Restrictions on Composite
Sampling: Compositing may only be permitted by the
State at sampling points within a single system, unless
the population served by the system is <3,300 persons.
In systems serving <3,300 persons, the State may permit
compositing among different systems provided the 5-
sample limit is maintained.
§141.24(0(14)0v) Instructions for Compositing
Samples Prior to GC Analysis:
§141.24(0(14)(iv)(A) Add 5 ml or equal larger
amounts of each sample (up to 5 samples are allowed)
to a 25 ml glass syringe. Special precautions must be
made to maintain zero headspace in the syringe.
§141.24(0(14)(iv)(B) The-samples must be cooled at
4°C during this step to minimize volatilization losses.
§141.24(0(14)(iv)(C) Mix well and draw out a 5-ml
aliquot for analysis.
§141.24(0(14)Ov)(D) Follow sample introduction, „_
purging, and desorption steps described in the method.
§141.24(0(14)(iv)(E) If less than five samples are
used for compositing, a proportionately small syringe
may be used. •
§141.24(0(14)(v) Compositing Samples Prior to
GC/MS Analysis:
§141.24(0 (14) (v) (A) Inject 5-ml or equal larger
amounts of each aqueous sample (up to 5 samples are
allowed) into a 25-ml purging device using the sample
introduction technique described in the method.
§141.24(0 (14) (v)(B) The total volume of the sample
in the purging device must be 25 ml.
§141.24(0(14)(v)(C) 'Purge and desorb as described
in the method.
§141.24(0(15) VOC Compliance Calculations:
Compliance with §141.61(a)(l) through (21) shall be
determined based on the analytical results obtained at
each sampling point,
§141.24(0(15X0 Multiple Samples in a Year: For
systems which-are conducting monitoring at a frequency
greater than annual, compliance is determined by a
running annual average of all samples taken at each
sampling point. If the annual average of any sampling
point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of
compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent
sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded,
then the system is out of compliance immediately.
§141.24(0(15)00 One or Less Samples a Yean If
monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the
system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant
at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a
confirmation sample is required by the State, the
determination of compliance will be based on the-
average of two samples.
§141.24(0(15)010 Separable Distribution
Systems: If a public water system has a distribution
April, 1994
system separable from other parts of the distribution
system with no interconnections, the State may allow the
system to give public notice to only that area served by
that portion of the system which is out of compliance.
§141.24(0(16) VOC Analytical Methods: Analysis
for the contaminants listed in §141.61(a)(l) through (21)
shall be conducted using the following EPA methods or
their equivalent as approved by EPA. These methods
are contained in Methods for the Determination of
Organic Compounds in Drinking Water, EPA/600/4-
88/039, December 1988,Revised July 1991, and ire
available from the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS) NTIS PB91-23148Q and PB91-146027,
VS. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll-free number is
800-553-6847.
§141.24(0 (16) (i) Method 502.1: "Volatile
Halogenated Organic Chemicals in Water by Purge and
Trap Gas Chromatography."
§141.24(0(16)00 Method 502.2: "Volatile Organic
Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography with Photoionization and
Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors in Series.?
§141.24(f) (16) (Hi) Method 503.1: "Volatile Aromatic
and Unsaturated Organic Compounds in Water by
Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography."
§141.24(1) (16) (iv) Method 524.1: "Measurement of
Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Purged
Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry."
§141.24(0 (16) (v) Method 524.2: "Measurement of
Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrpmetry."
§141.24(0(17) VOCs Laboratory Certification:
Analysis, under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories that are certified by EPA or the State
according to the following conditions (States may grant
provisional certification until January 1,1996): *V
§141.24(0(17)0) To receive certification to conduct
analyses for the contaminants in §141.61(a)(2) through
(21) the. laboratory must:
§141.24(0 (17) (0 (A) Analyze Performance Evaluation
samples which include these substances provided by
EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory or
equivalent samples provided by the State.
§141.24(0 (17) (0 (B) Achieve the quantitative
acceptance limits under paragraphs (f)(17)(i)(C) and
(D) of this section for at least 80 percent of the
regulated organic chemicals listed in §141.61(a)(2)
through (2i). . , ,. '
§141.24(0 (17) (i)(Q Achieve quantitative results on
analyses performed under paragraph (f)(17)(i)(A) of
this section within ± 20% of the actual amount of the
substances in the Performance Evaluation sample when
the actual amount is greater than or equal to 0.010 mg/J.
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
§141.24(f)(17)(i)(D) Achieve quantitative results on
the analyses performed under paragraph (f)(17)(i)(A) of
this section that are within ± 40 percent of the actual
amount of the substances in the Performance Evaluation
sample when the actual amount is less that 0.010 trig/I.
§141.24(f) (17) (i)(£) Achieve a method detection limit
of 0.0005 tag/I, according to the procedures in Appendix
B of Part 136. /.
§141.24(1) (17) (ii) Laboratory Certification for
Vinyl Chloride:- To receive certification for vinyl
chloride, the laboratory must: '
§141.24(0(17)(ii)(A) Analyze Performance '
Evaluation samples provided by EPA Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory or equivalent samples
provided by the State.
§141.24(0 (17) (ii)(B) Achieve quantitative results on
the analyses performed under paragraph (f)(17)(ii)(A)
of this section that are within ± 40 percent of the
amount of vinyl-chloride in the Performance Evaluation
sample. .•'.'- . : . '
§141.24(0(17)(ii)(C) Achieve a method detection
limit of 0.0005 mg/1, according to the procedures in
Appendix B of Part 136.
§141.24(0(17)(ii)CP) Obtain certification for the
contaminants listed in §141.61(a)(2) through (21).
§141.24(0(18) Grandfathered VOC Data: States
may allow the use of monitoring data collected after
January 1, 1988, required under section 1445 of the Act
for purposes of initial monitoring compliance. If the
data are generally consistent with the other
requirements of this section, the State may use thes,e
data (i.e., a single sample rather than four quarterly
samples) to satisfy the initial monitoring requirement of •
paragraph (f)(4) of this section. Systems which use
grandfathered samples and die! not detect'any
contaminant listed §141.61(a)(2) through (21) shall
begin monitoring annually in accordance with paragraph
(f)(5) of this section beginning with the initial
compliance period.
§141.24(0(19) Increased VOC Sampling: States
may increase required monitoring where necessary to
detect variations within the system.
§141;24(0(20) Laboratory Certification: Each
approved laboratory must determine the method
detection limit (MDL), as defined in Appendix B to
Part 136, at which it is capable of detecting VOCs. The
acceptable MDL is 0.0005 mg/1. This concentration is
the detection concentration for purposes of this section. '
§141.24(0(21) State Designated VOC Sampling
Schedules: Each public water system shall monitor at
the time designated by the State within each compliance
period. .
SOCs
Phase I VOCs
Ed. Note: § 141.24(g) described monitoring requirements
for the eight VOCs under Phase I. These requirements
have since become obsolete and have therefore been deleted
from this consolidation of the rules. '
§141.24(h) SOC Sampling Requirements: Analysis
of the contaminants listed in §141.61(c) for the purposes
of determining compliance with the maximum
contaminant level shiill be conducted as follows: .
§141.24(h)(l) SOC Ground Water Monitoring
Protocols: Groundv/ater systems shall take a minimum
of one sample at eveiy entry point to the distribution
system which is representative of each well after
treatment (hereafter balled a sampling point). Each
sample must be taken at 'the same sampling point unless
1 conditions make another sampling point more
representative of each source or treatment plant
§141.24(h)(2) SOC Surface Water Monitoring:
Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one
sample at points in the distribution system that are
representative of each source or at each entry point to
the distribution system after treatment (hereafter called
a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the .
same sampling point unless conditions make another
sampling point, more representative of each source or
treatment plant. [Note: For purposes of this
paragraph, surface wjiter systems include systems with a
combination of surface and ground sources. ]
§141.24(h)(3) SOCs - Multiple Sources: If the
systep draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system
must sample at an entry point to the distribution system
. during periods of nominal operating conditions (i.e.,
when water representative of all sources is being used).
§141.24(h)(4) SOC Monitoring Frequency:
§141.24(h)(4)(i) Initial Sampling: Each community
and non-transient non-community water system shall
take four consecutive quarterly samples for each
contaminant listed in §141.61(c) during each compliance .
period beginning with, the initial compliance period.
§141.24(h) (4) (ii) Repeat SOC Sampling > 3,300:
Systems serving more than 3,300 persons which do not
detect a contaminant in the initial compliance period,
may reduce the sampling frequency to a minimum of
two quarterly samples] in one, year during each repeat
compliance period. , , ' •
§141.24(h)(4)(iii) Repeat SOC Sampling £3,300:
Systems serving less than or equal to 3300 persons
which do not detect a! contaminant in the initial
compliance period may', reduce, the sampling frequency
to a minimum of one sample during each repeat
compliance period, j
§141.24(h)(5) SOC 1 Sampling Waivers: Each
community and non-transient water system may apply to
the State for a waiver jfrpm the requirement -of
paragraph-(h)(4) of this section. A system must reapply
for a waiver for each compliance period.
§141.24(h)(6) Bases of an SOC Sampling Waiver:
A State may grant a waiver after evaluating the
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following factors): Knowledge of previous use
(including transport, storage, or disposal) of the
contaminant within the wateished or zone of influence •
of the system. If a determination by the State reveals
no previous use of the contaminant within the watershed
or zone of influence, a waiver may be granted. If
previous use of the contaminant is unknown or it has
been used previously, then the following fectors shall be
used to determine whether a waiver is granted.
§141.24(h)(6)(i) Previous analytical results.
§14L2400(6)(«) The proximity of the system to a,
potential point or non-point source of contamination.
Point sources include spills and leaks of chemicals at or
near a water treatment facility or at manufacturing,
distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and
municipal waste landfills and other waste handling or
treatment facilities. Non-point sources include the use ot
pesticides to control insect and weed pests on
agricultural areas, forest lands, home and gardens, and
other land application uses.
§141.2400 (6)("0 The environmental persistence and
transport of the pesticide or PCBs.
§141.24(h)(6)(iv) How well the water source is
protected against contamination due to such factors as •
depth of the well and the type ofsoZ and the 'mte&W
' of the well casing.
§141.24 00 (6) (v) Elevated nitrate levels at the water
supply source.
§141.24(h)(6)(vi) Use of PCBs in equipment used in
the production, storage, or distribution of water (U.,
PCBs used in pumps, transformers, etc.).
§141.24(h)(7) Detection of an SOC: If an organic
contaminant listed in §141.61(c) is detected (as defined
by paragraph (h)(18) of this section) in any sample,
then:
§141.24(h)(7)(i) Increase SOC Sampling: Each
system must monitor quarterly at each sampling point
which resulted in a detection.
§141.24(h)(7)(ii) R & C Below MCL: The State
may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement
specified in paragraph (7)(i) of this section provided it
has determined that the system is reliably and
consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In
no case shall the State make this determination unless a
groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly
samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of
four-quarterly samples.
§141.24(h)(7)(iii) Reduced SOC Sampling After
Detection: After the State determines the system is
reliably and consistently below the maximum
contaminant level, the State may allow the system to
monitor annually. Systems which monitor annually must
monitor during the quarter that previously yielded the
highest analytical result. ,
April, 1994
§141.24(h)(7)(iv) SOC Sampling Waivers After
Detection: Systems which have 3 consecutive annual
samples with no detection of a contaminant may apply ,
to the State for a waiver as specified in paragraph (h)(6)
Of this section.
§14L24(n)(7)(v) Detection within a Family of
SOCs: If monitoring results in detection of one or
more of certain related contaminants (aldicarb, aldicarb
sulfone, aldicarb sulforide and heptachldr, heptachlor
epoxide), then subsequent monitoring shall analyze for
all related contaminants.
§141.24(h)(8) R&CBelowMCLAftera
Violation: Systems which violate the requirements of
§141.61(c) as determined by paragraph (h)(ll) of this
section must monitor quarterly. After a minimum of
four quarterly samples show the system is in compliance
and the State determines the system is reliably and
consistently below the MCL, as specified in paragraph
(h)(ll) of this section, the system shall monitor at the
frequency specified in paragraph (h)(7)(iii) of this
section. ' . •
§141.2400 (?) SOC Confirmation Sampling: The
State may require a confirmation sample for positive or
negative results. If a confirmation sample is required by
the State, the result must be averaged with the first
sampling result and the average used for the compliance
determination as specified by paragraph (h)(ll) of this %
section. States have discretion to delete results of
obvious sampling errors from this calculation.
§141.2400(10) Composite SOC Sampling: The
state may reduce the total number of samples a system
must analyze by allowing the use of compositing.
Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling
points are allowed, provided that the detection limit of
the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the
MCL, 'Compositing pf samples must be done in the
laboratory and analyzed within 14 days of sample
collection. If the concentration in the composite sample
is 2= 1/5 MCL, a follow-up sample must be taken within
14 days at each sampling point included in the
composite. These samples must be analyzed for the
contaminants) s 1/5 MCL in the composite sample.
••§141.2400 (10) (i) Detection in a Composite
Sample: If the concentration in the composite sample
detects one or more contaminants listed in §141.61(c),
then a follow-up sample must be taken and analyzed
within 14 days from each sampling point included in the
composite.
§141.2400 (10) (») Duplicate Composite Samples:
If duplicates of the original sample taken from each
sampling point used in the composite are available, the
system may use these duplicates instead.of resampling.
The duplicate must be analyzed and the results reported
to the State within 14 days of collection.
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
§141.24(h)(10) (Hi) Population Restrictions on
Composite Sampling: If the population served by the
system is >3,300 persons, then compositing may only be
permitted by the State at sampling points within a single
system. In systems serving £3,300 persons, the State
may permit compositing among different systems .
provided the 5-sample limit is maintained.
§141.24(h)(ll) SOC Compliance Calculations:
Compliance with §141.61(c) shall be determined based.
on the analytical results obtained at each sampling
point. <
§141.24(h) (11) (i) > One Sample a Yean For
systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency
greater than annual, compliance is determined by a
running annual average of all samples taken at each
sampling point If the annual average of any sampling
point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of
compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent
sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded,
then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any
samples below the detection limit shall be calculated as
zero for purposes of determining the annual average.
§141.2400(11)00 , £ One Sample a Yean If ,
monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the
system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant
at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a
confirmation sample is required by the State, the
determination of compliance will be based on the
average of two samples.
§141.2400(11)0") Separable Distribution
Systems: If a public water system has a distribution
system separable from other parts of the distribution
system with no interconnections, the State may allow the
system to give public notice to; only that portion of the
system which is out of compliance.
§141.2400(12) SOC Analytical Methods: Analysis
for the contaminants listed in § 141.6l(c) and for endrin
in §141.12(a) shall be conducted using the following
EPA methods or their equivalent as approved by EPA.
These methods are contained in Methods for the
Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water,
EPA/600/4-90/020, July, 1990, Environmental Systems
Monitoring Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268. These
documents are available from the National Technical
Information Service (NTTS) NTIS PB91-231480, PB91-
146027 and PB92-207703, U.S. Department of
Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield/Virginia
22161. The toll-free number is 1-800-553-6847.
§141.240i) (12)(i) Method 504: "1,2-Dibromoethane
(EDB) and l,2-Dibrpmo-3-chlorbpropane (DBCP) in
Water by Microextraction -and Gas Chromatography."
Method 504 can be used to measure ,
dibromochloropropane (DBCP) and ethylene dibromide
(EDB).
§141.2400(12)00 Method 505: "Analysis of
Organohalide Pesticides and Commercial
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Products (Aroclors) in Water
by Microextraction and Gas Chromatography." Method
505 can be used to measure alachlor, atrazine,
chlordane, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide,
hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, lindane,
methoxychlor, toxaphene, and simazine. Method 505 '
can be used as a screen for PCBs.
§141.24(h)(12)(iii) Method 507: "Determination of
Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-Containing Pesticides in
Ground Water by Gas; Chromatography with a
Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector." Method 507 can be
used to measure alachlor, atrazine and simazine.
§141.2400(12)(iv) Method 508: "Determination of
Chlorinated Pesticides in Water by Gas
Chromatography with an Electron Capture Detector."
Method 508 can be used to measure chlordane, endrin,
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene,
lindane, methoxychlor and toxaphene. Method 508 can
be used as a screen for PCBs.
§ 141.24(h) (12) (v) Method 508A: "Screening for
Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Perchlorination and Gas
Chromatography." Method 508A is used to quantitate
PCBs as decachlorobiphenyl if detected in Methods 505
or 508. ,
§141.24(h) (12) (vi) Method 515.1: "Determination
of Chlorinated Acids in Water by Gas Chromatography •
with an Electron Capture Detector." Method 515.1 can
be used to measure 2,4-D, dalapon, dinoseb,
pentachlorophenol, picloram, and 2,4,5-TP (Silvex).
§141.2400(12)(vii) Method 525.1: "Determination
of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water by Liquid- •
Solid Extraction and- Capillary Column Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry" Method 525.1 can
be used to measure alachlor, atrazine, chlordane, di(2-
ethylhexyl)adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, endrin, •
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene,
hexachlorocyclopentadiene, lindane; methoxychlor,
pentachlorophenol, pah/nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
simazine, and toxaphene. ,
§141.2400(12)(viii) Method 531.1: "Measurement of
N-Methyl Carbamoykxdmes and N-Methyl Carbamates
in Water by Direct Aqueous Injection HPLCwit^
Post-Column Derivatizatipn." Method 531.1 can be used
to measure aldicarb, aidicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone,
and carbofuran and ojiamyl.
§141.240i) (12) (ix) Method 1613: Tetra-through
Octa- Chlorinated Dibxins and Furans by Isotope
Dilution." Method 16:13 can be used to measure 2,3,7,8-
TCDD (dioxin). This method is available from USEPA-
OST, Sample Control Center, P.O. Box 1407,
Alexandria, VA 22313.
§141,240i) (12) (x) Method 547: "Analysis of
Glypbosate in Drinking Water by Direct Aqueous
Injection HPLC with Post-Column Derivatization"
Method 547 can be used to measure glyphosate.
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April, 1994
§141.24(b) (12) (») Method 548: "Determination of
Endothall in Aqueous Samples." Method 548 can be
used to measure endothall.
§141J54(h)(12)(rii) Method 549: "Determination of
Diquat and Paraquat in Drinking Water by High
Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet
Detection. Method 549 can be used to measure diquat.
§141.2400 (12) (xiii) Method 550: "Determination of
Polycydic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Drinking Water by
Liquid-Liquid Extraction and HPLC with Coupled
Ultraviolet and Fluorescence Detection". Method 550 •
can be used to measure benzo(a)pyrene and other
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
§141.24(h) (12) (xiv) Method 550.1: "Determination
of Polycydic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Drinking Water
by Liquid-Solid Extraction and HPLC with Coupled
Ultraviolet and Fluorescence Detection". Method 550.1
can be used to measure benzo(a)pyrene and other
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. ,
§141.2400(13) Analysis for PCBs: Analysis for
FOBS shall be conducted as follows:
§141.24(h)(13)(i) Each system which monitors for
PCBs shall analyze each sample using either Method
505 or Method 508 (see paragraph (h)(12) of this
section).
§141.24(h) (13) (ii) If PCBs (as one of seven Aroclors)
arc detected (as designated in this paragraph) in any
sample analyzed using Methods 505 or 508, the system
shall reanalyze the sample using Method 508A to
quantitate PCBs (as decachlorobiphenyl).
Aroclor
1016
1221
1232
1242
1248
1254
1260
Detection Limit ,
(rag/1)
0.00008
0.02
0.0005
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
§141.24(h)(13)(iii) PCB Method: Compliance with
the PCB MCL shall be determined based upon the
quantitative results of analyses using Method 508A.
§141.24(h)(14) Grandfathered SOC Data: If
monitoring data collected after January 1,1990; are
generally consistent with the requirements of §141.24(h),
then the State may allow systems to use that data to
satisfy the monitoring requirement for the initial
compliance period beginning January 1,1993.
§141.2400(15) Increased SOC Sampling: The
State may increase the required monitoring frequency,
where necessary, to detect variations within the system
(e.g., fluctuations in concentration due to seasonal use,
changes in water source).
§141.24(h)(16) State Enforcement: The State has
the authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results and
other information compiled by their sanctioned
representatives and agencies.
§141.24(h)(17) State Designated Sampling
Schedules: Each public water system shall monitor at
the time designated by the State within each compliance
period.
§141.24(10(18) SOC Trigger Levels for Increased
Sampling: Detection as used in this paragraph shall be
defined as greater than or equal to the following
concentrations for each contaminant [Ed. Note: These
numbers not treated as performance criteria for lab certi-
fication. That criteria is listed under § 14L24(h)(19). ]
Contaminant
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldicarb sulfoxide
Aldicarb sulfone
Atrazine
Benzofa]pyrene
Carboruran
Chlordane
Dalapon .
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
Di(2rethylhexyl)phthalate
Dinoseb
Diquat
2,4-D
Endothall
Endrin
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
G-lyphosate
Heptachlor1 ' ,
Heptachlor epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Oxamyl
Picloram
Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) (as decachlorobiphenyl)
Pentachlpropheriol
Simazine
Toxaphene ,
23,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
"2,4,5-TP fSilvexl
Detection
Limit (mg/1)
0.0002
0.0005
0.0005
0.0008
0.0001
0.00002
0.0009
0.0002
0.001
0.00002
0.0006
0.0006
0.0002
0.0004
0.0001
0.009
0.00001
0.00001
0.006
0.00004
0.00002
0.0001
0.0001
0.00002
0.0001
0.002
0.0001
0.0001
0.00004
0.00007
0.001
0.000000005
0.0002
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April, 1994
§141.24(h)(19) Laboratoty Certification: Analysis
under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories that have received certification by EPA or
the State and have met the following conditions: ' .
§141.24(h)(19)(i) To receive certification to conduct
analyses for the contaminants in §141.61(c) the
laboratory must:
§141.24(h)(19)(i)(A) Analyze Performance Evaluation
samples which include those substances provided by .
EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory or equivalent samples provided by the State.
§141.24(h)(19)(i)(B) Achieve quantitative results on
the analyses that are within the following acceptance
limits: ,
Contaminant
DBCP
EDB
Alachlor
Atrazine • ,
Benzo[a]pyrene
Carbofuran
Chlordane
Dalapon
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
Pi(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dinoseb
Diquat
Endothail
Endrin
Glyphosate
Heptachlor ,
Heptachlor Epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Oxamyl
PCBs (as Decachloro-
biphenyl)
Picloram
Simazine • •
Toxaphene
Aldicarb .
Aldicarb Sulfoxide
Aldicarb Sulfone
Pentachlorophenol
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
2,4-D
2,4,5-TP (SUvex)
Acceptance Limit
(percent) -
±40
±40
±45
±45
2 standard deviations
±45
±45
2 standard deviations
2 standard deviations
2 standard deviations
2 standard deviations
2 standard deviations
2 standard deviations
±30
2 standard deviations
±45
±45
2 standard deviations
2 standard deviations
±45
±45
2 standard deviations
0-200
2 standard deviations
2 standard deviations
± 45 .
2 standard deviations
2 standard deviations
2 standard deviations
±50 ;
2 standard 'deviations
±50
±50
§141.24(h) (19) (ii) [Reserved]
§141,27 ALTERNATE ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES
§141.27 (a) Requirements for Permission: With the
written permission of Ihe State, .concurred in by the
Administrator Of the U.S. EPA, an alternate analytical
technique may be employed. An alternate technique
shall be accepted only if it is substantially equivalent to
the prescribed test in toth precision and accuracy as it
relates to the determination of compliance with any
MCE. The use of the alternate analytical technique
shall not decrease the frequency of monitoring required
by this part. • '•: ••''.'
§141.29 MONITORING OF CONSECUTIVE
PUBLIC WATER iSYSTEM
•• •! . • , •
-* .' I '
When a public water system supplies water to one or
more other public watersystems, the State may modify
the monitoring requirements imposed by this part to the
extent that the interconnection of the systems justifies
treating them as a single system for monitoring
purposes. Any modified monitoring shall be conducted
pursuant to a schedule specified by the State and
concurred in by the Administrator of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
• i • . '. , . - • • •
SUBPART D — REPORTING, PUBLIC
NOTIFICATION AND
RECORDKEEPING
§141.31 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
§14131 (a) Timing: Except where a shprter period is
specified in this part, the supplier of water shall report
to the State the results of any test measurement or
analysis required by the part within (1) the first ten days,
following the month in which the result is received, or
(2) the first ten days following the end of the required,
monitoring period as stipulated by the State, whichever
of these is shortest.
§14L3i(b) Failure to Comply with National
Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Except
where a different reporting period is specified in this
part, the supplier of water must report to the State
within 48 hours the failure to comply with any national "
primary drinking water regulation (including failure to
comply with monitoring requirements) set forth in this
part. - ' 'I •
§14L31(c) State Laboratory Reporting: The
supplier of water is hot required to report analytical
results to the State in cases where a State laboratory
performs the analysis and reports the results to the
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State office which would normally receive such
notification from the supplier.
§14131(d) Notifying the State: The water supply
system, within ten days of completion of each public.
notification required pursuant to §14132, shall submit
to the State a representative copy of each type of notice
distributed, published, posted, and/or made available to
the persons served by the system and/or to the media.
§14131(e) Submittal of Records: The water supply
system shall submit to the State within the time stated
in the request copies of any records required to be .
maintained under §141.33 hereof or copies of any
documents then in existence which the State or the
Administrator is entitled to inspect pursuant to the
authority of section 1445 of the Safe Drinking Water
Act or the equivalent provisions of State law.
§141.32 GENERAL PUBLIC NOTICE
REQUIREMENTS
§14132(a) Notice of Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL), Treatment Technique,and Variance
and Exemption Schedule Violations: The owner or
operator of a public water system which fails to comply
with an applicable MCL or treatment technique
established by this part or which fails to comply with the
requirements of any schedule prescribed pursuant to a
variance or exemption, shall notify persons served by.the
system as follows:
§14132(a)(l) Procedures for Giving Notice:
Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section,
the owner ot operator of a public water system must
give notice:
§141 J2(a)(l)(i) Notice by Publication: By
publication in a dally newspaper of general circulation
in the area served by the system as soon as possible, but
in no case later than 14 days after the violation or
failure. If the area served by a public water system is
not served by a daily newspaper of general circulation
'serving the area; and
§14132(a)(l)(ii) Notice by Mail: By mail delivery
(by direct mail or with the water toll), or by had
delivery, not later than 45 days after the violation or
failure. The State may waive mail or'hand delivery if it
determines that the owner or operator of the public
water system in violation has corrected the violation or
failure within the 45-day period. The State must make
the waiver in writing arid within the 45-day period; and
§14132(a)(l)(ui) Violations Posing Acute Health
Risk: Fbr violations of the MCLs of contaminants that
may pose an acute risk to human health, by furnishing a
copy of the notice to the radio and television stations
serving the area served by the public water system as
soon as possible but in no case later than 72 hours after
the violation. The following violations are acute
violations: . •.,...._
§141.32(a)(l)(iii)(A) Any violations specified by the
State as posing an acute risk to human health.
§14L32(a)(l)(Hi)(B) Violation of the MCL for
nitrate or nitrite as defined in §141.11(b) and
determined according to §141.23(i)(3),
§14132(a)(2) Repeat Notice Requirements: Dccept
as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, following
the initial notice given under paragraph (a)(l) of this
section, the owner or operator of the public water
system must give notice at least once every three months
by mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill) or
by hand delivery, for as long as the violation or failure
exists. ' '. ,
§14L32(a)(3)(i) Notice in Areas Not Served by
Newspapers: In lieu of the requirements of
paragraphs (a)(l) and (2) of this section, the owner or
operator of a community water system in an area that is
not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general
circulation must give notice by hand delivery or by
continuous posting in conspicuous places within the area
served by the system. Notice by hand delivery or
posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later than
72 hours after thfc violation or failure for acute
violations (as defined in paragraph (a)(l)(iii) of this
• section), or 14 days after the violation or failure (for stay
other violation). Posting must continue for as long as
the violation or failure exists. Notice by hand delivery
must be repeated at least every three months for as long
as the violation or failure exists. • ,
§141-32(a)(3)(ii) Notice for Noncommunity Water
Systems: In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs
(a)(l) and (2) of this section, the owner or operator of a
noncommunity water system may give notice by hand
delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places
within the areas served by the system. Notice by hand
delivery or posting must begin as soon as possible, but
no later than 72 hours after the violation or failure for
acute violations (as defined in paragraph (a)(l)(m) of
this section), or 14 days after the violation or failure
(for any other violation). Posting must continue for as
long as the violation or failure exists. Notice by hand
delivery must be repeated at least every three months
for as long as the violation or failure exists.
§14132(b) Other Violations, Variances,
Exemptions: The owner or operator of a public water
system which fails to perform monitoring required by
section 1445(a) of the Act (including monitoring
required by the National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations (NPDWRs) of this part), fails to comply
with a testing procedure established by this part, is
subject to a variance granted under section
1415(a)(l)(A) or 1415(a)(2) of the Act, or is subject to
an exemption under section 1416 of the Act, shall notify
persons served by the system as follows:
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
* §14132(b)(l) Timing & Method of Notice: Except
as provided in paragraph (b)(3) or (b)(4) of this section,
the owner or operator of a public water system must
give notice within three months of the violation or
granting of a variance or exemption by publication in a
daily newspaper of general circulation in the area served
by the'system. If the area served by a public water
system is not served, by a daily newspaper of general
circulation, notice shall instead be given publication in a
weekly newspaper of general circulation serving the
area. .
§14132(b)(2) Repeat Notice: Except as provided in
paragraph (b)(3) or (b)(4) of this section, following the
initial notice given under paragraph (b)(l) of this
section, the owner or operator of the pubic water system
must give notice,at least once every three months by
mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill) or by
hand delivery, for as long as the violation exists. Repeat
notice of the existence of a variance or exemption must
be given every three months for as long as the variance
or exemption remains in effect.
§14132(b)(3)(i) Notification in Area not Served
by Newspaper: In lieu of the requirements of
paragraphs (b)(l) and (b)(2) of this section, the owner
or operator of a community water system in an area that
is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general
circulation must give noticevwithin three months of the
violation or granting of the variance or exemption, by
hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous
places with the area served by the system. Posting must
continue for as long as the violation exists or a variance
or exemption remains in effects. Notice by hand
delivery must be repeated at least every three months ,
for as long as the violation exists or a variance or
exemption remains in effect. .
§14132(b)(3)(ii) Notification for Non-Community
Water Systems: In lieu of the requirements of
paragraphs (b)(l) and (b)(2) of this section, the owner
or operator of a non-community water system may give
notice, within three months of the violation or the
granting of .the variance or exemption, by hand .delivery
or by continuous posting in conspicuous places within
the area served by the system.' Posting must continue
for as long as the violation exists, or a variance or
exemption remains in effect. Notice by hand delivery
must be repeated at least every three months for as long
as the violation exists or a variance or exemption
remains in effect.
§14132(b)(4) Notification of Minor Monitoring
Violations: In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs
(b)(l), (b)(2), and (b)(3) of this section, the owner or
operator of a public water system, at the discretion of *
the State, may provide less frequent notice for minor
monitoring violations as defined by the State, if EPA
has approved the State's application for a program
revision under § 142.16. Notice of such violations must
be given no less frequently than annually.
§14U2(c) Notice to New Billing Units: The owner
or operator of a community water system must give a
copy of the most recent public notice for any
outstanding violation of any maximum contaminant
level, or any treatment technique requirement, or any
variance or exemption .schedule to all new billing units .
or new hookups prior to or at the time service begins.
§14L32(d) Content of Public Notices: Each notice
required by this section must provide a clear and readily
understandable explanation of the violation, any
potential adverse health effects, the population at risk, .<
the steps that the public water system is taking to
correct such violation, the necessity for seeking
alternative water supplies, if any, and any preventive
measures the consumer should take until the violation is
corrected. Each notice stiall be conspicuous and shall
not contain unduly technical language, unduly small
print, or similar problems that frustrate the purpose of
the notice. Each notice Khali include the telephone
number of the owner, operator, or designee of the
public water system as a source of additional
information concerning the notice. Where appropriate,
the notice shall be multilingual.
§14132(e) Mandatory Health Effects Language:
When providing the information on potential adverse
health effects required by paragraph (d) of this section
in notices of violations of maximum contaminant levels
or treatment technique requirements, or notices, of the
granting or the continued existence of exemptions or
variances, or notices of failure to comply with a variance
or exemption schedule, the owner or operator of a
public water system shall include the language specified
below for each contaminiant. (If language for a
particular contaminant is not specified below at the time
notice is required, this paragraph does not apply.)
§141J2(e)(l) Trichlorethylene: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that
trichloroethylerie is a health concern at,certain levels of
exposure. This chemical 'is a common metal cleaning
and dry cleaning fluid. It generally gets into drinking
water by'improper waste .disposal. This chemical has
been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such
as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes! Chemicals that cause cancer
in laboratory animals also may increase -the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed at' lower levels over
long periods of time. EPA has set forth the enforceable
drinking water standard (for trichloroethylene at 0.005
parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or
other adverse health effects which have been observed
in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this
standard is associated with to little to none of this risk
and should be considered safe. i
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
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§14132(e)(2) Carbon Tetrachloride: The United
" States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets'
drinking water standards and has determined that
carbon tetrachloride is a health concern at certain levels
of exposure. This chemical was once a popular
household cleaning fluid. It generally gets into drinking
water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has
been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such
as rats and mice when'the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer
in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over
long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable
drinking water standard forcarbon tetrachloride at
0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which
meets this standard is associated with little to none of
this risk and should be considered safe. •
§14132(c)(3) 1,2-Dichloroethane: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2-
dichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. This chemical is used as a cleaning fluid for
fats, oils, waxes, and resins. It generally gets into
, drinking water from improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals
that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed
at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set
the enforceable drinking water standard for 1,2-
dichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects
which have been observed in laboratory animals.
Drinking water which meets this standard is associated
with little to none of this risk arid should be considered
safe.
§I4L32(e)(4) Vinyl Chloride: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that vinyl chloride
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking
water as a result of the breakdown of related solvents.
The solvents are used as cleaners and degreasers of
metals and generally get into drinking water by
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been
associated with significantly increased risks of cancer
among certain industrial workers who were exposed to
relatively large amounts of this chemical during their
working careers. This chemical has also been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals when, the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals
that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed
industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed
at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set
the enforceable drinking water standards for vinyl
chloride at 0.002 part per million (ppm) to reduce the
risk of cancer-or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in humans and laboratory animals.
drinking water which meets this standard is associated
with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe.
§14L32(e)(5) Benzene: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that benzene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is used as a solvent and degreaser of metals.
It is also a major component of gasoline. Drinking
water contamination generally results from leaking
underground gasoline" and petroleum tanks or improper
waste disposal. This chemical has been associated with
significantly increased risks of leukemia among certain
industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large
amounts of this chemical during their working careers.
This chemical has also been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause
increased risk of cancer among exposed industrial
workers and in laboratory animals also may increase the
risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower
levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the
enforceable drinking water standard for benzene at
,0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking
Water which meets this standard is associated with little
to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
§14L32(e)(6) 1,1-Dichloroethyiene: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1—
dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. This chemical is used in industry and is found
in drinking water as a result of the breakdown of related
solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners and
degreasers of metals and generally, get into drinking
water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has
been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Chemicals which cause adverse effects in laboratory
animals also may cause adverse health effects in humans
who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of
time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water
standard for l,l--dichloroethylene at 0.007 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of .these adverse health
effects which have been observed in laboratory animals.
Drinking water which meets this standard is associated
with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe. .
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
§14L32(e)(7) Para-Dichlorobenzene: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that para-
dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. This chemical is a component of deodorizers,
moth balls, and pesticides. It generally gets into
drinking water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause liver and kidney
damage in laboratory animals such as rats and mice
when the animals are exposed to high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals which cause adverse effects in
laboratory animals also may cause adverse health effects
in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long .
periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking
water standards for para-dichlorobenzene at 0.075 parts
per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse
health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe. ' ,
§141J2(e)(8) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined 'that the
1,1,1-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a cleaner
and degreaser of metals. It generally gets into drinking
water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has
been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and
circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and
mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were
exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical
during their working careers also suffered damage to the
liver, nervous system, and circulatory system. Chemicals
which cause adverse effects among exposed industrial
workers and in. laboratory animals also may cause
adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at
lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the
enforceable drinking water standard for 1,1,1-
trichloroethane at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects which
have been observed in humans and laboratory animals.
Drinking water which meets this standard'is associated
with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe. ,
§14132(e)(13)-(14) [Reserved] '
§14132(e)(15) Asbestos: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that asbestos fibers
greater than 10 micrometers in length are a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. Asbestos is a
naturally occurring mineral. Most asbestos fibers in
drinking water are less than 10 micrometers in length
and occur in drinking water from natural sources and
from corroded asbestos-cement pipes in the distribution
system. The major uses~of asbestos were in the
production of cements,1 floor tiles, paper products, paint,
and caulking; in transportation-related applications; and
~ in the production of textiles and plastics. Asbestos was'
once a popular Jnsulating and fire retardant material.
Inhalation studies have shown that various forms of
asbestos have produced! lung tumors in laboratory
animals. The available information on the risk of.
developing gastrointestinal tract cancer associated with
the ingestion of asbestos from drinking water is limited.
Ingestion of intermediate-range chrysotile asbestos .
fibers greater than 10 micrometers in length is
associated with causing benign tumors in male rats.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also
may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are
exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
.drinking water standard for asbestos at 7 million long
fibers per liter to reduce the potential risk of cancer or
other adverse health effects which have been observed
in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets the
EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to
asbestos. - . " , I
§14L32(e)(16) Barium: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards 'and has determined that barium is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
inorganic chemical occurs naturally in some aquifers
that serve as sources of ground water. It is also used in
oil and gas drilling muds, automotive paints, bricks, tiles
and jet fuels. It generally gets into drinking water after
• dissolving from naturally occurring minerals in the •
ground. This chemical may damage the heart and
cardiovascular system, and is associated with high blood
pressure in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to
high levels during their lifetimes. In humans, EPA
believes that effects from barium on blood pressure
should not occur below 2 parts per million (ppm) in
drinking water. EPA bias set the drinking water
standard for barium at 2 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is,
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with resjpect 19 barium.
§14L32(e)(17) Cadmium: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has; determined that cadmium is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. Food and
the smoking of tobacco 'are common sources of general
exposure. This inorganic metal is a contaminant in the
metals used to galvanize pipe. It generally gets into
water by corrosion of galvanized pipes or by improper
waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to
damage the kidney in animals such as rats-and mice
when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to
relatively large amounts j of this chemical during working
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April, 1994
careers also suffered damage to the kidney. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for cadmium at 0.005 parts
per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the
EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to cadmium.
§14132(c)(18) Chromium: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that chromium is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
inorganic metal occurs naturally in the ground and is,
often used in the electroplating of metals. It generally
gets into water from runoff from old mining operations
and improper waste disposal from plating operations.
This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney.
nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels. Some humans who were exposed
to high levels of this chemical suffered liver and kidney
damage, dermatitis and respiratory problems. EPA has
set the drinking water standard for chromium at 0.1
parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets
the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to chromium.
§14132(e)(19) Mercury: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that mercury is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
inorganic metal is used in electrical equipment and
some water pumps. It usually gets into water as a result
of improper waste disposal. This chemical has been
shown to damage the kidney of laboratory animals such
as rats when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. EPA has, set the drinking water standard
for mercury at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to mercury.
§141.32(e)(20) Nitrate: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has. determined that nitrate poses
an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Nitrate is used in fertilizer and is found in sewage and
wastes from human and/or farm animals and generally
gets into drinking water from those activities. Excessive
levels of nitrate in drinking water have caused serious
illness and sometimes death in infants under six months
of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because
nitrate is converted to nitrite in the body. Nitrite
interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the
child's blood. This is an acute disease in that symptoms
can develop rapidly in infants. In most cases, a health
deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include
shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly,
expert medical advice should be sought immediately if
these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to
encourage parents and other responsible parties to
provide infants with an alternate source of drinking
water. Local and State health authorities are the best
source for information concerning alternate sources of
drinking water for infants. EPA has set the drinking
water standard at 10 parts per million (ppm) for nitrate
to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. EPA
has also set a drinking water standard for nitrite at 1
ppm. To allow for the fact that the toxicity of nitrate
and nitrite are additive, EPA has also established a
standard for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to nitrate.
§141.32(e)(21) Nitrite: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that nitrite poses
an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This inorganic chemical is used in fertilizers and is
found in sewage and wastes from humans and/or farm
animals and generally gets into drinking water as a
result of those activities. While excessive Jevels of
nitrite in drinking water have not been observed, other
sources of nitrite have caused .serious illness and
sometimes death in infants under six months of age:
The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrite
interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the
child's blood. This is an acute disease in that symptoms
can develop rapidly. However, in most cases, health
deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include
shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly,
expert medical advice should be sought immediately if
these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to
encourage parents and other responsible parties to
provide infants with an alternate source of drinking
water. Local and State health authorities are the best
source for information concerning alternate sources of
drinking water for infants. EPA has set the drinking
water standard at 1 part per million (ppm) for nitrite to
protect against the risk of these adverse effects. EPA
has also set a drinking water standard for nitrate
(converted to nitrite in humans) at 10 ppm and for the
sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water
that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
nitrite.
§141J2(e)(22) Selenium: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that selenium is a
health concern at certain high levels of exposure.
Selenium is also an essential nutrient at-low levels of
exposure. This inorganic chemical is found naturally in
food and soils and is used in electronics, photocopy
operations, the manufacture of glass, chemicals, drugs.
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
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and as a fungicide and a feed additive. In humans,
exposure to high levels of selenium over a long period
of time has resulted in a number of adverse health
effects, including a loss of feeling and control in the .
arms and legs. EPA has set the drinking water standard
for selenium at 0.05 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. —
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to selenium.
§14l32(e)(23) Acrylamide: The United States ,
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), sets drinking
water standards and has determined that acrylamide is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers
made from acrylamide are sometimes used to treat
water supplies to remove particulate contaminants.
Acrylamide has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
, Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also
may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are
exposed over long periods of time. Sufficiently large
doses of acrylamide are known to cause neurological
injury. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
acrylamide using a treatment technique to reduce the
risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
. been observed in laboratory animals. This treatment
technique limits the amount of acrylamide in the
polymer and the amount of the polymer which may be
added to drinking water to remove particulates.
Drinking water systems which comply with this
treatment technique have little to no risk and are
considered safe with respect to acrylamide.
§14U2(e)(24) Alachlor: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking ,
water standards and has determined that alachlor is a
, health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is a.widely used pesticide. When soil
and climatic conditions are favorable, alachlor may get
, into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been
shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats
and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels
over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed over long periods of time.
EPA has set the drinking water standard for alachlor at
0,002 parts per million (ppm) fo reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that
meets this standard is associated with little to none of
this risk and is considered safe with respect to alachlor.
§14132(e)(25)-(27) [Reserved]
§14132(e)(28) Atrazine: The United States
Environmental Trotection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water'standards and has determined that atrazine is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is a herbicide. When soil and climatic
conditions are favorable, atrazine may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into
ground water. This chemical has been shown to affect
offspring of rats and the heart of dogs. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for atrazine at 0.003 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the
EPA standard is associated with little to hone of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to atrazine.
§14L32(e)(29) Carbtofuran: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency>(EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that carbofuran is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is a pesticide. When soil and climatic
conditions are favorable, carbofuran may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been
shown to damage the nervous and reproductive systems
of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were
exposed to relatively lairge amounts of this chemical
during their working careers also suffered damage to the
nervous system. Effect!, on the nervous system are
generally rapidly reversilbje. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for carbofuran at 0.04 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water! that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to'none of this risk and is, ~
considered safe with respect to carbofuran.
§141.32(e) (30)' Chlordane: The United States
, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that chlordane is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is a pesticide used to control termites.
Chlordane is not very mobile in soils. It usually gets
into drinking water after application "near water supply
intakes or wells. This chemical has been shown to cause
to cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice
when the animals are eiposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans
who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has
set the drinking water standard for chlordane at 0.002
parts per million (ppm), to reduce the risk of cancer or
other adverse health effects which have been observed
in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the
EPA standard is associated with- little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to chlbrdane.-
§141.32(e)(31) Dibrcjmochloropropane (DBCP):
The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking wal.er standards and has determined
that DBCP is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure". This organic jchemical was once a popular
pesticide. When soil arid climatic conditions are
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
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favorable, dibromocbloropropane may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into
ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause •
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when
the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans
who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has
set the drinking water standard for DBCP at 0.0002
parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or
other adverse health effects which have been observed ^
in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the
EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to DBCP.
§14132(c)(32), o-Dichlorobenzene: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that
o-dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels
of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent
in the production of pesticides and dyes. It generally
gets into water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney
and the blood cells of laboratory animals, such as rats
and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes.
Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively
large amounts of this chemical during working careers
also suffered damage to the liver, nervous system, and
circulatory system. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for o-dichlorobenzene at 0.6 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to o-dichlorobenzene.
§14132(e)(33) cis-l,2-DichIoroethyIene: The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
establishes drinking water standards and has determined
that cis-l,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used
as a solvent and intermediate in chemical production. It
generally gets into water by improper waste disposal.
This chemical has been shown to damage the liver,
nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were
exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also
suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for cis-l,2-dichloroethylene
at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the
risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
cis-l,2-dichloroethylene.
§141.32(e)(34) trans-l,2-DichloroethyIene: The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
establishes drinking water standards and has determined
that trans-l,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used
as a solvent and intermediate in chemical production. It
generally gets into water by improper waste disposal.
This chemical has been shown to damage the liver,
nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were
exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also
suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for'
trans-l,2-dichloroethylene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm)
to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to
trans-l,2-dichloroethylene.
§14132(e)(35) 1,2-Dichloropropane: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that
1,2-dichloropropane is a health concern at certain levels
of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent
and pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are
favorable, 1,2-dichloropropane may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into
ground water. It may also get into drinking water
through improper waste disposal. This chemical has
been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such
as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer
in laboratory animals also may increase the risk pf
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of
time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
1,2-dichloropropane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects
which have !been observed in laboratory animals.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to 1,2-dichloropropane.
§14132(e)(36) 2,4-D: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that 2,4-D is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a herbicide and to control
algae in reservoirs. When soil and climatic conditions
are favorable, 2,4-D may get into drinking water by
runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground
water. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver and kidney of laboratory animals such as rats
exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Some
humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of
this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous
system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
2,4-D at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against
the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water
that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
2,4-D.
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> ..§14L32(e)(37) Epichlorohydrin: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency. (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that
epichlorohydrin is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. Polymers made from epichlorohydrin are
sometimes used in the treatment of water supplies as a
flocculent to remove particulates. Epichlorohydrin
generally gets :intp drinking water by improper use of
these polymers. This chemical has been shown to cause
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when
the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans
who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has
set the drinking water standard for epichlorohydrin
, using a treatment technique to reduce the risk of cancer
or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. This, treatment
technique limits the amount of epichlorohydrin in the
polymer and the amount of the polymer which may be
added to drinking water as a flocculent to remove
particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with
this treatment technique have little to no risk and are
considered safe with respect to epichlorohydrin.
§14U2(e)(38) Ethylbenzene: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets, drinking
water standards Snd has determined ethylbenzene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
. organic chemical is a major component of gasoline. It
- generally gets into water by improper waste disposal or
leaking gasoline tanks. This chemical has been shown
to damage the kidney, liver, and nervous system of
laboratory animals such as rats 'exposed to high levels
during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water
. standard'for ethylbenzene at 0.7 parts per million (ppm)
to protect against the risk of these adverse, health
effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to ethylbenzene.
§141.32(e)(39) Ethjlene dibromide (EDB): The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that
EDB is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide.
When soil'and climatic conditions are favorable, EDB
may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water
or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has
been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such
as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer
in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of
time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for EDB
at 0.00005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. • Drinking water that -
meets this standard is associated with little to none of
this risk and is considered safe with respect to EDB.
§i4132(e)(40) Heptachlon The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that heptachlor is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This .
organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When •
soil and climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor
may get into drinking water by runoff into .surface water
or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has
been shown to cause cancer .in laboratory animals such
as rats and mice when the animals are exposed .at high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer
in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who aire exposed over long periods of
time. EPA has set the drinking water standards for
heptachlor at 0.0004 parts per million (ppm) to reduce
the risk of cancer or othisr adverse health effects which
have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking
water that meets this standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
! heptachlor. • ,
§14L32(e){41) Heptachlor Epoxide: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards j and has determined that
heptachlor epoxide is a health concern at certain levels
of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular
pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are
favorable, heptachlor epoxide may get into drinking
water by runoff intb surface water or by leaching into
ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when
the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals thai: cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans'-.
who are exposed over loing periods of time. EPA has
set the drinking water standards for heptachlor epoxide
at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that
meets this standard is associated with little to none of
this risk and is considered safe with respect to
heptachlor epoxide. . j * .
§14L32(e)(42) Lindaiie: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined thaflindane is a
health concern -at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used 'as a pesticide. When soil and
climatic conditions are favorable, lindane may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been
shown to damage the liver, kidney, nervous system, and
immune system of laboratory animals such as rats, mice
arid dogs exposed at high levels during their lifetimes.
Some humans who were^xposed to relatively large
amounts Of this chemical also'suffered damage to the
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nervous system and circulatory system. EPA has
established the drinking water standard for lindane at
0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the
risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
lindane.
§14L32(e)(43) Methoxychlor: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that methoxychlpr
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This ,
organic chemical is used as a pesticide. When soil and
climatic conditions are favorable, methoxychlor may get
into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been
shown to damage the liver, kidney, nervous system, and
reproductive system of laboratory animals such as rats
exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. It has also
been shown to produce growth retardation in rats. EPA
has set the drinking water standard for methoxychlor at
0.04 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk
of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and is considered safe with respect to :
methoxychlor.
§14I32(e)(44) Monochlorobenzene: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that ,
monochlorobenzene is a health concern .at certain levels
of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent.
It generally gets into water by improper, waste disposal.
This chemical has been shown to damage the liver,
kidney and nervous system of laboratory animals such as
rats and mice exposed to high levels during their
lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
monochlorobenzene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to monochlorobenzene.
§14132(e)(4S) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs):
The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. These organic
chemicals were once widely used in electrical
transformers and other industrial equipment. They
generally get into drinking water by improper waste
disposal or leaking electrical industrial equipment. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals
that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed
over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for PCBs at 0.0005 parts per million
(ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse.
health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to PCBs.
§14L32(e)(46) Pentachlorophenol: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that
pentachlorophenol is a health concern at certain levels
of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a wood
preservative, herbicide, disinfectant, and defoliant. It
generally gets into drinking water by runoff into surface
water or leaching into ground water. This chemical has
been shown to produce adverse reproductive effects and
to damage the liver and kidneys of laboratory animals
such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes.
Some humans who were exposed to relatively large
amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the
liver and kidneys. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice
when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans
who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has
set the drinking water standard for pentachlorophenol at
0.001 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk
of cancer or other adverse health effects. Drinking
water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to pentachlorophenol.
§141.32(e)(47) Styrene: The United States
Environmental Protection .Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that styrene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is commonly used to make plastics and
is sometimes a component of resins used for drinking
water treatment. Styrene may get into drinking water
from improper waste disposal. This chemical has been
shown to damage the liver and nervous system in
laboratory animals when exposed at high levels during
their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard
for styrene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking
water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to styrene.
§14132(e)(48) Tetrachloroethylene: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets „'
drinking water standards and has determined that
tetrachloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels
of exposure. This organic chemical has been a popular
'solvent, particularly for dry cleaning. It generally gets
into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals
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, that cause cancer in laboratoiy animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed
over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for tetrachloroethyiene at 0.005 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other
adverse health effects which have been observed in
laboratoiy animals. Drinking water that meets this
standard,is associated with little to none of this risk and
is considered safe with respect to tetrachloroethyiene.
§14L32(e)(49) Toluene: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking ,
water standards and has determined that toluene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a solvent and in the
manufacture of gasoline for airplanes. It generally gets
into water by improper waste disposal or leaking'
underground storage tanks. -This chemical has been
shown to damage the kidney, nervous system, and •
circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and
mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some
industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large
amounts of this chemical during working careers also
suffered damage to the liver, kidney and nervous system.
EPA has set the drinking water standard for toluene at
1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of >
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets
the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to toluene.
§14132(e)(50) Toxaphene: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that toxaphene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical was once a pesticide widely used on
cotton, corn, soybeans, pineapples and other crops.
When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
toxaphene may get into drinking water by runoff into
, surface water or by leaching into ground water. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer .in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals
that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who,are exposed
over long periods of time; EPA has set the drinking
water standard for toxaphene at 0.003 parts per million
{ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse'
health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to toxaphene.
§141.32(e) (51) 2,4,5-TP: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that 2,4,5-TP is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a herbicide. When soil and
climatic conditions are favorable, 2,4,5-TP may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been
shown to damage the liver and kidney of laboratory
animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels
during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who
were exposed to relatively large amounts of this
chemical during working careers also suffered damage
to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for 2,4,5-TP at 0.05 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meet!; the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to 2,4,5-TP.
§141J2(e)(52) Xylenes: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that xylene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used in the manufacture of gasoline
for airplanes and as a solvent for pesticides, and as a
cleaner and degreaser of metals. It usually gets into •
water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has
been shown to damage the liver, kidney and nervous
system of laboratory animals such as rats and dogs
exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some
humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of
this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous
system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
xylene at 10 parts per million (ppm) to protect against
the risk of these adverse fciealth effects. Drinking water
• that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
xylene. |
§14132(e)(53) Antimony: The United States
Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that antimony is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
inorganic chemical occurs naturally in soils, ground
water and surface waters and is often used in the flame
retardant industry. It is also used "in ceramics, glass,
batjteriesi fireworks, and explosives. It may get into
drinking water through natural weathering of rock,
industrial production, municipal waste disposal or
manufacturing processes. This chemical has been shown
to decrease longevity, and altered blood levels of
cholesterol and glucose in laboratory animals such as
rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA
has set the drinking water 'standard for antimony at
0.006 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk
of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and should be (considered safe with respect
to antimony. '•
§141.32(e)(54) Beryllium: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
'water standards and has determined that beryllium is a
..health concern at certain levels of exposure: This
inorganic metal occurs, naturally in soils, ground water
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HKIKHmgimKIUKKillllimMHIBHIIIIIIIIIIIil*
and surface waters and is often used in electrical
equipment and electrical components. It generally gets
into water from runoff from mining operations,
discharge from processing plants and improper waste .
disposal. Beryllium compounds have been associated
with damage to the bones and lungs and induction of
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when
the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. There is limited evidence to suggest that
beryllium may pose a cancer risk via drinking water
exposure. Therefore, EPA based the health assessment ,
on noncancer effects with an extra uncertainty factor to
account forpossibel carcinogenicity. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the
risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long
periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for beryllium at 0.004 part per million (ppm)
to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and should
be considered safe with respect to beryllium.
§141.32(e) (55) Cyanide: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that cyanide is a ~
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
inorganic chemical is used in electroplating, steel
processing, plastics, synthetic fabrics and fertilizer
products. It usually gets into water as a result of
improper waste disposal. This chemical has. been shown
to damage the spleen, brain and liver of humans fatally
poisoned with cyanide. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for cyanide at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe with respect to cyanide.
§14132(e)(56) Nickel: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that nickel poses a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
inorganic metal occurs naturally in soils, ground water
and surface waters and is often used in electroplating,
stainless steel and alloy products. It generally gets .into
water from mining and refining operations. This
chemical has been shown to damage the heart and liver
in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed to
high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the
drinking water standard at 0.1 parts per million (ppm)
for nickel to protect against the risk of these adverse
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and should
be considered safe with respect to nickel.
§141.32(e)(57) Thallium: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that thalliurn is a
health concern at certain high levels of exposure. This
April, 1994
inorganic metal is found naturally in soils and is used in
electronics, Pharmaceuticals, and die manufacture of
glass and alloys. This chemical has been shown to
damage the kidney, liver, brain and intestines of
laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes: EPA has set the
drinking water standard for thallium at 0.002 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk Of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the
EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to
thallium. ,
§141J2(e)(58) Benzo[a]pyrene: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that benzo[a]pyrene
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Cigarette smoke and charbroiled meats are common
sources of general exposure. The major source of
benzo[a]pyrene in drinking water is the leaching from
coal tar lining and sealants in water storage tanks. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in animals
such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at
high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard
for benzo[a]pyrene at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of cancer. Drinking water which
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and should be considered safe with respect ' :
to benzo[a]pyrene.
§14L32(e) (59) Dalappn: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that dalapon is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is a widely used herbicide. It may get
into drinking water after application to control grasses
in crops, drainage ditches and along railroads. This
chemical has been shown to cause damage to the kidney
and Jiver in laboratory animals when the animals are
exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for dalapon at 0.2 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the
EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to
dalapon. /
§14132(e)(60) Dichloromethane: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that
dichloromethane (methylene chloride) is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic
chemical is a widely used solvent. It is used in the
manufacture of paint remover, as a metal degreaser and
as an aerosol propellant. It generally gets into drinking
water after improper discharge of waste disposal.. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals
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, that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed
over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for dichloromethane at 0.005 parts per .
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other
adverse health effects which have been observed in
laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this •
standard is associated with .little to none of this risk and
should be considered safe with respect to
dichloromethane.
§14L32(e)(61) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate: The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a widely
used plasticizer in a variety of products, including
synthetic rubber, food packaging materials and
cosmetics. It may get into drinking water after
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown
to damage liver and testes in laboratory animals such as
rats and mice exposed to high levels. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for_di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate at
0.4 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the
EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate.
§14lJ2(e)(62) Di(etbylhexyl)phthalate: The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that
di(ethylhexyl)phthalate is a health concern at certain ; '
levels of exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a widely
used plasticizer, which is primarily used in the
production -of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins. It may
get into drinking water after improper waste disposal.
This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to
high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate at
0.006 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which
meets-the EPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.
§!4132(e)(63) Dinoseb: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that dinoseb is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. Dinoseb is
a widely used pesticide and generally gets into drinking
water after application on orchards, vineyards and other
crops. This chemical has been shown to damage the
thyroid arid reproductive organs in laboratory animals
such as rats exposed to high levels. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for dinoseb at 0.007 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse
health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA
standard is associated,with little to none of this risk and
should be considered safe with respect.to dinoseb.
§14132(e)(64) Diquat: The United States
Environmental Protection' Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that diquat is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is a herbicide used to control
terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has
been shown to damage the liver, kidney and
gastrointestinal tract and causes cataract formation in ,
laboratory animals such jis dogs and rats exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for diquat at 0.02 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these .
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the
EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to
diquat. . ] .
§14L32(e)(65) Endottiall: The United States
Environmental has determined that endothall is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic
chemical is a herbicide uised to control terrestrial and
aquatic weeds. It may ge>t into water by runoff into
surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage
the liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract and reproductive
system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice
• exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for endothall at 0.1 parts •
per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the
EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to
endothall. '
§14132(e)(66) Endrin: The United States.
Ehvifonmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that endrin is a
health concern at certain., levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is a pesticide no longer registered for
use in the United States. | However, this chemical is
persistent in treated soils!and accumulates in sediments
and aquatic-and terrestriid biota. .This chemical has
been shown to cause damage to the liver, kidney and
heart in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when
the animals are exposed iat high levels over their
lifetimes. EPA has set thie drinking water standard for
endrin at 0.002 parts per million (pprn) to protect
against the risk of these, sidveree health effects which
have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking
water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe
with respect to endrin. j
§14132(e)(67) Glyphdsate: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
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iitiMtHttiitiiiitBiiifNiitiitBiitiiiiiiiRiiBBni^n
water standards and has determined that glyphosate is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is a herbicide used to control grasses
and weeds. It may get into drinking water by runoff .
into surface water. This chemical has been shown to
cause damage to the liver and kidneys in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for glyphosate at 0.7 parts
per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the (
EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to
•glyphosate.
§14132(e)(68) Hexachlorobenzene: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that
hexachlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels
of exposure. This organic chemical is produced as an
impurity in the manufacture of certain solvents and
pesticides. This chemical has been shown to cause
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when
the animals are exposed to high levels during their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans
who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has
set the drinking water standard for hexachlorobenzene
at 0.001 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the
risk of cancer and other adverse health effects.
Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe with respect to hexachlorobenzene.
§14132(e)(69) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene: The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
establishes drinking water standards and has determined
that hexachlorocyclopentadiene is a health concern at •
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used
as an intermediate in the manufacture of pesticides and
flame retardants. It may get into water by discharge
from production facilities. This chemical has been
shown to damage the kidney and the stomach of
laboratory animals when exposed at high'levels over
their lifetimes.' EPA has set the drinking water standard
for hexachlorocyclopentadiene at 0.05 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking.water which meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and should
be considered safe with respect to
hexachlorocydopentadiene.
§14132(e)(70) Oxamyl: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes
drinking water standards and has determined that
oxamyl is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is used as a pesticide for the
control of insects and other pests. It may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching
April, 1994
into ground water. This chemical has been shown to '
damage the kidneys of laboratory ^animals such as rats
when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA
has set the drinking water standard for oxamyl at 0.2
parts per million (ppm) to .protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water which
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to oxamyl.
§14L32(e)(71) Picloram: The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that picloram is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a pesticide for broadleaf
weed control. It may get into drinking water by runoff
into surface water or leaching into ground water as a
result of pesticide application and improper waste
disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause
damage to the kidneys and liver in laboratory animals
such as rats when the animals are exposed at high levels
over their lifetimes. EPA has" set the drinking water
standard for picloram at 0.5 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe with respect to picloram.
§14132(e)(72) Simazine: The United States
Environmental Protectipn Agency (EPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that simazine is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is a herbicide used ,to control annual
grasses and broadleaf weeds. It may leach into ground
water or runs off into surface water after application.
This chemical may cause cancer in laboratory animals
such as rats and mice exposed at high levels during their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans
who'are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has
set the drinking water standard for simazine at 0.004
parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or
other adverse health effects. Drinking water which
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to simazine.
§14132(e)(73) 1,2,4-tricblorobenzene: The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets >
drinking water standards and has determined that
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain '
levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a
dye carrier and as a precursor in herbicide manufacture.
It generally gets into drinking water by discharges from
industrial activities.' This chemical has been shown to
cause damage to several organs, including the adrenal
glands. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
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protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be
, considered safe with respect to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. . ,
§141.32(e) (74) 1,1,2-trichloroethane: The United
. States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined
, 1,1,2-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels
of exposure. This organic chemical is an intermediate in
the production of 1,1-dichloroethylene. It generally gets
into water by industrial discharge of wastes. This ,
.chemical has been shown to damage the kidney and
liver of laboratory animals such as, rats exposed to high
levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for 1,1,2-trichloroethane at 0.005 parts
per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which 'meets the
•EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to
. 1,1,2-trichloroethane.
§141.32(e) (75) 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxih): The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets '
drinking water standards and has determined that dioxin
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
, organic chemical is an impurity in the production of
some "pesticides. It may get into drinking water by
industrial discharge of wastes. This chemical has been
shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats
and'mice when the animals are exposed at high levels •
over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed over long periods of time.
EPA has set the drinking water standard for dioxin at
0.00000003 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which
meets this standard is associated with little to none of
this risk and should be. considered safe with respect to
dioxin.
§141.33 RECORD MAINTENANCE
Any owner or operator of a public water system
subject to the provisions of this part shall retain on its
premises or at a convenient location near its premises
the following records: . .
§141.33(a) Requirements: Records of
bacteriological analyses made pursuant to this part shall
be kept for not less than 5 years. Records of chemical
analyses made pursuant to this part shall be kept for not
less than 10 years. Actual laboratory reports may be'
kept, or data may be transferred .to tabular summaries,
provided that the following information is included:
§14L33(a)(l) The date, place, and time of sampling, -J
and-the name of the person who collected the sample;
§14L33(a)(2) Identification of the sample as to
whether it was a routine distribution system sample,
check sample, raw or process water sample or other
special purpose sample; .
§14L33(a)(3) Date of analysis;
§14133(a)(4) Laboratory and person responsible for
performing analysis; !
§14133(a)(5) The analytical technique/method used;
and '
§14L33(a)(6) The results of the analysis.
§14133(b) Records of Action to Correct
Violations: Records of action taken by the system to
correct violations of primary drinking water regulations
shall be kept for a period: not less than 3 years after the
last action taken with respect to the particular violation
involved. [
§14L33(c) Records of Sanitary Surveys: Copies of
any written reports, summaries or communications
relating to sanitary surveys of the system conducted by
the system itself, by a private consultant, or by any local,
State or Federal agency, shall be kept for a period not
less than 10 years after completion of the sanitary
survey involved. j
§14L33(d) Records of Variance or Exemption:
Records concerning a variance or exemption granted to
the system shall be kept for a peribd ending not less
than 5 years following the expiration of such variance or
exemption. '
§14135 REPORTING AND PUBLIC
NOTIFICATION FOR CERTAIN
UNREGULATED CONTAMINANTS
- , • • i/ ,•' • - ,. •• ' •
§141.35(a) Applicability: The requirements of this
section only apply to the contaminants listed in §141.40.
§ 141.35 (b) Requirements: The owner or operator of
a community water system or non-transient, non-
community water system who is required to monitor
under §141.40 shall send a copy of the results of such
monitoring within 30 days of receipt and any public
notice under paragraph (d) of this section to the State.
§141-35(c) Records of Variance or Exemption:
The State, Or the community water System of non-
transient, non-community, water system who i^required
to monitor under §141:40 shall furnish the following
information to the Administrator for each sample
analyzed under §141.40: j- ' . '/•'.•'
§141.35(c)(l) Results of all analytical methods,
including negatives; ' 1
§14l.35(c)(2) Name and address of the system that
supplied the sample; . ! "
§14135(c)(3) Contaminiant(s);
§141J5(c)(4) Analytical method(s) used;
§141,35(c)(5) Date of sample;
§14L35(c) (6) Date of analysis.
§141.35(4) Noticeof Availability of Sampling
Results: The owner or operator shall notify persons
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
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served by the system of the availability of the results of
sampling conducted under §141.40 by including a notice
in the first set of water bflls issued by the system after
the receipt of the results or written notice within three.
months. The notice shall identify a person and supply
the telephone number to contact for information on the
monitoring results. For surface water systems, public
notification is required only after the first quarter's
monitoring and must include a statement that" additional
monitoring will be conducted for three more quarters
with the results available upon request.
SUBPART E — SPECIAL
REGULATIONS, INCLUDING
MONITORING REGULATIONS AND
PROHIBITION ON LEAD USE
§141.40 MONITORING FOR
UNREGULATED INORGANIC & ORGANIC
CONTAMINANTS
§141.40(a) Monitoring for Unregulated Organic
Chemicals: All community and non-transient, non-
community water systems shall monitor for the
contaminants listed in paragraph (e) in this section by
date specified in Table 1:
Number of persons served
3:300 to 10 000 •••
Less than 3300
Monitoring to
begin no later
than —
Jan. 1, 1988
Jan. 1, 1989
Jan. 1, 1991
§141.40 (b) Surface Water Monitoring: Surface
water systems shall sample at points in the distribution
system representative of each water source or at entry.
points to the distribution system after any application of
treatment. The minimum number of samples is one
year of quarterly samples per water source.
§141.40(c) Ground Water Monitoring: Ground
water systems shall sample at points of entry to the
distribution system representative of each well after any
application of treatment. The minimum number of
samples is one sample per entry point to the distribution
system.
§141.40(d) Confirmation Samples: The State may
require confirmation samples for positive or negative
results.
§141.40(e) Contaminants to Monitor: Community
water systems and non-transient, non-community water'
systems shall monitor for the following contaminants
except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section:
(1) Chloroform
(2) Bromodichloromethane /
(3) Chlorodibromomethane
(4) Bromoform
(5) Dibromomethane
(6) m-Dichlorobenzene
(8) 1,1-Dichloropropene
(9) 1,1-Dichloroethane . .
(10) l,lA2-Tetrachloroethane : •
(11) 1,3-Dichloropropane .
(12) Chloromethane ,
(13) Bromomethane
(14) 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
(15) 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
(16) Chloroethane
(17) 2,2-Dichloropropane
(18) o-Chlorotoluene ^
(19) p-Chlorotoluene
(20) Bromobenzene
(21) 1,3-Dichloropropene
§141.40(0 [Reserved]
§141.40(g) Analytical Methods: Analysis under this
section shall be conducted using the recommended EPA
methods as follows," or their equivalent as determined by
EPA: 502.1, "Volatile Halogenated Organic
Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Gas
Chromatography," 503.1, "Volatile Aromatic and
Unsaturated Organic Compounds in Water by Purge
and Trap Gas Chromatography," 524.1, "Volatile ,
Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry," 524.2, "Volatile
Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap
Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry, or 502.2, "Volatile Organic Compounds in
Water by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography with
Photoionization and Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors
in Series." These metrupds are contained in "Methods
for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Finished Drinking Water and Raw Source Water,"
September 1986, available from the Drinking Water
Public Docket or National Technical Information
Service (NTIS),NTIS'PB91-231480 and PB91-146027,
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, VA 22161. The toll-free number is ;
800-336-4700. , ,
§141.40(h) Approved Laboratories: Analysis under
this section shall only be conducted by laboratories
approved under §141.24(g)(ll).
§141.40(i) Grandfathering Data: Public water
systems may use monitoring data collected any time
after January 1, 1983 to meet the requirements for
unregulated monitoring, provided that the monitoring
program was consistent with the requirements of thjs
section. In addition, the results of EPA's Ground
Water Supply Survey may be used in a similar manner
for systems supplied by a single well.
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
§141.400) Contaminants for Discretionary
Monitoring: Monitoring for the following compounds
is requited at the discretion of the State: ; ' -••
(1) 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene; .
(2) 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene;
(3) n-Propylbenzene;
(4) n-Butylbenzene
(5) Naphthalene;
(6) Hexachlorobutadiene; : • . •
• (7) 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
(8) p-Isopropyltbluerie;
(9) Isopropylbenzene; .
(10) Tert-butylbenzene; . . \ '
(11) Sec-butylbenzene; . ' . .
(12) Fluorotrichloromethane;
(13) Dichlorodifluoromethane; '••••
(14) Bromochloromethane.
§141.40(k) Sampling Systems with Fewer than
150 Service Connections: Instead of performing the
monitoring required by this section, a community water
system or non-transient non-community water system
serving fewer than 150 service connections may send a
letter to the State stating that the system is available, for
sampling.
§141.40(1) Repeat Sampling: All community and
non-transient, non-community water systems shall repeat
the monitoring required in § 141.40 no less frequently
than every five years.
§141.40(m) Composite Sampling: States or Public
Water Systems may composite up to five samples when
monitoring for substances under §§ .141.40(6)-and (j).
'§141.40(n). Phase fl Unregulated Contaminants:
Monitoring of the contaminants listed in § 141.40(n)(ll)
and 141.40(n)(12) shall be conducted as follows:
§141.40(n)(l) Phase U Organic Compounds:
Each community and non-transient, non-community
water system shall take four consecutive quarterly
samples at each sampling .point for each contaminant
listed in f(n)(ll) and report the results to the State.
Monitoring must be completed by December 31, 1995.
§ 141.40(n) (2) Phase H Inorganic Chemicals:
Each community and non-community, non-transient
water system shall take one sample at each sampling
point for each contaminant listed in H(n)(12) and report
the results to the State. Monitoring must be completed
by December 31, 1995. '.'.''•
§141.40(n)(3) Waivers for Unregulated
Contaminants: Each community and non-transient,
non-community, water system may apply to the State for
"a waiver from the requirements of H(n)(l) and (n)(2).
§141.40(n)(4) Waiver Criteria: A State may grant a
.waiver from the requirements of f (n)(l) based on the
criteria specified in 5 141.24(li)(6). A State may grant a
waiver from the requirements of H(n)(2) if previous
analytical results indicate that contamination would not
occur, provided this data was collected after January 1,
1990. I
§141.4000(5) Ground Water Sampling Points:
Ground water systems shall take a minimum of one
sample at every entry point to the distribution system
which is representative of each well after treatment
(hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must
be taken at the same sampling point, unless conditions
make another sampling point more representative of
each source or treatment plant.
§141.40(n)(6) Surface Water Sampling Points:
Surface water systems shdl take a minimum of one
sample at points in the distribution system that are
representative of each source or at each entry point to
the distribution system after treatment (hereafter called
a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the
same sampling point, unless conditions make another
sampling point more representative of each source or
treatment plant. ).'..•..•'• -
[ NOTE: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water
systems include systems with a combination of surface
and ground water sources. ]
§141.40(n)(7) Multiple Sources: If the system
draws water from more than one source and the sources
are combined before distribution, the system must
sample at an entry point to the distribution system
during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e.,
when water representative of all sources is being used).
§141.40(n)(8) Confirmation Sampling: The State
may require a confirmation sample for positive or
negative results. I
§141.4000(9) Composite Sampling: The State may
reduce the total number of samples a system must
analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite
samples from a maximum of five sampling points are
allowed. Compositing of samples must be done in the
laboratory and the composite sample must be analyzed ,
within 14 days of collection. If the population served by
the system is >3,300 persons, then compositing may
only be permitted by the State at sampling points within
a single system. In systems serving ^3,300 persons, the
State may permit compositing among different systems
provided the 5-sample limit is maintained.
§141.40(n)(10) Small System Exemptions: Instead
of performing the monitoring required by this section, a
community water system or non-transient
non-community water system serving fewer than 150
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1934
service connections may send a letter to the State.
stating that the system is available for sampling. This
letter.must be sent to the State by January 1,1994. The
system shall not send such samples to the State, unless.
requested to do so by the State.
§141.40(n) (11) List of Unregulated Organic
Contaminants: The listed methods are in the manuals
cited at §141.24(h)(12). .
Organic Contaminants
Aldicarb
Aldicarb Sulfoxide
Aldicarb Sulfone
Aldrin
Butachlor
Carbaryl
Dicaraba
Dieldrin
3-Hydroxycarbofuran
Methomyl
Metolachlor
Metribuzin
Propachlor
EPA Analytical
Method
531.1
531.1
531.1
505, 508, 525.1
507, 525.1
531.1 -
515.1
505, 508, 525.1
531.1
531.1
507, 525.1
507, 508, 525.1
508, 525.1
§141.40(n)(12) List of Unregulated Inorganic
Contaminants:
Contaminant
Sulfate
EPA Analytical
Method
Colorimetric
§141.50(b) Non-zero MCLGs: MCLGs for the
following contaminants are .as indicated:
, Contaminant
(1) 1,1-DichloroethyIene
(2) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
(3) para-Dichlorobenzene
(4) Aldicarb
(5) Aldicarb sulforide
(6) Aldicarb sulfone ;
(7) Atrazine
(8) Carbofuran
(9) o-Dichlorobenzene
(10) cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene
(11) trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene
(12)2,4-D
(13) Ethylbenzene . :
(14) Lindane
(15) Methoxychlor
(16) Monochlorobenzene
(17) Styrene
(18) Toluene
(19)2,4,5-TP .
(20) Xylenes (total)
(21) s Dalapon
(22) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
(23) Dinoseb
(24) Diquat
(25) Endothall
(26) Endrin
(27) Glyphosate
(28). Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
(29) Oxamyl (Vydate)
(30) Picloram
(31) Simazine
(32) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
(33) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane >
MCLG (mg/1)
0.007
0.20
0.075
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.04
0.6
0.07
0.1
0.07
0.7
0.0002
0.04
0.1
0.1
1
0.05
10
0.2
0.4
0.007
0.02
0.1
0.002
6.7
0.05
,0.2
0.5
0.004
0.07
0.003
SUBPART F — MAXIMUM
CONTAMINANT LEVEL GOALS
§141.50 MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT
LEVEL GOALS (MCLGs). FOR ORGANIC
CONTAMINANTS
§141.50(a) ZERO MCLGs:
(19) Benzo(a)pyrene
(20) Dichlororaethane (methylene chloride) ,
(21) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
(22) Hexachlorobenze'ne
(23) 23,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
§141.51 MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT
LEVEL GOALS FOR INORGANIC
CONTAMINANTS
§141.51(a) [Reserved]
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
\ §141.51(b) MCLGs: MCLGs for the following
contaminants are as indicated:
Contaminant
(1) Fluoride
(2) Asbestos
(3) Barium
(4) Cadmium
(5) Chromium
(6) Mercury
(7) Nitrate
(8) Nitrite
(9) Total Nitrate
+ Nitrite
(10) Selenium
(11) Antimony ,
(12) Beryllium
(13) Cyanide (as
• free cyanide)
(14) Nickel
(15) Thallium
MCLG (mg/I)15
4.0
7 million fibers/liter
(longer than 10 /im)
.2
0.005
0.1
0.002
10 (as Nitrogen)
1 (as Nitrogen)
10 (as Nitrogen)
0.05
0.006
0.004
0.2
0.1
0.0005
SUBPART G — NATIONAL REVISED
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER
REGULATIONS: MAXIMUM
CONTAMINANT LEVELS
§141.60 EFFECTIVE DATES
§141.60(a) VOCs: The effective dates for §141.61 are
as follows: •
(1) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(l) through
(a)(8) of §141.61 is January 9, 1989.
(2) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(9) through
(a)(18) and (c)(l) through (c)(18) of §141.61 is
July 30, 1992.
(3) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(19)-through
(a)(21) and (c)(19) through (c)(25), and (c)(27)
through (c)(33) of §141161 is January 17, 1994.
The effective date of §141.61(c)(26) is August 17,
1992..
§141.60(b) SQCs: The effective dates for §141.62 are
as follows: ' , . •
(1) The effective date of paragraph (b)(l) of §141.62
is October 2, 1987.
(2) The effective date for paragraphs (b)(2) and
(b)(4) through (b)(10)-of §141.62 is July 30, 1992.
(3) The effective date for paragraphs (b)(ll) through
(b)(15) of §141.62 is January 17, 1994.
§141.61 MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT
LEVELS (MCLs) FOR ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
§141.61(a) Volatile Oirgamic MCLs: The following
maximum contaminant levels for organic contaminants
apply to community and non-transient, non-community
water systems. . . ,
CAS No.
(1) 75-01T4
(2) 71-43-2
(3) 56-23-5 ,
(4) 107-06-2
(5) 79-01-6
(6) 106-46-7
(7)75-35-4
(8) 71-55-6
(9) 156-59-2
(10)78-87-5
(11) 100-41-4
(12) 108-90-7
(13)95-50-1
(14) 100-42-5
(15) 127-18-4
(16) 108-88r3
(17) 156-60-5
(18) 1330-20-7
(19) 75-09-2
(20) 120-82-1
(21)79-00-5
Contaminant
Vinyl chloride
Benzene
v Carbon tetrachloride
1,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
para-Dichlorobenzene
1,1-Dichlordethjlene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
ds-l,2-D5diloroethylene
1,2-Di chloropropane
Ethylbenzene
Monoiihlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene "
Toluene
trans-li,2-Dichloroethylene
Xylen<» (total)
Dichlorome thane
1,2,4-Trichlordbenzene
1, 1^-Trichloroethane
- ,i
MCL
(mg^)
0.002
0.005
0.005
0.005 '
0.005
0.075
0.007
0.2
0.07
0.005
0.7
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.005
1
0.1
10
0.005
0.07
0.005
§141.61(b) Organic BATs: The Administrator,
pursuant to Section 1412 ,of the Act, hereby identifies as
indicated in the Table below granular activated carbon
(GAC), packed tower aeration (PTA), or oxidation
(OX) as the best technology treatment technique, or
other,means available for achieving compliance with the
maximum contaminant level for synthetic organic
contaminants identified ill paragraphs (a) and (c) of this
section: '
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
BAT FOR ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS LISTED
IN SECTION 141.61(a) and (c)
CAS No.
1S972-60-S
11646-3
1646-SS.4
1645-87-3
1912-24-9
71-43-2
50-32-8
1563-66-2
56-23-5
57-74-9
75-99-0
94-75-7
96-12-3
95-50-1
107-06-2
156-59-2
1S6-60-5
75-35-4
75-09-2
78-87-5
103-23-1
117-81-7
88-85-7
85-00-7
145-73-3
72-20-8
106-93-4
100-41-4
1071-53-6
76-44-8
1024-57-3
118-74-1
77-47-3
58^9-9
72-43-5
108-90-7
23135-22-0
106-46-7
1918-02-1
1336-36-3
87-86-5
122-34-9
103-42-S
1746-01-6
93-72-1
127-18-4
120-82-1
71-55^
79-00-5
79-01-6
103-88-3
8001-35-2
75-01-4
1330-20-7
Contaminant
Alachlor - /
AJdiaib
AJdiorb sulfone ,
AWkarb sulfoxide
Atnzinc
Benzene
Beazo(a]pyrene
Carbofunn >
Carbon (etnchloride
Ctdordane
Dabpon
2,4-D
Dibromocbloropropane(DBCP)
o-DicbJorobenzene ,
1,2-Dkhloroethane
cts-l,2-DicnloroethyIene
trans-W-Dichloroethylene
l.l-Dichlorocthylene
Dkhloromelhane
1.2-DidJoropropane
Di(2-elhylhexyl)adipate
Di(2-etbylhe^l5phthaUte
Dinoseb
Diquat
Endolhall
Endrin
Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)
Elhylbenzene
Gtyphosate
HepUchlor
Heptachlor eporide
Hexachtorobenzene
HejachlorocyclopenUdiene
Lindane
Melho^ehlor
Monochlorobenzene
Ojamyl (Vydate)
pan-Dichlorobenzene
Picloram
Pofj-chloricatod b^ihcn>is (PCBs)
Fenuchlorophenol
Simazine
Styrene
2,3.7.8-TCDD (Diorin)
2.4.5-TP (Silvex)
Tetrachlorocthylene
1.2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1.1.1-TrichIoroe thane
1,1,2-Trichloroelhane
Trichloroctbylene .
Toluene
Toxaphene
Vinyl chloride
Xykne
G
A
C
X
X
X
X
X
X
,x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
p. .
T
A"
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X ,
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
:,
X .
1
§141.61(c) Synthetic Organic MCLs: The following
maximum contaminant levels for synthetic organic
contaminants apply to community water systems and
non-transient, non-community, water systems.
CAS No.
(1) 15972-6XW
(2) 116-06-3
(3) 1646-87-3
(4) 1646-87-4
(5) 1912:24-9
(6) 1563-66-2
(7) 57-74-9
(8.) 96-12-8
(9)94-75-7
(10) '106-93-4
(11)76-44-8
(12) 1024-57-3
(13) 58-89-9
(14) 72-43-5
(15) 1336-36-3
(16) 87-86-5
(17) 8001-35-2
(18)93-72-1
(19) 50-32-8 .
(20) 75-99-0
(21) 103-23-1
(22) 117-81-7
(23) 88-85-7 ;
(24) 85-00-7
(25) 145-73-3
(26)72-20-8
(27) 1071-53-6
(28) 118-74-1
(29) 77-47-4
(30) 23135-22-0
(31) 1918-02-1
(32) 122-34-9
(33) 1746-01-6
Contaminant
Alachlor .
Aldicarb
Aldicart) sulfoxide
Aldicarb sulfone
Atrazine ,
Carbofuran
Chlordane
Dibromochloropropane
2,4-D
Ethylene dtbromide
Heptachlor , ,
Heptachlor epoxide
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Pentachlorophenol
Toxaphene
2,4^-TP ,
Benzo[a]pyrene
Dalapon
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adjpate
Di(2-ethylhexy1)phthalate
Dinoseb ' - •
Diquat
Endothall
Endrin ,
Glyphosate
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Oxamyi (Vydate)
Pidoram
Simazine
23,73-TCDD (Dioxin)
MCL
(mgA)
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.04
0.002
0.0002
0.07,
0.00005
0.0004 -
0.0002
0.0002
0.04
0.0005
0.001
0.003
0.05
0.0002
0.2
0.4
0.006
0.007
0.02
0.1
0.002
0.7
0.001
0.05
0.2
0.5
0.004
3xl04
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
§141.62 MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT
LEVELS (MCLs) FOR INORGANIC
CONTAMINANTS
§141.62(a) [Reserved]
§141.62(b) MCLs for lOCs: The maximum
contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants specified
in paragraphs (b)(2) - (6), (b)(10), and (b)(ll) - (15) of
this section apply to community water systems and non-
transient, non-community water systems. The maximum
contaminant level specified in paragraph (b)(l) of this '
section only applies to community water systems. The
maximum contaminant levels specified in (b)(7), (b)(8),
and (b)(9) of this section apply to community water
systems; non-transient, non-community water systems;
and transient non-community water systems.
BAT FOR INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS LISTED IN
SECTION 141.62(b) !
Contaminant
(1) Fluoride
(2) Asbestos
(3) Barium
(4) Cadmium
(5) Chromium
(6) Mercury
(7) Nitrate
(8) Nitrite
, (9) Total Nitrate
+ Nitrite :
(10) Selenium
(11) Antimony
(12) Beryllium
(13) Cyanide (as
free cyanide)
(14) Nickel
(15) Thallium
MCL(mg/l)
4.0
7 million fibers/liter
(longer than 10 /im)
'2 .-
0.005
0.1
0.002
10 (as Nitrogen)
1 (as Nitrogen)
10 (as Nitrogen)
0.005
0.006
0.004
0.2
0.1
, : 0.002
§141.62(c) BATs for lOCs: The Administrator,
pursuant to Section 1412 of the Act, hereby identifies
, the following as the best technology, treatment
technique, or other means available for achieving ..
compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for
inorganic contaminants identified in paragraph (b) of
this section, except fluoride:
Chemical Name
Antimony :
Asbestos
Barium . - • . '
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium .'.'•;_.
Cyanide
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrate
-Nitrite |
Selenium
Thallium
BAT(s)
2,7 ,
23,8
5,6,7,9
1,24,6,7
2,5,6,7
2,5,62,7
5,7,10
2',4,6',7'
5,6,7
5,7,9
5,7
U',6,7,9
1,5
1 BAT only if influent Hg concentrations :S10 fig/I.
1 BAT for Chromium HI only.
BAT for Selenium IV only.
Key to BATs in Table:
1 = Activated Alumina
2 = Coagulation/Filtration
3 = Direct and Diatoinite Filtration
4 = Granular Activated Carbon
5 — Ion Exchange |
6 = Lime Softening • •
7 = Reverse Osmosis
8 = Corrosion Control
9 = Hectrodialysis
10 = Chlorine
11 = Ultraviolet
§141.89 ANALYTICAL METHODS
9 For analyzing lead and copper, the technique
applicable: to total metals must be used and samples
cannot be filtered. Samples that contain less than
1 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit) and are properly
preseved (cone HNO3 to pH <2) may be analyzed
directly (without digestion) for total metals; otherwise,
digestion is required. Turbidity must be measured on
the preserved samples jujit prior to when metai analysis
is initiated. When digestion is required, the "total
recoverable' technique as defined in the method must
be used.
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UNOFFICIAL & DRAFT
April, 1994
SUBPART J — USE OF
NON-CENTRALIZED TREATMENT
DEVICES
§141.100 CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES
FOR PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS USING
POINT-OF-ENTRY DEVICES
§141.100(a) Requirements: Public water systems
may use point- of-entry devices to comply with
maximum contaminant levels only if they meet the
requirements of this section.
§ 141.100 (b) Operation and Maintenance
Responsibility: It is the responsibility of the public
water system to operate and maintain the point-of-entry
treatment system.
§141.100(c) Monitoring Plan: The public water
system must develop and obtain State approval for a
monitoring plan before point-of-entry devices are
installed for compliance. Under the plan approved by
the State, point-of-entry devices must provide health
protection equivalent to central water treatment.
"Equivalent" means that the water would meet-all
national primary drinking water regulations and would
be of acceptable quality similar to water distributed by a
well-operated central treatment plant. In addition to
the VOCs, monitoring must include physical
measurements and observations such as total flow
treated and mechanical condition of the. treatment
equipment.
§141.100(d) Microbiological Safety: Effective
technology must be properly applied under a plan
approved by the State and the microbiological safety of
the water must be maintained.
§141.100(d)(l) System Certification: The State
must require adequate certification of performance,
field testing, and, if not included in the certification
process, a rigorous engineering design review of the
point-of-entry devices. ,
§141.100(d)(2) Point-of-Entry Devices: The design
and application of the point-of-entry devices .must
consider the tendency for increase in heterotrophic
bacteria concentrations in water treated with activated
carbon. It may be necessary to use frequent back-
washing, post-contactor disinfection, and Heterotrophic
Plate Count monitoring to -ensure that the
microbiological safety of the water is riot compromised.
§141.100(e) Rights and Responsibilities: All
consumers shall be protected. Every building connected
to the system must have a point-of-entry device
installed, maintained, and adequately monitored. The
State must be assured that every building is subject to
treatment and monitoring, and that the rights and
responsibilities of the public water system customer
.convey with title upon sale of property.
§141.101 USE OF OTHER NON-
CENTRALIZED TREATMENT DEVICES
Public water systems shall not use bottled water or
point-of-use devices to achieve compliance with an
MCL. Bottled water or point-of-use devices may be
used on a temporary basis to avoid an unreasonable risk
to health.
SUBPART K -
TECHNIQUES
TREATMENT
§141.110 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The requirements of Subpart K constitute national
primary drinking water regulations. These regulations
establish treatment techniques in'lieu of maximum
contaminant levels for specified contaminants.
§141.111 TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR
ACRYIAMIDE & EPICHLOROHYDRIN
Each public water system must certify annually in
writing to the State (using third party or manufacturer's
certification) that when acrylamide and epichlorohydrin
are used in drinking water systems, the combination (or
product) of dose and monomer level does not exceed
the levels specified as follows:
Acrylamide = 0.05% dosed at 1 ppm (or equivalent)
Epichlorohydrin = 0.01% dosed at 20 ppm (or
equivalent). Certifications can rely on manufacturers or
third parties, as approved by the State.
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