United States EPA/814-B-92-001
Environmental Protection ApriM992
Agency
Ground Water and Drinking Water
f/EPA Pocket
Sampling
Guide for
Operators of
Small Water
Systems
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Notice
This guide has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and approved for publication. Mention
of trade names or commercial products does not consti-
tute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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Pocket
Sampling
Guide for
Operators of
Small Water
Systems
Office of Ground Water
and Drinking Water
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Aprill992
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Acknowledgments
This sampling guide was developed by the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Ground Water
and Drinking Water, Cincinnati, Ohio. Jim Walasek, Tech-
nical Support Division (TSD), developed the text for the
guide and provided overall project management Jim
Westrick and other TSD staff members reviewed the
guide. Susan Richmond of Eastern Research Group, Inc.
(ERG) Arlington, Massachusetts, edited and coordinated
production of the guide. Carl Bonvini, Karen Ellzey, and
Aarre Laakso, ERG, designed, illustrated, and desktop
published the document.
The cover photograph was taken by Jim Walasek. Other
photography was provided by Mary Ann Nilsson, Amanda
L. Conaway, and Michele Bolyard, TSD. EPA also would
like to acknowledge Damon Boutche, Erik Mansfield, and
the staff of the Town of Essex Water Department, Essex,
Massachusetts, and Jim Hesler and Eric Heiser of the
Batavia (Ohio) Waterworks, for the use of their facilities
and assistance in coordinating photography of sampling
procedures.
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Contents
Introduction
How to Use This Guide 2
General Sampling Considerations 2
The Rules " 2
General Sampling Considerations 6
Assemble Equipment ""5
Ensure Representative Sampling [ 6
Collect the Sample ..'"""""""".B
Record and Report Results ".".".".".7
Fill Out Chain-of-Custody Forms """""""""""""7
Pack and Transport the Samples "",Q
Be Aware of Public Notification Requirements (PNR) "9
VOC Rule 1n
Summary 12
Status .......... ... ............ 13
MCL ........................ . ......... Z!!Z!ZZZZZis
Monitoring Requirements ........................................... 13
General ..................................... . ...................... .T 13
Effective Date ................. . ....................................... -14
Number of Samples ................................... !!!!"!".".'l4
Location ........................................ . ........................ -14
Analytical Methods .................................. !!!"."!.""" 15
Unregulated Contaminants: 1987......... ..... *16
VOCs:1991 [[[ "!"""l8
Status ...................................... -jg
MCL .................................. """""""""!.'"""".".".""."l8
Monitoring Requirements ...................................... '""."IB
Effective Date [[[ -jg
Number of Samples ........................ . ............ !!"!!!! ."is
Location .......... . .................................................. ^g
Schedule [[[ !.!!!l9
Sampling ...................................... . ......... !.."""."..^...,.20
Sample Containers ................................................. 20
Procedure .............................. . ........................... .....20
Total Coliform Rule .............. . .......... . ............... t ............. 27
Summary .................... . ....................................... " ...... 28
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Sampling Plans t 29
Effective Date " 29
Number of Samples .........."!!30
Variances and Exemptions 31
Sanitary Surveys 32
Analytical Methods "!ZZZs2
Sampling Locations 33
Sampling ZZZ! 34
Sample Containers.... , 34
Procedure '" 34
Surface Water Treatment Rule 43
Summary --
45
Treatment Techniques ........................................... 45
Monitoring Requirements ................................... """ 45
General ............................................ ..."............... 45
Effective Dates .............................................. ......... 45
Operator Qualifications ........................... .""!!"."!.'."! 46
Operating Criteria— Systems with Filtration "."".....46
Operating Criteria— Systems without Filtration ...... 49
Variances and Exemptions ..................................... 51
Reporting and Recordkeeping ................... ........ 52
Analytical Methods ........... . ............... ZZZ!" 53
Sampling— Systems with Filtration ...................... ..."...54
Turbidity Monitoring ............................................... 54
Procedure ........................................... [ ........... 54
Disinfection Monitoring ................................ ."."...'.'.57
Procedure..... .................... . .............. ............". ........ 57
Sampling— Systems without Filtration ......... ......!"".!..61
Procedure [[[ ...... 61
Lead and Copper Regulation ........... .. .......................... 63
Summary [[[ .............. 64
Status ....................... ..........................
Treatment Techniques ............................................ Q5
Monitoring Requirements .............................. .....'".....6Q
General [[[ ............ 66
Tap Water Sampling .................................... ...........66
Monitoring for Water Quality Parameters ..... ..........69
Source Water Sampling ....................................... "79
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Procedure 72
First-Draw Sampling 73
Service Line Sampling .77
Appendix A: Glossary.. 81
Appendix B: Standardized Monitoring Framework ...85
Appendix C: Bibliography 87
Contacts 88
Notes 90
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Introduction
This guide is intended to help operators of small water
systems understand and comply with the monitoring re-
quirements of the Amendments to the Safe Drinking
Water Act (SDWA) passed by Congress in 1986. The guide
addresses primarily operators of community water systems
serving less than 3,300 people, or so-called "small systems."
The 1986 amendments outlined a schedule for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set enforce-
able standards, known as Maximum Contaminant Levels
(MCLs) or treatment techniques for 83 contaminants.
This guide will cover most of the sampling requirements
for the new regulations that have already been promul-
gated under the 1986 amendments:
• The Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) Rule
• The new Total Coliform Rule (TCR)
• The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), which
includes filtration and disinfection requirements for
surface water systems
• Lead and Copper Regulation
Sampling requirements for new regulations regarding
synthetic organic pesticides, other inorganics, and
new radionuclide standards, which will take effect in
upcoming years, will be covered in a companion guide
to be published in 1993.
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How to Use This Guide
The purpose of this guide is to provide quick reference in-
formation, as well as detailed sampling instructions, for
complying with the monitoring requirements of the SDWA.
The guide is composed of the following parts:
General Sampling Considerations
The first unit is a brief overview of things to consider when
sampling for most contaminants. Topics covered include:
• Equipment
• Representative Sampling
• Sample Collection
• Recording and Reporting Results
• Chain of Custody
• Transporting Samples for Shipment
• Public Notification Requirements
You should review this section carefully before performing
any sampling in the field.
The Rules
The main body of the guide is divided into four units that
summarize the regulations and sampling procedures for
each contaminant class:
• The Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) Rule
• The Total Coliform Rule (TCR)
• The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)
• The Lead and Copper (Pb and Cu) Regulation
Each of these units contains the following sections:
Unit Opener
An illustrated cover page with a colored tab at the bottom,
which marks the beginning of the unit. The tab, on which
the abbreviated name of the rule is written, allows you to
quickly find the appropriate unit by thumbing through the
guide. This tab is repeated, in a lighter color, at the top of
all even-numbered pages and the bottom of all odd-num-
bered pages throughout the unit
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Summary
A summary of the rule, including an introduction to the
contaminant(s) of concern and a brief status and descrip-
tion of the regulation.
List of Terms
Important terms, including acronyms, used in the unit,
listed in alphabetical order in two columns. These terms
are printed in boldface type where they are introduced in
the text and are defined in the Glossary in Appendix A.
Status
The date the final rule was promulgated, along with the
dates of any modifications to the rule. The status also
cites the appropriate Federal Register notice where the
rule can be found. The Federal Register is published
every day except holidays and can be obtained from your
local library. Federal Register citations in the guide are ab-
breviated and read as follows:
52 FR 2561
Volume No. _ . ' , , Page No.
Federal Register
The Volume No. refers to the year of publication. In the
above example, 52 refers to 1992. In 1993, the Volume
No. would be 53. The Page Nos. run consecutively
through the year, beginning with page 1 on January 2nd.
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
The enforceable standard set by the rule that specifies
how much of the contaminant can be present.
Treatment Technique
Techniques for contaminant removal and/or control that
are required under the regulation.
Monitoring Requirements
A brief description of the monitoring requirements for the
rule. Information contained here may vary, but includes
date(s) the requirements take effect, number and type of
samples required, sampling location, compliance sched-
ule, analytical methods, and reporting requirements. This
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section also includes tables and figures to help you deter-
mine your specific sampling needs.
Sampling Procedures
This section contains detailed information about sampling
equipment and procedures. Where appropriate, this sec-
tion opens with a brief description of Sample Containers
that can be used to collect samples in the field. The pages
that follow describe step-by-step Procedures for proper
sampling. Accompanying photographs illustrate correct
sampling techniques using proper equipment In some
cases, split photographic images are used to show details
of a single step of the procedure or to show a step being
performed using two different types of equipment. For
your convenience in the field, these same illustrated sam-
pling procedures also are reproduced on durable foldout
pages, tucked into the back pocket of the guide.
Following the units on specific monitoring rules are some
additional tools to assist you in your sampling in the field:
• Appendix A: Glossary. Definitions of important terms
and acronyms used throughout the guide. These
terms and acronyms are listed at the beginning of the
rules in which they are used and printed in boldface
type where they are introduced in the guide.
• Appendix B: Standardized Monitoring Framework.
A description, with illustrative tables, of the framework
for monitoring frequency established in 1991. This
framework was designed to reduce the variability and
complexity of monitoring for drinking water
requirements.
• Bibliography. A list of publications cited throughout
the guide, that contain more detailed information on
specific contaminants, monitoring requirements, or
sampling procedures.
• Contacts and Notes. Several blank pages for your
use in keeping important phone numbers, such as
those of state contacts and laboratories, and for
jotting down notes about your own specific sampling
needs.
• Foldout Sampling Procedures and Pocket. The
illustrated sampling procedures from the guide are
reproduced on durable foldout pages and
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conveniently stored in a pocket in the inside back
cover of the guide. To save space, a few of the
illustrations and notes from the guide were omitted
from these pages. You may refer to the original guide
procedures for this information.
• EPA Regional Offices. The addresses and phone
numbers of EPA Regional Offices, along with a map
of the Regions, are supplied on the back cover of the
guide for your quick reference.
Specific questiorte regarding monitoring requirements of
the SDWA regulations or sampling techniques/protocols
should be directed to your state drinking water repre-
sentative or the laboratory that will be analyzing the sam-
ples. You should always check with your state
representative before conducting any sampling.
As current regulations are revised, updated guidebook
pages will become available. In addition, units on sam-
pling for chemicals covered under Phase II (including
VOCs, synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs), and inorgan-
ics) and radionuclides will be available in a companion
guide to this volume to be published in 1993. For informa-
tion concerning these updates, contact:
Jim Walasek
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
Technical Support Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513)569-7919
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6
General Sampling
Considerations
Although sampling techniques and monitoring require-
ments vary under each of the rules in this guide, there are
some general rules of thumb that are applicable to most
sampling procedures.
1. Assemble Equipment
Generally, an EPA- or state-certified laboratory will supply
the containers for sampling. The laboratory also will nor-
mally add preservatives to the containers, if required be-
fore shipping them to the utility. Many laboratories
maintain files on their utility clients and automatically send
out the proper kit prior to the date when compliance sam-
P^ng is required. Coolers or insulated packing boxes for
shipping samples are also usually provided by the lab for
the operator's convenience.
2. Ensure Representative Sampling
The result of any laboratory analysis is only as good as
the sample collected. The objective of sampling is to ob-
tain a sample that "represents" the true character of the
water being tested. To achieve this, samples should be
collected at a specific location, using consistent methods
This representative sample also must receive proper han-
dling (preservation, transport, storage, etc.) after it has
been collected, so its composition will not be altered be-
fore being analyzed.
3. Collect the Sample
Samples must be collected in the proper number, at the
appropriate time and location, and of the proper volume in
order to satisfy the requirements of specific regulations
Samples that fulfill these criteria are called compliance
monitoring samples. Requirements are spelled out in
the regulations, and are briefly summarized in this sam-
pling guide. Because of its limited size, however the
guide cannot cover every condition specified in the regula-
tions. Therefore, references to the Federal Register no-
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ticesthat contain these regulations are noted at the begin-
ning of each unit of the guide.
4. Record and Report Results
The results of sampling must be recorded and reported to
the state according to the compliance schedule. The
laboratory that analyzes your samples will usually provide
any forms and/or labels required for recording sampling-
related information. The information that must be reported
includes:
• Type of sample (routine or check)
• Type of analysis required
• Date
• Time
• Exact location (e.g., Well #2 discharge tap)
• Sampler's name
If samples are to be collected repeatedly (e.g., quarterly)
from the same location, use an identification code (e.g.,
Well #2) to indicate the site or use the exact same written
description each time.
Often, the sampling results are reported to the state and
back to the utility on the same form that the laboratory
sends to the public water system along with the sampling
containers.
5. Fill Out Chain-of-Custody Forms
Some states require that "chain-of-custody" procedures
be followed for compliance monitoring samples. The typi-
cal chain-of-custody form establishes the whereabouts of,
and person responsible for, the sample at any point in
time. A portion of a sample chain-of-custody record form is
shown in Figure 1. Use waterproof ink to fill out your form
as soon as you collect the sample. Print or write legibly
and note any special conditions that could suggest con-
tamination.
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Figure 1. Chain of Custody Report
Relinquished by:
Dispatched by:
Method of Shipme
Sample Lab #
Relinquished by
Sample Lab #
Locked in Refrig
Sample Lab #
Locked in Refrig
Date/Time
Date/Time
Received by:
Received for
Lab by:
Date/Time
Date/Time
nt Seal Intact: Yes
Date/Time
Date/Time
Date/Tlme
Received by:
Removed from
Refrig
Removed from
Refrig
Date/Time
Date/Time
Date/Tlme
6. Pack and Transport the Samples
In shipping, samples must be protected from breakage
and must be maintained at a constant temperature that is
neither too hot nor too cold. If the samples must be refrig-
erated, cool them with sufficient ice or prefrozen chemical
cold packs (blue ice) to about 4° C (39° F). (tt is also im-
portant to keep the samples from freezing.) If samples re-
quiring refrigeration are collected within driving distance of
the laboratory, a picnic cooler may be used as a carrying
case. If samples must be shipped, however, they need to
be protected against spillage and breakage, in addition to
being cooled to the appropriate temperature. As men-
tioned above, the laboratory will usually supply appropri-
ate shipping cases. Generally, samples must be
transported to the laboratory either the same day they
were taken or by overnight courier.
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7. Be Aware of Public Notification
Requirements (PNR)
If a public water system becomes aware, based on sam-
pling results, that it has exceeded an MCL or otherwise
violated requirements for compliance with a rule, it must
inform the public as soon as possible. There are two types
of violations:
• Tier 1 violations—violations of an MCL, treatment
technique, or variance or exemption schedule. These
violations may be either acute, which involve an
immediate risk to human health, or nonacute.
• Tier 2 violations—violations of monitoring requirements
or testing procedures, or when a variance or exemption
is issued.
Each type of violation requires different notification proce-
dures. These procedures for community water systems
are summarized in Table 1.
Information that must be included in a public notice in-
cludes:
• A clear and understandable explanation of the
violation
• Information about any potential adverse health affects
• Information about whether particular members of the
service population, such as infants or senior citizens,
are particularly susceptible to problems that may
result from the violation
• Steps being taken to correct the problem
• Whether it is necessary to seek alternative water
supplies
• Any preventive measures that should be taken until
the problem is corrected
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Table 1. Summary pf Public Notification
Requirements
m
Dl
Days
Violation 37 14 45 90
Acute Violations ll-illl PUSs
TV and Radio :iNSifii|Sii; SS:;S|i;;|l Ivi^iililisiS
., . 'it^S™™^ ;-&**':-:•*-<*-*-•
Mail or Hand Delivery3 Quarterty Re&afesvxj:;
Nonacute ViolatiorSiissSs;:
.. '"iiH'Sihiuif ••V-V'-:-*-\:t*-ttt(
Man or Hand Delivery Q^^fv *Ukm&
yj illlll; illlll illBl
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Newspaper :;&#MafcDr;
•1111 Sill lilil
f Mandatory health information is required tor all Tier 1
violations ofMCL, treatment technique, or variance or
exemption schedule.
2 If no newspaper of general circulation is available, posting or
hand delivery is required.
3 May be waived.
4 Mandatory health information is required for Tier 2 violations
only when a variance or exemption has been issued.
5 For monitoring violations, less frequent notice (but no less
than annual) may be required.
in addition, the notice must be clear and conspicuous and
written in easy-to-understand language. The notice also
should include a phone number of someone at the public
water system who can be contacted for further informa-
tion. If a large percentage of the service population does
not speak English, the notice must be written in the appro-
priate language as well as in English. For more detailed
information on public notification requirements, see Public
Notification Handbook for Public Water Systems (EPA
570/9-89-002), Office of Water, U.S. EPA, 1989, or con-
tact your state drinking water representative.
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VOC Rule
Summary
U.S. EPA established MCLs for 8 volatile organic chemi-
cals (VOCs) in 1987 and for 10 VOCs in 1991. In addition,
the 1987 Rule (sometimes referred to as Phase I) called
for the monitoring of 51 "unregulated contaminants."
The 1991 rules (also known as Phase II) set standards for
38 contaminants including 10 new VOCs, 8 inorganic
chemicals (lOCs), and 20 other synthetic organic chemi-
cals (SOCs), primarily pesticides. The 10 VOCs and 2 of
the pesticides regulated by these rules were previously
listed as Phase I unregulated contaminants.
VOCs can occur in both untreated and treated drinking
water. They are generally found at higher concentrations
in ground water than in surface water. This is because
volatilization (evaporation) is restricted in ground water.
Because these organic chemicals are volatile, they re-
quire special sampling procedures, such as being col-
lected with zero head space (no air above the liquid where
volatilization can take place).
Terms Used in This Section
Biocide
Compliance Monitoring
CWS
IOC
NTNCWS
Phase I
Phase II
SOC
Variance
VOC
Waiver
*These terms are defined in the glossary at the backofthe guide.
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VOCs:1987
Status: Final Rule - July 8,1987 (52 FR 25690)
MCL: Final MCLs for 8 VOCs (Phase I) are shown
in Table 1. If a system violates any of the
MCLs, it must notify the public. (See Public
Notification Requirements, p. 9.)
Table 1 . Final MCLs for 8 VOCs (Phase I)
Compound MCL, mg/L (ppm)*
Benzene
Vinyl chloride
Carbon tetrachloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane (1 ,2-DCA)
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
p-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB)
1 ,1-Dichloroethylene (DCE)
1 ,1 ,1-Trichloroettiane (TCA)
.005
.002
.005
.005
.005
.075
.007
.2
* To convert mg/L (ppm) to \ig/L (ppb), move the decimal point
three places to the right (0.005 ppm = 5 ppb).
Monitoring Requirements
Check with your state drinking water representative for
more stringent state guidelines.
General
This rule applies to all community and nontransient, non-.
community water systems (CWS and NTNCWS). Monitor-
ing is phased in by system size.
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Effective Date: January 1,1988; January 9,
1989
The 1987 monitoring requirements were phased in based
on system size, starting January 1, 1988. For systems
serving less than 3,300 people, monitoring must have
begun by January 1,1991.
The compliance requirements for MCLs, variances, and
exemptions became effective for all systems January 9,
1989.
After January 1, 1993, follow the monitoring
requirements of Phase II (see p. 18 of this guide).
Number of Samples
A minimum of one sample must be taken per source. Sys-
tems are permitted to composite up to five samples.
Compositing is done in the laboratory. (See the Final Rule
for the proper procedures.)
Initial Monitoring
Water systems must sample quarterly for both surface
and ground-water sources.
Repeat Monitoring
For each sample that exceeds the MCL, the system must
take repeat samples either quarterly or at the discretion of
the state. The frequency of repeat sampling is based on
detection, vulnerability, source, and system size.
Location
Ground-water samples must be taken at a point of entry to
the distribution system that is representative of each well.
Surface water samples must be taken at points in the dis-
tribution system representative of each source or after
treatment at entry points to the distribution system.
See Figure 1 for examples of how to determine numbers
of samples and locations for sampling.
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Unregulated Contaminants: 1987
The 1987 Federal Register notice that announced the first
phase of the VOC regulation also called for the monitoring
of 51 "unregulated contaminants." EPA uses this informa-
tion to establish new regulations, evaluate health risks,
and keep the public informed of those risks.
Systems serving fewer than 3,300 persons were required
to start monitoring for these contaminants after January 1,
1991. The contaminants are broken down into three lists:
34 contaminants that must be monitored by all systems, 2
(EDB and DBCP) that must be monitored only by vulner-
able systems, and 15 contaminants that are monitored at
the state's discretion. The three lists follow:
1. Monitoring Required for All Systems*
Bromobenzene 1,1 -Dichloroethane
Bromodichloromethane 1,1 -Dichloropropene
Bromoform 1,2-Dichloropropane
Bromomethane 1,3-Dichloropropane
Chlorobenzene 1,3-Dichloropropene
Chlorodibromomethane 2,2-Dichloropropane
Chloroethane Ethylbenzene
Chloroform Styrene
Chloromethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
o-Chlorotoiuene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
p-Chlorotoluene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Dibromomethane Tetrachloroethylene
m-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
o-Dichlorobenzene Toluene
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene p-Xylene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene o-Xylene
Dichloromethane m-Xylene
2. Monitoring Required for Vulnerable Systems
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropro-
pane (DBCP)
* Systems serving fewer than 150 connections need only make
their system available for sampling.
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VOCs: 1991
Status: Final Rules - January 30, 1991 (56 FR
3526); July 1,1991 (56 FR 30266)
MCL: Final MCLs for 10 VOCs are shown in Table
2. If a system violates any of those MCLs, it
must notify the public. (See Public
Notification Requirements, p. 9.)
Table 2. Final MCLs for 10 VOCs (Phase II)
Compound
MCL, mg/L (ppm)
o-Dichlorobenzene
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethy!ene
1,2-Dichloropropane
Ethylbenzene
Monochlorobenzene
(Chlorobenzene)
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Xylenes (total)
.6
.07
.1
.005
.7
.1
.1
.005
1
10
Monitoring Requirements
Effective Date: January 1,1993
Monitoring is required for 18 VOCs—the original 8 (Ta-
blel) and the 10 new VOCs (Table 2)—to determine com-
pliance with the MCLs.
Number of Samples
The monitoring requirements are spelled out in the July 1,
1991 rule (superceding the requirements of January 30,
1991), but generally all CWS and NTNCWS must take
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four consecutive quarterly samples for 1 year starting in
1993 and then annually if no detects (values greater than
.0005 mg/L) are found.
If previous data collected by December 31, 1992 (for ex-
ample, the regulated and unregulated contaminant data)
showed no detections, only one sample per year need be
collected from 1993 through 1995 (see 56 FR 30277 for
details).
Location
Sample locations are the same as for the original 8
(Phase 1) VOCs.
Schedule
EPA has established a Standardized Monitoring Frame-
work (see p. 85) to help coordinate and synchronize moni-
toring schedules. Within this framework, the state has the
flexibility to determine when each system should sample.
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Sampling
Sample Containers
The laboratory normally supplies containers for sampling.
Recommended containers are glass 40- to 120-mL screw
cap vials with a PTFE-faced (Teflon®) silicone septum.
Each analytical method specifies special procedures for
cleaning the containers.
The lab will normally add the proper preservative(s) in ad-
vance. If not, the EPA manual, Methods for the Determi-
nation of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water
(EPA-600/4-88/039, December 1988), details the correct
procedure.
Typical VOC sampling containers and equipment
Procedure
The lab that supplies the containers will normally provide
sampling instructions with the sampling kit for the type of
monitoring you are doing. Refer to those instructions
when they are provided.
77)e following instructions and photos illustrate the
general sampling procedures to be followed for col-
lecting VOC monitoring samples.
-------
1
Select a representative sampling location. For a
surface water system, the plant effluent tap might
be an appropriate sampling location. For a well
discharging directly into the distribution system, a
tap on the well's discharge piping after any treat-
ment would be appropriate.
If possible, use a non-swivel faucet and remove
any aerator, strainer, or hose that is present. (You
may not be able to remove the aerator or find a
non-swivel faucet.)
Removing aerator from faucet before starting to sample
Turn on the cold water for several minutes before
collecting the sample. Time required will vary de-
pending on sampling location, well bore volume,
and whether or not the pump has been running.
Fill out the label in waterproof ink. Be sure to
clearly identify the exact sample collection loca-
tion and the date and time of collection. If the
sample collection point has a specific coded iden-
tification, include it on the label and sample sub-
mission form.
-------
Filling out the label
Adjust the flow to about 500 mL (1 pint) per min-
ute (approximately 1/8-inch diameter stream).
Hold the vial at an angle and fill it to as near the
top as possible without overflowing. Be careful
not to rinse out the preservative.
Filling the vial
-------
8
Carefully complete filling the bottle to form a me-
niscus (the curved upper surface of a liquid
formed by surface tension) or use the vial cap to
top off the bottle and form a meniscus.
Topping off the vial with the bottle cap to form a
meniscus
For the collection of chlorinated samples, a
dechlorinating agent such as sodium thiosulfate
will generally be pre-added by the lab supplying
the sample containers. It will rapidly dissolve as
the bottle is filled.
After forming the meniscus, add a biocide such
as 1:1 (one part acid to one part water) hydrochlo-
ric acid (HCI) to the sample. Add one drop of 1:1
HCI for each 20 mL of sample volume. For exam-
ple, for a 40-mL vial, add two drops with a pipette
to the top of the meniscus. (The acid is more
dense than the water and will settle to the bot-
tom.) Be extremely careful when adding the acid.
Hydrochloric acid causes severe bums.
-------
Adding HCI to the sample
Screw the cap on the bottle so that the shiny,
white (Teflon1^ side of the septum is in contact
with the water. Do not touch the septum and do
not overtighten!
Screwing on the cap
-------
10
Invert the bottle, tap against your other hand, and
check for air bubbles. If any are present, add ad-
ditional water to reform the meniscus and check
again.
Inverting tfie vial to determine if there are air bubbles
(left) or no air bubbles (right)
Hj Shake the bottle vigorously for 1 minute.
Repeat above steps (6 - 11) for duplicate (ortripli-
cate) samples.
Complete the forms supplied by the lab with the ap-
propriate information such as PWS identification
number, exact sample collection location, date and
time, type of sample (raw, plant tap, entry point, or
distribution), and type of analyses to be run. In
many states, the same form that you fill out wilt be
used to report the analytical results. Also, complete
a chain-of-custody form if required.
-------
26
^TLi
1
Deliver the samples the same day to the lab, or
pack them with ice (to lower the temperature to
4°C) and ship to the lab by overnight courier. The
samples also need to be protected from freezing.
Packing ice around the bottles for shipment to the lab
-------
* V A;:\ 1
vy*v 1
v* * *;-«
-------
Total Coliform Rule
Summary
The Total Coliform Rule (TCR), which became effective
December 31,1990, S"^cedes the oId Natona. ntenm
Primary Drinking Water Regulations (N PDWRI to™*
mum microbiological contaminant levels (**«*•?
24 1977). The TCR differs from the old rule in that rt .s
based on the presence or absence (P/A) of colrforms
raTher than on the number of coliforms detected ,n the
samp es The new rule quires that coliform po«n»
Samples be further tested for fecal coUform f £ coin
and that a set of repeat samples be collected fo each to-
tel cdiform positive sample. Furthermore, f col,form; are
detected, most systems will * ^^*«*?(2£
tional routine samples the following month. Another differ^
ence between theold and new rules is that each system
must now have a written sampling plan that I ste the fre-
quencies and locations of samples to be collected Tte
p"an may be reviewed and revised by the regulatory
agency.
Terms Used in This Section
Fecal Coliforms
NCWS
NIPDWR
TCR
^
"These terms are defined in the glossary at the back of the
guide.
-------
Status:
Final Rule -June 29, 1989 (54 FR 27544)
Modifications - January 8 1991 (56 FR 636);
January 15, 1991 (56 FR 1556), and
January 1 5, 1992 (57 FR 1850)
MCL:
Requirements, p. 9.)
Monitoring Requirements
Check with your state drinking water representative for
more stringent state guidelines.
General
This rule applies to all community (CWS) and non-com-
munity (NCWS) public water systems.
Sampling Plans
The state requires a written sample siting plan. This plan
is subject to state review and revision.
Effective Date: December 31, 1990
December 31, 1990.
-------
Number of Samples
The number of samples that must be taken monthly is
o7*e population served by the water systemja-
shows minimum monthly monitoring retirements.
sSTroutlnely sample more than the m,n,mum
to keep track of the system's status.
L —^^•^••^•^^^^•^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1
Minimum Routine
Samples/Month
25-1,000
1,001-2,500
2,501-3,300
For each routine sample that is total
system must collect a set of repeat samples and have rt
ana^for total coliforms. If total coliforms are detected
fna£ routine or repeat sample, the system n«t««
five routine samples the ne>ct month. Table 2 shows the
required frequency for repeat sampling.
-------
Monitoring and Repeat Sampling
Frequency after a Total
Coliform-Positive Routine Sample
Number of Number of
Routine Samples Repeat
Per Month Samples
1/month*
2/month
3/month
4
3
3
Number of
Routine Samples
Following Month
—
5/month
5/month
5/month
*Or fewer.
Each set of repeat samples must include the following:
. One sample at the same tap as the original sample
- One sample within five service connections upstream
. One sample within five service connects
downstream
the bottom of p. 33.)
state waives this requirement
ff a system has only one service connection, it can collect:
m One 1 00-mL sample on each of 4 separate days
B TWO 200-mL samples on 2 separate days
m One 400-mL sample on 1 day
See the complete total conform rule for details and excep-
tions.
Variances and Exemptions
1556)). No exemptions are allowed.
-------
-—
» Syem Collecting
Five Samples/Month
Fewer Than
Community June 29,1994 every 5 years
water system
Non-community June29t1999 everyByears*
water system —•
Membrane Finer (MF) Technique
method
-------
Sampling Locations
List your approved sampling points (001, 002, etc.) here
and also the upstream and downstream repeat sample
points (1a, 1b, 1c, etc.). This is only one recommended
way to conduct repeat sampling. Your state may have dif-
ferent requirements for identifying sampling sites
Sample
No.
001
1a
1b
1c
002
2a
2b
2c
003
3a
3b
3c
004
4a
4b
4c
005
5a
5b
5c
Sampling Point
Name and/or Address
Cfty
Upstream
Downstream
' (a) Repeat Sample from Original (b) Repeat Sample from
within 5 Service Sample within 5 Service
Connections Upstream Site Connections Downstream
(c) Repeat Sample from within
5 Service Connections Upstream or Downstream
-------
Sampling
Sample Containers containers
tory normally supplies the «JMi a)so use
sterilized, °™
thiosulfate tablet.
Typical sa
sampling
Procedure
monitoring samples.
-------
H Assemble all of the sampling supplies before you
• begin. The proper preservative will usually be
added by the lab. A dechlorinating agent is used
when sampling chlorinated waters (such as those
found in the distribution system). Handle the con-
tainers carefully as they are usually presterilized.
Go to the sampling location(s) specified in the
sampling plan. These representative sampling lo-
cations are usually located in the distribution sys-
tem and are accessible during the day. Examples
include hospitals, city buildings, pump stations,
restaurants, and dedicated sampling stations.
(See p. 33 for the coliform sampling location
form.) The tap should be clean, free of attach-
ments (hoses, etc.), and in good repair (no leaks).
If possible, avoid faucets with swivel necks and
drinking fountains.
If possible, remove any aerator, strainer, or hose
that is present, as any of these may harbor bacte-
ria. (You may not be able to remove the aerator or
find a non-swivel faucet.)
Removing aerator from faucet before starting to sample
-------
Optional Step: Ftame the tap using canned heat,
an alcohol burner, a butane lighter, or paper
torches; or spray the tap with chlorine solution or
wipe it with alcohol. (This step is optional since
many people believe this practice does not kill at-
tached bacteria and is not necessary if the sam-
pling tap is selected carefully.)
Optional: Flaming the tap with a paper torch before
collecting the sample
Open the cold water tap for about 2 to 3 minutes
before collecting the sample. (You may want to
time this step—3 minutes is a long time.) This
clears the service line.
-------
Fill out the label, tag, and lab form in waterproof
ink.
Filling out the label
Adjust the flow to about 500 ml_ (1 pint or 2 cups)
per minute (approximately a 1/8-inch diameter
flow). Check for steady flow. Do not change the
water flow once you have started sampling, it
could dislodge microbial growth.
Adjusting the water to a 1/8-inch diameter flow
-------
Q Remove the bottle cap (stopper, etc.) or open the
** plastic bag. Be careful not to touch the inside with
your fingers. Then position the bottle or bag under
the water flow. Hold the bottle in one hand and
the cap in the other.
Do not lay the cap down or put it in a pocket1
Also, take care not to contaminate the sterile bot-
tle (or bag) or cap with your fingers or permit the
faucet to touch the inside of the bottle or bag.
DO NOT RINSE OUT THE BOTTLE OR BAG
BEFORE COLLECTING THE SAMPLE!
Holding bottle under the water flow with cap in other
hand (left) and holding plastic bag under flow (right)
-------
Fill the bottle to the shoulder or to about 1/4 inch
from the top. If using a plastic bag sampling con-
tainer, fill it to the marked fill line.
Bottle filled to the shoulder (left) and bag filled to the fill
line (right)
1 ft Place the cap on the bottle and screw it down
• ^* tightly. If using a plastic bag, pull the wire tabs
and whirl the bag three times for a tight seal.
Samples should be iced immediately, if possible.
Tightening cap on plastic bottle (left) and whirling
plastic bag to seal (right)
1
Turn the tap off. Replace the aerator, strainer, or
hose.
-------
12
Check that the information on the label is correct
(or check the lab form and attach it to the bottle
with a rubber band).
13
Attaching lab form to bottle with rubber band
Complete any additional lab forms that came with
the sample bottle, including the chain-of-custody
form (if required by the state), with the necessary
information.
Filling out the chain-of-custody form
-------
1 A The samples must reach the laboratory within 30
1 ^ hours of collection. If the laboratory is nearby, ice
and deliver the samples there directly. If not, send
the samples overnight by U.S. mail or by an over-
night courier. It is recommended that all samples
be refrigerated or iced (cooled to 4° to 10°C). All
samples received in the laboratory are to be ana-
lyzed on the day of receipt
Packing ice around bags for shipment to lab (left) and
placing plastic whiribag into the mailing tube (right)
-------
SWTR
-------
44
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Summary
"The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) was estab-
lished because EPA feels that all surface waters and
ground waters under the direct influence of surface water
(UDI) are at some risk from contamination by various mi-
croorganisms. To protect the public from waterbome dis-
eases, all public water systems using surface water
sources or ground water UDI are required to disinfect and
may be required by the state to install filtration to remove
or inactivate disease-causing organisms. A public water
system may avoid the filtration requirement by meeting
certain source water quality and site-specific conditions.
Terms Used in This Section*
CT
Giardia lamblia
HPC Bacteria
Inactivation
Legion ella
NTU
SWTR
TCP
THM
UDI
Viruses
*77?ese terms are defined in the glossary at the back of the guide.
-------
Status: Final Rule - June 29,1989 (54 FR 27488)
MCL: None. The regulation establishes specific
treatment techniques requiring disinfection of
all and filtration of most surface and
ground-water UDI systems, in place of MCLs.
Treatment Techniques:
Treatment technique requirements (for systems with
disinfection only or for systems with filtration and
disinfection) are established in place of MCLs for;
• Giardia lamblia
• Viruses
• HPC bacteria
• Legionella
• Turbidity
Monitoring Requirements
Check with your state drinking water representative for
more stringent state guidelines.
General
This rule applies to all public water systems using surface
water sources or ground-water UDI.
The SWTR classifies these surface water systems into
three categories for the purpose of establishing treatment
technique and monitoring requirements:
1. Ground-water sources under the direct influence of
surface water. This is a new classification of ground-
water sources that might include shallow wells, springs,
and infiltration galleries. States will review systems to
determine which are at risk and must, therefore, com-
ply with the requirements of the SWTR. Ground-water
sources UDI must provide disinfection but may be able
to avoid providing filtration.
2. Surface water systems that can avoid filtration.
These systems must continuously meet stringent crite-
ria for source water and site-specific conditions in order
to avoid providing filtration.
-------
3. Surface water systems that filter. Many states may
require all surface water systems to provide filtration in
addition to disinfection. Systems that provide both dis-
infection and filtration must also meet stringent operat-
ing and monitoring conditions.
Effective Dates
December 31,1990 Systems in the first two categories
must begin meeting new monitoring
and reporting requirements.
December 31,1991 Applicable systems in the first two
categories must begin meeting all
requirements to avoid filtration (un-
less state has determined that they
must add filtration).
June 29,1993 Systems directed to add filtration
must have filtration installed.
Systems with filtration must meet
new operating standards plus moni-
toring and reporting requirements.
June 29,1994 States must determine which CWSs
using ground water are DDL
June 29,1999 States must determine which non-
CWSs using ground water are UDI.
Operator Qualifications
Systems that are covered by the SWTR must be operated
by qualified operators (as defined by the state).
Operating Criteria—Systems with Filtration
Turbidity Monitoring
Turbidity measurements must be made every 4 hours on
representative samples of filtered water (grab samples).
The state may reduce the sampling frequency to once per
day for slow sand filtration and for systems serving less
than 500 persons (regardless of the type of filtration).
Continuous turbidity monitoring may be substituted for
-------
grab sampling if the measurements are validated on a
regular basis.
Filtered water turbidity must at no time exceed 5 NTU. For
the treatment techniques listed below, turbidity in 95 per-
cent of monthly samples must not exceed the following
levels:
Conventional or direct filtration 0.5 NTU
Slow sand filtration 1 NTU
Diatomaceous earth filtration 1 NTU
Other filtration technologies 1 NTU
The analytical method to be used for monitoring turbidity is
Method 214A (Nephelometric Method) found in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th
Edition (1985, American Public Health Association et al.).
Disinfection Monitoring
The disinfection process must be sufficient to ensure that
the total treatment process can reliably achieve at least
99.9 percent (3-log) removal and/or inactivation of Giardia
lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent (4-log) removal and/or in-
activation of viruses.
Entering the distribution system. The residual disinfec-
tant concentration in the water entering the distribution
system cannot be less than 0.2 mg/L for more than 4
hours. If the residual concentration in a sample is below
0.2 mg/L, the system must take another sample within 4
hours and notify the state by the end of the next business
day. The system also must advise the state of whether the
residual was restored to at least 0.2 mg/L within 4 hours.
(Refer to Table 1 for sampling frequency.)
In the distribution system. Each month, disinfectant resid-
ual samples must be collected at the same frequency and lo-
cation as samples for total coliforms (see the Total Colrform
Rule, p. 27). Disinfectant residuals in the distribution system
must also be "detectable" in 95 percent of the samples.
-------
Figure 1 and Table 1 summarize the sampling locations
and frequencies for monitoring the performance of public
water systems that provide filtration. ^____
Figure 1. Monitoring Locations for Systems with
Filtration
Table 1. Monitoring Frequencies for Systems
with Filtration
System Size
^500
501-1000
1001-2500
2501-3300
Filtered
Water
Turbidity
Grab
Samples*
Every 4
Hours
Disinfectant Residual
Concentration
Entering
Distribution
System
1/day
2/day
3/day
4/day
Within
Distribution
System
Same
Frequency as
Total
Coliform
Sampling
*State may reduce to 1/day for systems serving <500.
Continuous turbidity monitoring may be substituted if validated.
-------
Operating Criteria—Systems without
Filtration
Systems that do not currently provide filtration, and are
seeking to avoid having to provide filtration in the future,
must meet stringent requirements for source water quality
and other site-specific conditions. Some of these criteria
include an annual onsite inspection, compliance with the
TCR, and compliance with current THM regulations. In
addition, systems seeking to avoid filtration will require
much more monitoring.
Source Water Monitoring
Source (raw) water turbidity samples must be collected
ahead of the first (or only) point of disinfection. Generally,
turbidity should not exceed 5 NTU at any time. If turbidity
does exceed 1 NTU, a raw water coliform (total and/or fe-
cal) sample must also be collected.
Coliform concentrations in 90 percent of the source water
samples analyzed during the previous 6 months must not
exceed 20/100 ml for fecal conforms and 100/100 mLfor
total coliforms. These samples must be collected before
the point of disinfection application and must be collected
on separate days if more than one sample per week is re-
quired.
Disinfection Monitoring
The disinfection treatment process used by systems not
providing filtration must also ensure 99.9 percent (3-log) re-
mcval/inactivation of Giardia cysts and 99.99 percent (4-log)
removal/inactivation of viruses. CT values must be calcu-
lated based on temperature, pH, contact time, and the peak
hourly flow and disinfectant concentration at the first con-
sumer's tap. The disinfectant residual must also be moni-
tored both entering and within the distribution system.
The requirements for the disinfectant residual are the
same as those described for systems with filtration. (See
Table 3.)
-------
Figure 2 and Tables 2 and 3 summarize the requirements
for sampling locations and frequencies that must be met
by a system desiring to avoid filtration.
Figure 2. Monitoring Locations for Systems
without Filtration
-^^Aft£ti^^*r,
j
1
i
i
Control Program
Coliform, Turbidity
Contact Time*
Disinfectant
Residual
Residual
* CT calculations are based on the residual disinfectant
concentration® in mg/L multiplied by the contact time in
minutes. Contact time is measured from the point of
disinfectant application to the point of residual
measurement (before the first customer).
Table 2. Monitoring Frequencies for Systems
without Filtration
System Size
s500
501-1000
1001-2500
2501-3300
Source Water
Fecal or Total Coliforms
1/week
2/week
2/week
2/week
Turbidity*
Every 4
Hours
"Continuous turbidity monitoring may be substituted if validated.
-------
Table 3. Monitoring Frequencies for Systems
without Filtration
System Size
s500
501-1000
1001-2500
2501-3300
Finished
Water
Parameters
for CT cate.*
1/day
Disinfectant Residual
Concentration
Entering
Dist. System
1/day
2/day
3/day
4/day
Within
Dist. System
Same
Frequency as
Total
Coliform
Sampling
These parameters include pH, temperature, disinfection
contact time, and residual concentration.
Systems that fail to meet these requirements will have to
install filtration and follow the monitoring requirements for
systems that filter.
Variances and Exemptions
Variances from the disinfection requirements are not al-
lowed under the SWTR.
Exemptions are not allowed for disinfection requirements
at the point of entry to the distribution system. They may,
however, be granted for other requirements. Check with
your state drinking water representative for details.
-------
Reporting and Recordkeeping
Systems with Filtration
Surface water systems (and ground-water systems UD1)
that provide nitration must report monthly beginning June
29,1993, or when filtration is installed (whichever is later).
Table 4 shows the information to be reported.
Table 4. Reporting Requirements for Systems
with Filtration
Information or Report When
Filtered water turbidity
Disinfection
information*
Waterbome disease
outbreak
Within 10 days after the end of
the month (EOM)
Within 10 days after EOM
As soon as possible (but no
later than the end of the next
business day)
*CT calculations are recommended and may be required by
Primacy agencies.
Systems without Filtration
Surface water systems and ground-water systems UDI
that do not provide nitration must report monthly beginning
December 31,1990. Table 5 shows the information to be re-
ported.
-------
Sampling—Systems with Filtration
Turbidity Monitoring
The turbidity sample should be representative of the sys-
tem's filtered water. This sample could be taken from
combined filter effluent, clearwell effluent, or plant effluent,
or be the average of each filter's effluent. States will spec-
ify where the turbidity samples must be collected for com-
pliance.
Procedure
H Collect the sample in a clean glass or plastic bot-
1 tie from the designated sample collection point.
Collecting the turbidity sample from the filter effluent
Collecting the sample from combined niter effluent
(left) and finished plant effluent (right)
-------
Calibrate the turbidimeter. (Follow the manufac-
turer's operating instructions.)
Calibrating the turbidimeter according to
manufacturer's instructions
Transfer the sample to a clear colorless glass
sample tube after first gently shaking the sample
and allowing any bubbles to escape. Do not han-
dle the tube where the light will strike it If bubbles
form on the inside of the tube, tap gently with your
finger to dislodge the bubbles.
Transferring the sample to a glass sample tube
-------
4 Carefully wipe the outside of the sample tube with
a laboratory tissue to remove water droplets, con-
densation, and fingerprints.
Wiping the outside of the tube
Place the tube into the instrument and read tur-
bidity on the proper scale setting.
Placing the tube into the instrument
Record the result.
-------
Disinfection Monitoring
Entering Distribution System
The disinfection sample should be taken at the entrance
to the distribution system. For example, a high service
pump discharge (where water is pumped into the distribu-
tion system) would be atypical location.
Collecting a grab sample at the high service pump discharge
Procedure
If using a continuous monitor, record the lowest disinfec-
tant residual each day.
Taking the reading off the chart recorder
-------
or
If collecting grab samples, follow these steps:
1
Collect the samples at different times during the
day (at intervals prescribed by the state). See Ta-
ble 1 in this section for frequency (based on sys-
tem size).
Analyze the sample as soon as possible but always
within 15 minutes. Analyze in accordance with
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 16th Edition (1985, American Public
Health Association et al.) or use methods approved
by the state (for example, a test kit).
Record the result.
Recording the result of analysis
-------
Within Distribution System
These samples should be collected at the same points as
those collected for compliance with the TCP, that is, the
points established by the TCR sampling plan.
Sampling in the distribution system
Procedure
•I Collect a minimum of 100 mL of sample.
-------
Analyze the sample as soon as possible but al-
ways within 15 minutes. Analyze in accordance
with Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater (1985, American Public
Health Association et al.) or use methods ap-
proved by the state.
Holding up DPD color comparator to determine
chlorine residual
Record the result.
-------
Sampling—Systems without Filtration
Monitoring began on December 31, 1990, for surface
water sources and ground-water sources UDI (or will be-
gin 6 months after the state determines that ground water
is UDI).
Procedure
1 Collect source water prior to the first (or only)
point of disinfectant application and measure for
fecal coliform or total coliform density. Systems
serving less than 500 persons must sample once
each week. Systems serving from 501 to 3,300
persons must sample twice each week.
Measure turbidity of source water taken prior to
the first or only point of disinfection every 4 hours.
0
-------
•*•**)?**»
Calculate total inactivation ratio based on CT val-
ues daily. (System must ensure 99.9 percent in-
activation of Giardia cysts and 99.99 percent
inactivation of viruses.) Information needed to
calculate CT includes the residual disinfectant
concentration (mg/L), disinfectant contact time
(minutes), pH, and the water temperature fol-
lowing each point of disinfection.
16 32
63 39 95
19 3
CHLORINE
CONCENTRATION
Log loactivfltiaa*
Q.S 1-0 13 2.0 23 3.0
0.5 I.
0.6
0.8
I
1,2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
25 50 75 99 12* 149
26 SI 77 102 12JI V.j
26 S3 79 105
27 : 54 81 108
28 55 83 111 13* 16$
28 57 85 U3 142 170
29 58 87 116 145 17*
30 60 90 119 149 179
3& 61 91 m 152 1821 37
31 62 93 124 15$ 1861 38
Checking CT values
4
Determine the disinfectant residual of the water
entering and within the distribution system. The
residual disinfection concentration of water enter-
ing the distribution system should be sampled at
the same frequency as for systems with filtration.
(See Tables 1 or 3.)
For water within the distribution system, measure
the residual disinfectant concentration at the
same point and time that total coliforms are sam-
pled.
Report the results. (Some states may provide a
form for reporting results.)
-------
Pb and Cu
-------
Lead and Copper Regulation
Summary
The U.S. EPA has determined that lead and copper are a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. Young chil-
dren and pregnant women are especially at risk from high
levels of lead in their blood. Some of the most pronounced
effects in children are interference with growth, deficits in
IQ, and altered physical and mental development. EPA
has estimated that 600,000 children will have their blood
lead level reduced as a result of this new rule. Copper
health effects include stomach and intestinal distress, liver
and kidney damage, and Wilson's disease.
This rule establishes a treatment technique requirement
for lead and copper that includes optimum corrosion con-
trol treatment and source water treatment In addition, the
requirements also include provisions for public education
and lead service line replacement.
Monitoring for lead and copper will begin July 1,1993, for
systems that serve less than 3,300 people. One-liter sam-
ples will need to be collected initially from household taps
twice a year from as many as 20 locations (depending on
the size of the water system). In addition, monitoring for
other water quality parameters such as pH, alkalinity, and
calcium will be required if the action levels are exceeded.
Terms Used in This Section*
Action Level (AL)
Corrosion
Entry Point
First-Draw Sample
Followup Monitoring
High-Risk Homes
Lead Pipe
Lead Service Line (LSL)
Lead Solder
Reduced Monitoring
Standard Monitoring
90th Percentile Lead Level
Wilson's Disease
*These terms are defined in the glossary at the back of the guide.
-------
Status: Final Rule - June 7,1991 (56 FR 26460)
MCL: The existing MCL for lead of 50 ppb will
remain in effect until December 7, 1992.
After that time, the new rule establishes a
treatment technique requirement triggered
by exceeding the action level (AL). Table 1
shows the action levels for lead and copper.
Table 1. Action Levels for Lead and Copper
Action Level* (mg/L)
Lead
Copper
0.015
1.3
*Measured in 90th percent/to st consumers' taps.
Treatment Techniques:
The treatment technique requirements for small systems
are triggered by exceeding the applicable AL, measured
in the 90th percentile at consumers' taps. The 90th
percentile lead level means 90 percent of the samples
collected must be equal to or lower than the action
levels for lead and copper. Treatment technique
requirements for lead include:
• Optimal corrosion control treatment
• Source water treatment
• Public education
• Lead service line (LSL) replacement
Treatment technique requirements for copper include:
• Optimal corrosion control treatment
• Source water treatment
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PbandCu
Monitoring Requirements
Check with your state drinking water representative for
more stringent state guidelines.
General
This rule applies to all community (CWS) and nontran-
sient, noncommunity water systems (NTNCWS).
Tap Water Sampling
Initial Monitoring
All tap water samples are first-draw samples collected from
the cold water tap of a kitchen or bathroom sink (see p. 73).
All small systems shall monitor during each 6-month
monitoring period until:
• System exceeds the lead or copper action level, in
which case, implement corrosion control treatment
and continue monitoring, or
• System meets the lead or copper action level for two
consecutive periods, in which case, reduce the
number of tap water sampling sites (see Table 2) and
collection frequency to once per year. (If the system
meets the requirements for 3 consecutive years,
monitoring frequency may be reduced to once every
3 years.) The state must approve these reductions in
sampling frequency.
Followup Monitoring
Followup monitoring will not be required until after installa-
tion of optimal corrosion control and source water treat-
-------
ment. For small systems, this will not occur until at least
January 1,1998.
After the state specifies water quality parameter values,
monitor lead and copper during each subsequent 6-month
period.
Sampling Location
For sampling in community water systems (CWSs), use
high-risk, single-family structures that
• Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after
1982, or
• Contain lead pipes, and/or
• Are served by a lead service line.
For NTNCWS, select buildings that meet the criteria above.
Use the form on p. 68 to list your sampling sites.
Effective Date: July 1,1993
Six-month monitoring periods begin July 1,1993.
Number of Samples
The number of samples that must be taken per 6-month
monitoring period is based on the population served by
the water system. Table 2 shows the minimum number of
monitoring sites required by the rule. Collect one sample
for lead and copper analysis from each site.
Table 2. Monitoring— Number of Sites*
Population
Served
501103,300
101 to 500
s100
Standard
Monitoring
20
10
5
Reduced
Monitoring
10
5
5
*Per 6-month monitoring period.
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Sampling Locations
Use this space to list the locations of your sampling sites.
Code
No*
Street Address/Location
City
* States will establish their own criteria for coding samples
under this rule.
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Monitoring for Water Quality Parameters
If your system exceeds the lead or copper AL, the follow-
ing water quality parameters also will need to be moni-
tored (see Table 3).
Table 3. Monitoring for Water Quality Parameters
Min. Sample
Parameter Volume, mL
pH 25
Alkalinity 100
Calcium 100
Conductivity 50
Water temperature 1 000
Silica 50
Orthophosphate 50
Maximum
Holding Time
Test immediately
1 4 days
6 months
28 days
Test immediately
28 days
48 hours
The last two parameters in the table must be monitored
only when inhibitors containing phosphate or silica com-
pounds are used. Do not use glass containers when sam-
pling lor silica (since silica is a component of glass).
The minimum number of sites required for additional tap
water monitoring is shown in Table 4 below.
Table 4. Number of Tap Sampling Sites for Water
Quality Parameters*
Population
Served
501 to 3,300
s500
Standard
Monitoring
2
1
Reduced
Monitoring
2
1
*Per 6-monih monitoring period.
Initial Monitoring
• Tap samples—Two samples per 6-month monitoring
period
• Entry points—Two samples per 6-month monitoring
period
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Followup Monitoring
(After installation of optimal corrosion control equipment
and source water treatment, which will not occur until at
least January 1,1938)
• Tap water samples—Two samples per 6-month
monitoring period for every parameter except
temperature and conductivity
• Entry points—One sample every 2 weeks for pH,
alkalinity, and inhibitor (dosage rate and
concentration)
After the state specifies water quality parameter values for
optimal corrosion control, monitor during each monitoring
period in which the system exceeds the lead or copper
AL.
Table 4 also lists the reduced monitoring requirements if
the state-specified water quality parameters are main-
tained. See the complete rule or guidance document for
the exact requirements.
Source Water Sampling
Source water sampling is required for systems that fail to
meet the lead or copper AL in tap samples.
• Initial monitoring—Collect one source water sample
from each entry point to the distribution system within
6 months after the exceedance.
• Followup monitoring—Collect an additional source
water sample from each entry point during two
consecutive 6-month monitoring periods.
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Schedule
Table 5 shows the schedule for compliance with the lead
and copper requirements for small systems.
Table 5. Compliance Schedule for Small Systems
Date
Action
July 1993 Begin tap water monitoring
January 1994 Recommend optimal corrosion
control equipment to state1
January 1995 Conduct corrosion control studies2
January 1996 Optimal corrosion control
treatment designated by state3
July 1996 Complete corrosion control studies
and recommend treatment to
state2
January 1997 Optimal corrosion control
treatment designated by state2
January 1998 Complete installation of corrosion
control treatment3
January 1999 Complete installation of corrosion
control treatment2
Complete followup monitoring
and submit results to state3'
July 1999 Water quality parameters designated
by state3
January 2000 Complete followup monitoring and
submit results to state3'4
July 2000 Water quality parameters designated
by state2
1 Assumes system exceeds lead or copper action level during
first monitoring period.
2 Smai systems required to conduct comparative treatment
studies.
3 Small systems for which state specifies optimal treatment
without studies.
4 Systems that continue to exceed action level begin 15-year
lead service line replacement program.
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Sampling
Sample Containers
Sampling containers for lead and copper may be made of
plastic or glass and should be at least 1 liter in volume. A
1-liter plastic bottle is most commonly used and can be
marked with a fill line for precise measurements. While 1-
quart collapsible containers may also be used, they need
to be filled completely to hold 1 liter.
Typical sampling containers for lead and copper
Procedure
The lab that supplies the sampling containers will normally
provide instructions with the kit for the type of monitoring
you are doing. Refer to these instructions when they are
provided. Samples will either be collected by system per-
sonnel or by the homeowner. If the homeowner is collect-
ing the sample, be sure to review the procedure with him
or her when you drop off the kit.
The following Instructions and photos Illustrate the
general sampling procedures for collecting lead and
copper first-draw samples.
-------
First-Draw Sampling
1
All tap samples should be first-draw samples,
taken from a kitchen cold water tap or bathroom
sink tap. This means that the water in the plumb-
ing system should have stood motionless in the
pipes for at least 6 hours. If the homeowner will
be collecting the samples, instruct him or her not
to use any water (including the flushing of toilets)
for at least 6 hours prior to collecting the first-draw
sample. This sample could be collected either first
thing in the morning or after returning from work, if
no water has been used during that period.
Delivering sampling kit to homeowner
Fill out the sample la be I (s), indicating the date
and time of sample collection, location, type of
sample (first-draw, service line, etc.), and sam-
pler's name.
-------
Filling out the sample label before affixing it to the
collapsible container
Before turning on the water, remove the cap from
the container and position the container under the
kitchen or bathroom sink faucet. Turn on the cold
water and begin filling the container.
Holding bottle under the tap (left) before turning on the
water (right)
Fill to the 1 -liter mark on the bottle (or when using
collapsible containers, fill completely). Turn off the
water.
-------
Add approximately 3 mL of 1:1 nitric acid (HNOa)
to the sample bottle to preserve the sample. Be
extremely careful when adding the acid. Nitric
acid causes severe bums. Indicate on the label
whether the sample has been acidified.
Using pipette to add acid preservative to the bottie
-------
Tightly cap the bottle to prevent leakage. For
samples collected in a collapsible container, a
special insert (called a CAPLUG®) can be used to
provide a better seal.
Inserting the CAPLUCP into the collapsible container
and tightening the cap
Pack the bottles and/or collapsible container for
shipment and return them to the lab for analysis.
Packing the collapsible container in the box for
shipment
-------
Service Line Sampling
Service line sampling may be required if, after installing
corrosion control and/or source water treatment, a system
still exceeds the AL in tap samples. Systems required to
conduct lead service line replacement programs also may
be required to sample lead service lines.
Ilf a lead service line sample is required, there are
three ways to help ensure that service line water
is being sampled:
a) At the tap, flush a known volume of water
from household plumbing before collecting
the sample. This is the water contained in
the pipes between the sampling tap and the
lead service line. Use a container of known
volume such as a pitcher or bucket (or any
container with graduations) for measuring
the volume of water wasted. Use Table 5 to
look up the volume to be wasted.
Table 5. Approximate Volume in Gallons
for Various Sizes and Lengths of
Copper* Pipe
Nominal
Pipe Size
1/2
3/4
1
10
.10
.23
.41
Length of Pipe
20
.20
.46
.82
30
0.3
0.7
1.2
40
0.4
0.9
1.6
50
0.5
1.1
2.0
100
1.0
2.3
4.1
*Volumes will vary somewhat for other types of pipes.
-------
Collecting the volume to be Hushed
b) For single-family homes, allow the water to
run until there is a significant change in its
temperature. This indicates that you are now
getting water from the lead service line
outside the home. This temperature change
will usually be from cold to colder, but could
go the other way, especially in warm
climates. Check the temperature of the
running water with a thermometer or by
placing your hand in the stream and noting
the temperature change by feel.
C) Locate or install a sampling tap directly on
the lead service line and sample from this
tap.
Checking the water temperature with a thermometer
(lefi) and with vour hand fright)
-------
After step 1a or 1b, immediately collect the sample
in a 1-liter plastic bottle or collapsible container
while the water is still flowing. For 1c, turn the serv-
ice line tap on and collect the water immediately.
Filling the collapsible container with water from the
lead service line
Acidify the sample with approximately 3 mL of 1:1
nitric acid (HNOs). Be extremely careful when
adding the acid. Nitric acid causes severe bums.
Indicate on the label whether or not the sample
has been acidified.
Using a pipette to add acid preservative to the
collapsible container.
-------
Tightly recap the bottle to prevent leakage. If us-
ing a collapsible container, a CAPLUG® can be
used to provide a better seal.
Pack the bottles and/or collapsible containers for
shipment and return them to the lab for analysis.
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Appendix A
Glossary
90th Percentile Ninety percent of the samples collected
Lead Level must be lower than the action level of
0.015 for lead, and 1.3 for copper. If more
than 10 percent of the samples collected
ate greaterthan the action levels, the
treatment technique requirements are
triggered. The rule contains procedures
for calculating this value.
Action Level (AL)
Concentration that determines the
treatment requirements in the lead and
copper rule.
Blocide
A preservative (usually acid, to lower the
pH) added to the sample to prevent
microbial degradation.
Compliance
Monitoring
Corrosion
Monitoring required by a rule.
Compositing Combining more than one sample for
analysis.
Process of wearing away or dissolving
(of plumbing material) by water or other
chemical agent
CT
Product of the residual disinfectant
concentration in mg/L and the disinfectant
contact time in minutes fC" x T).
cws
Community Water System—A PWS that
serves at least 15 service connections or
25 year-round residents.
DPD
The reagent used in a colorimetric test to
determine residual disinfectant
concentrations.
E. co//
A pathogen that can cause severe
gastroenteritis, including diarrhea and
vomiting. (Escherichia coli)
Entry Point A place where water enters the
distribution system, and usually must be
sampled.
-------
Exemptions Atime delay (or release) from
compliance issued to a PWS due to
compelling factors (such as economics).
Fecal Coliforms
A group of related bacteria, associated with
fecal matter of warm-blooded animals,
whose presence in drinking water indicates
the possible presence of disease-causing
organisms and indicates the water is not
safe for human consumption. Their
confirmed presence is considered an acute
violation of the TCR.
First-Draw Tap
Sample
Followup
Monitoring
FR
Giardia lamblia
One liter sample of tap water that has
been standing in pipes for 6 hours or
more and is collected without flushing the
tap.
Monitoring required after a PWS installs
treatment Followup monitoring is
required for lead, copper, and other water
quality parameters.
Federal Register.
A parasitic protozoan species that infects
the gastrointestinal tract
High-Risk Homes
Homes with lead solder installed after
1982, lead pipes, and/or lead service
lines.
HPC
Heterotropic plate count bacteria. Their
presence in high numbers may indicate
deficiencies in water treatment or
insufficient distribution system residual.
Inactivation
Destruction of a microorganism.
IOC
Inorganic chemical.
Lead Pipe
Any pipe containing 8 percent or more
lead.
Lead Service Line
(LSL)
A service line made of lead which
connects the water main to the building
inlet
Lead Solder A solder containing 0.2 percent ormore
lead.
Legion ell a
A bacterium that causes a type of
pneumonia called Legionnaires' Disease.
-------
MCL
Maximum Contaminant Level—
Enforceable standard that specifies how
much of a contaminant can be present in
drinking water.
MCLG
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal—
Nonenforceable goal that specifies the
level of contaminant at which there is no
health concern.
NCWS
Non-community water system
NIPDWR
National Interim Primary Drinking Water
Regulations.
NPDWR
National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations.
NTNCWS
Nontransient, noncommunity water
system—Public water supply that
regularly serves at least 25 of the same
persons for over 6 months each year but
is not a community water system.
Examples include schools, hospitals, and
factories.
NTU
Nephelometric Turbidity Unit—A measure
oftheturbitidy, or cloudiness, of water.
Phase I
The first phase of EPA's regulatory
development approach. It covers the first
8 VOCs to be regulated.
Phase II
The second phase of EPA's regulatory
approach. Phase II covers additional
VOCs, pesticides, and inorganic
chemicals.
ppb
Parts per billion (equivalent to ng/L).
ppm
Parts per million (equivalent to mg/L).
Primacy
PTFE
Primacy responsibility for implementing
the requirements of the SDWA. Nearly all
states have Primacy.
Promulgated Put a regulation into effect by formal
public announcement.
Polyftetrafluoroethylene); commonly
known as Teflon?
-------
PWS
Reduced
Monitoring
Public Water Suppry-^A system that
regularly supplies at least 15 service
connections or 25 people. _
"
A schedule that allows a system to
monitorwith toss frequency if the system
meets the requirement for a certain
number of years.
Safe Drinking Water Act-^Act passed in
1974 greatly expanding the scope of
federal responsibility forthe safely of
drinking water. Amended in 1986.
Trihalomethanes—Chemicals formed
when chlorine reads with organic
materials and chemical contaminants in
drinking water. THMs consist of
chloroform, bromodichloromethane,
bromoform, and dibromochloro methane.
—- ^^_—— •—
An official permit issued to a PWS that is
not able to comply with an MCL (or a
treatment technique) due to source water
quality problems.
An infectious agent smaller than bacteria.
Volatile organic chemical (or compound).
A system is considered vulnerable if the
rtSySlwIll la wt n^i*««».——
analysis of several factors shows
,iicuy*w **• «***»•*—• ——-
usceptibility to contamination.
—
Document that permits system to not
—
Excessive copper retention and toxic
.. _i_ii :_ »ILM IK for anrl htm in.
excessive IA»PJ^I iw»i «•»"••«
accumulation in the liver and brain.
-------
Appendix B
Standardized Monitoring Framework
requirements.
nu^er of samples required for comphanoe.
——^——^^^^™
periods.
-------
Schedule
Table 2 shows the schedule for the first two 9-year compli-
ance cycles. The first 9-year compliance cycle begins on
January 1, 1993. The first 3-year compliance period,
which runs on a calendar year basis (i.e., January 1 to
December 31), extends from 1993 to 1995; the second
period extends from 1996 to 1998; and the third from
1999 to 2001.
The second 9-year compliance cycle begins in 2002.
Table 2. Schedule of First Two 9-Year Compliance
Cycles
First 9- Year
Compliance
Cycle
Beginning of
2nd 9-Year
Cycle
Jan 1
Jan 1
Jan 1
-Dec 31, 1993
-Dec 31, 1994
-Dec 31, 1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Jan 1
-Dec 31, 2002
2003
2004
Initial
Monitoring
Round
Repeat
Monitoring
Repeat
Monitoring
Repeat
Monitoring
Round
Initial and repeat base sampling frequency requirements
are generally the same for all systems regardless of size
or water source (surface or ground water).
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Appendix C
Bibliography
Drinking Water Regulations Personal Computer ^Applica-
tions (DRIPSS) Electronic Bulletin Board (aka, reg in a
box") Available to EPA and state regulators, local public
healih officials, outreach providers, and others responsible
for implementing drinking water Pr°gram^^^03^9'
0420 for further information. To access DRIPSS with a
modem, dial 1-800-229-3737.
Inorganic Chemical Sampling and Analytical Require-
ments, National Primary Drinking Water Regulat.ons. 40
CFR Part 141.23.
Lead and Copper Rule Guidance Manual, Vol. 1-1991.
U S EPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water.
NT1S PB 9211-2101. September. $35 plus $3 for shipping.
(Volume 2 is expected in May 1992.) Order by calling 1-
800-336-4700 or writing to NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Rd.,
Springfield, VA 22161.
Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water. 1988. EPA-600/4-88/039. U.S. EPA.
Public Notification Handbook for Public Water Systems.
1989. EPA 570/9-89-002. U.S. EPA, Office of Water.
The Safe Drinking Water Act A Pocket Guide to the Re-
quirements for the Operators of Small Water Systems.
U.S. EPA Region 9.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewa-
ter, 17th ed. 1989. American Public Health Association et al.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-
water, 16th ed.1985. American Public Health Association et al.
SWTR Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtra-
tion and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Sys-
tems Using Surface Water Sources. 1991. American
Water Works Association (AWWA). Order by calling 303-
795-2449 or writing to AWWA Member Services, 6666
West Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235.
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Contacts
Name:
Address:
Phone:
Name:
Address:
Phone:
Name:
Address:
Phone:
Name:
Address:
Phone:
Name:
Address:
Phone:
Name:
Address:
Phone:
Name:
Address:
Phone:
Name:
Address:
Phone:
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Notes
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Notes
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NOTES/CORRECTIONS
l"lst paragraph - Small systems are defined as
Those seeing %300 or .ess (people).
V°C Sf U- NOTE: All systems should have competed
rpT8iremRee5lated monHoring .s also required
i,i,^uiwuuivc n (Phase V)-
increase the number of v°cs for
-------
state drinking water representative for current
requirements.
SWTR Section ._.,_* «,
P.47 - Delete the words "Each month, before In
the distribution system." Some systems collect
samples once each calendar quarter.
p 49 - Delete the word "Generally," in the first
paragraph (second sentence) under the heading
"Source Water Monitoring."
Lead and Copper Section
P 64 3rd para. - Change lor systems that serve
less 'than 3,300 people" to "for systems that
serve 3,300 or less people."
P.73, Para. 1 - In first sentence, add the words
"cold water" after bathroom sink so it reads
"...bathroom sink cold water tap."
Back Cover - Change EPA Region 10 phone
number from number shown to 1-800-424-4EPA,
Ext.1223.
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