&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Radionuclides in Drinking Water:
A Small Entity Compliance Guide
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Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
(4606M)
EPA 815-R-02-001
www.epa.gov/safewater
February 2002
n S\ Printed on recycled paper
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Contents
Introduction 1
1. Who Should Read this Guide? 2
2. Which Radionuclides Does EPA Regulate in Drinking Water? 3
3. Why Is it Important to Monitor for Radionuclides? 5
4. When Do I Have to Comply? 6
5. Are My Monitoring Requirements Changing? 7
6. What Are My Monitoring Requirements under the New Radionuclides Rule? 9
7. What Are the Requirements for Man Made Beta Particle and Photon Emitters? 11
8. How Can I Tell If I Am in Violation of the Radionuclides MCL? 14
9. What Do I Have to Tell My Customers? 15
10. What Do I Have to Report to the State? 17
11. What Compliance Options Do I Have? 18
12. How Can I Treat My System's Water to Meet the MCL? 19
13. What Do I Do with Water Treatment Waste? 21
14. How Can I Get More Time to Finance, Plan, Build, or Consolidate? 22
15. Where Can I Get More Information? 23
16. Who Can I Contact for More Information? 24
NOTICE
This guide was prepared pursuant to section 212 of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 ("SBREFA"), Pub. L.
104-121. THIS DOCUMENT IS NOT INTENDED, NOR CAN IT BE RELIED UPON, TO CREATE ANY RIGHTS ENFORCEABLE BY ANY
PARTY IN LITIGATION WITH THE UNITED STATES. The statements in this document are intended solely as guidance to aid you in
complying with the Radionuclides Rule (65 FR 76708-76753). While the guidance contained in this document may assist you, the public, and
State and federal regulators in applying regulatory requirements, the guidance is not a substitute for those legal requirements; nor is it a
regulation itself. Thus it does not impose any legally binding requirements on any party, including EPA, States, or the regulated community. In
any civil or administrative action against a small business, small government or small non-profit organization for a violation of the
Radionuclides Rule, the content of this guide may be considered as evidence of the reasonableness or appropriateness of proposed fines,
penalties or damages. EPA may decide to revise this guide without public notice to reflect changes in EPA's approach to implementing the
Radionuclides Rule or to clarify and update the text. To determine whether EPA has revised this guide and/or obtain copies, contact the Safe
Drinking Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791.
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Introduction
If you own or operate a community water system (CWS), this Guide will
help you understand a rule that applies to you.
This Guide was prepared pursuant to section 212 of the Small Business
Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA), Pub. L. 104-
121. It is intended to aid you in complying with the Radionuclides Rule
issued on December 7, 2000 under the Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA). The SDWA provisions, the Radionuclides Rule, and other EPA
regulations described in this Guide contain legally binding requirements.
This document does not substitute for those provisions or regulations,
nor is it a regulation itself. It does not impose legally binding
requirements on EPA, States, or the regulated community, and may not
apply to a particular situation based on the circumstances. EPA and
State decisionmakers retain the discretion to adopt approaches on a
case-by-case basis that differ from this guidance where appropriate. Any
decisions regarding a particular CWS will be made based on the
applicable statutes and regulations. Therefore, interested parties are free
to raise questions and objections about the appropriateness of the
application of this guide to a particular situation, and EPA will consider
whether or not the recommendations or interpretations in this Guide are
appropriate in that situation based on the law and regulations. EPA may
change this guidance in the future. To determine whether EPA has
revised this Guide and/or to obtain copies, contact the Safe Drinking
Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791.
EPA first began to regulate radionuclides in 1976. Unless your system is
new, you have been monitoring for these contaminants. Since 1976, we
have learned a great deal more about radionuclides, including effects
they can have on peoples' health, where they are likely to occur, and
how to detect and remove them from drinking water. With this improved
understanding, EPA published a new rule in the Federal Register on
December 7, 2000 (65 FR 76708-76753). While many of the current
requirements remain unchanged, there are some new requirements,
including the following:
Uranium. EPA established a Maximum Contaminant Level
(MCL) of 30 micrograms per liter (ug/L) for uranium.
Radium-228. Systems must monitor separately for radium-228.
Entry Point Monitoring. Systems must monitor at EACH active
Entry Point to the Distribution System (EPTDS).
Additional copies of this Guide may be obtained by calling the Safe
Drinking Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791. Copies also may be
downloaded from EPA's Safe Drinking Water Web site at www.epa.gov/
safewater.
This Guide describes the minimum Federal requirements under the
Radionuclides Rule. Your State may have more specific or additional
requirements. Be sure to check with your State Drinking Water Program
regarding their specific requirements. (Systems on Tribal lands or in
Wyoming should check with the EPA Regional Office.) Contact
information for State Programs is at the end of this Guide.
Please note that the term "State" is used in this guide to refer to your
Primacy Agency. The Primacy Agency for most systems is your State
Drinking Water Agency. However, the Primacy Agency for systems
located in the Navajo Nation is your tribal office, and the Primacy
Agency for systems located on other tribal lands, in Wyoming, or in the
District of Columbia is your EPA Regional office.
1
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1. Who Should Read this Guide?
This Guide is designed to help CWSs serving 3,330 or fewer persons. A
CWS includes any drinking water system, regardless of ownership, that
has at least 15 service connections or regularly serves at least 25 of the
same people year round. Systems that may find this Guide useful
include water systems serving:
Mobile Home Parks
Home Owners Associations
Small Towns
Rural Water Districts
Small Private Systems
Tribal Systems
This handbook is divided into 16 sections designed to help you:
Determine if you will be able to comply with the Radionuclides
Rule.
Understand why it is important to remove radionuclides from
drinking water.
Explain when and how often you need to monitor for
radionuclides.
Determine what you will need to report to the State and to your
customers.
Understand your compliance options if you cannot meet an MCL
for one or more of the regulated radionuclides.
Choose a treatment technology if you selected treatment as
your compliance option.
Find help if you need it.
TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS:
picoCuries per liter (pCi/D One trillionth of a Curie.
It is approximately one emission every 27 seconds.
Alpha radiation or particle - Consists two protons and two neutrons.
Beta radiation or particle - A negative or positive particle with the
mass of an electron.
Gamma or photon radiation - High energy electromagnetic radiation
with no mass or charge.
Millirem (mrerrV) - One thousandth of a rem. Dose of absorbed
energy adjusted to be equivalent for different kinds of radiation.
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2. Which Radionuclides Does EPA Regulate in Drinking
Water?
Some elements, either found in nature or man-made, are unstable and
emit particles or waves of high energy from the nucleus or other parts
of the atom.
There are three basic kinds of high-energy radiation: alpha, beta, and
gamma (included in a broader group called photons). Many
radioactive elements called "radionuclides" (pronounced "radio-noo-
clydes") emit more than one kind of radiation, but are classified by
their most important kind.
EPA has limits in drinking water called maximum contaminant levels
(MCLs) for four groupings of radionuclides:
How Radionuclides Affect Peoples' Health
Exposure to radioactivity may be harmful to chemical reactions
important to living cells in your body. Radiation pulls electrons
off atoms in the cells (ionizes them) and may prevent the cell
from functioning properly. It may lead to the cell's death, to the
cell's inability to repair itself, or to the cell's uncontrolled growth
(cancer). For example, ionizing radiation can damage DMA,
which carries the genetic information in a cell. Damage to DMA
may change the cell's genetic code, resulting in the mutation of
one or more genes contained in the DMA. These mutations can
cause cells to malfunction or lead to cancer. These mutations
may also be passed on to children.
One MCL is a limitation on two kinds (or "isotopes") of radium:
radium-226 (Ra-226), which mostly emits alpha radiation, Ra-
228, which mostly emits beta radiation.
Another MCL limits radiation from a group of 179 man-made
beta and photon emitters. Only systems which have been
designated by your State as vulnerable or contaminated by
this class of radionuclides must monitor. See section 7.
The third MCL is for "gross alpha" which includes all alpha
emitters except uranium and radon.
Fourth is a new MCL for uranium isotopes U-234, U-235 and
U-238, which mostly emit alpha radation. This last MCL is
actually concerned primarily about limiting the toxic effects of
uranium as a heavy metal as much as its effect as a
radionuclide.
The MCLs are concerned with the health effects from radiation inside
the body after drinking the radionuclides. However, many
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radionuclides classified as "alpha emitters' or "beta emitters" also emit
gamma radiation, which can penetrate the body from outside, affecting
workers during storage or disposal of wastes.
Radionuclide Maximum Contaminant Levels
Beta/photon emitters*
4 mrem/year
Gross alpha particle
15 pCi/L
Radium-226 and Radium-228
5 pCi/L
Uranium
30 ug/L
*A total of 179 individual beta particle and photon emitters may be
used to calculate compliance with the MCL.
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3. Why Is it Important to Monitor for Radionuclides?
Completely avoiding radioactivity is impossible. Radionuclides are
found in air, water, soil, and even living things. People are exposed to
background levels of radiation all the time. Sources of these
exposures to radiation include building materials such as granite,
airborne radon, and cosmic radiation from outer space. Even food
can contain low levels of radiation.
Radionuclides generally enter drinking water through the erosion or
chemical weathering of naturally occurring mineral deposits, although
human activity (such as mining, industrial activities, or military
activities that use or produce man-made radioactive materials) can
also contribute to their presence in water. Evidence suggests that
long-term exposure to radionuclides in drinking water may cause
cancer. In addition, exposure to uranium may have toxic effects on a
person's kidneys.
The graphs below show the results of a nationwide occurrence study of
naturally occurring radionuclides in public water supplies. The survey
included a random sample of 990 collection sites. Each graph shows
the percent of systems above a given concentration or activity. For
example, 44.07 percent of the 990 systems sampled had uranium
concentrations between 0.08 and 1.0 ug/L.
adionuclide Occurrence in Drinking Water
0-0.08 0.08-1.0 1.0-5.0 5.0-10.0 10.0-50.0 >50
Concentration Qig/L)
Source: Longtin, J.P. "Occurrence of Radon, Radium, and Uranium in Groundwater," J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 80(7):84 (1988).
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4. When Do I Have to Comply?
The revised Radionuclides Rule takes effect on December 8, 2003.
The current Rule remains in effect until then, and you must continue
monitoring and complying with current standards. For most systems,
this means continuing to monitor in accordance with the schedule set
by your State.
Systems must continue to comply with the 1976 Rule until December
7, 2003. The initial monitoring period for the revised Rule begins
December 8, 2003 and ends December 31, 2007. Your State will
determine your initial monitoring requirements for all the entry points
into the distribution system during this 4-year initial monitoring period.
The table on this page shows some of the Rule's milestones. Further
information on monitoring requirements appears in the next two
sections.
Radionuclides Requirements Dates
July 9, 1976
June 2000
December 7, 2000
December 8, 2003
December 31, 2007
2008
1976 Radionuclides Drinking Water Regulation.
Under certain circumstances, data collected between June 2000 and December
8, 2003 may be eligible for use as grandfathered data to satisfy the initial
monitoring requirements for gross alpha, radium-226/228, and uranium.
Information on grandfathering data appears in future sections.
The Radionuclides Final Rule.
Rule effective date.
Systems must begin initial monitoring under a State-specified monitoring plan
unless the State permits the grandfathering of data collected between June
2000 and December 8, 2003.
All systems must complete initial monitoring.
Future monitoring frequency and compliance requirements will be determined
the State by this time.
by
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5. Are My Monitoring Requirements Changing?
Yes. One key change in the new Radionuclides Rule is that, rather
than monitor at a "representative" point in your distribution system,
you must now monitor at EACH entry point to the distribution system
(EPTDS). This change prevents situations in which the "average"
water meets the standard, even though some people are drinking
poor-quality water from a contaminated source. It also makes the
Radionuclides Rule consistent with other regulations covering
chemical contaminants in drinking water.
Unless told otherwise by the State, a system which uses an
intermittent source of supply (i.e., a source that is used seasonally) or
that uses more than one source and that blends water from more than
one source before distribution, must sample at an EPTDS during
periods of normal operating conditions. Normal operating conditions
include when water is representative of all the sources being used.
Standardized Monitoring Framework already in place for other
chemical contaminants. Note that EPA extended the initial compliance
monitoring period for radionuclides until 2007 so that the first
compliance cycle is consistent with the Standardized Monitoring
Framework.
; *:,>-:-,.: :_ :. ,,.-'. :'-,,,'.
,"J , ',; ."'^1 _'
No. All systems must conduct initial monitoring at each EPTDS to
determine that entry point's water quality between December 8, 2003
and December 31, 2007, or have data that the State allows to be
grandfathered. However, your State may allow you to waive the final
two quarters of monitoring for a radionuclide at an EPTDS if your
results for the first two quarters of initial monitoring are less than the
detection limit defined by EPA for that particular radionuclide.
EPA has provided States with the flexibility to decide on a case-by-
case basis whether data collected between June 2000 and December
8, 2003 can be grandfathered (i.e., substituted for the initial quarterly
monitoring required by the Revised Radionuclides Rule). States must
decide if the data collected by a system during the grandfathering
periodin conjunction with historical data, information on geology, and
any other criteria the State chooses to usewill provide enough
information to ensure that radionuclide activity will remain below the
MCLs.
The annotated time line on the next page shows the schedule for
radionuclides monitoring through the year 2016. The time line also
shows how the radionuclide monitoring schedule fits within the
Radionuclide Detection Limits
Contaminant
Gross Alpha Particle Activity
Radium-226
Radium-228
Uranium
Detection Limit
3 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
1 pCi/L
To be determined before the
compliance date of the rule.
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Annotated Radionuclide Mentoring Timeline (2000 - 2016)
Grandfathered Data. Your State may allow you to use grandfathered data to comply
with the initial monitoring requirements for gross alpha or radium-226/228 if you collect
monitoring data from each EPTDS between June 2000 and December 8, 2003.
You may also be allowed to use data collected from a representative point in the
distribution system if it is collected between June 2000 and December 8, 2003 and the
State makes a written finding that the data is representative of each entry point based
on the variability of historical contaminant monitoring results and other factors.
Reduced Monitoring. If your monitoring results range
from below the defined detection level to the MCL,
you may qualify for reduced monitoring.
Standardized Monitoring Standardized Monitoring Standardized Monitoring Standardized Monitoring V Standardized Monitoring
Framework Compliance Period Framework Compliance Period Framework Compliance Period Framework Compliance Perioc Framework Compliance Period
Increased Monitoring. If you
have an entry point result above
the MCL, you will have to take
quarterly samples until 4
consecutive quarterly samples
are below the MCL.
Collection o
Grandfathered Da
(If Permitted by the S
Initial Compliance Monitoring
forRadionuclides
First Radionuclides Rule Compliance Cycle*
2000 |
12/07/00
Final Rule
06/00
Collection of Data to Be
Grandfathered Begins
i sample \
1 Sample
1 Sample
Quarterly
fc Samples
2008
Quarterly
Samples
2009
Quarterly
Samples
1 Sample
Quarterly
Samples
2010 2011
Quarterly
Samples
2012
Quarterly
Samples
*
1 Sample
1 Sample
Quarterly
Samples
2013 2014
Quarterly
Samples
2015
Quarterly
Samples
2016
12/07/03
Collection of Data That
Can Be Grandfathered
Ends and Initial
Monitoring Begins
12/31/07
Initial Monitoring Ends
Number of Samples Required by
Systems Whose Initial Results Are:
Greater than the MCL
You are encouraged to monitor for uranium before
December 8, 2003, although the standard does not go
into effect until then. If the sampling result is less than
30 |ig/L, you may be able to grandfather the data. If
the result of your uranium sampling prior to December
8, 2003 is greater than 30 u.g/L, you will be required to
take four consecutive quarterly samples during the
initial monitoring period.
Initial Monitoring. Systems are
required to conduct initial monitoring
for gross alpha, radium-226, radium-
228, and uranium at each EPTDS by
December 31, 2007. You must
collect four consecutive quarterly
samples at each EPTDS during this
initial round of monitoring in order to
provide contaminant information
during each of the four seasons.
Greater than 1/2 the MCL, but less than or equal to the MCL~
Greaterthan or equal to the defined detection limit,
but less than or equal to 1/2 the MCL
low the defined detection limit
8
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6. What Are My Monitoring Requirements under the New
Radionuclides Rule?
This section presents additional information on the initial, reduced, and
increased monitoring requirements for gross alpha, radium-226,
radium-228, and uranium. The Radionuclides Rule makes the
monitoring requirements for radionuclides consistent with the
monitoring requirements for other inorganic contaminants (lOCs).
Systems are required to conduct initial monitoring for gross alpha,
radium-226, radium-228, and uranium at each EPTDS by December
31, 2007. You must collect four consecutive quarterly samples at each
EPTDS during this initial round of monitoring in order to provide
contaminant information during each of the four seasons.
New systems, and systems using new sources of supply, must conduct
initial monitoring for gross alpha, radium-226, radium-228, and
uranium starting in the first quarter after beginning operation or
beginning to use a new source of supply. Your initial results, called an
"occurrence profile," will determine the frequency of future monitoring.
You may be able to reduce the frequency of monitoring at each
EPTDS based on the initial sample results. The table which follows
shows the reduced monitoring frequencies.
In addition to
allowing a
reduction in the
number of times
samples must be
taken,the
Radionculides
Rule also
provides some
flexibility in
reducing the cost of monitoring through the compositing of samples.
Some States may allow you to collect up to four samples from the
same EPTDS and have them analyzed together. Compositing of
quarterly samples can be performed only during the initial monitoring
period. Afterwards, monitoring is one sample every 3, 6, or 9 years.
Quarterly sampling is necessary only if one quarter is above the MCL
for an EPTDs.
Reduced Monitoring for Radionuclides
If the initial monitoring
results are:
< Defined Detection limit
Defined Detection limit, but
1/2 the MCL
> 1/2 the MCL, but
the MCL
> MCL
Monitoring frequency
is reduced to:
"F 1 sample every 9 years
-^ 1 sample every 6 years
-^ 1 sample every 3 years
-^ Quarterly samples
Systems whose EPTDSs are on a reduced monitoring schedule (i.e.,
collecting 1 sample every 3, 6, or 9 years) can remain on that reduced
schedule as long as the most recent sample results support that
monitoring schedule. An increase in a radionuclide level at an EPTDS
may increase the frequency of monitoring for that radionuclide at that
sampling point. If you get an entry point result above the MCL while on
reduced monitoring, you must begin to take quarterly samples in the
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next quarter. Quarterly sampling must continue until four consecutive
quarterly samples are below the MCL.
You may be allowed to grandfather data instead of taking four
consecutive quarterly samples during the initial monitoring period. Your
State may allow you to grandfather data for gross alpha, radium-226/
228, and uranium if any of three conditions are met:
In some cases, the gross alpha particle activity measurement may be
substituted for the required radium-226 or uranium measurements.
These rules are complex, but generally, gross alpha is allowed as a
substitute for radium-226 if previous gross alpha results including the
analytical error are less than or equal to 5pCi/L. It is allowed as a
substitute for uranium if the gross alpha result is less than or equal to
15 pCi/L. If a uranium determination is made by a method measuring
radioactivity, a conversion can be made to mass (the units of the MCL)
without paying for another analysis. Simply divide the result in
picoCuries by 0.67. That will give you a conservatively high mass
number in micrograms. If you are below the MCL, you do not need
further analysis. If you find you exceed 30 ug/L you should have the
laboratory analyze the mass by a direct method for mass. The result
will be lower. Contact your State drinking water program for more
information, or see The Radionuclides Implementation Guidance on
EPA's Web site (www.epa.gov/safewater/rads/implement.html).
A system with one EPTDS collects monitoring data at that
EPTDS between June 2000 and December 8, 2003.
A system with more than one EPTDS collects samples at each
EPTDS between June 2000 and December 8, 2003.
A system collects data from a representative point in the
distribution system between June 2000 and December 8, 2003
and the State makes a written finding that the data are
representative of each entry point.
EPA is encouraging systems to monitor for uranium before December
8, 2003 even though the standard does not go into effect until then. If
the sampling results are less than 30 |ig/L, the State may allow these
data to be grandfathered, potentially saving the system from
conducting additional monitoring.
The Radionuclides Rule balances the need to ensure that the levels of
regulated radionuclides are at or below the MCL at each EPTDS with
the recognition that some systems have monitored for certain
radionuclides for years. The Rule gives States the flexibility to decide,
on a case-by-case basis, whether to approve the use of grandfathered
data and on the number of samples a system has to take to prove that
radionuclide activity will remain below the MCLs.
If the levels of uranium exceed 30 |jg/L, the system will be required to
take four consecutive quarterly samples during the initial monitoring
period. However, knowing early that your system has high levels of
uranium gives you time to review your compliance options and choose
the one that's best for your system. Your options may include
developing a new source of drinking water, blending two or more
sources of water, purchasing water from another public water supply,
or installing a treatment plant. These options are discussed in more
detail in the following sections.
10
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7. What Are the Requirements for Man-Made Beta Particle
and Photon Emitters?
Most systems will never need to monitor for beta particle and photon
radioactivity. These emitters generally come from nuclear facilities;
commercial nuclear power plants; institutional sources such as
research facilities, hospitals, and universities; and from industrial
sources such as laboratories and pharmaceutical companies. Unless
your system is vulnerable to this type of contamination, or is already
contaminated by beta and photon emitters, you do not have to monitor
for these contaminants. Your State will determine whether your system
is vulnerable to contamination or already contaminated.
In general, the regulations for beta particle and photon radioactivity are
similar to those for other radionuclides, with some important
exceptions, which are outlined below. Contact your State drinking water
program if you are unsure if you need to monitor for beta particle and
photon radioactivity.
The MCL for beta particle and photon radioactivity did not change in the
revised rule from the current level of 4 millirem per year (mrem/year). A
millirem is a dose of energy to the body. EPA regulates 179 man-
made nuclides, and each of them has a concentration of radiation
(measured in picoCuries per liter [pCi/L]) which produces the 4 millirem
(mrem) dose. These concentrations are listed on a conversion table
that the State will use to determine if you are in compliance.
Each nuclide has a different concentration that produces a 4 mrem
dose because different radionuclides have different energy levels.
Some nuclides need to be in a higher concentration to give the same 4
mrem dose.
The laboratory will measure the nuclide concentration in the water, and
the State will compare this result to the concentration allowed for that
particular nuclide (see table on page 13). The comparison results in a
fraction. This is shown in the calculation below.
pCi/L found in sample
(from laboratory results)
pCi/L equivalent from 4 mrem of exposure
(from conversion table)
fraction of the maximum
4 mrem/yr exposure
limit
If your water contains several man-made radionuclides, the State will
add all the fractions together. If the result is >1, your system exceeds
the 4 mrem MCL. Your system must monitor monthly until a rolling
average of 3 months is below the MCL.
There are three types of systems when it comes to monitoring for beta
particle and photon emitters:
Those that are not vulnerable to man-made radionuclides
(these systems are not required to monitor for beta and photon
emitters).
11
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Those that are vulnerable.
concentration limits as explained above.
Those that already are contaminated.
If your State says you are vulnerable to contamination from man-made
radionuclides, you must take quarterly samples for gross beta emitters
and annual samples for tritium and strontium-90 at each entry point to
the distribution system. If the running annual average (minus potassium-
40) is less than or equal to 50 pCi/L, the State may reduce your
monitoring to once every 3 years. Systems in the vicinity of a nuclear
facility may be allowed to use the facility's own surveillance data.
Systems determined to be using waters that are contaminated by
effluents from nuclear facilities must analyze monthly samples or
composite three monthly samples each quarter for gross beta activity,
analyze a composite of five consecutive daily samples each quarter for
iodine-131, and analyze four quarterly samples or composite four
consecutive quarterly samples for strontium-90 and tritium.
If you are using waters that are contaminated, the State calculates
compliance as described above. If the sum of the fractions is less than
1 , your system is in compliance.
States cannot issue waivers to those systems that are vulnerable to
contamination or already contaminated with beta particle and photon
radioactivity.
State requirements differ on sampling for beta particle and photon
radioactivity. Contact your State drinking water program for more
information.
If your State determines that you are vulnerable to contamination, or
already contaminated, the initial monitoring period takes place between
2004 and 2007. Your monitoring requirements after this time will vary
depending on your results.
Determining if your system is in violation requires two steps. First, if
your system is vulnerable to contamination and the results of testing
for all beta and photon emitters is less than or equal to 50 pCi/L, you
are in compliance. If your results are greater than 50 pCi/L, you must
have the samples further analyzed for the individual nuclides. The
results of the more specialized analysis are compared to the
12
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Derived Concentrations (pCi/l) of Beta and Photon Emitters
in Drinking Water
Nuclide pCi/l
H-3 20,000
Be-7 6,000
C-14 2,000
F-18 2,000
Na-22 400
Na-24 600
Si-31 3,000
P-32 30
S-35 inorg 500
CI-36 700
CI-38 1,000
K-42 900
Ca-45 10
Ca-47 80
Sc-46 100
Sc-47 300
Sc-48 80
V-48 90
Cr-51 6,000
Mn-52 90
Mn-54 300
Mn-56 300
Fe-55 2,000
Fe-59 200
Co-57 1,000
Co-58 300
Co-58m 9000
Co-60 100
Ni-59 300
Ni-63 50
Nuclide pCi/l
Ni-65 300
Cu-64 900
Zn-65 300
Zn-69 6,000
Zn-69m 200
Ga-72 100
Ge-71 6,000
As-73 1,000
As-74 100
As-76 60
As-77 200
Se-75 900
Br-82 100
Rb-86 600
Rb-87 300
Sr-85m 20,000
Sr-85 900
Sr-89 20
Sr-90 8
Sr-91 200
Sr-92 200
Y-90 60
Y-91 90
Y-91m 9,000
Y-92 200
Y-93 90
Zr-93 2,000
Zr-95 200
Zr-97 60
Nb-93m 1,000
Nuclide pCi/l
Nb-95 300
Nb-97 3,000
Mo-99 600
Tc-96 300
Tc-96m 30,000
Tc-97 6,000
Tc-97m 1,000
Tc-99 900
Tc-99m 20,000
Ru-97 1,000
Ru-103 200
Ru-105 200
Ru-106 30
Rh-103m 30,000
Rh-105 300
Pd-103 900
Pd-109 300
Ag-105 300
Ag-110m 90
Ag-1 11 100
Cd-109 600
Cd-115 90
Cd-115m 90
ln-113m 3,000
ln-114m 60
ln-115 300
ln-115m 1,000
Sn-113 300
Sn-125 60
Sb-122 90
Nuclide pCi/l
Sb-124 60
Sb-125 300
Te-125m 600
Te-127 900
Te-127m 200
Te-129 2,000
Te-129m 90
Te-131m 200
Te-132 90
1-126 3
1-129 1
1-131 3
1-132 90
1-133 10
1-134 100
1-135 30
Cs-131 20,000
Cs-134 80
Cs-134m 20,000
Cs-135 900
Cs-136 800
Cs-137 200
Ba-131 600
Ba-140 90
La-140 60
Ce-141 300
Ce-143 100
Ce-144 30
Pr-142 90
Pr-143 100
Nuclide pCi/l
Nd-147 200
Nd-149 900
Pm-147 600
Pm-149 100
Sm-151 1,000
Sm-153 200
Eu-152 200
Eu-154 60
Eu-155 600
Gd-153 600
Gd-159 200
Tb-160 100
Dy-165 1,000
Dy-166 100
Ho-166 90
Er-169 300
Er-171 300
Tm-170 100
Tm-171 1,000
Yb-175 300
Lu-177 300
Hf-181 200
Ta-182 100
W-181 1,000
W-185 300
W-187 200
Re-186 300
Re-187 9,000
Re-188 200
Os-185 200
Nuclide pCi/l
Os-191 600
Os-191m 9,000
Os-193 200
lr-190 600
lr-192 100
lr-194 90
Pt-191 300
Pt-193 3,000
Pt-193m 3,000
Pt-197 300
Pt-197m 3,000
Au-196 600
Au-198 100
Au-199 600
Hg-197 900
Hg-197m 600
Hg-203 60
TI-200 1,000
TI-201 900
TI-202 300
TI-204 300
Pb-203 1,000
Bi-206 100
Bi-207 200
Pa-230 600
Pa-233 300
Np-239 300
Pu-241 300
Bk-249 2,000
13
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8. How Can I Tell If I Am in Violation of the Radionuclides
MCL?
If the running annual average of one year of quarterly samples
at an EPTDS is greater than a radionuclides MCL, then your
system is in violation.
If the running annual average of one year of quarterly
samples is less than a radionuclides MCL, then your system
is NOT in violation.
If any single sampling result is four times the MCL, then your
system is in violation.
If any sampling result causes the running annual average at an
EPTDS to be above an MCL, then your system is in violation.
Remember that if you sample once every 3, 6,or 9 years
and an EPTDS has a result above an MCL, this may not be
an MCL violation. Having a result greater than a radionuclide
MCL will put you on an increased monitoring schedule where
you will have to collect quarterly samples. If the running
annual average of one year of quarterly samples is greater
than a radionuclides MCL, then you are in violation.
How Many Samples Will Be Used to
Determine If I Am in Compliance?
The State will use the results from ALL of the samples, even if
you have taken more. If your State allows you to take more than
the required number of samples, all of them will be averaged to
determine compliance.
If you don't collect all of the required samples, you have
committed a monitoring and reporting violation. The State will take
the average of the samples you collected to determine if you have
also committed an MCL violation.
14
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9. What Do I Have to Tell My Customers?
Letting your customers know what is happening with their water is one
of your responsibilities. Informed customers are more likely to
understand the need for new treatment, infrastructure changes, and
rate increases. While you should try to communicate with your
customers regularly, there are three occasions when you must provide
information:
1. If you have an MCL violation.
You must let your customers know within 30 days.
You can send a mailing to all people served by the system
(includes all billed and non-billed customers), publish the
information in a local newspaper, post the notice in public
places or on the Internet, or deliver it through community
organizations.
2. If you fail to take a required sample or the State finds you in
violation of other monitoring or testing requirements.
You can send out one notice every year for all of these
violations.
If you can coordinate the timing, the notice may be included
in your annual Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) (see
explanation below).
3. On July 1 of every year, when you must deliver a CCR to your
customers.
The CCR is a "snapshot" of the quality of the water over the
past year.
The CCR Rule requires you to tell your customers about
any violations, the actions you took to fix the violations, and
any potential health effects from the violations.
If you violate a radionuclides MCL you must include in your
CCR the specific health-effects language in the table on the
next page.
15
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Contaminant
Alpha Emitters
Source
Erosion of natural deposits
Health Effects
Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha
radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the
MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Combined radium-226 Erosion of natural deposits
and radium-228
Some people who drink water containing radium-226 or 228 in excess of the MCL over
many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Uranium
Beta and Photon
Emitters*
Erosion of natural deposits
Erosion of natural deposits*
Some people who drink water containing uranium in excess of the MCL over many
years may have an increased risk of getting cancer and kidney toxicity.
Certain minerals are radioactive any may emit forms of radiation known as photons
and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta particle and photon
radioactivity in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.*
*EPA recognizes that there is an error in the Rule's language as relates to the beta and photon emitters CCR language, which appears verbatim in
the table above. The beta and photon emitters that EPA regulates are all man made, and the sources of these regulated contaminants are their
improper use, storage, discharge, and disposal from commercial, industrial, and military activities. The health effects language refers to minerals
that are radioactive. The Rule, however, applies only to man-made substances that do not occur in mineral form.
16
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10. What Do I Have to Report to the State?
The Radionuclides Rule follows the same reporting requirements as
other drinking water regulations in terms of what you must report to
your State.
Analytical Results. You have to report the entire analytical
result, including the standard deviation. Remember that you
can't round your results. Though the requirements may differ
slightly from one State to another, generally you need to report
your results no more than 10 days after you get the results
from the lab, or no more than 10 days following the end of a
monitoring period, whichever is shorter. You do not have to
report results or MCL violations to your State if your laboratory
already does this for you. Contact your laboratory if you are
unsure of its practices.
Violations. Anytime you exceed an MCL or fail to fulfill a
monitoring requirement, you have to report the violation to the
State within 48 hours. This notification is in addition to any
public notices you are required to send to your customers.
Public Notice. Anytime you send out a public notice, you also
need to send a copy to the State. You also have to send a letter
certifying that you have met all the public notification
requirements. Both a copy of the notice and the certification
letter are due to the State within 10 days of sending out the
public notice.
17
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11. What Compliance Options Do I Have?
There are several ways that small systems with high levels of
radionuclides can protect their customers, including:
Source Water Changes
Water Blending
Consolidation
Treatment
Water systems located in areas with high levels of man-made or
naturally occurring radionuclides need to be very careful about what
water sources they choose to use. If you find that the radionuclide
levels in an existing water source are too high, you may wish to
abandon this source and develop a new one. While developing a new
source can prove quite expensive, in the long run, a source change
may be the most cost-effective way to produce water that has low
levels of radionuclides. Yet, new sources come with their own
challenges, and systems must remember that new sources, while lower
in radionuclide levels, may contain higher levels of other contaminants
that require treatment.
Systems may also consider blending water from a source that has high
levels of radionuclides with water from a source with low levels of
radionuclides. Adding additional source water may help reduce the
level of contamination below the MCL and help you meet the
requirements of the Radionuclides Rule.
Small water systems face the technical problems of larger systems but
often lack larger systems' financial reserves. Treatment technologies
and strategies that are effective on a large scale may be much too
expensive for a small water system. Working with other water systems
may allow you to lower costs and simplify management while
continuing to provide your customers with safe water. You may
consolidate with another established water system that has a history of
safe water and then purchase water from the system or interconnect
and function as a single, larger system. Another option may include
consolidating management, which involves sharing operators and
technical staff. Sharing management could also include bulk
purchasing agreements and the joint use of materials, supplies, or non-
essential equipment.
,
Treatment to lower levels of radionuclides in your drinking water will be
necessary if your source water contains radionuclides in excess of an
MCL and developing an alternative source, blending, or consolidation
are not feasible. Small systems can use several types of treatment
technologies to reduce the amount of radionuclides in their water.
Section 11 has more information on treatment.
18
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12. How Can I Treat My System's Water to Meet the MCL?
Treatment to lower the levels of radionuclides in your drinking water will
be necessary if your source water contains high levels of radionuclides
and an alternative source is not available or switching sources would be
cost prohibitive. Small systems can use several types of treatment
technologies to lower the amount of radionuclides in their water.
contaminant concentrations, which may cause waste disposal
problems. If you choose to install POD devices in your community, you
should work with your State to develop a program for long-term
operation, maintenance, and monitoring to make sure the units are
operating correctly.
EPA has approved the following best available technologies (BATs) and
small system compliance technologies (SSCTs) for removing
radionuclides from water:
The list on the next page provides more information on the SSCTs,
including required operator skill level, raw water quality considerations,
and which technologies are appropriate for different sizes of systems.
Ion Exchange (BAT, SSCT)
Reverse Osmosis (BAT, SSCT)
Lime Softening (BAT, SSCT)
Enhanced Coagulation/Filtration (BAT, SSCT)
Green Sand Filtration (SSCT)
Co-precipitation with Barium Sulfate (SSCT)
Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal (SSCT)
Pre-formed Hydrous Manganese Oxide Filtration (SSCT)
Activated Alumina (SSCT)
EPA has also approved the use of two point-of-use (POD) devices:
POD ion exchange and POD reverse osmosis. POD units treat water
only at a particular tap or faucet. For some small systems, POD
treatment strategies may be cheaper than central treatment
technologies. Because the treatment units will be located at many
different locations, however, there may be higher administrative and
monitoring costs. (For example, you may have to take samples from
each unit, rather than from a single, central location.) Also,
regeneration solution from POD ion exchange contains high
Technology Considerations
When choosing a technology, remember:
Radionuclides Rule is but one regulation among many.
Select a technology that can remove whatever contaminants
your system has, at the most affordable cost.
operator may need additional training.
chosen technology may have waste disposal issues.
See Section 13 for more information on handling waste.
19
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List of Small System Compliance Technologies for Radionuclides and Limitations of Use
Unit Technologies
Ion Exchange (IE)
Point of Use (POU) IE
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
POURO
Lime Softening
Green Sand Filtration
Co-precipitation with Barium Sulfate
Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal
Re-formed Hydrous Manganese Oxide Filtration
Activated Alumina
Enhanced Coagulation/filtration
Limitations*
a
b
c
b
d
e
f
N/A
g
a, h
i
Operator Skill
Level Required
Intermediate
Basic
Advanced
Basic
Advanced
Basic
Intermediate to Advanced
Basic to Intermediate
Intermediate
Advanced
Advanced
Raw Water Quality and
Range Considerations
All ground waters
All ground waters
Surface waters that usually require
pre-filtration
Surface waters that usually require
pre-filtration
All waters
Ground waters with suitable water
quality
All ground waters
All ground waters
All ground waters; competing anion
concentrations may affect
regeneration frequency
Can treat a wide range of water
qualities
*Footnotes:
a. Disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology.
b. Requires careful long-term operations, maintenance, and monitoring plans to ensure proper performance.
c. Reject water disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology.
d. Variable source water quality and complex water chemistry make this technology too complex for small water systems.
e. Removal efficiencies can vary depending on water quality.
f. This technology is most applicable to systems that have sufficiently high sulfate levels and that already have filtration in place.
g. This technology is most applicable to small systems that already have filtration in place.
h. Handling of chemicals required during regeneration and pH adjustment requires an adequately trained operator.
i. Assumes modication to a coagulation/filtration process already in place.
Compliance Technologies
Appropriate for System Size**
25-500
C, B, U
C, B, U
C, G, B
C, G, B, U
C
C
C
C
C
U
U
501 - 3,300
C, B, U
C, B, U
C, G, B, U
C, G, B, U
C, U
C
C
C
C
U
U
3,301 -
10,000
C, B, U
C, B, U
C, G, B, U
C, G, B, U
C, U
C
C
C
C
U
U
**Key:
B = Beta partical activity and photon activity
C = Combined radium-226 and radium-228
G = Gross alpha particle activity
U = Uranium
20
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13. What Do I Do with Water Treatment Waste?
EPA is updating its guidelines that describe the safe handling and
disposal of liquid wastes, sludges, and spent resins from treatment
technologies such as those presented in Section 12. However, most of
the requirements for dealing with technically enhanced naturally
occurring radioactive material (TNORM) are not included within federal
regulations. There may be State and local requirements, or
requirements of the landfill or sewage treatment plant.
The EPA guidelines will provide you with:
Background information on water treatment technologies and
the kinds of wastes they generate.
'A
RADIOACTIVE
Reasons why it is important to protect people from radiation,
including information about federal programs and other
regulations dealing with radioactive waste.
Guidelines for several ways to dispose of solid and liquid
wastes that contain radionuclides.
Ways to protect workers who may be exposed to water-
treatment wastes that contain radiation.
When complete, the guidelines will be posted on EPA's Web site.
21
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14. How Can I Get More Time to Finance, Plan, Build, or
Consolidate?
The Radionuclides Rule provides States with the flexibility to alter
certain requirements on a case-by-case basis, in response to
extraordinary local circumstances. Granting variances and exemptions
are two ways States can exercise their flexibility. Since a system with a
variance or exemption will be supplying water with levels of
radionuclides above the MCLs, variances and exemptions are difficult
to obtain.
If you install a Best Available Technology (BAT) or a Small System
Compliance Technology (SSCT) and still cannot meet the MCL
requirements because of the quality of your raw water, you may be
eligible for a variance. A variance gives you more time to come into
compliance, but requires you to:
Enter into a compliance schedule with your State's regulatory
agency.
. '
An exemption means you don't have to comply with an MCL for 3 to 9
years. The Safe Drinking Water Act prohibits States from issuing
exemptions for rules in effect before 1986. Because the MCLs for gross
alpha, radium 226/228, and total beta particle and photon emitters were
put into effect by the 1976 Rule, you cannot get an exemption for these
contaminants.
If you are operating before the effective date of the rule (December 8,
2003) and are unable to comply with the MCL, you may be eligible for
an exemption. Your State may issue an exemption after determining
that there are no alternative sources of supply, that changing the
structure of your system won't lead to compliance, and the exemption
will not result in an unreasonable risk to public health. If you begin
operating after December 8, 2003, you are not eligible for an
exemption.
Deliver water that does not result in an unreasonable risk to
health.
22
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15. Where Can I Get More Information?
Additional information is available from:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline: (800) 426-4791
EPA Safewater Web site:
EPA has posted the text of the Radionuclides Rule, the Radionuclides
Implementation Guidance, a fact sheet, quick reference guide, and other
information about the Radionuclides Rule
A Text: www.epa.gov/safewater/rads/radfr.html.
A Guidance, etc.: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/rads/implement.html
American Water Works Association: www.awwa.org
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators: www.asdwa.org
National Ground Water Association: www.ngwa.org
National Rural Water Association: www.nrwa.org
23
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16. Who Can I Contact for More Information?
EPA REGION 1
Connecticut
Department of Public Health: Water Supplies Section
www.epa.gov/region1/
www.state.ct.us/dph/
(617)565-3543
(860) 509-7333
Maine
Maine Department of Human Services: Division of Health Engineering http://janus.state.me.us/dhs/eng/water/index.htm (207) 287-2070
Massachusetts
Department of Environmental Protection: Drinking Water Program
www.state.ma.us/dep/brp/dws/dwshome.htm (617) 292-5770
New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services: Water Supply Engineering www.des.state.nh.us/wseb/
Bureau
(603) 271-3139
Rhode Island
Department of Health: Office of Drinking Water Quality
www.health.state.ri.us/environment/dwq.htm (401) 222-6867
Vermont
Department of Environmental Conservation: Water Supply Division www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/watersup/wsd.htm
(802) 241-3400
EPA REGION 2
New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection: Bureau of Safe Drinking
Water
www.epa.gov/region02/water/ (212) 637-3846
www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/
(609) 292-5550
New York
Department of Health: Bureau of Public Water Supply Protection
www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/water/main.htm (518) 402-7650
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Puerto Rico
Department of Health: Public Water Supply Supervision Program
www.epa.gov/region02/cepd/compnum.htm#JCA (787) 754-6010
Virgin Islands
Department of Planning & Natural Resources: Division of
Environmental Protection
(340) 774-3320
EPA REGION 3
Delaware
Delaware Health & Social Services: Division of Public Health
www.epa.gov/region03/
www.state.de.us/dhss/dph/hsp.htm
(215)814-3201
(302) 739-5410
District of Columbia
Environmental Health Administration: Water Resources Management www.dchealth.com/eha/welcome.htm
Division
(202) 645-6601
Maryland
Department of the Environment: Public Drinking Water Program
www.mde.state.md.us/
(410) 631-3702
Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Protection: Bureau of Water Supply
Management
www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/
wsm/wsm.htm
(717) 787-9037
Virginia
Department of Health: Division of Water Supply Engineering
www.vdh.state.va.us/dwse/index.htm
(804) 786-1767
West Virginia
Bureau for Public Health: Environmental Engineering Division
www.wvdhhr.org/bph/enviro.htm
(304) 558-2981
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EPA REGION 4
www.epa.gov/region4/ (404) 562-9442
Alabama
Department of Environmental Management: Water Supply Branch www.adem.state.al.us/EnviroProtect/Water/ (334) 271-7773
water.htm
Florida
Department of Environmental Protection: Drinking Water Section
Georgia
Department of Natural Resources: Water Resources Branch
www8.myflorida.com/environment/learn/
waterprograms/drinkingwater/index.html
www.ganet.org/dnr/environ/
(850) 487-1762
(404) 656-5660
Kentucky
Department for Environmental Protection: Drinking Water Branch
http://water.nr.state.ky.us/dw/
(502) 564-3410
Mississippi
Department of Health: Division of Water Supply
www.msdh.state.ms.us/watersupply/index.htm (601) 576-7518
North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources: Public Water
Supply Section
www.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pws/index.htm
(919) 733-2321
South Carolina
Department of Health & Environmental Control: Bureau of Water
www.scdhec.net/water/html/dwater.html
(803) 734-5300
Tennessee
Department of Environment & Conservation: Division of Water Supply www.state.tn.us/environment/dws/index.html
(615) 532-0191
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EPA REGION 5
www.epa.gov/region5/
Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency: Division of Public Water Supplies www.epa.state.il.us/water/
Indiana
Department of Environmental Management: Drinking Water Branch www.state.in.us/idem/owm/dwb/index.html
Michigan
Department of Environmental Quality: Drinking Water & Radiological www.deq.state.mi.us/dwr/
Protection Division
Minnesota
Department of Health: Drinking Water Protection Section
Ohio
Environmental Protection Agency: Division of Drinking & Ground
Water
Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources: Bureau of Water Supply
www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/eh.html
www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/
www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water/dwg/
(312)886-4239
(217) 785-8653
(317) 308-3281
(517) 335-9216
(612) 215-0770
(614) 644-2769
(608) 266-2299
EPA REGION 6
Arkansas
Department of Health: Division of Engineering
www.epa.gov/region6/
www.healthyarkansas.com/eng/index.html
Louisiana
Office of Public Health: Division of Environmental & Health Services www.dhh.state.la.us/OPH/safewtr.htm
New Mexico
Environment Department: Drinking Water Bureau
www.nmenv.state.nm.us/field_op.html
(214) 665-2757
(501) 661-2623
(225) 568-5100
(505) 827-7536
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Oklahoma
Department of Environmental Quality: Water Quality Division www.deq.state.ok.us/water.html
Texas
Natural Resource Conservation Commission: Water Utilities Division www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/water/wu/mon/
(405) 702-5100
(512) 239-6096
EPA REGION 7
Iowa
Department of Natural Resources: Water Supply Section
Kansas
Department of Health & Environment: Public Water Supply Section
Missouri
Department of Natural Resources: Public Drinking Water Program
Nebraska
Department of HHS Regulation & Licensure
www.epa.gov/region7/ (913) 551-7903
www.state.ia.us/government/dnr/organiza/epd/ (515) 281-8998
wtrsuply/wtrsup.htm
www.kdhe.state.ks.us/water/pwss.html
(785) 296-5514
www.dnr.state.mo.us/deq/pdwp/homepdwp.htm (573) 751-5331
e-mail: anne.pamperl@hhss.ne.state.us
(402) 471-1009
EPA REGION 8
www.epa.gov/region8/
Colorado
Department of Public Health & Environment: Drinking Water Program www.cdphe.state.co.us/wq/wqhom.asp
Montana
Department of Environmental Quality: Public Water Supply Section
North Dakota
Department of Health
www.deq.state.mt.us/pcd/csb/index.htm
www.ehs.health.state.nd.us/ndhd/environ/mf/
index.htm
(303)312-7021
(303) 692-3500
(406) 444-4323
(701) 328-5211
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South Dakota
Department of Environment & Natural Resources: Drinking Water
Program
www.state.sd.us/denr/des/drinking/dwprg.htm (605) 773-3754
Utah
Department of Environmental Quality: Division of Drinking Water www.deq.state.ut.us/eqdw/
Wyoming
EPA Region 8: Wyoming Drinking Water Program
www.epa.gov/region08/water/
(801) 536-4200
(303) 312-6312
EPA REGION 9
www.epa.gov/region9/
Arizona
Department of Environmental Quality: Drinking Water Monitoring & www.adeq.state.az.us/environ/water/dw/
Assessment Section index.html
(415)744-1884
(602) 207-4644
California
Department of Health Services: Division of Drinking Water &
Environmental Management
Hawaii
Department of Health: Environmental Management Division
Nevada
Department of Human Resources: Bureau of Health Protection
Services
www.dhs.cahwnet.gov/org/ps/ddwem/
www.state.nv.us/health/bhps/sdwp.htm
(916) 323-6111
www.hawaii.gov/health/eh/eiemdwOO.htm (808) 586-4258
(775) 687-4750
American Samoa
EPA Region 9: American Samoa
(684) 633-2304
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Guam
Guam Environmental Protection Agency: Safe Drinking Water
Program
Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands Division of Environmental Quality: Safe
Drinking Water Branch
www.gepa.gov.gu/
(671) 475-1637
(670) 664-8500
EPA REGION 10
ww.epa.gov/region10/
www.state.ak.us/dec/deh/safewater.htm
Alaska
Department of Environmental Conservation: Drinking Water &
Wastewater Program
Idaho
Department of Health and Welfare: Division of Environmental Quality www2.state.id.us/deq/water/water1.htm
(206)553-1389
(907) 269-7500
(208) 373-0502
Oregon
Department of Human Resources: Drinking Water
Program
Washington
Department of Health: Drinking Water Division
www.ohd.hr.state.or.us/dwp/welcome.htm (503) 731-4317
http://198.187.0.42/ehp/dw/
(800) 521-0323
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