United States
Environmental Protection Office of Water EPA 812-S-94-001
Agency 4601 April 1994
SERA CONSOLIDATED RULE SUMMARY
FOR THE CHEMICAL PHASES
Rocycted/Racyciabte
n x\ Primad with Soyreanola Ink on paper af
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Table of Contents
' Pap
Standardized Monitoring Framework 1
Introduction 1
Purpose 1
Applicability I 1
The Framework ^ 5
Sampling Frequencies 5
Initial Sampling . . . . . 5
Repeat Sampling 5
Grandfathering Data 6
Systems Affected 6
Sampling Points 6
Composite Sampling 6
Reliably & Consistently Below the MCL 6
Confirmation Samples 7
Increased Sampling Frequencies .. 7
Sampling Waivers . . . 7
Compliance Determination 8
Public Notice 8
asbestos Monitoring 9
Sampling Points 9
Initial Sampling 9
Grandfathering 9
Repeat Sampling 1 9
Increased Sampling ; 9
Waivers 9
Nitrate Monitoring ' li
Initial Sampling 11
Grandfathering & Waivers 11
Repeat Sampling 11
Increased Sampling 11
Confirmation Samples 11
Compliance Determination 11
Public Notice 11
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Table of Contents (continued)
Page
Nitrite Monitoring ., .... 13
Systems Affected 13
Initial Sampling 13
Grandfathering & Waivers 13
Repeat Sampling 13
Increased Sampling — . 13
Confirmation Samples 13
Compliance Determination 13
Public Notice 13
Inorganic Compounds (iocs) 15
Introduction , 15
Initial Sampling 15
Repfeat Sampling 15
Increased Sampling 15
Waivers 15
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 18
Introduction 18
Initial Sampling 18
Grandfathering 18
Repeat Sampling 18
Increased Sampling 19.
Reliably & Consistently Below the MCL ... 19
Waivers 19
Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOCs) 22
Introduction 22
Initial Sampling 22
Grandfathering , 22
Repeat Sampling 22
Increased Sampling 22
Reliably & Consistently Below the MCL 23
Waivers 23
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring .,...... 26
Introduction ,. 26
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Under Phase I
[§ I41.40(a)-(e)] .................. 26
Systems Affected 26
Initial Sampling 26
Grandfathering 26
Repeat Sampling 26
ii
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Table of Contents (continued)
Page
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Under Phase n
[§ 141.40(h)] 27
Systems Affected 27
Sampling Requirements 27
Repeat Sampling ; 27
Waivers 27
Analytical Methods & Laboratory Certification 28
Analytical Methods
IOCs 28
SOCs 28
VOCs 28
State Laboratory Certification Requirements
Cost-Effective Analytical Strategies 28
Sample Preservation 28
State Primacy Requirements .... 32
Implementation Schedule 32
Basic Regulatory Requirements 32
New or Amended Recordkeeping Requirements 32
New or Amended Reporting Requirements 32
New Special Primacy Requirements 32
State Waiver Programs 32
Public Notification 33
Introduction 33
Systems Affected 33
Violations Requiring Public Notification 33
Content of Notice .. . 33
Content of Notification 33
Methods of Notification 34
Timing of Notification 1 34
Treatment Options 35
Introduction 35
Permanent Treatment Options 35
Delayed Treatment Options 36
Short-Term Treatment Options 36
iii
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Table of Contents (continued)
Page
TABLES
I. Contaminants Regulated Under Phases I, II, IIB & V 2
IE. MCL and MCLG Values and Health Effects for Contaminants Regulated Under
theSMF , I 3
III. Asbestos Monitoring Requirements 10
IV. Nitrate Monitoring Requirements 12
V. Nitrite Monitoring Requirements 14
VI. IOC Monitoring Requirements .. 16
VEL VOC Monitoring Requirements 20
VIII. SOC Monitoring Requirements 24
DC Inorganic Chemicals Analytical Methods Matrix ; 29
X. Synthetic Organic Compounds Analytical Methods Matrix 30
XL Volatile Organic Compounds Analytical Methods Matrix 31
XII. Best Available Technologies and Removal Efficiencies 35
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Standardized Monitoring Framework
INTRODUCTION
This document summarizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) for chemical contaminants regulated under Phases I, II, IIB and
V (see Table I). The Standardized Monitoring Framewoik was originally promulgated under the Phase
II Rule and revised under Phases IIB and V.(1> The provisions that apply to all contaminants are
summarized in The Framework section. Provisions that apply only to one contaminant group are
explained in the section for that contaminant group. Monitoring under the framework began in 1993.
PURPOSE
The goal of the Standardized Monitoring Framework is to streamline the drinking water monitoring
requirements. The main features of the framewoik are the standardization of monitoring requirements
within contaminant groups and the synchronization of monitoring schedules across contaminant groups.
Contaminant groups are inorganic chemicals (IOCs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and synthetic
organic compounds (SOCs), There are also three contaminants treated separately because of their unusual
characteristics - asbestos, nitrate and nitrite.
APPLICABILITY
The framewoik applies to the 8 contaminants in EPA's Phase I Rule, the 32 contaminants in the Phase
II Rule, the 2 remaining contaminants in the Phase IIB Rule,® and the contaminants 23 in the Phase V
Rule - or 65 in all. The categories of contaminants regulated under each rule and those that remain
unregulated are listed in Table I on the next page. Hie Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs),
Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) and health effects appear in Table n.
The framewoik is designed for source water related contaminants such as solvents, pesticides, metals
and radionuclides. EPA intends that the monitoring requirements of future NPDWRs will fit within the
framework. The Standardized Monitoring Framework applies to all community water systems (CWSs)
and nontransient, noncommunity water systems (NTNCWSs). For nitrate and nitrite, the framework also
applies to transient noncommunity water systems (TNCWSs).
(1) Phase II Rule [56 FR 3578 (Definitions), 3579 (inorganic chemicals), 35S3 (organic compounds) and 3593 (unregulated
contaminants) as published on January 30, 1991], and revised under the Phase IIB Ride [56 FR 30274 (inorganic chemicals) and
30277 (volatile organic compounds) as published on July 1, 1991], and further revised under the Phase V Rule [57 FR 31838
(Definitions), p31838 (inorganic chemicals), p.31841 (VOCs) and p.31842 (SOCs) as published in July 17, 1992].
(2) As a result of litigation, the three aldicarbs have been administratively stayed until further notice. Their former monitoring
requirements as regulated SOCs have been replaced with the monitoring requirements for unregulated contaminants under §141.40(n).
See 57 FR 22178, May 27, 1992.
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TABLE I
Contaminants Regulated Under Phases I, n* IIB & V
[ and Unregulated Contaminants for Which There are Monitoring Requirements ]
PHASE OF
REGIJL&tlON
ORGANIC
¦¦ .VOLATILE
compounds
W:; i-:':': v-rc-rov:''-.-':
PHASE3 f,8, & IIB
$!GC*
1SS0C*
18 vac*
Piiaso t - 6
Phase i! - 32
phase i|B - Z
Total - 42
ARSENIC (IPDWRJ
ASBESTOS (11)
BARIUM (MB)
CADMIUM (II)
CHROMIUM (It)
FLUORIDE (II)
MERCURY (II)
NITRATE (II)
NITRITE (II)
SELENIUM (II)
ALACKLOR (II)
ATRAZtNE (II)
CARBOFURAN (II)
CHLORDANE (II)
EDB (11)
DBCP (II)
HEPTACHLOR (11)
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE (II)
LINDANE (11)
METHOXYCHLOR (II)
TOXAPHENE (II)
PCBs (II)
PENTACHLOROPHENOL (IIB)
2,4-D (II)
2.4,5-TP (II)
BENZENE ©
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (I)
PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE (I)
TRICHLOROETHYLENE (I)
VINYL CHLORIDE (I)
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE (I)
1,1 -DICHLOROETHYLENE (I)
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE (I)
CIS 1.2-DICHLOROETHYLENE (II)
ETHYLBENZENE (II)
MONOCHLOROBENZENE (tl)
O-DICHLOROBENZENE (M)
STYRENE (II)
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (II)
TOLUENE (II)
TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE (II)
XYLENES (II)
1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE (II)
Pha*» V
SIOCs
15S0C#
3VOC»
Total - 23
ANTIMONY
BERYLLIUM
CYANIDE
NICKEL
THALLIUM
BENZO(A)PY RENE
DALAPON
Dl(ETHYLHEXYL)-ADIPATE
DlfETHYLHEXYLj-PHTHALATE
DINOSEB
DIQUAT
ENDOTHALL
ENDRIN
GLYPHOSATE
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
HEXACHLOROCYCLO-PENTADIENE
OXYMAL
PICLORAM
SIMAZINE
2,3,7,8-TCDD (DIOXM)
DICHLOROMETHANE
1,1 ,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
1,2,4-TRlCMLOROBENZENE
UWIEOUtATSO
iioc
13SOCS
m voc»
Tefaf - 35
SULFATE
ALDICARB
ALDICAR8 SULFOXIDE
ALDICARB SULFONE
ALDRIN
BUTACHLOR
CARBARYL
DICAMBA
DELDR1N
METHOMYL
METOLACHLOR
METRIBUZIN
PROPACHLOR
3-HYDROXYCARBOFURAN
BROMOBENZENE
BRQMOOICHLOROM ETHANE
BROMOFORM
BROMOMETHANE
CHLOROBENZENE
CHLORODIBROMETHANE
CHLOROFORM
CHLOROETHANE
CHLOROMETHANE
o-CHLOROTOLUENE
p-CHLOROTOLUENE
DICHLOROBENZENE
m-DICHLOROBENZENE
1,1 -DICHLOROETHANE
1,3-DICHLOROPROPANE
2.2-DICHLOROPROPANE
1.3-DICHLOROPROPENE
1,1 -DICHLOROPROPENE
1,1,1 ,2-TETRACHLOROTHANE
1,1 ,2.2-TETRACHLOfiOTHANE
1,2.3-TRICHLOROPROPANE
. 2 -
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Table H
MCLs, MCLGs & HEALTH EFFECTS
Contaminants
MCLG
(mg/1)
MCL
(mgfl)
Potential Health Effects
Phase1
1,1-DtchlofoethylGne
0,007
0.007
Liver/Kidney Effects
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
0.2
0.2
Nervous System Effects
1,2-Dichksfoethane
zero
0.005
Cancer
Benzene
zero
0,005
Cancer
Carbon Tetrachloride
zero
0.005
Cancer
p-Dichlorobenzene
0.075
0.075
Cancer
Trichloroethylene
zero
0.005
Cancer
Vinyl Chloride
zero
0.002
Cancer
Phase II
12,4 Trichlorabenzene
0.07
0.07
Liver/Kidney Damage
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
0.003
0.005
Kidney/liver Damage
1,2-Dichlorcpropane
zero
0.005
Liver/Kidney Effects, Cancer
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Bioxin)
zero
0.00000003
Cancer
2,4-D*
0.07
0.07
Liver/Kidney Damage
2,4,5-TP
0.05
0,05
Liver/Kidney Damage
Acrylamide
zero
TT
Cancer
Alachbr
zero
0.002
Cancer
Aldicarb Sulfone"
0.001
0.002
Nervous System Effects
Aldicarb Sulfoxide"
0.001
0.004
Nervous System Effects
Aldicarb"
0.001
0.003
Nervous System Effects
Asbestos (fiber > 10 um/l)
7 Ma
7MFL
Cancer/Lung Tumors
Atrazrn
0.003
0.003
Heart/Mammary Glands/ Reproductive Effects
Barium*
2
2
Circulatory System Effects
Cadmium*
0.005
0.005
Kidney Effects
Carbofuran
0.04
0.04
Nervous/Reproductive System Damage
Chlordane
zero
0.002
Cancer
Chlorobenzene ,
0.1
0.1
Nervous System & Liver
Chromium (total)*
0,1
0.1
liver/Kidney/Circulaiory Disorder
cis-1,2-Dichloroethyfene
0.007
0.07
Uver/Kidney/Nervous/Circulaiory
DBCP
zero
0.0002
Cancer
EDB
zero
0.0000
Cancer
Epichlorohydrin
zero
TT
Cancer
Ethylbenzene
0.7
0.7
Liver/Kidney/Nervous System Damage
Heptachlor Epoxide
zero
0.0002
Cancer
Heptachlor
zero
0.0004
Cancer
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Contaminants
MCLG
MCL
Potential Health Effects
tmH)
W)
Lindane
0,0002
0.0002
Lwer/Kidney/Nervous/lmmune/Circulatoiy
Mercury (inorganic)*
0.002
0.002
Kidney/Centra) Nervous System Disorder
Methoxyehior
0.04
0.04
Liver/Kidr>ey/Nervous/Reprodudive
fttraia*
10
10
Methemoglobinemia
Nitrite
1
1
Methemoglobinemia
o-Dichiorobenzene
0.6
0.6
Lwnr.Kidney/Blood Cell damage
PCBs
zero
0.0005
Cancer
Ptrtachtorophefwl
zem
0.001
Liver/Kidney Effects
Selenium
0.05
0.05
Seionoaia
Styrene
. 0.1
0,1
Liver Effects, Nervous System Damage
Tetrachtoroethykfie
zero
0.005
Cancer
Toluene
1
1
Liver/Kidney/Nervous/Circulalory
Tsxapheoe
zero
0.0003
Canoer
frans-1,2-Dichtoraethyfene
0.1
0.1
Liver^Cidney/Nervous/Circuialory
Xylenes (total)
10
10
Liver/Kidney/Nervous System Effects
PhsstV
Adipates
0,4
0.4
Liver/Testes Damage
Antimony
zero
0.006
Decrease Longevity, Altered Blood Levels
Beryllium
0.004
0.004
Bone/Lung Damage
Cyan He
0.2
0.2
Spleen/Brain/Liver Damage
Dalapen
0.2
0.2
Kidney/Liver Damage
KchteroriMthaue
2era
0.005
Canoer
Dinosob
0,007
0.007
Thyroid/Reproductive Organ Damage
Diquai
0.1
0.1
Liver/Kidney/Gastrointestinal Tract Damap
Endothajl
0.1
0.1
Liver/Kidney/Gastrointestinai/Reproductive Damage
Endrin
0.002
0.002
Liver/Kidney/Heart Damage
Glypbosata
0.7
0.7
liver/Kidney Damage
Hexadilorabenzene
zero
0.001
Cancer
Hexachlorocyciopentadiene
0.05
0.05
Kidney/Stomach Damage
Nickel
0.1
0,1
Heart/Liver Damage
Oxamyi
0.2
0,2
Kidney Damage
PAHs Penzofajpyrene)
zero
0.0002
Cancer
Phthalates
zero
0.006
Cancer
Rdoram
0.5
0.5
Kidney/Liver Damage
Simazine
0.004
0.004
Cancer
ThaiSum
0.0005
0.002
Kidney/Liver/Brain/Intestine Damage
* Imitates original contaminants wffli interim standards which have or will be revised,
*• Regulation currently not in effect.
IT * Treatment Technique
MFL * Milions of Fbers per liter
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The Framework
To standardize monitoring requirements across rules and contaminant groups, EPA has established a
nine-year "compliance cycle", with the first cycle beginning on January 1,1993. The nine year cycle
contains three three-year "compliance periods". The first period extends from 1993 to 1995, the second
from 1996 to 1998, and the third from 1999 to 2001. The second compliance cycle begins in 2002 and
extends through 2010. The Standardized Monitoring Framework encompasses both sampling and sampling
waiver activities.
SAMPLING FREQUENCIES
All systems must comply with the sampling requirements, unless a waiver has been granted in writing
by the State. There are no specific deadlines for the issuance of sampling waivers per se, but the sampling
schedules for individual systems constitute de facto deadlines, in that the expectation of receiving a waiver
will not suffice as a defense for failing to meet the sampling schedule.
INITIAL SAMPLING
The initial sampling requirements within each contaminant group are the same for all systems
regardless of size, but vary by system size for Phase ¥ (150 service connections) as to when sampling
must begin. The initial sampling requirements are the same for all VOCs and for all SOCs regardless of
water source. The requirements differ for IOCs based on surface water and ground water.
The framework provides States the flexibility to determine when a system must sample during the initial
compliance period. EPA is requiring States to develop monitoring plans for the initial compliance period.
These plans will typically schedule some water systems for initial monitoring in each of the three
years.®
For contaminants regulated under Phases II and IIB, all systems begin initial sampling in the
compliance period starting January 1, 1993. Repeat sampling for these systems is scheduled for the
subsequent compliance periods of 1996-1998 and beyond.
For contaminants regulated under Phases V, systems with >150 service connections also begin initial
sampling in the compliance period starting January 1, 1993. But, for systems with less than ISO service
connections, initial sampling for the contaminants regulated under Phase V begin in the second three-
year compliance period starting January 1,1996. Repeat sampling for these systems will occur during
the subsequent compliance periods of 1999-2001 and beyond.
States may wish to schedule the initial sampling based on system size, geography, vulnerability or other
criteria, but States must consider lab capacity in developing their monitoring plans.
REPEAT SAMPLING
Repeat sampling requirements vary by system size for SOCs and by the water source for VOCs and
IOCs. All sampling points which exceed the MCL for an IOC must conduct quarterly sampling, until the
State determines the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level (MCL).
All sampling points which detect a VOC or SOC must conduct quarteriy sampling until the state
determines that the analytical results are reliably and consistently below the MCL.
(3) See §142.16(e)(2).
5
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GRANDFATHERING DATA (4)
Sampling data collected before 1993 may be used to satisfy a sampling point's initial sampling
requirements. There provisions are subject to some restrictions, which are unique to each contaminant
group. Use of grandfathered data would move the sampling schedule forward by scheduling repeat
sampling frequencies in 1993. Repeat frequencies are generally lower than initial sampling
frequencies.(5)
SYSTEMS AFFECTED (6)
All CWSs and NTNCWSs must comply with monitoring requirements for all regulated contaminants.
The requirements for nitrate and nitrite are also applicable to TNCWSs.
SAMPLING POINTS m
Sampling must be conducted at each entry point to the distribution system. Sampling points must be
representative of the well(s) or source water after treatment. If any sampling point in a system violates
an MCL, the entire system is in violation of the MCL.
COMPOSITE SAMPLING
States may allow composite sampling from no more than five sampling points, provided that the MDL
is less than one-fifth of the MCL. Samples must be composited by a certified laboratory.
(1) For systems serving more than 3 £00 people, compositing is allowed only among sampling points
within a single system.
(2) For systems serving £ 3,300 people compositing among different systems is permitted.
RELIABLY & CONSISTENTLY BELOW THE MCL «
"Reliably and consistently" below the MCL means that although contaminants have been detected in
a water supply, the State has sufficient knowledge of the contamination source and extent of contamination
to predict that the MCL will not be exceeded.: States should consider the quality and amount of data, the
length of time covered and the volatility/stability of monitoring during that time, and the proximity of the
results to the MCL. Wide variations in the analytical results or analytical results close to the MCL are
examples of situations where systems would not qualify as reliably and consistently below the MCL.
(1) With some exceptions/10' ground water systems must take a minimum of two quarterly samples
and surface water systems must take a minimum of four quarterly samples before the State may
determine that the analytical results are reliably and consistently below the MCL.
(2) If a State cannot predict that the sampling point will remain below the MCL using this minimal data
set, it should continue collecting quarterly data until it can make such a prediction.
(3) If a state determines that the baseline of data is reliably and consistently below the MCL, the
sampling frequency may be reduced according to the provisions specific to that contaminant.
(4) For Grandfathering Data, see §§141.23(c)(4) for IOCs. 141.24(f)(5) and 141.24(0(18) for VOCs, and 141.24{h)(14) for SOCs.
(5) For IOCs, initial and repeat sampling frequencies are the same. For SOCs and VOCs, the repeat sampling frequencies are less"
than the MtiaJ frequencies.
(6) For Systems Affected, see §§ 141.23 for IOCs. 141.24(f) for VOCs and 141.24(h) for SOCs.
(7) Far Sampling Points, see §§ 141.23(a) for IOCs, 141.24(f)(l)-(3) for VOCs and 141.24
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CONFIRMATION SAMPLES W)
States may require a confirmation sample for any sample exceeding the MCI,, in order to more
precisely determine actual concentrations. Confirmation samples must be taken from the same sampling
point no later than two weeks after the initial sample. If a confirmation sample is taken, the average of
results from the two samples is to be used for purposes of compliance determination.
INCREASED SAMPLING FREQUENCIES (12)
States may increase sampling frequencies to confirm positive or negative results, or to detect variations
within a water system.
SAMPLING WAIVERS
All systems must comply with the sampling requirements, unless a waiver has been granted in writing
by the State. Waivers of sampling requirements must be for specified contaminants and must be based
on both a vulnerability assessment and the analytical results of previous sampling.(l3) This means the
State must consider all analytical results for the sampling points under review, whether the samples were
taken by the State, by the water system or by other parties e.g., U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service (SCS).
The vulnerability assessment may be based on a determination that either the contaminant has not been
used in the area or the source water is not susceptible to contamination.
(1) Waiver determinations are to be made for specified sampling points.
(2) States may issue a waiver for a specific contaminant to all of the sampling points within a water
system or only to some of them.
(3) States may issue area wide waivers to all sampling points or just certain sampling points within the
area. In the latter case, the State must clearly designate which sampling points are covered under
the waiver. Designated waiver areas may be watersheds, recharge zones or political jurisdictions
(e.g., counties).
(4) Vulnerability assessments may be conducted by States, water systems, third-parties, or combinations
thereof, but States must approve and sign all final waiver determinations.
(5) Systems which have not received written waivers must sample according to the required
frequencies.
(6) There are two basic types of waivers for SOCs and VOCs:
(a) Use Waiver: A determination is made whether a contaminant was used, manufactured, or stored
in the area of review for the sampling points in question. If the answer to any of the inquiries
is yes or unknown, that sampling point may be "susceptible" to contamination, and a "use waiver"
may not be granted.
(b) Susceptibility Waiver: If a use waiver is inapplicable, a system may conduct a thorough
vulnerability assessment of the source water to determine its susceptibility to contamination.
Consideration of prior sampling results is critical to this review, because the detection of any SOC
or VOC rales out the use of geological protection as the basis of granting a waiver. In such
cases, waivers might still be granted on the bases of a history of effective land use management
combined with several continuous years of sampling results showing no detects.
Systems with no known susceptibility to contamination may be granted a "susceptibility waiver."
If susceptibility cannot be determined, or the sampling point is susceptible to contamination, the
sampling point is not eligible for a waiver and must sample at the regulatory minimum frequency
[see §§ 141.24(f)(8) and 141.24(h)(6)].
(11) For Confirmation Samples, see §§141.23(0 for IOCs, 141.24(f)(13) for VOCs and 141.24(h)(9) for SOCs.
(12) For Increased Sampling Frequencies, see §§ 141.23(g) for IOCs, 141,24(0(19) for VOCs and 141.24(h)(15) for SOCs.
(13) Waivers for SOCs only may be based entirely on vulnerability of the source water, if no sampling data are available.
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(7) Systems which maintain a free chlorine residual throughout the distribution system in compliance
with the Total Coliform Rule (TCR) may be granted susceptibility waivers for glyphosate and
cyanide, but not for nitrite.
(8) States are encouraged to use implementation of the Wellhead Protection Program (WHPP)(ld) as
a prerequisite or foundation for considering sampling point vulnerability.
(9) States' initial experience with waivers has yielded the following tentative conclusions.
(a) Contaminants measured using the most expensive analytical methods are the best candidates for
cost effective vulnerability analysis i.e., dioxin, asbestos, cyanide, glyphosate and endothal.
(b) The least expensive strategy © States for developing a waiver program is to develop waiver
application forms for individual water utilities to complete. However, this is likely to:
=> Impose higher costs upon water systems in conducting thorough vulnerability assessments;
=> Create higher State program operational costs in reviewing individual waiver applications;
=> Result in a lower percentage of approvable waiver applications, where State decision criteria
is more stringent in the interest of protecting public health; or
=> Result in less soundly based waiver approvals, where State decision criteria is not so
stringent in protecting public health.
(c) The most cost effective strategy for States consistent with a higher level of public health
protection seems to be a shared effort, where the State does some of the data gathering and
analyses up front, and then requests additional information from individual water systems that is
otherwise not readily available e.g., the State conducts general hydrogeological analyses based
on data from USGS, USDA or academic centers, then the water systems surviving the hydro-
geological cut conduct contamination site inventories.
(d) Use waivers are problematical in many States because VOCs are ubiquitous and State Department
of Agriculture pesticide registration programs cannot provide adequate documentation of use
patterns for waiver approval.
(e) The so called pineapple pesticide (DBCP) was registered for 43 crops before it was banned and
remains in ground water supplies at levels above the MCL where it was used.(15)
COMPLIANCE DETERMINATION <16>
If a system samples more frequently than annually (e.g., quarterly), the system would be in violation
if the running annual average at any sampling point exceeds the MCL. If a system conducts sampling on
an annual or less frequent basis, the system would be in violation if one sample (or the average of the
initial and confirmation samples) at any sampling point exceeds the MCL.
PUBLIC NOTICE £17)
Any system violating an NPDWR (i.e...an MCL or its monitoring requirements) must issue a public
notice. For an MCL violation, systems must issue a notice that includes the mandatory health effects
language for that chemical in §141.32, Systems must publish the notice in a newspaper within 14 days
and deliver the notice to consumers within 45 days. For monitoring violations, systems must notify
consumers through major newspapers within three months. Follow-up notices must be issued every three
months for the duration of any violation. NTNCWSs have options of hand delivering or continuously
posting public notices instead of using the newspapers and mailings.
(14) This may become known as part of the Source Water Protection Program (SWPP) under an SDWA reauthorization proposal
before Congress.
(15) Because of DBCP contamination in the ground water,!the 'valley town* of Lodi, CaUfonaa cannot find new water supplies that
will not require GAC treatment.
(16) For Compliance Detenrri nations, see §§141.23(i) for IOCs, 14i,24(f)(15) for VOCs and 141.24(h)(ll) for SOCs.
(17) See §141.32.
- 8 -
-------
asbestos Monitoring
This section summarizes the monitoring requirements for asbestos as described in §141.23(b). Monitoring
for asbestos begins between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1995.
SAMPLING POINTS [ see §§ 141.23(b)(5)-(7) ]
If asbestos occurs in the source water, sampling must be conducted at each entry point to the distribution
system, which is representative of the well or source water after treatment Systems vulnerable to asbestos
contamination within the SstribuHon system, from a combination of asbestos-cement pipe and source water
corrosivity, shall sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe under conditions where such contamination
is likely to occur.
INITIAL SAMPLING [ see § 141.23(b)(1) ]
Between 1993 and 1995, all systems must take one sample at each sampling point, unless a waiver has been
granted in writing by the state. Each system must sample at the time in the first compliance period designated
by the State.
GRANDFATHERING [ see § 141.23(b)(10) ]
States may allow previous sampling data to satisfy the initial sampling requirements, provided the data were
collected after January 1, 1990.
REPEAT SAMPLING I see § 141.23(b)(1) ]
If results of the initial sample do not exceed the MGL, the system is not be required to take repeat samples
until the first three years of the next nine-year compliance cycle.
INCREASED SAMPLING [ see §§ 141.23(b)(8)-(9) ]
Any system exceeding the MCL must begin quarterly sampling in the next quarter. The system must
continue quarterly sampling until the State determines that it is reliably and consistently below the MCL, when
the sampling frequency may be reduced to one sample every nine years.
WAIVERS [ see §§ 141.23(b)(2)-(4) ]
States may issue waivers from source water sampling, if they find the source water does not contain
naturally occurring asbestos, and that it is unlikely to become contaminated with asbestos from human activity.
States may also issue waivers from distribution system sampling, if they find the water in the distribution
system is not susceptible to asbestos contamination from the combination of asbestos-cement pipe and source
water corrosivity e.g., Langelier Index.
The, sampling requirements are eliminated for each compliance cycle in which a State grants a waiver.
Waivers are effective for one nine year compliance cycle. If a waiver is not renewed in the first compliance
period of a nine-year compliance cycle, the system must sample before the end of that compliance period.
9
-------
TABLE 111
STANDARDIZED MONITORING FRAMEWOR K
ASBESTOS
FIRST COMPLIANCE CYCLE SECOND COMPLIANCE CYCLE
1»l Compliance Period JmdCompitatwe Period 3rd Compliance Period 1»tCompiM»»P«Axl j 2rvd CtompfterK* Period 3rd Compliance Period
im ISM 1895 1B98 .1997 1SS§ IBM 20M ?OOt SODS- 2003 ' ..2004"? 2009 20M • 2007 : <'9008 2WS 2010
BclowTrlftW Level
MCL
1r No Waiver, No OF
2. NoW«lwrw/QF
3. Waiver .
[w/orwtoGP]
1 ' II " 1 I • I I - 1
1 • S 1 . t 1 - 1
Wl - SW 1 - 1
Above TrInner Level*
MCL
I •••• I Quarterly monitoring must continue Indefinitely unfes* another frequency (s established by EPA or the State under an enforcement action.
4, MCI Violation •
5, Below MCL
trtotR&C)
8. H&C Below MCL
{GW1
| | **•* 11 t*#« j | •*«* \ j «e«e 11 om [ | • j [ mm j | **•« | [ «•»~ | j Mi* | | •*** | | | | »e«e 11 MM | ] e«.e | j 11 »*• |
| || - II « II 1
7. BiC fellow MCL
[SW]
•
1 *»» li - M ' II. 1
WowTrlgjiirUvrt
1. No Waiver, No GF
2, NoW«IWW/GF
3. Waiver
[ w.'orw/oGF]
MCL
Above Trigger Level*
4. MCL Violation .
S. Below MCL
¦: [No;RSC]
6. H & C Below MCL
CG',V]
7, ft « 0 0««r WvL
[SW]
MCL
Sampftg points In systems that do AOT'giandfather" prior sampling results and have never detected asbestos must take one sample during the Aral three-year compliance
period of each nine-year compliance cycle. _
Sampling points In systems that do "grandfather" prior sampling results and have never detected asbestos may skip sampling in the first compliance cycle, but must take one
sample during the first three-year compliance period of each nine-year compliance cycle.
Sampling points issued a waiver must sample at a frequency designated by the State In the waiver, which Is valid for nine years.
Sampling points In violation of the MCL must monitor every quarter unless and until the State or EPA allow reduced sampling under an enforcement action that establishes a
revised and enforceable monitoring schedule, . .
Sampling points detecting asbestos, but which are NOT determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently" below the MCL, mast continue monitoring quarterly as long as
the sampling point Is in use.
Ground water sampling points detecting asbestos, but determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently" below the MCL, may reduce their monitoring frequency to one
sample In the first compliance period of each compliance cycle. The State determination must be based on a minimum of two consecutive quarterly samples.
Surface water sampling points detecting asbestos, but determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently" below the MCL, may reduce their monitoring frequency to one
sample In the first compliance period of each compliance cycle. The State determination must be based on a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples.
leyel at any lime, so there Is no practical place on #» timeline to illustrate Hs effects on the sampling frequency. Therefore, this graphic assumes the trigger level la exceeded In the first
* A Bamwing potra may exceed the trigger leyel al any llffl
quarter of1993. The trigger level tor asbestos Is the MCL.
Key: '
• «= One Sample • ' - •
fl&C = Reliably and Consistency ' • ¦ "
W = Waiver
GW = Groundwater ;
SW = Surface Water •
TNOVVS i"rfln^ont Non*Cof^(nunlly Wdtdr Syste^r
• GF m Grandfathering of data. Depending on itie availability of eiJgtbte data, systems can "grandfather" one or more of the samples requited tor base monitoring. The system's monitoring schedule Is adjusted accordingly based on the
number of samples that are "grandfathered," - .
-------
Nitrate Monitoring
This section summarizes the revised monitoring requirements for nitrate as described in §141.23(d). The
revised monitoring requirements for nitrate take effect on January 1, 1993.
INITIAL SAMPLING [ see §§ 141.23(dXD and 141.23(d)(4) ]
All water systems must begin complying with the revised sampling requirements for nitrate beginning
January 1,1993. For CWSs and NTNCWSs, ground water sampling points must sample annually, and surface
water sampling points must sample quarterly; All TNCWSs must sample annually.
GRANDFATHERING & WAIVERS - Not Allowed !!*
REPEAT SAMPLING [ see §§ 141.23(d)(1) and 141.23(dX3)-(5) ]
These provisions apply to only water systems with nitrate concentrations less than % the MCL. For CWSs
and NTNCWSs, States may reduce the quarterly sampling of surface water points to an annual frequency, if
the analytical results from four consecutive quarters are less than Yi the MCL (i.e., 5 mg/1) - with the proviso
that the samples must be taken during the calendar quarter yielding the highest analytical results. Ground water
sampling points must continue sampling at an annual frequency. TNCWSs must continue annual sampling.
INCREASED SAMPLING [ see §§ 141.23(dXlM4) ]
For CWSs and NTNCWSs, any sampling point with analytical results 2: lA the MCL must begin quarterly
sampling in the next calendar quarter. States may reduce the frequency to annual for ground water sampling
points - if the results of four consecutive quarterly samples are reliably and consistently below the MCL, and
for surface water sampling points - if the analytical results of four consecutive quarters are less than '4 the
MCL. TNCWSs must continue annual sampling.
CONFIRMATION SAMPLES [ see § 141.23(f)(2) ]
If the analytical results from any sampling point are found to be > the MCL, the water system must take
a confirmation sample at the same point no later than 24 hours after receiving the results of the initial sample.
Systems unable to meet the 24-hour requirement must issue a public notice to consumers of the system and
complete the analysis of a confirmation sample within two weeks of receiving the results of the initial sample.
COMPLIANCE DETERMINATION [ see § 141.23(i)(3) ]
Compliance is determined by averaging the results of the initial and confirmation samples. Averaging the
results of one quarter with those of prior or successive quarters is not permitted for nitrate.
PUBLIC NOTICE [ see § 141,32 ]
Any water system violating the NPDWR (i.e., MCL, monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for nitrate
must give public notice.
For MCL violations, all CWSs must (1) give notice by electronic media (e.g., TV, radio) within 72 hours,
(2) publish a notice in the newspaper within 14 days, and (3) deliver a written notice to each consumer within
45 days. The notice must include the health effects language for nitrate in §141.32.
For monitoring violations, all CWSs must notify consumers by newspaper within three months. Follow-up
notices must be issued every three months for the duration of any violation.
NTNCWSs and TNCWSs may post public notices, instead of using the delivery routes described above.
11
-------
TABLE IV
STANDARDIZED MONITORING FRAMEWOR K
NITRATE
Below Trigger Level
1/2 MCL
1. Suffice Water
2. OWfcTNCSW*
{No GF&Mo
Waivers Allowed]
Above Trlnaer Lev«l*
3, MCL Violation
4, B«tOW MCL
5. R&C BtlOW MCL
[SWS.GWJ
1/2 MCL
1»t Compltancs Period
189S 1994 1W5
FIRST COMPLIANCE CYCLE
2nd Com pits rw* Period 3rd Compliance Period
1396 1WT 1988 1999 2000 2001
1 st Compliance Period
SECOND COMPLIANCE CYCLE
2nd CompKanc* Period ; 3rd Compliance Period
2005 2006 2007 MM 2002 2010
.... )| . || .
I • II • II • I I • ll • II • I
• II • II •
II • II • II • II • II • II • 1
• II • II •
I • II * It • I I • II * II • I
. II • II •
II • II • II • 1 1 • II • II • 1
I •••• I Quarterly monitoring must continue Indefinitely unless another frequency Is established by EPA or the State under on enforcement action.
| ...ft * | | .... | | M.»
| MM j| IHI || MM | | MM || •••• || MM |
i Hit [ | «M | | MM
| | MM | | MM { | MM | | MM | | MM | | MS*
| .... || . || •
I • II • II • I I • II • II * I
I • II • II .
1 1 • 11 • II * 1 1 • II • II •
Bolow Trigger Level [1/2 MCL
1, Surface Water
2. GW*TNCWS$
[NO GF&No
Waiver* Allowed ]
Above trigger Level*
3. MCL Violation
4. Below MCL
5. fl * C Below MCL
[5W&GW]
1/2 MCL
Surface water sampling points must take a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples In 1993. The State may reduce this to an annual frequency, If all analytical results are
less than 1/2 of the MCL, provided that the annual sample Is taken In the quarter yielding the highest analytical results.
Ground water and transient PWS sampling paints must take one sample during each compliance year as long as the analytical results are less than 1/2 of the MCL.
Sampling points in violation of the MCL must monitor every quarter unless and until the State or EPA allow reduced sampling under an enforcement action that establishes a
revised and enforceable monitoring schedule.
Sampling points detecting nitrate at 1/2 the MCL or greater, but which are NOT determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently" Ulow the MCL, must continue
monitoring quarterly as long as the sampling point Is In use.
Sampling points detecting nitrate at 1/2 the MCL or greater and determined by the State to be 'reliably and consistently" below the MCL may reduce their monitoring frequency
to one sample every year. The State determination must be based on a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples.
' • A sampling point may exceed the trigger level at any time, so there Is no practical place on the timeline to illustrate Its effects on the sampling frequency. Therefore, this graphic assumes thenriggsr level Is exceeded In the first
quarter ot 1993. The trigger level for nitrate Is half the MCL
Kay: ••
• m One Sample
RSC = Reliably and Consistently
W - Waiver
GW = Groundwater '
SW = Surface Waier
TNCWS «. Transient Non-Community Water System
GF = Grandfathering ot data: Depending on the availability of eligible data, systems can 'grandfather" one or more of the samples required for base monitoring. The system's monitoring schedule Is adjusted accordingly based on the
number of samples that are "grandfathered." -
-------
Nitrite Monitoring
This section summarizes fee monitoring requirements for nitrite as described in § 141.23(e). Monitoring for
nitrite begins on January 1, 1993.
SYSTEMS AFFECTED [ see § 141.23(e) ]
All GWSs, NTNCWSs and TNCWSs must comply with the monitoring requirements for nitrite.
INITIAL SAMPLING [ see § 141.23(e)(1) ]
Between 1993 and 1995, each system must take one sample at the time designated by the State.
GRANDFATHERING & WAIVERS - Not Allowed !!!
REPEAT SAMPLING [ see § 141.23(e)(2) ]
If the results of initial sampling are less than % the MCL, repeat sampling requirements (if any) will be at
state discretion.
INCREASED SAMPLING [ see §§ 141.23(e)(3)-(4) ]
If the analytical results from any sampling point are > 'A the MCL, the water system must sample quarterly
for at least one year. If the results of four consecutive quarterly samples are reliably and consistently below
the MCL, the State may reduce the frequency to annual sampling - with the proviso that the samples must be
taken during the calendar quarter yielding the highest analytical results.
CONFIRMATION SAMPLES [ see § 141.23(f)(2) ]
Systems must take a confirmation sample no later than 24 hours after the results of a sample are found to
be > the MCL. Systems unable to meet the 24-hour requirement must issue a public notice to consumers of
the system and complete the analysis of a confirmation sample within two weeks of receiving the results of
the initial sample.
COMPLIANCE DETERMINATION [ see § 141.23(i)(3) ]
Compliance is determined by averaging the results of the initial and confirmation samples. Averaging the
results of one quarter with those of prior or successive quarters is not permitted for nitrate.
PUBLIC NOTICE [ see § 141.32 ]
Any water system violating the NPDWR {i.e., MCL, monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for nitrite
must give public notice.
For MCL violations, all CWSs must (1) give notice by electronic media (e.g., TV, radio) within 72 hours,
(2) publish a notice in the newspaper within 14 days, and (3) deliver a written notice to each consumer within
45 days. The notice must include the mandatory health effects language for nitrate in §141.32.
For monitoring violations, all CWSs must notify consumers by newspaper within three months. Follow-up
notices must be issued every three months for the duration of any violation.
NTNCWSs and TNCWSs may post public notices, instead of using the delivery routes described above.
13
-------
TABLE V
STANDARDIZED MONITORING FRAMEWOR K
NITRITE
FIRST COMPLIANCE CYCLE SECOND COMPLIANCE CYCLE
1itConw>II*ne* Period 2nd Compllanc# Period 3rd CompHsnta Period 1»tCo«|sf!iine»P«lod 2ndC6rnpfiit>eaP
-------
Inorganic Compounds (IOCs)
INTRODUCTION
This section summarizes the monitoring requirements for IOCs as described in §141.23(c). The IOCs
regulated under Biases n and IIB for purposes of monitoring requirements are barium, cadmium, chromium,
fluoride, mercury, and selenium. The IOCs regulated under Phase ¥ are antimony, beryllium, cyanide, nickel
and thallium.
INITIAL SAMPLING I see § 141.23(c)(1) J
For all CWSs and NTNCWSs, the initial monitoring for IOCs under Phases n and HB begins in the
compliance period of 1993-1995. For CWSs and NTNCWSs serving £ ISO service connections, the initial
monitoring for IOCs regulated under Phase V also begins in the compliance period of 1993-1995. For CWSs
and NTNCWSs serving less than ISO service connections, the initial monitoring for IOCs regulated under
Phase V begins in the compliance period of 1996-1998.
Ground water systems must take one sample at each sampling point during the initial three year compliance
period. Surface water systems must take one sample annually at each sampling point during the initial
compliance period.
REPEAT SAMPLING [ see § 141.23(c)(1) ]
Repeat sampling requirements are the same as those for the initial sampling, i.e...one sample per three-year
compliance period for ground water and one sample each year for surface water systems.
INCREASED SAMPLING [ see § 141.23(c)(7) } ,
If the analytical results from any sampling point are > the MCL, the water system must begin sampling
quarterly at that point in the next calendar quarter and continue sampling quarterly, until the State determines
that it is reliably and consistently below the MCL.
WAIVERS [ see §§ 141.23(c)(2)-(6) ]
States may reduce the sampling frequency for any of these contaminants to one sample every nine years,
by issuing a waiver that is effective for that period. In order to qualify for a waiver, a sampling point must
have three previous samples including one taken after January 1, 1990 (see §141.23(cX4)J, and all previous
analytical results must be below the MCL.
These waiver determinations must consider: (1) all previous monitoring data; (2) the variation in reported
concentrations, and (3) other factors affecting concentrations {e.g., changes in pumping rates, in system
configuration or operating procedures, or in stream flows or characteristics). The State should also consider
quality and amount of data available, the length of time covered and the volatility/stability of the sampling
results, and the proximity of the results to the MCL.
An IOC waiver does not mean the water supply is uncontaminated with that chemical [see §141.23(c)(5)].
It means that whether or not the source water is contaminated, the water delivered to consumers is at a
concentration sufficiently below the MCL, that it is expected to remain so.
If a State finds the sampling point is very unlikely to violate the MCLs of the IOCs under review during
the torn of the waiver, it may issue a waiver. If the State cannot make this finding, it should not issue a
waiver. IOC waivers must be renewed every nine years.
15
-------
TABLE VI
STANDARDIZED MONITORING FRAMEWOR K
IOC*
B»Iow frtggtr L«v>l
1. No WelWfj No GF
2. NoWalwr.GF
3. WftlVW.NoGF
[3 Ssmpfas)
4. Waiver, GF
SuflWa.Wftttr.
3. No Waiver, No GF
5. NoWalvtr.GF
7. VSMVW, No GF
{ 3 Annus) SamplesJ
8. Waiwr, GF
MOL
FIRST
lellTO
RECYCLE
1« Ceinpllanet Ptrlod 2nd Compftenc# P«rlod 3rd Compltone* Ptrfod
" m ¦ ¦
wr
.WL
"SECOND COMPLIANCE CYCir
1*tComp)f«nc»P»ftod 2nd Co
-------
TABLE VI [ continued ]
IOCS
Below Trigger LeveF
Ground Water
1. No Waiver, NoGF
2. No Waiver, Of
3. Waiver, No GF
[3 Ssnripis.]
4. Waiver, GF .
Surface Wftrter
S. NoWalver. NoGF
. 6. No Waiver, GF ...
7. Watver.NoGF
(a Annual Samples]
8. Waiver, OF
Above Tricar Level*
9. MCL Violation
10. Setow MCL
t Not ft $ C ]
11. R & C Below MCL
.iom
12.ft*C8eto* MCL
t&W]
MCL
MCL
Sampling points that detect an IOC during any of ths following scensnos will fall uncter ono of ths scenarios at the bottom of the page ovo Trigger Level^ in IhG next
calendar quarter.
Sampling points in systems that do NOT "grandfather" prior sampling results must take one sample during the initial compliance period and then one sample In each
succeeding compliance period.
Sampling points in systems that do "grandfather" prior sampling results and have never exceeded the MCL may skip sampling In the first compliance period, but must take one
sample in each succeeding compliance period.
Sampling points In systems that are Issued a waiver and that do NOT "grandfather" must sample once every three-year compliance period during the first nine-year
compliance cycle. Once a waiver is issued, the system must take at least one sample during each nine-year waiver period.
Sampling points that use "grandfathered" data as a basis for a waiver must take at least one sample during each nine-year waiver period.
Sampling points In systems that do NOT "grandfather" prior sampling remits must take one sample each yew.
Sampling points In systems that do "grandfather" prior sampling results and have never exceeded the MCL may skip sampling In the first year, but must take one sample In
each subsequent year.
Sampling points in systems thai do NOT""grandfather" must sample once every year during the first compliance period to qualify for a waiver. Once a waiver Is Issued,
the system must take at least one sample during each nine-year waiver period.
Sampling points that use "grandfathered" data as the basis for a waiver must take at least one sample during each nine-year waiver period.
Sampling points in violation of the MCL must monitor every quarter unless and until the Slate or EPA allow reduced sampling under an enforcement action that establishes a
revised and enforceable monitoring schedule.
Sampling points initially exceeding the MCL and subsequently detecting at less than the MCL, but which are NOT determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently"
below the MCL, must continue monitoring quarterly as long as the sampling point Is in use.
Ground water sampling points Initially exceeding the MCL and subsequently deteclng at less than the MCL and determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently below
the MCL may reduce their monitoring frequency to one sample every three years. The State determination must be based on a minimum of two consecutive quarterly samples
below the MCL. Sampling points with three consecutive rounds of monitoring with no detection may apply to the State fot a waiver.
Surface water sampling points initially exceeding the MCL and subsequently detecting at less than the MCL and determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently" below
the MCL may reduce their monitoring frequency to annually. The State determination must be based on a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples below the MCL.
Sampling points with three consecutive years of no detection may apply to the State for a waiver.
* A sampling point may exceed the trigger level at any tlma, so there Is no practical place on the timeline to Illustrate Its effects on the sampling frequency. The rafore, this graphic assumes the trigger level Is exceeded In the flmt
quarter of 1993. The trigger level for IOCb 13 the MCL
Note: All Community and Mori-Transient, Non-Community water systems serving loss than 150 service connections will receive a three-year extension from the Initial monitoring requirements of iOCs regulated under Phase V. The
Initial monitoring will begin In the compliance period of 199S-1998.
Key:
» «= One Sample
R & C «= Reliably and Consistently
W - Waiver
GW » Groundwater
SW * Surface Water
TNCWS « Transient Non-Community Water System
GF - Grandfathering of data. Depending on the availability of eligible data, systems can "grandfather" one or more of the samples required for base monitoring. The system's monitoring schedule Is adjusted accordingly based on the
number of samples that are "grandfalhared"
-------
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
INTRODUCTION
This section summarizes the monitoring requirements for VOCs as described in §141.24(f), The VOCs
regulated under Phases II and KB for purposes of monitoring requirements, as well as those regulated under
Phase V, are listed in Table I.
INITIAL SAMPLING [ see § 141.24(f)(4) ]
Far all CWSs and NTNCWSs, the initial monitoring for VOCs under Phases n and IIB begins in the
compliance period of 1993-1995. For CWSs and NTNCWSs serving > ISO service connections, the initial
monitoring for VOCs regulated under Phase V also begins in the compliance period of 1993-1995. For CWSs
and NTNCWSs serving less than ISO service connections, the initial monitoring for VOCs regulated under
Phase V begins in the compliance period of 1996-1998.
A11 systems must take four consecutive quarterly samples in the initial compliance period, unless there are
prior sampling results that may be 'grandfathered' for this requirement. Under §142.16(eX2), States must
designate the year in which each system will complete its initial sampling. Water systems are required under
§141.24(f)(21) to sample "...at the time designated by the State...".
The same general provisions apply to contaminants regulated under Phase V and systems serving less than
150 service connections, except that there are no provisions for grandfathering data into that compliance
period.
GRANDFATHERING [ see §§ 141.24(f)(5) and 141.24(f)(18) ]
States may allow previous sampling data collected between January 1, 1988 and December 31, 1992 to
satisfy the initial quarterly sampling requirements scheduled for the 1993-1995 compliance period. If the
system did not detect any VOCs, the system shall begin annual sampling in 1993. States should accept only
'worst case' data from surface water sampling points as a substitute for the initial sampling requirements/185
REPEAT SAMPLING [ see § 141.24(f)(5) ]
If no VOCs are detected during the initial round of sampling, States may allow systems to decrease their
sampling frequency beginning in the second compliance period.
(1) Ground water systems must take at least one sample each year at each sampling point. After three years
of annual sampling with no detection, sampling at that point may be further reduced to one sample every
three years [see § 141.24(f)(6)]. States may count the initial year of quarterly sampling as one of the
three years of no detection.
(2) Surface water systems must sample annually [see § 141.24(f)(5)].
(18) If one surface water sample was taken in the middle of February at 28° F, it may not be very representative of spring time
runoff.
18
-------
INCREASED SAMPLING [ see §§ 141.24(f)(ll) and 141.24(0(19) ]
If a sampling point exceeds the method detection limit (MDL) of .0005 mg/1 for any VOC, the water system
must begin quarterly sampling at that point in the next calendar quarter and must continue sampling quarterly,
until the State determines the sampling point is reliably and consistently below the MCL.
RELIABLY & CONSISTENTLY BELOW THE MCL [ see §§ 141.24(f)(ll)-(12) ]
A State may determine that a sampling point is reliably and consistently below the MCL, after analyzing
a sufficient amount of information to establish a meaningful trend. This means a minimum of two quarters
of data for groundwater systems and four quarters fen: surface water systems.
However, if the detection triggering increased sampling exceeds the MCL, the sampling point must take a
minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples to establish a meaningful trend, regardless of whether it's
served by groundwater or surface water [see §141.24(0(12)].
If a State cannot predict that the sampling point will remain below the MCL using this minimal data set,
it should continue collecting quarterly data until it can make such a prediction.
After a State determines the sampling point is reliably and consistently below the MCL, it may reduce the
sampling frequency to one sample every year - with the proviso that the repeat sampling must be conducted
during the calendar quarter which previously yielded the highest analytical result [see §141.24(f)(ll)(iii)].
WAIVERS [ see §§ 141.24(f)(7)-(10) ]
Systems may not receive a waiver from the initial sampling requirements but may apply for a waiver from
the repeat sampling requirements, if (a) the contaminant was not detected during the initial sampling period,
or in the 'grandfathered' sampling results, or (b) the contaminant has not been detected for three consecutive
years of annual sampling.
(1) A state may grant a use waiver after determining the contaminant has not been used in the water supply
area (i.e., the contaminant was not used, manufactured, stared or disposed). Systems ineligible for a use
waiver may apply for a waiver based on susceptibility.
(2) A state may grant a susceptibility waiver after reviewing the results of a thorough vulnerability
assessment, which includes all prior sampling results and an evaluation of the source water susceptibility
to contamination. This evaluation must include the environmental persistence and transport of the
contaminants) under review, how well the sourcewater is protected by geology and well design, and
proximity of potential contamination sites. The evaluation should also include the sampling results of
neighboring systems, any Wellhead Protection Assessments that have been completed, and any
contamination controls that have been implemented.
(3) The maximum waiver period for ground water sampling points is six years. The initial waive must be
renewed within the first three years of issuance, but subsequent waivers may be renewed at the end of
the six year period. At least one sample must be taken during each six year waiver period [see
§141.24(0(10)].
(4) The maximum waiver period for surface water sampling points is only three years, but there is no
minimum Federal sampling frequency.
19
-------
TABLE VII
STANDARDIZED MONITORING FRAMEWOR K
VOC*
Below Trigger Level
Detection
Ground Wster "
1. No Waiver, No GF
2. Ho Waiver, GF
3. Waiver, No GF
4, Waiver, OF
Surf»ce_Wat«r
5, No Waiver, No GF
8. Ne Waiver, GP
7. Waiver, NO GF
8. Waiver, OF
Above Trigger Level*
9 MCL Violation
10. Below MCL
J Not R A C ]
11, fUC BetowMCL
[GWJ
12. R A C Below MCL
[SW]
W[
Detection
1st Conwltanc* Period
1993 193* 1995
FIRST COMPLIANCE CYCLE
: 2nd Compliance Period 3rd Compliance Period
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
1st Compliance Period
2002 2003 J0M
SECOND COMPLIANCE CYCLE
2nd Compilinc# Period 3rd Compliance Period
20O5 200# 2007 2009 2009 2010
•HI
II • II • II - ! I
•
II • II
• II . II -
II • II
•
II • II
•Ml
IWI • IWI
IWI
I
IWI
|w
I
• I |6 Year Waiver •
j «HI
I I' • II • II • I I • II • II •
I
I • II • II •
1 1 • II • II • II • II • II •
I • II • II •
I I • II • II • I I • II • II. •
I
I • II • II •
II •. II . ... II. • II • II • II •
I eeee
IWI - IWI
|w
I
|W| - |W|
I
IWI •- IWI
|w
I
IWI - IWI
| Quarterly monitoring must continue Indefinitely unless another frequency Is established by EPA or the Stats under an enforcement action.
•••• •••«
eeee [ I •••• I ( •••* ] | eeee I j eeee
HM I •••• I I INI I | •••• I I •••• | | ••••
: EZ3CZ3C
-------
TABLE VII [ continued ]
VOCs
Below Trigger Level
Ground Water
1. No Waiver, No GF
2. No Waiver, GF
3. Waiver, Mo GF
4. Waiver, OF
gvrfa«W««
5. Wq Waiver, No OF
B. No Waiver, GF
7. Waiver, No OF' ¦¦¦
8. Waiver, GF
Above Trigger Levef
9. MCL Violation
Detection
Detection
10. Befow MCL :
[NotR&C]
11. R & C Below MCL
tawi
12. R & C Below MCL:
PWJ
Sampling points thai detect a VOC during any of the following scenarios will fall under one of the scenarios at the bottom of the page (Above Trigger Level) m the next
calendar quarter.
Sampling points in systems that do NOT "grandfather" prior sampling results must take four consecutive quarterly samples during the Initial compliance period as scheduled by
the State. In the second compliance period, the system must take one sample in each of the first two years. The State may count the Initial year of quarterly sampling as one of
the three years of no detection. So, no annual sample rs required in the third year. The system must (hen take one sample In each succeeding compliance period.
Sampling points in systems that do "grandfather* prior sampling results and have never detected a VOC must take one sample in each of the first two years during the initial
compliance period. If the State counts the grandfathered data as one of the years of no detection, no sample Is required in the third year. The system must then take one
sample In each succeeding compliance period.
Sampling points in systems that do NOT"grandfather" must take four consecutive quarterly samples during the Mai compliance period as scheduled by the State before the
State can Issue a waiver. Once a waiver is issued, the system must take one sample in the following compliance period and at least one sample during each six-par
waiver period.
Sampling points that do grandfather prior sampling results and are Issued a waiver must sample once in the first compliance period and then at least once during each six-year
waiver period.
Sampling points in systems that do NOT "grandfather" prior sampling results must take four consecutive quarterly samples during the Initial compliance period as
scheduled by the Slate and then one sample each year.
Sampling points in systems that do "grandfather* prior sampling results and have never detected a VOC must take one sample each year.
Sampling points In systems that do NOT'grandfather" must take four consecutive quarterly samples during the first compliance period as scheduled by the State before the
State can issue a waiver. Once a waiver Is issued, the system must sample at a frequency specified by the Stale In each three-year waiver.
Sampling points that do grandfather prior sampling results and are issued a waiver must sample at a frequency designated by the State, in the waiver.
I
Sampling points in violation of the MCL must monitor every quarter unless and until the State or EPA allow reduced sampling under an enforcement action that establishes a
revised and enforceable monitoring schedule.
Sampling points detecting a VOC, but which are NOT determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently* below the MCL, must continue monitoring quarterly as long as the
sampling point Is in use.
Ground water sampling points detecting a VOC, but determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently" below the MCL, may reduce their monitoring frequency to one
sample every year. The State determination must be based on a minimum of two consecutive quarterly samples below the MCL. Sampling points with three consecutive years
of no detection may apply to the State for a waiver,
Surface water sampling points detecting a VOC, but determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently* below the MCL, may reduce their monitoring frequency to one
sample every year. The State determination must be based on a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples below the MCL. Sampling points with three consecutive years
of no detection may apply to the State for a waiver!
• A sampling point may exceed the trigger level at any lime, so there Is no practical place on thfl timeline to Illustrate Its effects on the sampling frequency. Therefore, this graphic assumes (he trigger level Is exceeded in the first
quarter of 1993. The trigger level tor VOCs Is the detection level.
Note: All Community and Non-Transient, Non-Community water systems serving less than 150 service connections will receive a three-year extension from the Initial monitoring requirements of VOCs regulated under Phase V. The
initial monitoring will begin In the compliance period of 1998-1998.
Key:
• « One Sample
R&C = Reliably and Consistently
W . Waiver
GW = Groundwater " " •
SW - Surface Water
TNCWS = Transient Non-Community Water System
GF = Grandfathering of data. Depending on tfie availably of eligible data, systems can ^grandfather* one or more of ttje samples required tor base monitoring. The system's monitoring schedule Is adjusted accordingly based on the
number of samples that are "grandfathered."
-------
Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOCs)
INTRODUCTION
This section, summarizes the monitoring requirements for SOCs as described in § 141.24(h). Hie SOCs
regulated under Phases H and HB for purposes of monitoring requirements, as well as the contaminants
regulated under Phase V, are listed in Table I.
INITIAL SAMPLING [ see § 141.24(hX4Xi) ]
For all CWSs and NTNCWSs, the initial monitoring for SOCs regulated under Phases n and HB begin in
the compliance period of 1993-1995. For CWSs and NTNCWSs serving > ISO service connections, the initial
monitoring for SOCs regulated under Phase V also begins in the compliance period of 1993-1995. For CWSs
and NTNCWSs serving less than ISO service connections, the initial monitoring for SOCs regulated under
Phase V begins in the compliance period of 1996-1998.
All systems must take an initial round of four consecutive quarterly samples during the initial compliance
period, unless a waiver has been granted in writing by the state. The Stale will designate the year in which
each water system is scheduled to sample.
GRANDFATHERING [ see | 141.24(h)(14) ]
States may allow sampling data collected after January 1» 1990 to satisfy the initial base sampling
requirements, if the data "are generally consistent with the requirements of §141.24(h)". States should accept
only 'worst case* data from surface water sampling points in substitution for the initial sampling requirements.
REPEAT SAMPLING [ see § 141.24(h)(4) ]
Slates may allow systems to decrease their sampling frequency in the second and subsequent compliance
periods for contaminants undetected during the initial compliance period.
(1) Systems serving more than 3J00 people may reduce their sampling frequency to two samples every 3
years. •
(2) Systems serving < 3,300 people may reduce their sampling to one sample every three years.
INCREASED SAMPLING [ see §§ 141.24(h)(7)-(8)
-------
RELIABLY & CONSISTENTLY BELOW THE MCL [ see §§ 141.24(h)(7)-(8) ]
A State may determine that a sampling point is reliably and consistently below the MCL, after analyzing
a sufficient amount of information to establish a meaningful trend. This means a minimum of two quarters
of data for groundwater systems and four quarters of data for surface water systems.
However, if the detection triggering increased sampling exceeds the MCL, the sampling point must take a
minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples to establish a meaningful trend, regardless of whether it's
served by groundwater or surface water [see §141.24(h)(8)].
If a State cannot predict that the sampling point will remain below t ie MCL using this minimal data base,
it should continue collecting quarterly data until it can make such a prediction
After a State determines the sampling point is reliably and consistently below the MCL, it may reduce the
sampling frequency to one sample every year - with the proviso that the repeat sampling must be conducted
during the calendar quarter which previously yielded the highest analytical result [see §141.24(h)(7)(iii)].
WAIVERS [see §§ 141.24(h)(5)-(6) and 141.24(h)(7)(iv)]:
Systems may be eligible for waivers from the sampling requirements based entirely on the vulnerability of
their source water to contamination, even if no sampling has ever been conducted. If sampling has been
conducted, systems may apply for a waiver from the repeat sampling requirements, (a) if the contaminant was
not detected at all, or (b) if the contaminant was detected at one time, but has not been detected for three
consecutive years of annual sampling.
(1) Waivers are effective for one compliance period (3 years) and must be renewed in each subsequent
compliance period, or the system must return to the repeat sampling frequency based on its size and
circumstances.
(2) Systems receiving a waiver are not required to sample under Federal regulations.
(3) When a system demonstrates that a contaminant has not been used in the water supply area (i.e., the
contaminant was not used, manufactured, stored or disposed in the area), the system may apply to the
state for a use waiver. Systems not eligible for use waivers may still qualify for a waiver by evaluating
susceptibility of their source water to contamination.
(4) A state may grant a susceptibility waiver after reviewing the results of a thorough vulnerability
assessment, which includes all prior sampling results and an evaluation of the source water susceptibility
to contamination. Tim evaluation must include the environmental persistence and transport of the
contaminant(s) under review, how well the source water is protected by geology and well design, and
proximity of potential contamination sites and activities. The evaluation should also include the sampling
results of neighboring systems and any Wellhead Protection Assessments that have been completed.
(5) States should design their waiver strategies in part around the analytical methods matrix in Table X
(p. 19). For multi-analyte methods like 515, 525 and 531, it may not pay to conduct vulnerability
assessments for some of the contaminants unless there is a reasonable probability that a waiver can be
granted for all of them.
(6) In States with few facilities that use dioxin, it may be practical to grant state-wide waivers excepting
those water systems within a specified proximity to such facilities. The excepted systems should be
identified by name and notified in writing that they are required to monitor.
23
-------
TABLE VIII
STANDARDIZED MONITORING FRAMEWOR K
SOCa
Below Trigger Level-
¦ Population >3.300
1. NoWalver.NoGF
: 2. No Waiver, GF
3. Wo Waiver, No GF
4. No Waiver, GF
flB.JHtHHt
5. Waiver w/ OR w/o GF
Above Trigger Level'
6. MCL violation
7. BelOW MCL
(NotR&C]
& R&C BelOW MCL
tGW]
9 R & C Below MCL
[SW]
Detection
FIRST COMPLIANCE CYCLE
1st Compliance Period 2nd Compl ia nce Pe riod 3rd Compliance Period
1M3 1994 1MB 1898 1«7 1«8 10OT 2fl00 2001
SECOND COMPLIANCE CYCLE
1 ft Compltence Period 2rwl Compliance Period 3rd Compliance Period
2002 200S .200*: 2005 2006 2007 2008 Z0Q9 2010
W
Detection
] c
] c
] c
]w[
W
] c
] c
w
]w[
3WC
| Quarterly monitoring must continue Indefinitely unless another frequency Is established by EPA or the State under an enforcement action.
••a* eeee eeee
mm eeee j eeee
eeee | I Mee
11 •••• i i "«« i r^n r
c
n i • n • II ¦ i c
~
-------
TABLE VIII [ continued ]
SOC s
Below Trigger Laval
Detection
1. No Walvar, No GP
3, Ho waiver, No OF
All .
S, Waiver w/OR w.'oGF
Above Trigger Level"
6. MCL Violation
: 7. Below MCL
[MotR&C]
8. R &.C Below MCL
10W1
. 9. R & C Below MCL
[SW]
Detection
Sampling points thai detect an SOC during any of the following scenarios will fall under one of the scenarios at the bottom of the page (Above Trigger Level) in the next
calendar quarter.
Sampling points in systems serving more than 3,300 people that do NOT "grandfather" prior sampling results must take four consecutive quarterly samples during the initial
compliance period as scheduled by the State and then two samples in each succeeding compliance period.
Sampling points in systems serving more than 3,300 people that do "grandfather* prior sampling results and have never detected an SOC must take two samples in each
compliance period.
Sampling points in systems serving 3,300 people or less that do NOT "grandfather* prior sampling results must take four consecutive quarterly samples during the Initial
compliance period and then one sample during each succeeding compliance period.
Sampling points in systems serving 3,300 people or lass that do "grandfather" prior sampling results and have never detected an SOC must take one sample In each
compliance period.
Sampling points issued a waiver must sample at a frequency designated by the State in tfia waiver, which is valid for three years.
l
Sampling points in violation of the MCL must monitor every quarter unless and until #te State or EPA allow reduced sampling under an enforcement action that establishes a
revised and enforceable monitoring schedule.
Sampling points detecting an SOC, but which are NOT determined by the State to be 'reliably and consistently" below the MCL, must continue monitoring quarterly as long as thi
sampling point is In use.
Ground water sampling points detecting an SOC, but determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently" below the MCL, may reduce Mr monitoring frequency to one
sample every year. The State determination must be based on a minimum of two consecutive quarterly samples below the MCL. Sampling points with three consecutive years
of no detection may apply to the Stats for a waiver.
Surface water sampling points detecting an SOC, but determined by the State to be "reliably and consistently" below the MCL, tray reduce their monitoring frequency to one
sample every year. The State determination must be based on a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples below the MCL. Sampling points with three consecutive years
of no detection may apply to the State for a waiver.
* A sampling point may exceed the trigger level at any time, so there Is no practical place on the timeline to Illustrate IS effects on the sampling frequency. Therefore, this graphic assumes the trigger level to exceeded In #» first
quarter of 1093. The trigger level tor SOCs is the detection level.
Note: Ail Community and Non-Transient, Non-Community water systems serving lass than 150 service connections will receive a three-year extension from the Initial monitoring requirements of SOCs regulated under Phase V. The
Initial monitoring will begin In the compliance period of 1999*1998.
Key:
• « One Sample
R&C - Reliably and Consistently
W - Waiver
GW » Ground Water
SW - Surface Water
TNCWS « Transient Non-Community Water System
GF « Grandfathering of data. Depending on the availability ot eligible data, systems can "grandfather* one or more of the samples required tor base monitoring. The system's monitoring schedule is adjusted accordingly based on the
number of samples that are "grandfathered.*
-------
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
INTRODUCTION
This section summarizes the monitoring requirements as described in §141.40. There are 33 unregulated
contaminants which can be divided into two groups. The VOCs are listed in §141.40(e). The group of SOCs
include three aldicarbs that were administratively stayed under 57 FR 22178, May 27, 1992. One inorganic
contaminant is listed in §141.40(n). The contaminants originally listed in §§ 141.40(c) and 141.40(n), which
are now regulated, have been deleted from these subsections. These changes in the lists of unregulated
contaminants were promulgated under the Phase V Rule [ 57 FR 31845, July 17, 1992].
Unregulated Contaminant monitoring Under Phase I
[§§141.40(a)-(e)]
SYSTEMS AFFECTED
All CWSs and NTNGWSs serving 150 service connections or more were required to have completed
monitoring for the original list of 36 unregulated contaminants in subsection (e) by December 31, 1991. The
remaining unregulated VOCs for which monitoring must still be conducted are listed below.
Unregulated Contaminan
ts (VOCs) in 40 CFR § 141.40(e)
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Bromodichloromethane
Bromomethane
Chlorodibromomethane
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Bromoform
1,1,1,2-Tetrachlore thane
Dibromomethane
Chloroethane
m-Dichlorobenzene
2,2-Dichloropropane
1,1 -Dichloropropene
o-Chlorotoluene
1,1-Dichloroethane
p-Qrioratoluene
1,1,2,2-Tctrachloroethane
1,3-WcMarapropene
1,3-Dichloropropane
Bromobenzene
INITIAL SAMPLING { see §§ 141.40(a)-(c) ]
Surface water systems were required to take four quarterly samples, and pound water systems oik sample,
in 1988, 1989 or 1991, depending on the size of the populations served.
REPEAT SAMPLING [see §141.400)}
AH CWSs and NTNCWSs must repeat the sampling required under §§141.40(b)-(c) every five years from
the year the system had to begin monitoring under §141.40(a).
26
-------
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Under Phase n
[§ 14l.40(n)l
SYSTEMS AFFECTED
All CWSs and NTNCWSs serving > 150 service connections must complete monitoring for the remaining
unregulated contaminants by December 31, 1995.
Organic
Aldicarb
Dicamba
Aldicarb Sulfoxide
Dieldrin
Aldicarb Sulfone
3-Hydroxycarbofiiran
Aldrin
Methomyl
Butachlor
Metolachlor
Carbaryl
Metribuzin
Propachlor
Inorganic
Sulfate
SAMPLING REQUIREMENTS
All systems serving > 150 service connections are required to sample, unless a waiver has been granted by
the State. Systems serving less than 150 service connections may satisfy their obligation fa unregulated
contaminant monitoring by sending the State a letter indicating the system is available fa sampling. This letter
must be sent to the state by January 1, 1994.
(1) Systems must take four consecutive quarterly samples for the 10 organic compounds.
(2) For sulfate, systems must take one sample.
REPEAT SAMPLING
All systems must repeat the sampling required in §141,40(n) no less frequently than every five years from
the year the system began monitoring.
WAIVERS
Sampling for unregulated contaminants is not required for systems that have received a written waiver from
the State.
(1) Waiver for Organics: When a system can demonstrate' that a contaminant has not been used in the
water supply area, i.e....the contaminant was not used, manufactured, stored or disposed in the area), the
system may apply to the state for a use waiver. Systems not eligible for use waivers may still qualify
for a waiver by evaluating susceptibility of their source water to contamination. A state may grant a
susceptibility waiver after reviewing the results of a thorough vulnerability assessment, which includes
all prior sampling results and an evaluation of the source water susceptibility to contamination. This
evaluation must include the sampling results of neighboring systems, the environmental persistence and
transport of the contaminants) under review, how well the source is protected by geology and well
design, Wellhead Protection Assessments, and proximity of potential contamination sites and activities,
(2) Waiver for Inorganics: The slate may grant a waiver if previous analytical results indicate
contamination would not occur, provided these data were collected after January 1,1990.
27
-------
Analytical Methods & Laboratory Certification
Analytical Methods
This section summarizes the analytical requirements for IOCs, VOCs and SOCs. The analytical
requirements are listed to §§ 141.23 and 141.24. Matrices of the approved analytical methods for IOCs, SOCs
and VOCs appear on the following three pages.
IOCs
Analyses of monitoring samples for compliance purposes may only be conducted by laboratories which have
been certified by the* state or EPA. To receive approval for IOC analyses, a lab must;
(1) Analyze a set of performance evaluation (PE) samples supplied by EPA or the State using the methods
listed to Table IX;
(2) Achieve acceptance limits (ALs) established for each IOC as listed in Table IX; and
(3) Pass an on-site inspection, as described in the certification manual.
SOCs
To receive certification for SOC analyses, a laboratory must:
(1) Analyze SOC performance samples supplied by EPA or the State using the methods listed in Table X;
(2) Achieve ALs as listed in Table X for each substance;
(3) Achieve MDLs for each substance as listed in Table X; and
(4) Pass an on-site inspection.
VOCs
To receive certification for VOC analyses, a laboratory must:
(1) Analyze a set of PE samples supplied by EPA or the State using the methods listed in Table XI;
(2) Achieve a ±20 percent AL on 80 percent of all VOCs(1S), except vinyl chloride, when the actual
amount is >0.010 mg/L;
(3) Achieve a ±40 percent AL on 80 percent of all VOCs, except vinyl chloride, when the actual amount
is <0.010 mg/L;
(4) Achieve a ±40 percent AL on vinyl chloride-,
(5) Achieve a method detection limit (MDL) of 0.0005 mg/L; and
(6) Pass an on-site inspection, as described in the certification manual.
State Laboratory Certification Requirements
As part of their primary enforcement responsibilities, states must assure the availability of sufficient
qualified lab facilities to meet the state's analytical needs, establish and maintain a certification program for
laboratories, except where all analyses are conducted by state laboratories, and designate official(s) to be
responsible for this program.
COST-EFFECTIVE ANALYTICAL STRATEGIES
To minimize analytical costs, labs may select an approved analytical method which measures the greatest
number of contaminants for which a system is vulnerable. For example, EPA Method 505 can be used to
measure endrin, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, and simazinc.(30)
SAMPLE PRESERVATION
Preservation procedures for inorganic Mid organic samples are summarized in Tables XH and xm,
respectively. For the exact preservation procedure, consult the methods given in Tables IX, X, and XI.
(19) All VOCs for which moniloTir.g is required under Phases I, n, IB and V. These include the 'unregulated' VOCs listed under
1141.40(c).
(20) (Note: Additional information on VOC analysis is available in How to Convert From THM to VOC Purge and Trap Gas
Chromatographic Analysis. EPA 570/9-88-011. Available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline, 1-800-426-4791.)
28
-------
Table IX
INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Analytical Methods Matrix
INORGANIC
CONTAMINANTS
200.7
200.8
200.9*
2042
206.2
208.1
2105
2132
2182
220,1
2392
24S.1
249.1
2702
2792
300.0
335.1
340.1
353.1
3S4.1
TBI
206.3
2082
220.2
246.2
2492
3352
3402
3S32
aos.4
335.3
340.3
353.3
(£300)
(S41)
($30)
(sao»
($24)
($24)
($25)
(£25)
($25)
($25)
($25)
($85)
($24)
($25)
(S24)
($24)
($24)
($24)
($16)
($25)
($25)
375.4
($25)
ARSENIC (I)
BARIUM (26)
BERYLLIUM (5)
CADMIUM (2)
CHROMIUM (2)
COPPER (pb)
NICKEL (5)
ANTIMONY (S)
THALLIUM (S)
SELENIUM (2)
NITRATE (2)
NITRITE (2j
SULFATE (U)
ASBESTOS (2)
CYANIDE (5)
FLUORIDE (2)
LEAD (pb)
MERCURY (2)
ill
x
•i&vlywj
pai
Sipis
llflS
X
X
X
X
x!
Method #200,9 ts not a mulfi-analyto method, and must bo separately for each contaminant.
Roforoneas for methods:
Phase! CFR 14124 (g)(10)
Phase II CFR 141.23 (k)(1) (56 FR 3569,3581-3582].
Phase ll-B CFR 141.23 (a)(4)(0 [SO FR 30275]
Phase V CFR 14123
-------
Table X
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
SYNTHETIC
ORQANIC
COMPOUNDS
504
(S150)
505
506
507
508
508A
1613
515.1
525.1
531.1
547
548
549
($125)
($125)
($150)
($130)
($225)
($1500)
($250)
($400)
(S1S0)
($250)
($250)
($125)
550.0
550.1
($200)
ALACHLOR (2)
ALDRIN (U)
ATRAZJNE (2)
BEN20(A)PYREN£ (5)
BUTACHLOR (U)
CHLORDANE (2)
DELDRW (U)
OHETHYLHEXYU-ADIPATE (5)
DKETHYLHEXYLJ-PHTHAIATE (5)
ENDRIN (5)
KEPTACHLOR (2)
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE (2)
HEXACHLOROBENZENE (5)
HEXACHLOROCYCLO-PENTADIENE (5)
LINOANE (2)
METHOXVCHLOR (2)
METOUCHLOR (U)
METRIBUZ1N (U)
PROPACHLOR (U)
SIMAZtNE (5)
TOXAPHENE (2)
PENTACHLOROPHENOL (2B)
2.4-D (2)
2.4-0 B (U)
2AS-T (U)
2.4,5-TP (2)
DALAPON (S)
DICAMBA (U)
DINOSEB (5)
PICLORAM (5)
3-HYDROXYCAR-BOFURAW (U)
ALDICARB (AS)
ALOtCARB SUU-ONE (AS)
ALDICARB SULFOXCE (AS)
CARBARYL (U)
CARBOFURAN (2)
HETHOMYL (U)
OXAMYL (5)
DBCP (2)
EDB (2)
2J.7.6-TCDD (DIOXIN) (5)
DIOUAT (5)
ENDOTHALL (5)
GLYPHOSATE (5)
PCBs (2)
X1"1
¦B
m
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X 7
X
X ..
X :
X
X
lixil
X
*
X
*
X
*
*
x
X
X
-X
in
ill
ill
in
X
M44+M
A
Hi!
X
IIP!
(21) Screen for PCBs, but quantitation is by Method # S08A.
- 30
-------
Table XI
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Analytical Methods Matrix
VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
502.1
($200)
502.2
($200)
503.1
($100)
524.1
($275)
524.2
($275)
1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (U)
X
X
X
X
1,1-DICHLOROPROPENE (U)
X
X
X
X
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE (1)
X
X
X
X
1,1,1,2-TETHACHLOROTHAN E (U)
X
X
X
X
1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE (5)
X
X
X
X
1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROTHANE (U)
X
X
X
X
1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (U)
X
X
X
X
1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE (5)
X
X
X
1,1-D1CHLOROETHYLENE (1)
X
X
X
X
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE (1)
X
X
X
X
1,3-DICHLOROPROPANE (U)
X
X
X
X
1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE (U) m
X
X
X
X
2,2-DICHLOROPROPANE (U)
X
X
X
X
BENZENE (1)
X
X
X
X
BROMOBENZENE (U)
X
X
X
X
X
BROMODICHLOROMETHANE (U)
X
X
X
X
BROMOFORM (U)
X
X
X
X
BROMOMETHANE (U)
X
X
X
X
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (1)
X
X
X
X
CHLORODIBROMOMETHANE (U)
X
X
X
X
CHLOROFORM (U)
X
X
X
X
CHLOROETHANE (U)
X
X
X
X
CHLOROMETHANE (U)
X
X
X
X
o-CHLOROTOLUENE (U)
X
X
X
X
X
p-CHLOROTOLUENE (U)
X
X
X
X
X
o-DICHLOROBENZENE (U)
X
X
X
X
X
m-DICHLOROBENZENE (U)
X
. x
X
X
X
p-DICHLOROBENZENE (1)
X
X
X
X
X
ETHYLBENZENE (2)
X
X
X
X
MONOCHLOROBENZENE (2)
X
X
X
X
X
STYRENE {2)
X
X
X
X
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (2)
X
X
X
X
X
TOULENE (2)
X
X
X
X
TRICHLOROETHYLENE {1)
X
X
X
X
X
VINYL CHLORIDE (1)
X
X
X
X
XYLENES (2)
X
X
X
X
CIS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE (2)
X
X
X
X
DICHLOROMETHANE (5)
X
X
X
X
O-DICHLOROBENZENE (2)
X
X
X
X
X
1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE (2)
X
X
X
X
TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE (2)
X
• X
X
X
(22) <¦£., cis & trans 1,3 Dichloropropene.
31
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State Primacy Requirements
[ 40 CFR 142 ]
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE [see § 142.12(b)]
States arc required to submit complete and final primacy revision applications for each rule no later
than the date it becomes effective, "unless the State requests an extension and the Administrator has
approved the request". In this case, States must submit complete and final applications by the end of the
extension period. EPA Regional Administrators may grant primacy extensions for no more than two years
beyond the effective date of the regulation.
REGULATION
PUBLICATION DATE
;;RATE •
orlxpsNsioNs L-
Phase I:
My 8,1987
January 8, 1989
Not Applicable
Phase n:
January 31, 1991
My 30, 1992
July 30, 1994
Phase IB;
My 1,1991
January 1, 1993
Januaiy 1, 1994
Phase V:
My 17,1992
January 17,1993
December 17, 1995
BASIC REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
States must adopt and have authority to enforce provisions at least as stringent as those described in the following
sections.
141.23—Inorganic Monitoring
141.24—Organic Monitoring
141.32—Public Notification
141.40—Unregulated Monitoring
141.61—Organic Maximum Contaminant Levels
141.62—Inorganic Maximum Contaminant Levels
NEW OR AMENDED RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS [§142.14]
For each public water system, the state must maintain the following records for 12 years.
(1) The analytical results of monitoring for all contaminants regulated undo- Phases I, II, IIB and V.
(2) The record of decision of the most recent vulnerability determination.
(3) The current monitoring requirements and most recent sampling frequency decision for each contaminant
NEW OR AMENDED REPORTING REQUIREMENTS [§142.15]
For each public water system, the state must make quarterly reports of analytical results of monitoring for
unregulated contaminants.
NEW SPECIAL PRIMACY REQUIREMENTS [§ 142.16(e)(2)]
A plan for the initial monitoring period which schedules systems for monitoring according to the availability of
certified laboratories in each of the three years. This plan must be enforceable under state law. Steles may update
their monitoring plan submitted under the Phase II Rule or simply note in their application that they will use the
same monitoring plan for the Phase V Rule.
STATE WAIVER PROGRAMS [§ 142.16(e)(1)]
States must receive EPA approval of their monitoring waiver program, before they may use waivers to reduce
the Federal sampling requirements for any sampling points under §§ 141.23, 141.24 or 141.40. State program
descriptions must include waiver application requirements, the State review process for evaluating sampling point
vulnerability and State decision criteria for granting or denying sampling waivers. For additional guidance, see
Guidance to Regions for Review of State Waiver ¦Programs under Phase II & V Primacy Revision Applications,
September 11,1992, and Region V's Monitoring Waiver Guidance.
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Public Notification
INTRODUCTION
This section summarizes the public notice requirements for NPDWR violations as described under §141.32.
SYSTEMS AFFECTED
All CWSs, NTNCWSs and TNCWSs are responsible for notifying the public of violations of the NPDWRs. The
methods for providing public notice vary depending on the type of Systran and the type of violation.
VIOLATIONS REQUIRING PUBLIC NOTIFICATION [see §§141.32(a)-(b)]
There are two classes of violations: those which might be characterized as directly affecting public health (Tier
1 Violations) and those involving administrative requirements, such as sampling protocols (Tier 2 Violations).
(1) Tier 1 Violations may involve either acute or non-acute health risk. An acute violation involves an MCL
violation by a contaminant listed under § 141.32(a)(ii). These are acute contaminants, meaning that they are
capable of causing harmful effects after brief exposure. A non-acute violation involves contamination that
causes harmful effects only after long-term exposure of repeated dosage. Acute and non-acute violations
include:
«*- Failure to comply with an applicable MCL.
=»¦ Failure to comply with a prescribed treatment technique.
Failure to meet any schedule established under a variance or exemption. Typically, this would be a
compliance schedule to install treatment or to otherwise comply with the MCL of the contaminant for which
the variance or exemption was issued.
(2) Tier 2 Violations include:
•~ Failure to perform water quality monitoring as required by a NPDWR.
«*• Failure to comply with testing procedures as prescribed by a NPDWR.
=> Operating under a variance or an exemption.'231
CONTENT OF NOTICE [see §§141.32(d)-(e)]
Public notices must include a discussion of the violation, its potential adverse health effects and the population
at risk, steps being taken to correct the problem, and recommended precautions/24' The format, order, and
emphasis of notice information varies depending on the circumstances of the violation for which the notice is issued.
The circumstances of a violation may vary depending on the following factors:
(1) Tier 1 Acute Violation
(2) Tier 1 Non-Acute Violation
(3) Tier 2 Violation
(4) Type of Public Water System: Community, Transient Noncommunity or Nontransient Noncommunity
CONTENT OF NOTIFICATION
Public notices for Tier 1 acute and non-acute violations and Tier 2 notices for variances or exemptions must
include health effects language. Mandatory language for contaminants regulated under Phases I, II, HB and V are
described under § 141.32(e). However, water systems may include additional information, particularly if the violation
has been corrected by the time the notice is issued. Following is an example of mandatory health effects language
for beryllium.
(23) Operating under a variance or an exemption is not a violation in itself. It is referred to as a violation for simplicity, since public
notification of failure to comply with an MCL is required.
(24) For a review of the content requirement for public notices, consult EPA's publication, General Public Notification for Public
Water Systems, (EPA 570/9-89-002, September 1989). This publication is available through EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline,
1-800-426-4791.
- 33
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Mandatory Health Effects Language for Beryllium
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that beryllium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal occurs naturally in soils,
ground water and surface waters and is often used in electrical equipment and electrical components. It generally
gets into water from runoff from mining operations, discharge from processing plants and improper waste disposal.
Beiyllium compounds have been associated with damage to the bones and lungs and induction of cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. There is
limited evidence to suggest that beryllium may pose a cancer risk v;a drinking water exposure. Therefore, EPA
based the health assessment on noncancer effects with an extra uncertainty factor to account for possible
carcinogenicity. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans
who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard far beryllium at 0.004 part per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to beryllium.
METHODS OF NOTIFICATION
(1) Local Radio and TV
(2) Local Newspaper
(3) Direct Mail
(4) Water Bills
(5) Hand Delivery
(6) Continuous Posting in Conspicuous Places
TIMING OF NOTIFICATION
The type and nature of the violation determines the time frame under which public notification must occur.
Tier 1 Acute Violations: All systems must notify the public by radio or television of the presence of
a contaminant TWS and NTWS may instead notify via hand delivery or continuous posting at
conspicuous places within the service area.
Tier 1 Acute and Non-acute Violations: All systems must publish initial notification of Tier 1 non-
acute violations and follow-up notices of Tier 1 acute violations in local newspapers. TWS and NTWS
may instead notify via hand delivery or continuous posting at conspicuous places within the service
area.
Tier 1 Acute and Non-acute Violations: CWS must issue follow-up notices via direct mail, in
customer water bills, or by hand delivery. TWS and NTWS may make follow-up notice via hand
delivery or continuous posting at conspicuous places within the service area. A copy of the most recent
public notice must be given to all new billing units or hookups prior to or at the time service begins
for existing Tier 1 acute and non-acute violations.
Tier 2 Violations: CWS must issue notices via newspaper. TWS and NTWS may issue notices via
hand delivery or by continuous posting at conspicuous places within the service area for Ihe duration
of the violation.
All Violations: All systems must repeat the public notice every three months by direct mail, hand
delivery, or continuous posting for as long as the violation, variance or exemption exists. Note: For
Tier 1 Acute Violations, electronic media and newspaper notices do not need to be repeated and for
Tier 1 Non-acute Violations, newspaper notices A) not need to be repeated.
Within 72 hours:
Within 14 days:
Within 45 days:
Within
3 months:
Repeated every
three months:
- 34
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Treatment Options
introduction
THs discuss™ identifies the Bca Available Tecttrtofjr (BAT) and stttvunwitts Uie amdirioni for variances
and to be issued. These provisions he listed in §§ 141.61(b) Aid 142.62. There1 are tlroe pnifis
of latattKAl options- (a) pcimanent treatment options, (b> iKHt-tnaament opliaB and Elcctrodialysis Reversal
(d) Eon Etdunge
(c> Reverse -Osmosis
¦ 35
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• '• I
(3) TOE Debtees may be permamemTv inaalted id tried Che NPDWRs. If ihe reqntantMtts for POEs as
short term devices are continuously ma.
DELAYED TREATMENT OPTIONS
These options involve sutatliudng nlieirailve wwimeitt leehmotopes where Die BAT is shown id be
iitfeatiWe (Variances), or Ihc delay of installing lATs wfwue economics or other factors mate awns timely
installation ipfctsihle.
(1) Variances: Stales may issue variances for any system nnabie to fully amply witfi all applicable
drinking waier regulations
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