x-xEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
•V ,
Arsenic and Clarifications to Compliance and New
Source Monitoring Rule: A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General;
Description
Utilities
Covered
Arsenic and Clarifications to Compliance and New Source Monitoring Rule
66 FR 6976 (January 22, 2001)
To improve public health by reducing exposure to arsenic in drinking water.
Changes the arsenic MCL from 50 ug/L to 10 ug/L; Sets arsenic MCLG at 0; Requires
new systems and new drinking water sources to demonstrate compliance as
specified by the State; Clarifies the procedures for determining compliance with the
MCLs for IOCS, SOCs, and VOCs.
All community water systems (CWSs) and nontransient, noncommunity water
systems (NTNCWSs) must comply with the arsenic requirements. EPA estimates that
3,024 CWSs and 1,080 NTNCWSs will have to install treatment to comply with the
revised MCL.
Public Health Benefits
Implementation of the
Arsenic Rule will
result in ...
• Avoidance of 16 to 26 non-fatal bladder and lung cancers per year.
• Avoidance of 21 to 30 fatal bladder and lung cancers per year.
• Reduction in the frequency of non-carcinogenic diseases.
Critical Deadlines & Requirements
HJffszr"^ c-T"^,-^- •*$ 'r*-1-*- M -_*>ffO'w~ ^ en-* -. ~- i - ••» , ;^-«T"-^ •-' ^ , z>
IConsumer Confidence Report Requirements *
WjffiK^.&fte*^ : ^ '"J^-" * " *•"•* ^ * ^ _ ^ * "^ . f „ ,
Report Due
July 1,2002
and beyond
July 1,2002-
July 1,2006
July 1, 2007
and beyond
Report Requirements
For reports covering calendar years 2001 and beyond, systems that detect arsenic
between 5 ug/L and 10 ug/L must include an educational statement in the CCRs.
For reports covering calendar years 2001 to 2005, systems that detect arsenic
between 10 ug/L and 50 ug/L must include a health effects statement in their CCRs.
For reports covering calendar year 2006 and beyond, systems that are in violation
of the arsenic MLC (10 ug/L) must include a health effects statement in their CCRs.
|5)ȣ Pnnktng Water Systems
|||S;K|' &,£ u-fyt&n, •*- S*^™ ( S^u^rW IB ^jin.jaJ* ^J"* ****& ffl "*°v' „. *"\. "* * * t- £ jS™- »•. -* tun J» Wt- **ft ~»wm maiJtg iww m ""- « JWJ* *
Jan. 22, 2004
Jan. 1,2005
Jan. 23, 2006
Dec. 31,2006
Dec. 31,2007
All NEW systems/sources must collect initial monitoring samples for all lOCs, SOCs,
and VOCs within a period and frequency determined by the State.
When allowed by the State, systems may grandfather data collected after this date.
The new arsenic MCL of 10 ug/L becomes effective. All systems must begin
monitoring or when allowed by the State, submit data that meets grandfathering
requirements.
Surface water systems must complete initial monitoring or have a State approved
waiver.
Ground water systems must complete initial monitoring or have a State approved
waiver.
States
•BteCf-j-jT— ,^ .">_• f "
-------
Compliance Determination (lOCs, VOGs, and SQCs)
1. Calculate compliance based on a running annual average at each sampling point.
2. Systems will not be in violation until 1 year of quarterly samples have been collected (unless
fewer samples would cause the running annual average to be exceeded.)
3. If a system does not collect all required samples, compliance will be based on the running
annual average of the samples collected.
Monitoring Requirements for Total Ar|senic(1)
tonitoring
One sample after the effective date of the MCL (January 23, 2006). Surface water systems must
take annual samples. Ground water systems must take one sample during the 2005-2007
compliance period. If the monitoring result is less than the MCL ground water systems must
collect one sample every 3 years and surface water systems must continue to collect annual
samples.
icreased Monitoring
A system with a sampling point result above the MCL must collect quarterly samples at that
sampling point, until the system is reliably and consistently below the MCL.
<1> All samples must be collected at each entry point to the distribution system, unless otherwise specified by
the State.
For additional information -:
on the Arsenic Rule *
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791;
visit the EPA Web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your State drinking
water representative.
EPA will provide arsenic
training over the next year.
Applicability of Standardized Monitoring Framework to Arsenic
£. FIRST COMPLIANCE CYCLE JT SECOND COMPLIANCE CYCLE
I :" . I | JFJT - p _ „ _ _v -,. -, |
1 3rd Compliance Period &~ 1st Compliance Period 2nd. Compliance Period 3rd Compliance Period ™
« 1999 2000 2001 C_2002 2003 ""2004 2005 *200S" 200? " 2008 '™200a ** ^2010*
^ . _~ pBWto^ ^ « _z ~ ^ -^^ ^ ^ * "L p ^ - - ~
GROUND WATER
No Waiver H
Waiver"
SURFACE WATER
No Waiver
Waiver
I • I I » I
10 fjg/L Revised MCL Becomes Effective
Jan.23,2006
Surface Water Systems
All Samples Collected
Dec.31.2006
Kg
•
t
One sampli
ng event.
Ground Water Systems:
All Samples Collected
Dec,31,2007
dJ
•States may issue 9 year monitoring waivers under the January 22, 2001 final arsenic rule. Waivers are not permitted
under the current arsenic requirements. To be eligible for a waiver, surface water systems must have monitored
annually for at least 3 years. Ground water systems must conduct a minimum of 3 rounds of monitoring with detec-
tions limits below 10 ug/L.
of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-01-004
www.epa.gov/safewater
January 2001
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR)
66 FR 31086, June 8, 2001, Vol. 66, No. 111
Improve public health protection by assessing and changing, where
needed, recycle practices for improved contaminant control, particularly
microbial contaminants.
The FBRR requires systems that recycle to return specific recycle flows
through all processes of the system's existing conventional or direct
filtration system or at an alternate location approved by the state.
Applies to public water systems that use surface water or ground water
under the direct influence of surface water, practice conventional or
direct filtration, and recycle spent filter backwash, thickener supernatant,
or liquids from dewatering processes.
Piifel .& m catt K"B elfef it Conventional filtration, as defined in 40 CFR 141.2, is a series of processes including
coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration resulting in substantial
particulate removal. Conventional filtration is the most common type of filtration.
* Direct filtration, as defined in 40 CFR 141.2, is a series of processes including
coagulation and filtration, but excluding sedimentation, and resulting in substantial
particulate removal. Typically, direct filtration can be used only with high-quality raw
water that has low levels of turbidity and suspended solids.
-------
Spent Filter Backwash Water - A stream containing particles that are dislodged from
filter media when water is forced back through a filter (backwashed) to clean the filter.
Thickener Supernatant - A stream containing the decant from a sedimentation basin,
clarifier or other unit that is used to treat water, solids, or semi-solids from the primary
treatment processes.
Liquids From Dewatering Processes - A stream containing liquids generated from a
unit used to concentrate solids for disposal.
CriiMAa|;isi4lM^^
For Drinking Water Systems
December 8, 2003
June 8, 2004
June 8, 2006
Submit recycle notification to the state.
Return recycle flows through the processes of a system's
existing conventional or direct filtration system or an alternate
recycle location approved by the state (a 2-year extension is
available for systems making capital improvements to modify
recycle location).
Collect recycle flow information and retain on file.
Complete all capital improvements associated with relocating
recycle return location (if necessary).
For States
" . • '!
June 8, 2003
June 8, 2005
States submit FBRR primacy revision application to EPA
(triggers interim primacy).
Primacy extension deadline - all states with an extension must
submit primacy revision applications to EPA.
For additional information on
the FBRR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791; visit
the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewaten or
contact your state drinking water
representative,
Additional material is available at
www.epa.gov/safewater/
ftiterbackwash.html.
ismr- FVsss
\VI K Q 4* --• >j -j";M™"!»"»
w...naii^aoes a
Plant schematic showing origin of recycle flows, how recycle flows are conveyed,
and return location of recycle flows.
Typical recycle flows (gpm), highest observed plant flow experienced in the previous
year (gpm), and design flow for the treatment plant (gpm).
State-approved plant operating capacity (if applicable).
Copy of recycle notification and information submitted to the state.
List of all recycle flows and frequency with which they are returned.
Average and maximum backwash flow rates through filters, and average and
maximum duration of filter backwash process (in minutes).
Typical filter run length and written summary of how filter run length is determined.
Type of treatment provided for recycle flows.
Data on the physical dimension of the equalization and/or treatment units, typical
and maximum hydraulic loading rates, types of treatment chemicals used,
average dose, frequency of use, and frequency at which solids are removed, if
applicable.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA 816-F-01-019
www.epa.gov/safewater
June 2001
-------
vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Interim Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR)
63 FR 69478 - 69521, December 16, 1998, Vol. 63, No. 241
Revisions to the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR), the Stage 1
Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR), and Revisions to State
Primacy Requirements to Implement the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments
66 FR 3770, January 16, 2001, Vol 66, No. 29
Improve public health control of microbial contaminants, particularly Cryptosporidium.
Prevent significant increases in microbial risk that might otherwise occur when systems
implement the Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule.
Builds upon treatment technique approach and requirements of the 1989 Surface Water
Treatment Rule. Relies on existing technologies currently in use at water treatment plants.
Sanitary survey requirements apply to all public water systems using surface water or
ground water under the direct influence of surface water, regardless of size. All remaining
requirements apply to public water systems that use surface water or ground water under
the direct influence of surface water and serve 10,000 or more people.
Major Provisions
Regulated Contaminants
Cryptosporidium
Turbidity Performance
Standards
> Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) of zero.
> 99 percent (2-log) physical removal for systems that filter.
> Include in watershed control program for unfiltered systems.
Conventional and direct filtration combined filter effluent:
> < 0.3 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) in at least 95 percent of
measurements taken each month.
> Maximum level of 1 NTU.
Turbidity Monitoring Requirements
(Conventional and Direct Filtration)
Combined Filter Effluent
Individual Filter Effluent
> Performed every 4 hours to ensure compliance with turbidity
performance standards.
> Performed continuously (every 15 minutes) to assist treatment plant
operators in understanding and assessing filter performance.
Additional Requirements
> Disinfection profiling and benchmarking.
> Construction of new uncovered finished water storage facilities prohibited.
> Sanitary surveys, conducted by the state, for all surface water and ground water under the
direct influence of surface water systems regardless of size (every 3 years for community water systems
and every 5 years for noncommunity water systems).
-------
Profiling and Benchmarking
For additional information
on the IESWTR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your State drinking
water representative.
'4
•1
Additional material is available
atwww.epa.gov/safewater/
rndbp/implementhtml.
Public water systems must evaluate impacts on microbial risk before changing
disinfection practices to ensure adequate protection is maintained. The three major steps
are:
> Determine if a public water system needs to profile based on TTHM and HAAS levels
(applicability monitoring)
> Develop a disinfection profile that reflects daily Giardia lamblia inactivation for at least a year
(systems using ozone or chloramines must also calculate inactivation of viruses)
> Calculate a disinfection benchmark (lowest monthly inactivation) based on the profile and
consult with the state prior to making a significant change to disinfection practices
Critical Deadlines and Requirements I,. ; ;;[;' :;(.[. ;| f ;;M
For Drinking Water Systems
February 16, 1999
March 1999
April 16, 1999
December 31, 1999
April 1,2000
March 31, 2001
January 1, 2002
Construction of uncovered finished water reservoirs is prohibited.
Public water systems lacking ICR or other occurrence data begin 4 quarters of
applicability monitoring for TTHM and HAAS to determine if disinfection
profiling is necessary.
Systems that have 4 consecutive quarters of HAAS occurrence data that meet
the TTHM monitoring requirements must submit data to the state to determine
if disinfection profiling is necessary.
Public water systems with ICR data must submit it to states to determine if
disinfection profiling is necessary.
Public water systems must begin developing a disinfection profile if their annual
average (based on 4 quarters of data) for TTHM is greater than or equal to
0.064 mg/L or HAAS is greater than or equal to 0.048 mg/L.
Disinfection profile must be complete.
Surface water systems or ground water under the direct influence of surface
water systems serving 10,000 or more people must comply with all IESWTR
provisions (e.g., turbidity standards, individual filter monitoring).
For States
December 16, 2000
January 2002
December 16, 2002
December 2004
December 2006
States submit IESWTR primacy revision applications to EPA (triggers interim
primacy).
States begin first round of sanitary surveys.
Primacy extension deadline - all states with an extension must submit primacy
revision applications to EPA.
States must complete first round of sanitary surveys for community water
systems.
States must complete first round of sanitary surveys for noncommunity water
systems.
Public Health Benefits
Implementation of
the IESWTR will
result in...
Estimated impacts of
the IESWTR
include...
*• Increased protection against gastrointestinal illnesses from
Cryptosporidium and other pathogens through improvements in filtration.
> Reduced likelihood of endemic illness from Cryptosporidium by 110,000 to
463,000 cases annually.
> Reduced likelihood of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis.
National total annualized cost: $307 million
92 percent of households will incur an increase of less than $1 per month.
Less than 1 percent of households will incur an increase of more than $5 per
month (about $8 per month).
ftffice of Water (4606)
" "
EPA816-F-01-011
www.epa.gov/safewater
May 2001
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
For additional information on
the LT1ESWTR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791; visit
the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/
It1eswtr.html; or contact your
State drinking water
representative.
1 This frequency may be reduced ]
by the State to once per day for H
systems using slow sand/alternativeI
filtration or for systems serving 5QO -
persons or fewer regardless of the \
type of filtration used. ?
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface
Water Treatment Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
;oviffK
Title
i
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
jJBjjjftliJ'w ^ffV^^v^ffft11^/^^^ is*. J«4iJI«ii4i^^ rS^=i^bM«
WfjjfffBcljnf!^^
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR)
67 FR 1812, January 14, 2002, Vol. 67, No. 9
Improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants,
particularly Cryptosporidium. Prevent significant increases in microbial risk that
might otherwise occur when systems implement the Stage 1 Disinfectants and
Disinfection Byproducts Rule.
Builds upon the requirements of the 1989 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR).
Smaller system counterpart of the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
(IESWTR).
Public water systems that use surface water or ground water under the direct
influence of surface water (GWUDI) and serve fewer than 10,000 people.
Control of
Cryptosporidium
Combined Filter
Effluent (CFE)
Turbidity
Performance
Standards
Filter
1
IFE
Filter Filter
2 3
IFE
>
IFE
CFE
r
The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) is set at zero.
Filtered systems must physically remove 99% (2-log) of Cryptosporidium.
Unf iltered systems must update their watershed control programs to
minimize the potential for contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts.
Cryptosporidium is included as an indicator of GWUDI.
Specific CFE turbidity requirements depend on the type of filtration
used by the system.
Conventional and direct filtration:
> < 0.3 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) in at least 95% of measurements
taken each month.
> Maximum level of turbidity: 1 NTU.
Slow sand and diatomaceous earth (DE) filtration:
> Continue to meet CFE turbidity limits specified in the SWTR:
• 1 NTU in at least 95% of measurements taken each month.
• Maximum level of turbidity: 5 NTU.
Alternative technologies (other than conventional, direct, slow sand, or DE):
> Turbidity levels are established by the State based on filter
demonstration data submitted by the system.
• State-set limits must not exceed 1 NTU (in at least 95% of
measurements) or 5 NTU (maximum).
Combined Filter
Effluent
Individual Filter
Effluent (IFE)
(for systems using
conventional and
direct filtration only)
Performed at least every 4 hours to ensure compliance with CFE
turbidity performance standards.1
Since the CFE may meet regulatory requirements even though one
filter is producing high turbidity water, the IFE is measured to assist
conventional and direct filtration treatment plant operators in
understanding and assessing individual filter performance.
> Performed continuously (recorded at least every 15 minutes).
> Systems with two or fewer filters may conduct continuous monitoring
of CFE turbidity in place of individual filter effluent turbidity monitoring.
> Certain follow-up actions are required if the IFE turbidity (or CFE for
systems with two filters) exceeds 1.0 NTU in 2 consecutive readings or
more (i.e., additional reporting, filter self-assessments, and/or
comprehensive performance evaluations (CPEs)).
I
-------
Community and non-transient non-community public water systems must evaluate impacts on microbial risk before changing disinfection
practices to ensure adequate microbial protection is maintained. This is accomplished through a process called disinfection profiling and
benchmarking.
What are the disinfection profiling and benchmarking requirements?
* Systems must develop a disinfection profile, which is a graphical compilation of weekly inactivation of Giardia lamblia, taken on the
same calendar day each week over 12 consecutive months. (Systems using chloramines, ozone, or chlorine dioxide for primary
disinfection must also calculate inactivation of viruses). Results must be available for review by the State during sanitary surveys.
> A State may deem a profile unnecessary if the system has sample data collected after January 1,1998-during the month of warmest
water temperature and at maximum residence time in the distribution system-indicating TTHM levels are below 0.064 mg/L and HAAS
levels are below 0.048 mg/L.
> Prior to making a significant change to disinfection practices, systems required to develop a profile must calculate a disinfection
benchmark and consult with the State. The benchmark is the calculation of the lowest monthly average of inactivation based on the
disinfection profile.
Construction of new uncovered finished water reservoirs is prohibited
For Drinking Water Systems
March 15, 2002
July 1,2003
January 1, 2004
June 30, 2004
December 31, 2004
January 14, 2005
Construction of uncovered finished reservoirs is prohibited.
No later than this date, systems serving between 500-9,999 persons must report to the State:
> Results of optional monitoring which show levels of TTHM < 0.064 mg/L and HAAS < 0.048 mg/L, OR
> System has started profiling.
No later than this date, systems serving fewer than 500 persons must report to the State:
> Results of optional monitoring which show levels of TTHM < 0.064 mg/L and HAAS < 0.048 mg/L, OR
> System has started profiling. ~
Systems serving between 500 and 9,999 persons must complete their disinfection profile unless the State has
determined it is unnecessary.
Systems serving fewer than 500 persons must complete their disinfection profile unless the State has determined it is
unnecessary.
Surface water systems or GWUDI systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must comply with the applicable
LT1 ESWTR provisions (e.g., turbidity standards, individual filter monitoring, Cryptosporidium removal requirements,
updated watershed control requirements for unfiltered systems).
For States
January 2002
October 14, 2003
January 14, 2004
December 2004
January 14, 2006
December 2006
As per the IESWTR, States begin first round of sanitary surveys (at least every 3 years for community water systems
and every 5 years for non-community water systems).
States are encouraged to submit final primacy applications to EPA.
Final primacy applications must be submitted to EPA unless granted an extension.
States must complete first round of sanitary surveys for community water systems (as per the IESWTR).
Final primacy revision applications from States with approved 2-year extension agreements must be submitted to EPA.
States must complete first round of sanitary surveys for non-community water systems (as per the IESWTR).
Implementation of
the LT1 ESWTR will
result in...
Increased protection against gastrointestinal illnesses from Cryptosporidium and other pathogens through
improvements in filtration.
Reduced likelihood of endemic illness from Cryptosporidium by an estimated 12,000 to 41,000 cases annually.
Reduced likelihood of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis.
Estimated Impacts
of the LT1 ESWTR
include...
National total annualized cost: $39.5 million.
90% of affected households will incur an increase of less than $1.25 per month.
One percent of affected households are likely to incur an increase of more than $10 per month.
Office of Water (4606)
EPA 816-F-02-001
www.epa.gov/safewater
January 2002
-------
vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Radionuclides Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Radionuclides Rule
66 FR 76708
December 7, 2000
Vol. 65, No. 236
Reducing the exposure to
radionuclides in drinking water
will reduce the risk of cancer.
This rule will also improve
public health protection by
reducing exposure to all
radionuclides.
The rule retains the existing
MCLs for combined radium-226
and radium-228, gross alpha
particle radioactivity, and beta
particle and photon activity.
The rule regulates uranium for
the first time.
Community water systems, all
size categories.
Implementation of
the Radionuclides
Rule will result in .
Estimated impacts of
the Radionuclides
Rule include ...
Reduced uranium
exposure for 620,000
persons, protection from
toxic kidney effects of
uranium, and a reduced
risk of cancer.
Annual compliance costs
of $81 million.
Only 795 systems will
have to install treatment.
Regulated
Radionuclide
Beta/photon emitters*
Gross alpha particle
Combined radium-
226/228
Uranium
MCL
4mrem/yr
15 pCi/L
5pCi/L
30ug/L
MCLG
0
*A total of 168 individual beta particle and
photon emitters may be used to calculate
compliance with the MCL.
=For Drinking Water Systems |
June 2000 - December 8, 2003
December 8, 2003
December 31, 2007
When allowed by the State, data collected between these
dates may be eligible for use as grandfathered data
(excluding beta particle and photon emitters).
Systems begin initial monitoring under State-specified
monitoring plan unless the State permits use of
grandfathered data.
All systems must complete initial monitoring.
Por States .. , "" .".' '" .' .,' ' , ' '. " , 1
i-. - • : - - ....:• - - . . '. . . _ I
December 2000 - December 2003
December 8, 2000
Spring 2001
December 8, 2002
States work with systems to establish monitoring
schedules.
States should begin to update vulnerability assessments
for beta photon and particle emitters and notify systems
of monitoring requirements.
EPA meets and works with States to explain new rules
and requirements and to initiate adoption and
implementation activities.
State submits primacy revision application to EPA. (EPA
approves within 90 days.)
-------
For additional Information
on the Radionuclides Rule
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791;
visit the EPA Web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your State drinking
water representative. EPA
wiil provide radionuclide
training over the next year.
Gross Alpha, Combined Radium-226/228, and
Uranium (1)
Beta Particle and Photon
Radioactivity (1)
itjal Monitoring
Four consecutive quarters of monitoring.
No monitoring required for most CWSs.
Vulnerable CWSs (2) must sample for:
• Gross beta: quarterly samples.
• Tritium and Strontium-90: annual samples.
jduced Monitoring
If the average of the initial monitoring results for
each contaminant is below the detection limit: One
sample every 9 years.
If the average of the initial monitoring results for
each contaminant is greater than or equal to the
detection limit, but less than or equal to one-half
the MCL: One sample every 6 years.
If the average of the initial monitoring results for
each contaminant is greater than one-half the MCL,
but less than or equal to the MCL: One sample
every 3 years.
If the running annual average of the gross
beta particle activity minus the naturally
occurring potassium-40 activity is less than or
equal to 50 pCi/L: One sample every 3 years.
tcreased Monitoring
A system with an entry point result above the MCL
must return to quarterly sampling until 4
consecutive quarterly samples are below the MCL.
If gross beta particle activity minus the
naturally occurring potassium-40 activity
exceeds 50 pCi/L, the system must:
• Speciate as required by the State.
• Sample at the initial monitoring frequency.
(1) All samples must be collected at each entry point to the distribution system.
(2) The rule also contains requirements for CWSs using waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities.
When allowed by the State, data collected between June, 2000 and December 8, 2003 may be used
to satisfy the inital monitoring requirements if samples have been collected from:
> Each entry point to the distribution system (EPTDS).
> The distribution system, provided the system has a single EPTDS.
> The distribution system, provided the State makes a written justification explaining why the
sample is representative of all EPTDS.
Applicability of the Standardized Monitoring Framework to Radionuclides
(Excluding the Beta Particle and Photon Emitters)
terandfathered Data
x Collected between
08(00 12/03/03
^ A L
II
Final Rule
12/07/00
' Initial Compliance
Monitoring
•2004 2005. 3008, |jqO!
A.
A mmo:
: Initial Monitoring Results
First Compliance Cyc e
j
2008 30(18 2010 2011 2013 2013 2014 261$ SOW
.
< Detection Limit
S Detection Limit but £1/2
the MCL
>1CtheMCLbutSthe
MCL
[-3
Iri "d |^-.|
Era
ES ma
>MCL ]| A || A || A
Initial Monitoring Completed
12/31/07
Initial Monitoring Begins
unless State Permits the
Use of Grandfathered Data
QQLAJL^JL^JUL
KEY
r^ One sampling event. . i
4 consecutive quarterly samples. Systems with MCL i
A. violations must continue to take quarterly samples until .
4 consecutive samples are at or below the MCL.
j?55?3 When allowed by the State, data collected belween . ;
6/00 and 12/08/03 may be used as grandfatlwed data ;
to satisfy the initial monitoring requirements. . : :
Office of Water (4606)
EPA816-F-01-003
www.epa.gov/safewater
June 2001
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection
Byproducts Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR)
63 FR 69390 - 69476, December 16, 1998, Vol. 63, No. 241
Revisions to the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR), the Stage 1
Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR), and Revisions to State Primacy
Requirements to Implement the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments
66 FR 3770, January 16, 2001, Vol 66, No. 29
Improve public health protection by reducing exposure to disinfection byproducts. Some
disinfectants and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been shown to cause cancer and
reproductive effects in lab animals and suggested bladder cancer and reproductive effects in
humans.
The Stage 1 DBPR is the first of a staged set of rules that will reduce the allowable levels of
DBPs in drinking water. The new rule establishes seven new standards and a treatment
technique of enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening to further reduce DBP exposure. The
rule is designed to limit capital investments and avoid major shifts in disinfection technologies
until additional information is available on the occurrence and health effects of DBPs.
The Stage 1 DBPR applies to all sizes of community water systems and nontransient
noncommunity water systems that add a disinfectant to the drinking water during any part of the
treatment process and transient noncommunity water systems that use chlorine dioxide.
Pup\\c He With fceiftfits
^~ •: ^v.:f m^\- i. =^*A^ _ ^^
H'-j^r^. it' 5|3k.:";«;F'5f .^i
-•&*« ** • ' • -=
Implementation of the
Stage 1 DBPR will
result in ...
Estimated impacts of
the Stage 1 DBPR
include...
As many as 140 million people receiving increased protection from DBPs.
24 percent average reduction nationally in trihalomethane levels.
Reduction in exposure to the major DBPs from use of ozone (DBP = bromate) and
chlorine dioxide (DBP = chlorite).
National capital costs: $2.3 billion
National total annualized costs to utilities: $684 million
95 percent of households will incur an increase of less than $1 per month.
4 percent of households will incur an increase of $1-10 per month.
<1 percent of households will incur an increase of $10-33 per month.
;c*}tjeti-;P;II:^
For Drinking Water Systems j
January 1 , 2002
January 1 , 2004
Surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct
influence of surface water serving > 10,000 people must comply with the
Stage 1 DBPR requirements.
Surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct
influence of surface water serving < 10,000, and all ground water systems
must comply with the Stage 1 DBPR requirements.
For States • '.
December 16, 2000
December 16, 2002
States submit Stage 1 DBPR primacy revision applications to EPA
(triggers interim primacy).
Primacy extension deadline - all states with an extension must submit
primacy revision applications to EPA.
-------
For additional information
on the Stage 1 DBPR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791;
visit the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater; or
contact your State drinking
water representative.
Additional material is available
at www.epa.gov/safewater/
mdbp/implement.html.
I
R-|tf^ PI |f
Regulated
Contaminants
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHH/I)
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Five Haloacetic Acids (HAAS)
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Bromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
Bromate (plants that use ozone)
Chlorite (plants that use chlorine
dioxide)
MCL
(mg/L)
0.080
!':
0.060
0.010
1.0
MCLC
(mg/L)
zero
0.06
zero
zero
0.3
zero
- 0.8
Regulated
Disinfectants
Chlorine
Chloramines
Chlorine dioxide
MRDL*
(mg/L)
4.0 as CI2
4.0 as Cl2
0.8
MRDLG*
(mg/L)
4
4
0.8
*Stage 1 DBPR includes maximum residual
disinfectant levels (MRDLs) and maximum
residual disinfectant level goals (MRDLGs)
which are similar to MCLs and MCLGs, but for
disinfectants.
Treatment Technique
Enhanced coagulation/enhanced softening to improve removal of DBF precursors (See Step 1 TOC Table) for
systems using conventional filtration treatment.
« 4».!j!j; K.SS k.". fl.S'ffip i : I's p8?»
Step 1 TOC Table "..-•'Recju'ii'e'cl % KS^fS^sA of TOC'^NMNIIn{BH|KS|{MHMB|lR
Source Water
TOC (mg/L)
> 2.0 to 4.0
> 4.0 to 8.0
>8.0
Source Water Alkalinity, mg/L as CaCO3
0-60
35.0%
45.0%
50.0%
> 60-120
25.0%
35.0%
40.0%
>120
15.0%
25.0%
30.0%
' Systems meeting at least one of the alternative compliance criteria in the rule are not required to meet the
removals in this table.
2 Systems practicing softening must meet the TOC removal requirements in the last column to the right
D « iVtl'S''^1 "iu*':"S Sf i jCtS S'-s-iS''** Tff :2:!|5! W i "vt*^wSi ^*flS^iirift1l(ii^irs**^t^^fB'^^MNCT ia1*^3**''^1
Routine, MTo:nx|g;p,,,;p,g: :Kj,fluji£leiiiTji£ n j^^g^s j| ^ ^^.^ ^ fymft
TTHM/HAA5
Bromate
Chlorite
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine/Chloramines
DBP precursors
Coverage
Surface and ground water
under the direct influence of
surface water serving > 10,000
Surface and ground water
under the direct influence of
surface water serving 500 -
9,999
Surface and ground water
under the direct influence of
surface water serving < 500
Ground water serving S 10,000
Ground water serving < 10,000
Ozone plants
Chlorine dioxide plants
Chlorine dioxide plants
All systems
Conventional filtration
Monitoring
Frequency
4/plant/quarter
1/plant/quarter
1 /plant/year in month of
warmest water temperature**
1/plant/quarter
1/plant/year in month of
warmest water temperature**
Monthly
Daily at entrance to
distribution system; monthly
in distribution system
Daily at entrance to
distribution system
Same location and frequency
as TCR sampling
Monthly for total organic
carbon and alkalinity
Compliance
:- - ' '(
Running annual average
Running annual average
Running annual average
of increased monitoring
Running annual average
Running annual average
of increased monitoring
Running annual average
Daily/follow-up monitoring
Daily/follow-up monitoring
Running annual average
Running annual average
** System must increase monitoring to 1 sample per plant per quarter if an MCL is exceeded.
t Office of Water (4606)
* *j
..r.* i_j .-
EPA 816-F-01-010
www.epa.gov/safewater
May 2001
-------
vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
1 The June 1989 Rule was
revised as follows: Corrections and
Technical Amendments, 6/19/90
and Partial Stay of Certain Provi-
sions (Variance Criteria) 56 FR
1556-1557, Vol 56, No 10.
Note: The TCR is currently
undergoing the 6 year review
process and may be subject to
change.
Total Coliform Rule:
A Quick Reference Guide
Overview of the Rule
Title
Purpose
General
Description
Utilities
Covered
Total Coliform Rule (TCR)
54 FR 27544-27568, June 29, 1989, Vol. 54, No. 1241
Improve public health protection by reducing fecal pathogens to minimal levels
through control of total coliform bacteria, including fecal coliforms and Escherichia
coli (E. coli).
Establishes a maximum contaminant level (MCL) based on the presence or absence
of total coliforms, modifies monitoring requirements including testing for fecal
coliforms or £. coli, requires use of a sample siting plan, and also requires sanitary
surveys for systems collecting fewer than five samples per month.
The TCR applies to all public water systems.
Public Health Benefits
Implementation
of the TCR has
resulted in ...
> Reduction in risk of illness from disease causing organisms associated with
sewage or animal wastes. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps,
nausea, and possibly jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue.
What are the Major Provisions?
ROUTINE Sampling Requirements
Total coliform samples must be collected at sites which are representative of water quality
throughout the distribution system according to a written sample siting plan subject to state
review and revision.
Samples must be collected at regular time intervals throughout the month except groundwater
systems serving 4,900 persons or fewer may collect them on the same day.
Monthly sampling requirements are based on population served (see table on next page for the
minimum sampling frequency).
A reduced monitoring frequency may be available for systems serving 1,000 persons or fewer
and using only ground water if a sanitary survey within the past 5 years shows the system is
free of sanitary defects (the frequency may be no less than 1 sample/quarter for community
and 1 sample/year for non-community systems).
Each total coliform-positive routine sample must be tested for the presence of fecal coliforms or
E. coli.
If any routine sample is total coliform-positive, repeat samples are required.
REPEAT Sampling Requirements
Within 24 hours of learning of a total coliform-positive ROUTINE sample result, at least 3 REPEAT
samples must be collected and analyzed for total coliforms:
One REPEAT sample must be collected from the same tap as the original sample.
One REPEAT sample must be collected within five service connections upstream.
One REPEAT sample must be collected within five service connections downstream.
Systems that collect 1 ROUTINE sample per month or fewer must collect a 4th REPEAT sample.
If any REPEAT sample is total coliform-positive:
The system must analyze that total coliform-positive culture for fecal coliforms or E.coli.
The system must collect another set of REPEAT samples, as before, unless the MCL has been
violated and the system has notified the state.
Kj8jj§Q^
A positive ROUTINE or REPEAT total coliform result requires a minimum of five ROUTINE
samples be collected the following month the system provides water to the public unless
waived by the state.
-------
ji For additional information on
the TCR
Call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791; visit
the EPA web site at
www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/
mdbp.html; or contact your state
drinking water representative.
z The revised Public Notification
Rule will extend the period allowed
for public notice of monthly violations.
to 30 days and shorten the period for!
! acute violations to 24 hours. These V
revisions are effective for all systems
1 May 6, 2002 and are detailed in
I CFR Subpart Q.
of Water (4606)
Public Water System ROUTINE Monil|ori|ng Frequencies! |
Population
25-1,000*
1,001-2,500
2,501-3,300
3,301-4,100
4,101-4,900
4,901-5,800
5,801-6,700
6,701-7,600
7,601-8,500
8,501-12,900
12,901-17,200
17,201-21,500
Minimum
Samples/ Month
1
(2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
Population
21,501-25,000
25,001-33,000
33,001-41,000 '
41,001-50,000
50,001-59,000
59,001-70,000
70,001-83,000
83,001-96,000
96,001-130,000
130,001-220,000
220,001-320,000
320,001-450,000
Minimum
Samples/ Month
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
150
180
Population
450,001-600,000
600,001-780,000
• - ;
780,001-970,000 4
970,001-1 ,230,000
1,230,001-1,520,000
1,520,001-1,850,000 ,
1,850,001-2,270,000
2,270,001-3,020,000
3,020,001-3,960,000
Z 3,960,001
tm
Minimum
Samples/ Month
210 :
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
•
•Includes PWSs which have at least 15 service connections, but serve <25 people.
What are the Other Provisions? j ; i ! [ .-
Systems collecting fewer than 5
ROUTINE samples per month . . .
Systems using surface water or ground
water under the direct influence of
surface water (GWUDI) and meeting
filtration avoidance criteria . . .
Must have a sanitary survey every 5 years (or every 10
years if it is a non-community water system using
protected and disinfected ground water).**
Must collect and have analyzed one coliform sample
each day the turbidity of the source water exceeds 1
NTU. This sample must be collected from a tap near the
first service connection.
** As per the lESWTR, states must conduct sanitary surveys for community surface water and GWUDI systems in this
category every 3 years (unless reduced by the state based on outstanding performance).
How Is Compliance Determined?
Compliance is based on the presence or absence of total coliforms.
Compliance is determined each calendar month the system serves water to the public (or each
calendar month that sampling occurs for systems on reduced monitoring).
The results of ROUTINE and REPEAT samples are used to calculate compliance. -
A Monthly MCL Violation is Triggereel if:
A system collecting fewer than 40
samples per month ...
A system collecting at least 40
samples per month ...
Has greater than 1 ROUTINE/REPEAT sample per month which
is total coliform-positive.
Has greater than 5.0 percent of the ROUTINE/REPEAT samples
in a month total coliform-positive.
An Acute MCL Violation is Triggered (if:
Any public water system ...
Has any fecal coliform- or E. co//-positive REPEAT sample or
has a fecal coliform- or E. co//-positive ROUTINE sample
followed by a total coliform-positive REPEAT sample.
What are the Public Notification and R^orjting Requirements?
For a Monthly MCL Violation
For an Acute MCL Violation
Systems with ROUTINE or
REPEAT samples that are fecal
coliform- or E. co//-positive ...
The violation must be reported to the state no later than the
end of the next business day after the system learns of the
violation.
The public must be notified within 14 days.2
The violation must be reported to the state no later than the
end of the next business day after the system learns of the
violation.
The public must be notified within 72 hours.2
Must notify the state by the end of the day they are notified of the
result or by the end of the next business day if the state office is
already closed.
EPA 816-F-01-035
www.epa.gov/safewater
November 2001
------- |