Community Water System Survey: Detailed Survey Result Tables and Methodology Report, Volume 2

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                                     Table of Contents
              INTRODUCTION TO DETAILED SURVEY RESULT TABLES
              Overview of Part 1 and Part 2 Survey Tables	Intro-1
              General Notes of Detailed Survey Result Tables	Intro-3
              Crosswalk Between Tables in Part 1 and Part 2	Intro-7
PART 1       DETAILED SURVEY RESULT TABLES

Table

   1-1         Residential Population Served by Ownership Type and Primary Water Source
   1-2         Average Daily Production and Percentage Produced by Source of Water
   1-3         Water Source Profile: Number and Percentage of Systems by Primary Water Source
   1-4         Average Daily Production (MGD) by Primary Water Source
   1-5         Average Number of Wells by Primary Water Source
   1-6         Comparison of Average Daily Treated Production to Maximum Daily Treatment Design
              Capacity by Primary Water Source
   1-7         Comparison of Peak Daily Production to Maximum Daily Treatment Design Capacity by
              Primary Water Source
   1-8         Finished Water Storage by Tank Covering and Tank Material
   1-9         Distribution System Summary - Overview by Ownership Type
  1-10         Distribution System Summary - Pipe in Place by Ownership Type and Pipe Material
  1-11         Distribution System Summary - Pipe Replacement in Last Year by Ownership Type and
              Pipe Material
  1-12         Distribution Summary - Maintenance by Ownership Type and Pipe Material
  1-13         Service Connection Profile by Ownership Type and Customer Category
  1-14         Annual Deliveries per Customer  Service Connection by Ownership Type and Customer
              Category
  1-15         Treatment Plant Operators by Primary Water Source, Operator Category, and
              Employment Status
  1-16         Treatment Plant Operators by Ownership Type, Operator Category, and Employment
              Status
  1-17         Systems Utilizing Various Solutions Given Permanently Contaminated Primary Water
              Source
  1-18         Water Systems Not Providing Any Treatment by Primary Water Source
  1-19         Treatment Facilities Per System by Primary Water Source
  1-20         Wells and Intakes Not Receiving Treatment by Primary Water Source
  1-21         Treatment Facility Flow Characteristics by Primary Water Source and Type of Water
              Source
  1-22         Treatment Practice for Primarily Surface Water Systems
  1-23         Treatment Practice for Primarily Ground Water Systems
  1-24         Source Water Protection Methods by Primary Water  Source
                                           n

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                                 Table of Contents (continued)
Table

  1-25
  1-26
  1-27
  1-28

  1-29
  1-30
  1-31
  1-32
  1-33
  1-34
  1-35

  1-36
  1-37
  1-38
  1-39
  1-40
  1-41
  1-42
  1-43
  1-44
 1-45

 1-46
 1-47
 1-48
 1-49
 1-50
 1-51
 1-52
 1-53

 1-54

 1-55
 1-56
 1-57
 1-58
 1-59
 1-60
 1-61
 1-62
 Source Water Protection Methods by Ownership Type
 Source Water Protection - Program Management by Primary Water Source
 Source Water Protection - Management Area Delineation by Primary Water Source
 Potential Sources of Contamination Within 2 Miles of Water Supply Intakes by Primary
 Water Source
 Laboratory Analysis Provider Profile by Ownership Type and Contaminant Type
 Laboratory Payment Methods by Ownership Type
 Total Revenues by Ownership Type
 Total Revenues - Private Systems by Private Ownership Category
 Total Revenues by Primary Water Source
 Percentage of Systems Having Each Type of Revenue Source by Ownership Type
 Total Revenue Breakdown: Percentage of Revenues from Each Type of Revenue Source
 by Ownership Type
 Water Sales Revenue Profile by Ownership Type
 Total Revenues by Ownership Type
 Water Sales Revenues by Ownership Type and Service Population Size
 Water Sales Revenues - Customer Breakdown by Ownership Type
 Total Revenues Per Capita by Ownership Type
 Metered Customer Connections by Ownership Type and Customer Category
 Rate Structure and Billing Profile by Ownership Type and Population Size Category
 Rate Structure and Billing Profile by Customer Category
 Rate Structure Increase and Billing Profile by Ownership Type
 Uncompensated Usage as a Percentage of Total Water Produced by Ownership Type and
 Uncompensated Usage Category
 Total Expenses by Ownership Type
 Total Expenses - Private Systems by Private Ownership Category
 Total Expenses by Primary Water Source
 Total Expenses Breakdown - Major  Categories as Percentage of Total by Ownership Type
 Total Expenses per Capita by Ownership Type
 Total Expenses by Ownership Type
 Total Expenses by Primary Water Source
 Detailed Operating Expenses as a Percentage of Total Operating Expense by Ownership
 Type
 Detailed Non-Operating  Expenses as a Percentage of Total Non-Operating Expenses by
 Ownership Type
 Ratio of Total Assets to Total Revenues by Ownership Type
 Total Assets by Primary Water Source
 Total Assets by Ownership Type
 Total Liabilities by Primary Water Source
Total Liabilities by Ownership Type
Total Debt Outstanding by Primary Water Source
Total Debt Outstanding by Ownership Type
Percentage of Systems Making Major Capital Improvements Since January 1, 1987 by
Ownership Type and Primary Water Source
                                          in

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                                Table of Contents (continued)
Table

  1-63
  1-64
  1-65

  1-66

  1-67

  1-68

  1-69
Total Capital Investment Since January 1, 1987 by Primary Water Source
Total Capital Investment Since January 1,1987 by Ownership Type
Capital Investment Profile: Percentage of Systems Investing Capital Funds in Each Major
Capital Expense Category Since January 1, 1987 by Ownership Type
Capital Investment Profile: Percentage of Capital Funds Invested in Each Major Capital
Expense Category Since January 1, 1987 by Ownership Type
Capital Investment Source Profile: Percentage of Systems Acquiring Capital Funds from
Each Major Capital Funds Source Since January 1, 1987 by Ownership Type
Capital Investment Source Profile: Percentage of Capital Funds Acquired from Each
Major Capital Funds Source Since January 1, 1987 by Ownership Type
Bond Issues and Ratings: Percentage of Systems with Bonds in Each Rating Category (for
Systems Issuing Bonds) by Ownership Type
PART 2       DETAILED SURVEY RESULT TABLES WITH CONFIDENCE INTERVALS

Table

  2-1         Residential Population Served by Ownership Type and Primary Water Source
  2-2         Average Daily Production and Percentage Produced by Source of Water
  2-3         Water Source Profile:  Number and Percentage of Systems by Primary Water Source
  2-4         Average Daily Production (MOD) by Primary Water Source
  2-5         Average Number of Wells by Primary Water Source
  2-6         Comparison of Average Daily Treated Production to Maximum Daily Treatment Design
              Capacity by Primary Water Source
  2-7         Comparison of Peak Daily Production to Maximum Daily Treatment Design Capacity by
              Primary Water Source
  2-8         Service Connection Profile by Ownership Type and Customer Category
  2-9         Annual Deliveries per Customer Service Connection by Ownership Type and Customer
              Category
 2-10         Water Systems Not Providing Any Treatment by Primary Water Source
 2-11         Treatment Facilities Per System by Primary Water Source
 2-12         Wells and Intakes Not Receiving Treatment by Primary Water Source
 2-13         Treatment Facility Flow Characteristics by Primary Water Source and Type of Water
              Source
 2-14         Source Water Protection Methods by Primary Water Source
 2-15         Source Water Protection - Management Area Delineation by Primary Water Source
 2-16         Total Revenues by Ownership Type
 2-17         Total Revenues - Private Systems by Private Ownership Category
 2-18         Total Revenues by Primary Water Source
 2-19         Percentage of Systems Having Each Type of Revenue Source by Ownership Type
 2-20         Total Revenue Breakdown: Percentage of Revenues from Each Type of Revenue Source
              by Ownership Type
 2-21         Water Sales Revenue Profile by Ownership Type
                                           IV

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                                Table of Contents (continued)
Table

  2-22
  2-23
  2-24
  2-25
  2-26
  2-27
  2-28
  2-29
  2-30
  2-31
  2-32
  2-33
  2-34
  2-35
  2-36
  2-37
  2-38

  2-39
Total Revenues by Ownership Type
Water Sales Revenues by Ownership Type and Service Population Size
Water Sales Revenues - Customer Breakdown by Ownership Type
Total Revenues Per Capita by Ownership Type
Metered Customer Connections by Ownership Type and Customer Category
Total Expenses by Ownership Type
Total Expenses - Private Systems by Private Ownership Category
Total Expenses by Primary Water Source
Total Expenses Breakdown - Major Categories as Percentage of Total by Ownership Type
Total Expenses per Capita by Ownership Type
Total Assets by Primary Water Source
Total Assets by Ownership Type
Total Liabilities by Primary Water Source
Total Liabilities by Ownership Type
Total Debt Outstanding by Primary Water Source
Total Debt Outstanding by Ownership Type
Percentage of Systems Making Major Capital Improvements Since January 1, 1987 by
Ownership Type and Primary Water Source
Capital Investment Profile:  Percentage of Capital Funds Invested in Each Major Capital
Expense Category Since January 1, 1987 by Ownership Type
PARTS

Section

    1
METHODOLOGY REPORT
INTRODUCTION	   1-1

1.1    Study Background	   1-1
1.2    Survey Overview	   1-1

SAMPLE DESIGN AND WEIGHTING	   2-1

2.1    Sample Design and Selection	   2-1

       2.1.1   FRDS Sampling Frame and Coverage	   2-1
       2.1.2   Phase I Sample Design and Selection	   2-4
       2.1.3   Phase II Sample Design and Selection	   2-7
       2.1.4   Stratum Migration	   2-8

2.2    Weighting and Estimation	  2-15

       2.2.1   Derivation of the Phase I Base Weight and Nonresponse
              Adjustment	  2-15

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Section
                                Table of Contents (continued)
                     2.2.2   Derivation of the Phase II Base Weight and Nonresponse
                            Adjustment	•.	 2-17
                     2.2.3   The Final Weight	 2-21
                     2.2.4   Variance Estimation	 2-22

              TELEPHONE SCREENER SURVEY	  3-1

              3.1    CAT! Screener Design and Programming	  3-1
              3.2    Telephone Interviewer Training	  3-1
              3.3    Telephone Data Collection	  3-3
              3.4    Telephone Data Collection Results	  3-5
              3.5    Detailed Examination of Screener Outcomes	  3-7

              MAIL SURVEY	  4-1

              4.1    Mail Questionnaire Design	  4-1
              4.2    Mail Survey Operations	  4-2
              4.3    Mail Survey Results	  4-7

              QUALITY ASSURANCE AND PEER REVIEW	  5-1

              5.1    Draft Questionnaire Pretest and Survey Pilot Test	  5-1

                     5.1.1   Pretest	  5-2
                     5.1.2   Pilot Test	  5-2

              5.2    Sampling Quality Assurance	  5-5
              5.3    Telephone Survey Quality Assurance	  5-6
              5.4    Mail Survey Quality Assurance	  5-8
              5.5    Expert Review of Critical Questions and Data Retrieval	 5-10
              5.6    Manual Editing, Coding, and Data Entry	 5-12
              5.7    Automated Data Validation Checks	 5-13
              5.8    Quality Assurance for Financial Ratio Analysis in Volume 1	 5-17
              5.9    Data Processing Quality Assurance	 5-19
              5.10   Tabulation Quality Assurance	 5-21
              5.11   Examination of Potential Nonresponse Bias	 5-22
              5.12   Quality Assurance During Report Preparation	 5-24
                                           VI

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Appendix

    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
Exhibit

   3-1

   5-1
Table

   2-1
   2-2
   2-3

   2-4

   2-5

   2-6

   2-7

   2-8

   2-9


   3-1

  4-1
  4-2
  4-3
                                  Table of Contents (continued)

                                       List of Appendices
 CWS CATI Screener Questionnaire	   A-l
 CWS Telephone Contact Questionnaire	   B-l
 Public CWS Mail Questionnaire	   C-l
 Private CWS Mail Questionnaire	   D-l
 Ancillary CWS Mail Questionnaire	   E-l


                          List of Exhibits

                                                                      Page

 CWSS Telephone Interviewer Training Agenda	   3-2

 Report from an Advanced Logic Check	  5-16


                          List of Tables



 Phase I Frame and Sample Sizes by the Phase I Strata	   2-6
 Phase II Frame and Sample Sizes by the Phase II Strata	   2-9
 Eligible Screener Respondents by the FRDS-Based and Screener-Based
 Size Classes	  2-10
 Eligible Screener Respondents by the FRDS-Based and Screener-Based
 Ownership Types	  2-11
 Eligible Screener Respondents by the FRDS-Based and Screener-Based
 Source of Water Types	  2-12
 Phase II Sample Sizes and Impact on Accuracy, for Every Design
 Stratum	  2-13
 The Phase I Base Weight and the Nonresponse Adjustment Factors
 by the Phase I Sampling Strata	  2-16
 The Phase II Response Rates and the Nonresponse Adjustment
 Factors by the Phase II Nonresponse Adjustment Classes	  2-20
Weight Trimming Classes, Trimmed Weights and Weight Redistribution
 Factors	  2-22

 CWSS Telephone Screener Results	   3-7

Example of Data from CWS Receipt Control Status Report	   4-7
Final Status of CWS Mail Cases	   4-8
CWSS Mail Response Rates by  Stratum	   4-9
                                           vn

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Table




   5-1
                                  Table of Contents (continued)




                                    List of Tables (continued)
Critical Questions	 5-10
                                             vin

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      INTRODUCTION TO
DETAILED SURVEY RESULT TABLES

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OVERVIEW OF PART 1 AND PART 2 SURVEY TABLES
Part 1 and Part 2 of the Community Water System Survey Final Report, Volume II, present extensive and
detailed tabulations of the wide variety of data collected by the survey. The tables in these two parts
summarize the survey results at very fine levels, breaking out the tabulated data by eight different
population size categories of water systems, and then further breaking out each size category by other
system characteristics, such as type of ownership or primary water source.

Part 1 consists of sixty-nine tables. Part 2 represents a selection of thirty-nine tables from Part 1. In Part
2, these tables have been expanded to present the confidence interval for each calculation presented on the
respective table in Part 1. In these tables, each confidence interval appears immediately below the
calculation to which it applies.

The tabulations presented in this report are based on data collected from a sample of U.S. water systems,
not from a census of every water system in the United States. A confidence interval is one way to gauge
how precisely a given tabulation of survey data can be generalized to the entirety of U.S. systems
represented by the surveyed sample whose data go into tabulation. Any result presented in a table must be
viewed as the center of a range that would encompass the precise number that would be found if every U.S.
water system could have been included in the tabulation, and not only those who were sampled and
responded to the survey. The confidence interval expresses this range as a 'plus/minus," that is, as an
amount to be added to and subtracted from the calculated data point actually presented in the table.'

For example, Table 1-50 shows as a survey result that the average publicly owned water system serving
over 100,000 people has annual expenses of 82 dollars per person served. Table 2-31 corresponds to table
1-50, and, in addition to presenting this calculation, also shows the confidence interval for this number to
be ± 6. This means that the amount of 6 dollars should be added to and subtracted from the survey result
of 82 dollars, to define the ends of the range where the "true" average annual per capita expense is expected
to fall for publicly owned systems serving over 100,000 people. Thus, based on the sampled publicly
owned water systems serving over 100,000 who responded to the CWS survey, the average annual per
capita expenses of all U.S. systems in this size/ownership category is expected to be somewhere between 76
and 88 dollars.

These tables always express the confidence interval in the same units as the calculation to which it applies.
Thus, in Table 2-2 the confidence interval numbers for average daily water production represent the same
units as the base calculation, namely, millions of gallons per day. In the same table, the confidence interval
numbers for the percentage of production derived from different water sources are themselves expressed as
percentages. In all cases, the confidence interval may be directly added to and subtracted from the
corresponding calculation to determine the expected range.

Following the General Notes of Detailed Survey Result Tables is a crosswalk table informing the reader
which tables in Part 1 have counterparts in Part 2, i.e., have confidence interval information available for
1 For readers interested in technical aspects of the confidence intervals presented in these tables, it should be stated that each interval presented is the
95% confidence interval for the actual statistic calculated in the corresponding table cell immediately above the confidence interval. The confidence
intervals were calculated using WesVarPC, a software package that automates the process of producing variance estimates for the estimation
technique used for this report. (This technique, known as jackknife estimation, employs a series of replicate sample weights. The creation of the
replicate weights is described in Volume II, Part 3, Section 2.2.4.)
Intro-1

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the results presented in Part 1.  This crosswalk also lists the number of the table in Part 2 that corresponds
to each such table in Part 1.
                                             Intro-2

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DETAILED SURVEY RESULT TABLES
GENERAL NOTES
Weighted data. The survey results presented in the following tables are all based on weighted data.
As described in Chapter 2 of the methodology report, each water system contained in the final
survey database was assigned a sample weight. These weights reflect the fact that the data come
from a statistically representative sample of water systems, rather than from a census of every
water system in the U.S. In effect, each sampled system represents some number of similar
systems from the entire population of U.S. water systems; the number of systems so represented is
equal to the sample weight. When added up, the weights of all the systems in the final sample will
equal the total number of U.S. Community Water Systems that meet the eligibility definition used
for the survey (e.g., Federal and state-owned systems were not included). Thus, for the tables to
validly represent all eligible U.S. water systems, it is necessary to incorporate each system's
sample weight as an additional factor in each calculation involving a data item reported by that
system. Another way of expressing this is to say that, when tabulating the data, each sampled
system counts not just once as itself, but counts as many times as the numerical amount of its
weight.

Interpretation of Table Results. Each result presented in the tables is the weighted average of the
particular data item, for the group of water systems characterized by the row and column headings
labeling the table cell where the result appears. The survey data are tabulated so as to facilitate
analysis of water systems. In general, this means that the CWS Survey report tabulates all
summary results by calculating a given item for each system, factoring into that result the system's
sampling weight, then presenting the mean of the weighted results for all the systems falling into
the respective table categories (as defined by the table row and column headings). This has
significant implications when the calculation of a specific item requires deriving the result from
two or more survey variables, e.g., a ratio or a percentage breakdown of component amounts
within a total amount. For example, in the case of a ratio, the reported result is the average (mean)
of the ratios for each system, rather than the ratio of average values for each of the two variables
across systems. This approach treats every system in the universe equally, implying that
characteristics of the system are the primary unit of analysis. The alternate approach would treat
the content of the component variables in each table as the unit of analysis.

By way of example, consider two systems. One system produces 1,000,000 gallons per day, and
400,000 of those come from ground sources; hence, 40% of the system's water comes from ground
sources. The other system produces 2,000,000 gallons per day and 1,600,000 of those come from
ground sources; hence, 80% of the system's water come from ground sources. The CWS Survey
report would show a result that, on average, these two systems produce 60% of their water from
ground sources: (40% + 80%) -r 2. If the alternate approach were chosen, gallons would be the
unit of analysis, and the calculation would show that 67% of the water in those systems comes
from ground sources: (400,000 + 1,600,000) -r (1,000,000 + 2,000,000). (To focus clearly on the
point being illustrated, this example does not attempt to demonstrate the further effect that the
system sample weights have on the actual calculations.)

The CWS Survey report has adopted the former approach because this initial view of the data is
intended primarily as an analysis of system-level characteristics. Tables 11-22 and 11-23 are the
Intro-3

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only exceptions to this approach; for these tables, the data are tabulated at the level of the
treatment facility, rather than the system.

3. Percentages summing to 100%. Some percentage tables may not present results that total to
100%, as would ordinarily be expected. Such tables would be among those that present
absolute or percentage breakdowns of the whole into its components, e.g., breakdowns of
total revenues into different customer categories, such as Table 11-36. Logically, in such
breakdowns, the line item amounts should sum to the total amount, and line item percentages
should sum to 100 percent. However, in some instances, the tabulated results may not sum exactly
to the whole. To increase the precision of each individual result, each component line item was
calculated separately using all the data available for the line item. Due to differential item non-
response, some component variables may actually have more or fewer observations available than
other components. While including all available data in the calculation of the component increases
the precision of the tabulated result for the component, it can cause a small reduction in
consistency across the components, since slightly different systems may be represented in the
different calculations. EPA and the CWS survey analysts decided that the increased accuracy for
each item outweighs the slight reduction in consistency.

4. Confidence intervals. Each confidence interval presented in Part 2 is based on the assumption that
the average value reported in a given table cell is normally distributed. In general, this assumption
is true. However, calculations based on small numbers of systems may violate this assumption. In
such cases the reported confidence intervals will not be correct. Most of these can be identified by
noticing when the plus/minus confidence interval width is larger than, or almost as large as, the
calculated average itself. To compute correct confidence intervals for such situations requires
examination of the empirical distributions for each variable in the tabulation and is beyond the
scope of this report.

Because of the foregoing issue, the reader should take note of results in Part 2 where the negative
half of the confidence interval would produce a lower end of the range below zero, since negative
numbers are not meaningful in any of the tabulations presented in this report. Similarly, for
calculations of percentages, high ends of ranges above 100% are not meaningful. While the reader
should be on the lookout for these conditions when any number is near zero or any percentage is
near 100%, they can occur at other times, particularly when the confidence interval is large. (In a
few tables, a series of percentages may validly sum to greater than 100%, when more than one item
may apply to the same system. This situation is always noted on the table. This situation is not
related to the issue of confidence intervals extending an individual percentage beyond 100%.

5. Interpretation of blank cells and cells with calculated results of zero.

Blank cells: Throughout the tables, some individual cells or blocks of continuous cells are blank.
Any blank cell or block of cells means that there were no observations with data for the cell(s) in
question. Generally, this occurs for one of three reasons:

• There are no systems in the cell. The most common illustration of this occurs in all
tables that break out the data by ownership type. When data are reported for ancillary
systems, the cells for systems serving more than 3,300 people are always blank for
ancillary systems, since there are no ancillary systems in these size categories.
Intro-4

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• The item does not apply to the group of systems belonging to that cell. For example, in
Table 1-27, Source Water Protection — Management Area Delineation, the cell for die
length of the fixed radius around the well that defines the management area is blank for
surface systems serving 100 or fewer people. This is because no such systems
delineate their management area by a fixed radius around the well, as evidenced by the
cell immediately above, which shows that 0% of these systems use this approach.

• The item applies to the group of systems belonging to the cell, but no systems provided
data for the item (sometimes referred to as 'missing data" in terms of the analytical
data file and as 'item non-response" in terms of the data collection process that led to
the final data file). For example, in Table 1-41, none of the ancillary systems provided
data on their wholesale, governmental, or agricultural customers, so these cells are
blank on the table.

It is not always possible to distinguish between the last two reasons from the information
available in the table. Sometimes the reason is apparent for the table itself, as in the case of
Table 1-27 described above. Often, however, further analysis of the database would be
needed to determine which particular reason is the basis for a blank cell.

Zero results: In discussing Table 1-41 above, it was noted that certain cells are blank for
customer categories of ancillary systems. However, other customer category cells in the same
group specifically report a zero result. This illustrates an important distinction when
interpreting the tables. Blank cells and cells reporting a zero result are not the same thing,
and should not be interpreted as such. A reported result of zero means that data were
available to produce a calculation, and the calculation resulted in zero. For example, in Table
1-41, the ancillary systems serving 101 to 1,000 people provided sufficient data to explicitly
determine that they have no commercial/industrial customer connections, but did not respond
explicitly about wholesale, governmental, or agricultural customers. Even if one surmised
that such systems are unlikely to have these customer categories, it would be an invalid use of
the survey data to so report in the tables.

It should also be noted that occasionally a report of a zero result is a function of the level of
precision chosen as appropriate for presenting the data in a given table. In a few instances,
items appearing as zero results arc actually very small numbers that round to zero within the
precision limits of die respective table.
6. Observations. The term 'observations" refers to the actual number of sampled water systems that
provided data for a given tabulated item. Some tables present the number of observations on which
the tabulated results are based. In these as in all the tables, the results are still based on the
weighted data, not on the simple means of the unweighted observations. The report of the number
of observations can be used as a very approximate indication of the sampling precision of the
tabulated result, especially when confidence intervals have not been calculated for a table. Results
based on a small number of observations may not be precise estimates of the universe of water
systems represented by the sampled systems. They are included because they may be useful
indicators of areas worth further investigation.
Intro-5

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 Individual table notes.  Additional specific notes and definitions appear on individual tables.  The
 specific CWS Survey questionnaire item(s) on which each tabulation is based are cited below the
 table.  The citation  refers to the corresponding question  number(s) on the CWS Survey mail
 questionnaire, which can be found in this report as an Appendix to the Methodology Report.  The
 citations are in the format 'Q. #", the question numbering is identical in all three questionnaire
 versions.

 Variables for row and column headings. In addition to the data sources for the specific tabulations,
 several data items are used repeatedly throughout the tables as the break-out variables for the table
 row and column headings. Their sources are not cited on the individual tables.  These items and
 their data sources are:

 Service Population Categories:  from Q. 11B (or, if not reported in the mail survey, from service
 population  information developed from CATI Screener question  S7; or,  if not reported in the
 screener survey, from FRDS frame data)

 Primary Water Source:  from Q. 4 (or, if not reported in the mail survey, from water source
 information developed from CATI Screener questions  S5/S6; or,  if not reported in the screener
 survey, from FRDS frame data in earlier sampling phases)

 Ownership Type:  from CATI Screener question S8 (or, if not reported in the screener survey, from
 FRDS  data from  earlier sampling phase). Note:  for  the sake of brevity in the table headings,
 privately owned community water systems are labeled as 'Private Systems" and publicly owned
 community water systems are labeled as 'Public Systems." This use of the label 'Public Systems"
 should not be confused with the CFR  definitional term Public Water System, which  is a broad
 class of water systems providing the public with piped drinking water for human consumption.  A
 Community  Water System  means a  public water system which serves at  least  15  service
 connections  used  by  year-round residents or regularly serves at  least 25 year-round residents.
 (40 CFR 141.2)

Private Ownership Categories: from CATI Screener question S10
                                    Intro-6

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CROSSWALK BETWEEN TABLES IN PART 1 AND PART 2
Part

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table-
Table
Table
Table
Table-
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
1
.
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
-24
-25
-26
-27
-28
-29
-30
-31
-32
-33
- 34
-35
-36
-37
-38
-39
-40
-41
-42
-43
Part 2

Table2-l
Table 2 - 2
Table 2 - 3
Table 2 -4
Table 2 - 5
Table2-6
Table2-7
X
X
X
X
X
Table 2 - 8
Table 2 - 9
X
X
X
Table 2 - 10
Table 2 -11
Table 2 - 12
Table 2 - 13
X
X
Table 2 - 14
X
X
Table 2-15
X
X
X
Table 2 -16
Table 2 -17
Table 2-18
Table 2-19
Table 2 - 20
Table 2 -21
Table 2 - 22
Table 2 - 23
Table 2 - 24
Table 2 - 25
Table 2 - 26
X
X
                    Intro-7

-------
CROSSWALK BETWEEN TABLES IN PART 1 AND PART 2 (continued)
Parti
Table 1-44
Table 1-45
Table 1 - 46
Table 1-47
Table 1-48
Table 1 - 49
Table 1 - 50
Table 1-51
Table 1 - 52
Table 1 - 53
Table 1 - 54
Table 1 - 55
Table 1 - 56
Table 1 - 57
Table 1 - 58
Table 1 - 59
Table 1 - 60
Table 1-61
Table 1 - 62
Table 1 - 63
Table 1 - 64
Table 1 - 65
Table 1 - 66
Table 1 - 67
Table 1 - 68
Table 1 - 69
Part 2
X
X
Table 2-27
Table 2 -28
Table 2 - 29
Table 2-30
Table 2 -31
X
X
X
X
X
Table 2 - 32
Table 2 - 33
Table 2 - 34
Table 2 -35
Table 2 - 36
Table 2 - 37
Table 2 - 38
X
X
X
Table 2 - 39
X
X
X
                        Intro-8

-------
           PARTI
DETAILED SURVEY RESULT TABLES

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Ol//*


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Other Plastic


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r- T- in CD ^c- co
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CO ^> T~
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-------
                                                                   Table 1-13
                                                           Service Connection Profile
                                                  by Ownership Type and Customer Category
                                                            (Number of Connections)
Ownership Type/
Connection Data/
Customer Category
All Systems
Total Connections
Mean
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other (includes combined)
Public Systems
Total Connections
Mean
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other (includes combined)
Private Systems
Total Connections
Mean
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other (includes combined)
Ancillary Systems
Total Connections
Mean
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other (includes combined)
Service Population Category
100 or
Less


28.4
25.0
131

27.6
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.5


43.5
29.0
38

41.5
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.5
1.1


25.9
22.0
61

25.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
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27.5
26.0
32

27.1
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0.0
101-
500


114.2
93.0
243

109.9
4.4
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0.6
0.4
1.0


132.9
114.0
110

123.9
7.4
0.1
1.0
0.5
2.0


104.6
75.0
98

103.7
3.0
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.4


88.9
62.0
35

88.6
0.0



0.0
501-
1,000


309.5
280.0
196

288.8
14.3
0.2
2.1
0.7
4.7


334.6
310.0
107

314.1
19.3
0.3
0.9
0.9
1.1


268.0
247.0
87

245.7
6.9
0.0
4.1
0.4
10.9


310.0
336.0
2

310.0
0.0



0.0
1,001 -
3,300


732.0
666.0
208

638.6
45.5
0.5
1.9
2.6
54.9


754.6
700.0
124

649.6
53.5
0.5
2.3
1.7
56.2


658.8
590.0
84

602.0
19.7
0.5
0.8
5.3
51.1












3,301 -
10,000


2,145.2
1,938.0
197

1,859.8
156.9
1.2
6.2
0.7
158.0


2,231.0
2,025.0
101

1,901.1
183.2
1.3
7.7
0.6
184.6


1,867.2
1,614.0
96

1,729.0
71.1
0.9
1.6
1.2
74.6












10,001 -
50,000


7,501.6
6,504.0
159

6,522.1
587.6
2.8
34.4
8.7
442.6


7,388.5
6,300.0
96

6,403.0
590.6
3.1
32.5
7.0
465.8


8,181.3
6,655.0
63

7,232.8
570.1
1.2
45.9
17.8
315.2












50,001 -
100,000


20,972.0
21,200.0
102

18,216.3
1,541.5
2.8
57.8
27.4
1,151.1


20,760.7
21,439.0
84

18,549.2
1,612.0
3.1
51.5
29.8
375.9


22,417.4
19,988.0
18

15,837.4
1,075.9
1.0
96.4
13.6
5,982.4












Over
100,000


90,882.0
58,600.5
87

81,342.6
5,705.7
16.5
201.5
25.8
3,947.2


91,176.9
59,087.0
74

81,877.5
5,643.4
18.2
203.7
28.6
3,754.3


88,177.2
56,638.0
13

76,436.7
6,273.1
1.7
182.2
0.0
5,827.5












      Data: 0.11 B, Q. 31

     Notes: Question 11B was the source of data for Total Connections, while Question 31 was the source for Mean by Customer category. To ensure
            reasonable comparability, the table includes only systems whose total connections, as reported for explicit categories (Q. 31), account
            for an amount within +/- 10% of total connections as reported in Q. 11B.
            The sum of the individual customer category values may not equal the reported total connections:
             - The 10% tolerance was allowed between report by category and total report
             - To achieve highest accuracy for each line item, each one is based on all available observations for that item. As a result,
              the calculations for each customer category within ownership type may represent a slightly different set of systems overall (See General Note 3)

Definitions:  Connections: Includes metered and unmetered connections
            Other: Includes connections for miscellaneous customer categories and connections for which systems that could not distinguish
            between two or more customer categories
-------
                                                                    Table 1 -14
                                               Annual Deliveries per Customer Service Connection
                                                    by Ownership Type and Customer Category
                                                              (Thousands of Gallons)
Ownt rshlp Type
Delivery Data/
Customer Category
All Systems
Annual Deliveries/Connection
Mean
Median
Observations
Mtan by Customer Category
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other (includes combined)
Public Systems
Annual Deliveries/Connection
Mean
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other (Includes combined)
Private Systems
Annual Deliveries/Connection
Mean
Median
Observations
Mian by Customer Category
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other (includes combined)
Ancillary Systems
Annual Deliveries/Connection
Mean
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other (includes combined)
Service Population Category
100 or
Less


139
64
101

123
50

90
195
87


82
67
28

81
48

90
195
87


136
80
46

92







159
56
27

169
57




101-
500


114
78
214

99
313
9,953
110
97
205


105
71
93

93
229
7,703
112
101
53


136
81
89

110
534
25,413
95
83
475


85
70
32

85





501-
1,000


113
76
185

104
432
9,752
344
505
4,041


108
78
102

97
383
9,919
391
298
5,257


98
77
81

88
583
8,021
180
879
1,656


475
504
2

475





1,001 -
3,300


128
98
201

87
1,018
19,082
3,067
1,029
1,615


128
100
121

82
1,061
22,438
2,675
1,096
1,594


128
90
80

102
836
9,264
7,015
474
1,685












3,301 -
10,000


138
112
193

97
965
41,201
1,409
587
7,592


136
113
100

87
855
45,575
1,493
797
8,302


144
96
93

124
1,488
31,140
832
262
4,654












10,001 -
50,000


205
147
153

109
582
91,002
14,218
754
6,037


207
155
93

108
602
95,185
16,442
531
4,012


192
130
60

110
493
50,674
1,479
1,113
12,930












50,001 -
100,000


193
170
100

119
1,873
146,390
30,347
3,663
42,344


195
180
83

122
962
126,889
34,482
3,117
53,702


175
175
17

96
8,114
343,625
2,026
8,500
516












Over
100,000


222
191
81

125
1.011
589,736
20,872
3,030
55,924


229
195
68

127
1,052
632,135
24,566
3,030
59,237


169
170
13

114
729
194,286
1,763

346












      Data: Q.29.Q.11B, Q.31

     Notes: Question 11B Is the source of connection data for total Annual Deliveries/Connection, while Question 31 is the source for Mean by
            Customer Category. To ensure reasonable comparability, the table includes only systems whose total connections, as reported for
            explicit categories (Q. 31), account for an amount within +/-10% of total connections as reported in Q. 11 B.
            The sum of the individual customer category values may not equal the reported total annual deliveries per connection, for the following reason:
            Averages are calculated in each customer category only for systems reporting non-zero deliveries in the category, that is, individual
            customer category line Hems represent the average only across systems having that customer category; however, the line item Annual
            Deliveries/Connection represents the average across all customer categories and all systems.

Definitions:   Connections: Includes metered and unmetered connections
             Other: Includes connections for miscellaneous customer categories and connections for which systems that could not distinguish
             between two or more customer categories
-------
                                                                    Table 1 -15
                                                             Treatment Plant Operators
                                       by Primary Water Source, Operator Category, and Employment Status
                                                           (Average Number per System)
Primary Water Source/
Operator Category/
Employment Status
All Systems
Total - All Operator Categories
State Certified Operators
Full Time
Part Time
State or Nationally Trained/Not Certified
Full Time
Part Time
Other Training Level
Full Time
Part Time
Observations
Primarily Ground Systems
Total - All Operator Categories
State Certified Operators
Full Time
Part Time
State or Nationally Trained/Not Certified
Full Time
Part Time
Other Training Level
Full Time
Part Time
Observations
Primarily Surface Systems
Total - All Operator Categories
State Certified Operators
Full Time
Part Time
State or Nationally Trained/Not Certified
Full Time
Part Time
Other Training Level
Full Time
Part Time
Observations
Primarily Purchased Systems
Total - All Operator Categories
State Certified Operators
Full Time
Part Time
State or Nationally Trained/Not Certified
Full Time
Part Time
Other Training Level
Full Time
Part Time
Observations
Service Population Category
100 or
Less

0.6

0.2
0.3

0.0
0.1

0.0
0.1
245

0.6

0.2
0.3

0.0
0.1

0.0
0.1
159

0.8

0.2
0.5

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.1
52

1.1

0.4
0.3

0.1
0.0

0.2
0.0
34
101-
500

1.2

0.4
0.5

0.0
0.1

0.1
0.1
402

1.2

0.4
0.5

0.0
0.1

0.1
0.0
214

1.5

0.6
0.6

0.1
0.1

0.1
0.1
79

0.7

0.3
0.3

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.1
109
501-
1,000

1.6

0.9
0.4

0.1
0.0

0.1
0.1
276

1.6

0.9
0.3

0.1
0.0

0.1
0.1
141

2.3

1.5
0.5

0.0
0.1

0.0
0.2
48

1.4

0.5
0.3

0.1
0.0

0.3
0.2
87
1,001 -
3,300

2.2

1.1
0.5

0.2
0.1

0.1
0.2
282

2.3

1.2
0.5

0.2
0.1

0.1
0.2
142

3.0

1.8
0.4

0.2
0.2

0.3
0.2
67

1.1

0.4
0.3

0.1
0.1

0.1
0.1
73
3,301 -
10,000

3.2

2.2
0.2

0.3
0.0

0.3
0.1
282

3.2

2.2
0.3

0.3
0.0

0.3
0.1
153

4.6

3.3
0.1

0.4
0.1

0.5
0.0
64

1.8

1.3
0.1

0.2
0.0

0.2
0.0
65
10,001 -
50,000

6.0

4.0
0.3

0.6
0.1

0.8
0.1
230

5.9

3.5
0.4

0.7
0.2

1.0
0.2
118

6.9

5.4
0.2

0.5
"•1

0.5
0.1
82

3.6

2.0
0.2

0.3
0.0

0.9
0.1
30
50,001 -
100,000

8.7

6.6
0.4

0.5
0.0

1.0
0.1
139

8.9

7.3
0.7

0.3
0.0

0.4
0.1
53

9.8

8.1
0.2

0.2
0.0

1.2
0.1
60

6.5

2.9
0.4

1.3
0.0

1.7
0.2
26
Over
100,000

16.6

12.8
0.4

0.9
0.0

2.5
0.1
124

16.8

12.2
0.4

0.8
0.0

3.4
0.1
40

20.2

15.6
0.5

1.3
0.0

2.8
0.1
58

7.0

6.3
0.1

0.1
0.0

0.4
0.2
26
      Data:  0.14

     Notes:  Averages in each category represent all systems, including those reporting zero operators in the category.

Definitions:  State Certified: Formally certified through state-approved drinking water operator training program
            State/Nationally Trained: trained through a state or national drinking water training program, but not formally state-certified
            Other Training Level: e.g., on-the-job training
            Full Time: Operators who work at least 35 hours per week
            Part Time: Operators who operate more than one plant (e.g., circuit riders) or who work less than 35 hours per week
            Primarily: system obtains all or highest percentage of water from stated source
-------
                                                                      Table 1 -16
                                                              Treatment Plant Operators
                                           by Ownership Type, Operator Category, and Employment Status
                                                            (Average Number per System)
Operator Category/
Employment Status
Public Systems
Total -AN Operator Categories
State Certified Operators
FullTima
Part Time
State or Nationally Trained/Not Certified
Full Time
Part Time
Other Training Level
Full Time
Part Time
Observations
Private Systems
Total - Ail Operator Categories
State Certified Operators
Full Time
Part Time
State or Nationally TralneoVNot Certified
FuHTIme
Part Time
Other Training Level
Full Time
Part Time
Observations
Ancillary Systems
Total - AN Operator Categories
State Certified Operators
Full Time
Part Time
State or Nationally Trained/Not Certified
Full Time
Part Time
Other Training Level
FullTime
Part Time
Observations
Service Population Category
100 or
Less

2.1

1.4
0.3

0.0
0.0

0.2
0.2
60

0.6

0.3
0.3

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
97

0.4

0.0
0.2

0.0
0.1

0.0
0.1
88
101-
500

1.2

0.4
0.4

0.1
0.1

0.2
0.1
161

1.4

0.6
0.6

0.0
0.1

0.0
0.0
143

0.8

0.1
0.5

0.0
0.1

0.0
0.0
98
501-
1,000

1.7

1.0
0.3

0.1
0.0

0.2
0.1
151

1.5

0.7
0.5

0.1
0.0

0.1
0.2
120

1.1

0.8
0.0

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.3
5
1,001 -
3,300

2.4

1.2
0.5

0.2
0.2

0.1
0.2
164

1.7

0.9
0.3

0.2
0.0

0.1
0.2
117

0.0

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
1
3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 -
10,000 50,000 100,000

3.4 6.1 9.0

2.3 4.0 6.9
0.2 0.3 0.4

0.4 0.6 0.5
0.0 0.1 0.0

0.4 0.8 1.1
0.1 0.1 0.1
150 143 109

2.4 5.0 6.7

1.8 3.5 4.5
0.2 0.5 0.5

0.1 0.2 0.3
0.0 0.0 0.1

0.2 0.6 0.7
0.1 0.2 0.5
132 87 30












Over
100,000

16.4

13.0
0.3

0.8
0.0

2.3
0.0
105

18.7

10.9
1.0

1.9
0.0

3.6
1.2
19












      Data:  Q.14

    Notes:  Averages in each category represent all systems, Including those reporting zero operators In the category.

Definitions:  Slate Certified: Formally certified through slate-approved drinking water operator training program
            Slate/Nationally Trained: trained through a state or national drinking water training program, but not formally state-certified
            Other Training Level: e.g., on-the-job training
            Full Time: Operators who work at least 35 hours per week
            Part Time: Operators who operate more than one plant (e.g., circuit riders) or who work less than 35 hours per week
-------
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-------
                                                                       Table 1 - 22
                                                  Treatment Practice for Primarily Surface Water Systems


                                                      (Percent of Plants Performing Each Treatment)
Treatment Type/
Specific Treatment
Raw Water Storage
Presedimenfation
Aeration
Pre-O»»InfectlonK3xldaUon/Sonenlng
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxide
Chkxamlnes
Ozone
KMnO4
Pre-dislnfedlon/bxidaSon combinations
UnWSoda Ash softening
Recarbonation with CO2
Iron and Manganue Removal
Green Sand Filtration
Chemical Oxidation miration
Aeration Filtration
FtocculatlonSCoaBulaUon
Aluminum Salt
Iron Sate
pH Adjustment
Activated Sidca
Clays
Polymers
Other nocculi'Jonfccagulation
Flocculation/coagulatjon combinations
FRtratlon
Slow Sand
Rapid Sand
Dual/Multl-medfa
Djatomaceous Earth
Reverse Osmosis
Pressure Filtration
Other Filtration
HtraSon Combinations
Organic* Removal
OAC Adsorption Post Contactors
GAC Adsorption Filter Adsorbers
PAC Addition
Ion Exchange
Air Stripping
Organic* Removal Combinations
Pott-Disinfection
Chlorine/Hypochlorination
Chlorine Dioxide
Chkxamine*
Poit«Siinfectlon Combinations
Fluoridatton
Corrosion Control
pH Adjustment
AfcsSnity Adjustment
Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion Control Combinations
Other Treatments (Not elsewhere classified)
Service Population Category
100 or
Less
16.3%
27.9%
2.5%

59,0%
0.0%
4.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
6.8%
0.0%

0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

22.4%
0.0%
15.4%
0.0%
0.0%
21.0%
6.8%
7.0%

28.5%
13.5%
21.0%
0.0%
0.0%
20.5%
17.7%
8.1%

4.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

49.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

15.4%
6.8%
0.0%
0.0%
5.9%
101-
500
20,0%
11.6%
0.0%

73.9%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
4.9%
0.0%
9.8%
0.0%

0.0%
1.6%
0.0%

37.1%
0.0%
19.1%
0.0%
0.0%
27.6%
1.4%
7,6%

12.0%
18.7%
26.7%
0.0%
0,0%
15.3%
4.4%
0.0%

2.3%
0.0%
1.6%
0.0%
0.0%
2.3%

51.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
4.9%

14.6%
4.9%
6.4%
1.2%
2.3%
501-
1,000
17.7%
10.9%
1.1%

67.3%
0.0%
1.1%
0.0%
9.6%
2.0%
20.9%
0.0%

0.0%
6.9%
0.0%

45.5%
0.0%
30.7%
0.0%
0.0%
41.4%
2.4%
18.5%

9.5%
29.0%
32.8%
5.6%
0.0%
2,5%
0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
1.1%
2.8%
0,0%
0.0%
0.0%

80.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
13.9%

29.9%
20.9%
0.0%
0.0%
9.4%
1,001 -
3,300
9.5%
7.8%
7.0%

66.3%
5.0%
2.1%
0.0%
9.9%
2.9%
16.2%
0.0%

4.0%
1.5%
0.0%

50.5%
2.1%
53.7%
0.7%
0.0%
28.4%
7.9%
9.7%

10.5%
35.3%
23.5%
0.0%
0.0%
4.2%
4.6%
2.9%

0.0%
2.1%
4.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

62,8%
0.0%
2.9%
2.1%
32,4%

36.8%
13.0%
13.0%
2.1%
2.1%
3,301 -
10,000
19.1%
20.1%
4.5%

68.8%
4.7%
0.0%
0.3%
15.2%
0.6%
14.3%
2.1%

0.0%
6.8%
1.7%

62.8%
6.1%
55.5%
2.1%
0.0%
43.6%
4.8%
22.9%

3.6%
26.7%
49.2%
1.7%
0.0%
3.3%
0.0%
8.1%

0.3%
4.0%
17.1%
2.2%
2.1%
0.0%

77.9%
0.3%
2.1%
4.0%
42.6%

49.2%
12.5%
25.5%
3.7%
4.0%
10,001 -
50,000
13,7%
6.9%
2.3%

58.6%
13.2%
2.2%
0.0%
28.3%
9.2%
11.7%
4.7%

0,0%
8.2%
3.5%

64.4%
4.8%
47.3%
1.9%
1.6%
29,8%
9.6%
31.1%

4.2%
29.3%
56.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
3.6%
3.1%

3.7%
4.1%
24.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

71.1%
4.9%
15.6%
3.9%
48.8%

40.5%
8.0%
37.4%
12.2%
3.1%
60,001 -
100,000
20.2%
8.2%
13.7%

47.6%
14.2%
15.5%
5.4%
25.9%
5.1%
3.5%
0.6%

0.0%
3.5%
0.0%

72.4%
9.7%
49.7%
0.0%
5.4%
44.4%
2.7%
32.8%

0.0%
29.8%
67.3%
0.0%
0.0%
2.7%
0.0%
0.6%

0.6%
7.1%
33.7%
0.0%
1.0%
1.3%

73.8%
5.9%
29.4%
1.9%
49.9%

43.1%
9.6%
24.8%
6.2%
3.1%
Over
100,000
14.1%
18.8%
8.0%

57.1%
7.8%
10.8%
5.8%
26.5%
4.3%
5.9%
6.3%

0.0%
3.5%
0.0%

71.6%
17.9%
25.1%
0.0%
0.0%
45.1%
3.8%
18.0%

0.0%
27.8%
64.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.6%
1.6%

0.4%
6.0%
35.9%
0.0%
1.6%
0.0%

61.6%
1.6%
24.2%
11.2%
63.6%

40.7%
1.1%
30.2%
2.7%
3.9%
Row
Total
15.3%
12.3%
4.7%

63.8%
63%
3.1%
0.9%
16.0%
3.5%
12.5%
1.9%

0.9%
4.5%
1,0%

55.8%
4.7%
43.1%
0.9%
0.7%
34.5%
5.8%
19.1%

7.2%
28.3%
42.2%
0.7%
0.0%
4.6%
3.2%
3.3%

1.3%
3.1%
14.7%
0.4%
0.6%
0.3%

67.5%
1.6%
8.1%
3.0%
35.5%

36.8%
10.2%
20.2%
4.4%
3.6%
 Dita:  a 18

Notes:  Represents treatment practices for plants treating water that comes entirely or partly from surface sources
        Percentages may not add to 100% because systems may perform more than one treatment
-------
                                                                      Table 1-23
                                                 Treatment Practice for Primarily Ground Water Systems

                                                     (Percent of Plants Performing Each Treatment)
Treatment Type/
Specific Treatment
Raw Water Storage
Presedimentation
Aeration
Pre-Disinfectlon/Oxidatlon/Softenlng
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloraminas
Ozone
KMnO4
Pre-disinfection/oxidation combinations
Lime/Soda Ash softening
Recarbonation with CO2
Iron and Manganese Removal
Green Sand Filtration
Chemical Oxidation Filtration
Aeration Filtration
Flocculatlon/Coagulatlon
Aluminum Salt
Iron Salts
pH Adjustment
Activated Silica
Clays
Polymers
Other flocculation/coagulation
Flocculation/coagulation combinations
Filtration
Slow Sand
Rapid Sand
Dual/Multt-media
. Diatomaceous Earth
Reverse Osmosis
Pressure Filtration
Other Filtration
Filtration Combinations
Organlcs Removal
GAC Adsorption Post Contactors
GAC Adsorption Filter Adsorbers
PAC Addition
Ion Exchange
Air Stripping
Organics Removal Combinations
Post-Disinfection
Chlorine/Hypochlorination
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramines
Post-disinfection Combinations
Fluoridation
Corrosion Control
pH Adjustment
Alkalinity Adjustment
Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion Control Combinations
Other Treatments (Not elsewhere classified)
Service Population Category
100 or
Less
14.2%
0.1%
2.5%

64.2%
1.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.3%
2.9%
0.0%

2.9%
4.4%
0.0%

0.0%
0.7%
10.4%
3.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.3%
0.0%

2.4%
1.7%
2.1%
0.0%
0.0%
6.0%
1.5%
0.0%

0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%

23.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
2.4%

3.4%
0.0%
4.6%
0.0%
2.5%
101-
500
8.4%
1.6%
3.0%

69.9%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.9%
0.5%
2.9%
0.5%

6.4%
1.4%
3.5%

1.5%
0.5%
2.4%
0.0%
0.0%
1.2%
0.5%
0.0%

1.4%
0.4%
1.6%
0.0%
0.7%
3.4%
1.4%
0.7%

0.0%
0.5%
0.0%
1.4%
0.0%
0.7%

23.4%
1.0%
0.0%
0.0%,
6.3%

3.9%
0.8%
1.9%
1.8%
2.3%
501-
1,000
7.5%
1.5%
13.5%

56.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
2.2%
0.0%
2.2%
0.0%

4.3%
2.0%
5.4%

0.9%
0.0%
3.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.9%
0.9%
0.3%

2.3%
3,6%
3.2%
0.0%
0.0%
6.6%
0.3%
0.6%

0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
4.6%
0.0%
0.0%

32,5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
13.2%

5.3%
0.0%
6.8%
3.4%
8.4%
1,001-
3,300
5.3%
2.1%
15.8%

73.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6%
0.7%
3.6%
0.6%

2.0%
1.0%
2.8%

0.9%
0.0%
8.4%
0.0%
0.0%
1.4%
0.0%
0.6%

1.7%
3.7%
3.3%
0.0%
0.6%
2.6%
0.6%
0.7%

0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
2.0%
0.3%
0.0%

28.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
12.4%

4.3%
1.6%
12.6%
0.3%
5.5%
3,301 -
10,000
3.6%
1.5%
11.5%

60.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
5.8%
1.0%
3.5%
1.4%

4.8%
2.1%
5.9%

1.5%
0.0%
6.3%
0.0%
0.0%
2.9%
0.7%
1.3%

1.0%
2.0%
2.4%
0.0%
0.6%
8.5%
3.2%
O.6%

0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
2.4%
0.7%
0.0%

42.5%
0.0%
0.1%
0.1%
45.3%

6.8%
1.0%
14.5%
4.2%
6.5%
10,001 -
50,000
3.2%
0.7%
9.2%

57.4%
0.0%
0.6%
0.0%
3.2%
2.6%
3.8%
1.5%

3.2%
1.4%
2.2%

0.1%
0.8%
5.7%
0.3%
0.0%
3.3%
0.6%
0.3%

0.5%
2.0%
4.0%
0.3%
0.2%
4.0%
0.3%
0.3%

0.6%
1.6%
0.1%
0.8%
4.2%
0.0%

41.9%
0.6%
1.1%
0.1%
31.2%

8.6%
0.5%
14.0%
0.0%
5.4%
50,001 -
100,000
1.7%
0.6%
17.8%

36.2%
3.1%
1.4%
0.0%
7.0%
0.0%
5.0%
2.8%

4.0%
2.7%
0.7%

0.0%
0.8%
14.3%
0.0%.
0.3%
2.3%
0.6%
2.1%

0.0%
6.2%
5.9%
0.0%
0.3%
2.3%
0.3%
0.8%

0.7%
2.3%
0.0%
0.3%
1.9%
0.0%

54.5%
0.0%
3.9%
0.0%
34.3%

18.6%
0.3%
11.7%
14.0%
4.2%
Over
100,000
7.8%
7.4%
16.2%

38.1%
0.0%
0.7%
0.6%
0.0%
0.0%
9.1%
1.1%

0.7%
0.5%
1.1%

0.2%
1.1%
4.1%
1.1%
0.0%
2.1%
0.7%
0.7%

0.2%
6.0%
4.5%
0.0%
0.0%
3.9%
0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
3.1%
. 0.2%
0.0%
3.6%
0.0%

65.8%
0.0%
4.3%
0.0%
52.5%

4.8%
0.2%
19.0%
5.5%
3.4%
Row
Total
7.5%
1.4%
8.5%

63.9%
0.3%
0.1%
0.0%
1.8%
0.7%
3.2%
0.6%

4.1%
2.0%
3.1%

0.8%
0.4%
5.8%
0.6%
0.0%
1.4%
0.7%
0.4%

1.5%
2.2%
2.7%
0.0%
0.4%
4.7%
1.1%
0.5%

0.1%
0.5%
0.0%
1.9%
0.7%
0.2%

31.0%
0.4%
0.3%
0.0%
16.0%

5.2%
0.6%
7.9%
1.8%
4.6%
 Data:  Q. 18

Notes:  Represents treatment practices for plants treating water that comes entirely or partly from ground sources
        Percentages may not add to 100% because systems may perform more than one treatment.
-------
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-------
                                                                          Table 1-28
                                            Potential Sources of Contamination Within 2 Miles of Water Supply Intakes
                                                                   by Primary Water Source
                                               (Percent of Systems Having Each Potential Source of Contamination)
Potential Source of Contamination
AM Systems
Industrial/Manufacturing Facilities
Agricultural Runoff
Animal Feed Lots
Urban Runoff
Sewage Discharge
Hazardous Waste SHe
Solid Waits Disposal
NMai
Pesticides, RodenlWdes. Fungicides
MMng, Oil. of Gas Activities
Petroleum Products
Solvents
Septte Systems/Other sewage Discharges
Othir
Observations
Primarily Ground Systems
Industrial/Manufacturing Facilities
Agdcuttoral Runoff
Animal Feed Lots
Urban Runoff
Sewage Discharge
Hazardous Wasla Site
Solid Waste Disposal
Pirates
Pirtddn. Rodenticldaj, Fungicides
Mining, Oil, or Gas ActiviUes
Petroleum Products
Solvents
Septic SysSemsJOther sewaga Discharges
Other
ObMrvationt
Primarily Surface Systems
Industrial/Manufacturing Facilities
Agricultural Runoff
Animal Feed Lots
Urban Runoff
Sewaga Discharge
Hazardous Waste Site
Solid Waste Disposal
Nitrates
Pesticides. RodenSddes. Fungicides
Mining, OH. or Gas Activities
Petroleum Products
Solvents
Septic Systems/Other sewage Discharges
Other
Observations
Service Population Category
100 or
Less

11.0%
42,1%
9.1%
19.1%
22.5%
5.3%
6.7%
11.8%
7.2%
5.1%
29.7%
4.8%
88.9%
6.5%
147

11.2%
42.0%
9.1%
19.2%
22.5%
5.4%
6.8%
11.8%
7.1%
5.0%
30.0%
4.9%
89.5%
6.4%
122

0.0%
45.5%
7.4%
12.7%
21.4%
0.0%
0.0%
9.6%
13.5%
13.8%
12.9%
0.0%
58.6%
13.8%
25
101-
600

14.1%
51.8%
18,8%
21.3%
20.6%
3.8%
3.2%
20.6%
11.4%
9.7%
27.8%
6.4%
76.1%
3.4%
206

14.2%
51.2%
19.2%
22.0%
20.9%
3.9%
3.2%
20.9%
11.5%
9.7%
29.0%
6.6%
76.8%
2.9%
164

12.1%
66.9%
8.2%
4.4%
14.5%
1.9%
1.9%
13.1%
10.0%
8.7%
1.9%
0.0%
60.3%
15.7%
42
501-
1,000

20.0%
66.9%
28.8%
31.0%
37.7%
2.1%
4.6%
22.7%
23.1%
15,9%
43.3%
10.3%
75.5%
6.6%
141

20.5%
67.9%
29.3%
32.4%
39.2%
2.2%
4.9%
22.2%
23.7%
15.9%
45.6%
10.9%
75.9%
6.0%
107

12.7%
53.1%
20.7%
11.3%
16.4%
0.0%
0.0%
30,2%
13.5%
16.8%
9.7%
1.4%
70,6%
15.0%
34
1,001 -
3,300

29.8%
63.4%
28.4%
38.5%
32.6%
6.1%
7.0%
26.2%
21.7%
18.3%
52.0%
12,9%
78.0%
3.6%
177

33.2%
62.5%
29.6%
41.1%
35.3%
7.4%
7.9%
25.9%
22.9%
19.7%
56.9%
15.2%
80.4%
3.5%
125

13.2%
67.7%
22.2%
25.8%
19.3%
0.0%
2.6%
27.6%
16.1%
11.7%
27.9%
1.2%
66.5%
3.9%
52
3,301 -
10,000

44.2%
67.8%
23.8%
57.9%
34.1%
7.7%
15.2%
26.5%
23.5%
16.8%
53.3%
35.0%
66.4%
6.4%
184

51.7%
66.4%
27.7%
61.5%
38.7%
9.8%
20.1%
22.6%
26.9%
15.7%
65.7%
43.0%
69.0%
6.6%
130

21.5%
71.9%
12.0%
46.9%
20.5%
1.6%
0.4%
38.3%
13.1%
20.1%
15.6%
10.7%
58.5%
5.8%
54
10,001 -
50,000

61.7%
71.4%
18.8%
68,9%
35.9%
10.6%
14.2%
33.7%
24.7%
21,9%
61.5%
42.0%
68.0%
4.5%
183

66.9%
66.1%
17.9%
70.5%
32.7%
12.6%
16.8%
35.7%
28.4%
21.7%
72.8%
52,5%
67.7%
2.8%
105

53.8%
79.3%
20.1%
66.5%
40.7%
7.5%
10.4%
30.8%
19,2%
22.1%
44.7%
26.5%
68.4%
7.1%
78
60,001 -
100,000

65.1%
67.1%
18.7%
73.8%
33.4%
20.2%
26.5%
38.8%
26.4%
26.4%
63.6%
49.7%
77.1%
1.8%
107

77,2%
57.3%
19.2%
82.2%
26.7%
30.9%
33.4%
52.9%
35.9%
34.9%
74.3%
64.4%
78.4%
2.8%
49

55.2%
75.1%
18.3%
67.1%
38.7%
11.5%
20.9%
27.3%
18.7%
19.6%
55.0%
37.9%
76.0%
1.0%
58
Over
100,000

52,1°/
76. W
24.9V
83.2°/
30.8"/
21.7%
27.6%
44.2%
29.9%
25.0%
56.0%
45.3%
60.1%
10.2%
86

79.8%
63.5%
32.7%
85.3%
35.4%
41.9%
34.4%
59.4%
33,3%
26.2%
81.1%
67.9%
85.9%
8.3%
35

39.7%
81.6%
21.5%
82.3%
28.7%
12.7%
24.6%
37.4%
28.3%
24.5%
44.8%
35.2%
48.7%
11.0%
51
Row
Total

22.1%
55.3%
19.1%
30.9%
27.0%
5.4%
6.9%
20.8%
15.1%
11.9%
38.3%
12.4%
78.6%
5.0%
1,231

21.6%
53.6%
19.3%
29.9%
27.3%
5.6%
7.0%
19.9%
15.0%
11.4%
39.6%
12.4%
80.3%
4.7%
837

26.7%
69.9%
17.1%
39.7%
25.2%
3.5%
5.6%
28.4%
15.9%
16.8%
26.5%
12.1%
64.2%
7.9%
394
     Data:  Q 25
     Note:  Percentages may not add to 100% because a system may have more than one potential source of contamination
Definitions:  AH Systems: excludes primarily purchased systems
            Primarily; system obtains all or highest percentage of water from stated source
-------
                      Table 1-29
           Laboratory Analysis Provider Profile
        by Ownership Type and Contaminant Type
(Percent of Systems Using Each Type of Laboratory Provider)
                                                                         Table 1-29, Page 1 of 2
Ownership Type/
Contaminant Type/
Lab Provider
All Systems
Metals/ Inorganics
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Microbials
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
VOC's
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Other Organics
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Total
Public Systems
Metals/ Inorganics
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Microbials
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
VOC's
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Other Organics
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Total
Service Population Category
100 or
Less


48.5%
45.9%
1.5%
0.9%

44.1%
39.0%
1.6%
2.1%

41.6%
40.8%
0.4%
0.2%

42.1%
40.1%
0.4%
0.4%
90.9%


53.1%
54.7%
10.3%
2.3%

40.9%
34.7%
19.0%
4.0%

50.9%
40.9%
4.7%
2.3%

43.2%
38.8%
4.7%
2.3%
98.0%
101-
500


45.8%
51.5%
1.5%
0.4%

42.6%
47.6%
1.3%
2.2%

39.3%
45.1%
0.8%
0.2%

42.4%
46.8%
0.6%
0.4%
95.4%


52.1%
36.5%
1.9%
0.8%

50.4%
33.1%
3.8%
4.2%

46.3%
33.7%
2.3%
0.5%

49.3%
36.4%
1.9%
0.8%
91.9%
501-
1,000


49.5%
45.7%
3.6%
1.0%

50.1%
37.4%
2.6%
3.5%

47.0%
39.7%
0.2%
0.3%

47.2%
40.9%
1.0%
0.3%
94.9%


47.5%
46.5%
5.3%
1.6%

51.9%
34.9%
4.0%
2.6%

46.2%
37.3%
0.1%
0.5%

47.4%
39.2%
1.5%
0.5%
94.6%
1,001 -
3,300


57.4%
43.9%
2.8%
1.9%

54.9%
39.2%
3.3%
3.5%

51.8%
40.9%
0.1%
1.2%

52.7%
41.4%
0.6%
1.3%
96.7%


57.0%
44.8%
2.6%
2.0%

56.7%
38.3%
3.3%
4.1%

54.4%
41.4%
0.0%
1.1%

54.5%
42.8%
0.4%
1.1%
96.6%
3,301 -
10,000


47.5%
53.7%
7.6%
2.7%

45.7%
40.9%
7.4%
6.6%

45.6%
48.5%
0.6%
0.9%

44.3%
49.5%
3.1%
1.4%
97.2%


46.7%
56.1%
7.7%
3.1%

45.2%
40.2%
7.2%
7.8%

44.9%
49.4%
0.0%
0.9%

43.7%
50.6%
3.3%
1.6%
97.3%
10,001 -
50,000


35.8%
70.9%
16.7%
4.9%

27.2%
48.5%
32.3%
6.9%

34.7%
67.3%
3.2%
4.2%

31.8%
67.8%
6.1%
5.2%
97.4%


38.8%
70.8%
15.6%
3.4%

28.7%
47.8%
31.7%
7.6%

37.4%
66.9%
2.7%
2.7%

34.1%
66.8%
5.1%
3.9%
97.2%
50,001 -
100,000


41.9%
57.2%
35.5%
6.5%

28.6%
32.8%
52.7%
4.0%

41.0%
54.3%
12.6%
5.9%

37.2%
66.4%
13.0%
7.1%
96.5%


43.7%
58.7%
33.2%
4.1%

29.2%
34.0%
49.9%
4.6%

42.6%
56.1%
11.8%
3.4%

37.8%
67.5%
11.3%
4.7%
95.9%
Over
100,000


25.1%
48.2%
60.5%
13.3%

15.2%
25.2%
79.4%
13.2%

26.7%
51.8%
36.4%
14.1%

23.4%
54.7%
32.1%
12.4%
93.9%


26.7%
48.1%
61.6%
11.9%

16.3%
25.2%
78.6%
12.8%

28.5%
52.7%
37.0%
12.8%

24.8%
55.3%
32.2%
10.9%
93.7%
Row
Total


48.1%
49.4%
4.0%
1.4%

44.8%
41.9%
5.0%
3.2%

42.9%
44.2%
1.0%
0.8%

43.8%
45.0%
1.5%
1.0%
94.5%


49.8%
48.2%
6.9%
2.2%

47.8%
37.2%
9.9%
4.9%

47.0%
43.0%
1.9%
1.3%

46.9%
44.7%
2.8%
1.6%
95.3%
-------
                                                             Table 1 - 29
                                                  Laboratory Analysis Provider Profile
                                               by Ownership Type and Contaminant Type
                                      (Percent of Systems Using Each Type of Laboratory Provider)
                                                                                                                   Table 1 - 29, Page 2 of 2
Ownership Type/
Contaminant Type/
Lab Provider
Private Systems
Metals/ Inorganics
State
Private Firm
In-housa
Other
Mlcrobtals
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
VOC-s
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Other Organlcs
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Total
Ancillary Systems
Metals/ Inorganics
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Mleroblals
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
VOC-S
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Other Organlcs
State
Private Firm
In-house
Other
Total
Service Population Category
100 or
Less


45.1%
40.6%
0.4%
1.8%

40.4%
40.6%
0.1%
2.2%

41.8%
38.6%
0.1%
0.1%

43.5%
36.9%
0.1%
0.3%
88.1%


50.5%
48.7%
1.1%
0.0%

47.5%
38.4%
0.1%
1.8%

40.1%
42.5%
0.0%
0.0%

40.9%
42.8%
0.0%
0.1%
92.1%
101-
500


53.9%
49.8%
1.5%
0.0%

44.9%
48.5%
0.0%
1.8%

45.0%
45.9%
0.0%
0.0%

51.5%
44.1%
0.0%
0.1%
96.5%


28.7%
71.0%
1.2%
0.3%

30.7%
63.4%
0.0%
0.3%

24.3%
57.4%
0.0%
0.1%

23.3%
62.3%
0.0%
0.3%
97.9%
501-
1,000


57.6%
38.9%
1.0%
0.0%

47.2%
37.9%
0.2%
5.5%

50.9%
40.3%
0.0%
0.0%

46.9%
40.3%
0.0%
0.0%
94.7%


0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%

47.1%
78.1%
2.4%
0.0%

21.9%
78.1%
2.4%
0.0%

47.1%
78.1%
2.4%
0.0%
100.0%
1,001 -
3,300


60.2%
39.7%
3.2%
1.8%

50.9%
40.3%
3.3%
1.8%

45.3%
40.6%
0.2%
1.3%

49.0%
38.5%
1.3%
1.8%
96.7%


0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
100.0%
0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
3,301 -
10,000


50.3%
45.3%
7.4%
1.2%

47.4%
43.4%
8.0%
2.6%

47.9%
45.3%
2.5%
0.8%

46.4%
45.6%
2.5%
0.8%
97.0%






















10,001 -
50,000


16.0%
71.7%
24.0%
15.0%

17.0%
52.9%
35.9%
2.6%

17.1%
69.8%
6.5%
13.8%

16.9%
74.0%
13.4%
13.8%
98.8%






















50,001 -
100,000


29.4%
46.4%
51.5%
23.5%

24.2%
25.2%
72.2%
0.0%

30.2%
42.0%
18.0%
23.5%

32.8%
59.2%
24.7%
23.5%
100.0%






















Over
100,000


10.0%
49.0%
50.5%
26.2%

4.3%
24.8%
86.5%
17.0%

10.0%
43.3%
31.3%
26.2%

10.0%
49.0%
31.3%
26.2%
95.2%






















Row
Total


50.9%
44.3%
2.3%
1.3%

43.7%
43.2%
2.1%
2.5%

44.2%
42.5%
0.5%
0.6%

46.7%
41.3%
0.8%
0.8%
93.5%


41.0%
58.4%
1.1%
0.1%

40.9%
48.9%
0.1%
1.2%

33.6%
48.7%
0.0%
0.0%

34.2%
50.7%
0.0%
0.2%
94.5%
     Data:  Q, 26

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to
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c

o
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-------
                   Table 1 - 36
            Water Sales Revenue Profile
                by Ownership Type
(Percentage of Revenues from Each Customer Category)
                                                                 Table 1-36, Page 1 of 2
Ownership Type/
Customer Category
All Systems
Residential
Observations
Non-Residential:
Commercial/Industrial
Observations
Wholesale
Observations
Governmental
Observations
Agricultural
Observations
Other
Observations
Total
Observations
Public Systems
Residential
Observations
Non-Residential:
Commercial/Industrial
Observations
Wholesale
Observations
Governmental
Observations
Agricultural
Observations
Other
Observations
Total
Observations
Service Population Category
100 or
Less

94.5%
97

1.0%
98
0.0%
98
0.2%
98
0.3%
98
6.0%
98
100.0%
98

84.2%
41

1.6%
41
0.0%
41
1.0%
41
1.9%
41
11.2%
41
100.0%
41
101 -
500

81.9%
224

6.2%
224
1.5%
225
0.7%
225
0.7%
225
9.7%
220
100.0%
225

72.4%
105

8.4%
105
2.5%
106
1.0%
106
0.4%
106
16.9%
103
100.0%
106
501-
1,000

73.5%
212

8.6%
212
0.3%
212
0.8%
212
0.5%
212
16.7%
207
100.0%
212

69.6%
126

10.5%
126
0.4%
126
1.1%
126
0.6%
126
18.5%
122
100.0%
126
1,001 -
3,300

62.6%
241

12.4%
242
1.8%
242
1.2%
242
0.6%
242
22.1%
238
100.0%
242

59.0%
145

14.4%
146
1.6%
146
1.3%
146
0.5%
146
24.2%
142
100.0%
146
3,301 -
10,000

58.3%
248

14.0%
250
2.7%
249
1.2%
249
0.5%
250
25.1%
241
100.0%
250

55.9%
135

15.7%
136
2.7%
135
1.4%
135
0.1%
136
26.3%
128
100.0%
136
10,001 -
50,000

52.4%
202

19.2%
203
2.9%
203
1.6%
204
0.1%
205
27.1%
194
100.0%
205

50.6%
126

19.7%
127
3.1%
127
1.4%
128
0.0%
129
28.8%
120
100.0%
129
50,001 -
100,000

56.5%
119

19.9%
121
2.5%
120
3.2%
121
0.1%
121
18.7%
118
100.0%
.121

57.2%
97

19.2%
98
2.7%
97
3.1%
98
0.1%
98
18.4%
95
100.0%
98
Over
100,000

49.5%
114

20.9%
113
9.0%
114
2.2%
114
0.8%
114
18.0%
113
100.0%
114

48.5%
98

20.0%
97
9.8%
98
2.1%
98
0.8%
98
19.2%
97
100.0%
98
-------
                                                                   Table 1 - 36
                                                          Water Sales Revenue Profile
                                                               by Ownership Type
                                            (Percentage of Revenues from Each Customer Category)
                                                                                                                        Table 1-36. Page 2 of 2
Ownership Type/
Customer Category
Private Systems
Residential
Observations
Non-Residential:
Commercial/Industrial
Observations
Wholesale
Observations
Governmental
Observations
Agricultural
Observations
Other
Observations
Total
Observations
Ancillary Systems
Residential
Observations
Non-Residential:
Commercial/Industrial
Observations
Wholesale
Observations
Governmental
Observations
Agricultural
Observations
Other
Observations
Total
Observations
Service Population Category
100 or
Less

96.1%
46

1.1%
47
0.0%
47
0.0%
47
0.0%
47
5.9%
47
100.0%
47

100.0%
10

0.0%
10
0.0%
10
0.0%
10
0.0%
10
0.0%
10
100.0%
10
101-
500

88.8%
104

4.4%
104
0.8%
104
0.5%
104
1.0%
104
4.6%
102
100.0%
104

94.2%
15

5.2%
15
0.0%
15
0.0%
15
0.6%
15
0.0%
15
100.0%
15
501-
1,000

80.5%
85

5.2%
85
0.2%
85
0.3%
85
0.3%
85
13.6%
84
100.0%
85

100.0%
1

0.0%
1
0.0%
1
0.0%
1
0.0%
1
0.0%
1
100.0%
1
1,001 -
3,300

73.9%
96

6.2%
96
2.4%
96
1.1%
96
1.0%
96
15.3%
96
100.0%
96
















3,301 -
10,000

• 67.4%
113

7.4%
114
2.8%
114
0.5%
114
2.0%
114
20.7%
113
100.0%
114
















10,001 - 50,001 - Over
50,000 100,000 100,000

64.0% 50.7% 60.2%
76 22 16

15.7% 25.0% 29.6%
76 23 16
1.4% 1.3% 1.6%
76 23 16
2.9% 3.7% 3.1%
76 23 16
0.3% 0.1% 0.0%
76 23 16
15.9% 20.8% 5.5%
74 23 16
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
76 23 16
















      Data: Q, 29
     Notes:  Table includes only systems that charge directly for water
             To achieve highest accuracy for each line item, each one is based on all available observations for that item. As a result, the
             calculations for each customer category within each ownership type may represent a slightly different set of systems overall; the sum
             of customer category revenue percentages may not equal 100% (See General Note 3)
Definitions:   Water Sales Revenues: revenues from the actual sale of water
             Other Includes miscellaneous customer categories and combined categories for which systems could not distinguish between two or
             more customer categories
-------















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-------
                                                           Table 1 - 41
                                                 Metered Customer Connections
                                           by Ownership Type and Customer Category
                                           (Percent of Connections That Are Metered)
Ownership Type/
Customer Category
All Systems
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other
Total
Public Systems
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other
Total
Private Systems
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other
Total
Ancillary Systems
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
Wholesale
Governmental
Agricultural
Other
Total
Service Population Category
100 or
Less

57.8%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.0%
36.6%

79.1%
0.8%
0.0%
0.3%
1.5%
0.0%
71.7%

59.1%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
43.1%

44.2%
0.2%



0.0%
19.5%
Data: Q. 31
101-
500

76.4%
3.1%
0.2%
0.4%
1.7%
0.9%
71.8%

81.7%
5.1%
0.1%
0.5%
0.3%
1.4%
82.4%

81.8%
2.3%
0.3%
0.2%
3.1%
0.7%
77.7%

42.8%
0.0%



0.0%
30.3%

501-
1,000

82.0%
4.1%
0.0%
1.1%
0.4%
2.7%
87.4%

84.4%
5.2%
0.0%
1.4%
0.3%
2.0%
90.2%

79.5%
2.5%
0.0%
0.6%
0.5%
4.3%
84.4%

53.6%
0.0%



0.0%
53.6%

1,001 -
3,300

82.1%
7.1%
0.9%
0.7%
0.3%
6.4%
93.7%

81.9%
8.4%
0.6%
0.8%
0.2%
5.9%
94.4%

82.5%
3.0%
1.7%
0.1%
0.7%
8.0%
91.4%









3,301 -
10,000

81.0%
8.3%
1.9%
0.3%
1.2%
7.1%
92.0%

79.1%
9.3%
2.5%
0.4%
0.8%
7.9%
93.4%

87.6%
4.9%
0.1%
0.1%
2.6%
4.7%
87.4%









10,001 -
50,000

84.6%
9.0%
0.5%
1.0%
0.1%
4.1%
97.2%

84.3%
9.3%
0.6%
1.1%
0.1%
4.2%
97.5%

85.9%
6.8%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
3.8%
95.6%









50,001 -
100,000

83.5%
9.5%
0.0%
0.6%
0.1%
5.3%
97.2%

85.1%
10.0%
0.0%
0.6%
0.1%
2.3%
97.0%

68.8%
5.3%
0.0%
0.4%
0.0%
33.1%
99.8%









Over
100,000

80.0%
7.0%
5.1%
0.3%
0.1%
7.6%
96.6%

79.7%
6.7%
5.7%
0.3%
0.1%
7.5%
96.3%

82.6%
9.3%
0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
8.8%
99.2%









Notes: Tabulations are based on the percentage that a system's metered connections in a given category represent out of all
            connections in the system, both metered and unmetered (e.g., the Residential percentage means the percentage of all
            connections that are metered residential connections; Total percentage means the percentage of all connections that are
            metered connections)
            To achieve highest accuracy for each line item, each one is based on all available observations for that item. As a result, the
            calculations for each customer category within each ownership type may represent a slightly different set of systems overall; the
            sum of customer category metered percentages may not equal the total percentage (See General Note 3)

Definitions:  Other: Includes miscellaneous customer categories and combined categories for which systems could not distinguish
            between two or more customer categories
-------
                                                                        Table 1-42
                                                              Rate Structure and Billing Profile
                                                      by Ownership Type and Population Size Category
                                                          (Percent of Systems with Each Structure)
Ownership Type/
Rate Structure
All Systems
Metered Charges
Uniform Rate
Declining Block Rate
Increasing Block Rate
Seasonal Rale
Unmetered Charges
Separate Fiat Fee for Water
Combined Flat Fee for
Waters Other Services
Other billing methods
Public Systems
Metered Charges
Uniform Rate
Declining Block Rate
Increasing Block Rate
Seasonal Rate
Unmetered Charges
Separate Flat Fee for Water
Combined Flat Fee for
Water & Other Services
Other billing methods
Private Systems
Metered Charges
Uniform Rate
Declining Block Rate
Increasing Block Rate
Seasonal Rate
Unmetered Charges
Separate Fiat Fee for Water
Combined Flat Fee for
Water & Other Services
Other billing methods
Ancillary Systems
Metered Charges
Uniform Rate
Declining Block Rate
Increasing Block Rate
Seasonal Rate
Unmetered Charges
Separate Flat Fee for Water
Combined Flat Fee for
Water & Other Services
Other billing methods
Service Population Category
100 or
Less


37.7%
1.2%
5.3%
0.1%

21.9%

26.4%
15.1%


48.1%
9.3%
26.9%
0.8%

19.2%

9.2%
2.3%


48.1%
0.5%
5.2%
0.0%

27.3%

15.4%
6.1%


23.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

16.3%

43.3%
28.7%
101-
500


50.0%
11.8%
11.7%
0.9%

16.9%

11.3%
13.4%


56.4%
20.2%
14.4%
2.1%

17.9%

8.1%
10.8%


51.9%
7.0%
11.5%
0.0%

18.6%

6,0%
9.8%


24.5%
1.1%
3.8%
0.0%

8.2%

37.9%
32.6%
501-
1,000


61.4%
22.4%
14.7%
1.8%

20.3%

2.7%
3.6%


61.8%
21.3%
13.5%
2.7%

22.1%

2.7%
3.5%


62.7%
25.6%
14.3%
0.0%

17.1%

3.0%
3.9%


0,0%
0.0%
100.0%
0.0%

0.0%

0.0%
0.0%
1,001 -
3,300


64.0%
26.4%
11.2%
1.3%

14.7%

3.4%
5.8%


62.8%
30.2%
11.8%
1.4%

13.1%

3.0%
6.8%


67.8%
14.7%
9.3%
1.2%

19.6%

4.7%
2.5%











3,301 -
10,000


56.2%
34.2%
11.9%
1.6%

15.9%

4.1%
12.6%


55.8%
33.9%
12.3%
2.0%

17.5%

5.1%
13.8%


57.7%
35.3%
10.2%
0.0%

10.1%

0.5%
8.3%











10,001 -
50,000


54.9%
32.8%
20.1%
0.9%

14.8%

4.0%
10.0%


53.6%
32.8%
20.1%
1.1%

13.9%

3.8%
10.4%


63.8%
32.8%
20.2%
0.0%

20.8%

5.7%
7.1%











50,001 -
100,000


60.8%
31.4%
24.4%
1.5%

18.8%

4.2%
10.1%


62.5%
27.3%
25.3%
1.7%

19.3%

4.2%
10.9%


46.8%
64.5%
17.6%
0.0%

14.5%

4.3%
3.6%











Over
100,000


64.2%
38.3%
27.6%
9.1%

14.6%

0.0%
16.3%


65.9%
36.3%
29.2%
9.5%

14.1%

0.0%
14.9%


46.1%
59.1%
10.1%
5.7%

19.0%

0.0%
30.3%











ROW
TOTAL


52.5%
17.6%
11.5%
1.1%

17.8%

10.6%
10.8%


58.5%
26.2%
14.9%
2,0%

17.0%

4.8%
8.6%


54.6%
11.0%
9.9%
0.2%

20.6%

7.9%
7.0%


23.2%
0.3%
2.4%
0.0%

13.6%

41.1%
29.6%
      Data:   Q, 31
      Note:   Percentages may not add to 100% because a system may have more than one rate structure
Definitions:   Other billing methods: Includes miscellaneous rate structures, both metered and unmetered
-------
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1
-------
                                                                   Table 1-45
                                        Uncompensated Usage as a Percentage of Total Water Produced
                                            by Ownership Type and Uncompensated Usage Category
Ownership Category/
Uncompensated Usage Category
All Systems
Free Service to Municipal Facilities
Observations
Fire Protection & Street Cleaning.
Observations
Leaks, Breaks, Failed Meters
Observations
Uncollected Bills
Observations
Other
Observations
Total Uncompensated Usage
Observations
Public Systems
Free Service to Municipal Facilities
Observations
Fire Protection & Street Cleaning,
Observations
Leaks, Breaks, Failed Meters
Observations
Uncollected Bills
Observations
Other
Observations
Total Uncompensated Usage
Observations
Private Systems
Free Service to Municipal Facilities
Observations
Fire Protection & Street Cleaning,
Observations
Leaks, Breaks, Failed Meters
Observations
Uncollected Bills
Observations
Other
Observations
Total Uncompensated Usage
Observations
Service Population Category
100 or
Less


0
14.4%
3
25.3%
4
1.9%
1
1.1%
1
26.3%
5


0
18.3%
2
23.5%
3
1.9%
1
1.1%
1
25.0%
4


0
0.0%
1
43.8%
1

0

0
43.8%
1
101 -
500

3.8%
7
5.1%
22
12.2%
30
1.1%
8
9.1%
9
16.3%
37

3.8%
7
5.7%
15
12.7%
14
1.4%
3
7.3%
5
19.7%
19


0
3.0%
7
11.8%
16
0.7%
5
11.8%
4
13.1%
18
501-
1,000

1.1%
8
3.8%
31
9.4%
35
0.8%
19
13.2%
12
14.8%
45

1.1%
7
4.3%
20
9.4%
22
0.8%
11
10.3%
6
14.4%
27

0.6%
1
3.2%
11
9.4%
13
0.7%
8
15.2%
6
15.3%
18
1,001 -
3,300

3.4%
15
5.7%
31
10.1%
39
0.7%
13
15.7%
8
15.2%
50

3.5%
13
5.6%
22
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24
0.7%
10
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7
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33

1.1%
2
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9
10.0%
15
0.2%
3
22.8%
1
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17
3,301 -
10,000

2.5%
12
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34
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37
1.8%
14
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21
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56

2.7%
9
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17
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18
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5
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13
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30

0.7%
3
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19
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9
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8
12.3%
26
10,001 -
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1.0%
13
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31
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35
0.6%
14
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12
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44

1.1%
11
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22
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25
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11
13.4%
10
11.8%
32

0.1%
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9
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3
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2
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12
50,001 -
100,000

0.9%
6
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11
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12
0.2%
8
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12
12.1%
21

0.9%
6
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11
5.6%
11
0.2%
8
10.4%
12
11.9%
20


0

0
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1

0

0
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1
Over
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3.0%
2
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11
6.4%
14
0.5%
5
15.1%
9
10.9%
23

3.0%
2
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11
6.2%
13
0.5%
5
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6
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20


0

0
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1

0
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3
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3
     Data:  Q. 32, Q. 4, Q. 29
    Notes: The sum of the individual Uncompensated usage percentages may not equal the reported total Uncompensated usage percentage, for the following reason:
            Percentages are calculated in each category only for systems reporting non-zero Uncompensated usage the category, that is. individual
            category line items represent the average only for systems having Uncompensated usage in that customer category; however, the line item
            Total Uncompensated Usage represents the average across all Uncompensated usage categories and all systems.
            Table includes only systems whose Uncompensated usage, as reported for explicit categories (Q. 32), accounts for an amount within +/-10% of
            total Uncompensated usage, as defined below.

Definitions: All Systems: excludes ancillary systems
           Other: includes miscellaneous Uncompensated usage categories
           Total Uncompensated usage: total production (Q. 4) minus total customer deliveries (0.29)
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-------
               Table 2 - 8
        Service Connection Profile
by Ownership Type and Customer Category
        (Number of Connections)
                                                                 Table 2 - 8, Page 1 of 2
Ownership Type/
Connection Data/
Customer Category
All Systems
Total Connections
Mean
Confidence Interval
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Confidence Interval
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Other (Includes combined)
Confidence Interval
Public Systems
Total Connections
Mean
Confidence Interval
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Confidence Interval
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Other (Includes combined)
Confidence Interval
Private Systems
Total Connections
Mean
Confidence Interval
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Confidence Interval
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Other (includes combined)
Confidence Interval
Service Population Category
100 or
Less


28.4
±3.2
25.0
131

27.6
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0.3
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0.0
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0.1
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0.5
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43.5
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29.0
38

41.5
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0.5
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0.0
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0.1
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0.5
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1.1
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25.9
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22.0
61

25.0
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0.1
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0.0
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0.0
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0.0
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0.8
±1.2
101 -
500


114.2
±72.5
93.0
243

109.9
±714
4.4
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0.1
±0.7
0.6
±0.4
0.4
±0.3
1.0
±7.3


132.9
±79.6
114.0
110

123.9
±78.7
7.4
±2.7
0.1
±0.2
1.0
±0.7
0.5
±0.5
2.0
±3.7


104.6
±75.7
75.0
98

103.7
±73.3
3.0
±0.9
0.0
±0.0
0.2
±0.3
0.3
±0.2
0.4
±0.5
501-
1,000


309.5
±77.9
280.0
196

288.8
±27.0
14.3
±3.5
0.2
±0.2
2.1
±2.8
0.7
±0.3
4.7
±70.9


334.6
±24.2
310.0
107

314.1
±23.2
19.3
±5.6
0.3
±0.3
0.9
±0.5
0.9
±0.4
1.1
±0.6


268.0
±25.4
247.0
87

245.7
±40.0
6.9
±2.9
0.0
±0.0
4.1
±7.4
0.4
±0.5
10.9
±25.6
1,001 -
3,300


732.0
±30.5
666.0
208

638.6
±47.7
45.5
±5.6
0.5
±0.3
1.9
±7.7
2.6
±2.4
54.9
±30.2


754.6
±36.2
700.0
124

649.6
±52.7
53.5
±7.9
0.5
±0.4
2.3
±15
1.7
±2.3
56.2
±34.7


658.8
±67.5
590.0
84

602.0
±704.2
19.7
±70.3
0.5
±0.6
0.8
±0.4
5.3
±5.5
51.1
±55.6
3,301 -
10,000


2,145.2
± 736.6
1,938.0
197

1,859.8
± 757.2
156.9
±24.7
1.2
±7.7
6.2
±7.8
0.7
±0.5
158.0
±56.6


2,231.0
± 776.5
2,025.0
101

1,901.1
±787.6
183.2
±30.0
1.3
±7.3
7.7
±2.6
0.6
±0.2
184.6
±64.7


1,867.2
± 752.3
1,614.0
96

1,729.0
± 770.0
71.1
±28.8
0.9
±0.5
1.6
±7.5
1.2
±2.0
74.6
±717
10,001 -
50,000


7,501.6
± 637.0
6,504.0
159

6,522.1
±406.4
587.6
± 742.8
2.8
±2.9
34.4
±77.6
8.7
±72.8
442.6
±433.0


7,388.5
±799.7
6,300.0
96

6,403.0
± 562.5
590.6
± 758.7
3.1
±3.4
32.5
±72.5
7.0
±73.6
465.8
± 506.8


8,181.3
± 7,276.2
6,655.0
63

7,232.8
±7,775.9
570.1
± 256.0
1.2
±0.9
45.9
±30.7
17.8
±37.3
315.2
±287.6
50,001 -
100,000


20,972.0
±7,708.5
21,200.0
102

18,216.3
± 7,229.8
1,541.5
± 233.0
2.8
±7.2
57.8
±78.8
27.4
±20.4
1,151.1
± 7,002.6


20,760.7
± 7,277.4
21,439.0
84

18,549.2
± 7,064.0
1,612.0
±255.6
3.1
±7.3
51.5
±27.6
29.8
±23.7
375.9
±432.7


22,417.4
±964.3
19,988.0
18

15,837.4
±4,563.0
1,075.9
±3712
1.0
±0.3
96.4
±26.7
13.6
±4.2
5,982.4
±3,782.0
Over
100,000


90,882.0
± 5,538.6
58,600.5
87

81,342.6
±5,747.9
5,705.7
± 859.8
16.5
±3.2
201.5
±44.7
25.8
±3.8
3,947.2
± 7,622.4


91,176.9
±6,064.7
59,087.0
74

81,877.5
±5,656.7
5,643.4
± 946.8
18.2
±3.6
203.7
±49.2
28.6
±4.5
3,754.3
± 7,787.8


88,177.2
± 8,223.2
56,638.0
13

76,436.7
± 6,938.3
6,273.1
±477.2
1.7
±0.3
182.2
±70.5
0.0
±0.0
5,827.5
±7,764.7
-------
                                                                     Table 2-8
                                                            Service Connection Profile
                                                   by Ownership Type and Customer Category
                                                             (Number of Connections)
                                                                                                                                Table 2-8, Page 2 of 2
Ownership Type/
Conntctlon Data/
Customer Cattgory
Ancillary Systems
Total Connections
Mean
Confidence Interval
Median
Observations
M*an by Custom >r Cattgory
Residential
Confidence Interval
Commercial/Industrial
Conffdence Interval
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Other (includes combined)
Confidence Interval
Service Population Category
100 or
Less


27.5
±5.5
26.0
32

27.1
±4.8
0.5
±0.9






0.0
±0.0
101-
500


88.9
± 12.5
62.0
35

88.6
±12.4
0.0
±0.0






0.0
±0.0
501- 1,001 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - Over
1,000 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 100,000


310.0
±53.7
336.0
2

310.0
±53.7
0.0
±0.0






0.0
±0.0
      Data: Q. 11B.Q.31

     Notes: Question 11B was the source of data for Total Connections, while Question 31 was the source for Mean by Customer category. To ensure
            reasonable comparability, the table includes only systems whose total connections, as reported for explicit categories (Q. 31), account
            for an amount within +/-10% of total connections as reported in Q. 11 B.
            The sum of the individual customer category values may not equal the reported total connections:
            - The 10% tolerance was allowed between report by category and total report
            - To achieve highest accuracy for each line item, each one is based on all available observations for that item. As a result,
             the calculations for each customer category within ownership type may represent a slightly different set of systems overall (See General Note 3)

Definitions:  Connections: Includes metered and unmetered connections
            Other. Includes connections for miscellaneous customer categories and connections for which systems that could not distinguish
            between two or more customer categories
-------
                  Table 2 - 9
Annual Deliveries per Customer Service Connection
    by Ownership Type and Customer Category
            (Thousands of Gallons)
Table 2 - 9, Page 1 of 2
Ownership Type
Delivery Data/
Customer Category
All Systems
Annual Deliveries/Connection
Mean
Confidence Interval
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Confidence Interval
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Other (includes combined)
Confidence Interval
Public Systems
Annual Deliveries/Connection
Mean
Confidence Interval
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Confidence Interval
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Other (includes combined)
Confidence Interval
Private Systems
Annual Deliveries/Connection
Mean
Confidence Interval
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Confidence Interval
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Other (includes combined)
Confidence Interval
Service Population Category
100 or
Less


139
±76
64
101

123
±47
50
±29

90
±136
195
±243
87
**


82
±19
67
28

81
±21
48
±36

90
±736
195
±243
87
±0


136
±121
80
46

92
±23





101-
500


114
±23
78
214

99
±2*
313
±16*
9.953
± 7,943
110
±40
97
±39
205
±783


105
±22
71
93

93
±29
229
±94
7,703
± 6,245
112
±42
101
±57
53
±27


136
±49
81
89

110
±38
534
±487
25,413
± 35,572
95
±57
83
±57
475
±47
501-
1,000


113
±22
76
185

104
±26
432
±765
9.752
± 72,852
344
±277
505
±274
4,041
±2,604


108
±74
78
102

97
±23
383
±769
9,919
± 75,627
391
±225
298
±775
5,257
± 7,665


98
±25
77
81

88
±26
583
±456
8,021
±852
180
±218
879
±800
1,656
± 3,377
1,001 -
3,300


128
±73
98
201

87
±9
1,018
±366
19,082
±7,720
3,067
± 3,658
1,029
±674
1,615
± 7,602


128
±77
100
121

82
±6
1,061
±453
22,438
±7,868
2.675
±4,203
1,096
±772
1,594
± 7,985


128
±76
90
80

102
±23
836
±277
9,264
± 8,008
7,015
± 8,587
474
±297
1,685
± 3,024
3,301 -
10,000


138
±27
112
193

97
±20
965
±445
41,201
± 23,234
1,409
±739
587
±487
7,592
± 77,485


136
±22
113
100

87
±70
855
±390
45,575
± 33,030
1,493
±773
797
±584
8,302
± 72,576


144
±33
96
93

124
±54
1.488
± 1,705
31,140
± 17,887
832
±508
262
±285
4.654
±8,543
10,001 -
50,000


205
±44
147
153

109
±70
582
±709
91,002
±34,373
14,218
± 72,978
754
±344
6.037
±4,503


207
±50
155
93

108
±77
602
±734
95.185
± 36,333
16,442
± 75,364
531
±0
4,012
±4,759


192
±68
130
60

110
±74
493
±732
50,674
± 23,073
1,479
±516
1,113
±708
12.930
± 75,456
50,001 -
100,000


193
±75.
170
100

119
±9
1.873
±335
146,390
±46,709
30,347
±28,705
3,663
±3,254
42,344
± 58,249


195
±76
180
83

122
±10
962
±240
126,889
±47,615
34,482
±31,380
3.117
± 3,422
53,702
± 75,518


175
±2
175
17

96
±1
8.114
±657
343,625
±62,746
2,026
±38
8,500
±0
516
±377
Over
100,000


222
±23
191
81

125
±9
1.011
±68
589,736
± 750,078
20,872
±8,952
3.030
±29
55,924
± 77,549


229
±25
195
68

127
±9
1.052
±75
632,135
± 772,248
24,566
±9,872
3,030
±29
59,237
± 72,758


169
±73
170 "
13

114
±72
729
±52
194,286
±0
1,763
±708

346
±78
-------
                                                                   Table 2 - 9
                                               Annual Deliveries per Customer Service Connection
                                                   by Ownership Type and Customer Category
                                                             (Thousands of Gallons)
Table 2 - 9, Page 2 of 2
Ownership Type
Delivery Data/
Customer Category
Ancillary Systems
Annual Deliveries/Connection
Mean
Confidence Interval
Median
Observations
Mean by Customer Category
Residential
Confidence Interval
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Other (includes combined)
Confidence Interval
Service Population Category
100 or 101 - 501- 1,001 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - Over
Less 500 1,000 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 100,000


159 85 475
±77 ±72 ± 780
56 70 504
27 32 2

169 85 475
±85 ±72 ± 780
57




         ": Insufficient observations to calculate confidence interval

       Data: Q.29.Q. 11B.Q.31

     Notes: Question 11B Is the source of connection data for total Annual Deliveries/Connection, while Question 31 Is the source for Mean by
            Customer Category. To ensure reasonable comparability, the table Includes only systems whose total connections, as reported for
            explicit categories (Q. 31), account for an amount within +/-10% of total connections as reported In Q. 11B.
            The sum of the individual customer category values may not equal the reported total annual deliveries per connection, for the following reason:
            Averages are calculated in each customer category only for systems reporting non-zero deliveries in the category, that Is, Individual
            customer category line Items represent the average only across systems having that customer category; however, the line item Annual
            Deliveries/Connection represents the average across all customer categories and all systems.

Definitions:  Connections: Includes meterad and unmetered connections
             Other: Includes connections for miscellaneous customer categories and connections for which systems that could not distinguish
             between two or more customer categories
-------













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Median
% Not Charging Directly
Confidence Interval

8

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in
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d t~' CM'
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Median

O o CM
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Observations



























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Data: Q. 29, Q. 30
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-------
                   Table 2 - 21
            Water Sales Revenue Profile
                by Ownership Type
(Percentage of Revenues from Each Customer Category)
                                                                      Table 2-21, Page 1 of 2
Ownership Type/
Customer Category
All Systems
Residential
Confidence Interval
Observations
Non-Residential:
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Observations
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Observations
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Observations
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Observations
Other
Confidence Interval
Observations
Total
Observations
Public Systems
Residential
Confidence Interval
Observations
Non-Residential:
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Observations
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Observations
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Observations
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Observations
Other
Confidence Interval
Observations
Total
Observations
Service Population Category
100 or
Less

94.5%
±3.5%
97

1.0%
±1.6%
98
0.0%
±0.0%
98
0.2%
±0.2%
98
0.3%
±0.254
98
6.0%
±7.7%
98
100.0%
98

84.2%
± 16.5%
41

1.6%
±1.4%
41
0.0%
±0.0%
41
1.0%
±7.4%
41
1.9%
±14%
41
11.2%
± 15.7%
41
100.0%
41
101-
500

81.9%
±5.9%
224

6.2%
±16%
224
1.5%
±14%
225
0.7%
±0.4%
225
0.7%
±10%
225
9.7%
±5.7%
220
100.0%
225

72.4%
±7.8%
105

8.4%
±2.0%
105
2.5%
±3.7%
106
1.0%
±0.6%
106
0.4%
±0.4%
106
16.9%
±7.8%
103
100.0%
106
501-
1,000

73.5%
±4.5%
212

8.6%
±16%
212
0.3%
±0.4%
212
0.8%
±0.8%
212
0.5%
±0.2%
212
16.7%
±4.7%
207
100.0%
212

69.6%
±5.5%
126

10.5%
±2.2%
126
0.4%
±0.6%
126
1.1%
±7.2%
126
0.6%
±0.4%
126
18.5%
±6.9%
122
100.0%
126
1,001 -
3,300

62.6%
±8.2%
241

12.4%
±16%
242
1.8%
±10%
242
1.2%
±7.0%
242
0.6%
±0.6%
242
22.1%
±7.4%
238
100.0%
242

59.0%
±9.4%
145

14.4%
±18%
146
1.6%
±7.0%
146
1.3%
±12%
146
,0.5%
±0.6%
146
24.2%
±8.6%
142
100.0%
146
3,301 -
10,000

58.3%
±5.5%
248

14.0%
±7.6%
250
2.7%
±12%
249
1.2%
±0.8%
249
0.5%
±0.8%
250
25.1%
±5.9%
241
100.0%
250

55.9%
±6.3%
135

15.7%
±2.0%
136
2.7%
±7.4%
135
1.4%
±7.0%
135
0.1%
±0.0%
136
26.3%
±6.9%
128
100.0%
136
10,001 -
50,000

52.4%
±3.7%
202

19.2%
±4.7%
203
2.9%
±7.6%
203
1.6%
±0.4%
204
0.1%
±0.0%
205
27.1%
±6.7%
194
100.0%
205

50.6%
±3.7%
126

19.7%
±5.3%
127
3.1%
±7.8%
127
1.4%
±0.6%
128
0.0%
±0.0%
129
28.8%
±6.9%
120
100.0%
129
50,001 -
100,000 -

56.5%
±4.7%
119

19.9%
±3.7%
121
2.5%
±7.0%
120
3.2%
±7.0%
121
0.1%
±0.0%
121
18.7%
±5.5%
118
100.0%
121

57.2%
±4.9%
97

19.2%
±3.3%
98
2.7%
±7.0%
97
3.1%
±7.2%
98
0.1%
±0.0%
98
18.4%
±6.5%
95
100.0%
98
Over
100,000

49.5%
±2.9%
114

20.9%
±2.0%
113
9.0%
±7.6%
114
2.2%
±0.8%
114
0.8%
±0.4%
114
18.0%
±3.9%
113
100.0%
114

48.5%
±3.7%
98

20.0%
±2.0%
97
9.8%
±18%
98
2.1%
±0.8%
98
0.8%
±0.6%
98
19.2%
±4.7%
97
100.0%
98
-------
                                                                    Table 2 - 21
                                                           Water Sales Revenue Profile
                                                                by Ownership Type
                                             (Percentage of Revenues from Each Customer Category)
                                                                                                                              Table 2-21, Page 2 of 2
Ownership Type/
Custom ir Category
Private Systems
Residential
Confidence Interval
Observations
Non -Residential:
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Observations
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Observations
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Observations
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Observations
Other
Confidence Interval
Observations
Total
Observations
Ancillary Systems
Residential
Con/Wanes Interval
Observations
Non-Residential:
Commercial/Industrial
Confidence Interval
Observations
Wholesale
Confidence Interval
Observations
Governmental
Confidence Interval
Observations
Agricultural
Confidence Interval
Observations
Other
Confidence Interval
Observations
Total
Observations
Service Population Category
100 or
Less

96.1%
±5.7%
46

1.1%
±2.2%
47
0.0%
±0.0%
47
0.0%
±0.0%
47
0.0%
±0.0%
47
5.9%
±7.3%
47
100.0%
47

100.0%
±0.0%
10

0.0%
±0.0%
10
0.0%
±0.0%
10
0.0%
±0.0%
10
0.0%
±0.0%
10
0.0%
±0.0%
10
100.0%
10
101-
500

88.8%
±5.3%
104

4.4%
±2.2%
104
0.8%
±1.0%
104
0.5%
±0.4%
104
1.0%
±1.8%
104
4.6%
±5.3%
102
100.0%
104

94.2%
±6.1%
15

5.2%
±6.?%
15
0.0%
±0.0%
15
0.0%
±0.0%
15
0.6%
±7.0%
15
0.0%
±0.0%
15
100.0%
15
501-
1,000

80.5%
± 70.4%
85

5.2%
±3.5%
85
0.2%
±0.2%
85
0.3%
±0.2%
85
0.3%
±0.4%
85
13.6%
±70.6%
84
100.0%
85

100.0%

1

0.0%

1
0.0%
**
1
0.0%

1
0.0%

1
0.0%

1
100.0%
1
1,001 -
3,300

73.9%
±8.8%
96

6.2%
±2.9%
96
2.4%
±2.2%
96
1.1%
±0.4%
96
1.0%
±7.2%
96
15.3%
±7.3%
96
100.0%
96






















3,301 -
10,000

67.4%
±7.6%
113

7.4%
±2.7%
114
2.8%
±7.6%
114
0.5%
±0.4%
114
2.0%
±3.5%
114
20.7%
±7.6%
113
100.0%
114






















10,001 - 50,001 - Over
50,000 100,000 100,000

64.0% 50.7% 60.2%
±7.7% ±9.8% ±0.6%
76 22 16

15.7% 25.0% 29.6%
±3.3% ±5.7% ±0.6%
76 23 16
1.4% 1.3% 1.6%
±0.6% ±0.2% ±0.2%
76 23 16
2.9% 3.7% 3.1%
±0.8% ±0.8% ±0.2%
76 23 16
0.3% 0.1% 0.0%
±0.6% ±0.0% ±0.0%
76 23 16
15.9% 20.8% 5.5%
±6.7% ±74.9% ±0.2%
74 23 16
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
76 23 16






















         **: Insufficient observations to calculate confidence Intervals

       Date:  Q.29

     Notes:  TaWe includes only systems that charge directly for water
             To achieve highest accuracy for each line item, each one is based on all available observations for that item. As a result, the
             calculations for each customer category within each ownership type may represent a slightly different set of systems overall; the sum
             of customer category revenue percentages may not equal 100% (See General Note 3)

Definitions:  Water Sates Revenues: revenues from the actual sale of water
             Other: Includes miscellaneous customer categories and combined categories for which systems could not distinguish between two or
             more customer categories
-------

















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-------
-------
       PART 3
METHODOLOGY REPORT
-------
-------
                                   1.
                               INTRODUCTION
1.1
            Study Background and Survey Overview
Study Background
            In compliance with Executive Order 12866, the Regulatory Flexibility  Act, and the Safe
Drinking Water Act (SDWA), EPA's Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water conducts periodic
surveys of the financial and operating characteristics of community water systems. Previous surveys were
conducted in 1976, 1982, and 1986.  This report documents the methodology employed for the latest point
in this series, the 1994 Community Water System Survey.  The information in this survey will be used to
help  EPA and State  program  offices develop  and  implement the administration's proposals  for
reauthorizing the SDWA.   It will be used, for example, to help make water system capacity-building
evaluations, particularly for small systems, and to determine the need for and design of special Best
Available Technology (BAT) programs,  again primarily benefiting smaller systems.  The information is
also essential to support economic analyses of the costs and benefits of new regulations and changes to
existing regulations on consumers, the water supply industry, and the nation.  The information will also be
used to measure the financial burden of EPA's regulations on consumers and the water supply industry.
Furthermore, data  from the survey will help  EPA identify, evaluate, and  develop  guidance for Best
Management Practices (BMPs) used in water treatment and distribution systems.
1.2
Survey Overview
            This section is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the design and conduct of
the Community Water System Survey. The topics presented in this section will then be discussed at greater
length in the following chapters.

            The  Community Water System  Survey (CWSS)  was a mail  survey  designed  to collect
operating and financial information from a representative sample of community water systems.  In order to
identify the eligible systems and appropriate respondents for the mail questionnaire, the survey utilized a
computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) questionnaire to conduct a preliminary screening of the
sampled systems.  An initial Phase I sample of 5,856 water systems was drawn from over 57,000 systems
contained on the Federal Reporting Data System (FRDS) file, which was the source of the sample frame
                                              1-1
-------
               for the CWSS.  To meet EPA's analytical objectives, the sample was stratified into 38  groups (strata)
               defined by the system's type of ownership, water sources, and number of residents served.

                           Telephone interviewers contacted and  screened the systems to verify FRDS  data, collect
               additional data for stratifying the mail sample frame, and collect the name and address of the person who
               would complete the mail survey questionnaire.  The  CATI survey identified 4,729 e ;gible  water systems.
               These systems were re-stratified based on the information they provided during the screening survey, to
               form the frame for the Phase II of the survey.  From these 4,729 systems, 3,681  were  subsampled to
               receive the main survey questionnaire.

                           Three versions of the survey questionnaire were  developed to be administered by mail to
               publicly owned, privately owned, and ancillary community water systems. An ancillary system is one that
               operates a drinking water system as a secondary component of its main business, such as a trailer park.
               After the data collection instrument was pretested and revised, a complete pilot test of survey instruments,
               procedures, and  operations was conducted  with approximately 80  water  systems.  The  instruments,
               systems, and procedures were then revised for the full study, as dictated by the findings of the pilot test.

                          Immediately prior to the mailout of the questionnaires, the systems received a notification call
               alerting them that they would receive a mail questionnaire. During mail data collection, a toll-free support
               line was manned to answer any technical or administrative questions that respondents might have.  At
               appropriate points  in  time, reminder  calls were also  made to non-responding systems.  Requests  for
               questionnaire remailings were received through the support line and in conjunction with reminder calls; the
               requests were batched and remails were done on a weekly basis.

                          As the completed questionnaires were returned, they were logged into a receipt control system.
              Next, they went through an  extensive data quality review and possible data retrieval  to clarify or correct
              anomalous items  or collect  missing responses.  The questionnaires were key-entered using  independent
              double-key entry.  Finally, they were run through automated cleaning and editing programs.

                          A series of sample weights, non-response  adjustments, and other statistical  techniques were
              created and applied to the final  set of responding sampled water  systems, so that  the responses of the
              sampled  systems  could be  properly expanded  to represent  the national universe of community water
              systems (CWSs).
_
                                                             1-2
-------
            Work on the planning and design of the Community Water System Survey began in July,
1993, and continued through July, 1994.  The pilot test was conducted from August to September, 1994,
and the final design  was developed in October and November, 1994.  Data collection occurred from
November to December,  1994 (telephone screener) and from June,  1995, through March, 1996 (mail
survey).  Data processing, analysis, and reporting covered the period December, 1995, through September,
1996.

            EPA secured the services of several contractors who performed a variety of tasks in support
of the survey design, conduct, data processing, and analysis.  Prime contractors included The Cadmus
Group,  and Westat, Inc.    Other contractors included The Washington Consulting  Group and  The
Government Finance Group.  The Cadmus Group has been supporting  EPA and other clients  in the
assessment and analysis of the water industry for over 15 years.  Cadmus' primary responsibilities were for
overall project management, expert QA review of survey data, and report preparation.  Westat  was
responsible for assisting EPA with questionnaire design; for sample design and selection; design, conduct
and management of the data collection process; editing and preparation of the data into final form for
delivery; calculation  of appropriate sample weights; data tabulations; and delivery of the final survey
database with documentation. The Washington Consulting Group conducted advance notification calls to
the sampled systems immediately prior to questionnaire mailout.  EPA provided management and guidance
across all of these tasks.  The Government Finance Group (GFG), expert in the field of public finance,
reviewed and helped design  the financial section of the CWSS questionnaire.  They also provided QA
review of survey results. Grant Thornton, Inc., accountants and management consultants,  conducted a peer
review of the financial section of the survey questionnaire and provided insights on the classification of
revenues and expenses based on the principles  of Enterprise Fund accounting.  Peer review of the CWSS
questionnaires was also conducted by  John Trax of the National Rural Water Association and by Vern
Achtormann, Waterstats Manager for American Water Works Association until the Summer of 1996.

            EPA  also was supported by several well known consultants to the water industry.  Mr. Jim
McFarland, a consultant who has been conducting RIAs for EPA's Office of Ground Water and Drinking
Water (OGWDW) for over a decade, has been involved in all facets of the CWSS project. He supported
the design of the CWSS questionnaire, helped develop the QA review procedures that were applied, and
participated in report preparation and review.  Mr. Dan Fraser, an engineer and expert  in the  operational
characteristics of  water systems, participated in the  review of the operational section  of  the  survey
questionnaire and QA review of survey results.  Dr. Janice Beecher of Indiana University has conducted
peer review of the  CWSS Report.  Dr.  Beecher, an expert in the water industry, serves as Senior Research
Scientist and Director of Regulatory  Studies  at Indiana University's Center for Urban Policy and the
                                               1-3
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Environment   She also serves as a Senior Institute Research  Specialist  at the National  Regulatory
Research Institute (NRRI).
                                              1-4
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                           2. SAMPLE DESIGN AND WEIGHTING
2.1
Sample Design and Selection
            This section describes the sample design for the Community Water System Survey (CWSS).
It includes a description of the sampling frame, target sample size, stratification variables and sampling
method.

            The  survey  utilized a two-phase, single  stage,  stratified sample design.   Phase I was  a
telephone screening survey which provided a sampling frame for the main data collection effort in Phase II.
The Phase II mail survey was tailored to the type of ownership of the water system and provided data for
the substantive analysis.   At both stages, sampling  strata were defined by various  combinations of the
water systems' size (residential population served), ownership (public, private, or ancillary), and primary
water source (ground or surface).

            A  screener questionnaire  was administered by telephone to the sampled water systems to
determine their eligibility and to obtain precise stratification and accurate contact information.  In Phase II,
the eligible Phase I respondents were stratified utilizing the screening data and a sample of 3,681 systems
were selected for the mail survey.
2.1.1
FRDS Sampling Frame and Coverage
            CWSS Sample Frame. The CWSS sample frame was developed from the Federal Reporting
and Data System (FRDS), EPA's permanent database of all U.S. water systems.  This database contains
records of water systems and water system facilities; it consists of information that is reported to EPA on a
quarterly basis by each individual state.  FRDS's coverage of the target population is relatively complete.
Alternate list frames all suffer from substantial undercoverage.  An area frame approach would be more
costly than the list frame approach in  that the possible improvement  in the sample would not justify the
increased cost.

            Because of the longitudinal nature of the FRDS file, the formal definition of a community
water system (as specified in the Code  of Federal Regulations),  and the specific  definition of systems
eligible for this survey, not every record on the file represented a community water system that was eligible
for the survey.   Thus, to construct a valid operational sample frame, it was  necessary to review the
                                              2-1
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 standard FRDS data file documentation and to conduct summary and individual analyses of the FRDS
 records to assess what kinds of information were available. The information was targeted to fulfill three
 principal purposes:

             •  Eligibility: to determine whether  a record represented a currently  operating,  sample-
                eligible community water system;

             •  Sample  Stratification:  to determine whether the necessary data elements (variables)
                existed on FRDS, containing suitable data values, to construct a frame  for a sample
                design that would meet EPA's ultimate data and analytical needs from the survey; and
             •  Data Collection: to determine the quality and extent of the water system location and
                contact  information available  on FRDS to  support  an efficient  and effective  data
                collection effort.
             In addition to the presence or absence of specific items, the frame development process also
 took steps to analyze the reliability and consistency of the data within and across records and to measure
 the degree to which data was present or missing for each data element. Finally, FRDS contains numerous
 data elements that were not relevant to the CWSS; and there are potentially multiple sources for certain
 pieces of information.  Hence, the FRDS review developed a decision-list of all the specific FRDS data
 elements that would be used for sampling and  data collection, as well as clear documentation of their
 contents in terms of the CWSS design definitions.

             This review and analysis was conducted at two stages: prior to the first draft sample design,
 and  again  after  the results of the survey pilot test identified additional issues concerning the structure,
 content, and quality of the FRDS data that could have a bearing on sample design and data collection.

             Frame Preparation Protocol. To prepare the CWSS sample frame, the needed data elements
 were extracted from the FRDS database, then checked, processed and cleaned according to a documented
 protocol developed during  the FRDS review and  analysis.  The principal processing goals during the
 extraction and frame  building process  included identifying and eliminating duplicate records, improving
 missing or ambiguous ownership data, checking for valid telephone numbers, and stratifying the resulting
 frame according to the sample design.

            The sample design called for a stratified sample.  Two of the stratification dimensions were
the systems' size, as defined by residential population served, and type of ownership.  Analysis determined
                                               2-2
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that  population served was missing for about 0.5% of the FRDS records,  and the  frame preparation
protocol imputed these missing values using a hot-deck imputation procedure.  The survey design assumed
that  this imputation  would be used only  for the first phase  of the sampling process, and that actual
population data would be collected during the telephone screening of the first phase sample.

            Ownership type was assigned to the CWSS ownership categories (publicly  owned or privately
owned) when values in the FRDS record mapped explicitly to the CWSS ownership definitions.  However,
these values  were sometimes ambiguous or missing.  In these cases, the frame development protocol
incorporated a qualitative evaluation of the water system names to make a judgment as to the ownership
type, based on certain types of names or specific words appearing in the name. A decision tree was
implemented within both automated and manual review processes. If the automated processing identified
certain key words, phrases, or abbreviations  in  the name, then the  appropriate ownership  type was
assigned.  For example, the presence of the word "Municipal" in its various forms, cases, and abbreviations
was  regarded as evidence of public ownership, while the similar variants of the word "Incorporated" was
regarded as evidence of private ownership.  A lengthy list of similar indicators  was employed.   If the
automated decision logic could not make an explicit decision, the record was printed for review by the
CWSS project staff,  who used both the system  name and other sources of information to assign the
ownership category.

            Several  specific  data content issues were dealt  with  during the processing of the FRDS
records. Telephone numbers, which were needed for conducting the Phase I telephone screening, serve as a
good example.  The  preliminary review of the rate of completely missing data in the telephone  number
fields identified the need for the CWSS data collection plan to incorporate procedures to acquire phone
numbers from sources other than FRDS. However, during the  actual frame processing, a more  structured
review of the telephone numbers indicated that the mere presence of numbers in the appropriate field did
not necessarily provide useful telephone numbers.  For example, the  structured review of the telephone
numbers looked for ones in which all characters consisted of a  "9" or "0", or whose area codes began with
"0"  or "1."  Such numbers were not valid numbers and would need to be  identified prior to the data
collection so that they could be put through the intensive tracing process described below in Section  3.3.

            In general, most active water systems are considered part of the current FRDS inventory (i.e.,
FRDS data element C109 classifies their record as "current"), while systems that are no  longer active water
systems are classified as "historical."  In some cases, however, a record for an active water system may
become classified as historical, due to problems experienced during data processing for updating FRDS.
The results of the pilot test confirmed that most of the FRDS records that were classified as historical were
                                               2-3
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 not active systems.  The final frame development protocol included file processing specifications for
 eliminating the historical records when the frame was prepared for drawing the sample, expect for rare
 instances when there was external evidence that records for specific groups of active water systems had
 been systematically classified as historical due to FRDS processing requirements.
 2.1.2
Phase I Sample Design and Selection
             Sample Eligibility. To be eligible for the CWSS, a water system had to meet several criteria.
 First, it had to meet the CFR definition of a community water system; principally, a water system providing
 drinking water to 25 or more permanent residents or to 15 permanent connections. (See 40 CFR 141.2 for
 complete definition.) In addition, the CWSS excluded federally and state-owned or operated systems since
 these are not affected by regulatory and economic forces in the same way as other systems. To the extent
 possible, all ineligible  systems were identified on FRDS and removed from the  frame.  However, many
 such systems either could not be  identified on the frame or could not be so identified with confidence.  Any
 such systems remaining on the frame were identified by the screening process and subsequently excluded
 from the Phase II sample.

            The  CWSS analytical plan  specified minimum  precision levels  to  be  achieved  for
 subpopulations,  which meant that specific sample  sizes be  achieved  for  each  subpopulation.   The
 stratification variables  that were available on the sampling frame  were not accurate enough to ensure the
 initial selection of the given overall sample size needed for the required precision levels, in a cost-effective
 manner.  Thus, it was necessary to draw a larger  sample  in Phase I, to ensure that enough sample would be
 available in Phase I to obtain accurate stratification information  to be used in the Phase II  sample size
 allocations within each  stratum.

            The domains of the population of interest for EPA are based on three major characteristics of
 the systems: size of the population served by the system, type of  system ownership, and type of primary
 source of non-purchased water.   The domains of the population are shown in Table 2-1. The regulatory
 impact models require as inputs estimates of parameters  of reasonable precision in each of these domains.
 The sample size in each domain should be large enough  to provide a sufficient number of completed
 questionnaires to obtain estimates with reasonable precision.  Thus, the sample was designed to provide
 estimates of percentages with an error not exceeding 10  percent (except for a 1 in 20 chance)  within each
domain. For example, suppose 50 percent of the systems in a domain responded that  they boost chlorine
residuals in their distribution system. The sample was designed so  that EPA could be 95  percent confident
                                              2-4
-------
that between 40 percent and 60 percent of the systems in this domain boost chlorine residuals.  The
minimum sample size required under this design would obtain an estimate for a 50 percent statistic with an
error not exceeding ±10 percent (except for a 1 in 20 chance) in each domain. A 50 percent statistic was
used because the standard error is largest when the population percentage is 50 percent.  The error will be
smaller for other population percentages.

            For some domains, the FRDS frame could  provide population counts only for broader
domains than needed by EPA. For example, the data from FRDS were not sufficiently descriptive to divide
privately owned systems into ancillary vs. nonancillary categories.  Thus, the estimated proportions  from
the 1986 CWSS were used to estimate the population counts for the detailed subdivisions.  The response
and eligibility  rates  from the 1986 survey were used to obtain the estimates for the number of initially
sampled systems required to yield the target number of completes.

            The Phase I sample was  obtained by drawing a systematic sample of systems  from the
cleaned,  de-duplicated  FRDS frame, within each sampling stratum.   Thirty-two sampling strata  were
formed as the intersection of the eight population size classes, two ownership types, and two types of water
source. Table 2-1 shows the frame and the sample counts for the Phase I sample. In total, 5,856 systems
were selected for Phase I.

            In order to reduce the response burden on the water systems, attempts were made to minimize
the overlap  between the  1995  Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey (DWINS) and the CWSS
samples.   The  systems in the  mid-size strata, i.e., population served between  3,301  and  50,000,  were
selected conditional  upon their selection to the DWINS sample.  The conditional selection was used to
reduce the overlap between the two samples.  The overlap among small systems was anticipated to be  quite
small,  and almost all large systems had to be selected according to both survey sample designs, so this
procedure was only applied to mid-size systems.  The systems in the mid-size strata were further stratified
by the  DWINS sample strata, and then were selected with probabilities conditional upon their inclusion for
the DWINS sample.  This modified Keyfitz (Brick, Morganstein, and Wolters,  1987) method of selection
ensured the desired CWSS selection probabilities while minimizing the  overlap between the DWINS and
the CWSS samples.

            The sampling method ensured that the unconditional chance of selection to the CWSS sample
is equal to the desired CWSS sampling fraction while minimizing the overlap between the two samples.
This selection procedure is optimal  in that no other selection procedure which provides the desired CWSS
                                              2-5
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Table 2-1      Phase I Frame and Sample Sizes by the Phase I Strata
Phase I stratum
Size of
population
served
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
101-500
101-500
101-500
101-500
501-1,000
501-1,000
501-1,000
501-1,000
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
> 100,000
100,001-500,000
> 100,000
> 100,000
> 500,000
All
Ownership
type
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
All
Source
of
water
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface •
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Surface
All
Frame Sample Sampling
size size rate
1,300 161 0.124
272 119 0.438
14,268 783 0.055
593 401 0.676
4,439 197 0.044
1,191 180 0.151
10,759 667 0.062
778 418 0.537
2,744 179 0.065
778 159 0.204
1,927 209 0.108
324 149 0.460
3,857 175 0.045
1,757 167 0.095
1,632 180 0.110
536 154 0.287
1,845 164 0.089
1,497 165 0.110
455 165 0.363
193 128 0.663
987 143 0.145
1,276 157 0.123
203 110 0.542
127 84 0.661
117 78 0.667
244 106 0.434
29 29 1.000
31 31 1.000
66 66 1.000
177 44 0.249
18 18 1.000
35 35 1.000
35 35 1.000
54,490 5,856
                                          2-6
-------
unconditional selection probabilities would retain fewer DWINS  sample units in the CWSS sample.  In
total, in mid-size  strata 210 DWINS  systems were retained.  If the  CWSS sample had been drawn
independently of the DWINS sample, it was expected that approximately 506 DWINS sample systems
would have been selected for the CWSS. Thus, the procedure provided a nearly 60 percent reduction in the
size of the overlap.

            In the small and large size  strata, the systems, before selection, were placed in a sort order by
the EPA region, and within the EPA region by the size of the population served.  The direction of the size
sort alternated across the regions. This implicit stratification ensured the geographical dispersion among
the sample systems, and increased the probability that a range of population sizes within a stratum were
sampled. With the systems in this sort order an equal probability systematic sample of systems was drawn
within each stratum.  The sampling was  independent across the strata.

            Table 2-1 shows the frame and sample sizes and the sampling rate for each stratum.  The
publicly owned  systems with surface  water serving more than 100,000 persons  were selected with
certainty.
2.1.3
Phase II Sample Design and Selection
            Out of 5,856 water systems selected for the Phase I sample, 4,729 successfully completed the
interviews and were eligible for sampling for Phase II. The screener collected data on the stratification
variables, i.e. size of the population served by the system, ownership of the system, and the source of water
to the system. The responses to the screener showed inaccuracies in the FRDS-based stratification of the
water systems.  This is consistent with experiences from previous surveys that have used the FRDS as a
sampling frame (e.g., the National Pesticide Survey and the 1986 Survey of Community Water Systems).

            The  migration  of the systems to different  strata as a  result of the screener  responses
introduced inefficiency in the sample design through a loss of sample size and/or by introducing unequal
sampling rates.   An iterative optimization algorithm was applied to achieve optimum sample  size
allocations within each screener-based stratum  through equalizing the sampling rates across the FRDS
based strata.  The intersections of the FRDS-based strata and the screener-based-strata resulted in a total of
337 strata.
                                               2-7
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             After the optimum sampling rates were determined, the systems were placed in a sort order by
 EPA region, and within the EPA region by the size of the population served within each stratum.  The
 direction of the size sort alternated across the regions. In total, 3,681 systems were selected by drawing an
 equal probability systematic sample of systems in each of the 337 strata.

             For each of the screener-based strata Table 2-2 shows the number of water systems that were
 eligible for Phase n sampling and the number of systems that were selected.
 2.1.4
Stratum Migration
            The errors in the FRDS frame classification of the water systems into size, ownership, and
 source of water categories introduced inefficiency in the sample design through a loss of sample size and/or
 by introducing unequal sampling rates.  Among the Phase I respondents, 81 percent reported the same size
 class as the FRDS data indicated.  A larger proportion, about 86 percent, reported the same ownership
 type, and about 91 percent reported the same water source as the FRDS data.

            Size of the System

            Table 2-3 shows the cross-tabulation of the eligible screener respondents by FRDS-based and
 screener-based system size classes. In all size classes, more than 94 percent of the systems confirmed their
 original size class or reported a service population in a class immediately adjacent. A greater percentage of
 systems migrated to smaller size  classes than to larger size classes. In general, size confirmation rates for
 the FRDS data can be considered high.  However, a few systems that were reported in small size classes in
 FRDS migrated to a much larger size class in the screener. Nine systems that were reported as smaller
 than 3,301 in  FRDS migrated to size classes larger than  50,000.  The systems migrating to larger  size
 classes can have adverse effects on the precision of the estimates. This stratum migration and its effects on
 the precision of the estimates are discussed in detail below.

            Ownership

            Table 2-4 shows the cross-tabulation of the  screener respondents by FRDS and screener-
based system ownership classifications.  About 91 percent of systems that were  classified  as publicly
owned in FRDS were confirmed as publicly owned, while a smaller percentage, 82 percent, of the systems
                                              2-8
-------
Table 2-2.     Phase II Frame and Sample Sizes by the Phase II Strata
Phase II stratum
Size of
population
served
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
101-500
101-500
101-500
101-500
101-500
101-500
501-1,000
501-1,000
501-1,000
501-1,000
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
> 100,000
> 100,000
> 100,000
> 100,000
All
Ownership
type
Public
Public
Private
Private
Ancillary
Ancillary
Public
Public
Private
Private
Ancillary
Ancillary
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
All
Source
of
water
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
All
Frame Sample
size size
98 98
68 68
263 158
101 101
321 148
76 76
224 137
194 150
312 154
170 170
212 163
57 57
177 132
145 145
133 133
83 83
212 128
198 127
151 139
83 83
190 132
172 127
127 127
66 66
182 117
166 114
84 84
48 48
89 89
90 90
20 20
30 30
67 67
82 82
16 16
22 22
4,729 3,681
                                           2-9
-------
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Table 2-4.      Eligible Screener Respondents by the FRDS-Based and Screener-Based Ownership
               Types (Consistent Responses are Shown in Bold)

Screener-Based
Ownership Type
Public

Private

Count
Percent
Count
Percent
FRDS-Based Ownership Type
Small
Public
984
85
168
15
Private
317
15
1,775
85
Mid-size
Public
585
96
25
4
Private
127
28
324
72
Large
Public
312
99
2
1
Private
29
26
81
74
All
Public
1,881
91
195
9
Private
473
18
2,180
82
Note:  Percent is column percent, that is, the percentage of systems in the original FRDS-based ownership
       type that fell into each ownership type based on the screener data.
indicated as privately owned on FRDS were confirmed as privately owned. However, these percentages
varied by system size.  For  small (size of the population served is 3,300 persons or less) systems, the
percentages were equal, about 85 percent. For the systems identified on FRDS as publicly owned systems,
the percentage confirmed as publicly owned increased by size of the system, to 99 percent for the largest
systems.   For the systems  identified on FRDS as privately owned systems, the percentage confirmed as
                                                                                              •*
privately owned was lower for the larger systems, about 74 percent for the largest systems.

            Water Source

            Table 2-5 shows the cross tabulation of the eligible screener respondents by FRDS-based and
screener-based water source classifications. About 97 percent of systems identified as ground-source water
systems in FRDS confirmed this information;  in the screener,  however, only 86 percent of the  systems
identified as surface-source systems in FRDS were confirmed as  surface in the screener.  (The lower rate of
confirmation for surface systems can be attributed to differences between the survey's definition of surface
source water system and the FRDS definition of surface source water system.)  This also varied by size of
the system. For small and mid-size systems,  about 97  percent of the ground water systems in FRDS
confirmed while only 85 percent of the surface water systems confirmed FRDS data.   For large  systems
(serving more than 50,000) the respective percentages were almost equal, about 88 percent.

            In Table 2-6, it can be observed that in none of the domains did the effect of the stratum
migration cause the projected sampling error to exceed 15 percent. Seven out of a total of thirty-six strata
                                              2-11
-------
 Table 2-5.     Eligible Screener Respondents by the FRDS-Based and Screener-Based Source of
                Water Types (Consistent Responses are Shown in Bold)

Screener-Based
Water Source
Ground

Surface

Count
Percent
Count
Percent
FRDS-Based Water Source
Small
Ground
1,878
98
40
2
Surface
196
15
1,130
85
Mid-size
Ground
543
97
14
3
Surface
72
14
432
86
Large
Ground
162
88
22
12
Surface
27
11
213
89
All
Ground
2,583
97
76
3
Surface
295
14
1,775
86
 Note:  Percent is column percent, that is, the percentage of systems in the original FRDS-based water-
 source type that fell into each water-source type based on screener data.
 have an expected error between ±14 and ±15 percent, fifteen have an expected error between ±11 and ±13
 percent, and the remaining fourteen about ±10 percent.  This table is discussed in detail in the following
 section.

            Impact of Stratum Migration on the Accuracy of Domain Estimates

            For each domain, Table 2-6 shows the minimum Phase II mail-out sample size required to
 obtain an estimate for a 50 percent statistic with an error not exceeding ±10 percent (except for a 1 out of
 20 chance).   The planned sample size  assumed the  FRDS  frame correctly identified  all subdomain
 members, while the required size is the number required to achieve this level of accuracy given the observed
 frame discrepancies, and the actual size is the mail-out sample size being implemented.  The actual is
 smaller than the required sample size when the first-stage sample could not produce enough cases that were
 actually in the subdomain given the frame discrepancies.   The Table also shows the half-width  of the
 confidence interval resulting from actual mail sample sizes (and the anticipated response rate based  on the
 1986 CWSS) and the increase that represents over the planned 0.100 width.

            The seven domains that had an anticipated sampling error between ±14 and ±15 percent were
all in strata using surface water with a population served size of 50,000 or less.  Six of the seven domains
have private ownership. Lower precision in these domains mainly resulted from classification errors in the
FRDS frame. As discussed above, a substantial number of systems that were classified as privately owned
and surface water in FRDS reported in the screener as publicly owned and ground water.  In  fact, almost
                                             2-12
-------
Table 2-6.     Phase II Sample Sizes and Impact on Accuracy, for Every Design Stratum
Stratum
<100,Pub,Grd
<100,Pub,Srf
<100,Pvt,Grd
<100,Pvt,Srf
<100,Anc,Grd
<100,Anc,Srf
101-500,Pub,Grd
101-500,Pub,Srf
101-500,Pvt,Grd
101-500,Pvt,Srf
101-500,Anc,Grd
101-500,Anc,Srf
501-l,000,Pub,Grd
501-l,000,Pub,Srf
501-l,000,Pvt,Grd
501-l,000,Pvt,Srf
l,001-3,300,Pub,Grd
l,001-3,300,Pub,Srf
l,001-3,300,Pvt,Grd
l,001-3,300,Pvt,Srf
3,301-10,000,Pub,Grd
3,301-10,000,Pub,Srf
3,301-10,000,Pvt,Grd
3,301-10,000,Pvt,Srf
10,001-50,000,Pub,Grd
10,001-50,000,Pub,Srf
10,001-50,000,Pvt,Grd
10,001-50,000,Pvt,Srf
50,00 l-100,000,Pub,Grd
50,00 l-100,000,Pub,Srf
50,00 l-100,000,Pvt,Grd
50,001-100,000,Pvt,Srf
>100,000,Pub,Grd
>100,000,Pvt,Srf
>100,000,Pvt,Grd
>100,000,Pvt,Srf
Total
Mail-out size
Planned
111
82
158
114
148
108
135
124
154
128
163
135
130
115
140
100
126
121
121
103
126
124
108
80
109
112
82
66
57
78
23
24
42
75
15
26
3,663
Required
154
152
155
222
146
106
137
147
152
212
160
110
132
168
167
170
127
125
139
155
131
125
193
149
116
112
128
94
126
106
24
39
115
105
19
26
4,644
Actual
98
68
158
101
148
76
137
150
154
170
163
57
132 ,
145
133
83
128
127
139
83
132
127
127
66
117
114
84
48
89
90
20
30
67
82
16
22
3,681
Half-width of
95% confidence
interval
0.125
0.150
0.099
0.148
0.099
0.118
0.100
0.099
0.099
0.112
0.099
0.139
0.100
0.108
0.112
0.143
0.100
0.099
0.100
0.137
0.100
0.099
0.123
0.150
0.100
0.099
0.123
0.140
0.119
0.109
0.110
0.114
0.131
0.113
0.109
0.109

Increase in
half-width
over 0.100
0.025
0.050
-
0.048
-
0.018
_
-
-
0.012
-
0.039
_
0.008
0.012
0.043
_
-
-
0.037
.
-
0.023
0.050
_
-
0.023
0.040
0.019
0.009
0.010
0.014
0.031
0.013
0.009
0.009

                                          2-13
-------
 50 percent of FRDS mid-size systems that were indicated as privately owned/surface water migrated to
 another ownership/water source type domain.  This resulted in substantial sample size loss in the privately
 owned/surface water domains.  At the same time, the systems that migrated to privately owned/surface
 water domains, although few in number, had in general smaller sampling rates than the systems originally
 sampled in those strata (and hence larger sampling weights) which further increased the variance.

             The remaining one domain with an anticipated ±15 percent sampling error is the smallest
 publicly owned system size category with surface water. The ground water domain in this size/ownership
 category  also was projected to have a somewhat lower precision, about ±13 percent. The lower precision
 expected in these domains resulted mainly from realization of lower than expected eligibility rates in these
 domains.

             In two mid-size  (3,301-50,000) privately owned/ground water domains the  anticipated error
 percentages were about  ±12 percent.  The slightly  lower precision levels  were caused mainly by the
 differential sampling rates introduced by the migration of systems into these domains.

             All privately owned systems that are larger than 50,000, as indicated by the FRDS data, were
 selected with certainty.  In these domains, the projected error rate was slightly above ±10 percent (about
 ±11 percent). This is mainly due to the expected nonresponse rate for the mail survey (about 20 percent) in
 these domains.  For surface water domains the variation in the sampling rates resulting from migration also
 contributed to slightly higher error percentages.

            All  systems that  were  classified  using FRDS  data as  larger than  100,000/publicly
 owned/ground water were included  in the Phase I sample. In this domain, the error is expected to be about
±13 percent.  This is  because of migration of a few systems to this domain from much smaller Phase I size
 classes that were selected with a much lower sampling rate for the Phase  I (consequently having a large
sampling weight).  Although all the systems in this domain, as indicated by  FRDS, were included in the
sample, it was not possible to obtain a higher precision because of classification errors in  FRDS.   The
projected precision level  of ±11 percent for the  100,000/publicly owned/surface domain  is somewhat
overstated, because the systems that are larger than 500,000 in this domain were included with certainty.
                                              2-14
-------
2.2
Weighting and Estimation
            A sampling weight is attached to each responding water system record (1) to account for
differential probabilities of selection,  (2) to reduce the potential bias resulting from nonresponse. The
sampling weights are necessary for unbiased estimation of the population characteristics of interest.
2.2.1
Derivation of the Phase I Base Weight and Nonresponse Adjustment
            The base weight for the Phase I sample was computed as the ratio of the number of water
systems in the sampling frame to the number of systems sampled in each Phase I sampling stratum. That
is, the Phase I weight for the /z-th sampling stratum, W$, is:
                                                   nh
where Nh and «/> are the frame and sample sizes respectively for the /2-th sampling stratum. Table 2-7
shows the Phase I sampling base weight for each Phase I sampling stratum.

            Eligibility could be determined for 5,192 water systems out  of a total of 5,856 systems
sampled for Phase I.  The 664 systems where eligibility could not be determined were included in the
screener result categories as non-locatable, refusal, no answer, maximum contact, and other as discussed in
detail in Section 3.4 (this includes 9 systems that were classified in Table 3-1 as ineligible through external
sources). Out of a total 4,826 systems determined to be eligible, 4,729 were identified as eligible through
the screener interview. The remaining 97 systems were initially identified as ineligible in the screener and
consequently excluded from the Phase II sampling.  However, these systems were later  determined to  be
eligible through a review process of the screener results which is discussed in detail in Section 3.5.  Table
2-7  presents the number of systems for which eligibility  could  be  determined, the number of eligible
systems,  and the  number of  eligible  systems that were  identified as eligible through the screener
questionnaire and  consequently included for the Phase II sampling (the second-to-last  column on Table
2-7).

            The Phase I nonresponse adjustment factor was  computed as a product of two factors.  The
first adjustment factor compensated for those 644 systems for which eligibility could not be determined.  It
was computed as the ratio of the number of sampled systems to the  number  of systems where eligibility
                                               2-15
-------
Table 2-7.
The Phase I Base Weight and the Nonresponse Adjustment Factors by the Phase I Sampling
Strata

Size of
population
served
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
101-500
101-500
101-500
101-500
501-1,000
501-1,000
501-1,000
501-1,000
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
> 100,000
100,001-500,000
> 100,000
> 100,000
> 500,000
All
Ownership
type
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
All
Source
of
water
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Surface
All
Number of systems Nonresoonse
Frame Sample Base Eligibility Eligible adjustment
size size weight determined Eligible respondent factor
1,300 161 8.07 135 111 108 1226
272 119 2.29 104 90 85 1212
14,268 783 18.22 562 496 466 1483
593 401 1.48 316 233 216 1.369
4,439 197 22.53 180 175 172 1 114
1,191 180 6.62 167 149 148 1085
10,759 667 16.13 546 516 509 1238
778 418 1.86 357 320 305 1.228
2,744 179 15.33 168 165 165 1065
778 159 4.89 151 145 145 1053
1,927 209 9.22 185 178 177 1 136
324 149 2.17 137 128 126 1.105
3,857 175 22.04 170 167 167 1029
1,757 167 10.52 163 162 162 1025
1,632 180 9.07 168 155 154 1078
536 154 3.48 149 142 139 1.056
1,845 164 11.25 162 161 161 1012
1,497 165 9.07 164 157 157 1.006
455 165 2.76 157 150 149 1058
193 128 1.51 127 118 116 1.025
987 143 6.90 141 141 141 1014
1,276 157 8.13 156 151 151 1006
203 110 1.85 108 106 106 1019
127 84 1.51 82 80 80 1.024
H7 78 1.50 78 78 76 1026
244 106 2.30 105 104 103 1019
29 29 1.00 28 28 28 1.036
31 31 1.00 31 31 31 1.000
66 66 1.00 65 64 64 1015
177 44 4.02 44 43 42 1024
18 18 1.00 16 16 16 1.125
35 35 1-00 35 35 35 1.000
35 35 1.00 35 31 29 1.069
54,490 5,856 5 192 4 826 4 729
                                            2-16
-------
could be determined within each stratum. The adjustment was done under the assumption that within each
sampling stratum, the eligibility rate for the systems with unknown eligibility was the same as for the
systems with known eligibility.  The second adjustment factor compensated for those 97 eligible systems
that were excluded from Phase II sampling because they were not identified  as eligible until the review
process.  It was derived as the ratio of the number of eligible systems to the number of eligible systems that
were identified as eligible through the screener.  That is, the screener nonresponse adjustment factor for the
/z-th stratum, Xh, was computed as:
where /j£D) is the number of systems for which eligibility could be determined in the /z-th sampling stratum,
rffi is the number of eligible systems in the /z-th sampling stratum, «$,c) is the number of eligible systems
that were identified as eligible through the screener questionnaire in the  /z-th sampling stratum.  The
component numbers that went  into the screener nonresponse adjustment factors are shown in the second,
fourth, fifth, and sixth numeric  columns of Table 2-7.
2.2.2
Derivation of the Phase II Base Weight and Nonresponse Adjustment
            Base Weight

            As discussed in section 2.1.3, the intersections of the FRDS-based and screener-based strata
resulted in 337 Phase II sampling strata.  The Phase II base  weight was computed for each Phase II
sampling stratum as the ratio of the number of systems that were determined to be eligible based on the
screener questionnaire to the number of systems that were selected for Phase II within the stratum.

            After the Phase II base weight was obtained, the mail survey sampling weight was computed
as the product of the  Phase I base weight, Phase I nonresponse adjustment factor and the Phase II base
weight. That  is, for a water system in the /z-th FRDS based stratum and the k-th screener-based stratum,
the mail survey sampling weight, Whk > was computed as:
                                                                                            (2-1)
                                               2-17
-------
where
              is the Phase II sample base weight.
             Aggregated Cases

 For a few cases, the water system management could respond to the mail questionnaire only by providing
 aggregated data for two or more systems from the sampling frame (including not only the sampled listings
 but also nonsampled listings). Those aggregated systems were recorded in the survey database as a single
 record.  The mail survey sampling weights for each aggregate were therefore  adjusted to reflect the joint
 chances of selection of all systems represented in the respective aggregate.   This adjustment was made
 under the assumptions that the water systems included in the aggregate were sampled independently and the
 systems responded to  the screener independently  of each other.   The water systems were selected
 independently across the  strata, but the  selection was not independent within the stratum.   It was  also
 assumed that the nonsampled systems represented in the aggregates would have responded to the screener
 with  propensity equal to  the average response rate of the sampled water systems  in their FRDS-based
 stratum.

            Thus, the sampling weight for the g-th aggregate,  Ws , was computed as:
                                                                                            (2-2)
where Ss  is the set of water systems that were included in aggregate g and  Wgi  is the mail survey
sampling weight for the 7-th listing in the g-th aggregate computed in Equation (2-1).

            Nonresponse Adjustment

            Out of 3,681 water systems selected for the mail survey, 3,664 were eligible (1 was found
ineligible, 3 were out-of-business, and the remaining 13 responded but were retired cases because their data
were aggregated with other sampled systems).  Out of the 2,004 returned questionnaires, a total of 1,980
(54.0% of the sample) were included in the final weighted sample, after further adjustments for aggregated
cases and unusable questionnaires.  Nonresponse adjustment factors were computed to compensate for the
water systems that did not respond to the mail survey.  Since less than 1 percent of the respondents were
                                              2-18
-------
ineligible and all Phase II sampled systems had responded to the screener survey it was assumed that all
nonrespondents were eligible.

            Although nonresponse adjustment could potentially reduce bias,  it can also increase the
variance of the estimates.  Small adjustment classes and/or low response rates (yielding large nonresponse
adjustment factors) may increase the variance substantially and give rise to unstable estimates.  In order to
prevent excessive  increases in variance  and thereby adverse effects on the mean square error  of the
estimates, lower limits were placed on the size of the adjustment classes to avoid large adjustment factors.

            In general, the  nonresponse  adjustment classes were equivalent to the screener-based strata.
The only two exceptions were that the privately owned ground and privately owned surface water strata
were collapsed across two size strata exceeding 50,000.  The strata were collapsed to provide at least 20
respondents within the adjustment class to provide stable estimates. The nonresponse adjustment classes
are shown in Table 2-8.

            A nonresponse  adjustment factor was computed for each nonresponse adjustment  class.  The
nonresponse adjustment factor for the f-th adjustment class, §t, was computed as:
                                                                                             (2-3)
& = ~^r;
                                             ieR,
where
             Rt is the set of water systems  responding  to the  mail  survey in the M:h nonresponse
            adjustment class,

             Et is the set of water systems that were found to be eligible in the mail survey in the /-th
            nonresponse adjustment class.

             Wa is the mail survey sampling weight (computed in Equation 2-1 or in Equation 2-2 for the
            aggregates) for the z'-th water system in the f-th nonresponse adjustment class.

            Table 2-8 shows the response rates and the nonresponse adjustment factors by nonresponse
adjustment classes for the mail survey.  The smallest adjustment class  contained 24  completes  and the
adjustment factors varied from 1.315 to a maximum of 2.606.
                                               2-19
-------
Table 2-8.     The Phase II Response Rates and the Nonresponse Adjustment Factors by the Phase
              II Nonresponse Adjustment Classes
Nonresponse adjustment class
Size of
population
served
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
100 or less
101-500
101-500
101-500
101-500
101-500
101-500
501-1,000
501-1,000
501-1,000
501-1,000
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
> 50,000
> 50,000
> 100,000
> 100,000
All
Ownership
type
Public
Public
Private
Private
Ancillary
Ancillary
Public
Public
Private
Private
Ancillary
Ancillary
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
Private
Private
Public
Public
All
Source
of
water
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
All
Number Number Response Nonresponse
of of rate adjustment
eligibles completes (percent) factor
98 49 50.0 1.879
63 32 50.8 1.725
158 64 40.5 2.453
101 41 40.6 2.292
148 65 43.9 2.287
76 30 39.5 2.249
136 79 58.1 1.716
149 74 49.7 1.956
153 68 44.4 2.259
169 86 50.9 1.829
163 70 42.9 2.330
57 27 47.4 2.304
132 74 56.1 1.775
143 79 55.2 1.882
133 68 51.1 1.975
83 50 60.2 1.627
127 82 64.6 1.548
128 70 54.7 1.812
138 71 51.4 1.878
83 47 56.6 2.224
132 78 59.1 1.707
127 69 54.3 1.826
127 87 68.5 1.448
66 39 59.1 1.808
116 66 56.9 1.754
114 74 64.9 1.542
84 43 51.2 2.166
47 30 63.8 1.725
87 55 63.2 1.462
90 66 73.3 1.315
36 24 66.7 1.561
52 27 51.9 2.059
67 38 56.7 2.606
81 58 71.6 1.392
3,664 1,980 54.0
                                         2-20
-------
            After the nonresponse adjustment factors were computed, the nonresponse adjusted weight for
the respondents was obtained as a product of the mail survey sampling  weight and the nonresponse
adjustment factor.  The nonresponse adjusted weight was set equal to zero for the nonrespondents and
ineligibles.
2.2.3
The Final Weight
            As discussed in section 2.1.4, the migration of the water systems across the size, ownership
and water source strata, largely due to inaccuracies in the FRDS frame, resulted in considerable weight
variation within the final reported strata, based on mail questionnaire data.

            Such a large variation in weights would inflate the design effect and reduce the effective
sample size. This would have a deleterious impact on the precision of the estimates.  Trimming the largest
weights can reduce this effect and increase the precision of the sampling estimates. However, at the same
time trimming may introduce bias into the estimates. The goal of trimming is to balance any increase in
bias with reduction in sampling error so as to minimize the mean square error.

            The  distribution of the nonresponse adjusted weights was examined within estimation strata.
The estimation strata were formed as the intersections of eight population-served size classes and three
water sources  (ground, surface,  and purchased),  both obtained from the mail questionnaire,  and  the
ownership types  as originally reported in the  screener survey.  Within each stratum, the records were
ranked from the highest weight value to the lowest.  The weights were truncated sequentially at each level
of the weight and the design effect for the unequal weights computed.

            A sampling weight was trimmed when its trimming provided more than a 20 percent reduction
in variance. In total, the weights of 13 water systems were trimmed.  The trimmed portion of the weights
were distributed across the water systems within the trimming (estimation) class to produce the original
weight total.  Table 2-9 shows the number  of cases trimmed, the weight trimming level, and the factor
applied to the weights to distribute the trimmed portion of the weight within each  trimming (estimation)
class. In the largest size class (larger than 100,000) the trimmed portion of the weights was not distributed
(the weight redistribution factor is 1), because to do so would have resulted in a sample estimate much
higher than the frame total for the number of systems in this size class.
                                               2-21
-------
 Table 2-9      Weight Trimming Classes, Trimmed Weights and Weight Redistribution Factors
Weight trimming class
Size of
population
served
100 or less
100 or less
101-500
101-500
101-500
501-1,000
10,001-50,000
> 100,000
> 100,000
Ownership
type
Public
Private
Private
Private
Ancillary
Private
Private
Public
Public
Source
of
water
Surface
Surface
Surface
Purchase
Surface
Purchase
Surface
Ground
3urchase
Number of
cases
trimmed
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Weight
before
trimming
17.1
61.9
45.8
73.4
32.5
82.3
76.9
56.3
42.6
14.1
45.6
16.7
Weight
cut-off
value
4.8
6.3
16.5
13.1
6.7
20.7
3.4
2.9
5.7
Total
number of
cases in
the class
11
24
29
48
17
42
25
31
23
Weight
redistribution
factor
1.267
1.807
1.447
1.721
1.548
1.072
1.157
1.000
1.000
            The weight trimming introduced some potential bias to the estimates to the extent that the
trimmed cases differed in terms  of the characteristics of interest from the other water systems  in the
estimation stratum. However, for all  13 trimmed cases, the reduction in variance was so large that it is
anticipated to outweigh any potential bias introduced.
2.2.4
Variance Estimation
            In this survey, a replication method, jackknife, was used to estimate the sampling variance.
This method provides unbiased estimates of variance for the two-phase sample design used in this survey.
                                              2-22
-------
            The variance  estimation was carried out in three steps:   (1)  forming the replicates, (2)
constructing the replicate weights, and (3) computing the estimates of the variances of the survey estimates.


            After the replicates were formed and the replicate weights were constructed,  the variance
estimate (and the confidence interval) was computed easily for any statistic of interest using WesVarPC.
The variance estimate for  a statistic was computed as the  sum of the squared differences between the
estimates obtained using the replicate weights and estimate obtained using the full sample weight further
                                                                                                >s
multiplied by the finite population correction factor.  That is, the estimate of the variance of a statistic, Y,
denoted as v(Y), was:


                                              .    M
where,
                is the weighted estimate obtained using the Mh replicate weight,
             7 is the weighted estimate obtained using the full sample weight,


             8r is the finite population correction factor assigned for the r-th replicate, and


            Mis the number of replicate weights.


             (See K.M. Wolter,  1985, for more information about variance estimation.)  We now discuss
the development of the replicates to estimate the variability within each Phase I variance stratum.


             Replicates


             The CWSS sample included 27 noncertainty Phase I sampling strata.  The variability within
each noncertainty sampling stratum was estimated by constructing two replicates for each stratum. Within
each stratum the replicates were constructed as follows:

                  The Phase I sample  water systems were placed in their sample selection order and
                  paired successively  while  in  this sort  order.  Within each pair, the  systems were
                  alternately assigned to variance unit  1  and 2 with a random start.   The pairs were
                  further collapsed to form two clusters, and each cluster was then assigned to one of the
                  two variance strata.
                                               2-23
-------
 Thus, in total, 54 variance strata (two for each noncertainty variance stratum) were assigned to the systems
 that were selected from the noncertainty strata.

             The water systems that were selected with certainty were not assigned to any variance stratum
 because they do not contribute to sampling variability.

             Replicate Weights

             The r-th replicate base weight for the fc-th water system in the y-th variance unit and /-th
 variance stratum, W, was derived as:
                                                           • = iandj = '.
                                                            ifr*/
 where
             r=l,2,	,54, and
                  is the fiill sample base weight for the &-th water system in the/-th variance unit and /-th
variance stratum.
The 54 replicate base weights were all set equal to the full sample base weight for those cases that were
selected with certainty and consequently not assigned to a variance stratum.

            All the remaining full sample weighting steps leading to the final full sample weight were
performed on each replicate.  These included the Phase I nonresponse adjustment, the weighting for the
Phase II sampling, the weight adjustment for the aggregates, and the Phase II nonresponse adjustment.

            By repeating the various weight adjustment procedures on each set of replicate weights, the
effect of these procedures on the sampling variance of the estimator  Y is appropriately reflected in the
variance estimator, v(7) , defined above.
                                              2-24
-------
            Finite Population Correction Factor

            A finite population correction factor was derived for each first-phase variance stratum.  The
factor  was  computed  as  1 minus the ratio of the number of systems  that  completed the mail-out
questionnaire to the estimated number of eligible systems in the frame for the stratum.  The factors were
then assigned to the replicates corresponding to the strata.

            The confidence intervals that were computed using the replicate weights and WesVarPC are
presented in Part 2 of this report.  Each confidence interval presented in Part 2 is based on the assumption
that the average values for the systems represented in a given table cell  are normally distributed.   In
general, this assumption is  true.  However, calculations based on small numbers of systems may violate
this assumption.  In such cases the reported confidence intervals will not be  correct. Most of these can be
identified by noticing when  the plus/minus confidence interval width is larger than, or almost as large as,
the calculated average itself.   To compute correct confidence intervals  for such situations  requires
examination of the empirical distributions for each variable in the tabulation and is beyond the scope of this
report.
References:

Brick, J.M.; Morganstein, D.R.; and Wolters, C.L. : "Additional Uses for Keyfitz Selection."  Proceedings
of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 1987.
Wolter, K.M., "Introduction to Variance Estimation." Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985.
                                              2-25
-------
                          3.
                      TELEPHONE SCREENER SURVEY
 3.1
 CATI Screener Design and Programming
            Westat developed a telephone screening questionnaire in cooperation with EPA (see Appendix
 A).  The main purposes of this instrument were to screen the first phase sample for eligible water systems,
 collect the data needed to place the system in the correct sample stratum, and collect the name and address
 of the appropriate respondent for the mail survey.

            The screener questionnaire was a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) instrument.
 This computerized questionnaire was programmed according to the document entitled Community Water
 System 1994 Survey,  CATI Screening Questionnaire, CATI Specs #6 (Final), December 22, 1994.  This
 document appears as Appendix A.

            Because FRDS records often contained ambiguous or incomplete information about the water
 systems, Westat also developed a paper Contact Questionnaire that was used to assist the  interviewers in
 finding the sampled water system and the appropriate person to complete the screener questionnaire.  The
 Contact Questionnaire is presented in Appendix B.
3.2
Telephone Interviewer Training
            Training for the telephone portion of the CWSS took place on November 17, 1994.  The
training was conducted by a Westat telephone operations manager and CWSS project staff using a
prepared agenda and a series of prepared training scripts.  The training agenda appears as Exhibit 3-1.
Telephone supervisors who would be responsible for supervising the actual work of the interviewers also
attended the training sessions.

            The training of the telephone interviewers and supervisors maximized trainee involvement and
participation in the learning experience while  providing the trainers ample opportunity to observe and
evaluate individual trainee performance.
                                             3-1
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Exhibit 3-1    CWSS Telephone Interviewer Training Agenda

                Subject                                          Time
                Introduction and Overview                       30 Minutes
                Interactive Exercise I                            30 Minutes
                Contact Procedures                             60 Minutes
                Break                                         20 Minutes
                Contact Interactive Exercises and Roleplays       60 Minutes
                Lunch                                         60 Minutes
                Interactive Exercise II                           60 Minutes
                Refusal Avoidance                             45 Minutes
                Break                                         20 Minutes
                Role Plays                                     90 Minutes
                Questions and Answers                          30 Minutes
            Interviewers received eight hours of training in areas specific  to  the  CWSS,  including
overview of the study, questionnaire content, specific question issues, sample, making contact,  recording
the call results, sensitivity to respondents, handling problems, and avoiding refusals.  Previously, they had
received eight hours of training in general telephone interviewing techniques and the use of the CATI
system. The CWSS interviewing  staff was comprised of experienced interviewers, who had previously
conducted telephone surveys of business establishments.

            Each CWSS interviewer  received an Interviewer Manual  containing  general instructions,
specific procedures for conducting the telephone interviews, and detailed explanations of each  telephone
interview question.

            The principal training tool consisted of several interactive group exercises. Interviewers took
turns administering the paper Contact Questionnaire and the CATI screener to the trainer (who played the
role of the respondent), by reading the questions aloud and recording the responses in the instruments. The
trainer's  responses followed  scripted answers prepared in advance.  The answers were composed to
simulate specific situations and problems that could be encountered in an actual interview. Because of the
occasional ambiguity of information recorded in FRDS, emphasis was placed on making contact with and
confirming the identity of the actual sampled water system.
                                               3-2
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             At the conclusion of training, interviewers paired off to practice what they had learned by
 following scripted role-play interviews, using the actual instruments, telephones and CATI terminals in the
 interviewer carrels.  For each role play, one interviewer conducted the interview, while the other played
 respondent.  Training staff monitored the role plays, and interviewers were assigned to live calling only
 after having successfully conducted the role play interviews.
 3.3
Telephone Data Collection
             Pursuant to the sampling design discussed in  Chapter 2,  the CWSS Phase I (telephone)
 sample consisted of 5,856 water systems  The remainder of this section documents the data collection
 procedures and results of the CWSS telephone effort.

             Telephone Data Collection Procedures

             Tracing. The starting point for contacting the water system  was the name, address,  and
 telephone number available in FRDS.  However, 40 percent of the sampled systems had no valid phone
 number on their records.  In addition, the presence of a number on the FRDS  record was no guarantee that
 the number was correct.  (It is important to keep in mind that a large number of water systems are very
 small and are managed out of private residences.) Therefore, prior to the start of telephone data collection,
 the sample  was  processed through Bizmatch,  an automated telephone  number look-up service  for
 businesses.   A new number found through this  process was added to the  contact information  (if any)
 obtained from the FRDS records.  Systems with no telephone number were, at this point, sent to trained
tracers, who  attempted to find them  through Directory Assistance prior to the start of calling.   As new
telephone numbers were found, they were entered on the Respondent Information Sheet (RISs are described
below), batched, and then entered into an automated telephone number updating system. Final RISs, with
all available telephone numbers, were printed for the start of telephoning.

            Systems whose telephone numbers were still non-locatable at the  start of data collection, as
well as those determined to have 'bad" numbers during calling, went through additional tracing. Tracing
steps  consisted of a progressive series of contacts or lookups with the following potential sources  of
information about the identity and phone number of individual water systems.
                                               3-3
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            •   Small Systems ( < 1,000 residents served)
                  -     Directory Assistance
                  -     National Rural Water Assoc. (NRWA) State Association
                  -     City/County Administrative Offices (e.g., City Hall, County Health Department)
            •   Medium and Large Systems (1,000 or more residents served)
                  -     Directory Assistance
                  -     Intensive searches of CD ROM telephone listing databases
                        NRWA State Association
                  -     City/County Administrative Offices (e.g., City Hall, County Health Department)
            For smaller systems, tracers  also looked  for phone numbers under  the  names  of any
individuals, listed as contacts in the FRDS records, since smaller systems are often operated as personal
businesses out of an individual's residence, or are managed from the residence of an officer of a residential
cooperative association. Tracers filled out a specially designed CWSS Tracing Procedures Report Form
for each tracing case.  It was used to record a detailed description of what was done for each step.  This
form stayed with the case throughout data collection; if further tracing was needed, the next logical step in
the sequence was carried out. As a new telephone number was obtained, it was recorded on the RIS.

            Case Management.  Each water system was treated as an individual case to be carefully
managed and controlled throughout the various steps of the telephone data collection process.  Telephone
interviewers for the CWSS used a Respondent Information Sheet,  paper Contact Questionnaire, Call
Record, and CATI questionnaire when working a case. Each of these is described below:

            •  Respondent Information Sheet (RIS) - Contained contact information about the CWS,
               including name, address, and possible telephone numbers.  The form was used to identify
               the specific CWS the interviewer was trying to reach, how to reach it, and to record any
               new contact or location information.
            •  Contact Questionnaire -  The  Contact Questionnaire was  a short  series  of questions
               administered on paper.  It was used to verify that the interviewer had reached the exact
               CWS listed on the RIS, and to identify an appropriate respondent for the CATI interview.
                                              3-4
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                Call Record - Basic document that was used to record the results of all calls and to
                manage the flow of work. Each case was accompanied by a Call Record.

                CATI Questionnaire - The screening questionnaire that was administered to a person
                deemed knowledgeable  about the CWS.  It collected information about the CWS's size,
                ownership type, water sources, and related topics, and concluded by securing the name
                and address of the most appropriate person to respond to the mailed CWSS questionnaire.
            Using these forms and systems, the interviewers were able to fulfill the objectives of the Phase
I telephone screening process:


            •   Confirm or correct existing information about each system and collect some additional
                information about it, such as its size, type of ownership, and water sources, to determine
                if the system met the criteria to participate in the full study.

            •   Identify a person at the water system who was knowledgeable enough to respond for the
                CWS about the topics addressed in the telephone interview questions.

            •   Identify the name and address of the most appropriate representative of the water system
                to respond to the mail questionnaire.
3.4
Telephone Data Collection Results
            The final  outcomes of the telephone data collection process for the 5,856 Phase I water
systems can be categorized into eight groups and are summarized in Table 3-1.


            •  Complete - The interview was successfully completed with the CWS and the responses to
               the screener determined that the water system was eligible to be sampled for the main
               survey.

            •  Ineligible - A system was considered ineligible for  the survey under three different
               scenarios:

                        -  Based on responses to CATI Questionnaire items SI - S3, it was determined
                           that the system did not meet the definition of a Community Water System
                           (Water systems that provide piped drinking water to at least 25 permanent
                           residents or 15 household water connections)

                        -  Based on responses to CATI Questionnaire item SI2, it was determined that
                           the CWS is owned or operated by a state or the Federal government
                                              3-5
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                        -   Without being able to administer the CATI Questionnaire, it was determined
                            from other reported information  that the CWS  was  ineligible (e.g., an
                            institutional  water  system had  ceased  to  provide water to a  nearby
                            community).

                Non-Iocatable - The CWS could not be located through any available telephone numbers
                or tracing efforts.  Only five percent of the CWS sample was assigned this disposition.

                Refusal - The CWS refused the interview or refused to answer the critical eligibility
                questions SI - S3.  (To minimize any possible impact of the survey effort in relations
                between EPA  and the regulated Community, the CWSS design omitted the survey
                technique of making a second effort to "convert" those who initially refuse cooperation.)

                No Answer -There was no answer at the best available phone for the CWS after at least
                eight calls; call attempts were spread out over several weeks at different times of day and
                days of the week, including weekends; directory assistance checks revealed no other
                possible phone number for any entity with a name similar to the CWS.

                Maximum Contact -After establishing contact with the CWS and making at least eight
                calls, it was not possible to complete an interview with the CWS.

                Out of Business - Telephone contact or other source provided definitive information that
                the  CWS was no longer  in business  (ceased  operations, integrated operationally  into
                another system, etc.).

                Other - This code was used when no other final code applied.
            Table 3-1 quantifies these results of telephone data collection.  Due to the extensive tracing
efforts, Westat succeeded in positively locating 93 percent of the sample; 5.2 percent were non-locatable
and 1.8 percent never answered the phone.  The final response rate was 89 percent. This was calculated by
the following formula:

                                      Total Complete + Ineligibles
                                      Total Sample - Out of Business
            Note that this response rate and Table 3-1 are presented as operational results, that is, they
reflect the status of cases as of the end of telephone data collection. As discussed in Sections 2.1.3, 2.2.2,
and  3.5, some further adjustments to these statuses and/or assumptions about the  eligibility  of non-
interviewed cases were made at later stages of quality assurance and sample weighting.
                                                3-6
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 Table 3-1      CWSS Telephone Screener Results
Screener
Outcome
Complete
Ineligible
Non-locatable
Refusal
No Answer
Maximum Contact
Out of Business
Other
Total
Number of
Cases
4,729
393
302
149
106
97
79
1
5,856
Percent of
Sample
80.8
6.7
5.2
2.5
1.8
1.7
1.3
0.0
100.0
             The Phase II (mail) sample was drawn from the 4,729 CWSs  that completed the CATI
 interview.
 3.5
Detailed Examination of Screener Outcomes
            Section 2.2.3 discussed the derivations of the final CWSS sample weights.  As part of the
quality control process for the weighting, the estimate of the total number of active Community Water
Systems derived from the initial round of weights was compared to  independent estimates derived  from
ongoing EPA inventory efforts associated with the maintenance of the FRDS database.  This comparison
revealed a small difference between the two estimates that could not be explained, after allowing for normal
sampling error or for definitional differences between the CWSs covered by the survey and the universe of
Public Water Systems contained in FRDS. Further analysis revealed that the likeliest explanation for this
small remaining difference lay in the eligibility rates encountered during the Phase I telephone survey.

            Review of screening results suggested that a number of systems may have provided mistaken
responses to screening questions that led to their being erroneously classified as ineligible (i.e., did not  meet
the CFR definitions of a CWS). To  investigate how often this occurred, the Cadmus Group, Inc., worked
with Westat, Inc., to review the attrition of systems from the FRDS file to the Phase I  Sample Frame and
the Phase II Sample Frame. Attrition was due principally to determination of either of two circumstances
                                              3-7
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during the two sampling phases: ineligibility (a system was not really a Community Water System under
the CFR definition), or it was  out of business (no longer actively  operating as  a water system).
Specifically, the analysis investigated whether there might be evidence that systems classified as ineligible
or out of business might actually have been eligible and actively operating, specifically within a timeframe
reasonably close to the survey sampling reference period, late 1994. To alter the findings of the Phase I
CATI screener, the types of evidence finally accepted by all analysts working on this issue included the
following:

            1.     The system is a large system serving 10,000 or more people.  Six systems met this
                  criteria, and three of the six had populations over 100,000.

            2.     The system was classified as "out of business" during the CATI screener survey, but
                  FRDS  records indicate various activities that strongly suggest that the system was in
                  business in late 1994. Examples of activity in FRDS include:  violations, enforcement
                  actions, or  change is  in  inventory data  such  as  population  served or number of
                  connections.

            3.     The  system was classified  as  "not meeting  the definition of a  Community Water
                  System" during the CATI screener survey, but FRDS records show that the system was
                  an active CWS.  A stricter  standard was  applied to  these cases before reversing the
                  screener findings, because survey interviewers had received information directly from
                  the system personnel that led to classifying the system as  "not meeting the definition of
                  a CWS."  If the FRDS inventory showed that the system met the definition of a CWS,
                  and if FRDS also showed that the system had enforcement actions taken against it, the
                  analysts concluded that the system was an active CWS.  Enforcement actions  require
                  substantial investments of time and effort by State  drinking water agencies, and  it
                  seemed unlikely that States would make such investments if the system were not an
                  active CWS.

            4.     The system was classified as "not meeting the definition  of a CWS" during the CATI
                  screener survey, but FRDS records show that the system was a CWS.  Again,  a strict
                  standard was required, for the same reason as in paragraph 3.  The evidence required to
                  prove that a system was a CWS was that the FRDS inventory showed that the system
                  met the definition of a  CWS, and a FRDS record of complex violation patterns  (e.g.,
                  violation of a maximum contaminant level, a repeat or minor routine violation of the
                  Total Coliform Rule,  a  violation of the  Surface  Water Treatment Rule  treatment
                  technique standard).  These violations, like the  enforcement activity above, require a
                  substantial investment  of time and energy by the State drinking  water agency.   It
                  seemed unlikely that such investments would  occur if the system  were not an active
                  CWS.
                                               3-8
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                           For consistency with the CATI Screener, evidence from FRDS was collected for the fourth
               calendar quarter of 1994 and also  extended through all four calendar quarters of 1995, to reflect any
               lagging information about the system's status.

                           The  result of this examination of screener outcomes was to increase the final estimated
               number of eligible CWSs  on the FRDS frame  by one to two percent over the preliminary estimates
               developed in the initial stages of the weighting process.  Ninety-seven systems classified as ineligible or out
               of business during the telephone screening were reclassified as eligible and active by the review process.
               The revised estimate of eligible CWSs and the concomitant adjustments to the final sample weights resulted
               in survey estimates  of a total number of CWSs  that are reasonably similar to  the estimates  from
               independent EPA inventory activity.
.
                                                             3-9
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                                     4.
                                MAIL SURVEY
            The principal components of the CWS mail survey were the data collection instruments and
the operational process of distributing the questionnaires, assuring a sufficient response rate, and handling
the returned questionnaires. Chapter 4 describes the important aspects of these components.
4.1
Mail Questionnaire Design
            EPA took the lead in designing the content of the mail questionnaires.  Separate questionnaire
forms were tailored to the specific requirements of the three types of ownership:  Public (publicly owned),
Private (privately owned), and Ancillary Community Water Systems.  An ancillary system is one that
operates a drinking water system as a secondary component of its main business, such as a trailer park.
These  instruments  appear as Appendices C through  E.   The bulk of the  contents  of these three
questionnaires consisted of an  identical "core" series  of questions pertaining to the water  system's
operating  and financial characteristics;  however, a few questions unique to ownership  type were also
developed for each of the three.  These differences primarily occurred in the Financial Information section
of the questionnaires.  For example, questions about revenue  sources and billing structures differed across
the questionnaires.

            Westat worked with EPA on methodological aspects, such as:

            •   Wording and organization of the questions;

            •   Feasibility of asking various kinds of questions;

            •   Maximizing  response  rates  and data accuracy for certain  detailed or  complex  items;
                and

            •   Layout and design of questionnaire forms.

            Westat was also responsible for documenting and incorporating all revisions over the various
design and test versions of the questionnaires.

            During the initial  design process, and during the redesigns following the pretest and pilot test
(see Section 5.1, below), the EPA project officer consulted with a range of EPA regulatory and analytical
                                               4-1
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 staff, representing expert advisors and future users of the data, to identify and correctly present the broad
 survey topics and specific survey questions to be included in the questionnaires. These covered such areas
 as water production and storage, distribution, treatment plant operations, source water protection, detailed
 financial information about water sales revenue and customer data,  operating expenses, balance sheet
 items, and capital investment. Experts inside and outside EPA were consulted in such areas as engineering,
 pollution control, finance, and regulatory development.

             The goal of the mail questionnaire design process  was to strike a balance between collecting
 complete, accurate, detailed data and reducing respondent burden. Towards this end, data from the pilot
 test responses were analyzed to determine areas that needed clarification or should simply be eliminated
 from the full study.  In general, pilot respondents used the questionnaire form correctly and  followed
 instructions. Most respondents seemed able and willing to provide the responses to most questions. For a
 more detailed discussion of the pilot test, refer to Section 5.1.

             Prior to finalizing the forms for the full study,  improvements  were made to the general
 questionnaire layout, instructions, and some individual items. For example, one finding from the pilot test
 was that a surprising number of systems recorded dollar amounts to the penny, probably because they were
 transcribing from financial records.  Since fractional dollars were not being entered into the data file, the
 reporting of pennies could introduce errors into the keyed data and the need to edit out the pennies added to
 processing time. Therefore, the forms were re-designed to make  it very clear that only whole dollars should
 be recorded. It was also possible to significantly reduce the burden and complexity of the final instruments
 by eliminating a separate question that was asked for each line  item in questions about financial data:  an
 indicator of whether the data were being reported directly from accounting records.  Based on response
 rates to these questions and EPA's assessment of the feasibility of incorporating these responses into future
 analyses, the entire set of questions was dropped from the final instruments.
4.2
Mail Survey Opv rations
            EPA and Westat designed the questionnaire forms so that they were 'self-mailers", that is,
they did not require an external carrier envelope for mailing.  The cover of the questionnaire was card
stock, making it durable enough to withstand postal processing. An EPA logo, the name of the survey, and
return address were placed in the upper left corner of one side of the cover.  The other side contained a
large EPA logo and the survey name, specific to ownership type (e.g., Survey of Public Community Water
                                                4-2
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Systems). The forms were designed so that a'return envelope could be glued to the inside front cover. The
package was closed with a "wafer" seal.

            Westat prepared camera-ready versions of each of the three mail questionnaires as well as the
business-reply envelope. Westat coordinated with EPA's print facility to produce the bulk copies.

            Westat produced three mailing information  and control  labels  for each  sampled system's
questionnaire.   Information for the mailing labels (CWS  Address Labels)  was  extracted from  CATI
screener Question SI7,  which recorded the name and address of the  person the screener respondent felt
would be best suited to  respond to the mail questionnaire. Additionally, an indicator of the type of CWS
(publicly owned, privately owned, or ancillary) was placed in the corner of the label. A  second label, with
the specific FRDS name and address of the CWS,  was produced for the inside of  the  questionnaire,
explicitly instructing the respondent to refer only to the sampled system  when answering  the questions.
This CWS Information label was a critical quality assurance measure for the data collection process, since
the appropriate respondents were often located somewhere other than at the address of the sampled system,
worked  for entities with different names from the sampled system,  and/or managed more than one water
system.  While explicitly pinpointing the sampled system was essential to data validity, especially in multi-
system operator situations, the effectiveness of this technique was marginally  affected when the FRDS
identifying  information  contained  problematic  data.   However,  it was better  to  provide anomalous
information than to provide no indication:  it was assumed that the data as recorded in FRDS would have
meaning for personnel at the water system, since the system had at  some point provided this information.
The third label contained the Cadmus toll-free telephone support line information.

            Actual mail processing  operations occurred in three steps.  Each of these is described below.

            Pre-Production Processing

            Prior to mail processing, there were several tasks than needed to be accomplished:

            •      Because it was decided to use a single color for the covers of all  questionnaire
                   booklets,  Westat  affixed color-coded wafers  to  the exterior back cover of each
                   questionnaire.   Doing so would make handling the questionnaires easier during the
                   data processing stage.  When the wafers were attached, the workers checked the
                   print quality of every 50th questionnaire to ensure that there were no batch printing
                   problems.
                                               4-3
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             •     Business-reply  envelopes  were  glued  into  the  interior  front cover  of  all
                   questionnaires.

             •     Telephone support line labels were affixed in the appropriate location inside the
                   questionnaire.


            Production Processing


            The Washington Consulting Group, who conducted the advance notification calls to the
CWSs to alert them that a questionnaire was being  sent to them, provided the results  of these calls to
Westat in two waves. The mailing was dependent on call results because EPA honored the wishes of a few
systems who indicated during the phone call that they did not choose to participate in the survey.  These
systems were immediately recorded in the CWSS receipt control system as refusals (see below).  Therefore,
questionnaires were processed in two waves: Wave 1 was mailed on June 1, 1995; Wave 2 was sent on
June 9, 1995.  The set of CWS Information and Address labels for each system was printed. Within each
wave,  questionnaires were  processed  in two  batches:  Multi-system  respondents  and all other cases
("regular" cases).


            •      Multi-System Respondents  - For several hundred systems,  the CATI screener
                   identified respondents who would be responsible for anywhere from two to seven
                   of the sampled systems.  Often, these people were named independently  on a case-
                   by-case basis during the direct contacts with  individual systems.  Westat used a
                   combination of computer  logic  and  manual  review of  all  sampled systems  to
                   identify situations where the same respondent  had been identified for more than
                   one system.  For reasons of courtesy,  improved  response rate,  and respondent
                   efficiency,  an extra effort was made to  identify  these multi-system respondents and
                   send them all their questionnaires in a single batch. Special indicators were put on
                   the computer records  of multi-system respondents  and a  computer program
                   segregated  and associated the mailing labels for  each multi-system respondent.

                  The questionnaires for a given respondent were placed in a single  envelope, along
                  with a multi-system  cover letter  from EPA, acknowledging the respondent's extra
                  effort in completing multiple questionnaires.    Before the envelopes were sealed,
                  cross checks were  made against a listing of multi-system respondents to ensure that
                  each respondent was being sent the correct questionnaires.

            •     Regular Cases  -  Regular questionnaires were processed in  batches by system
                  ownership type, thus ensuring that each respondent got the type  of questionnaire
                  appropriate to his system.

                  The mail operations manager conducted spot checks of the questionnaires before
                  they were sealed to ensure that the respondent  was receiving the appropriate type
                  of questionnaire for  his system as determined  by the type of system code on the
                                              4-4
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                   address label; and that the case control ID number on the Address Label and CWS
                   Information Label matched.
            Across the two  mail waves, Westat  sent questionnaires to 3,640 of the 3,681  systems
sampled. The remaining 41 systems are accounted for as follows:

             •     Pilot Test (11) - For reasons of statistical validity, systems that had been sampled
                  for the pilot test were not excluded from the sample frame for the full study.  Some
                  of these systems were sampled for the full study.  However,  questionnaires were
                  sent only to systems  that did not reply during the pilot test. The eleven pilot test
                  systems that did reply  were excluded from further  contact during data collection
                  either because they had returned a completed questionnaire during the pilot (n =
                  8), or they had refused to participate in the  pilot (n  = 3).  Operationally, these
                  eleven systems were handled as if they had responded to or refused participation in
                  the  full  survey.  Discrepancies  between the pilot test  questionnaire and  final
                  versions were reconciled during the expert review and data retrieval stage.

             •     Large Multi-System Operator  (15)  - A large operator of  water  systems  was
                  provided  an advance copy  of the questionnaire as  a courtesy.   Fifteen of these
                  systems used the advance copy  to respond  slightly ahead of the data collection
                  period, and  therefore   were  not  sent a questionnaire during  the  actual  data
                  collection.

             •     Advance Calling (15) - The Washington Consulting Group made advance calls to
                  the water systems immediately before the questionnaires were mailed;  12  systems
                  refused to participate and three were out of business.
            Post-Production Processing


            In order to enhance response rate as well as improve the quality of data, several operations
     implemented after the questionnaires were mailed. These included:


            •      Reminder Calls - During  the  summer of 1995, Cadmus conducted a series of
                   reminder calls to systems that had not yet responded to the survey.  Callers stressed the
                   importance of the survey data and encouraged systems to respond as soon as possible.
                   Cadmus senior staff assisted respondents who requested help in completing the survey.
                   Late in the response period, Cadmus conducted a second round of reminder calls to
                   follow up on respondents who had indicated they would submit surveys during the first
                   round of calls.
were
                   Toll-free Support Line - During  data  collection, Cadmus  maintained  a toll-free
                   support line to answer respondents'  technical and administrative questions.  Cadmus
                   senior staff walked through survey questions with callers as necessary and provided
                                              4-5
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                   guidance  on  how to represent respondents'  specific  situations  on  the  survey
                   instrument.

             •     Remails - Respondents, either as a result of the reminder calls or from contacting
                   the support line, sometimes requested that a new questionnaire be sent  to them.
                   Westat processed these requests in batches, typically on a weekly basis.

            As questionnaires were received from the water systems, Westat  logged them into  a receipt
control system.  The typical path of a returned questionnaire was as follows.  Completed questionnaires
were first received at Westat.  They were then  sent in batches to The Cadmus Group for data quality
review and possible data retrieval.  Upon return to Westat, they were logged back into the system and then
passed through a detailed data review and preparation process, to ensure consistent and clear recording of
the responses on the forms. Any special problems were noted in a permanent log and resolved at the end of
the process. The questionnaires were then key-entered using 100 percent verified double-key entry. After
entry, the data were run through automated cleaning and editing programs that checked each variable for
proper values and ranges, and checked skip patterns.  Items failing these checks were examined and either
confirmed or corrected.  Questionnaires that reached this stage were considered to be entered and cleaned.
(Subsequent to this point, the data were subjected to intensive computer checks that fell outside the scope
of the mail receipt and processing operation. See Section 5.7.)

            Table 4-1 presents an example of the information that was provided to The Cadmus Group
and EPA in the weekly receipt control status report. By examining this report, project managers could
easily track the progress of the survey. The status codes included:

            •      Received/At Cadmus - Cases  assigned this code had been received by Westat and
                  batched to The Cadmus Group for review.

            •     Remailed - Cases had been remailed a questionnaire.

            •     Postal Return - Cases with  insufficient or incorrect address that were returned by
                  the US Postal  Service as undeliverable and were not  relocated on subsequent
                  contact.

            •     Refused - Respondents returned a blank questionnaire or a note indicating that they
                  did not wish to participate.

            •     Out of Business - CWS was  no longer in business.

            •     Outstanding - No returned questionnaire was received as  yet and no remailing  had
                  been requested.
                                              4-6
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                  Back from Cadmus - Cases that were returned to Westat from The Cadmus Group
                  upon completion of the data quality review.

                  In Data Entry - Cases whose data were being entered.

                  Clean - Cases whose data had been entered and successfully passed the standard
                  automated cleaning process.
Table 4-1      Example of Data from CWS Receipt Control Status Report
Number of Questionnaires
Received/At Cadmus
Remailed
Postal Return
Refused
Out of Business
Outstanding
Back from Cadmus
In Data Entry
Clean
Total
Public
3
259
3
148
1
318
0
0
1,052
1,784
Private
2
173
3
187
2
306
0
0
757
1,430
Ancillary
0
72
5
90
0
84
0
0
193
444
Total
5
504
11
425
3
708
0
0
2,002
3,658
4.3
Mail Survey Results
            Receipt of returned questionnaires was closed out on March 28, 1996. Table 4-2 presents the
final status of the entire CWSS  mail sample.  Of the 3,681 cases in the mail sample, 2,004 returned a
questionnaire. The overall response rate for the mail survey is 54 percent. Table 4-3 shows the response
rate broken down for each of the 38 sample strata.
                                             4-7
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Table 4-2
Final Status of CWS Mail Cases
Case Disposition
Complete
Questionnaire not returned
Refused
Non-usable returns
Post office return
Ineligible/Out of Business
Total
Number of Cases
2,004
1,212
425
25
11
4
3,681
Percent of Sample
54.4
32.9
11.5
0.7
0.3
0.1
100.0
                                            4-8
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Table 4-3      CWSS Mail Response Rates by Stratum
Phase II (Mail Survey) Sample Strata
Ownership
Type
Public
Private
Ancillary
Public
Private
Ancillary
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Public
Private
Population
Served
<100
<100
<100
100-500
100-500
100-500
501-1,000
501-1,000
1,001-3,300
1,001-3,300
3,301-10,000
3,301-10,000
10,001-50,000
10,001-50,000
50,001-100,000
50,001-100,000
> 100,000
> 100,000
Primary
Water Source
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Ground
Surface
Response
Rate (%)
53.6
56.7
41.6
42.4
43.9
39.4
58.4
50.3
45.0
51.5
42.9
48.2
56.9
55.6
51.5
61.0
64.8
56.3
52.6
56.6
59.1
54.3
69.0
59.1
57.3
64.9
51.2
64.6
64.0
73.3
72.2
51.7
60.6
75.9
68.8
54.5
                                           4-9
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                     5.      QUALITY ASSURANCE AND PEER REVIEW
            The quality assurance plan for the CWSS encompassed specific measures to check and ensure
the validity of the survey data during the various data handling and data processing stages, as  well as
general quality assurance measures for the other survey components. Sections 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 discuss the
questionnaire pretest and survey pilot test.  Section 5.2 presents quality assurance measures taken during
sampling. Sections 5.3 and 5.4 reference procedures undertaken during telephone and mail data collection.
Sections 5.5 through 5.11 describe quality assurance measures pertaining to the processing of questionnaire
data.   In some instances, these discussions will highlight. in summary  form certain aspects  of previous
discussions that relate directly to the topic of quality assurance. Section 5.12 describes quality assurance
measures taken during the preparation of this report to ensure accurate presentation of findings.

            The Center for Environmental Statistics in EPA's  Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation
peer-reviewed both this Methodology Chapter, to ensure adherence to sound surveying principles,  and the
data presented in Volumes 1 and 2, to ensure that the findings were appropriately represented. Particular
aspects of this  survey were  peer-reviewed by subject  matter experts  at different  stages of survey
development.  These reviews are described, where they occur, in the following sections of this chapter.
5.1
Draft Questionnaire Pretest and Survey Pilot Test
            A significant component of the  survey quality assurance plan was to thoroughly test the
questionnaire design, the survey design, and data collection procedures prior to implementing the full study.
Confirming the validity and effectiveness of these designs, or  revising them when the tests  revealed
problems, errors, or difficulties, led to design and process improvements that would have a positive effect
on the quality of the survey in such areas as  data reliability, data completeness, accuracy of the sample
frame, and response rates.  Peer review of draft questionnaires was provided by John Trax  of the National
Rural Water Association  and by Vern  Achtormann, Waterstats Manager  for American Water Works
Association until the Summer of 1996.
                                               5-1
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 5.1.1
 Pretest
             When the questionnaire design had reached a point where the initial data collection objectives
 had been identified and shaped into a working draft instrument, EPA conducted a pretest of this draft with
 nine water systems in Maryland and Delaware, with the assistance of environmental engineer John Trax,
 from the National Rural Water Association. These systems were recruited knowing they were participating
 in a test. The main objective was to gauge the respondents' reactions to the questionnaire itself. The test
 did not address any of the actual survey operations and response rate issues that would later be tested in the
 full-scale pilot test.

             The recruited systems received the questionnaire in March, 1994. All but one completed it.
 The EPA project manager then conducted in-person debriefings with the respondents to explore such areas
 as question comprehensibility, use of clear and appropriate terminology, provision of suitable response
 categories,  questionnaire layout, respondent's ease  or  difficulty in  providing answers, respondent's
 immediate knowledge of or access to the information required to fill out the questionnaire, and  overall
 reactions to the survey. Westat provided some guidelines to EPA to help determine what issues to address
 in the debriefings and how to address them.

             The pretest supported the view that the general objectives and design of the data collection
 instrument were feasible. The pretest found no systematic problems in the respondents' ability to provide
 answers to the questions.  Principal  outcomes  of the pretest included the addition of some  response
 categories to certain questions to cover likely responses and changes in terminology to simplify wording or
 reflect actual technical  usage within the water industry.  The ordering and grouping  of the questions was
 also improved.
5.1.2
Pilot Test
            A full pilot test was conducted in August and September, 1994, to test all three versions of the
questionnaires and the  major operational components of the  survey design.  The goal  was to produce
findings to improve the design and procedures for the full study.  A  full report on the pilot test was
delivered to EPA  on September 30, 1994 (Community Water System  Survey Pilot Test Report).   The
following sections highlight some of the quality assurance measures represented by the pilot test and its
findings.
                                                5-2
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            Sampling.   The pilot test incorporated the procedures and  specifications developed for
processing, cleaning,  and extracting needed  data  elements  from the Federal Reporting Data  Systems
(FRDS) database and for drawing the sample from the extracted records and variables.  These procedures
performed as expected and achieved their intended goals. The principal goals included identifying and
eliminating duplicate records on the frame, improving missing or ambiguous ownership data, checking for
valid telephone numbers, stratifying the resulting frame according to the sample design, and  drawing a
systematic random sample.  Eighty-two water systems were selected for the pilot study.   One of these,
which had participated  in the pretest,  was excluded at EPA's request, to avoid further burden on the
system.

            Based on lessons learned during the pilot, adjustments  were made to the frame preparation
and sampling plan.  These changes were implemented to improve location rate, eligibility rate, and sample
yields, either across the entire sample or within specific strata. For example, analysis of ineligible systems
identified through the pilot test telephone screener supported the hypothesis that most FRDS records coded
as 'historical" records should be excluded from the frame, since those were found to be ineligible or out of
business. In the interest of frame validity and coverage, it was necessary to test this situation empirically
and not rely exclusively on the general FRDS documentation, since adherence to FRDS  protocols  can vary
state by state.

            Telephone Survey.  The pilot-tested CATI questionnaire was programmed according to the
document entitled Community Water Systems  1994 Survey,  CATI Screening Questionnaire, CATI Specs
#3  (7/25/94).  The CATI software programs  functioned in  full conformity with these specifications
throughout the pilot test.  In general, the design  of the questions  and the questionnaire  structure also
accomplished their objective of screening the Phase I sample  for eligible water  systems, collecting the data
needed to place the  system in the correct  sample  stratum,  and collecting the name and address  of the
appropriate respondent  for  the  mail  survey.    Sixty-seven   systems completed  the  CATI  screener
questionnaire; 62 were eligible systems.

            Based on monitoring and observing the pilot  interviews  by CWSS project  managers and
feedback received from the telephone center managers and pilot test interviewers, changes were made to the
CATI questionnaire. These included question rewording to clarify technical distinctions for the respondent,
converting complex  single questions into two simpler questions, and eliminating a few  less important
questions and response categories.
                                                5-3
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             Another pilot test finding in the area of data collection also contributed significantly to the
 validity and coverage  of the sample.  Because of the sparseness or ambiguity of some of the  system
 information on the FRDS record, it was determined that the CWSS interviewer training should incorporate
 additional instruction and practice in interpreting the FRDS sample and contact information, in order to
 ensure successfully locating and accurately identifying sampled systems in the full study.

             Mail Survey. For Phase II of the pilot test, questionnaires were mailed out to the 62 eligible
 systems. Westat maintained a toll-free support line for sampled system  respondents to call  if they had
 technical or administrative questions. Seven of the 62 systems used the line.  Calls were a mix of technical
 and administrative questions.

             Twenty-one systems, about 39 percent, completed the mail questionnaire.  The short pilot test
 data collection period did not permit testing any of the response-rate enhancement measures carried out in
 the full survey, such as reminder calls to non-respondents. Therefore a 39 percent response rate based on a
 single mailing was satisfactory  enough to  confirm the basic  designs of the  questionnaires and data
 collection plan.

            The returned questionnaires were completely reviewed and coded by the Westat CWSS data
 preparation manager.  The data were  double-key entered with 100 percent verification.  Review  of the
 actual completed questionnaires and of frequency distributions of the keyed data led to some  revisions  in
 the design, layout, wording, content, and structure of the mail questionnaires.  Incorporating these changes
 for the full study led to a clearer instrument with consistent response categories, particularly for items
 related to financial data.  For example, improvements were made to make recording  units  of volume,
 length, and  distance as  simple and unambiguous as possible  for the systems.  Instructions were clarified
 about how to record financial data. Some explicit instructions alerted respondents when items in different
 questions should add up to the same totals.

            Conclusion.  The pilot tested many important study assumptions, designs, procedures, and
systems.  A range of resulting adjustments and improvements were implemented prior to fielding the full
survey.  The pilot also provided the opportunity to fully develop, try out, and gain hands-on experience
with many of the operational designs, procedures, systems, and tools before committing the resources  of the
full study.
                                               5-4
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5.2         Sampling Quality Assurance

            Quality assurance of the sampling process for the CWSS involved four principal areas:

            •   Review and cleaning of the FRDS file,
            •   Sampling specifications,
            •   Use of software designed specifically to draw complex stratified samples, and
            •   Review of sample tabulations.
            FRDS File Review and Cleaning. For purposes of designing the sample and of preparing the
frame for drawing the sample, extensive qualitative and quantitative review was performed on the records
in the FRDS file. This FRDS review and cleaning addressed such issues as:

            •   The presence of necessary variables  and appropriate values within those  variables to
                support a sample design that would meet the analytical objectives of the survey;
            •   The accuracy of the data on the file, for both sampling and data collection purposes; and
            •   The rate of missing data within each variable.


            Based on the findings of this review process, a viable sample design was created and a set of
automated and manual data processing procedures were designed, documented, and carried out to improve
the quality of the frame data.  This improvement was  designed for both sampling purposes and also for
using the information on the frame to correctly locate and verify,  during the CATI screening phase, the
exact water system represented by a sampled record. This process was described above, in Section 2.1.

            Sampling Specifications.  In order to carry out the two-phase sampling processes, the survey
statisticians prepared detailed specifications that served as  directions for performing the sampling and as
permanent  documentation of the process. In addition to clearly specifying the process of drawing the
sample, these specifications addressed the  organization of the frame prior to sampling to ensure both proper
stratification  and also normal distributions of other attributes of interest,  such as geography.   These
specifications ensured that the sample was drawn in conformity with the sample design and in a statistically
                                               5-5
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 valid manner. Prior to being implemented, each set of specifications was reviewed by a senior statistician
 and by a senior systems analyst.

            Sampling Software. The CWSS samples were drawn using WESSAMP, a set of macros for
 the SAS data analysis software package.  WESSAMP was developed to standardize and automate the
 drawing of survey samples; it has been extensively tested and proven  over hundreds  of surveys.  It
 minimizes the chance for human error and eliminates the need to write extensive custom programs to draw
 a sample.  It specifically supports and simplifies the  process of drawing a complex stratified sample as
 required for the CWSS.

            Review of Sample Tabulations. WESSAMP automatically produces appropriate tabulations
 of sample statistics to be used by the sampling statistician to verify that the sample as drawn actually
 conforms to the sample design and sampling specifications. The review of these tabulations confirmed that
the sample counts matched the design within each size/ownership/water source stratum, and also that the
 selected systems conformed within stratum to other meaningful normal distributions that had been identified
on the frame.
5.3
Telephone Survey Quality Assurance
            Several quality assurance measures were in place for the CWS telephone survey.  These
measures, listed under the appropriate telephone survey component, are discussed below.

            CATI Questionnaire Design and Programming

            •  The final version of the CATI questionnaire incorporated improvements made as a result
               of the pilot test.

            •  Complete and  detailed  question-by-question  specifications were prepared for every
               questionnaire item, to  unambiguously document  for  interviewers  and  analysts the
               meaning, purpose, and context of all questions and responses.
            •  The CATI questionnaire was programmed according to  detailed specifications.   The
               programmed CATI questionnaire was tested  extensively prior  to the  start  of data
               collection to ensure that it was performing according to specification.
                                              5-6
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            Telephone Interviewer Training and Performance

            •   CWSS interviewers had previously received 8 hours of general training in interviewing
                techniques and CATI operation, and then received another 8 hours on specific CWSS
                topics, such as procedures for contacting and verifying the water systems, administering
                the CWSS CATI questionnaires, and sensitivity in presenting the survey to the sampled
                water systems. The training followed a carefully prepared agenda.  Exercises and role
                plays were scripted in advance, to ensure consistency and comprehensive coverage of
                important issues.

            •   Supervisory staff monitored  the interviewers throughout the telephone data collection
                period.  Silent monitoring equipment ensured that interviewers could not determine when
                an individual  monitoring session was  occurring.  As needed, general  adjustments  or
                specific instructions for the interviewing process or individual interviewers were made as
                a result of the monitoring findings.

            Telephone Data Collection

            •   Special data  collection  operations, such as tracing, improved response rates, sample
                coverage, and locating the correct sampled CWS.

            •   Where it was possible to identify them in advance, water systems owned or managed by a
                single entity were grouped  together ahead of time, to make the telephone contact more
                efficient and less intrusive for the respondent.

            Telephone Data Quality Assurance


            There were a number of automated measures implemented for the telephone data collection to
address specific data quality items:

            •   Use  of the CATI questionnaire assured consistent  and accurate administration of the
                questionnaire, with correct skip patterns, question choice, question wording, and response
                categories, as appropriate to each system's response patterns.

            •   On-line range checks for every variable produced immediate  interviewer prompts and
                respondent probes whenever  an entered value was outside of the expected  or allowed
                range.

            •   Water systems that could not provide an answer to several  critical  screening questions
                could not be included in the  final sample, since their eligibility would be unknown.  A
                series of special prompts and interviewer probes were designed and automatically called
                up by  the CATI system when  a  respondent  initially failed to provide an answer to a
                critical question. Those probes helped the interview work cooperatively with respondents
                to attempt to work through an answer to the question.
                                               5-7
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                On a periodic basis during data collection and on a cumulative basis at its conclusion,
                data preparation staff performed a series  of range checks, skip  pattern checks, and
                problem resolution to monitor the  collected data and  correct it, if necessary.  These
                measures checked the operation of the CAT! instrument, writing of data to the database
                variables, use of response categories by interviewers,  assignment of result codes, and
                qualitative notes recorded in the CATI system and on paper by telephone staff.  This data
                review did not detect any errors in the automated data collection.

                After completion of the telephone screening,  systems classified as  ineligible  or out of
                business were back-checked against FKDS data, using a series of strict criteria applied to
                FRDS data elements that were independent of the original sample frame dimensions.  This
                provided an independent and parallel test of the reasonableness of the screener outcomes.
                As a result, 97 systems were reclassified,  leading to improvements in the sample weights
                and final analytical tabulations  of the weighted survey data.
5.4
Mail Survey Quality Assurance
            Each component of the CWS mail survey was implemented pursuant to  detailed written
specifications that clearly stipulated how each design was to be implemented.


            Questionnaire Design

            •   The various drafts of the three mail questionnaires were the product of several rounds of
                close review and comments by EPA, Westat, and independent peer review.  Additionally,
                improvements were made based on the pretest and pilot test (see Section 5.1).

            •   Peer review of the questionnaire was provided by The National Drinking Water Advisory
                Council,  John E. Peterson of the Government Finance  Group; and Don Fraser,  an
                independent consultant with expertise in the operational characteristics of drinking water
                systems.

            •   Questionnaire version control was maintained through the various drafts by hand-writing
                all edits onto the hard copy master of the current version. Once the edits were made in the
                master word processing file, the previous hard copy version was placed in a notebook and
                the new version became the master. Each new version was dated and serially numbered.

            •   Design of the questionnaire form paid particular attention  to the presentation and layout
                of questions, response categories, response recording blocks, and instructions to clarify
                and simplify for respondents the  provision of the highly detailed and complex data
                required for this survey. Graphic devices were used to make the forms clearer, simpler to
                use, and attractive.   These devices included choice and consistency  in type fonts, sizes,
                weights, and styles;  question borders, text boxes, and shading.
                                               5-8
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Mail Data Collection


•   The  production of the physical components of the  mailing package was  designed  to
    minimize the chance of human error in assembling each water system's package.

•   Workers preparing the questionnaires for mailing were provided with detailed written
    specifications for the job.  They were supervised by the mail operations manager, who had
    assisted in the design of the specifications.

•   While preparing the questionnaires for mailing, workers checked the print quality of every
    50th questionnaire to ensure that there were no batch printing problems.

•   The  mail operations manager  conducted spot checks  of the questionnaires  before they
    were sealed to ensure that:   a)  the  respondent was receiving the appropriate type  of
    questionnaire (Public, Private,  or Ancillary) for his system as determined by the type  of
    system code on the address label; and b) Mail control ID numbers on the Address Label
    and CWS Information Label matched.

•   Counts of the prepared questionnaires were done prior to mailing to verify that the correct
    number of questionnaires  were mailed.  Spot checks were also done on individual states,
    comparing the number of questionnaires processed to the sample frequency counts for
    those states.

•   Instances where one respondent was responsible for multiple systems were given special
    handling.  This was done to ensure that the respondent  was provided with all of his
    questionnaires in one envelope, rather than inundated with multiple packages. Before the
    envelopes were  sealed,  cross checks  were made  against  a listing of multi-system
    respondents to ensure that each respondent was being sent the correct questionnaires.

•   Special data collection operations, such  as the toll-free support line and reminder calls,
    were instituted with the goal  of improving the response rate and sample coverage.  They
    also improved the quality of reported data because respondents had resources available
    for resolving technical questions about the meaning of questionnaire items and about how
    to report their own special circumstances in terms of the generic questionnaire.

•   The receipt control system ensured proper tracking and control of all questionnaires from
    the point of sampling until data were entered and cleaned. In addition to supporting the
    overall management of the project,  the periodic reports of case  statuses enabled The
    Cadmus Group to  identify particular response rate problem areas and take  appropriate
    telephone follow-up measures.
                                   5-9
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5.5
Expert Review of Critical Questions and Data Retrieval
            Cadmus reviewed the completeness and accuracy of responses to eight questions designated as
'critical" by EPA staff because the information provided in response to the questions was essential for
conducting subsequent analyses in support of regulatory development and implementation efforts.  Table 5-
1 lists the critical questions.  These questions can be found in the CWSS mail questionnaires, which appear
as Appendices to this report. The remainder of this section provides an overview of the review effort.
Table 5-1
   Critical Questions
Question
4
11
18
20
29
30
33
34
Description
Sources of Water
Population Served and Number of Connections
Treatment Facility Information
Information on Intakes with No Treatment
Water Sales by Customer Type
Other Water Related Revenue Sources
Routine Operating Expenses
Assets, Liabilities, and Debt
            Categorization

            To expedite the review process, each questionnaire was categorized according to the level of
difficulty required to review it.  Specifically, Cadmus reviewers placed each questionnaire into one of the
following three categories:

            Category 1:       Complete responses to all critical questions and requiring the least amount
                              of time to review and correct.
            Category 2:       Incomplete responses or apparent errors in response to less than three of
                              the critical questions.  These  questionnaires required additional time to
                              correct or contact the respondent for clarification.
                                               5-10
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            Category 3:       Incomplete or erroneous responses to more than three critical questions.
                              Because these questionnaires would require  a time-consuming effort to
                              remedy them, Cadmus omitted most of them from further review.
In order to maximize the number of questionnaires reviewed, Cadmus staff reviewed questionnaires in
Category 1 first and Category 2 second.  To the extent that the budget and project schedule allowed,
Cadmus staff reviewed the Category 3 systems.

            Within each category, Cadmus reviewers gave priority to systems with apparent errors in
responses over systems with missing data.  Cadmus staff reasoned that a system's filling out a question
indicated both the availability of data and a willingness to provide it.

            General Approach

            Where a system provided information in response to a survey question, Cadmus'  review
focused on determining whether the response was consistent with responses to other questions. To ensure
consistency in the reviews, Cadmus developed a  table for  each critical question listing  the steps to be
followed in checking the question.  In these tables, typical errors  associated  with the responses to the
critical questions were listed, along with appropriate actions to take.  In general, the strategy for solving
problems was as follows:

            •  First, wherever possible,  the reviewer attempted to derive an answer using information
               provided in response to other questions.
            •  Second, the reviewer contacted a Cadmus senior advisor to estimate an answer using best
               professional judgment.
            •  Third, the reviewer attempted to contact the respondent directly for clarification.

Cadmus reviewers did not estimate responses if adequate information was not provided by the respondent
or contained in responses to other questions.  If the respondent provided income statements, balance sheets,
rate  schedules, or  other  supporting documentation, Cadmus reviewers and/or senior  staff used  the
documentation to derive missing answers.

            In order to  ensure a complete  record  of the  review, Cadmus  reviewers filled  out a
Questionnaire Review Sheet (QRS) during  the review and attached it to the survey instrument.  The QRS
                                              5-11
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 required reviewers to list problems encountered during the review, actions taken to resolve the problems,
 and any unresolved issues at the conclusion of the review.  Cadmus senior staff used the QRS forms to
 perform Quality Assurance checks of the reviews and to identify any problems or bottlenecks in the review
 process.  The QRS and any attachments included by the respondents became permanent parts of the
 questionnaire form for future processing and archiving purposes.

             Cadmus reviewers were successful in obtaining missing data for the majority of Category 1
 surveys and a significant proportion of Category 2 surveys. In many cases, reviewers utilized answers to
 other questions in the  survey to derive missing data, especially for the operational  questions.  Similarly,
 reviewers corrected numerous erroneous responses.  Some of the most common problems were resolved
 quickly and with minimal effort.  For example, surveys with incorrect units and/or mathematical errors
 typically were  corrected without contacting the respondent.  More complex problems typically required a
 call to the respondent.  If a problematic answer could not be corrected, reviewers  crossed it out on the
 survey instrument, and the item was handled as missing data in future processing steps.
5.6
Manual Editing, Coding, and Data Entry
            Following the expert review and data retrieval process for critical items, the questionnaires
were subjected to a 100 percent editing review in preparation for entering the data.  This editing process
examined every response field on every  form, to check skip patterns, clarify handwriting that would be
difficult for the data entry staff to read, standardize the recording of quantitative data, and identify any
potential  problems,  such as  marginal notes or potential  order-of-magnitude  reporting errors  in the
volumetric non-critical questions. General protocols were developed to guide the data preparation staff in
reviewing the forms and in handling generic problems. When the editing process resulted in a change to a
form other than routine coding actions like deleting penny amounts from responses in financial data fields,
each change was individually recorded by ID number in a permanent coding-decision log.  Problems that
were too idiosyncratic or too significant to be handled generically were recorded in the log, then reviewed
by a supervisor or manager who had the appropriate knowledge to resolve the issue. Any changes resulting
from this level of review were also recorded in the log.

            After the  initial edit, the questionnaires moved to the data entry process.  Each form was
entered with 100 percent verification, that is,  using independent double key entry.   The automated data
entry program was customized to each of the three questionnaire forms.
                                               5-12
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            As the data were entered, the batches of entered records passed through a  data cleaning
process, consisting of standard computer edit that examined each variable for conformity to appropriate
values or data ranges and also checked the small number of skip patterns that existed  in the survey
instruments.   A report identified  each variable for each case that failed any  of these tests.  A data
preparation supervisor then examined the original questionnaire forms to determine whether the anomaly
occurred in the original data and, if so, whether to confirm it as correct or to record it in the problem log for
resolution as described in the preceding paragraph.  The standard computerized edits were repeated for all
the data until no cases failed the edits, except for any that had been specifically confirmed as valid outliers
during a previous review.

            After all questions had been edited, entered, and cleaned to the degree permitted by these
processes, the resulting keyed database passed to a process of detailed automated logical edits that enabled
expert staff to conduct a highly focused review of data values and relationships.
5.7
Automated Data Validation Checks
            In preparing the final database, EPA, The Cadmus Group, and Westat designed, produced,
and analyzed a series of computer validation checks.  These validation checks were run on the full survey
database after the data had been entered and passed the standard computer edits for values and ranges on a
variable-by-variable basis. The checks included the following:

            •   Distribution frequencies for all categorical variables, plus continuous character variables
                (e.g., OTHER (SPECIFY) fields);
            •   Distribution frequencies for all  continuous numerical variables formatted into four
                categories (non-zero responses, zero-responses, legitimately skipped, and missing);
            •   Univariates for each continuous variable;
            •   Item-specific cross-tabulations of categorical data;
            •   Item-specific cross-univariates of continuous data; and
            •   Item-specific advanced logic edits.
                                               5-13
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             All the validation checks were programmed and run using the SAS data analysis software
 package.   Univariates  are a  standard  SAS procedure producing various  descriptive  statistics for
 quantitative data (e.g., mean, median,  and percentiles).  A cross-tabulation or cross-univariate further
 breaks out the values or descriptive statistics for a given variable into subsets defined by the values of a
 second variable. For example, many of the crossed-univariates produced statistics for key survey variables
 such as number of gallons produced or water sales revenues, and further broke them down into the eight
 population-served size categories used to define the sample strata.  This permitted a more precise review of
 the reasonableness of the responses in such variables, since the magnitude of their response value is closely
 related to the size of the system.

             Output for the automated series was produced on a flow basis, allowing project staff to
 examine and modify the database  on a continual basis.  In general, frequency output was produced first,
 then univariates of continuous data, followed by item-specific crosses  (tabulations and univariates) and the
 advanced logic checks.  This hierarchical approach allowed  for the efficient building of the validated
 database by examining simple output, such as frequencies, before proceeding to running more complex
 validation checks.

             The advanced logic edits provided the most focused view into the data. The objective of the
 advanced logic edits was either to test the relationship between two or more variables or to identify extreme
 values as determined by expert opinion.  In some cases, multiple logic checks were developed to achieve
 both objectives. An example of a logic edit is to check that respondents reported data consistently between
 Questions 29 and 31:  a series of checks determines that if responses are reported in a line-item in Question
 29 (water sales customer categories) then responses should also  be  reported in the parallel line-item in
 Question 31 (billing structure for each customer category).

             Often, the logic checks created composite variables from a related set of survey variables, and
 tested the composite  against other survey data or against external measures of reasonableness.  For
 example, the three variables containing water production data (Question 4) were summed and compared to
 the sum of the eight variables containing water storage data (Question 8).  A logic test then determined if
 systems reported more than ten days production worth of storage.  The parameters for any absolute range
tests or tolerances between variables were refined during the review process. The final edits were run using
the revised tolerances.

            The logic edits were  designed so that if the expected logic condition was not  met (say, for
example, data fell out of the acceptable range) than the survey record would be flagged as containing a
                                               5-14
-------
possible error.  The logic edits were numbered sequentially and a report was generated for each edit that
listed the ID number of each system failing the edit, followed by all of its relevant survey variables and
composite variables involved in the error check.  Exhibit 5-1 is an example of a report page from an
advanced logic edit.

            It is important to note that the logic checks were diagnostic tools. None of the logic tests or
other automated edits were ever used to make computerized global changes to the database based solely on
failure of the logical check. Rather, they were used to guide expert review of individual cases.  Review of
the edit reports often confirmed the reasonableness of the data. In other cases, the error conditions were
extreme enough that it  was decided to  review the original questionnaires to determine whether the data
appeared to be truly invalid.  When expert review determined that an individual data value was highly
unreliable, it was corrected whenever possible, or removed from the record in relatively few extreme cases.

            The advanced logic edits confirmed the effectiveness of the initial expert review of the critical
questions.  The number of items identified for the critical questions was considerably smaller than those
flagged for the non-critical questions.

            Altogether, 44 different advanced logic edits were developed.  Overall, these edits examined,
in one or more ways, approximately 500 out  of the 600 survey variables, including all variables  in the
questions identified as critical questions by EPA.

            Many of the  data points that  were changed as  a  result of the various data  reviews and
automated checks were found to  be associated with order-of-magnitude confusion on the part of the
respondents; for example, reporting in gallons when the question specified millions of gallons.

            Finally, the various reviews and checks resulted in corrections to  clear any extreme data
outliers whose inclusion in the survey  database as  originally reported would  have markedly skewed
subsequent analyses, especially at sub group levels.  However, while the effect of these corrections on the
overall data quality is considerable, they represent a trivial number of changes to the total number of items
reported. For example,  the survey database  contains approximately 1.2 million data points. The changes
resulting from review of the advanced logic edits affected about 3,000 items.  This represents about 0.25
percent of the data points. In terms of a possible trade-off between data quality and data integrity, there is a
very small exposure to reduced data integrity and a very large yield in survey data quality.
                                               5-15
-------
I
I
           Exhibit 5-1     Report from an Advanced Logic Check
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           I i
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-------
5.8
Quality Assurance for Financial Ratio Analysis in Volume I
            Publicly owned and privately owned water systems record and report financial data in various
ways.  Comparing these data necessarily involves making assumptions about, and adjustments to, data that
were reported in the questionnaires.  In  the following paragraphs, we describe how we  developed the
financial ratios contained in Volume I.  We also describe how we made adjustments for the  different
accounting practices of publicly owned and privately owned systems.

            Background

            It  is difficult to obtain comparable financial measurements between privately owned and
publicly owned water systems, and even between water systems in each sector.  This problem is created in
part by the wide variations in size, objectives, and complexity of systems. Small ancillary systems, for
example, provide potable water as an ancillary service; they may keep no records of the costs or revenues
associated with water production and sale. (Indeed, the financial characteristics of ancillary systems are so
unique that they were excluded from much of the financial discussion in Volume I.) The private and public
sectors also  may have fundamentally different objectives.   For example, in an investor-owned company,
provision of drinking water may be a means of creating returns on invested capital.  In publicly owned
systems, provision of drinking water may be part of an array of public services that may be supported by
general revenues.   Alternatively, in  publicly owned systems that use  an  enterprise  fund approach,
consumers generally pay the costs of their water through water (or water and sewer) charges.

            Differences in system complexity, size, and purpose are  reflected in the methods by which
these entities keep their books and report  financial results.  In the private sector, accounting systems and
principles are governed by tax and regulatory  requirements,  and in  the case of large  companies with
publicly held securities, by disclosures that may be required under federal securities laws.  If several water
systems are  owned by a single company,  or if water supply is only part of a larger package of services
provided by the firm, it may be difficult to assemble and compare the precise costs and revenues associated
with water supply. For example, some large water systems have ancillary businesses  such as laboratories,
or they provide contract operations and  maintenance (O&M) services for other systems.  The equity
ownership and  various classes of stock outstanding in investor-owned systems  also  inhibit direct
comparisons with government-owned systems,  whose  equity interest is undivided, undistributed,  and
effectively held  in the aggregate by the public.
                                              5-17
-------
            There can be significant differences in how publicly owned systems account for and report
their financial condition.  The major difference (alluded to above) is between systems that account on an
enterprise or full accrual basis (much as an investor owned system would) and those that use governmental
fund or modified accrual accounting precepts.  While there are several distinctions between the two broad
categories of accounting concepts, the major difference is in the treatment of depreciation expense and debt
service expenditures.  Enterprise accounting systems generally calculate accrued depreciation and  interest
as a current expense, while governmental funds do not. (In some cases, even enterprise accounting systems
may vary in their treatment of depreciation expense due to a lack of historical  records  or alternative
methods of calculation.)  Governmental fund accounting systems, in contrast, do not record depreciation as
an expenditure; and to the extent that information related to the water system's debt is reported, the focus is
on debt service payments  (principal and interest).  Moreover, a water system is treated for accounting
purposes as a governmental unit, and its accounts are incorporated into the general fund structure, it is very
likely that there will not be separate and identifiable debt service charge exclusively related to water  supply.
In such a case, although the water system may be self-supporting in terms of meeting its  current costs of
operation, the debt service (in effect) will be paid from general tax revenues, and the capital investment will
be carried in the general asset accounts of the government.

            These barriers to consistent financial information and uniform analysis have been somewhat
overcome in public sector debt analysis by various adjustments to financial data that seek to make them
comparable across the different accounting systems.  The focus of these efforts has been to  isolate revenues
and cash expenses that are seen as most relevant to credit analysis, and to determining a water system's
ability to repay  bonded debt where water-related revenues such as  user charges and dedicated taxes are
pledged to bond repayment.

            Given the different accounting techniques used in the public sector, it is common practice for
bond market credit analysts to adjust cashflows to make water system finances as comparable as possible
when revenues  are used as a source of  security  for  bond repayment.   One of the more prominent
adjustments is to disregard depreciation as a charge and  not to deduct interest expense  as  an operating
expense (even though it would be counted as  an expense under commercial accounting practices). The
objective is to derive "net available revenue," which focuses on the cash available to pay debt service after
current O&M expenses have been paid.  Another adjustment is to distinguish between recurrent operating
revenues derived from the sale of water  and those other revenues such as connection fees, inspection fees,
                                               5-18
-------
and developer fees, that are more episodic in nature.1 If revenues are pledged to the repayment of bonds,
the bond contract will typically require the water utility to set rates at levels that generate sufficient
revenues to provide certain levels of "coverage."


             To the extent permitted by the structure of our data on system finance, we attempted to use
the adjustments outlined in the paragraph above to create comparable data in Volume I across all system
types.
5.9
Data Processing Quality Assurance
             The final, clean survey database represented the product of the various review, editing, data
entry, and data validation steps described in Sections 5.5 through 5.7.  Once this database was prepared,
there were a number of subsequent data processing steps required to create a variety of files suitable for
analyses and tabulations and for final delivery of a permanent database to EPA. The principal processing
steps included:

             •   Appending needed variables from external files, including sample and contact information
                 from the FRDS and Phase I CATI screener databases.

             •   Analyzing the hard copy questionnaires and the frequency distribution of continuous and
                 categorical variables to devise rules for handling missing data.

             •   Zero-filling blank responses.   Because of the large number of blanks appearing in
                 quantitative data fields in the returned questionnaires,  it was determined that respondents
                 tended to leave blanks where zero was the actual response.  Therefore, a detailed series of
                 rules was developed for assessing such blank responses and determining whether to regard
                 these as  zeroes or missing values.  In general, blank quantity fields were treated as zero,
                 except when  there was external  evidence in a logically related item that the response
                 should not be zero. A detailed set of programming specifications was then designed to
                 implement these rules, then computer processes created pursuant to  the specifications.
                 These processes  were run on the database to convert blank fields either  to zeroes or to
                 explicit missing values, as determined by the rules.
 Analysts attempted to exclude connection fees and inspection fees from operating revenues, but they faced a practical problem. If one excludes these
 fees from revenues, proper accounting methods require that one should also exclude any associated expenses (e.g., connection expenses and
 inspection expenses) from total operating expenses. Given the limitations of our survey data, we could not disaggregate expenses in this manner.
 Therefore, connection fees and inspection fees were not excluded from operating revenue when calculating the operating ratio.
                                                  5-19
-------
                 Creating new derived variables from the survey data to categorize systems into strata
                 comparable to the original sampling strata, but based on the final survey responses rather
                 than the FRDS data and first-phase screening data.
                 Attaching the sample weights to the analytical file.
                 For the final delivery  of the database to EPA, deriving and attaching the numerous
                 composite variables created for production of the analytical tables in Volume II of this
                 report.
             Each of these steps was carefully planned in advance. Detailed specifications were written to
 guide the programming and  data processing needed to  perform each  step.   In addition to these
 specifications, the  processing  of files and flow of data throughout these various steps were planned,
 controlled,  and documented through data flow  diagrams.   The  data flow diagrams are schematic
 representations of how files, data records, data elements, and individual data point values  are handled,
 combined, extracted, and moved from one stage to the next.  These diagrams are crucial quality assurance
 tools to help ensure that programmers and systems analysts have a clear and common understanding of the
 entire process of data management, that the processing stages fit together in logical order and accomplish
 the intended objectives, and that  there is an unambiguous audit trail of the condition of the  data at each
 processing stage.

             Version control was  maintained for all computer programs, and interim stages of all data files
 were permanently archived. This meant that, when changes were made to a program or process, it was
 clear which was the current version and it was always clear of sequential changes that had been made from
 one version to the next.  If earlier versions of data files were needed because it was  desirable to revert to
 values or restore data items that had been updated or modified as a result of the various review and
 processing steps, it was always  possible to restore any earlier version in full or to merge selected data from
the old version to the new version.

            The combination of the processing specifications, data flow diagrams, version  control, and
data archiving ensured that no  process was irreversible, that it was always  possible to recover from any
deliberate or inadvertent changes to the data, and that the characteristics of the survey data were fully
known at each processing stage.
                                              5-20
-------
5.10
Tabulation Quality Assurance
            The tabulations of survey results presented in the 1994 Community Water System Survey
report are varied, detailed, and complex.  Rather than being a simple presentation of individual survey
variables, each table usually presents the results of multiple calculations involving a variety of survey
variables.  Many tables present several such results within a single table.   There were often several
different ways of defining or calculating an item of interest, and sometimes there were different direct or
derived sources of data for the calculation available on the survey database.  Hence, the following steps
were taken to help assure that each table accurately summarized and presented the data contained in the
final survey database.
                Identify important, relevant, and useful information that could be developed from analyses
                of the survey data;

                Design  each table to effectively present the analytical  results or to juxtapose related
                results in the same table;

                Clearly describe the contents of each table;

                Define in detail the variables, values, formulas, and derivations that went into each
                calculation;

                Prepare clear and detailed data processing specifications  for carrying out the tabulations
                according to the calculation definitions;

                Develop computer programs to process the data pursuant to the tabulation specifications;

                Conduct an independent review of the resulting programs  against the data processing
                specifications;

                Review the initial tabular output for:

                  -   Consistency with the design of the table contents,

                  -   Conformity with the definitional and programming specifications, and

                  -   Reasonable agreement with expected values based on external measures and expert
                      knowledge of water system operations and finances;

                Review  definitions,  specifications,  programs,  and  underlying  data for  tabulations
                exhibiting data anomalies or outliers;
                                               5-21
-------
             •   Revise any definitions, specifications, or programs if the review process identifies errors
                 or the need for modifications to previous decisions; and
             •   Repeat previous tabulation quality assurance steps and re-run tabulations until no further
                 unacceptable data anomalies or outliers are found.
             In addition to the above steps, the CWSS tabulation process employed one other measure to
help assure the accuracy the tabulated results.  The tabulation process  was fully automated, from the
underlying source  data through all  processing  stages to the final  formatted  tables.   There were no
intermediate stages requiring manual transfer or entry of data from one stage to the next.  This eliminated
human transcription error.  Equally importantly, it also expedited the process of successive iterations of the
tabulations  during  the  quality review process, since each time a table  was produced the  output  data
automatically were transferred into the same final table form as on the previous iteration. This  ensured that
any new anomalies identified in later iterations did not result from transcription errors, and  allowed the
review staff to focus their investigations on the table data, specifications, and programs.
5.11
Examination of Potential Nonresponse Bias
            The mail survey response rate was approximately 50 percent.  If the nonrespondents have
different characteristics from the respondents, this could result in a significant nonresponse bias in the
survey estimates.  There are a variety of characteristics that may be useful to explore in this regard.  For
this  report, EPA  was particularly interested to investigate whether patterns of compliance  and non-
compliance with EPA regulations were associated with systems' propensity to respond to the survey.

            For the 3,681 water systems included in the mail survey sample, noncompliance data from
FRDS were reviewed for the three-year period from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995. Systems with
violations of the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) were flagged as having at least one MCL violation.
Systems with  monitoring and/or reporting (M/R) violations were classified as having at least one M/R
violation.

            If the percentage of systems with at least one violation were significantly different between
respondents and nonrespondents, it would indicate that the estimates from the survey may be subject to
significant nonresponse biases, in addition to their sampling error.  It is important to look for differences
that  are both statistically significant (not likely  to be due to random chance) and practically  significant
                                               5-22
-------
(differences that might be large enough to impact the estimates to a noticeable degree). Differences were
examined for all systems; by size, water source, and ownership type; and by combinations of these three
variables.  Differences were also examined for MCL violations, M/R violations, either type of violation,
and both violations. Given the many breakdowns examined, a statistical significance level of .01 was used
for each test of statistical  significance.  A difference of more  than 15 percent was used to determine
practical significance. For purposes of this analysis, we will use the term Significantly" different to mean
differences that are both statistically and practically different.

            When systems were examined that had both types of violations during the three year period,
no significant differences were found for any breakdowns.

            When systems were examined that had MCL violations during the three year period, the only
significant difference  was for privately owned surface-water systems,  with 17 percent  of responding
systems having at least one violation and 33 percent of nonresponding systems.

            When systems were examined that had M/R violations during the three year period, a number
of differences were detected.  Among responding systems, four out of 11 (36 percent) of privately owned
ground-water systems serving over 100,000 people had a violation, while none of the five nonresponding
systems had violations.

            Systems  serving between 500 and  1,000 people  had  more M/R violations  among
nonrespondents (57% compared to 40%), with similar results found for subsets of these systems. Publicly
owned systems serving 3,300 to 10,000 people had 32 percent violations for respondents and 50 percent for
nonrespondents. Similar results were found for publicly owned ground-water systems and privately owned
surface-water systems of this size  and publicly owned surface-water systems serving 10,000  to 50,000
people.   Among ancillary  ground-water systems, 48 percent of completed systems had  a violation,
compared to 65 percent of nonrespondents.

            Results for systems that had either  type of violations during the three year  period were
similar to those with M/R violations.   Systems serving 50,000 to  100,000 people tended to have more
violations among respondents than did nonrespondents (46% to 14% for privately owned ground-water
systems and 50% to 29% for publicly owned surface-water systems).
                                              5-23
-------
            Surface-water systems serving between 500 and 1,000 and between 3,300 and 10,000 showed
a higher percentage with violation among nonrespondents, as did ancillary ground-water systems and a few
other categories.

            Given these results there appears to be no obvious systematic bias from nonresponse, at least
for variables correlated with  the  presence of a violation.  There  are obviously many  other types of
differences that might exist between responding systems and nonresponding systems.  However, there are
no easily accessible data sources that contain indicators of these differences.
5.12
Quality Assurance During Report Preparation
            As noted in the  introduction  to this chapter, EPA's Center  for Environmental  Statistics
provided peer review of the data presented on this report to ensure that the findings have been appropriately
described and presented.  Additional peer review for this purpose was obtained from Mr. John Peterson,
The Government Finance Group (GFG), expert in the field of public finance; Mr. Dan Fraser, an engineer
and expert in the operational  characteristics of  water  systems; Dr. Janice  Beecher,  Senior  Research
Scientist and Director of Regulatory  Studies at Indiana University's Center  for Urban Policy and the
Environment; and Mr. Barry Liner, Water Research Center, an expert in benchmarking applied to water
and waste water utilities.
                                              5-24
-------
        APPENDIX A
CWSS CATI Screener Questionnaire
           A-l
-------
-------
                            OMB No.: 2040-0173
                             Expires: 07/31/97
Community Water Systems
      1994 Survey
  CATI SCREENING
    Questionnaire
 - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
This telephone survey is estimated to require approximately 4 minutes to complete.  This
includes time for listening to the question and instructions, and reporting the requested data.
Send comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspect of this survey, indicating
suggestions for reducing  this burden to:  Chief, Information Policy Branch, 2136  •  U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency  • 401 M Street, S.W. •  Washington, D.C. 20460, and
Desk Officer for EPA • Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs • Office of Management
and Budget  • Washington, D.C. 20503
                         - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                1994 COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEM SURVEY
                       Telephone (CATI) Questionnaire
                            SCREENING SURVEY
                     SECTION A. CONTACT PROCEDURES
C1.   Hello, my name is {INTERVIEWER'S NAME} from Westat, Inc. Have I reached the {CWS NAME}.
      [I'm calling for a study being conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.]
      YES..
       	  1 -» [READ THE CWS NAME AND ADDRESS
                                       PRINTED IN BOX 1 TO VERIFY THAT
                                       IT IS CORRECT AND GO TO C2]


YES, BUT NAME/ADDRESS	  2 -» [RECORD CLARIFICATION INFORMATION
HAS CHANGED                           IN BOX 4 AND GO TO C2]
      NO.
                                       [GO TO SUGGESTIONS FOR C1 ON
                                       BLUE TIP SHEET]
      COMMENTS:
C2.   The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is conducting a survey to collect information to help
      develop regulations and guidelines for community water systems.

C3.   I would like to speak with someone knowledgeable about the water system who can answer a few
      questions about the system size, ownership, and water sources. Would that be you or someone
      else?

      May I have your/his/her first name (LAST NAME/TITLE/PHONE NUMBER) please?
      CONTACT NAME:.


      CONTACT TITLE:
                       (First)
(Last)
      CONTACT TELEPHONE NUMBER: (   )_
                                                        Ext._
      CONTACT IS THE SPEAKER	   1  -* [GO TO C5]

      CONTACT IS NOT THE SPEAKER	   2
                       - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                             PAGE S - 2
        C3a.   Would you please transfer me to {CONTACT GIVEN IN i
              AVAILABLE	

              NOT AVAILABLE.
              CONTACT IS REACHABLE.
              AT DIFFERENT NUMBER
                                          1  -»  [QOTOC4]

                                          2  -*  [END CALL SELECT THE
                                                APPROPRIATE RESULT
                                                CODE AND RECORD THE
                                                INFORMATION ON THE CALL
                                                RECORD]

                                          3  •*  [END CALL, RECORD THE
                                                INFORMATION ON CALL
                                                RECORD. REDIALONCATI
                                                SCREEN. ENTER THE NEW
                                                TELEPHONE NUMBER AND
                                                BEGIN AT C4]
FOR OTHER OUTCOMES, GO TO SUGGESTIONS FOR C3/C3a ON THE GREEN TIP SHEET OR SELECT
APPROPRIATE RESULT CODE AND RECORD THE INFORMATION ON THE CALL RECORD.

C4.    Hello, my name Is {INTERVIEWER'S NAME} from Westat, Inc. I am calling for a study being
       conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  When we spoke to someone else at
       {CWS NAME}, you were Identified as being knowledgeable about your system's size, ownership,
       and water sources. EPA is conducting a survey to collect information to help develop regulations
       and guidelines for community water systems. [CONTINUE WITH C5]
C5.
For this study, the Environmental Protection Agency will select a sample of water systems from
across the country. Yours may be selected. While your participation is voluntary, ft is crucial to
the success of this project. I would like to ask you a few questions now to verify our records.

CONTINUE WITH CATI PORTION	  1
OF SCREENER
      RESPONDENT SAYS HE/SHE IS NOT-
      KNOWLEDGEABLE
                                               [ATTACH ADDITIONAL
                                               CONTACT QUESTIONNAIRE
                                               AND BEGIN AT C3 WITH CURRENT
                                               RESPONDENT]
                        - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                          PAGES-3
                       SECTION B.  CWS CATISCREENER
                           Part III. Screening Questions
 S1.   Does {CWS NAME} supply drinking water to its customers?
 STRA
             YES	  1
             NO	  2    -*•  [(THANK 01) Thank you very much, but we are only
                                         interviewing suppliers of piped drinking water. Thank
                                         you for your cooperation. AUTOCODE RESULT AS
                                         •I' AND DISPLAY RESULT MESSAGE]
             REFUSED	  -7    ->  [GO TO REFUSAL PROBE1]
             DONTKNOW	  -8    •*  [GOTODKPROBE1]


 [QUESTION S1A IS NEW]

 S1 A.  Does {CWS NAME} deliver that drinking water through a system of pipes [that is. water pipes, water
 STRA lines, or water mains]?

             YES	  1
             NO	  2    -+  [(THANK01)] Thank you very much, but we are only
                                         interviewing suppliers of piped drinking water.
                                         Thank you for your cooperation. AUTOCODE
                                         RESULT AS T AND DISPLAY RESULT MESSAGE]
             REFUSED	  -7    -»  [GO TO REFUSAL PROBE1]
             DONTKNOW	  -8    -»  [GOTODKPROBE1]


S2.   Does {CWS NAME} have at least 15 service connections used bvvear-round residents?
STRA
             YES	  1     •+  [SKIPTOS3A]
             NO	  2
             REFUSED	  -7     -*  [GOTOREFUSALPROBE1]
             DONTKNOW	 -8
                       - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                           PAGE S - 4
 S3.   Does {CWS NAME} serve at least 25 year-round residents with piped drinking water?
 STRA
             YES	
             NO.
1
2    -*•
             REFUSED	 -7
             DONTKNOW	 -8
[(THANK 02) Thank you very much, but we are
only interviewing providers with 25 or more
residents. Thank you for your cooperation.
AUTOCODE RESULT AS 'I1 AND DISPLAY
RESULT MESSAGE]
[GO TO REFUSAL PROBE1]
[GOTODKPROBE1]
[QUESTION S3A IS NEW]

S3A. Does {CWS NAME}, or any parent company or agency, own or operate any other water systems
STRA besides {CWS NAME} in {CWS CITY [C137]}, {CWS STATE [C139]}
             YES	  1
             NO	  2
             REFUSED	  -7
             DONTKNOW	  -8
[BOXSIS NEW]
                                      BOX 5
 NOTE TO PROGRAMMER:

 IF S3A - 1, -7, -Q, DISPLAY THE FOLLOWING PROMPT:

     When you answer the following questions, please refer in your answers only to {CWS NAME} in
     {CWS CITY [C137]}, {CWS STATE [C139]}. If this presents a difficulty for you at any point,
     please explain the problem to me so that I can make a note of it.

     CONTINUE WITH BOX 10.

 ELSE CONTINUE WITH BOX 10.
                       - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                PAGE S - 5
                    Part IV. Stratification Questions
                                   BOX 10
  NOTE TO PROGRAMMER:
  USE THE FOLLOWING TABLE TO DETERMINE THE HANDLING OF S4,
  S4A, S5, S6, S7, AND SB WHEN ANY COMBINATION OF REFUSAL PROBE1
  DK PROBE1, AND S7 VERIFICATION PROBE IS TRIGGERED.
MITIAL
RESPONSE
TO 84 -88

R
DISPLAY
PROBE
DKPROBE2
REF PROBE2
SECOND
RESPONSE
TOS4-S8
(FROM
PROBE)
DK
R
R
DK
FMAL
VALUE
M 84-88
DK
R
R
DK


GOTO
S7

OUTCOME
GOTO
S8
THE FOLLOWING COMBINATIONS CAN OCCUR FOR S7 ONLY:
DK
R
ANY VALUE
OUTSIDE S7
VERIFICATION
RANGE
DK PROBE2
REF PROBE2
S7
VERIFICATION
PROBE

ANY VALUE
OUTSIDE S7
VERIFICATION
RANGE
ANY VALUE
OUTSIDE S7
VERIFICATION
RANGE
DK
R
OUTLIER
VALUE
OUTLIER
VALUE
DK
R
NA
GOTO
S8

GOTO
S13
I
NA
  ™,   OTHER RESPONSES REGULAR CATEGORICAL VALUES), FOLLOW THE MAIN PATH
INDICATED FOR EACH CATEGORICAL VALUE IN THE RESPECTIVE QUESTION  FOR S7
^APPLIES ONLY IF THE CATEGORICAL VALUE IS ALSO WITHINI^.ERVF,?AT,ON RANGE


THESE SPECIFICATIONS PREVENT REPEATED PROBING OF THE SAME QUESTION  IF
ALTERNATING SEQUENCES OF RESPONSES LEADING TO DIFFERENT FRO«WERE; TO
OCCUR.  SPECIFICALLY, NO RANGE VERIFICATION PROBE IS ATTEMPTED ON^N OUTLIER
RESPONSE TO S7 WHEN THE RESPONSE FOLLOWS A DK OR REFUSED PROBE ON    "
PREMISE THAT THIS SEQUENCE ALREADY INDICATES QUESTIONABLE
                 - CAT! SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                         PAGE S - 6
 S4.   Does {CWS NAME} purchase any of the water it distributes?
 STRA
             YES                 1
             NO.Z!!Z.*m	"	  2    ->  [SKIP TO S6]
             REFUSED	  -7    -»  [GO TO REFUSAL PROBE2 AND
                                         SKIP TO S7 IF CONFIRMED]
             DONTKNOW	  -8    -*•  [GO TO DK PROBE2 AND
                                         SKIP TO S7 IF CONFIRMED]


 [QUESTION S4A IS NEW]

 S4A.  Does {CWS NAME} purchase 100 percent of the water it distributes?
 STRA

             YES	  1
             NO	  2    -  [SKIP TO S6]
             REFUSED	  -7    -*  [GO TO REFUSAL PROBE2 AND SKIP TO S7 IF
                                         CONFIRMED]
             DONTKNOW	  -8    -"  [GO TO DK PROBE2 AND SKIP TO S7 IF
                                         CONFIRMED]


 S5.   Is {CWS NAME}'s primary source of purchased water from ground water or surface water?
 STRA
             GROUND WATER	  1    -*  [SKIP TOST]
             SURFACE WATER	  2    ->  [SKIP TOST]
             REFUSED	 -7    -»  [GO TO REFUSAL PROBE2 AND
                                         SKIP TO S7 IF CONFIRMED]
             DONTKNOW	 -8    -  [GOTO DKPROBE2 AND
                                         SKIP TO S7 IF CONFIRMED]

 [Ground water: wells, springs, aquifers, etc.]
 [Surface water: lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, streams, etc.]


S6.  Is {CWS NAME}'s primary source of non-purchased water from ground water or surface water?
STRA
            GROUND WATER	  1
            SURFACE WATER	  2
            REFUSED	 -7    •*  [GO TO REFUSAL PROBE2 AND
                                         CONTINUE WITH S7 IF CONFIRMED]
            DONTKNOW	 -8   -»  [GO TO DK PROBE2 AND
                                         CONTINUE WITH S7 IF CONFIRMED]

[Ground water: wells, springs, aquifers,  etc.]
(Surface water: lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, streams, etc.]
                        - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                           PAGE S - 7
S7.   What is the total year-round residential population served directly by {CWS NAME}? Would you
STRA say...

     [ENTER ONE ONLY]

             100 or less	  1
             101-500	  2
             501-1,000	  3
             1,001-3,300	  4
             3,301-10,000	  5
             10,001-50,000	  6
             50,001-100,000, or	  7
             Over 100,000?	  8
             REFUSED	 -7
             DONTKNOW	  -8
-"   [GO TO REFUSAL PROBE2 AND
    CONTINUE WITH S8 IF CONFIRMED]
•*   [GOTODKPROBE2AND
    CONTINUE WITH S8 IF CONFIRMED]
                        - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                               PAGE S - 8
 NOTE TO PROGRAMMER:
                             BOX 15
 THE FOLLOWING RANGE VERIFICATION WILL BE APPLIED TO QUESTION S7.

 IF THE RETAIL POPULATION COUNT FOR THE WATER SYSTEM (LOADED FROM
 FRDS RLE DATA ELEMENT C117) EXCEEDS THE UPPER BOUND OF THE SELECTED
 RESPONSE CATEGORY BY AN AMOUNT GREATER THAN 25% OF THE VALUE OF
 C117,OR

 IF C117 IS BELOW THE LOWER BOUND OF THE SELECTED RESPONSE CATEGORY
 BY AN AMOUNT GREATER THAN 25% OF THE VALUE OF C117,

 DISPLAY THE FOLLOWING PROBE AND REQUIRE RE-ENTRY OF THE RESPONSE:

 That amount I* significantly different from the information in our records.  I would like
 to confirm that I recorded your answer correctly.  It may help to mention that the
 question concerns the year-round  residential population served by {CWS NAME}.
 This may be different from the total census population of the area, the total number of
 year-round and transient people served, the number of residential water connections.
 or the total residential population served by any other systems you might also operate.

 REDISPLAYS?.

ACCEPT SECOND ENTRY WITHOUT FURTHER VERIFICATION.

NOTE: FORMULA LOGIC IS AS FOLLOWS:

IF S7 IS NOT MISSING AND C117 IS NOT MISSING
IF C117 2:25
IF (C117 - UPPER BOUND) > 0.25 * C117 OR
IF (LOWER BOUND - C117) > 0.25 * C117
               - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                                PAGES -9
 SB.
 STRA Is the {CWS NAME}'s water system...
              Owned or operated by
              a government or public agency,	1  -»•
              Owned privately and operated primarily
              as a water business, or	2  -*
              Owned privately and operated as a necessary
              part of another business?	3  -»
              REFUSED	-7  •*
                                                      [SWPTOS12]

                                                      [CONTINUE WITH S10]
              DONT KNOW	-8
                                                      [SKIPTOS11]
                                                      [GO TO REFUSAL PROBE2 AND
                                                      SKIP TO S13 IF CONFIRMED]
                                                      [GOTODKPROBE2AND
                                                      SKIP TO S13 IF CONFIRMED]
              [Government includes: city, town, township, village, or any municipal government;
              county, borough, parish; special district or authority; state or Federal
              government; or any other publicly owned or operated system.]

S9.    S9 DELETED

S10.   Is the water business...
STRA
              Investor owned; operating separately but financially
              dependent on a parent company,	    1
              Investor owned; operating separately and not financially
              dependent on a parent company,	    2
              Owned and operated by a homeowners' association or              [   [SKIP TO S13]
              subdivision, or	    3
              Something else?	       4
              REFUSED	     .7
              DONT KNOW	  -8
811.   Is the other business a...
STRA
             Mobile home parki	   1
             Hospital,	   2
             School	   3
             Some other institution,	   4
             Restaurant	   5
             Campground	   6
             Resort,	   7
             Apartments,	   8
             Condominiums, or	   9
             Something else?  	 10
             REFUSED	  -7
             DONT KNOW	  -8
                                                   >   [SKIPTOS13]
                         - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22.1994
-------
                                                                         PAGES-10
 S12.  Is that government a...
 STRA
              Town, township, village or municipal
              government,	  1
              County, borough, or parish
              government,	  2
              State government	  3
              Special district government	  4
              An authority,	  5
              The Federal government, or	  6
              Some other government?	  7
              REFUSED	  -7
              DONT KNOW	  -8
 [BOX 20 IS NEW]
                                      BOX 20
  NOTE TO PROGRAMMER:
  FEDERAL AND STATE CWSs WERE EXCLUDED FROM THE SAMPLE FRAME PRIOR TO SAMPLING.
  IF ANY WERE INCORRECTLY CODED IN FRDS, THEY WILL BE ELIMINATED HERE.

  IF S12 - 3 OR 6, TERMINATE INTERVIEW AND AUTOCODE FINAL RESULT CODE AS '12.'  DISPLAY
  THANK YOU:

      Those are all the questions I have. Thank you for your participation.

  DISPLAY RESULT MESSAGE SCREEN.
S13.  Is {CWS NAME} located on Native American or American Indian land, such as a reservation or
STRA other tribal land?

             YES	  1
             NO	  2
             REFUSED	 -7
             DONT KNOW	 -8
S14.  S14 DELETED

S15.  S15 DELETED

S16.  S16 DELETED
                        - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                         PAGES-11
                          Part V.  Mailing and Contact information
S17.  Your water system qualifies as the type of system we might be interested in for the Survey of
STRA Community Water Systems.  Please give me the name, title, mailing address, and telephone number
     of the person who would be best qualified to answer some more detailed questions about the
     operations and finances of {CWS NAME} if it is selected for the survey.
     CONTACT NAME:
     TITLE:
          MA1LFNAM  (20 COLS)

            (FIRST)

          MAILTITL  (40 COLS)
                                                     MA1LLNAM (25 COLS)
                                                             (LAST)
     ORGANIZATION NAME:  MAILCWS (40 COLS)

     ADDRESS:
          MAILADDR (40 COLS)
     CITY:
MAILCITY
                              STATE:   MAILSTAT
ZIP CODE:
              (30 COLS)
                            (2 COLS)
  MAILZIP
I_J_J_I.
      MA1LAREA
                                MAILEXCH
TELEPHONE:   ( |_|_|_| )
                             MA1LLOCL
                          - I_|_|_|
                                                                MA1LBCT
                                                        EXT.
     [NOTE TO PROGRAMMER: REQUIRE ENTRY IN ALL FIELDS OF S17 EXCEPT TITLE AND EXT
     ALLOW ENTRY OF REFUSED OR DONT KNOW IN ALL FIELDS.]

     Thank you very much for your participation. [NOTE TO PROGRAMMER: AUTOCODE RESULT AS
     'C' AND DISPLAY RESULT MESSAGE SCREEN]
                       - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                PAGE S -12
                           REFUSAL PROBE1
This information is very important for the EPA water systems survey. Your answers will be kept
confidential. I would be happy to discuss your concerns, so that you might reconsider answering
this question.

[ENTER RESPONDENTS ANSWER IN THE ENTRY FIELD.  IF RESPONDENT STILL REFUSES, RE-
ENTER 'REFUSED,' (SHIFT/7).]
  NOTE TO PROGRAMMER:

  USE THE FOLLOWING TABLE TO DETERMINE THE HANDLING OF Si, S1A, S2, AND
  S3 WHEN REFUSAL PROBE1 IS TRIGGERED BY INITIAL ITEM REFUSAL:
  2nd Response    Final Value
  toSl.S1AS2. S3  inSl.SlAS2. S3
  R

  DK



  1,2
R

DK



1,2
      Outcome

Terminate Interview and Treat as Refusal

Si, S1A S3: Terminate Interview and Treat as
          Refusal
S2:    Go To S3

Follow Main Path Instructions
  REFUSAL TREATMENT NOTE: REFUSALS RESULTING AUTOMATICALLY FROM
  REFUSAL PROBE1 WILL PRODUCE A RESULT MESSAGE TO INTERVIEWERS TO
  RECORD RESULT CODE '12' ON CALL RECORD. OTHER REFUSALS WILL BE
  CODED BY INTERVIEWERS AS STANDARD INTERIM REFUSAL CODE '2'. THIS WILL
  PERMIT SEPARATE HANDLING OF REFUSALS DUE TO ITEM-REFUSAL IN
  ELIGIBILITY QUESTIONS Si, S1A, S2, OR S3.

  CATI WILL NOT ASSIGN INDIVIDUAL INTERIM RESULT CODES. ALL INTERIMS WILL
  BE CODED BY CATI AS RESULT CODE '9'.

  TELEPHONE SUPERVISORS WILL REVIEW CALL RECORDS AND UPDATE ALL
  CASES AS FINAL REFUSALS, 'RB,' WHEN ANY COMBINATION OF RESULT CODES '2'
  OR '12' REACHES A TOTAL COUNT OF TWO.
                 - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                PAGES-13
                           REFUSAL PROBE2      !

Your answer to this question will provide information needed to correctly categorize your water
system. It would be very helpful if you would reconsider answering It, so that we can be sure of
asking you the appropriate questions.

[ENTER RESPONDENTS ANSWER IN THE ENTRY FIELD. IF RESPONDENT STILL REFUSES RE-
ENTER 'REFUSED,' (SHIFT/7).]
  NOTE TO PROGRAMMER:

  UPON SECOND ENTRY IN DATA ENTRY FIELD (AFTER FIRST ENTRY INVOKED
  REFUSAL PROBE 2), FOLLOW THE PATH INDICATED IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR
  THE ENTERED VALUE, EXCEPT FOR A SECOND REFUSED (= -7). IF -7 IS ENTERED
  FOR  A SECOND TIME,  CONTINUE  WITH NEXT  QUESTION OR SKIP TO THE
  INDICATED QUESTION, AS INDICATED IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR A CONFIRMED
  REFUSAL
                - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                   PAGES-14
                               DK PROBE1

This information is very important for the EPA water systems survey.  If you don't feel certain enough
to answer this question, I  would be glad to speak with someone else who could provide this
Information. If you feel you can give a reasonably certain answer, I can accept that, or would you
rather give me the name of someone else to contact?
                    STRA.DK PRB1
RESPONDENT CAN ANSWER QUESTION.,
,1
RESPONDENT CAN PROVIDE NAME OF
SOMEONE ELSE	2
RESPONDENT CANNOT ANSWER QUESTION AND
CANNOT PROVIDE NAME OF SOMEONE ELSE	3
[REDISPLAY QUESTION]
           [DISPLAY COLLECT NAME
           SCREEN]
           [TERMINATE INTERVIEW AND
           TREAT AS REFUSAL]
                  - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                            PAGE S -15
 NOTE TO PROGRAMMER:

 USE THE FOLLOWING TABLE TO DETERMINE THE HANDLING OF S1, S1A AND S3
 WHEN DKPROBE1 IS TRIGGERED BY INITIAL DONT KNOW RESPONSE:

 Response   2nd       Final
 to         Response   Value
 DK PROBE1  to S1.S1A. S3 in S1. S1 A. S3 Outcome

 1           1,2      -1,2         Follow Main Path Instructions

 1           DK       DK          Terminate Interview and Treat as Refusal

 1           R        R           Terminate Interview and Treat as Refusal

 2           —       DK          Collect Name

 3           —       DK          Terminate Interview and Treat as Refusal
REFUSAL TREATMENT NOTE: REFUSALS RESULTING AUTOMATICALLY FROM DK
PROBE1 WILL PRODUCE A RESULT MESSAGE TO INTERVIEWERS TO RECORD
RESULT CODE '12' ON CALL RECORD. OTHER REFUSALS WILL BE CODED BY
INTERVIEWERS AS STANDARD INTERIM REFUSAL CODE '2'. THIS WILL PERMIT
SEPARATE HANDLING OF REFUSAL DUE TO DONT KNOW RESPONSES AND
UNWILLINGNESS TO PROVIDE BETTER RESPONDENT FOR ELIGIBILITY QUESTIONS
S1-S3.

CAT! WILL NOT ASSIGN INDIVIDUAL INTERIM RESULT CODES. ALL INTERIMS WILL
BE CODED BY CATI AS RESULT CODE '9'.

TELEPHONE SUPERVISORS WILL REVIEW CALL RECORDS AND UPDATE ALL
CASES AS FINAL REFUSALS, 'RB,f WHEN ANY COMBINATION OF RESULT CODES '2f
OR '12' REACHES A TOTAL COUNT OF TWO.
               - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                              PAGE S -16
                  COLLECT NAME SCREEN (NEWCONT)
RECORD NEW CONTACT PERSON'S NAME, TITLE, AND PHONE NUMBER IN CONTACT UPDATE
SECTION OF RESPONDENT INFORMATION SHEET [FtIS].

IF NEW CONTACT PERSON IS AT CURRENT PHONE NUMBER, ASK IF PERSON IS AVAILABLE.
IF NOT, SCHEDULE CALLBACK ON CALL RECORD.
                  STRA.NEWCONT     (   )
NEW CONTACT AVAILABLE....,
NEW CONTACT NOT AVAILABLE.
[RESTART INTERVIEW AT
VERIFICATION SCREEN,
VERF02]

[DISPLAY RESULT SCREEN
RESULT 01]
                - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                               PAGES-f7
                             DK PROBE2
Your answer to this question will provide information needed to correctly categorize your water
system.  If you feel you can give a reasonably certain answer, I can accept that.
[ENTER RESPONDENT'S ANSWER IN THE ENTRY FIELD.
•DONT KNOW," RE-ENTER "DONT KNOW,' (SHIFT/8).]
IF RESPONDENT STILL ANSWERS
  NOTE TO PROGRAMMER:

  UPON SECOND ENTRY IN DATA ENTRY FIELD (AFTER FIRST ENTRY INVOKED DK
  PROBE2), FOLLOW THE PATH INDICATED IN  THE QUESTIONNAIRE  FOR THE
  ENTERED VALUE, EXCEPT FOR A SECOND DONT KNOW (= -8). IF -8 IS ENTERED
  FOR  A SECOND TIME,  CONTINUE WITH  NEXT QUESTION OR SKIP TO THE
  INDICATED QUESTION, AS INDICATED IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR A CONFIRMED
  DONT KNOW.
                 - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
                                                                               PAGES-18
 There will be four front-end screens:

       1.     Case ID entry screen

       2.     Information Verification Screen for selected case,  to enable interviewer to confirm
             correct entry of ID by matching screen information against RIS information:

                CWS Name
                CWS Address
                CWS City, State, ZIP
                CWS FRDS Number

      3.    Telephone number entry screen, to enable interviewer to enter current target number
            from RIS into CATI, whjph will pass it to the autodialer. This will reduce dialing error,
            since dialed number will be visible on screen for interviewer to verify before sending it
            to the autodialer.

      4.    Information Verification Screen for selected case, to enable interviewer to a) re-confirm
            correct entry  of ID after  dialing  (by matching  screen  information  against RIS
            Information or information  provided  by contact),  before proceeding  into  CATI
            instrument, or b) redial/exit case if not confirmed by contact.


There will be two back-end screens.

      1.    Thank you screen, with reminder to interviewer to code result on paper Call Record.

      2.    Thank you  and result message screen,  displayed to interviewer after autocoding of
            result by CATI; will display the assigned code and prompt the interviewer to record
            that code on the paper Call Record.


            In addition to the standard CATI displays at the top of each screen, the following Items
            should also be displayed: CWS Name, City, State, FRDS number.
                     - CATI SPECS #6 (FINAL) - December 22,1994
-------
          APPENDIX B
CWSS Telephone Contact Questionnaire
              B-l
-------
-------
                       CONTACT QUESTIONNAIRE #
                                                                      Westat ID
C1.    Hello, my name is {INTERVIEWER'S NAME} from Westat, Inc.  Have I reached the {CWS
       NAME}.  [I'm calling for a study being conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection
       Agency.]
       YES.
        	  1  -»  [READ THE CWS NAME AND ADDRESS
                                          PRINTED IN BOX 1 TO VERIFY THAT
                                          IT IS CORRECT AND GO TO C2]


YES, BUT NAME/ADDRESS	  2  •*  [RECORD CLARIFICATION INFORMATION
HAS CHANGED                             IN BOX 4 AND GO TO C2]
       NO.
       COMMENTS:
                                     3  -*  [GO TO SUGGESTIONS FOR C1 ON
                                          BLUE TIP SHEET]
C2.    The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is conducting a survey to collect information to
       help develop regulations and guidelines for community water systems.

C3.    I would like  to speak with someone knowledgeable about the water system who can
       answer a few questions about the system size, ownership, and water sources.  Would that
       be you or someone else?

       May I have your/his/her first name (LAST NAME/TITLE/PHONE NUMBER) please?
      CONTACT NAME:
                               (First)
                                                  (Last)
      CONTACT TITLE:
      CONTACT TELEPHONE NUMBER: (    )_
                                                            Ext.
       CONTACT IS THE SPEAKER 	  1  -»  [QOTOC5]

       CONTACT IS NOT THE SPEAKER 	  2
-------
                                                                     Westat ID
                      CONTACT QUESTIONNAIRE #
       C3a.  Would you please transfer me to {CONTACT GIVEN IN C3}?

             AVAILABLE	  1  - [GOTOC4]
             NOT AVAILABLE	  2 -
             CONTACT IS REACHABLE.
             AT DIFFERENT NUMBER
      [END CALL. SELECT THE
      APPROPRIATE RESULT
      CODE AND RECORD THE
      INFORMATION ON THE CALL
      RECORD]

      [END CALL, RECORD THE
      INFORMATION ON CALL
      RECORD. REDIALONCATI
      SCREEN. ENTER THE NEW
      TELEPHONE NUMBER AND
      BEGIN AT C4]
FOR OTHER OUTCOMES, GO TO SUGGESTIONS FOR C3/C3a ON THE GREEN TIP SHEET OR
SELECT APPROPRIATE RESULT CODE AND  RECORD THE  INFORMATION ON THE CALL
RECORD.
C4.    Hello, my name is {INTERVIEWER'S NAME} from Westat, Inc. I  am calling for a study
       being conducted  for the U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency. When we spoke to
       someone else at {CWS NAME}, you were identified as being knowledgeable about your
       system's size, ownership, and  water sources.  EPA is conducting a survey to collect
       information to help  develop regulations and  guidelines for community water systems.
       [CONTINUE WITH C5]
C5.    For this study, the Environmental Protection Agency will select a sample of water systems
       from across the country. Yours may be selected. While your participation is voluntary, it is
       crucial to the success of this project. I would like to ask you a few questions now to verify
       our records.
       CONTINUE WITH CATI PORTION.
       OF SCREENER
       RESPONDENT SAYS HE/SHE IS NOT.
       KNOWLEDGEABLE
1
      [ATTACH ADDITIONAL
      CONTACT QUESTIONNAIRE
      AND BEGIN AT C3 WITH CURRENT
      RESPONDENT]
-------
       APPENDIX C
Public CWSS Mail Questionnaire
           C-l
-------
-------
                               OMB No.: 20404173

                                Expires: 7/31/97
          United States
  Environmental Protection Agency
      SURVEY OF PUBLIC

COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS
                                  12/28/94
-------
    Please return this questionnaire in the enclosed postage-paid envelope
                                          or mail to:
                             EPA Community Water Systems Survey
                             1650 Research Boulevard
                             Room GA 45
                             Rockville, MD 20850-9973
                   The following questionnaire is estimated to require 45 minutes to an hour to complete.
      This includes time for reviewing instructions, gathering and reporting the requested data, and reviewing the questionnaire.
  Send comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspect of this survey, indicating suggestions for reducing this burden, to:
Chief, Information Policy Branch, 2136 • VS. Environmental Protection Agency  • 401M Street, S.W.  •  Washington, DC 20460, and
Desk Officer for EPA • Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs •• Office of Management and Budget • Washington, DC 20503.
-------
Please respond about:
If you have any questions about the survey or how to
complete the questionnaire, please call:
   Please return your completed questionnaire in the
  enclosed postage-paid envelope by March 1O, 1995.
-------
-------
                  1994 Community Water Systems Survey:
                         Public Systems Questionnaire
                            GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS


 This questionnaire asks three preliminary questions and then is divided into two major parts:

          PART I - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS (Questions 4-27); and
          PART II - FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS (Questions 28-40).

 Please complete the questionnaire as follows:

       •   In Question 1, provide the best contact person for each part (I and II);

       •   In Question 2, indicate the latest full-year reporting periods for which your operating information,
          and financial information are available;

       •   In Part I of the questionnaire, use the period indicated in Question 2(A) to report "last year's"
          operating data; and in Part II, use the period indicated in Question 2(B) to report "last year's"
          financial data;

       •   In Part II of the questionnaire, record dollar amounts as whole dollars;

       .   Please record your answers for the questionnaire by filling in the blank(s)
          or circling the appropriate number(s) for each item;  and

       •   Make a copy of the completed questionnaire for your records before sealing it in the enclosed
          envelope.
1.
Please provide the name, title and telephone number of the most knowledgeable person to
contact for information on:
         (A) PART I - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS:

         Name:	    Title:
         Tel. No. (	)	-	   Fax No.	

         T
         (B) PART II - FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
           (Write "SAME" if same as above)

          Name:	    Title:
          Tel. No. (	)_
                                      Fax No.
-------
2.      Please specify the end date of the most recent 12-month reporting period for which  your
        drinking water system can provide operating and financial information.

                                                                                 T
                                                                           Can be reported
                                                                               for the
                                                                          12 months ending
            (A)  Operating information.

            (B)  Financial information .
3.
Please  indicate,  by circling  the appropriate  numbers in columns A,  B,  and C, whether the
organizations or people listed below provide your drinking water system with:

    (A)  Information on drinking water requirements and guidance;
    (B)  Operator training; and
    (C)  Technical assistance.
    (Circle all numbers that apply for each information source)
    INFORMATION SOURCE
                                               T
                                               (A)
                                         Source providing
                                           information
                                           on drinking
                                        water requirements
                                          and guidance
1.   State Department of Natural Resources, state
      Health Department, or state EPA	   1
2.   Other state government departments or
      extension services	   1
3.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	   1
4.   Other federal agencies or extension services
      (e.g., FmHA, Rural Development Administration)	   1

s.   County government	   1
6,   Local government	   1
7,   State rural water associations	   1
a.   Other associations	   1
9.   Rural community assistance program	   1
10.  Contracted engineering services	   1
11.  Citizen volunteers	   1
12.  Electronic bulletin boards	   1

13,  Technical publications	   1
14.  Radio or television	   1
15.  Local newspapers	   1
16.  Federal register	   1
17.  Other (Please specify)	  1
18.      	  1
   T
   (B)

 Source
providing
operator
 training
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2

                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
    T
    (C)

  Source
 providing
 technical
assistance
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3

                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
-------
                       PART I - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
  PRODUCTION AND STORAGE
4.     For each type of water source listed below, please indicate which ones you use and:

          (A) the number of gallons (in millions of gallons) produced in the last year (i.e., the amount
              of water going into the distribution system); and
          (B) the number of water intake points with disinfection.
           WATER SOURCE
           Ground water . . .  .
           Surface water . . .  .
           Water purchased from
            other systems . .  .
                                     Do you obtain water
                                     from this source?
YES
  1
  1

  1
NO

 2
 2
                                                            If YES, enter the number of:
   (A)
  Gallons
produced In
the last year
(In millions)
   (B)
Number of
  Intake
points with
disinfection
5.      What was your system's peak daily production of non-purchased drinking water during the past
       year, and what is the system's maximum daily treatment design capacity?
                                                             V
                                                          Gallons
                                                          per day
           (A)  Peak daily production
           (B)  Maximum daily treatment design capacity
6.      You reported your system's maximum daily treatment design capacity in Part B of Question 5.
       There are several possible factors that may have resulted in a maximum capacity of this size.
       Some possibilities are listed below.  Please circle the number to the right of each factor that
       indicates how important that factor was in determining your system's maximum design capacity.
Factor Determining Maximum Design Capacity

1.  Current peak needs (beyond average daily flow)
2.  Seasonal demand (e.g., irrigation)	
3.  Emergency flows (e.g., fire, drought)	
4.  Expected growth	
s.  Limited choice in package plant sizes.	
6.  Other (Please specify)	
                  How important was this factor?
         Very Important    _^        >,    Not important at all
                       2
                       2
                       2
                       2
                       2
                       2
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                 4
                 4
                 4
                 4
                 4
                 4
             5
             5
             5
             5
             5
             5
-------
        Do you have treated water storage?
            1  Yes
            2  No —»
Go to Question 9
8.      Please indicate whether you have the following types of treated water storage listed below; and
        if so, for each type of storage:
           (A)  how many tanks do you have;
           (B)  what is their storage capacity (in millions of gallons); and
           (C)  do you disinfect water in these tanks after storage?
         TYPE OF TREATED
         WATER STORAGE
Does your water
system have this
type of treated water
storage?
YES NO

If YES, complete the following:
(A) (B) (C)
Total Disinfect
storage capacity after
Number (In millions of storage?
of tanks gallons) YES NO
         GROUND LEVEL OR SUB-SURFACE STORAGE

         Natural materials (e.g., wood, earth):
       1.   Uncovered	       1        2
       2.   Covered.	       1        2

         Synthetic materials
         (e.g., steel, concrete):
       3.   Uncovered	       1        2
       4.   Covered.	       1        2
                                                                            2
                                                                            2
                                                                            2
                                                                            2
         ELEVATED STORAGE

         Natural materials (e.g., wood):
       s.    Uncovered	
       6.    Covered.	
         Synthetic materials
         (e.g., steel):
       7.    Uncovered .  . ,
       a.    Covered. . .  . ,
                             2
                             2
                             2
                             2
2
2
2
2
-------
9.     Please indicate the types of pipe used in your distribution system. For each type of pipe, what
       is the number of:
          (A) miles (or feet) of existing pipe;
          (B) miles (or feet) of pipe replaced in the last year;
          (C) water main repairs in the last year; and
          (D) months between flushes for that type of pipe.
          TYPE OF PIPE
          IRON:
       1.    w/Cement Lining.  . .
       2.    w/o Cement Lining . .
          ASBESTOS CEMENT:
       3.    w/Vinyl	
       4.    w/o Vinyl	
       5.   PVC	
       e.   Other plastic	
       7.   Other (Please specify)

Does your
distribution
system
have this
type of
pipe?

YES NO









If YES, enter the number of:

(A)
Miles or
feet
(specify
which)
of exist-
ing pipe

(B)
Miles or
Miles feet (specify Miles
or which) of or
feet? pipe replaced feet?
(Circle in the (Circle
MorF) last year MorF)

(C)
Water
main
repairs in
the last
year for
type of pipe

(D)


Months
between
flushes for
type of pipe
2

2


2

2

2

2
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F

M
F
M
F

M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F

M
F
M
F

M
F
10.     How many miles (or feet) of new pipe (for expansion purposes) have you installed in the last 5
        years? Enter response for either miles pj; feet, but not both.
        (If zero, enter "0"}
                             . MILES OF NEW PIPE    OR
                             FEET OF NEW PIPE
-------
11.
How many people and connections does your system currently serve with piped drinking water,
and how many did it serve 5 years ago?
(Please estimate if you dont know the exact number.)
         NOTE:

         If your system serves a population that changes on a seasonal basis (for example, a winter
         or summer resort area), please indicate the highest seasonal number of people served or
         active connections.
(A)

(B)
                                                            T
                                                         Currently
                                                                           T
                                                                        5 years ago
PEOPLE SERVED WITH PIPED DRINKING WATER

ACTIVE CONNECTIONS WITH PIPED
 DRINKING WATER
12.    What are the ZIP codes of your service area?  (If your system's service area covers more than
       10 ZIP codes, record only the first 3 digits of the ZIP code(s), i.e., all ZIP codes covered by the
       same 3 starting digits can be summarized as one ZIP code by recording the first 3 digits.)
       OR

       FIRST 3 DIGITS OF ZIP CODES (For systems whose service area covers more than 10 ZIP codes)

       	XX       	XX        	XX       	XX       	XX
 OPERATOR' TlMlii
13.     Do you have any drinking water treatment plant operators currently employed by your system?

           T
           1  Yes
           2  No —>   Go to Question 15
-------
14.     Please indicate whether the treatment plant operators you employ have  attained any of the
        training level categories listed  below.  Provide the number of operators and average operator
        work week (in hours) for each applicable training level category:
           TRAINING LEVEL CATEGORY

           STATE CERTIFIED (i.e., with state-approved
           certified training for drinking water)
              -   Full time operator(s) [Definition:
                   Works at least 35 hours a week]	
              -   Part time operator(s) who also operate other
                   drinking water plants (e.g., "circuit riders")  .
              -   Other part time, state certified
                   operators	
Do you employ
drinking water
treatment
operators who
have attained this
training level
category?

YES NO














How many
operators
do you have?
(Number)
If "YES"

Average hours per week
per operator:
Other
Drinking
Treatment Water
Duties Duties
(Mrs) (Hrs)
2

2

2
           TRAINED THROUGH A NATIONAL OR STATE
           PROGRAM, BUT NOT STATE CERTIFIED
              -   Full time operators) (see definition above).  .
              -   Part time operator(s) who also operate other
                   drinking water plants (e.g., "circuit riders")  .
              -   Other part time, trained operators	
2
2
           OTHER TRAINING LEVEL
           (e.g., on-the-job training)
              -   Full time operator(s) (see definition above).  .    1
              -   Part time operator(s) who also operate other
                   drinking water plants (e.g., "circuit riders")  .    1
              -   Other part time operators not
                   classified above	    1
2

2

2
 WATER SOURCES AND TREATMENT
15.     Is  your water  system  interconnected to another system  that  you can use for  emergency
        purposes (e.g., hot summers)?

            T
            1  Yes
            2  No
-------
16.     If your primary source of drinking water became permanently unusable due to contamination,
        please indicate whether or not you would adopt any of the solutions listed below:
             SOLUTION

        1.    Draw more heavily upon other sources on the present system.  .

        2,    Draw upon another system to which you are now connected.  .  .
        3.    Draw upon alternative sources (e.g., hook up to another system)

        4.    Implement a water management plan (e.g., rationing)	
        s.    Drill new well(s).	

        6.    Curtail service	

        7.    Other (Please specify)	
                                                                            If primary water
                                                                            sources became
                                                                          unusable, would you
                                                                          adopt this solution?
                                                                           YES        NO
                                         2

                                         2

                                         2

                                         2

                                         2

                                         2

                                         2
17.     If you are currently interconnected to your long term alternate water source, check the box
        indicated and go to Question 18.
                  Currently interconnected  —>
Go to Question 18
       If you have no long term alternate water source(s), check the box indicated and go to Question 18.
                  No long term alternate water source(s)  —>
            Go to Question 18
       What is the name of your long term alternate water source(s) and how many miles is it from the
       nearest connection point on your current system?
          Name of long term
          alternate water source(s)

           1.	

           2.	

           3.	
                T
             Distance
               from
              system
          (to nearest mile)
If distance is under
 one mile, please
 estimate distance
     in feet
-------
 o>
 CO
                                                       1-    -
                                        223
                       2  o
co
                                                                                          111

                                                                                          8
eo
co
•*  in
co  co
to
co
co  en
co  co
co  «t in  to
~&  "& *t  ^
                                                                                               I*-  co en  o  i- CM
                                                                                               *- .1- f  CM  CM CM
                CO  •*

                CM  CM
-------
19.     Are there places in your distribution  system other than those  reported  in your answer to
        question 8C (storage)  or question 18 (treatment facilities) where you boost  disinfectant
        residuals?
            1
            2
      Yes
      No
20.     Please supply the following  information for each well  or surface water  intake not receiving
        treatment (include only sources that were active in 1994). If you have more than five wells and
        intakes, please check here QL  (Record the information about the additional wells and intakes
        on a photocopy of this page or use a blank sheet of your own.)
       T
  AQUIFER OR
SURFACE WATER
 SOURCE NAME
 (e.g, Ogalala Aquifer
   or Ohh River)
     SOURCE
    TYPE (enter
     G for Ground
    orS for Surface)
   LOCATION OF WELL OR INTAKE:
       (Enter latitude and longitude from
        local plat map or permit)
     Latitude             Longitude
(Degrees Min.  Sec.)     (Degrees Min.  Sec.)
Average
 flow
(Gal/day)
1..
If well,
please list:
Potential
flow
(Gal/day)
Well
depth
(feet)
  SOURCE WATER
21.     Does your drinking water system participate in a source-water or wellhead protection program?

           V
           1 Yes
           2 No  —»
            Go to Question 25
22.     Please indicate whether or not the following measures are being adopted in your source-water
        or wellhead protection program:
             MEASURE
                                                                            Is this measure
                                                                            adopted in your
                                                                            source-water or
                                                                          wellhead protection
                                                                               program?
                                                                           YES        NO
        1.

        2.

        3.

        4.




        5.
Education on land use impacts
Ownership of a watershed .  .
Zoning or land use controls.  .
Best Management Practices
(such as run-off controls, fertilizer scheduling,
less toxic road maintenance materials) .  . . .
Other (Please specify)	
                                                         2
                                                         2
                                                         2
                                                         2

                                                         2
                                                     10
-------
23.     Who leads or manages this program?
        (Circle only one number)
            1    Local government
            2    Regional authority (e.g., Section 208 Agency)
            3    State agency
            4    Other (Please specify)	
24.     How is the management area delineated?
        (Circle all numbers that apply and fill in the blanks if 3, 4 or 5 is circled)
           T
            1
            2
            3
            4
            5
By watershed boundaries
By aquifer boundaries
By a fixed radius around well of
.feet
By a fixed distance from a surface water body of
Other (Please specify)	
               feet
25.     Please indicate if any of the potential sources of contamination listed below exist within 2 miles
        of your water supply intakes:
        POTENTIAL SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION
                                                                  Does this potential source of contamination
                                                                   exist within 2 miles of your water supply?
1.       Industrial or manufacturing facilities	
2.       Agricultural runoff.	
3.       Animal feed lots	
4.       Urban runoff	
5.       Sewage discharge	
e.       Hazardous waste site	
7.       Solid waste disposal	
s.       Nitrates.	
9.       Pesticides, rodenticides, fungicides
         (e.g., mixing or storage facilities)	
10.      Mining, oil, or gas activities	
11.      Petroleum products (e.g., auto repair shops)
12.      Solvents (e.g., dry cleaners)	
13.      Septic systems or other sewage discharges.
14.      Other (Please specify)	
                                                              YES
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                        NO
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2

                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                                       11
-------
26.    Who performs laboratory analysis on your drinking water?
       LAB ANALYSIS PROVIDER
       The state	
       A private firm. .  . .
       In-house employees
       Other (Specify)
Does this provider perform your lab analysis for ...
Matals/ other
Inorganics?
YES
1
1
1
1
NO
2
2
2
2
Microbials?
YES
1
1
1
1
NO
2
2
2
2
VOCs'? Organics?
YES NO YES
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
NO
2
2
2
2
       'VOCs^Volatile organic compounds (e.g., carbon
       tetrachloride, benzine, THMs, etc.)
27.    How do you pay for your laboratory analysis?
       PAYMENT METHOD
       Direct payment for tests to state or private lab.
       Included as part of state permit	
       Dontpay	
       Other (Please specify)	
                                                        Do you use this payment method?
                                                              YES        NO
                                                                          2
                                                                          2
                                                                          2
                                                                          2
                         PART H - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 REVENUES AND EXPENSES
28.
Are your financial reports or income and expense statements for your drinking water system
completed in accordance to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)?
(Circle one number)
    T
    1   Yes
    2   No
    3   Dont have separate income and expense
        statements for our drinking water system
    4   Don't know
                                                12
-------
To simplify your task of providing financial information, please follow the guidelines
below when filling but the remainder of the questionnaire.
 PROVIDING ESTIMATES:

 The following questions ask for information on drinking water supply operations, exclusive of other
 activities with other types of operations.  Where possible, please provide exact information from
 your system's records.  Otherwise provide your best estimate of financial information that  is
 applicable to your drinking water system only.


 ROUNDING:

 Please record your dollar amounts to the nearest dollar. DO NOT record fractional
 dollars (i.e., dollars and cents).
                                               13
-------
29.     During the last year [as defined in your response to Question 2(B)] what were your drinking
        water system's revenues from water sales for each of the following customer categories:
        (If zero, enter "0")
           1.
           2.
           3.
           4.


           5.
           6.
           7.
           8.
           9.
WATER SALES
CUSTOMER CATEGORIES

Residential customers	$_
Commercial customers	$_
Industrial customers	$_
Wholesale customers (i.e., those
  who redistribute your water
  to other users)	$_
Local municipal government	$_
Other government customers	$_
Agricultural customers	$_
Other (Specify)	$_
TOTAL	$
                                                           T
                                                       Water Sales
                                                        Revenues
Gallons delivered
   (in millions)
30.     Please indicate your drinking water system's revenues during the last year from the other water-
        related revenue sources listed below.
        (If zero, enter "0")
               WATER RELATED REVENUE SOURCE
               (EXCLUDING WATER SALES)

           1.   Connection fees	   $_
           2.   Inspection fees	   $_
           3.   Developerfees	   $_
           4.   Other fees	   $_
           5.   General fund revenues (operating transfers in)	   $_
           6.   Interest earnings (on water fund, etc.)	   $_
           7.   Fines/penalties	   $_
           8.
           9.
               Please specify other water system
               revenues (not elsewhere reported)
                                                 $_
                                                 $_
                                                        T

                                                     Revenues
                                                    14
-------
31.     For each customer category listed below, please identify your drinking water system's billing
       structure, indicate the'year and percent of the two most recent rate increases, and provide the
       number of metered and unmetered active connections.
       (If zero, enter "0")
                                                   T                 V
   1.

   2.

   3.

   4.



   5.

   6.

   7.

   8.





CUSTOMER CATEGORY
Residential customers 	
Commercial customers 	

Industrial customers 	

Wholesale customers (i.e., those who
redistribute your water to other users)
Local municipal government 	

Other government customers 	

Agricultural customers 	

Other (Specify)






1





1






1
Billing
structure
(Circle all
code(s)
from Box 2
that apply)
23456

3456

o 4 o o

23456

3456

o 4 o b

3456
23456






7





7






7


Year and percent of
two most recent rate
increases
YR. % YR. %
















Number
of active
connections
Metered/Unmetered
/





/

/



1
1
   Note:    The total of all metered and unmetered connections should be the same as the
            current active connections reported in question 11 (B).
         Metered Charges
         CODE   Billing Structure

           1     Uniform rate
           2     Declining block rate
           3     Increasing block rate
           4     Peak period rate
                 (e.g., seasonal)
BOX 2 - BILLING STRUCTURE

     Unmetered Charges

     CODE   Billing Structure

       5     Separate flat rate for water
       6     Combined flat rate for water and other services
             (e.g., rental fees, association fees, pad fees)
                            Other Type of Charges

                            CODE    Billing structure

                              7      Other (Specify)
                                                   15
-------
32.     How many gallons (or dollar equivalents) of uncompensated usage did your water system have
        in the last year for each of the usage categories listed below:
      UNCOMPENSATED USAGE CATEGORY

1.     Free service to municipal buildings and parks.
2.     Fke protection, street cleaning,
       hydrant flushing	
3.     Leaks, breaks, failed meters	
4.     Uncollected bills	
5.     Other (Specify)	
      Uncompensated usage
    (Enter either millions of gallons
 QT dollar equivalent, if gallons unknown)

	million gals,   or  $	
        .million gals,  or  $_
        .million gals,  or  $_
        .million gals,  or  $_
        ..million gals,  or  $_
 The next question is intended to account for M of your drinking water expenses. Please list
 your:
       *£•     Routine operating expenses in Part A;
       ^>     Capital-related expenses (including interest or
               principal repayment) in Part B; and
       =*•     Other expenses in Part C.
                                                  16
-------
33A.
Please enter the routine operating expenses of your drinking water system in the fast year, according
to the operating expense categories listed below:
            PART A
            OPERATING EXPENSES
                                                     Last year's expenses
            DIRECT COMPENSATION (wages, salaries, bonuses, etc.):
       1.      Managers	$	
       2.      Operators	$	
       3.      Others	$	
       4.    Benefits (health & insurance premiums, PICA,
             FUTA, and pension contributions)	$	
            ENERGY COSTS:
       s.      Electricity	$	
       e.      Other energy (gas, oil, etc.)	$	
            CHEMICALS:
       7.      Disinfectants	$	
       s.      Precipitant chemicals	$	
       9.      Other chemicals	$	
       10.   Materials and  supplies	$	
       11.   Outside analytical lab services	$	
       12.   Other outside  contractor services	$	
       13.   Depreciation expenses	$	
       14.   Water purchase expense
                LJ raw water   Ql treated water	$	
       15.   Payments in lieu of taxes or other
             cash transfers out	$	
       16.   Other operating expenses (general and administra-
             tive expenses not reported elsewhere)	$	
       17.   TOTAL ALL OPERATING EXPENSES	$	

B.     Please enter the  amount of debt service expenditures for your drinking water system in the last year.
            PART B
            DEBT SERVICE EXPENDITURES
       is.   Interest payments	$	
       19.   Principal payments	$__	
       20.   Other debt service
             expenditures (Specify)	$	
       21.   TOTAL ALL DEBT SERVICE
             EXPENDITURES	$	

C.     Please enter the  amount of other expenses (excluding operating and debt service expenses reported
       in Parts A and B) for your  drinking water system in the last year.
            PARTC
            OTHER EXPENSES
       22.   Capital improvements (e.g.,
             expansion, new treatment)	$	
       23.   Advance contributions to sinking funds	$	
       24.   Other (Specify)	 $	
       25.   TOTAL OTHER EXPENSES	$	
       26.   TOTAL ALL EXPENSES (FROM PARTS A - C) . . . .  $	
                                                      17
-------
 ASSETS,
34.    Please provide the following  information on your drinking water system's total assets  and
       liabilities, outstanding debt, and total capital reserve fund.
           1.

           2.
           3,

           4.

           S.

           6.

           7.
                                                             Amount at end
                                                              of last year
TOTALASSETS	

TOTAL LIABILITIES	

TOTAL DEBT OUTSTANDING:

   DIRECT NET DEBT (see definition below):

     Due within 5 years	
     Longer than 5 years	JL

   Revenue Bond Debt	sL

   All Other Debt	&_

TOTAL CAPITAL RESERVE FUND	$_
  DEFINITION:
    Direct Net Debt - Gross direct debt (owed directly by a jurisdiction) less debt that is self-supporting
    (revenue bonds) and double-barreled bonds (general obligation bonds secured by earmarked revenues
    which flow outside the general fund).
 CAPITAL INVESTMENT
35.    Have you paid for major capital improvements, repairs or expansion since January 1,1987?

              T
              1   Yes

              2   No —>
             Go to Question 37
                                                  18
-------
36.    What sources of funds did you use to pay for these major capital improvements,  repairs, or
       expansion?
SOURCE OF FUNDS FOR
CAPITAL INVESTMENT

Debt Financing

1.  Revenue or industrial development
   bond  	
2.  General obligation bond	
3.  Bank loan	

   STATE OR FEDERAL SUBSIDIZED LOAN:
4.    Rural Development
      Administration (RDA)	
5.    Farmers Home
      Administration (FmHA)	
6.    State Agencies (Specify)


Other Sources of Funds
7.  Payment from capital reserve fund .  .
8.  Special assessment	
9.  Cash flow from current revenues. .  .

   STATE OR FEDERAL SUBSIDIZED GRANT:
10.   Rural Development
      Administration (RDA)	
11.   Farmers Home
      Administration (FmHA)	
12. Other (Specify)
                                         Was this source of
                                          funds used since
                                              1/1/87?
             YES
NO
                         2
                         2
                         2
                         2

                         2

                         2
                         2
                         2
                         2
                         2

                         2
If YES, how much was secured or provided for
          each of the following?
 Water quality     Replacement       System
 improvement    or major repairs     expansion
        $_
        $_
        $_
        $_

        $_
        $_
        $_
        $_


        $_
              $_
              $_
              $_

              $_

              $_
$_

$_

$_
              $_
              $.
              $_
$_
$_
              $_

              $_
$_

$_
37.    Have you  ever  had to reduce or cancel  plans  for major capital improvements, repairs, or
       expansion of your drinking water system because you were unable to secure an adequate loan
       from any source; and if so, what was the amount of the loan sought?
              1   Yes —»
              2   No
Amount of Loan
$	
                                                          Reason for Loan Denial (if known)
            IF YOU HAVE NOT USED BONDS FOR FINANCING, GO TO QUESTION 40.
                                                   19
-------
38.   Have your bonds ever been rated by a rating service?
           T
            1   Yes
            2   No   —»
Go to Question 39C
39A.  What was your system's latest bond rating?
         RATING SERVICE
                      T
                     Rating
           Moody's

           Standard and Poor's

           Other (Specify)	
                               (e.g., Baal)

                               (e.g., BBB+)
39B.   What was the year of your system's latest bond rating?

                               T
                               19	
39C.  What was the type of bond that was last issued by your system?
      (Circle one number)
               1   Revenue or industrial development bond
               2   General obligation bond
               3   Other (Specify)	
40.    Please enter any additional comments (optional):
  THANK YOU FOR COMPLETING THIS QUESTIONNAIRE.  YOUR
         TIME AND EFFORT ARE GREATLY APPRECIATED.
    MAILING INSTRUCTIONS ARE INSIDE THE FRONT COVER.
                                          20
-------
       APPENDIX D
Private CWSS Mail Questionnaire
           D-l
-------
-------
                               OMB No.: 20400173

                                Expires: 7/31/97
          United States
  Environmental Protection Agency
     SURVEY OF PRIVATE

COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS
                                  12/28/94
-------
    Please return this questionnaire in the enclosed postage-paid envelope
                                          or mail to:
                             EPA Community Water Systems Survey
                             1650 Research Boulevard
                             Room GA 45
                             Rockville, MD 20850-9973
                   The following questionnaire is estimated to require 45 minutes to an hour to complete.
      This includes time for reviewing instructions, gathering and reporting the requested data, and reviewing the questionnaire.
  Send comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspect of this survey, indicating suggestions for reducing this burden, to:
Chief, Information Policy Branch, 2136  • VS. Environmental Protection Agency • 401M Street, S.W. • Washington, DC 20460, and
Desk Officer for EPA  • Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs  • Off ice of Management and Budget  •  Washington, DC 20503.
-------
Please respond about:
If you have any  questions about the survey or how to
complete the questionnaire, please call:
   Please return your completed questionnaire in the
  enclosed postage-paid envelope by March 1O, 1995.
-------
-------
                 1994 Community Water Systems Survey:
                        Private Systems Questionnaire
                           GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
 This questionnaire asks three preliminary questions and then is divided into two major parts:

         PART I - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS (Questions 4-27); and
         PART II - FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS (Questions 28-40).

 Please complete the questionnaire as follows:

      •  In Question 1, provide the best contact person for each part (I and II);

      •  In Question 2, indicate the latest full-year reporting periods for which your operating information,
         and financial information are available;

      •  In Part I of the questionnaire, use the period indicated in Question 2(A) to report "last year's"
         operating data; and in Part II, use the period indicated in Question 2(B) to report "last year's"
         financial data;

      •  In Part II  of the questionnaire, record dollar amounts as whole dollars;

      .  Please record your answers for the questionnaire by filling in the blank(s)
         or circling the appropriate number(s) for each item; and

      •  Make a copy of the completed questionnaire for your records before sealing it in the enclosed
         envelope.
1.     Please provide the name, title and telephone number of the most knowledgeable person to
      contact for information on:
         (A) PART I - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS:

         Name:	    Title:
         Tel. No. (	)	-	  Fax No..

         T
         (B) PART II - FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
           (Write "SAME" if same as above)
          Name:
          Tel. No.  (	)_
     Title:
Fax No.
-------
 2.      Please specify  the end date  of the  most recent 12-month reporting  period for which your
        drinking water system can provide operating and financial information.
                                                                            Can be reported
                                                                                for the
                                                                           12 months ending
            (A) Operating information.
            (B) Financial information  .
3.
Please  indicate,  by circling  the  appropriate numbers  in columns A, B,  and C, whether the
organizations or people listed below provide your drinking water system with:

    (A)  Information on drinking water requirements and guidance;
    (B)  Operator training; and
    (C)  Technical assistance.
    (Circle an numbers that apply for each information source)
    INFORMATION SOURCE
                                               T
                                               (A)
                                        Source providing
                                           information
                                           on drinking
                                       water requirements
                                          and guidance
1.   State Department of Natural Resources, state
      Health Department, or state EPA	   1
2,   Other state government departments or
      extension services	   1
3,   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	   1
4.   Other federal agencies or extension services
      (e.g., FmHA, Rural Development Administration)	   1

s.   County government	   1
e.   Local government	   1
7.   State rural water associations	   1
8.   Other associations	   1
9.   Rural community assistance program	   1
10.  Contracted engineering services	   1
11.  Citizen volunteers	   1
12.  Electronic bulletin boards	   1

13.  Technical publications	   1
14.  Radio or television	   1
15.  Local newspapers	   1
16.  Federal register	   1
17.  Other (Please specify)__	   1
18.	  1
   T
   (B)

 Source
providing
operator
 training
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2

                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
    (C)

  Source
 providing
 technical
assistance
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3

                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
-------
                       PART I - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
  PRODUCTION AMD STORAGE
4.     For each type of water source listed below, please indicate .which ones you use and:

          (A) the number of gallons (in millions of gallons) produced in the last year (i.e., the amount
              of water going into the distribution system); and
          (B) the number of water intake points with disinfection.
           WATER SOURCE
           Ground water ....
           Surface water .  . .  .
           Water purchased from
            other systems  . .  .
                                     Do you obtain water
                                     from this source?
YES
  1
  1
NO

 2
 2
If YES, enter the number of:
     (A)           (B)
   Gallons      Number of
  produced in       intake
  the last year     points with
  (in millions)     disinfection
5.      What was your system's peak daily production of non-purchased drinking water during the past
       year, and what is the system's maximum daily treatment design capacity?
                                                             T
                                                           Gallons
                                                           per day
           (A)  Peak daily production
           (B)  Maximum daily treatment design capacity
6.     You reported your system's maximum daily treatment design capacity in Part B of Question 5.
       There are several possible factors that may have resulted in a maximum capacity of this size.
       Some possibilities are listed below.  Please circle the number to the right of each factor that
       indicates how important that factor was in determining your system's maximum design capacity.
Factor Determining Maximum Design Capacity

1.  Current peak needs (beyond average daily flow)
2.  Seasonal demand (e.g., irrigation)	
3.  Emergency flows (e.g., fire, drought)	
4.  Expected growth	
s.  Limited choice in package plant sizes.	
e.  Other (Please specify)	
                  How important was this factor?
         Very Important      ^        y    Not important at all
                       2
                       2
                       2
                       2
                       2
                       2
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                   4
                   4
                   4
                   4
                   4
                   4
5
5
5
5
5
5
-------
Do you have treated water storage?
     1 Yes
     2 No —»
Go to Question 9
Please indicate whether you have the following types of treated water storage listed below; and
if so, for each type of storage:
   (A) how many tanks do you have;
   (B) what is their storage capacity (in millions of gallons); and
   (C) do you  disinfect water in these tanks after storage?
  TYPE OF TREATED
  WATER STORAGE
Does your water
system have this
type of treated water
storage?
YES NO

If YES, complete the following:
(A) (B) (C)
Total Disinfect
storage capacity after
Number (in millions of storage?
of tanks gallons) YES NO
  GROUND LEVEL OR SUB-SURFACE STORAGE

  Natural materials (e.g., wood, earth):
1.    Uncovered	       1
2.    Covered.	       1
  Synthetic materials
  (e.g., steel, concrete):
3.    Uncovered . . .  .
4.    Covered	
                             2
                             2
                             2
                             2
2
2
2
2
  ELEVATED STORAGE

  Natural materials (e.g., wood):
s.   Uncovered	
6.   Covered.	
  Synthetic materials
  (e.g., steel):
7.    Uncovered . . ,
8.    Covered. . . . ,
                             2
                             2
                             2
                             2
2
2
2
2
-------
9.     Please indicate the types of pipe used in your distribution system. For each type of pipe, what
       is the number of:
          (A) miles (or feet) of existing pipe;
          (B) miles (or feet) of pipe replaced in the last year;
          (C) water main repairs in the last year; and
          (D) months between flushes for that type of pipe.
          TYPE OF PIPE
          IRON:
       1.    w/Cement Lining.
       2.    w/o Cement Lining
          ASBESTOS CEMENT:
       3.    w/Vinyl	
       4.    w/o Vinyl	
       5.    PVC	
       e.    Other plastic	
       7.    Other (Please specify)

Does your
distribution
system
have this
type of
pipe?

YES NO









If YES, enter the number of:

(A)
Miles or
feet
(specify
which)
of exist-
ing pipe

(B)
Miles or
Miles feet (specify Miles
or which) of or
feet? pipe replaced feet?
(Circle in the (Circle
M or F) last year M or F)

(C)
Water
main
repairs In
the last
year for
type of pipe

(D)


Months
between
flushes for
type of pipe
2

2


2

2

2

2
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F

M
F
M
F

M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F

M
F
M
F

M
F
10.    How many miles (or feet) of new pipe (for expansion purposes) have you installed in the last 5
       years?  Enter response for either miles pi feet, but not both.
       (If zero, enter "0")
                            . MILES OF NEW PIPE   OR
                             FEET OF NEW PIPE
-------
11.
How many people and connections does your system currently serve with piped drinking water,
and how many did it serve 5 years ago?
(Please estimate if you don't know the exact number.)
         NOTE:

         If your system serves a population that changes on a seasonal basis (for example, a winter
         or summer resort area), please indicate the highest seasonal number of people served or
         active connections.
(A)

(B)
                                                            V
                                                          Currently
                                                                        5 years ago
PEOPLE SERVED WITH PIPED DRINKING WATER

ACTIVE CONNECTIONS WITH PIPED
 DRINKING WATER
12.    What are the ZIP codes of your service area? (If your system's service area covers more than
       10 ZIP codes, record only the first 3 digits of the ZIP codefs), i.e., all ZIP codes covered by the
       same 3 starting digits can be summarized as one ZIP code by recording the first 3 digits.)
       OR

       FIRST 3 DIGITS OF ZIP CODES (For systems whose service area covers more than 10 ZIP codes)

       	XX       	XX        	XX       	XX       	XX
 OPERATOR TRAINING
13.    Do you have any drinking water treatment plant operators currently employed by your system?
           1 Yes
           2  No —>   Go to Question 15
-------
14.     Please indicate whether the treatment plant operators you employ have attained any of  the
        training level categories listed below.  Provide the number of operators and average operator
        work week (in hours) for each applicable training level category:
            TRAINING LEVEL CATEGORY

            STATE CERTIFIED (i.e., with state-approved
            certified training for drinking water)
              -  Full time operators) [Definition:
                   Works at least 35 hours a week]	
              -  Part time operators) who also operate other
                   drinking water plants (e.g., "circuit riders")  .
              -  Other part time, state certified
                   operators	
Do you employ
drinking water
treatment
operators who
have attained this
training level
category?

YES NO














How many
operators
do you have?
(Number)
If "YES"

Average hours per week
per operator:
Other
Drinking
Treatment Water
Duties Duties
(Hrs) (Hrs)
1          2

1          2

1          2
           TRAINED THROUGH A NATIONAL OR STATE
           PROGRAM, BUT NOT STATE CERTIFIED
              -  Full time operator(s) (see definition above). .
              -  Part time operator(s) who also operate other
                  drinking water plants (e.g., "circuit riders") .
              -  Other part time, trained operators	
           2
           2
           OTHER TRAINING LEVEL
           (e.g., on-the-job training)
              -   Full time operator(s) (see definition above). .    1
              -   Part time operator(s) who also operate other
                   drinking water plants (e.g., "circuit riders") .    1
              -   Other part time operators not
                   classified above	    1
           2

           2

           2
 WATER SOURCES AND TREATMENT
15.     Is your water system  interconnected to another system that you can  use for emergency
        purposes (e.g., hot summers)?
            V
            1  Yes
            2  No
-------
16.     If your primary source of drinking water became permanently unusable due to contamination,
        please indicate whether or not you would adopt any of the solutions listed below:
            SOLUTION
        1.   Draw more heavily upon other sources on the present system. .
        2.   Draw upon another system to which you are now connected.  . .
        3.   Draw upon alternative sources (e.g., hook up to another system)
        4.   Implement a water management plan (e.g., rationing)	
        s.   Drill new well(s).	
        6.   Curtail service	
        7.   Other (Please specify)	
                                                                            If primary water
                                                                            sources became
                                                                          unusable, would you
                                                                          adopt this solution?
                                                                           YES        NO
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
17.     If you are currently interconnected to your long term alternate water source, check the box
        indicated and go to Question 18.
              Q
                  Currently interconnected  —>
Go to Question 18
        If you have no long term alternate water source(s), check the box indicated and go to Question 18.
              T
              Q
                  No long term alternate water source(s)  —>
            Go to Question 18
        What is the name of your long term alternate water source(s) and how many miles is it from the
        nearest connection point on your current system?
           Name of long term
           alternate water source(s)
            1.	
            2.	
            3.	
             Distance
               from
              system
          (to nearest mile)
If distance is under
 one mile, please
 estimate distance
     in feet
-------
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1 1
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"1 1 ~
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"1
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                           S
                                                                       s
                                 - * i 2 £


                                 I '*!{
                                 g 2 c " E?
                                 f, £050


                                 Q CO CO CO CO

                                 8
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-------
19.     Are there places  in your distribution system other than those reported in your answer to
        question 8C (storage) or question  18  (treatment  facilities)  where you  boost disinfectant
        residuals?

            V
            1     Yes
            2     No

20.     Please supply the following  information for each well or surface  water intake not  receiving
        treatment (include only sources that were active in 1994).  If you have more than five wells and
        intakes, please check here Q.  (Record the information about the additional wells and intakes
        on a photocopy of this page or use a blank sheet of your own.)
       T
  AQUIFER OR
SURFACE WATER
 SOURCE NAME
 (e,g, Ogalala Aquifer
                     LOCATION OF WELL OR INTAKE:
      SOURCE             (Enter latitude and longitude from
     TYPE (enter             local plat map or permit)
      G for Ground         Latitude              Longitude
   or Ohio River)     or S for Surface)   (Degrees Win.  Sec.)
                                     (Degrees  Min.  Sec.)
Average
 flow
(Gal/day)
If well,
pleas* list:
Potential
flow
(Gal/day)
Well
depth
(feet)
*._
21.     Does your drinking water system participate in a source-water or wellhead protection program?
           1  Yes
           2 No  —»     Go to Question 25
22.     Please indicate whether or not the following measures are being adopted in your source-water
        or wellhead protection program:
             MEASURE
                                                                             Is this measure
                                                                             adopted in your
                                                                             source-water or
                                                                           wellhead protection
                                                                               program?
                                                                            YES         NO
        1.

        2.

        3.

        4.
Education on land use impacts
Ownership of a watershed .  .
Zoning or land use controls.  .
Best Management Practices
(such as run-off controls, fertilizer scheduling,
less toxic road maintenance materials) . .  . .
Other (Please specify)	
                2
                2
                2
                                                                                        2

                                                                                        2
                                                     10
-------
23.     Who leads or manages this program?
        (Circle only one number)
            1    Local government
            2    Regional authority (e.g., Section 208 Agency)
            3    State agency
            4    Other (Please specify)	
24.     How is the management area delineated?
        (Circle all numbers that apply and fill in the blanks if 3, 4 or 5 is circled)
           T
            1
            2
            3
            4
            5
By watershed boundaries
By aquifer boundaries
By a fixed radius around well of
feet
By a fixed distance from a surface water body of
Other (Please specify)	
               feet
25.     Please indicate if any of the potential sources of contamination listed below exist within 2 miles
        of your water supply intakes:
        POTENTIAL SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION
                                                                  Does this potential-source of contamination
                                                                   exist within 2 miles of your water supply?
1.       Industrial or manufacturing facilities	
2.       Agricultural runoff.	
3.       Animal feed lots	
4.       Urban runoff	
5.       Sewage discharge	
6.       Hazardous waste site	
7.       Solid waste disposal	
a.       Nitratea	
9.       Pesticides, rodenticides, fungicides
         (e.g., mixing or storage facilities)	
10.      Mining, oil, or gas activities	
11.      Petroleum products (e.g., auto repair shops)
12.      Solvents (e.g., dry cleaners)	
13.      Septic systems or other sewage discharges.
14.      Other (Please specify)	
                                                              YES
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                       NO
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2

                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                                       11
-------
26.    Who performs laboratory analysis on your drinking water?
        LAB ANALYSIS PROVIDER
       The state	
       A private firm.  . .  .
       In-house employees
       Other (Specify)
       Does this provider perform your lab analysis for...
  Metals/                                        other
 Inorganics?      Microblals?         VOCs'?          Organics?
YES    NO     YES    NO        YES    NO      YES      NO
        'VOCsaVolatile organic compounds (e.g., carbon
        tetrachloride, benzine, THMs, etc.)
27.    How do you pay for your laboratory analysis?
       2
       2
       2
       2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
       PAYMENT METHOD
       Direct payment for tests to state or private lab.
       Included as part of state permit	
       Don't pay	
       Other (Please specify)	
                    Do you use this payment method?
                          YES        NO
                                       2
                                       2
                                       2
                                       2
                          PART H - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
  REVENUES AMD EXPENSES
28.    Are your financial reports or income and expense statements for your drinking water system
       completed in accordance to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)?
       (Circle one number)
           1   Yes
           2   No
           3   Don't have separate income and expense
                statements for our drinking water system
           4   Don't know
                                                 12
-------
To simplify your task of providing financial information, please follow the guidelines
below when filling out the remainder of the questionnaire.
 PROVIDING ESTIMATES:

 The following questions ask for information on drinking water supply operations, exclusive of other
 activities with other types of operations.  Where possible, please provide exact information from
 your system's records.  Otherwise provide your best estimate of financial information that  is
 applicable to your drinking water system only.


 ROUNDING:

 Please record your dollar amounts to the nearest dollar. DO NOT record fractional
 dollars (i.e., dollars and cents).
                                               13
-------
29.     During the last year [as defined in your response to Question 2(B)] what were your drinking
        water system's revenues from water sales for each of the following customer categories:
        (If zero, enter *0")
           1.

           2.

           3.

           4.




           5.

           6.

           7.

           8.

           9.
WATER SALES
CUSTOMER CATEGORIES

Residential customers	$_

Commercial customers	$
Industrial customers	$_
Wholesale customers (i.e., those
  who redistribute your water
  to other users)	$_

Local municipal government	$_

Other government customers	$_

Agricultural customers	$_

Other (Specify)	$_
                                                           T
                                                      Water Sales
                                                       Revenues
       T
Gallons delivered
   (in millions)
TOTAL	$_
30.     Please indicate your drinking water system's revenues during the last year from the other water-
        related revenue sources listed below.
        (If zero, enter "0")
               WATER RELATED REVENUE SOURCE
               (EXCLUDING WATER SALES)


           1.   Connection fees	   $_

           2.   Inspection fees	   $_

           3.   Developer fees	   $_

           4.   Other fees	   $_

           s.   Interest earnings (on water fund, etc.)	   $_

               Please specify other water system
               revenues (not elsewhere reported)
           6.   	   $_
           7.   	   $_
                                                    Revenues
                                                    14
-------
31.    For each customer category listed below, please identify your drinking water system's billing
       structure, indicate the year and percent of the two most recent rate increases, and provide the
       number of metered and unmetered active connections.
       (If zero, enter "0")
                                                   T                 Y                       T
   1.

   2.

   3.

   4.



   5.

   6.

   7.

   8.





CUSTOMER CATEGORY
Residential customers 	
Commercial customers 	

Industrial customers 	

Wholesale customers (i.e., those who
redistribute your water to other users)
Local municipal government 	

Other government customers 	

Agricultural customers 	

Other (Specify)






1





1






1
Billing
structure
(Circle all
code(s)
from Box 2
that apply)
23456

«3 4 O O

J 4 O O

23456

3456

3456
2Q A C C
O 4 O O
23456






7





7






7


Year and percent of
two most recent rate
increases
YR. % YR. %
















Number
of active
connections
Metered/Unmetered
/

/

/

/





/
/
   Note:    The total of all metered and unmetered connections should be the same as the
            current active connections reported in question 11 (B).
         Metered Charges

         CODE   Billing Structure

           1     Uniform rate
           2     Declining block rate
           3     Increasing block rate
           4     Peak period rate
                 (e.g., seasonal)
BOX 2 - BILLING STRUCTURE

     Unmetered Charges

     CODE   Billing Structure

       5     Separate flat rate for water
       6     Combined flat rate for water and other services
             (e.g., rental fees, association fees, pad fees)
                            Other Type of Charges

                            CODE   Billing structure

                              7      Other (Specify)
                                                    15
-------
32.     How many gallons (or dollar equivalents) of uncompensated usage did your water system have
        in the last year for each of the usage categories listed below:
      UNCOMPENSATED USAGE CATEGORY

1.     Free service to municipal buildings and parks.
2,     Fire protection, street cleaning,
       hydrant flushing	
3.     Leaks, breaks, failed meters	
4.     Uncollected bills	
s.     Other (Specify)	
      Uncompensated usage
    (Enter either millions of gallons
 QT dollar equivalent, if gallons unknown)

	million gals,   or  $	
        jnillion gals,  or  $_
        jnillion gals,  or  $_
        jnillion gals,  or  $_
        jnillion gals,  or  $_
 The next question is intended to account for M of your drinking water system expenses.
 Please list your:
       •      Routine operating expenses in Part A;
       •      Capital-related expenses (including interest or
               principal repayment) in Part B; and
       •      Other expenses in Part C.
                                                   16
-------
33A.   Please enter the routine operating expenses of your drinking water system in the last year, according
       to the operating expense categories listed below:
           PART A
           OPERATING EXPENSES
                                                             Last year's expenses
            DIRECT COMPENSATION (wages, salaries, bonuses, etc.):
       1.      Managers	$	
       2.      Operators	$	
       3.      Others	$	
       4.    Benefits (health & insurance premiums, PICA,
             FUTA, and pension contributions)	$	
            ENERGY COSTS:
       5.      Electricity	$	
       6.      Other energy (gas, oil, etc.) .  '.	$	
            CHEMICALS:
       7.      Disinfectants	$	
       8.      Precipitant chemicals	$	
       9.      Other chemicals	$	
       10.   Materials and supplies	$	
       11.   Outside analytical lab services	$	
       12.   Other outside contractor services	$	
       13.   Depreciation expenses	$	
       14.   Water purchase expense
                Gl raw water   Q treated water	$	
       15.   Other operating expenses (general and administra-
             tive expenses not reported elsewhere)	$	
            ALL TAXES: (income, property, etc.)
       16.     Federal taxes	$	
       17.     State taxes	$	
       is.     Local taxes	$	
       19.   TOTAL ALL OPERATING EXPENSES	$	

B.      Please enter the amount of debt service expenditures for your drinking water system in the last year.
            PARTS
            DEBT SERVICE EXPENDITURES
       20.   Interest payments	$	
       21.   Principal payments	$	
       22.   Other debt service
             expenditures (Specify)	$	
       23.   TOTAL ALL DEBT SERVICE
             EXPENDITURES	$	

C.      Please enter the amount of other expenses (excluding operating and debt service expenses reported
        in Parts  A and B) for your drinking water system in the last year.
            PARTC
            OTHER EXPENSES
       24.   Capital improvements (e.g.,
             expansion, new treatment)	$	
       25.   Advance contributions to sinking funds	$.	
       26.   Other (Specify)	$	
       27.   TOTAL OTHER EXPENSES	$	
       28.   TOTAL ALL EXPENSES (FROM PARTS A - C) .  . .  . $	
                                                       17
-------
ASSETS,
                      * DEBT
 34.     Please provide the following information on  your  drinking water system's total assets and
        liabilities, outstanding debt, and total capital reserve fund.
                                                             Amount at end
                                                              of last year
           1.   TOTAL ASSETS	$_
           2.   TOTAL LIABILITIES	$_
               TOTAL DEBT OUTSTANDING:
           3.       Due within 5 years	$_
           4.       Longer than 5 years	$_
           5.   TOTAL CAPITAL RESERVE FUND	$
35.
     Have you paid for major capital improvements, repairs or expansion since January 1,1987?
           V
           1   Yes
           2   No —>
                           Go to Question 37
                                                18
-------
36.    What sources of funds did you use to pay for these major capital improvements, repairs, or
       expansion?
SOURCE OF FUNDS FOR
CAPITAL INVESTMENT

Debt Financing
1.  Revenue or industrial development
   bond   	
2.  Company bond	
3.  Bank loan	

   STATE OR FEDERAL SUBSIDIZED LOAN:
4.    Small Business Administration .
s.    Rural  Development
      Administration (RDA)	
6.    Farmers Home
      Administration (FmHA)	
7.    State Agencies (Specify)


Other Sources of Funds

8.  Payment from capital reserve fund .
9.  Special  assessment	
10. Stock issue	
11. Cash flow from current revenues. .

   STATE OR FEDERAL SUBSIDIZED GRANT:
12.   Rural Development
      Administration (RDA)	
13.   Farmers Home
      Administration (FmHA)	
14. Other (Please specify)
                       Was this source of
                        funds used since
                            1/1/87?
                         YES       NO
                                     2
                                     2
                                     2
                                     2

                                     2

                                     2

                                     2
                                     2
                                     2
                                     2
                                     2
                                     2

                                     2
If YES, how much was secured or provided for
          each of the following?
  Water quality     Replacement       System
  improvement    or major repairs     expansion
 $_
 $.
 $_
 $_

 $_

 $_
 $_
 $_
 $_
 $_
 $_

 $.
$_
$_
$_
$_
$_
$_
$_

$_

$_

$_
$_

$_

$_

$_
$_
$_
$_
$_
$_
$_
$_
$_
$_

$_
$_

$_
37.    Have you  ever had to reduce or cancel plans  for major capital improvements,  repairs, or
       expansion of your drinking water system because you were unable to secure an adequate loan
       from any source; and if so, what was the amount of the loan sought?
              1
              2
Yes —»
No
                             Amount of Loan

                             $	
                                        Reason for Loan Denial (if known)
            IF YOU HAVE NOT USED BONDS FOR FINANCING, GO TO QUESTION 40.
                                                   19
-------
38.    Have your bonds ever been rated by a rating service?
           T
            1   Yes
            2   No   —»
Go to Question 39C
39A.   What was your system's latest bond rating?
         RATING SERVICE
                      T
                     Rating
          Moody's

          Standard and Poor's

          Other (Specify)	
                               (e.g., Baal)

                               (e.g., BBB+)
39B.   What was the year of your system's latest bond rating?

                              T
                              19	
39C.   What was the type of bond that was last issued by your system?
      (Circle one number)
               1   Revenue or industrial development bond
               3   Company bond
               4   Other (Specify)	
40.    Please enter any additional comments (optional):
  THANK YOU FOR COMPLETING THIS QUESTIONNAIRE.  YOUR
         TIME AND EFFORT ARE GREATLY APPRECIATED.
    MAILING INSTRUCTIONS ARE INSIDE THE FRONT COVER.
                                          20
-------
        APPENDIX E
Ancillary CWSS Mail Questionnaire
            E-l
-------
-------
                              OMB No.: 204(M)173

                              Expires: 7/31/97
            United States
    Environmental Protection Agency
           3D
           Q

VvX
5
CD
  SURVEY OF COMMUNITY WATER
      SYSTEMS OPERATED IN
CONJUNCTION WITH MOBILE HOME
   PARKS OR OTHER BUSINESSES
                                 12/28/94
-------
    Please return this questionnaire in the enclosed postage-paid envelope
                                          or mail to:
                             EPA Community Water Systems Survey
                             1650 Research Boulevard
                             Room GA 45
                             Rockville, MD 20850-9973
                   The following questionnaire is estimated to requite 45 minutes to an hour to complete.
      This includes time for reviewing instructions, gathering and reporting the requested data, and reviewing the questionnaire.
  Send comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspect of this survey, indicating suggestions for reducing this burden, to:
Chief, Information Policy Branch, 2136  • US. Environmental Protection Agency  •  401M Street, S.W. •  Washington, DC 20460, and
Desk Officer for EPA • Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs • Office of Management and Budget • Washington, DC 20503.
-------
Please respond about:
If you  have any questions about the survey or how to
complete the questionnaire, please call:
   Please return your completed questionnaire in the
  enclosed postage-paid envelope by March 1O, 1995.
-------
-------
                 1994 Community Water Systems Survey:
          Questionnaire for Systems Operated in Conjuction
             With Mobile Home Parks Or Other Businesses

                          GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
 This questionnaire asks three preliminary questions and then is divided into two major parts:
         PART I - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS (Questions 4-27); and
         PART II - FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS (Questions 28-40).
 Please complete the questionnaire as follows:
      •  In Question 1, provide the best contact person for each part (I and II);
      •  In Question 2, indicate the latest full-year reporting periods for which your operating information,
         and financial information are available;
      •  In Part I of the questionnaire, use the period indicated in Question 2(A) to report "last year's"
         operating data; and in Part II, use the period indicated in Question 2(B) to report "last year's"
         financial data;
      •  In Part II of the questionnaire, record dollar amounts as whole dollars;
      .  Please record your answers for the questionnaire by filling in the blank(s)
         or circling the appropriate number(s) for each item;  and
      •  Make a copy of the completed questionnaire for your records before sealing it in the enclosed
         envelope.
1.     Please provide the name, title and telephone number of the most knowledgeable person to
      contact for information on:
         T
        (A) PART I - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS:
        Name:	    Title: 	
        Tel. No. (	)	-	  Fax No..
         T
        (B) PART II - FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
           (Write "SAME" if same as above)
          Name:
         Tel. No. (__	)_
                                               Title:
Fax No..
-------
2.      Please specify  the  end date  of the  most recent 12-month reporting  period  for which your
        drinking water system can provide operating and financial information.

                                                                                  T
                                                                           Can be reported
                                                                                for the
                                                                           12 months ending

            (A) Operating information		/	/	

            (B) Financial information		/	/	
3.
Please  indicate,  by circling  the appropriate  numbers in  columns A,  B,  and C, whether the
organizations or people listed below provide your drinking water system with:

    (A)  Information on drinking water requirements and guidance;
    (B)  Operator training; and
    (C)  Technical assistance.
    (Circle all numbers that apply for each information source)
    INFORMATION SOURCE
                                               T
                                               (A)
                                        Source providing
                                           information
                                           on drinking
                                       water requirements
                                          and guidance
1.   State Department of Natural Resources, state
      Health Department, or state EPA	   1
2.   Other state government departments or
      extension services	   1
a.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	   1
4.   Other federal agencies or extension services
      (e.g., FmHA, Rural Development Administration)	   1

s.   County government	   1
6.   Local government	   1
7.   State rural water associations	   1
8.   Other associations	   1
9.   Rural community assistance program	   1
10.  Contracted engineering services	   1
11.  Citizen volunteers	   1
12.  Electronic bulletin boards	   1

13.  Technical publications	   1
14.  Radio or television	   1
15.  Local newspapers	   1
16.  Federal register	   1
17.  Other (Please specify)	  1
18.      	  1
   V
   (B)

 Source
providing
operator
training
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2

                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
                                                                    2
    V
    (C)

  Source
 providing
 technical
assistance
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3

                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
                       3
-------
                       PART I - OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
  PRODUCTION AND STORAGE
4.      For each type of water source listed below, please indicate which ones you use and:

          (A) the number of gallons (in millions of gallons) produced in the last year (i.e., the amount
              of water going into the distribution system); and
          (B) the number of water intake points with disinfection.
          WATER SOURCE


          Ground water ....
          Surface water ....
          Water purchased from
            other systems . .  .
                                    Do you obtain water
                                     from this source?
YES
  1
  1

  1
NO

 2
 2
If YES, enter the number of:
     (A)           (B)
   Gallons      Number of
  produced in       intake
  the last year     points with
  (in millions)    disinfection
       What was your system's peak daily production of non-purchased drinking water during the past
       year, and what is the system's maximum daily treatment design capacity?
                                                            T
                                                          Gallons
                                                          per day
          (A) Peak daily production
          (B) Maximum daily treatment design capacity
       You reported your system's maximum daily treatment design capacity in Part B of Question 5.
       There are several possible factors that may have resulted in a maximum capacity of this size.
       Some possibilities are listed below.   Please circle the number to the right of each factor that
       indicates how important that factor was in determining your system's maximum design capacity.
Factor Determining Maximum Design Capacity

1.  Current peak needs (beyond average daily flow)
2.  Seasonal demand (e.g., irrigation)	
3.  Emergency flows (e.g., fire, drought)	
4.  Expected growth	
s.  Limited choice in package plant sizes.	
e.  Other (Please specify)	
                                                        How important was this factor?
                                               Very Important    _^        ^    Not important at all
                                                             2
                                                             2
                                                             2
                                                             2
                                                             2
                                                             2
                                3
                                3
                                3
                                3
                                3
                                3
                               4
                               4
                               4
                               4
                               4
                               4
                           5
                           5
                           5
                           5
                           5
                           5
-------
 Do you have treated water storage?
     T
     1  Yes
     2  No —»
Go to Question 9
 Please indicate whether you have the following types of treated water storage listed below; and
 if so, for each type of storage:
    (A)  how many tanks do you have;
    (B)  what is their storage capacity (in millions of gallons); and
    (C)  do you disinfect water in these tanks after storage?
  TYPE OF TREATED
  WATER STORAGE
  GROUND LEVEL OR SUB-SURFACE STORAGE

  Natural materials (e.g., wood, earth):

Does your water
system have this
type of treated water
storage?

YES NO







If YES,

(A)

complete the following:

(B)
Total
storage capacity
Number
of tanks
(in millions ol
gallons)

(C)
Disinfect
after
storage?
YES NO
i.    Uncovered
2.    Covered .
  Synthetic materials
  (e.g., steel, concrete):
3.    Uncovered .  . .  .
4.    Covered.	
  ELEVATED STORAGE

  Natural materials (e.g., wood):
s.   Uncovered	
6.   Covered.	
  Synthetic materials
  (e.g., steel):
7.   Uncovered . . ,
8.   Covered. . . . ,
                             2
                             2
                             2
                             2
                             2
                             2
                             2
                             2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-------
9.     Please indicate the types of pipe used in your distribution system. For each type of pipe, what
       is the number of:
          (A) miles (or feet) of existing pipe;
          (B) miles (or feet) of pipe replaced in the last year;
          (C) water main repairs in the last year; and
          (D) months between flushes for that type of pipe.
         TYPE OF PIPE
          IRON:
       1.   w/Cement Lining.
       2.   w/o Cement Lining
          ASBESTOS CEMENT:
       3.   w/Vinyl	
       4.   w/o Vinyl	
       5.    PVC	
       6.    Other plastic	
       7.    Other (Please specify)

Does your
distribution
system
have this
type of
pipe?

YES NO









If YES, enter the number of:

(A)
Miles or
feet
(specify
which)
of exist-
ing pipe

(B)
Miles or
Miles feet (specify Miles
or which) of or
feet? pipe replaced feet?
(Circle in the (Circle
MorF) last year MorF)

(C)
Water
main
repairs in
the last
year for
type of pipe

(D)


Months
between
flushes for
type of pipe
2

2


2

2

2

2
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F

M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F

M
F
10.    How many miles (or feet) of new pipe (for expansion purposes) have you installed in the last 5
       years?  Enter response for either miles or. feet, but not both.
       (If zero, enter "0")
                            . MILES OF NEW PIPE   OR
                             FEET OF NEW PIPE
-------
11.
How many people and connections does your system currently serve with piped drinking water,
and how many did it serve 5 years ago?
(Please estimate if you don't know the exact number.)
        NOTE:

        If your system serves a population that changes on a seasonal basis (for example, a winter
        or summer resort area), please indicate the highest seasonal number of people served or
        active connections.
(A)

(B)
                                                            T
                                                         Currently
                                                                        5 years ago
PEOPLE SERVED WITH PIPED DRINKING WATER

ACTIVE CONNECTIONS WITH PIPED
 DRINKING WATER
12.     What are the ZIP codes of your service area?  (If your system's service area covers more than
       10 ZIP codes, record only the first 3 digits of the ZIP code(s), i.e., all ZIP codes covered by the
       same 3 starting digits can be summarized as one ZIP code by recording the first 3 digits.)
       OR

       FIRST 3 DIGITS OF ZIP CODES (For systems whose service area covers more than 10 ZIP codes)

       	XX       	XX        	XX       	XX       	XX
 OPERATOR TRAINING
13.    Do you have any drinking water treatment plant operators currently employed by your system?

           T
           1  Yes
           2  No —>  Go to Question 15
-------
14.     Please indicate whether the treatment  plant operators you employ have attained any of the
        training level categories listed  below. Provide the number of operators and average operator
        work week (in hours) for each applicable training level category:
           TRAINING LEVEL CATEGORY

           STATE CERTIFIED (i.e., with state-approved
           certified training for drinking water)
              -   Full time operators) [Definition:
                   Works at least 35 hours a week]	
              -   Part time operator(s) who also operate other
                   drinking water plants (e.g., "circuit riders")  .
              -   Other part time, state certified
                   operators	
Do you employ
drinking water
treatment
operators who
have attained this
training level
category?

YES NO














How many
operators
do you have?
(Number)
If "YES"

Average hours per week
per operator:
Other
Drinking
Treatment Water
Duties Duties
(Mrs) (Mrs)
2

2

2
           TRAINED THROUGH A NATIONAL OR STATE
           PROGRAM, BUT NOT STATE CERTIFIED
              -   Full time operator(s) (see definition above). .
              -   Part time operator(s) who also operate other
                  drinking water plants (e.g., "circuit riders") .
              -   Other part time, trained operators	
2
2
           OTHER TRAINING LEVEL
           (e.g., on-the-job training)
              -   Full time operators) (see definition above). .    1
                 Part time operator(s) who also operate other
                   drinking water plants (e.g., "circuit riders") .    1
              -   Other part time operators not
                   classified above	    1
2

2

2
 WATER SOURCES AND TREATMENT
15.     Is  your water  system  interconnected to another  system  that you can use  for  emergency
        purposes (e.g., hot summers)?

            T
            1  Yes
            2  No
-------
16.     If your primary source of drinking water became permanently unusable due to contamination,
        please indicate whether or not you would adopt any of the solutions listed below:
            SOLUTION

        1.    Draw more heavily upon other sources on the present system.  .
        2.    Draw upon another system to which you are now connected. .  .
        3.    Draw upon alternative sources (e.g., hook up to another system)
        4.    Implement a water management plan (e.g., rationing)	
        5.    Drill new well(s).	
        6.    Curtail service	
        7.    Other (Please specify)	
                                                                            If primary water
                                                                            sources became
                                                                          unusable, would you
                                                                          adopt this solution?
                                                                           YES        NO
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
                                         2
17.     If you are currently interconnected to your long term alternate water source, check the box
        indicated and go to Question 18.
              T
              Q
                  Currently interconnected  —>
Go to Question 18
       If you have no long term alternate water source(s), check the box indicated and go to Question 18.
              Q
                  No long term alternate water source(s) —>    Go to Question 18
       What is the name of your long term alternate water source(s) and how many miles is it from the
       nearest connection point on your current system?
          Name of long term
          alternate water source(s)

           1.	
           2.	
           3.	
                T
             Distance
               from
              system
          (to nearest mile)
If distance is under
 one mile, please
 estimate distance
     in feet
-------
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-------
19.     Are there places  in your distribution system  other than  those reported  in  your answer to
        question 8C (storage) or question  18 (treatment facilities)  where  you boost  disinfectant
        residuals?
             1
             2
      Yes
      No
20.     Please supply the following  information for each well  or surface water  intake not receiving
        treatment (include only sources that were active in 1994). If you have more than five wells and
        intakes, please check here Q. (Record the information about the additional wells and intakes
        on a photocopy of this page or use a blank sheet of your own.)
       T
  AQUIFER OR
SURFACE WATER
 SOURCE NAME
 (e.g, Ogalala Aquifer
   or Ohh River)
      SOURCE
     TYPE (enter
      G for Ground
    or S for Surface)
   LOCATION OF WELL OR INTAKE:
       (Enter latitude and longitude from
        local plat map or permit)
     Latitude             Longitude
(Degrees Min.  Sec.)     (Degrees Win.  Sec.)
Average
 flow
(Gal/day)
If well,
Dlease list:
Potential
flow
(Gal/day)
Well
depth
(feet)
  SOURCE
21.     Does your drinking water system participate in a source-water or wellhead protection program?
           1  Yes
          2 No —»     Go to Question 25
22.     Please indicate whether or not the following measures are being adopted in your source-water
        or wellhead protection program:
             MEASURE
                                                                            Is this measure
                                                                            adopted in your
                                                                            source-water or
                                                                          wellhead protection
                                                                              program?
                                                                           YES         NO
        1.

        2.

        3.

        4.
Education on land use impacts
Ownership of a watershed .  .
Zoning or land use controls.  .
Best Management Practices
(such as run-off controls, fertilizer scheduling,
less toxic road maintenance materials) .  . .  .
Other (Please specify)	
                                                         2
                                                         2
                                                         2
                                                                                        2
                                                                                        2
                                                    10
-------
 23.     Who leads or manages this program?
        (Circle only one number)'
            V
            1
            2
            3
            4
Local government
Regional authority (e.g., Section 208 Agency)
State agency
Other (Please specify)	
24.     How is the management area delineated?
        (Circle all numbers that apply and fill in the blanks if 3, 4 or 5 is circled)
           T
            1
            2
            3
            4
            5
By watershed boundaries
By aquifer boundaries
By a fixed radius around well of
feet
By a fixed distance from a surface water body of
Other (Please specify)	
              .feet
25.     Please indicate if any of the potential sources of contamination listed below exist within 2 miles
        of your water supply intakes:
        POTENTIAL SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION
                                                                   Does this potential source of contamination
                                                                   exist within 2 miles of your water supply?
1.       Industrial or manufacturing facilities	
2.       Agricultural runoff.	
3.       Animal feed lots	
4.       Urban runoff	
s.       Sewage discharge	
e.       Hazardous waste site	
7.       Solid waste disposal	
8.       Nitrates	
9.       Pesticides, rodenticides, fungicides
         (e.g., mixing or storage facilities)	
10.      Mining, oil, or gas activities	
11.      Petroleum products (e.g., auto repair shops)
12.      Solvents (e.g., dry cleaners)	
13.      Septic systems or other sewage discharges.
14.      Other (Please specify)_	
                                                              YES
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1

                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                                               1
                                       NO
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2

                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                        2
                                                      11
-------
26.    Who performs laboratory analysis on your drinking water?
       LAB ANALYSIS PROVIDER
       The state	
       A private firm. .  .  .
       In-house employees
       Other (Specify)
Does this provider perform your lab analysis for ...
Metals/ other
Inorganics?
YES
1
1
1
1
NO
2
2
2
2
Mlcrobials?
YES
1
1
1
1
NO
2
2
2
2
VOCs*?
YES
1
1
1
1
NO
2
2
2
2
Organics?
YES
1
1
1
1
NO
2
2
2
2
       'VOCs^Volatile organic compounds (e.g., carbon
       tetrachlorlde, benzine, THMs, etc.)
27.    How do you pay for your laboratory analysis?
       PAYMENT METHOD
       Direct payment for tests to state or private lab.
       Included as part of state permit	
       Dontpay	
       Other (Please specify)	
Do you use this payment method?

      YES       NO
                  2
                  2
                  2
                  2
                         PART H - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 REVENUES AND EXPENSES
28.    Are your financial reports or income and expense statements for your drinking water system
       completed in accordance to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)?
       (Circle one number)

           T
           1   Yes
           2   No
           3   Don't have separate income and expense
               statements for our drinking water system
           4   Don't know
                                                12
-------
To  simplify your task of providing financial information, please follow the guidelines
below when filling out the remainder of the questionnaire.
 PROVIDING ESTIMATES:

 The following questions ask for information on drinking water supply operations, exclusive of other
 activities with  other types of operations. Where possible, please provide exact information from
 your system's  records.  Otherwise provide your best estimate  of financial information  that is
 applicable to your drinking water system only.

 Unless specifically requested, exclude financial information relating to your primary business.


 ROUNDING:

 Please record your dollar amounts to the nearest dollar. DO NOT record fractional
 dollars (i.e., dollars and cents).
                                                13
-------
29.     If your business billed separately for water supplied, what were the water revenues during the
        last year [as defined in your response to Question 2(B)] for each of the following customer
        categories?  (If your business did not bill separately for water, report only the gallons delivered
        (in millions) and please check here: Q)

        (If zero, enter "0")
           1.

           2.

           3.

           4.



           5.

           e.
    WATER SALES
    CUSTOMER CATEGORIES

    Residential customers	$_

    Commercial customers	$_

    Industrial customers	$_
    Wholesale customers (i.e., those
     who redistribute your water
     to other users)	$_

    Local municipal government	$_
    Other government customers	$_

7.   Agricultural customers	$_
8.   Other (Specify)	$_
                                                          T
                                                      Water Sales
                                                      Revenues
       T
Gallons delivered
   (in millions)
               TOTAL	$_
30.    Please indicate your drinking water system's revenues during the last year from the other water-
       related revenue sources listed below; and what were the total revenues from your primary
       business, excluding water-related revenues?
       (If zero, enter "0")
           1.

           2.

           3.
           4.

           5.

           6.
    WATER RELATED REVENUE SOURCE
    (EXCLUDING WATER SALES)

    WATER-RELATED REVENUES:

    Connection fees	    $_

    Inspection fees	    $_

    Usage fees	    $_
                                                                  Revenues
               Please specify other water system
               revenues (not elsewhere reported)
                                                    $_
    PRIMARY BUSINESS REVENUES (excluding

    water-related revenues):	    $_
                                                   14
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31.    For each customer category listed  below, please identify your drinking water system's billing
       structure, indicate the year and percent of the two most recent rate increases, and provide the
       number of metered and unmetered active connections.
       (If zero, enter "0")
                                                   T                 V                       T
   1.

   2.

   3.
   Note:





CUSTOMER CATEGORY
Residential customers 	
Commercial customers 	

Other (Specify)
Billing
structure
(Circle all
code(s)
from Box 2
that apply)
•i r> 1 A K ft 7

£. O 4 O O /
1234567


Year and percent of
two most recent rate
increases
YR. % YR. %






Number
of active
connections
Metered/Unmetered
/

/
/
The total of all metered and unmetered connections should be the same as the
current active connections reported in question 11 (B).
         Metered Charges

         CODE   Billing Structure

           1     Uniform rate
           2     Declining block rate
           3     Increasing block rate
           4     Peak period rate
                 (e.g., seasonal)
                         BOX 2 - BILLING STRUCTURE

                              Unmetered Charges

                              CODE    Billing Structure

                                 5     Separate flat rate for water
                                 6     Combined flat rate for water and other services
                                       (e.g., rental fees, association fees, pad fees)
                            Other Type of Charges

                            CODE   Billing structure

                              7      Other (Specify)
                                                    15
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32.    How many gallons (or dollar equivalents) of uncompensated usage did your water system have
       in the last year for each of the usage categories listed below:
     UNCOMPENSATED USAGE CATEGORY
     Leaks, breaks, failed meters

     Uncollected bills	

     Other (Specify)	
       Uncompensated usage
    (Enter either millions of gallons
 QT dollar equivalent, if gallons unknown)


	million gals,  or  $	
        .million gals,   or  $_

        jnillion gals,   or  $_
 The next question is intended to account for aJl of your drinking water system expenses.
 Please list your:

      •      Routine operating expenses in Part A;

      •      Capital-related expenses (including interest or
              principal repayment) in Part B; and

      •      Other expenses in Part C.
                                                16
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33A.
Please enter the routine operating expenses of your drinking water system in the last year, according
to the operating expense categories listed below:
            PART A
            OPERATING EXPENSES
            WATER SYSTEM EXPENSES:
                                                     Last year's expenses
            DIRECT COMPENSATION (wages, salaries, bonuses, etc.):
       1.      Managers	$_	
       2.      Operators	$	
       3.      Others	$	
       4.    Benefits (health & insurance premiums, PICA,
             FUTA, and pension contributions)	$	
            ENERGY COSTS:
       5.      Electricity	$	
       e.      Other energy (gas, oil, etc.)	$	
            CHEMICALS:
       7.      Disinfectants	$	
       s.      Precipitant chemicals	$	
       9.      Other chemicals	$	
       10.   Materials and supplies	$	
       11.   Outside analytical lab services	$	
       12.   Other outside contractor services	$	
       13.   Depreciation expenses	$	
       14.   Water purchase expense
               Ul raw water   Q treated water	$	
       15.   Other water system operating  expenses (general and
            administrative expenses not reported elsewhere)  . .  . $	
       16.   TOTAL ALL WATER SYSTEM OPERATING
             EXPENSES	$	
       17.         EXPENSES FOR PRIMARY BUSINESS
                   (excluding taxes)	$	
                  ALL TAXES ON PRIMARY BUSINESS
                   (income taxes, property taxes, etc.)
       18.             Federal taxes	$	
       19.             State taxes	$	
       20.             Local taxes	$	


B.     Please enter the amount of debt service expenditures for your drinking water system in the last year.
           PARTB
           DEBT SERVICE EXPENDITURES

       21.   Interest payments	$	
       22.   Principal payments	$	
       23.   Other debt service
             expenditures (Specify)	 $	
       24.   TOTAL ALL WATER SYSTEM DEBT
             SERVICE EXPENDITURES	$	
                                                      17
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 C.      Please enter the amount of other expenses (excluding operating and debt service expenses
        reported in Parts A and B) for your drinking water system in the last year.
           PARTC
           OTHER EXPENSES
                             Last year's expenses
       25.  Capital improvements (e.g.,
            expansion, new treatment)	$_
       26.  Advance contributions to sinking funds	$_
       27.  Other (Specify)	$_
       28.  TOTAL OTHER WATER SYSTEM EXPENSES ....$_
       29.  TOTAL ALL WATER SYSTEM EXPENSES
            (FROM PARTS A - C)	$_


  ASSETS; i


34.    Please provide  the following information  on your drinking water system's total  assets and
       liabilities, outstanding debt, and total capital reserve fund.
                                                          	T
                                                            Amount at end
                                                             of last year
          1.  TOTAL ASSETS	$	
          2.  TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	
              TOTAL DEBT OUTSTANDING:
          3.       Due within 5 years	$	
          4.       Longer than 5 years	$	
          5.  TOTAL CAPITAL RESERVE FUND	$•	
 CAPITAL INVESTMENT
35.    Have you paid for major capital improvements, repairs or expansion since January 1,1987?

             T
             1   Yes
             2   No  —;
Go to Question 37
                                                 18
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36.     What sources of funds did you use to pay for these major capital improvements, repairs,  or
        expansion?
SOURCE OF FUNDS FOR
CAPITAL INVESTMENT
Debt Financing

1.  Revenue or industrial development
   bond  	
2.  Company bond	
3.  Bank loan	

   STATE OR FEDERAL SUBSIDIZED LOAN:
4.    Small Business Administration .
5.    Rural Development
      Administration (RDA)	
e.    Farmers Home
      Administration (FmHA)	
7.    State Agencies (Specify)


Other Sources of Funds
s.  Payment from capital reserve fund .
9.  Special  assessment	
10. Stock issue	
11. Cash flow from current revenues. .

   STATE OR FEDERAL SUBSIDIZED GRANT:
12.   Rural Development
      Administration (RDA)	
13.   Farmers Home
      Administration (FmHA)	
14. Other (Specify)
                        Was this source of
                        funds used since
                             1/1/87?
                         YES       NO
                                     2
                                     2
                                     2
                                     2

                                     2

                                     2

                                     2
                                     2
                                     2
                                     2
                                     2
                                     2

                                     2
If YES, how much was secured or provided for
          each of the following?
 Water quality     Replacement       System
 improvement    or major repairs     expansion
$_
$_
$_
$_

$_
$_
$_
$_
$_
$_

$_
$_
$_
$_
$_

$_

$_

$_
$_
$_
$_
$_
$.

$_
$_
$_
$_
$_

$_

$_

$_
$_
$_
$_
$_
$_

$_
37.    Have you ever had to  reduce or cancel  plans for major capital improvements, repairs, or
       expansion of your drinking water system because you were unable to secure an adequate loan
       from any source; and if so, what was the amount of the loan sought?
              1
              2
Yes —>
No
                             Amount of Loan

                             $	
                                        Reason for Loan Denial (if known)
            IF YOU HAVE NOT USED BONDS FOR FINANCING, GO TO QUESTION 40.
                                                   19
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38.    Have your bonds ever been rated by a rating service?
           T
            1   Yes
            2   No   —>    Go to Question 39C
39A.   What was your system's latest bond rating?
         RATING SERVICE
    T
   Rating
          Moody's

          Standard and Poor's

          Other (Specify)	
/	/_
(e.g., Baal)

e.g., BBB+)
39B.   What was the year of your system's latest bond rating?

                              T
                              19	
39C.  What was the type of bond that was last issued by your system?
      (Circle one number)
               1   Revenue or industrial development bond
               3   Company bond
               4   Other (Specify)	
40.    Please enter any additional comments (optional):
  THANK YOU FOR COMPLETING THIS QUESTIONNAIRE.  YOUR
         TIME AND EFFORT ARE GREATLY APPRECIATED.
    MAILING INSTRUCTIONS ARE INSIDE THE FRONT COVER.
                                          20
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