United States EPA/814-B-94-001
Environmental Protection July 1994
Agency
Ground Water and Drinking Water
&EPA Pocket
Sampling
Guide for
Operators of
Small Water
Systems:
Phases II and V
-------
Notice
This guide has been reviewed by the U.S.- Environmental
Protection Agency and approved for publication. Mention
of trade names or commercial products does not consti-
tute endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
Pocket
Sampling
Guide for
Operators of
Small Water
Systems:
Phases II and V
Office of Ground Water and
Drinking Water
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
July 1994
> Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
Acknowledgments
This sampling guide was developed by the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Ground Water
and Drinking Water, Cincinnati, Ohio. Jim Walasek, Tech-
nical Support Division (TSD), developed the text for the
guide and provided overall project management. Susan
Richmond, Paula Murphy, and Jenny Helmick of Eastern
Research Group, Inc. (ERG) Lexington, Massachusetts,
edited and coordinated production of the guide. David
Cheda, ERG, designed, illustrated, and desktop published
the document.
The cover photograph was taken by Jim Walasek. Other
photography was provided by Tim Daley, Jim Walasek,
and Michele Bolyard, TSD. Special thanks are extended to
Dick Reding and Mike Muse for their regulatory insights
and to other TSD staff members and Regional EPA per-
sonnel who reviewed the guide. EPA also would like to ac-
knowledge David Walker, P.E., Joyce Hammer, and the
staff of the Town of Newmarket Water Works, Newmarket,
New Hampshire, for the use of their facilities and assistance
in coordinating photography of sampling procedures.
-------
Contents
Introduction 1
Background 1
How to Use This Guide 2
Standardized Monitoring Framework 2
General Sampling and Procedures 3
Phase 11 and Phase V Rules 4
Standardized Monitoring Framework 9
Summary 9
Terms Introduced in This Section 9
Framework Application 9
Framework Structure 10
Standardized Monitoring Requirements 11
Grandfathering 11
Waiver 12
Public Notification Requirements 12
General Sampling and Procedures 15
Introduction 15
Terms Introduced in This Section 15
Drinking Water Laboratory
Certification Considerations 15
Sampling Containers . . . 15
Representative Sampling 16
Sampling Points 16
Compositing 17
Procedures 19
Asbestos 29
Summary 30
Terms Introduced in This Section 30
Status 30
MCL 30
Monitoring Requirements 31
Systems Affected 31
Sampling Plan and Schedule 31
-------
Trigger Level for Increased Monitoring 31
Initial/Repeat Sampling Requirements 31
Increased Sampling 34
Confirmation Sample 34
Waivers 34
Sampling 36
Sampling Containers 36
Procedures 36
Nitrite and Nitrate 39
Summary 40
Terms Introduced in This Section . 40
Status 40
MCLs 40
Monitoring Requirements 41
Systems Affected 41
Sampling Plan and Schedule 41
Trigger Level for Increased Monitoring 41
Nitrite 42
Initial/Repeat Sampling Requirements 42
Increased Sampling Requirements 44
Nitrate . 45
Initial Sampling Requirements 45
Repeat Sampling Requirements for
CWSs and NTNCWSs 47
Increased Sampling Requirements for
CWSs and NTNCWSs 47
Confirmation Sample . 47
Sampling 50
Sampling Containers . . 50
Procedures 50
Inorganic Compounds (lOCs) ......... 53
Summary 54
Terms Introduced in This Section 55
Status 55
MCLs 56
Monitoring Requirements 57
Systems Affected 57
-------
Sampling Plan and Schedule 57
Trigger Level for Increased Monitoring 57
Initial Sampling Requirements 57
Repeat Sampling Requirements 59
Increased Sampling 59
Confirmation Sample 61
Compositing . , 63
Waivers 63
Sampling 63
Sampling Containers 63
Procedures 64
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 67
Summary 68
Terms Introduced in This Section 68
Status 69
MCLs 69
Monitoring Requirements 69
Systems Affected 69
Sampling Plan and Schedule 69
Trigger Level for Increased Monitoring 72
Initial Sampling Requirements 72
Repeat Sampling Requirements 73
Increased Sampling 75
Confirmation Sample 75
Compositing 75
Waivers 75
Sampling 78
Sampling Containers 78
Procedures 78
Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) 83
Summary 84
Terms Introduced in This Section 84
Status 85
MCLs 85
Monitoring Requirements 85
Systems Affected 85
Sampling Plan and Schedule 88
-------
Trigger Level for Increased Monitoring 88
Initial Sampling Requirements 88
Repeat Samp'ing Requirements . 91
Increased Sampling Requirements 91
Confirmation Sample 94
Compositing 94
Waivers 94
Sampling 95
Sampling Containers 95
Procedures 96
Other Requirements 101
Unregulated Contaminants 101
Organics 101
Inorganics 101
Treatment Technique Requirements for
Acrylamide and Epichlorohydrin 102
Glossary 103
Bibliography 109
-------
Introduction
Background
This guide is intended to help operators of small water
systems understand and comply with the monitoring re-
quirements of the 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking
Water Act (SDWA). The guide addresses operators of
community water systems serving 3,300 people or fewer,
or so-called small systems.
The 1986 amendments outlined a schedule for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set enforceable
standards, known as Maximum Contaminant Levels
(MCLs) or treatment techniques for 83 contaminants. It
also set a schedule for EPA to set nonenforceabie Maxi-
mum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs), which are levels
at which there are no known or anticipated adverse health
effects. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as is techni-
cally and economically feasible.
This guide will cover the monitoring and sampling require-
ments for the new regulations promulgated under the
Phase II Rule (for 38 volatile organic chemicals, pesticides,
and inorganic chemicals) and Phase V Rule (for 23 addi-
tional contaminants). Contaminant classes covered include:
a Asbestos
H Nitrite and Nitrate
• Inorganic Compounds
m Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
a Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
Sampling procedures for the Phase I Volatile Organic
Chemicals (VOCs) Rule, the new Total Conform Rule
(TCR), the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), and
the Lead and Copper Regulation have been described in
the April 1992 Pocket Sampling Guide for Operators of
Small Water Systems (EPA/814-B-92-001). The monitoring
requirements for the eight VOCs regulated by the Phase I
VOC^Rule (1987), however, were revised in 'the Phase II
rule. Therefore, the Phase II monitoring requirements for
-------
VOCs discussed in this Phase II/V pocket sampling guide
now apply to all Phase I regulated VOCs.
How to Use This Guide
The purpose of this guide is to provide quick reference in-
formation, as well as detailed sampling instructions, for
complying with the monitoring requirements of the SDWA.
The guide is composed of the parts outlined in the follow-
ing pages and in Figure 1-1.
Standardized Monitoring Framework
The first unit gives an overview of the Standardized Moni-
toring Framework. This framework standardizes monitor-
ing requirements and synchronizes monitoring schedules
across rules and contaminant groups. The application of
the Standardized Monitoring Framework to requirements
for each chemical group is described in the corresponding
sections. The ovetview defines and describes the follow-
ing topics and terms:
m Framework Application
B Framework Structure
B Standardized Monitoring Requirements
• Grandfathering
-------
• Waivers
B Public Notification Requirements
General Sampling and Procedures
The second, unit, presents general sampling considerations
for all contaminants regulated under Phase II and Phase
V. Topics covered include:
B Sampling Containers
B Representative Sampling
B Sampling Points ! >
B Compositing
B Procedures Including Recording and -Reporting
Results, and Transportation
Foldout Sampling
Procedures
<
1
— How to Use
f
— 3
t
<
Stan
ton
dan
ton
Bibliography
Glossary
Phase II &
Phase V Rules
4- General Sampling
and Procedures
This Guide
,. ... -.-. r..
w*-;^
-------
A photograph illustrates each step of the general procedures.
In some cases, two photographs side by side are used to
show details of a single step of the procedure or to show a
step being performed using two different types of equipment.
Side-by-side photos showing details of a single step of a
procedure.
These general procedures are repeated later in the guide
(in abbreviated form, without photographs) in each unit
dealing with specific contaminant classes. Unique proce-
dures for contaminant classes that differ from the general
procedures are marked with the following symbol:
Photographs are used in the units on contaminant classes
only to illustrate unique procedures.
For your convenience in the field, these same illustrated
sampling procedures (somewhat reduced in size) are re-
produced on durable foldout pages, tucked into the back
pocket of the guide.
Phase II and Phase V Rules
The main body of the guide is divided into five units that
summarize the monitoring and sampling procedures for
each of the following contaminant classes under Phase II:
a Asbestos
• Nitrite and Nitrate
and each of the following contaminant classes under
Phase II and Phase V:
-------
• Inorganic Compounds (lOCs)
O Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
H Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
In the latter three units, requirements specific to Phase II
or Phase V are presented separately. Two special icons,
LlBl and vM, indicate material that is specific to Phase
II or Phase V requirements. When these icons are pre-
sented together," Iherrnaterial is applicable under both
_, 11 i .itixfcwP&i'SW*
Phase II and Phase v.
Monitoring requirements for unregulated contaminants
and nonmonitoring requirements for acrylamide and
epichlorohydrin are discussed briefly on pages 101 and 102.
Each unit on aspecific contaminant class has the follow-
ing components:
Unit Opener
An illustrated cover page with a short colored bar at the
bottom marks the beginning of the unit. The bar, on which
the abbreviated name of the contaminant class (e.g.,
VOCs) is written, allows you to quickly find the appropriate
unit by thumbing through the guide. This bar is repeated, in
a lighter color, at the top of all even-numbered pages and the
bottom of all odd-numbered pages throughout the unit.
Summary
The summary presents typical sources of the contami-
nants, their potential health effects, and a brief overview of
the regulations pertaining to that contaminant class.
List of Terms
Important terms, including acronyms, introduced in the
section are listed. These terms are printed in boldface type
where they are introduced in the text, and they are defined
in the Glossary at the back of the guide.
Status
The promulgation and effective dates for the final rule are
listed here: The status of the regulation includes the
appropriate Federal Register citations, where you will find
the published proposed and/or final rule, and any
-------
modifications. These citations are abbreviated and are
read as follows:
52 FR 2561
Volume No. ^ Page No.
Federal Register
The volume number refers to the year of publication. In
the above example, 52 refers to 1992. The volume num-
ber for 1993 is 53. The page numbers run consecutively
throughout that entire year, beginning with page 1 on
January 2. The Federal Register is published every day
excluding holidays and can be obtained from your local
library. Figure 1-2 shows a detail of a Federal Register.
2. Section 141.2 is amended by
revising the definition for "Initial
compliance peril
§141.2
Initial
first full
which
prom'
listed at
and 141.
compliant
'inph'ance periocn
e-year compliant
'egiris at least 18 mont
Ration, except for conta
(a) (19H21), (
lHl6). initia
period means
more service i
picloram, simazine, I
di(2-ethylhexyl)adip
ethylhexyljphthalat
hexachlorobenzene
hexachlorocyclopei
TCDD are effective
revision to § 141.12(
July 37.1992 is effec
1992.
4. Section 141.12 i
removing and reser
the table to read as
"§141.12 Maximum c
organic chemical*.
Figure 1 -2. Detail of the Fedefal Register.
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
The MCL is the enforceable standard set by the rule that
specifies the maximum permissible level of a contaminant
in water.
Monitoring Requirements
A brief description of the monitoring requirements for the
rule is presented. Information contained under this head-
ing may vaiy, but includes systems affected by the rule, •
sampling plan and schedule, initial base sampling, repeat
-------
base sampling, increased/decreased sampling require-
ments and the trigger for such requirements, grandfather-
ing, confirmation sampling, comppsiting, waivers from
sampling, and analytical methods used. This section
includes tables to help you better understand these sam-
pling requirements, including the applicable Standardized
Monitoring Framework. A series of detailed flowcharts out-
lining monitoring requirements complement the text. In-
cluded on each of these flowcharts, for your convenience,
is a legend outlining the symbols used in each flowchart
and their meaning. See below for a complete list of the
symbols outlined in these legends throughout the guide.
Legend: ,
Symbol Meaning
> Greater than ;
< Less than ; ''
** Greater than or e^qual to
=s Less than or equal to
Sampling Procedures
This section contains detailed information about sampling
equipment and procedures. It opens with a brief descrip-
tion of containers that can be used to collect samples in
the field. The pages that follow describe step-by-step
procedures for proper sampling. Sampling techniques that
differ from the general sampling procedures outlined in the
second unit will be accompanied by a photograph.
Additional Tools
Following the sections on specific contaminant classes are
some additional tools to assist you in system monitoring:
• Glossary. A complete glossary provides definitions of
acronyms and terms used throughout the guide. These
terms appear in boldface type where they are intro-
duced in the text.
• Bibliography. Publications cited throughout the guide
that contain more detailed information on specific con-
taminants, monitoring requirements, or sampling proce-
dures are listed.
• Contacts and Notes. Several blank pages are in-
cluded for your use in keeping important phone
-------
numbers such as those of state contacts and laborato-
ries, and for jotting down notes about your own specific
sampling needs.
II Foldout Sampling Procedures and Pocket. The illus-
trated sampling procedures from the guide are repro-
duced on durable foldout pages and conveniently
stored in a pocket in the inside back cover of the guide.
H EPA Regional Offices. On the back cover of the guide
are the addresses and phone numbers of EPA Re-
gional offices, along with a map of the Regions. They
are supplied for your quick reference.
Specific questions regarding monitoring requirements of
the SDWA regulations or the actual sampling techniques
should be directed to your state drinking water repre-
sentative or to the laboratory that will be analyzing the
samples. You should always check with your state repre-
sentative before conducting any sampling.
As regulations are finalized for other contaminants or cur-
rent regulations are revised, additional or revised guide-
books will become available. For information concerning
these updates, write or call:
Jim Walasek
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
Technical Support Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513)569-7919
-------
Standardized
Monitoring
Framework
Summary
The primary objective of the Standardized Monitoring
Framework is to reduce the variability and complexity of
drinking water monitoring requirements. For this purpose,
monitoring requirements have been standardized and
schedules synchronized across rules and contaminant
groups.
Terms introduced in This
Section
Compliance Cycle, Compliance Period, Detection Limit,
Entry Point, Grandfathering, Increased Sampling, Initial
Base Sampling, Reliably and Consistently, Repeat Sam-
pling, Trigger Level, Waiver
Framework Application
This framework was promulgated under the EPA Phase II
Rule and is applicable to the chemicals regulated under
the Phase II and Phase V Rules, as well as the eight vola-
tile organic chemicals originally regulated under the Phase
I rule. It will eventually apply to most source-related con-
taminants and all kinds of water systems. The framework
gives states the flexibility to establish their own sampling
schedules for water systems. States can choose to require
a percentage of the required systems-to monitor during
each year of the 3-year compliance period (e.g., states
can require one-third of their systems to monitor in 1993,
one-third in 1994, and one-third in 1995):
-------
Framework Structure
To standardize monitoring requirements across rules and
contaminant groups, the framework is composed of 9-year
compliance cycles, each consisting of three 3-year com-
pliance periods. These compliance cycles and periods all
start on January 1. The first compliance cycle started on
January 1, 1993, and extends through three 3-year com-
pliance periods ending on December 31, 2001. The sec-
ond compliance cycle starts in 2002 and extends through
2010. Table 2-1 illustrates the structure of the framework.
Year
1993
1994
1995
Initial Monitoring
} First
3-Year
Period
Year
1996
1997
1998
Repeat Monitoring
0
} Second
3-Year
Period
Year
1999
2000
2001
Repeat Monitoring
} Third
3-Year
Period
-------
Standardized Monitoring
Requirements
Specific standardized monitoring requirements may vary
for different contaminants. In general, the requirements
are as follows:
H All systems must perform initial sampling. In some
cases, this may be satisfied by using previous (grand-
fathered) sampling results. (See grandfathering sec-
tion.)
M Repeat sampling requirements are based on the re-
sults of the initial sampling. The requirements for repeat
monitoring are minimized if certain trigger levels are
not exceeded. These trigger levels are defined sepa-
rately for each contaminant or group of contaminants at
the MCL, 50 percent of the MCL, or a specified detec-
tion limit.
• All systems that detect a contaminant in concentrations
above the specified trigger level must conduct in-
creased sampling. This involves quarterly sampling
beginning in the next quarter, until the state determines
that the analytical results are reliably and consis-
tently below the MCL. Once this occurs, the system
may switch to less frequent monitoring than quarterly.
and consistently" below the MCL
* ~aIhough a system detects
its in its water supply, the state
"""Iww^Ifdge'of the source or
jftf contamination to predict that
Grandfathering
States may allow systems to use sampling data taken
within 3 years prior to the initial compliance period to sat-
isfy the initial base sampling requirements. If a system's
data for a source are grandfathered and below the trigger
levels, the system may sample for that contaminant at fre-
quencies that are generally lower than initial frequencies.
-------
Waiver
Under federal regulations, states are allowed to develop
waiver programs that reduce or eliminate a system's
monitoring requirements. In most cases waivers of sam-
pling requirements are based upon analytical results of
previous sampling and a vulnerability assessment. The
state makes waiver determinations on a contaminant-spe-
cific basis. There are two types of waivers:
H Waiver for Inorganic Compounds: A system must be
determined by the state to be predictably under the
MCL based or at least three analytical results.
H Waiver by Vulnerability Assessment: This type of
waiver involves two steps:
Step 1 — Use Waiver: A determination is made
whether a given contaminant was used, manufactured,
and/or stored in a system area (an area that possibly
would affect the water quality). If the determination is
positive or unknown, the system cannot be granted a
"use waiver."
Step 2 — Susceptibility Waiver: If a "use waiver" can-
not be granted, a system may conduct a thorough vul-
nerability assessment of the water source to determine
the system's "susceptibility1' to contamination. A "sus-
ceptibility waiver" may be granted for sources with no
known "susceptibility" to contamination (based on an
assessment of a number of factors). If "susceptibility11
cannot be determined, a system must sample at the re-
quired sampling frequency.
Public Notification
Requirements
If a public water system becomes aware, based on sam-
pling results, that it has exceeded an MCL or otherwise
violated requirements for compliance with a rule, it must
inform the public as soon as possible. There are two types
of violations:
Q Tier 1 Violations — Violations of an MCL, or variance
or exemption schedule. These violations may be either
-------
acute, involving an immediate risk to human health, or
nonacute, involving no immediate risk to human health.
II Tier 2 Violations — Violations of monitoring require-
ments or testing procedures, or when a variance or ex-
emption is issued. (Operating under a variance or
exemption is not a regulatory violation, but public notifi-
cation of such a condition is required.)
Each type of violation requires different notification proce-
dures. Tier 1 violations involving nitrite and nitrate are de-
fined as acute violations; Tier 1 violations of all other
compounds promulgated in Phase II and Phase V are de-
fined as nonacute violations. Notification procedures for
community water systems are summarized in Table 2-2.
A public notice must include the following information:
• A clear and understandable explanation of the violation.
• Information about any potential adverse health affects.
B Information about whether particular members of the
service population, such as infants or senior citizens,
are particularly susceptible to problems that may result
from the violation.
H Steps being taken to correct the problem.
• Whether it is necessary to seek alternative water
supplies.
m Any preventive measures that should be taken until the
problem is corrected.
In addition, the notice must be clear and conspicuous and
written in easy-to-understand language. The notice also
should include a phone number of someone at the public
water system who can be contacted for further informa-
tion. If a large percentage of the service population does
not speak English, the notice must be written in the appro-
priate language as well as in English. For more detailed
information on public notification requirements, see Public
Notification Handbook for Public Water Systems (EPA
570/9-89-002), Office of Water, U.S. EPA, 1989, or contact
your state drinking water representative.
-------
Days After Violation
14
45
90
TV and FtadiO2
I No Repeat
Newspaper2
No Repeat
Mail or Hand Delivery3
Nonacute Violations
JU..J
J Quarterly Report
Newspaper
Mail or Hand Delivery3
No Repeat
I Quarterly Report
Newspaper2
Quarterly5.
Report by:
Mall or 1
Hand
Delivery
1 Mandatory health information is required for all Tier 1
violations of MCL, treatment technique, or variance or
exemption schedule.
2 If no newspaper of general circulation is available, posting or
hand delivery is required.
3 May be waived.
4 Mandatory health information is required for Tier 2 violations
only when a variance or exemption has been issued.
5 For monitoring violations, less frequent notice (but no less
than annual) may be required.
-------
General
ampling and
rrocedures
Introduction
The general sampling procedures for rnonitoring the regu-
lated chemicals in Phase II and Phase V are presented below.
Detailed sampling ipformation for specific compounds can
be found in the guide sections for each type of compound.
Terms Introduced in This
Section
Compliance Monitoring Sample, Field Trip Blank, Labora-
tory Trip Blank, Replicate Sampling, Septum (Septa)
Drinking Water Laboratory
Certification Considerations
Local utility and commercial laboratories are certified by
the state in which they reside, or by another state in which
they wish to be considered certified, to be allowed to gen-
erate data for compliance monitoring purposes. Laborato-
ries are normally certified by analyte, not by group or
method, although this varies by state.
Once certified, the laboratory must maintain this classifica-
tion on a yearly basis. Before a sample is sent to a new or
different laboratory, the sampler must verify with his or her
state certification personnel that the laboratory in question
is still considered certified for the contaminant(s) of interest.
Sampling Containers
Generally, an EPA- or state-certified laboratory will supply
the required containers for sampling. Kits may vary widely
among laboratories. The kit should be inspected for all the
required materials. Generally, the laboratory will supply
-------
detailed sampling instructions keyed to its particular
sampling kit (e.g., color-coded bottles and labels).
The laboratory also will normally add preservatives to the
containers if required, before shipping them to the utility.
Many laboratories maintain files on their utility clients and
automatically send out the proper kit prior to the date
when compliance sampling is required. It is the system's
responsibility, however, to comply with the monitoring pro-
visions of the rule. Coolers or insulated packing boxes for
shipping samples are also usually provided by the labora-
tory for the operator's convenience.
Before sampling, it is necessary to make sure all contain-
ers, caps, and septa (generally, TFE-fluorocarbon lined)
are clean. The laboratory supplying the containers will
have cleaned them according to the recommended
procedures.
Representative Sampling
The result of any laboratory analysis is only as good as
the sample collected. The objective of sampling is to ob-
tain a sample that "represents" the true character of the
water being tested. To achieve this, samples should be
collected at a specific location, using consistent methods.
This representative sample also must receive proper han-
dling (preservation, transport, storage, etc.) after it has
been collected, so its composition will not be altered be-
fore being analyzed.
Sampling Points
Samples must be collected in the proper number, at the
appropriate time and location, and of the proper volume in
order to satisfy the requirements of the Phase II and
-------
Phase V Rules. Samples that fulfill these criteria are called
compliance monitoring samples.
The Phase II and Phase V Rules require that samples for
most contaminants be taken at each entry point to the
distribution system. There is an exception, however, for
systems that are vulnerable to asbestos contamination,
either due to asbestos-cement piping and/or the corrosiv-
ity of the water and source water conditions. These sys-
tems must take one sample at a tap served by
asbestos-cement piping and under conditions where as-
bestos contamination is most likely to occur. If asbestos
occurs in the source water, however, sampling must be
conducted at each entry point in the distribution system as
is the case for other contaminants.
All samples must be representative of the source water af-
ter treatment (see Figure 3-1). Systems that draw water
from more than one source and that combine these
sources prior to distribution must sample during periods of
normal operating conditions. Samples must be collected at
the same sampling point each cycle unless conditions
make another sampling point more representative. If any
sampling point in a system violates an MCL, the entire
system is in violation of the MCL. For any questions re-
garding sampling locations, contact your state drinking
water program.
Compositing
States may choose to allow up to five samples to be com-
posited, a process by which equal quantities of several
samples are combined to produce one sample. By allow-
ing compositing (as well as vulnerability waivers and
grandfathering discussed earlier), EPA has provided the
states with flexibility that will help reduce the monitoring
costs for many small systems.
Compositing must be done in a certified laboratory, the
method of analysis must have a detection limit less than
one fifth of the MCL, and analysis must be conducted
within 14 days of sample collection. If any contaminant is
detected in the composites at levels greater than one-fifth
of the MCL, followup sampling must be conducted at each
site included in the composite. Duplicates of the original
samples may be used for followup sampling; however, the
••17-
-------
=Well
= Distribution System
Sample
= Surface Water Source feXCQ = Blending Point
= Treatment Plant
1. Two sources are not blended; collect two samples.
C^i
2. Three sources of which two are blended; collect two
samples.
3. Four sources are not blended prior to entry Into the
distribution system; collect four samples.
figure 3-1.
Exa nples for Determining Sampling
Locations and Numbers of Required
Sarr pies (Applies to All Phase! II/V
Contaminants Except Asbestos
Tap Sampling and Acrylamide/
Epic hlorohydrin).
-------
samples must be analyzed within 14 days of the collection
date. For small systems (those serving 3,300 or fewer per-
sons), your state may allow compositing among different
systems. Contact your state drinking water program to find
out about compositing requirements in your state.
Water treatment plant operators should follow these gen-
eral procedures for quality sampling. Laboratories may
recommend procedures for sampling and addition of pre-
servatives for specific contaminants.
4 Collect the samples immediately prior to shipment
• to the laboratory.
^ Read the laboratory's sampling instructions care-
^ fully. Sampling containers may contain a preser-
vative. Do not rinse them prior to sample collection.
Do not add preservatives to the sample unless spe-
cifically instructed to do so by the laboratory. If cold
packs will be used, freeze them prior to sample
collection.
Inspecting the sampling kit and reading the instructions.
-------
Freezing cold packs for shipment to the lab.
Choose the sampling point. The sampling point
should be representative of the water after treat-
ment. Generally, samples should be taken at the
tap on the pipeline before the treated water is sent
to the distribution system. Sometimes sampling
taps (faucets) are available in the plant laboratory
for the water entering the distribution system.
Sampling tap on the pipeline entering the distribution
system.
-------
PfJQP$ fl«d ijear gasoline
sbline-powered motors, paint
"flufclj.'paf nt strippers,
xte bottles, or exhaust fumes from
nes. Fumes and vapors may
Remove any attachment (such as a hose, strainer,
or aerator) from the tap.
Removing the hose from the tap.
Flush the tap for more than 10 minutes or until the
water temperature becomes stable. This helps en-
sure a representative water sample.
Flushing the tap until the water temperature stabilizes.
-------
While water is running and before collecting the sam-
ple, fill out the label with the following information:
n Entry point ID number (if any)
• Exact location of sampling
• Date and time the sample was taken
• Type of analyses to be conducted
The laboratory that analyzes your samples will usu-
ally provide any forms and/or labels required for re-
cording sampling-related information. Make sure
that you provide all information requested. Often,
the sampling results are reported to the state on the
same form that the laboratory sends with the sam-
pling containers to the public water system.
Filling out the label.
Position the container under the tap and collect the
required volume of water (see sections on specific
compounds for unique sampling requirements). In-
troduce the water very gently to reduce agitation
and to avoid introducing air bubbles. Fill the bottle
so that little or no air space will remain in the bottle
after the cap is secured.
-------
8
9
Collecting the sample (different containers shown).
Follow any instructions provided by the laboratory
regarding addition of biocide, acid, and/or preser-
vatives to the container. Usually, these are added
by the laboratory, however, occasionally the labora-
tory might include another reagent. For example,
some laboratories may supply a dechlorination
agent (thiosulphate) to be added to samples that
have been disinfected by chlorination.
Adding a dechlorination agent to the sample.
Screw the cap on the container (with the shiny
white side of the septum facing toward the sample).
Do not touch the inside of the cap and do not over-
tighten. Use extra caps or septa provided by the
laboratory if the originals become contaminated or
broken.
-------
Screwing the cap onto the bottle.
Follow laboratory instructions regarding replicate
samples (multiple field samples collected under
identical circumstances), field trip blanks, and
laboratory trip blanks used by the laboratory for
quality control.
Field trip and laboratory blanks.
•f -I Complete any other forms supplied by the testing
' * laboratory with the requested information, such as:
• PWS identification number
• Sample collection location
B Sampling time and date
-------
• Sample type (grab or composite, raw, plant tap,
entry point or distribution)
H Type of analyses to be conducted
Many states require that "chain-of-custody"
procedures be followed for compliance monitoring
samples. The typical chain-of-custody form estab-
lishes the whereabouts of, and person responsible
for, the sample at any point of time. A portion of a
sample chain-of-custody record form is shown
below (see Figure 3-2). The form must be com-
pleted' by field personnel at the time that the sam-
ples are collected. Use waterproof ink to fill out your
form, according to laboratory instructions, as soon
as you collect the sample. The information on the
^
^- — ^-^
Relinquished by:
Dispatched by:
Method of Shipmen
Sample Lab #
Locked In Refrig
Sample Lab #
Locked in Refrig
Sample Lab #
Locked in Refrig
Date/Time:
Date/Time:
--
Received by:
Received for
Lab by:
^^
Date/Time:
Date/lime:
Seal Intact Yes
Date/Time:
Date/Time:
Date/Time:
Received by:
Removed from Refrig
Received from Refrig
Date/Time:
Date/Time:
Date/Time:
— — ^•••^^^fc—
-------
chain-of-custody form must match the information
on the container label. Print or write legibly and
note any special conditions that could suggest
contamination.
Filling out the chain-of-custody form.
Pack and transport the samples. Pack the contain-
ers in the same manner that they were received to
avoid breakage. Samples must be kept at/or below
the required temperature (but not allowed to
freeze). If they need to be refrigerated, cool them
with sufficient ice, or prefrozen chemical cold packs
(blue ice), to keep them below the proper tempera-
ture (4°C). To protect samples from breakage,
packing materials (such as bottle holders, card-
board, and polystyrene foam) should be used. Ice
should not be used as a packing material, since it
will melt and leave space leading to breakage of
the bottles during shipping. If the samples are col-
lected within a reasonable driving distance of the
laboratory, and refrigeration is required, a picnic
cooler may be used as a sample carrying case.
Samples shipped by commercial carrier must be
cooled to the proper temperature, in addition to be-
ing protected against breakage or spillage by a suit-
able shipping case. As mentioned above, the lab
will usually provide these cases.
-------
Packing the sample containers for shipment to the lab.
13
Ship or deliver samples to the laboratory (or have
them picked up) the same day or by overnight cou-
rier. The temperature of the samples must be kept
at/or below 4°C during shipping and before analysis.
^ Ion |ormsjalways must
ifty the samples and be delivered
les are delivered.
'
Delivering the samples to the lab by overnight courier.
-------
-------
Asbestos
-------
Asbestos
Summary
An MCL tor asbestos was promulgated in the EPA
Phase II Flule on January 30,1991. Asbestos enters drink-
ing water generally either from natural mineral deposits or
asbestos-cement pipes that are used for carrying water.
Inhalation of asbestos has produced lung tumors in labo-
ratory animals, and ingestion of asbestos fibers more than
10 micrometers long has produced benign tumors in labo-
ratory animals. Chemicals that cause tumors in laboratory
animals may increase the risk of cancer in humans
exposed over long periods of time. Asbestos can be
removed efficiently from drinking water by filtration and
corrosion control processes.
Terms Introduced in This Section
CWS, MCL, NTMCWS
Status
Promulgation Date
January 30,1991
(56 FR 3526)
Effective Date
July 30,1992
MCL
The MCL is 7 million fibers/L (longer than 10 micrometers)
(see Table 4-1).
:sp'i:)-;r,"rE;l;"^^p»r^^.r!-i^'r':v?:r'''-*l'i:'i''T1^ .^'.^".r1-. qj:" : -•••
Table £l : Regulations forAsBes&s Uncfer Phase II
Ali^i^'.f;', ....V At; , ::::/"l'::;v",r-lr:; 'J1 •-/.' I •"';,••
Contaminant
Asbestos
MCL
7 million fibers per
liter (MFL) (longer
than 1 0 micrometers)
Trigger Level
7 MFL (longer than
10 micrometers)
-------
Monitoring Requirements
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWSs) and non-transient,
non-community water systems (NTNCWSs).
^ ail other classes of contaminants, '
.^ ,. .. |So«rcew5ttef,
[must be taken at each entry point to
"*" ' .Systems that are
2stos contamination, either
: piping and/or the
must take one
„, ,„ , - - /asbestos cement^
[under conditions where asbestos
i occur.
Sampling Plan and Schedule
Table 4-2 illustrates the Standardized Monitoring Frame-
work schedule for initial and repeat sampling for asbestos.
Trigger Level for Increased
Monitoring
MCL (i.e., 7 million fibers [longer than 10 micrometers]).
Initial/Repeat Sampling
Requirements
For each system, the state determines the year in which
the system samples within the compliance period. There
are two cases applicable to water systems (see Figure 4-1).
Case 1
Grandfathering (1993): States may allow previous sam-
pling data (obtained after January 1,1990) to satisfy initial
Asbestos
-------
Calendar
Years
Base
Requirements
Waivers
First 9-Year
Compliance
Cycle
19913—1995
Initial
Compliance
Period
1 sample
during initial
3-year period
at each
sampling point
Waivers
based on
vulnerability
assessment
(no samples
required)
1996—1998
Repeat
Compliance
Period
No
requirements
Not
applicable
1999—2001
Repeat
Compliance
Period
No
requirements
Not
applicable
Second
9-Year
Compliance
Cycle
(First
Compliance
Period)
2002—2004
Repeat
Compliance
Period
1 sample
during 3-year
period at each
sampling point
Waivers
based on
vulnerability
assessment
J
base sampling requirements. If data for a source are
grandfathered, the system need not sample during the in-
itial 9-year cycle.
Case 2
Regular Sampling: If a system does not have data to be
grandfathered, the system must take one sample during
the first period (1993-1995) of the 9-year compliance cy-
cle. If the results of the initial sample do not exceed the
MCL for asbestos, then the system is not required to take
repeat samples until the first period (2002-2004) of the
next 9-year compliance cycle. Once a system has three
samples less than the MCL, it may apply for a sampling
waiver for the next 9-year cycle.
-------
CASE 1: Grandfathering or Sampling Waiver
Repeat
for
Next
9-Year
Cycle
Submit Previous Data
(Data after Jan. 1,1990)
J
Rejected
Apply for
Grandfathering or a
Vulnerability Assessment
Waiver for One 9-Year
Compliance Cyc
No Sampling During the 9-Year Cycle
(1993-2001, etc)
I
CASE 2: Regular Sampling
Take One Sample During the First
3-Year Period of the 9-Year
Compliance Cycle
Legend:
> Greater
than
< Less than
Are Results
>MCL?
Goto
Increased
Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 4-2
Take One Sample
During the First Period
of the Next 9-Year Cycle
(2002-2004, etc.)
or
If Three Consecutive
Compliance Samples
< MCL Apply for a Waiver
Goto Case 1, Above
Figure 4-;t:;fAs^^
Asbestos
-------
Asbestc
Increased Sampling
If any sample exceeds the trigger level (the MCL) for as-
bestos at any time, the system must conduct quarterly
sampling beginning in the next quarter (Figure 4-2). The
quarterly sampling results can only be reduced at the state
discretion.
Confirmation Sample
States may require a confirmation sample for any sample
that exceeds the MCL. The confirmation sampling must be
conducted within 2 weeks.
Waivers
Waivers may be issued by vulnerability assessment or
based on sampling results. If a state grants a waiver, no
sampling is required. To obtain a waiver based on sam-
pling data, a systeim must be determined by the state to be
predictably under the MCL based on at least three sam-
ples. Waivers are effective for one 9-year compliance cycle.
-------
From Case 2, Figure 4-1
i
Results Are
J
.•:•.- Conduct Quarterly X;v
; Sampling /
(Beginning in the First
Quarter Following > MCL
Result}
Ground-
Water System:
urfa
Water System:
Are Two Consecutive
Quarterly Results
Reliably and
Consistently
. Greater
than
< Less than
Asbestos
-------
Sampling
Sampling Containers
Glass or plastic bottles are required for taking samples.
The volume depesnds on the requirements of the testing
lab, but must be at least 1 liter.
Typical asbestos sampling containers.
I
Procedure^
Follow the procedures recommended by the labora-
tory (if any) for sampling.
in Water., September
''Vhoitt V.-S-«'^Mt>>^.»giK< aS^xH«B«»KSl3w»SSSS^S
The sampling procedures for asbestos are as follows:
•1 Locaite the sampling point or points (see discussion
* of sampling points on pages 16-17.)
-------
Remove any attachment from the tap.
Flush the tap for about 10 minutes or until the water
temperature has stabilized.
While water is running, fill out the label with the re-
quired information.
Filling out the label.
K Fill the bottle with water to the required volume.
C Screw the cap on the bottle.
~J Repeat the above procedures (4-6) for all replicate
' samples.
Q Complete the forms supplied by the testing labora-
f tory with the requested information.
Repeat steps 1-8 at other sampling points (if any).
Q Pack the samples in an ice chest.
•4 A Ship or deliver samples to the laboratory the same
• ** day or by overnight courier.
Asbestos
-------
-------
Nitrite and
c
-------
til
Nitrite and Nitrate
Summary
On January 30, 1991, MCLs for nitrite and nitrate
were promulgated in the EPA Phase II Rule. The existence
of these chemicals in drinking water is generally due to
natural deposits, agricultural activity, and sewage. Nitrite
and nitrate can cause methemoglobinemia, known as
"blue-baby syndrome." The best available technologies
(BATs) to removes these contaminants are ion exchange
and reverse osmosis.
Terms Introduced in This Section
BATs,TNCWSs
Status
Promulgation Date
January 30,1991
(56 FR 3526)
Effective Date
July 30,1992
MCLs
MCLs for nitrate, nitrite, and total nitrate/nitrite are listed in
Table 5-1.
check wrthvoyr stall
-------
• "i'f "-">J BS?f -*>•-: \v-Aj*/iirfe^^ '.^-•-,'^^ ^r^VA'i.^ v. -•>*•.:.•,• 1
;:T3??!?t;!£:i^
Contaminants
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrate/Nitrite
EPA Standard (mg/L)1
MCL
10
1
10
Trigger Level
5*
0.5
5
1 As nitrogen.
2Not applicable to TNCWSs.
Monitoring Requirements
Systems Affected
CWSs, NTNCWSs, and transient non-community water
systems (TNCWSs).
Sampling Plan and Schedule
Nitrite and nitrate have different requirements for initial
and repeat sampling. Table 5-2 illustrates the Stand-
ardized Monitoring Framework for nitrite. TNCWSs,
CWSs, and NTNCWSs follow a similar schedule for nitrite
sampling. Table 5-3 shows the Standardized Monitoring
Framework for nitrate. TNCWSs, CWSs, and NTNCWSs
follow different sampling schedules (as shown in Table
5-3) for nitrate sampling.
Trigger Level for Increased
Monitoring
50 percent of the MCL as shown in Table 5-1 (not
applicable to TNCWSs for nitrate monitoring).
Since nitrate and nitrite have different sampling schedules
and requirements, the requirements for each chemical will
be explained separately.
j^ftrite and
iisl
-------
Calendar
Years
Base Requirements
Waivers
First 9-Year
Compliance
Cycle
1993—1995
Initial
Compliance
Period
1 sample during initial
3-year period at each
sampling point
1996—1998
Repeat
Compliance
Period
If analytical result is
<50%oftheMCL,
sample at state
discretion
1999—2001
Repeat
Compliance
Period
If analytical result is
<50%oftheMCL,
sample at state
discretion
No
Second
9-Year
Compliance
Cycle
(First
Compliance
Period)
2002—2004
Repeat
Compliance
Period
If analytical result is
<50%oftheMCL,
sample at state
discretion
No
Nitrite
Initial/Repeat Sampling
Requirements
All systems must take one sample at each sampling point
during the initial compliance period (1993-1995). The state
decides in which year the system should sample. The sched-
ule for regular repeat sampling for the subsequent periods
also is decided by the state (Figure 5-1 and Table 5-2).
-------
_
O
i- S.
••- co 21
c »= o
O
I.
If
§1 E-3
»$&&
I
g-
I
•I
I
-------
All CWSs, TNCWSs, and
NTNCWSs Take One
Sample During the 3-Year
Period.
Goto
Increased
Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 5-2
State
Decides If
Sampling Is
Required 1'or
the
Subsequent
Periods
Legend:
& Greater
than or
equal to
Increased Sampling Requirements
If any system equals or exceeds the trigger level for nitrite
at any time, the system must conduct quarterly sampling
beginning in the next quarter. The state may allow a sys-
tem to reduce the quarterly sampling to annual sampling
providing four consecutive quarterly results are "reliably
and consistently" below the MCL (Figure 5-2).
-------
Legend:
» Greater
than or
equal to
< Less than
Ffom Figure 5-1
Results Are
s=50%MCL
Conduct
Quarterly Sampling
(Beginning in the Quarter
Following the 3= 50% MCL
Result)
Are Four
Consecutive Quarterly
Samples Consistently
-------
tu
.
.f»ia:;it6kf»>'i-4'^
Nitrite and "
C4SE 1: TNCWSs (starting in 1993)
Annual Sampling Every
Year Starting in 1993
CASE 2: CWSs and NTNCWSs (1993)
Surface Water System:
Take Four Quarterly
Samples in 1993
Ground-Water System:
Begin Annual
Sampling in 1993
Are Results— No
50% MCL?
Goto
Repeat
Sampling
Requirements,
Ffgure 5-4
Goto
Increased
Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 5-5
Legend:
Greater
than or
equal to
-------
Case 1
TNCWSs (1993, etc.): TNCWSs must conduct annual
sampling in each year of the 9-year cycle, without excep-
tion. Repeat sampling requirements for TNCWSs and in-
creased sampling requirements for TNCWSs are the same
as the initial sampling requirements (i.e., annual).
Case 2
CWSs and NTNCWSs (1993-1995):
• Annual sampling is required for ground-water CWSs
and NTNCWSs.
• Beginning January 1, 1993, quarterly sampling is re-
quired for surface water CWSs and NTNCWSs.
bo! Repeat Sampling Requirements for
CWSs and NTNCWSs
CWSs and NTNCWSs must conduct annual sampling dur-
ing the quarter that previously yielded the highest results
(Figure 5-4).
Increased Sampling Requirements
for CWSs and NTNCWSs
If any result from initial or repeat sampling for a CWS or a
NTNCWS is greater than or equal to 50 percent of the
MCL, the system must meet increased sampling require-
ments (Figure 5-5).
Confirmation Sample
A system must take a confirmation sample for nitrite or ni-
trate within 24 hours for each result found to be greater
than or equal to the trigger (50 percent of the MCL). If the
system cannot meet this requirement, it must notify the
public (see page 12) and take a confirmation sample
within 2 weeks.
.
Nitrite and
Nitrate
-------
n':
Nitrite an
CWSs andNTNCWSs (1994, etc.)
From Case 2, Figure 5-3,
or Increased Sampling
Requirements, Figure 5-5
Ground-Water Systems
Continue Sampling on
Annual Basis
Surface Water Systems
Reduce Sampling to Annual
Basis at State Discretion
Legend:
s= Greater
than or
equal to
Go to Increased
Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 5-5
-------
CWSs and NTNCWSs
From Case 2, Figure 5-3
and Figure 5*4'V '
Results Are
3= 50% MCL
Conduct Quarterly
Sampling
(Beginning in the Quarter ^^
Following the s* 50% MCL •^
Result)
Surface
Water System:
Are Four Consecutive
Quarterly Results
Reliably and
Consistently
< 50% MCL?
Ground-
Water Svstetn:
Are Four Consecutive
Quarterly Results
Reliably and
Consistently
-------
Sampling
Sampling Containers
The testing laboratory generally will supply containers for
sampling. The required volumes are 50 ml_ and 100 mL for
nitrite and nitrate, respectively. The containers may be
made of glass or plastic.
Typical nitrite and nitrate sampling containers.
Follow the laboratory recommended procedures (if
any) for samplingi and addition of preservatives.
i3iS^
ier mforrnation, please re
£1MIgiiH<^^
• WS IMt filial fillVI IIt«%^N,91 •• WI^«^9Cr I 1
' Water""'"" " " '_~'
The general sampling procedures for nitrite and nitrate
monitoring are as follows (Steps 6 and 7 are for nitrate
samples only):
-------
1
2
3
4
5
Locate the sampling point(s).
Remove any attachment from the tap.
Flush the tap for about 10 minutes or until the water
temperature has stabilized.
While the water is flushing, fill out the label with the
required information.
Fill the bottle with the required volume of water.
Collecting the sample.
FOR NITRATE SAMPLES ONLY: If so in-
structed by the laboratory, add sulfuric acid to the
non-chlorinated samples to adjust the pH to 2 for
preservation. (The laboratory usually pre-adds acid
to the containers.)
Adding acid to the sample using a pipet.
fclitrSte and - '< Fgl"
EENitrate '"•" ^
-------
FOR NITRATE SAMPLES ONLY: Use pH
paper or a meter to measure pH.
Measuring pH using a pH meter.
ojthe strong toxic!
of the aicid, take appropria
Wear goggles and a
oves while addi
Q Screw the cap on the bottle.
Q Repeat the above procedures (4-8) for all replicate
** samples.
-I Q Complete the forms supplied by the testing labora-
1 w tory with the requested information.
Repeat steps 1-10 at other sampling points (if any).
"I Hj Pack the samples in an ice chest.
H 2 Sn'P samples to the laboratory the same day or by
1 ^ overnight courier.
-------
Compounds
Sgl^s j^~ ™, ™
(IOCS)
~ -
. •
r
Selenium
-------
54 Inorganics
! fcz;:,.i.i.i i ,- _ '.
Inorganics
Summary
The inorganics discussed under Phase II of this sec-
tion were first regulated for MCLs in the National Interim
Primary Drinking Water Regulations on December 24,
1975 (40 FR 59566). New MCLs were promulgated for
these inorganics in the Phase II Rule. Contamination
sources of these regulated metals (barium, cadmium,
chromium, and mercury) and the non-metal selenium are
natural mineral (deposits and industrial activities such as
metal finishing, textile manufacturing, and painting. Cad-
mium, chromium, and selenium can cause damage to the
kidneys, liver, and nervous and circulatory systems of hu-
mans. Barium is; associated with high blood pressure in
laboratory animals, and mercury has been shown to dam-
age the kidneys of these animals. These inorganics can
be removed from drinking water by various processes in-
cluding activated alumina, coagulation/filtration, granular
activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange, lime softening, re-
verse osmosis, and electrodialysis.
The MCLs for the inorganics discussed under Phase
V of this section (antimony, beryllium, cyanide, nickel, and
thallium) were promulgated in the EPA Phase V Rule.
Contamination sources of these chemicals are natural
soils; ground water; and industrial activities such as mining
operations, electroplating, steel processing, and the manu-
facture of fertilizer products, glass, and alloys. These inor-
ganics have been shown to damage the brain, lungs,
kidneys, heart, and intestines of laboratory animals. Cya-
nide can fatally damage the spleen, brain, and liver of hu-
mans. These inorganics can be removed from drinking
water by various processes including coagulation/filtration,
lime softening, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, chlorine
oxidation, and activated alumina.
-------
Fluoride
rif^fjferecf £fe§*|ffjifjpf f fte^
enic Rule is September 1994,
tondate /s scheduled for
/s currently
fA/s contaminant. The
jfor arsenic is 0.0$ mg/L^s^
derth^'tnterim Primary
yjlif&r Standards.'^ "
s decided not to revise
water standards. The
tngflL fSff fluoride in ^
nowaWatiohal Revised
Drinking Water Regulation.
" '
Terms Introduced in This Section
GAC
Status
Promulgation Dates
Effective Dates
January 30,1991
(56 FR 3526)
July 1,1991
(56 FR 30266)
July 30, 1992
January 1,1993
July 17,1992
(57 FR 31838)
August 17,1992
(monitoring standards)
January 17, 1994
(MCLs)
-------
I
Inorganics |
MCLs
MCLs for F'hase II contaminants are listed in Table
6-1.
Contaminant
Cadmium
Chromium
Mercury
Selenium
Barium
EPA Standards (mg/L)
MCL
0.005
0.1
0.002
0.05
2
Trigger
Level
0.005
0.1
0.002
0.05
2
Table 6-2 presents MCLs for Phase V contaminants.
Contaminant
Antimony
Beryllium
Cyanide
Nickel
Thallium
EPA Standards (mg/L)
MCL
0.006
0.004
0.2
0.1
0.002
Trigger
Level
0.006
0.004
0.2
0.1
0.002
-------
Monitoring Requirements
may fiave ^
j requirements than others;
^ s youtsjtafe drinking water
sentative for exact requirements.
fdfe£a3Sii;j^is;',t.?,... .L,' ."
Systems Affected
CWSs and NTNCWSs.
Sampling Plan and Schedule
The Standardized Monitoring Framework shows the
schedule of initial sampling and repeat sampling for sur-
face and ground-water systems (Table 6-3).
Trigger Level for Increased
Monitoring
MCLs for single samples.
Initial Sampling Requirements
For each system, the state determines the quarters and
year of initial sampling in the compliance period. There are
two cases applicable to water systems (see Figure 6-1).
150 or more service
^rj^plpffilsjnthe .compliance
at begins January 1,1993. States
' idule systems with fewer than 150
ictiprts to delay monitoring
,_ ....^^JPlawjnants in the
nee period that begins January 1,
"Click iwith your state drinking water
aa falvf for your Phase V Initial
"""" period.
-------
1
A
I"!
ti
£
ll
c
1?
SI
ii
&
g.
^
w
I.
I
.2
'i
8
>
Q.
5
-------
Case 1
Grandfathering (1993-2001): If a system has data results
from three previous samplings with one sample collected
after January 1,1990, states may issue waivers based on
these data provided that all analytical results are, and can
be predicted to remain, below the MCL. Under Phase II,
the other two samples could be taken at any time after
June 24, 1977, when monitoring for inorganics started.
Under Phase V, the other two samples could be taken at
any time after January 1, 1988. If a waiver is issued for a
source, the system must take one sample in the current 9-
year cycle (Figure 6-1).
Case 2
Regular Sampling: If a system does not have data to be
grandfathered, it must conduct initial base sampling. Sur-
face and ground-water systems have different require-
ments (Figure 6-1):
H Surface water systems must take one sample every
year at each sampling point.
B Ground-water systems must take one sample every 3-
year period at each sampling point.
bra Repeat Sampling Requirements
Surface water systems continue taking one sample annu-
ally and ground-water systems continue taking one sam-
ple every 3-year period at each sampling point. Once a
system has three samples below the MCL, the system
may apply for a waiver for the next 9-year cycle or for the
remainder of the current 9-year cycle (Figure 6-2).
Increased Sampling
A system must begin quarterly sampling immediately if at
any time the contaminant concentrations exceed the
MCLs (Figure 6-3). Systems must take a minimum of two
samples for a ground-water source, and a minimum of
four samples for a surface water source to establish a
baseline, before the state may reduce the monitoring
Inorganics
-------
Inorganics I
CASE 1: Grandfathering (1993-2001)
Goto
Repeat
Sampling
^Requirements, j
figure 6-2.
Submit Grandfathered Data
(Three Rounds of Previous
Data with One after 1990)
Rejected
Take One Sample
During the 9-Year Cycle
I
CASE 2: Regular Sampling
Surface Water System:
Take One Sample
Per Year
I
Ground-Water System: •
Take One Sample Per 3-Year I
Period. State Decides When •
to Sample •
Legend:
> Greater
than
Goto
Repeat
Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 6-2
Go to Increased
Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 6-3
-------
Prom Case 1 and Case 2, •
' FigureSrl : ,u
Are Results
>MCL?
Apply for a
Sampling Waiver* for
Next 9-Year Compliance
Cycle
Goto
Increased
Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 6-3
Goto
Case 2,
Figure 6-1
Take One Sample
During New 9-Year Cycle
Legend:
> Greater
than
'System must have a minimum of 3 rounds of sampling data
before applying for a waiver.
*-5W •?*:"" ^jasCTrrt^^nSOflElaKuiB
frequency. Reduction in monitoring frequency from quar-
terly sampling only can occur at the discretion of the state.
Confirmation Sample
If the state requires a confirmation sample, the system
must take one, at the original sampling point, within 2
weeks for each result that exceeds the MCL. States have
the right to request a confirmation sample for any positive
or negative results.
-------
I
621 Inorganics
'
1
From Case 2, Figure 6-1
or Figure 6-2
J
Results > MCL
±
Conduct Quarterly
Sampling Annually
(Beginning in the First
Quarter Following a
Result >MCL)
Surface
Water Svstem:
Grounij-
Water System:
Are Four Consecutive
Quarterly Results
Reliably and
Consistently
Greater
than
< Less than
-------
Compositing
Compositing of up to five samples is allowed at state
discretion.
Waivers
Systems may qualify for a waiver for all inorganics under
Phase II and Phase V. In order to qualify for a waiver, a
system must have a minimum of three previous samples
from a source with all analytical results below the MCL.
Sampling
Sampling Containers
Glass or plastic bottles generally are used.
Typical inorganic contaminant sampling containers.
*--l* >
itainer, shown on the extreme
of the above photograph and on the
^ ^"photograph oit page 36, is
(lapsed, pull out carefully
^^^r»i.vgj sss^'ii:_"_^ :-. •-••.- " ' A
pi3';;-.! .plnprgahics. • ••;
-------
I
Inorganics
pfdceduin
Follow the procedures recommended by the laboratory (if
any) for sampling and addition of preservatives.
The general sampling procedures for monitoring of the
regulated inorganics under Phase II and Phase V are as
follows:
1
2
3
Select the sampling point.
Remove any attachment from the tap.
Flush the water for more than 10 minutes or until
the water temperature has stabilized.
While water is flushing, fill out the label with the re-
quired information.
Filling out the label.
-------
Fill the container with the required volume of water.
Use separate bottles for mercury and cyanide, as
identified by the laboratory.
Collecting the sample.
In most cases, the laboratory will have pre-
added nitric acid to the bottles (except for cyanide—
preservation of samples collected for cyanide
analysis involves raising the pH to greater than 12
with sodium hydroxide). Do not add preservative to
the bottle unless instructed by the laboratory.
7
If the laboratory so instructs, add the nitric
acid to the samples at the ratio of 3 mL acid to 1 L
of water (does not apply to cyanide samples).
ir goggles and gloves.
in contact with the acid. Use
any acid from skin or
soon as possible.
"^u6-1 ..' ^ 1-1* *.? ** « - ""
-------
rair- :/•:;•';;•'•;•!
|=-:*SJB| I •<
-------
Volatile
rganic
unds
i(VOCs)
-------
VOCs
Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs)
Summary
In January 1991, MCLs and MCLGs for 10 volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) were promulgated under
the EPA Phase II Rule. New monitoring requirements
were also promulgated in July 1991 under the Phase II
Rule, for the eight VOCs previously regulated in 1987
under the Phase I Rule. A total of 18 VOCs are now
regulated under Phase II. VOCs occur in water supplies
as a result of their use as industrial solvents, soil fumi-
gants, and additives in gasoline. They have been shown
to cause damage to the kidney, liver, and nervous sys-
tem of laboratory animals. Some of these chemicals
also have damaged the liver, nervous system, and circu-
latory system of human beings. The best available tech-
nologies (BATs) for VOC removal are GAC adsorption
and packed tower aeration.
In July 1992, MCLs and MCLGs for an additional
three VOCs were promulgated under the EPA Phase V
Rule (Table 7-1). These VOCs occur in water supplies as
a result of their use in the manufacture of paint removers,
metal degreasers, and aerosol propellants. They also are
used as dye carriers and as precursors in herbicide manu-
facture. These chemicals have been shown to damage the
liver and kidneys of laboratory animals, and have caused
cancer in these animals. These VOCs can be removed
from drinking water by GAC adsorption and packed tower
aeration.
Terms Introduced in This Section
VOCs
-------
Status
Promulgation Dates
Effective Dates
January 30, 1991
(56 FR 3526)
July 1,1991
(56 FR 30266)
July 30, 1992
January 1, 1993
July 17,1992
(57 FR 31838)
MCLs
August 17, 1992
(monitoring requirements)
January 17,1996
(MCLs)
Table 7-1 lists the MCLs for Phase II and Phase V
contaminants.
Monitoring Requirements
piore
e
-------
VOCs Regulated Under Phase II
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1 -Dichloroethylene1
para-Dichlorobenzene1
1,1,1 -Trichloroethanra
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.007
0.075
0.20
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
Trichloroethylene1
0.005
0.0005
Vinyl chloride
0.002
0.0005
o-Dichlorobenzene
0.6
0.0005
c/s-1,2-Dichloroethylene
0.07
0.0005
frans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
0.1
0.0005
1,2-Dichloropropane
0.005
0.0005
Ethylbenzene
0.7
0.0005
Monochlorobenzene
0.1
0.0005
Styrene
0.1
0.0005
Tetrachloroethylene
0.005
0.0005
Toluene
0.0005-
Xylenes (Total)
10
0.0005
VOCs Regulated Under Phase V
Dichloromethane
0.005
0.0005
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
0.07
0.0005
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
0.005
0.0005
1These VOCs were previously regulated under the EPA Phase I
Rule.
-------
-------
VOCs
Trigger Level for Increased
Monitoring
The detection limit. The detection limit for all VOCs is
0.0005 mg/L.
Initial Sampling Requirements
States will designate the year during each compliance pe-
riod in which each system must sample. There are two
cases applicable to water systems (see Figure 7-1).
1996. Check with your state drin
Case 1
Grandfathering: States may allow systems to use data col-
lected after January 1, 1988, and before October 1,1993,
to satisfy the initial base sampling requirements. Systems
using grandfathered samples with no detection of any con-
taminant must monitor annually beginning in the initial
compliance period (see Figure 7-1).
Case 2
Initial Sampling: If a system does not have data to be
grandfathered, it must conduct four consecutive quarterly
samplings in the initial compliance period (see Figure 7-1).
-------
CASE 2
CASE1
Are Previous Data
(1988-1992) =s Detection Limit
(0.5 iigVL) ?
Conduct Four Consecutive
Quarterly Samplings in the Period
Start Annual Sampling in
• 1993-1995
Are Results
> Detection Limit
0.5 M,g/L) ?
Goto
Repeat
Sampling
Requirements,
Figure7-2
Go to Increased
Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 7-3
Legend:
> Greater
than
>s Less than
or equal to
Figure^/-!.
•yOGslrjrtial Sampling-fi^iiir^imeht
Under Phase Ihan.cCPhase V. ;JF v
Repeat Sampling Requirements
After the initial sampling period, a system has to follow the
repeat sampling requirements (Figure 7-2). Systems will
continue taking four consecutive quarterly samples during
subsequent 3-year periods. If contaminants are not de-
tected during the initial round of sampling, however, states
may allow systems to decrease their sampling frequency
in the next compliance period as follows:
• Ground-water systems must take at least one sample an-
nually. After 3 years of annual sampling with no detections,
states may allow ground-water systems to further reduce
their sampling frequency to one sample per compliance
period.
• Surface water systems must sample annually.
-------
VOCs
From Figure 7-1
Previous Results € Detection Limit
At State Discretion
Continue with Four
| Consecutive Quarterly
Samples Per 3-Year Period
i or Conduct/Continue
Annual Sampling *
Legend:
> Greater
than
=s Less than
or equal to
* Ground-waller systems with 3 years of annual sampling
and no previous detections may be allowed to reduce
their sampling frequency, at the discretion of the state,
to one sample per 3-year period.
-------
ted Sampling
I of the contaminants exceed the de-
.,.. ,,.J^) in any sample, the system must
begin quartefly'slffipTing starting in the next quarter, and
continue until the state determines that the system is reliably
and consistently below the MCL (Figure 7-3). Systems must
take a minimum of,fppr quarterly samples to establish a
baseline before the state may reduce the monitoring to an-
nual sampling. Annual sampling must be conducted during
the quarter that yielded the highest analytical result.
Confirmation Sample
If the state requires a confirmation sample, the system
must take one, at the original sampling point, within 2
weeks for each result that exceeds the MCL. States have
the right to request a confirmation sample for any positive
or negative results.
Compositing
Compositing of up to five samples is allowed at state dis-
cretion.
Waivers
Under federal regulations, states may develop waiver pro-
grams. If a waiver is granted for a ground-water source,
the system is required to take one sample during the next
3 year compliance period, and then every 6 years thereaf-
ter, assuming the waivers are renewed each time (Figure
7-4). For surface water systems that are granted waivers,
the repeat monitoring frequency is determined by the
state.
-------
VOCs
F-rom Figure 7-1 or
I Figure 7-2
J
Results > Detection Limit
J
Conduct Quarterly
Sampling Beginning in
the First Quarter
Following the >Detection
Limit Result
Are Four
Consecutive Quarterly
Results Reliably and
Consistently
Greater
than
< Less than
-------
Surface Water System:
State Decides If System Is
Required to Sample During
a Waiver Period (3 Years)
I
Ground-Water System:
Take One Sample In the First
-3-Year Period, Then Every 6
Years Thereafter
T
-------
VOCs
Sampling
Sampling Containers
The testing laboratory generally will supply glass vials with
TFE-fluorocarbon lined caps for VOC sampling. The vol-
ume of the vials may vary from 40 mL to 120 ml_, depend-
ing on the analytical method used.
Typical VOC sampling containers.
;aprbceciiiiw}fl
Follow the procedures recommended by the
laboratory (if any) for sampling and addition of preservatives.
The general sampling procedures for VOC monitoring are
as follows:
The analytical methods for VOCs call for the
addition of preservatives to the vial prior to sam-
pling. In most cases, the testing laboratory will have
pre-added proper preservatives to the vials. The
preservatives include:
-------
2
3
4
5
6
• Sodium thiosulfate—for quenching residual
chlorine
• Hydrochloric acid—biocjde and pH adjustment
for preservation and analysis
Do not add preservatives to the vial unless
instructed to do so by the laboratory.
Locate the sampling point.
Remove any attachment from the tap.
Flush the tap for about 10 minutes or until the water
temperature has stabilized.
While water is flushing, fill out the label with the re-
quired information. .;
Adjust the flow rate to about 500 mL (1 pint) per
minute (approximately 1/8-inch diameter stream).
Adjusting the water flow to produce 1/8-inch diameter stream.
**f \L-\\ Hold the vial at an angle, and let the water
* flow along the inner side wall. Introduce tile water
very gently to reduce agitation and to avoid intro-
ducing air bubbles.
r~
-------
Tilting the vial to prevent formation of air bubbles.
8
F:ill the vial with water to as near the top as
possible. Be careful not to overflow—this could
wash out the preservative!
Carefully complete filling the vial to form a me-
niscus (the curved upper surface of a liquid formed
by surface tension), or use the vial cap to top off the
vial and form a meniscus.
Topping off the vial with the vial cap to form a meniscus.
4 A l^—^l £5crew the cap on the vial with the TFE-fluoro-
• ** carbon (white and shiny) lining facing towards the
water sample. Do not touch the septum, and do not
overtighten the cap or it might split.
-------
Hj -4 I^-AI Invert the vial. Tap against your hand and
• • check for air bubbles. If any are present, add addi-
tional water to reform the meniscus and check for
bubbles again. , ;
Inverting the vial to determine if there are air bubbles
(left) or no air bubbles (right)
•J 2 * * Shake the bottle vigorously for about 1 minute
' ~ to let the preservative fully mix with the water
sample.
«| O Repeat the above procedures (5-12) for all replicate
• ^ samples.
•I A Complete the forms (if any) supplied by the testing
• ^ laboratory with the requested information.
Repeat steps 1-14 at other sampling points (if any).
•i C Pack the samples into an ice chest to keep the tem-
• ** perature of the samples at/or below 4°C.
•I ft Ship or deliver samples to the laboratory the same
• ^ day or by overnight courier.
ijndfeates a unique
lure required for sampling this
""* '
-------
-------
Synthetic
Organic
Chemicals
ISOCs)
C /'
/V
I I
:—C—Br
I I
H H
Ethylene
Dibromide
^ Q-
Q,
-------
Synthetic Organic
Chemicals (SOCs)
Summary
Under Phase II, EPA promulgated MCLs for one
polychlorinated biplhenyl (PCB) and 14 pesticides, includ-
ing revised MCLs for five previously regulated pesticides.
Pesticides enter the water supply usually as the result of
their application in agricultural activities. Residues of these
chemicals are carried to surface and ground-water sys-
tems through farmland runoff, stormwater discharge, and
even direct discharge due to aerial spraying over farm-
land. PCBs are used in electrical equipment. They enter
the water supply through wastewater disposal from proc-
esses involving such equipment. These chemicals have
been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals, and
have damaged the nervous system and circulatory system
of human beings. They can be removed effectively from
contaminated water by GAC.
UO In July 1992, MCLs for an additional nine pesticides
and six other synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) were
promulgated under the EPA Phase V Rule. The nine pesti-
cides regulated under Phase V have been shown to dam-
age the kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and
reproductive organs in laboratory animals. They can be re-
moved from contaminated water by GAC. However, the
best available technology for removing glyphosate from
water supplies is chlorine or ozone oxidation. The six other
SOCs regulated under Phase V occur in water supplies as
a result of their use in the manufacture of plasticizers, sol-
vents, flame retarclants, and pesticides, and due to the
leaching of coal tar lining and sealants from water storage
tanks. These SOCs have been shown to cause cancer,
and to damage the liver, testes, kidneys, and stomach of
laboratory animals. The BATs for removing these SOCs
from water supplies are GAC and packed tower aeration.
Terms Introduced in This Section
PCB, PVC, SOCs
-------
Status
Promulgation Dates
Effective Dates
January 30,1991
(56 FR 3526)
July 1,1991
(56 FR 30266)
July 30,1992
January 1,1993
July 17,1992
(57 FR 31838)
MCLs
August 17,1992
(monitoring requirements)
January 17,1994
(MCLs)
The MCLGs and MCLs for Phase II contaminants,
along with their promulgation and effective dates, are
listed in Table 8-1.
Table 8-2 outlines MCLs and MCLGs for Phase V
contaminants.
Monitoring Requirements
may have more stringent
- •** JMHM.S.'M.W- V /ft. a$ 1" ?
requirements than others;
|rour state drinking water
ittve for exact requirements.
Systems Affected
All CWSs and NTNCWSs.
SOCs
-------
rn_r__v.«nHm»r.>lIlMH| ««;•;; f 'iS-yg^^^^ai rV'iMjySl "T^ ' * -: •" li"1 -~ ' 3
II l?1cf^V^fnH4A?^^*ljli&n5f*VClJ
lpfc3MJj^t[54|l Sj t|C Cjrf
T-^'^^r^?^^wAi?lijl^^^^iBiKi!J{S!8SI4P^KIiS
Contaminant1
Alachlor (Lasso)
Atrazine (Atranex,
Crisazina)
Carbofuran (Furadlan 4F)
Chlordane
Dibromochloropropane
(DBCP) (Nemafume)
2,4-D (Formula 40,
Weedar 64)
Ethylene dibromide
(EDB) (Bromofume)
Heptachlor (H-34,
Heptox)
Heptachlor epoxide
Lindane
Methoxychlor (DMDT,
Marlate)
Pentachlorophenol
Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs)
(Aroclors)
Toxaphene
2, 4, 5-TP (Silvex)
EPA Standards (mg/L)
MCL
0.002
0.003
0.04
0.002
0.0002
0.07
0.00005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.04
0.001
0.0005
0.003
0.05
Trigger Level2
0.0004
0.0002
0.002
0.0004
0.00004
0.0002
0.00002
0.00009
0.00004
0.00004
0.0002
0.0002
0.00009
0.002
0.0004
1 Parentheses provide pesticide product names.
2Trigger levels have been rounded to one significant figure.
Laboratories are permitted to do this as well.
-------
UlSK^^i^^i^'&iSf^i^^^^i'f^'iKi^^iSflf'flS
HlpiiriHBSQ^IiiiJ Si;!* jiTfe! ^=V» ItSftTfljIMl JIT* H"ip sJ iTs fefc-jl
P^H^^^^^5^^^:^^;:^:i-^^;.^^-^:;>^-;«'rr
Contaminant
Dalapon
Dinoseb
Diquat
Endothall
Endrin
Glyphosate
Oxamyl (Vydate)
Picloram
Simazine
Benzo(a)pyrene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
:s^«¥»W***
fPSfssfSSSSSj1
EPA Standards (mg/L)
MCL
0.2
0.007
0.02
0.1
0.002
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.004
0.0002
0.4
0.00
0.001
0.05
3x1 0'8
Trigger Level1
0.002
0.0004
0.0009
0.02
0.00002
0.01
0.004
0.0002
0.0002
0.00004
0.001
60.001
0.0002
0.0002
1x1 Q-8
1Trigger levels have been rounded to one significant figure.
Laboratories are permitted to do this as well.
SOCs
-------
Sampling Plan and Schedule
The Standardized Monitoring Framework for SOCs under
Phase II and Phaise V is shown in Table 8-3. The frame-
work shows the schedule of initial and repeat sampling for
surface and ground-water systems.
Trigger Level for Increased
Monitoring
Tables 8-1 and 8-2 list the trigger levels for the regulated
pesticides under Phase II and Phase V, respectively.
Initial Sampling Requirements
The state determines the quarters and year of initial sam-
pling for each water system during the initial compliance
period. There are two cases applicable to water systems
(see Figure 8-1).
service connections to
Case 1
Grandfathering: £>tates may allow systems to use data col-
lected after January 1, 1990, to satisfy the initial base
sampling requirements. If a system has grandfathered
data and there are no detections, it does not have to sam-
ple during the initial compliance period (see Figure 8-1,
Case 1).
-------
p«
if'&V'h'i •*''.
1
I
& £
m 2
•s s
!>§
.if
*- Q.
W CO
I o
«2
•s s
?1
-------
CASE 1: Sampling Waiver
Submit Grandfathered Data
(with State Permission)
Apply for
a Sampling
Waiver for the
F'eriod
Sampling at State Discretion
During 19J8-1995 Period
I
Go to Case 1,
Repeat Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 8-2
CASE 2: Initial Sampling
Take Four Consecutive
Quarterly Samples During
the 3-Year Period (State
Decides When to Sample)
Go to Increased
Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 8-3
Are Results
> Trigger
Level?
Go to Case 2,
Repeat: Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 8-2
Legend:
> Greater than
-------
Case 2
Initial Sampling: If a system does not have data to be
grandfathered, the system must take four consecutive
quarterly samples in the initial compliance period at each
sampling point (see Figure 8-1, Case 2).
Repeat Sampling Requirements
After initial sampling, a system must conduct
repeat sampling. There are two cases of applicable repeat
sampling requirements (see Figure 8-2, Case 2).
Case 7
Waiver: The system may apply for a sampling waiver for
the next 3-year period (see Figure 8-2, Case 1).
Case 2
Reduced Sampling: Systems will take one sample during
the subsequent 3-year compliance periods (see Figure 8-
2, Case 2).
Increased Sampling Requirements
if contaminants exceed the trigger levels
(contaminants are detected) at any time in either initial
or repeat sampling, the system must conduct quarterly
sampling until the state determines that the system is
reliably and consistently below the MCL (see Figure
8-3). Any reduction in quarterly sampling occurs only at
the discretion of the state.
SOCs
-------
CASE 1: Waiver or Regular Sampling
From Case 1, Figure 8-1,
or Figure 8-3 •
Apply for a
Sampling
Waiver for Next
:>-Year Period
Go to Case 2,
Below
Sampling at State
Discretion During
One 3-Year Period
CASE 2: Reduced Sampling
From Case 2, Figure 8-1,
i or Case 1, Above
J
I Reisults «Trigger Level •
Take 1 Sample Per 3-Year Period
\ for Small Systems
Are Results
> Detection
Limit?
Goto
Increased Sampling
Requirements,
Figure 8-3
Rejected ^ Apply For
Sampling
Waiver
Legend:
> Greater
than
€ Less than
or equal to
Goto
Casel,
Above
-------
From Case 2, Figure 8-1,
or Case 2, Figure 8-2
Besults':*Trigger/Level •'•'
1
Conduct Quarterly
Sampling'(Beginning in
the First Quarter
Following the > Trigger
Level Result)
Ground-
Water Svste
Are Four Consecutive
Quarterly Results
Reliably and
Consistently
Greater
than
< Less than
Apply for Waiver
-------
Confirmation Sample
If the state requires a confirmation sample, the system
must take one, at the original sampling point, within 2
weeks for each result. States have the right to request a
confirmation sample for any positive or negative results.
Compositing
LsD iJH Compositing of up to five samples is allowed
at state discretion.
Waivers
A system is eligible for both use and suscepti-
bility waivers provided the system has conducted a vulner-
ability assessment. A system receiving a waiver will
sample at the state's discretion. Waivers are effective for
one compliance period and must be renewed in sub-
sequent compliance periods.
-------
Sampling
Sampling Containers
The testing laboratory generally will supply containers
for sampling. (Several containers are required because
the laboratory uses several different methods to analyze
for all the contaminants.) The volume of the sampling
containers may be 40 ml, 60 ml_, or 1 L, depending on
the analytical method used. The containers must be
made of glass, except for the container for diquat, which
must be made of high density amber polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) or silanized amber glass.
Chemicals and containers used in sampling for SOCs.
SOCs
-------
SOGs
'>>~ "-
rni rni
LMQ UQ Follow the procedures recommended by the
laboratory (if any) lor sampling and addition of preservatives.
The general sampling procedures for SOC monitoring are
as follows:
Add preservatives to the container prior to
sampling, if necessary. The testing laboratory usu-
ally pre-adds the preservatives to the sampling con-
tainers, however. The preservatives used include:
• Sodium thiosulfate — for quenching residual
chlorine.
Mercuric chloride
growth control.
biocide for microorganism
Hydrochloric acid — pH adjustment for
preservation and analysis.
Monochloroacetic acid — pH adjustment.
Locate the sampling point.
Remove any attachment from the tap.
Flush the water for about 10 minutes or until the
water temperature has stabilized.
-------
While water is flushing, fill out the label with the re-
quired information.
Filling out the label.
Adjust the flow rate to about 500 ml_ (1 pint)
per minute (approximately 1/8-inch diameter
stream).
Adjusting the water flow to produce 1/8-inch diameter
stream.
SOCs
-------
Put the bottle under the tap at an angle to fill it
up or to the required volume. Be careful not to over-
flow— this could wash out the preservative!
Collecting the sample.
Screw the cap on the bottle with the TFE-
fluorocarbon (white and shiny) lining facing towards
the water sample. Do not touch the septum, and do
not overtighten the cap.
Screwing the cap onto the bottle.
-------
Shake the bottle vigorously for about 1 min-
ute to let the preservative fully mix with the water
sample.
Shaking the bottle to mix a preservative with the sample.
•t A Repeat the above procedures (5-9) for all replicate
1 w samples.
Complete the forms supplied by the testing labora-
tory with the requested information.
Repeat steps 1-11 at other sampling points (if any).
Pack the samPles in an ice cnest-
Hj O Ship samples to the laboratory the same day or by
** overnight courier.
SOCs
-------
-------
ther
equirements
Unregulated Contaminants
Sampling requirements and analytical methods for deter-
mining the unregulated contaminants are basically the
same as those for the regulated contaminants. The lab
can run these extra analyses at the same time the analy-
ses for the regulated contaminants are run. EPA uses this
information to establish new regulations, evaluate health
risks, and keep the public informed of those risks.
Wf ?~^r-Z, „*-
on on unregulated
refer to "State Reporting
Mfcte*fnd
Under Phase II and Phase V, CWSs and NTNCWSs must
monitor for the following unregulated contaminants:
Organ ics
Aldicarb (Temik)
Aldicarb sulfoxide
Aldicarb sulfone
Aldrin
Butachlor
Carbaryl
Dicamba
Inorganics
Sulfate
Systems must conduct a one-time round of sampling, un-
less a waiver has been granted by the state.
Dieldrin
3-Hydroxycarbofuran
Methomy
Metolachlor
Metribuzin
Propachlor
y
-------
• For the 13 unregulated organic chemicals, systems
must take four consecutive quarterly samples and re-
port the results to the state.
• For sulfate, systems must take one sample and report
the results to the state.
• Sampling must be completed no later than December
31,1995.
Systems also need to monitor for the remaining unregu-
lated contaminants from Phase I (not currently regulated
under Phase II and Phase V). For more information on un-
regulated contaminants under Phase I see the document
listed on Page 101 and the original Pocket Sampling
Guide for Operators of Small Water Systems.
Treatment Technique
Requirements for Acrylamide
and Epichlorohydrin
The principal sources of acrylamide and epichlorohydrin in
drinking water are impurities in water treatment chemicals
and surfaces in contact with drinking water. Because no
analytical methods are available for analysis of low levels
of these chemicals in drinking water, EPA has set a treat-
ment-related requirement rather than an MCL
Each public water system must certify annually in writing
to the state (using third party or manufacturer's certifica-
tion) that when acrylamide and epichlorohydrin are used in
drinking water systems, the combination (or product) of
dose and monomer levels does not exceed the following
levels:
Acrylamide = 0.05% dosed at 1 ppm (or equivalent)
Epichlorohydrin = 0.01% dosed at 20 ppm (or equivalent)
-------
ilossary
BATs
Best available technologies.
Biocide A preservative (usually acid, to lower the
pH) added to the sample to prevent mi-
crobial degradation.
Compliance The 9-year calendar year cycle during
Cycle which public water systems must
monitor.
Compliance
Monitoring
Monitoring required by a rule.
Compliance
Monitoring
Samples
Samples that fulfill the criteria of the
Phase II and V Rules.
Compliance A 3-year calendar year period within a
Period compliance cycle.
Compositing Combining more than one sample for
analysis.
CWS Community water system—A PWS that
serves at least 15 service connections or
25 year-round residents.
Detection Concentration at which the presence of
Limit a contaminant can be detected.
Entry Point A place where water enters the distribu-
tion system, and usually must be
sampled.
Exemptions A time delay (or release) from compli-
ance issued to a PWS due to compelling
factors (such as economics).
-------
Field Trip Reagent or distilled bottled water trans-
Blank ferred to a sample container in the field
and treated as a sample in all respects.
The field trip blank allows the laboratory
to determine whether interferences are
present in the field environment.
Followup Monitoring required after a PWS installs
Monitoring 'treatment. Followup monitoring is re-
quired for lead, copper, and other water
quality parameters.
FR
Federal Register.
Grandfathering Acceptance by the state of data col-
lected 3 years prior to the beginning of
an initial compliance period to satisfy a
system's initial sampling requirements.
Grandfathering of data enables an eligi-
ble system to sample at repeat frequen-
cies that are generally lower than initial
frequencies.
Increased
Sampling
Quarterly sampling that must be per-
formed when a system exceeds the MCL
for a given contaminant.
Initial Base The initial round of sampling required for
Sampling contaminants under Phase II and Phase
V. All systems must sample at a base (or
minimum) sampling frequency that is
{specified by EPA for each contaminant
or group of contaminants unless a
waiver has been granted by the state
(see Waiver below).
IOC
Inorganic compound (or chemical).
Laboratory Fteagent water placed in a sample con-
Trip Blank tainer in the laboratory and sent to the
(Shipping field collection area. The container is un-
Blankor opened but treated as a sample in all
Travel Blank) respects. The laboratory trip blank al-
lows the laboratory to determine whether
interferences are introduced into the
sample during shipment.
-------
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level—Enforce-
able standard that specifies the maxi-
mum permissible level of a contaminant
in water.
MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal—
Nonenforceable goal that specifies the
level of contaminant at which there is no
health concern.
NCWS
Non-community water system.
NIPDWR National Interim Primary Drinking Water
Regulations.
NPDWR National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations.
NTNCWS Non-transient, non-community water
system—Public water supply that regu-
larly serves at least 25 of the same per-
sons for over 6 months each year but is
not a community water system. Exam-
ples include schools, hospitals, and
factories.
Phase I The first phase of EPA's regulatory de-
velopment approach. It covers the first
eight VOCs to be regulated.
Phase II The second phase of EPA's regulatory
approach. Phase II covers additional
VOCs, pesticides, and inorganic
chemicals.
Phase V Phase V of EPA's regulatory approach;
covers 23 additional inorganic chemi-
cals, VOCs, pesticides, and other or-
ganic contaminants.
PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls—Organic chemi-
cals once widely used in electrical trans-
formers and other industrial equipment.
ppb
Parts per billion (equivalent to u.g/L).
-------
ppm
Parts per million (equivalent to mg/L).
Primacy The responsibility for implementing the
requirements of SDWA. Nearly all states
have primacy.
Promulgated Put a regulation into effect by formal
public announcement.
PVC
Polyvinyl chloride.
PWS Public water supply—A system that
regularly supplies at least 15 service
connections or 25 people.
Reagent Water in which an interferant is not ob-
Water served at the detection limit of the com-
pound of interest.
Reduced A schedule that allows a system to moni-
Monitoring tor with less frequency if the system
meets the requirement for a certain num-
ber of years.
Reliably and "Reliably and consistently" below the
Consistently MCL means that although a system de-
tects contaminants in its water supply,
the state has sufficient knowledge of the
source or extent of the contamination to
predict that the MCL would not be ex-
ceeded in the future.
Repeat Subsequent rounds of sampling follow-
Sampling ing the initial base sampling. Generally,
repeat base sampling requirements can
be reduced if initial sampling results in
mo detects of a contaminant.
-------
Replicate Multiple field samples collected at the
Samples same time and place under identical cir-
cumstances. They are placed in sepa-
rate sample containers and treated
identically throughout field and labora-
tory procedures. Analysis of field repli-
cates provides a measure of the
precision associated with sample collec-
tion, preservation, storage, and labora-
tory procedures.
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act—Act passed in
1974 greatly expanding the scope of
federal responsibility for the safety of
drinking water. Amended in 1986.
Septum White teflon disk with shiny face and dull
(plural Septa) sides. Used to seal a vial, and held in
place with a cap.
SOC Synthetic organic compound (or chemi-
cal).
THM Trihalomethanes—Chemicals formed when
chlorine reacts with organic materials
and chemical contaminants in drinking
water. THMs consist of chloroform, bro-
modichloromethane, bromoform, and di-
bromochloromethane.
TNCWS
Transient non-community water systems.
Trigger Level A specified concentration of a contami-
nant above which a system must in-
crease monitoring.
Variance An official permit issued to a PWS that is
not able to comply with an MCL (or a
treatment technique) due to source
water quality problems.
voc
Volatile organic chemical (or compound).
-------
Vulnerability A system is considered vulnerable if the
analysis of several factors shows sus-
ceptibility to contamination.
Waiver Document that permits system to not
monitor.
-------
Wibliography
Analytical Method for Determination of Asbestos Fibers in
Water. 1983. U.S. EPA. Available from the National
Technical Inrormation Service, (800) 336-4700, 5285
Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA22161. NTIS PB83-
260471.
Drinking Water Regulations Personal Computer Applica-
tions (DRIPSS) Electronic Bulletin Board (aka, "reg in
a box"). Available to EPA and state regulators, local
public health officials, outreach providers, and others
responsible for implementing drinking water programs.
Call 703-339-0420 for further information. To access
DRIPSS with a modem, dial 1-800-229-3737.
Inorganic Chemical Sampling and Analytical Require-
ments, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
40 CFR Part 141.23.
Manual for the Certification of Laboratories Analyzing
Drinking Water, Third Edition. 1990. EPA 570/9-9-/008
U.S. EPA.
Method of Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. 1979
EPA 600/4-79-002. U.S. EPA.
Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental
Samples. 1991. EPA 600/4-91/010. U.S. EPA.
Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water. 1988. EPA-600/4-88/039. U.S. EPA.
Pocket Sampling Guide for Operators of Small Water Sys-
tems. 1992. EPA/814-B-92-001. U.S. EPA, Office of
Ground Water and Drinking Water.
Public Notification Handbook for Public Water Systems
1989. EPA 570/9-89/002. U.S. EPA, Office of Water.
The Safe Drinking Water Act: A Pocket Guide to the Re-
quirements for the Operators of Small Water Systems
U.S. EPA Region 9. June 1993.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 17th ed. 1989. American Public Health
Association et al.
-------
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 1£ith ed. 1985. American Public Health
Association et ail.
-------
General
Sampling
11 '" 'to
Water treatment plant operators should follow
these general procedures for quality sampling.
Laboratories may recommend procedures for
sampling and addition of preservatives for spe-
cific contaminants.
4
•
Collect the samples immediately prior to
shipment to the laboratory.
Read the laboratory's sampling instruc-
tions carefully. Sampling containers may
contain a preservative. Do not rinse
them prior to sample collection. Do not
add preservatives to the sample unless
specifically instructed to do so by the
laboratory. If cold packs will be used,
freeze them prior to sample collection.
Inspecting the samping kit and reading the
instructions.
Freezing cold packs for shipment to the lab.
Choose the sampling point. The sampling
point should be representative of the water
after treatment. Generally, samples should
be taken at the tap on the pipeline before
the treated water is sent to the distribution
system. Sometimes sampling taps (faucets)
are available in the plant laboratory for the
water entering the distribution system.
Sampling tap on the pipeline entering the
distnbutfon system.
Remove any attachment (such as a hose,
strainer, or aerator) from the tap.
Removing the hose from the tap.
Flush the tap for more than 10 minutes or
until the water temperature becomes sta-
ble. This helps ensure a representative
water sample.
Flushing the tap until the water temperature
stabilizes.
While water is running and before collecting
the sample, fill out the label with the follow-
ing information:
• Entry point ID number (if any)
• Exact location of sampling
• Date and time the sample was taken
• Type of analyses to be conducted
-------
jGeneral^SamplingtProcedures
The laboratory that analyzes your samples
will usually provide any forms and/or labels
required for recording sampling-related in-
formation. Make sure that you provide all in-
formation requested. Often, the sampling
results are reported to the state on the same
form that the laboratory sends with the sam-
pling containers to the public water system.
Filling out the label.
Position the container under the tap and
collect the required volume of water (see
sections on specific compounds for
unique sampling requirements). Introduce
the water very gently to reduce agitation
and to avoid introducing air bubbles. Fill
the bottle so that little or no air space will
remain in the bottle after the cap is se-
cured.
Q Follow any instructions provided by the
^ laboratory regarding addition of biocide,
acid, and/or preser- vatives to the con-
tainer. Usually, these are added by the
laboratory, however, occasionally the labo-
ratory might include another reagent. For
example, some laboratories may supply a
dechlorination agent (thiosulphate) to be
added to samples that have been disin-
fected by chlorination.
Adding a dechlorination agent to the sample.
Screw the cap on the container (with the
shiny white side of the septum facing to-
ward the sample). Do not touch the inside
of the cap and do not overtighten. Use ex-
tra caps or septa provided by the labora-
tory if the originals become contaminated
or broken.
Collecting the sample (different containers
shown).
Hj /\ Follow laboratory instructions regarding
• ** replicate samples (multiple field sa.m-
ples collected under identical circum-
stances), field trip blanks, and
laboratory trip blanks used by the
laboratory for quality control.
Screwing the cap onto
Field trip and laboratory blanks.
4 Hj Complete any other forms supplied by
' " the testing laboratory with the requested
information, such as:
• PWS identification number
• Sample collection location
• Sampling time and date
• Sample type (grab or composite,
raw, plant tap, entry point or
distribution)
• Type of analyses to be conducted
Many states require that "chain-of-cus-
tody" procedures be followed for compli-
ance monitoring samples. The typical
chain-of-custody form establishes the
whereabouts of, and person responsible
for, the sample at any point of time. The
form must be completed by field person-
nel at the time that the samples are
collected. Use waterproof ink to fill out
your form, according to laboratory in-
structions, as soon as you collect the
-------
jGetiierapampling and Procedures (Continued)!
sample. The information on the chain-of-
custody form must match the informa-
tion on the container label. Print or write
legibly and note any special conditions
that could suggest contamination.
perature, in addition to being protected
against breakage or spillage by a suitable
shipping case. As mentioned above, the
lab will usually provide these cases.
Filling out the chain-of-custody form.
Packing the sample containers for shipment
to the lab.
Pack and transport the samples. Pack
the containers in the same manner that
they were received to avoid breakage.
Samples must be kept at/or below the
required temperature (but not allowed to
freeze). If they need to be refrigerated,
cool them with sufficient ice, or pre-
frozen chemical cold packs (blue ice), to
keep them below the proper tempera-
ture (4°C). To protect samples from
breakage, packing materials (such as
bottle holders, cardboard, and polysty-
rene foam) should be used. Ice should
not be used as a packing material, since
it will melt and leave space leading to
breakage of the bottles during shipping.
If the samples are collected within a rea-
sonable driving distance of the labora-
tory, and refrigeration is required, a picnic
-cooler may be used as a sample carrying
case. Samples shipped by commercial
carrier must be cooled to the proper tem-
•4 O Ship or deliver samples to the laboratory
• *^ (or have them picked up) the same day or
by overnight courier. The temperature of the
samples must be kept at/or below 4°G during
shipping and before analysis.
Delivering the samples to the lab by overnight
courier.
-------
Asbestos
Sampling
Procedures
Sampling
Sampling Containers
Glass or plastic bottles are required for
taking samples. The volume depends on the
requirements of the testing lab, but must be
at least 1 liter.
Typical asbestos sampling containers.
Follow the procedures recommended
by the laboratory (if any) for sampling.
,JFar more information,
-^Analytical Method for 4 '*
Determination of Asbestos I *«
^Fibers in Water, September «ill
^1983. (Available from, i ' :
tonal Technical -' ;
nformation service, 5285
The sampling procedures for asbestos are
as follows:
Hj Locate the sampling point or points
(see discussion of sampling points
on pages 16-17.)
Remove any attachment from the
tap.
Flush the tap for about 10 minutes
or until the water temperature has
stabilized.
-------
;Asbestos Sampling Procedures
While water is running, fill out the
label with the required information.
8
Filling out the label.
Fill the bottle with water to the
required volume.
Complete the forms supplied by the
testing laboratory with the requested
information.
Repeat steps 1-8 at other sampling
points (if any).
Pack the samples in an ice chest.
Ship or deliver samples to the labora-
tory the same day or by overnight
courier.
C Screw the cap on the bottle.
"7 Repeat the above procedures (4-6)
• for all replicate samples.
-------
Nitrite and
Nitrate
Sampling
Procedures
Sampling
i ' •
Sampling Containers
The testing laboratory generally will supply
containers for sampling. The required vol-
umes are 50 ml and 100 mL for nitrite and
nitrate, respectively. The containers may be
made of glass or plastic.
Typical nitrite and nitrate sampling containers.
Follow the laboratory recommended
procedures (if any) for sampling and addi-
tion of preservatives.
The general sampling procedures for nitrite
and nitrate monitoring are as follows (Steps
6 and 7 are for nitrate samples only):
Locate the sampling point(s).
Remove any attachment from the
tap.
Flush the tap for about 10 minutes or
until the water temperature has stabi-
lized.
A While the water is flushing, fill out the
" label with the required information.
-------
6
Fill the bottle with the required vol-
ume of water.
Collecting the sample.
FOR NITRATE SAMPLES
ONLY: If so instructed by the labora-
tory, add sulfuric acid to the non-
chlorinated samples to adjust the pH
to 2 for preservation. (The laboratory
usually pre-adds acid to the
containers.)
FOR NITRATE SAMPLES
ONLY: Use pH paper or a meter to
measure pH.
Measuring pH using a pH meter.
cautions. Wear
land a pair of rubber gloves:
while adding the acid. I ?}J
Adding acid to the sample using a pipet.
Screw the cap on the bottle.
Repeat the above procedures (4-8)
for all replicate samples.
•f A Complete the forms supplied by
* ^* the testing laboratory with the re-
quested information.
Repeat steps 1-10 at other sam-
pling points (if any).
Pack the samples in an ice chest.
Ship samples to the laboratory the
same day or by overnight courier.
-------
- i^l'l wiHSSSSgilpfiifii ^ I - rJjff8ff|^i|^fflJE!SftBBP R'liflnSulwnlfflK '•! •!
Inorganic
Compounds
(lOCs)
Sampling
Procedures
a illihiii i il ii; tialiiiiii iiiiiiJLHiLtfcliMi
iiiilljllJL
Setntm
Sampling
Sampling Containers
Glass or plastic bottles generally are used.
Typical inorganic contaminant sampling
containers.
Follow the procedures recommended by the
laboratory (if any) for sampling and addition
of preservatives.
The general sampling procedures for moni-
toring of the regulated inorganics under
Phase II and Phase V are as follows:
•J
Select the sampling point.
Remove any attachment from the
tap.
Flush the water for more than 10
minutes or until the water tempera-
ture has stabilized.
-------
InprganiaiCQmpounds(IOCsj) Sampling Procedures
While water is flushing, fill out the la-
bel with the required information.
In most cases, the laboratory
will have pre-added nitric acid to the
bottles (except for cyanide—preserva-
tion of samples collected for cyanide
analysis involves raising the pH to
greater than 12 with sodium hydrox-
ide). Do not add preservative to
the bottle unless instructed by the
laboratory.
If the laboratory so instructs,
add the nitric acid to the samples at
the ratio of 3 mL acid to 1 L of water
(does not apply to cyanide samples).
Filling out the label.
Fill the container with the required
volume of water. Use separate bot-
tles for mercury and cyanide, as
identified by the laboratory.
Collecting the sample.
10
Screw the cap on the bottle.
Repeat steps 4 to 8 for replicate
samples.
Complete the forms supplied by
the testing laboratory with the re-
quested information.
Repeat steps 1-10 at other sam-
pling points (if any).
HI Hj Pack the samples in an ice chest.
Hj O Ship or deliver samples to the labo-
* ™ ratory the same day or by over-
night courier.
Adding acid to the sample using a pipet.
-------
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
(VOCs)
Sampling
Procedures
^P Benzene
/ f \
&—$.&>«
}-$°'% *~7
jig
^
V o
.1
Sampling
Sampling Containers
The testing laboratory generally will supply
glass vials with TFE-fluorocarbon lined caps
for VOC sampling. The volume of the vials
may vary from 40 ml to 120 ml, depending
on the analytical method used.
Typical VOC sampling containers.
Procedures
. -id- l-.-L-JlllLji: jil
Follow the procedures recom-
mended by fte laboratory (if any) for sampling
and addition of preservatives.
The general sampling procedures for VOC
monitoring are as follows:
•j
Tne analytical methods for
VOCs call for the addition of preserv-
atives to the vial prior to sampling. In
most cases, the testing laboratory
will have pre-added proper preserv-
atives to the vials. The preservatives
include:
• Sodium thiosulfate— for quenching
residual chlorine
• Hydrochloric acid— biocide and
pH adjustment for preservation
and analysis
Do not add preservatives to the vial
unless instructed to do so by the
laboratory.
Locate the sampling point.
Remove any attachment from the
tap.
Flush the tap for about 10 minutes or
until the water temperature has stabi-
lized.
While water is flushing, fill out the la-
be! with the required information.
Adjust the flow rate to about 500
ml (1 pint) per minute (approximately
1/8-inch diameter stream).
-------
VOCs Samplinjgipijoeeduresj
Adjusting the water flow to produce 1/8-inch
diameter stream.
Hold the vial at an angle, and
let the water flow along the inner
side wall. Introduce the water very
gently to reduce agitation and to
avoid introducing air bubbles.
Tilting the vial to prevent formation of air
bubbles.
Fill the vial with water to as
near the top as possible. Be careful
not to overflow—this could wash out
the preservative!
Carefully complete filling the vial
to form a meniscus (the curved upper
surface of a liquid formed by surface
tension), or use the vial cap to top off
the vial and form a meniscus.
Topping off the vial with the vial cap to
form a meniscus.
the
Screw the cap on the vial with
TFE-fluorocarbon (white and
shiny) lining facing towards the water
sample. Do not touch the septum, and
do not overtighten the cap or it might
split.
Invert the vial. Tap against your
hand and check for air bubbles. If any
are present, add additional water to
reform the meniscus and check for
bubbles again.
Shake the bottle vigorously for
about 1 minute to let the preservative
fully mix with the water sample.
H| O Repeat the above procedures (5-12)
• ^ for all replicate samples.
Inverting the vial to determine if there are
air bubbles (left) or no air bubbles (right)
M Complete the forms (if any) sup-
plied by the testing laboratory with
the requested information.
Repeat steps 1-14 at other sam-
pling points (if any).
1 C Pack the samples into an ice chest
* ** to keep the temperature of the
samples at/or below 4°C.
Hj C Ship or deliver samples to the labo-
• " ratory the same day or by over-
night courier.
j.prooetf tire required *o^ ^
sampling this contaminant
-------
Synthetic
Organic
Chemicals
(SOCs)
Sampling
The general sampling procedures for SOC
monitoring are as follows:
Ethylene Q
Dibromide
Sampling Containers
The testing laboratory generally will supply
containers for sampling. (Several contain-
ers are required because the laboratory
uses several different methods to analyze
for all the contaminants.) The volume of
the sampling containers may be 40 mL, 60
ml, or 1 L, depending on the analytical
method used. The containers must be
made of glass, except for the container for
diquat, which must be made of high den-
sity amber poiyvinyi chloride (PVC) or si-
lanized amber glass.
Chemicals and containers used in sampling for
SOCs.
jjfB iTjd
Ufu UB Follow the procedures recom-
mended by the laboratory (if any) for sampling
and addition of preservatives.
Add preservatives to the con-
tainer prior to sampling, if necessary.
The testing laboratory usually pre-
adds the preservatives to the sam-
pling containers, however. The
preservatives used include:
• Sodium thiosulfate — for
quenching residual chlorine.
• Mercuric chloride — biocide for
microorganism growth control.
4
• Hydrochloric acid — pH
adjustment for preservation and
analysis.
• Monochloroacetic acid — pH
adjustment.
Locate the sampling point.
Remove any attachment from the
tap.
Flush the water for about 10 minutes
or until the water temperature has
stabilized.
-------
SOCs Sampling Procedures
While water is flushing, fill out the la-
bel with the required information.
Put the bottle under the tap at
an angle to fill it up or to the required
volume. Be careful not to overflow —
this could wash out the preservative!
Filling out the label.
Collecting the sample.
Adjust the flow rate to about
500 ml_ (1 pint) per minute (approxi-
mately 1/8-inch diameter stream).
the
Screw the cap on the bottle with
TFE-fluorocarbon (white and
shiny) lining facing towards the water
sample. Do not touch the septum, and
do not overtighten the cap.
Adjusting the water flow to produce
1/8-inch diameter stream.
Shake the bottle vigorously
for about 1 minute to let the pre-
servative fully mix with the water
sample.
11
Shaking the bottle to mix a preservative
with the sample.
Repeat the above procedures (5-9)
for all replicate samples.
Complete the forms supplied by
the testing laboratory with the re-
quested information.
Repeat steps 1-11 at other sam-
pling points (if any).
Pack the samples in an ice chest.
12
Hj O Ship samples to the laboratory the
• *^ same day or by overnight courier.
unique
procedure required
sampling this con
Screwing the cap onto the bottle.
------- |