United States Office ofWater EPA816-R-01-014
Environmental Protection (4606) June 2001
Agency
v>EPA The Stage 1 Disinfectants and
Disinfection Byproducts Rule
What Does it Mean to You?
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Contents
Definitions and Abbreviations 1
1. Introduction 3
Purpose of the Guide 3
Background 3
Development of the Rule 5
Benefits of the Rule 5
2. Applicability and Compliance Dates 5
3. Summary of regulatory requirements 7
MCLGs and MCLs for disinfection byproducts 7
MRDLGs and MRDLs for disinfectant residuals 8
Treatment technique for disinfection byproduct precursors 8
Best available technology (BAT) 8
Public water system recordkeeping and reporting requirements 9
Laboratory methods and certification 9
4. Additional information 9
5. Detailed regulatory requirements 10
Subpart H systems serving at least 10,000 people 13
Subpart H systems serving 500 to 9,999 people 19
Subpart H systems serving fewer than 500 people 25
Ground water systems serving at least 10,000 people 31
Ground water systems serving fewer than 10,000 people 37
Systems using chlorine dioxide 43
Systems using ozone 49
Subpart H systems using conventional filtration treatment 53
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Definitions and Abbreviations
Definitions
Enhanced coagulation the addition of sufficient coagulant for improved removal of disinfection
byproduct precursors by conventional filtration treatment.
Enhanced softening the improved removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by precipitative
softening.
Maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL) - a level of a disinfectant added for water treatment
that may not be exceeded at the consumer's tap without an unacceptable possibility of adverse health
effects.
Maximum residual disinfectant level goal (MRDLG) - the maximum level of a disinfectant added
for water treatment at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would
occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. MRDLGs are nonenforceable health goals and do
not reflect the benefit of the addition of the chemical for control of waterborne microbial contaminants.
SUVA Specific Ultraviolet Absorption at 254 nanometers (nm), an indicator of the humic content of
water. It is a calculated parameter obtained by dividing a sample's ultraviolet absorption at a wavelength
of 254 nm (UV 254) (in m "' ) by its concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (in mg/L).
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) total organic carbon in mg/L measured using heat, oxygen, ultraviolet
irradiation, chemical oxidants, or combinations of these oxidants that convert organic carbon to carbon
dioxide, rounded to two significant figures.
Abbreviations Used in This Document
BAT: Best Available Technology
CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CWS: Community Water System
DBF: Disinfection Byproducts
DBPP: Disinfection Byproducts Precursors
EC: Enhanced Coagulation
EPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency
ES: Enhanced Softening
ESWTR: Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
FACA: Federal Advisory Committee Act
FR: Federal Register
GAC10: Granular Activated Carbon with ten minute empty bed contact time and 180 day reactivation
frequency
GWR: Ground Water Rule
GWUDI: Ground Water Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water
HAA5: Haloacetic Acids (five)(chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, bromoacetic
acid and dibromoacetic acid)
ICR: Information Collection Rule (issued under section 1412(b) of the SDWA)
IESWTR: Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Log Inactivation: Logarithm of (N0/NT)
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Log: Logarithm (common, base 10)
LT1ESTWR: Long-Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
LT2ESWTR: Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
MCL: Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG: Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
M-DBP: Microbial and Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts
mg/L: Milligrams per Liter
MR: Monitoring/Reporting
MRDL: Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level
MRDLG: Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal
NIPDWR: National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulation
NSCEP: National Service for Environmental Publications
NTIS: National Technical Information Service
NTNCWS: Non-Transient Non-Community Water System
PWS: Public Water System
PWSS: Public Water Supply Supervision Program
Reg. Neg.: Regulatory Negotiation
SDWA: Safe Drinking Water Act, or the "Act," as amended 1996
SDWIS: Safe Drinking Water Information System
Subpart H: PWS using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water
SUVA: Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance
SWTR: Surface Water Treatment Rule
TCR: Total Conform Rule
TNCWS: Transient Non-Community Water Systems
TOC: Total Organic Carbon
TTHM: Total Trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromdichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and
bromoform)
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1. Introduction
Purpose of the Guide
The purpose of this guide is to detail the regulatory requirements of the Stage 1
Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR). The Stage 1 DBPR, published in the
Federal Register on December 16, 1998 (63 FR 69390; www.epa.gov/OGWDW/mdbp/dbpfr.html:
66 FR 3770; www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/iesfr.htmD. is the first part of a series of rules, the
"Microbial-Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Cluster" (M-DBP Cluster), to be published over the
next several years that are intended to control microbial pathogens while minimizing the public health
risks of disinfectants and disinfection byproducts (DBFs). The Stage 1 DBPR specifically addresses risks
associated with disinfectants and DBFs. This rule was published concurrently with the Interim Enhanced
Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR), which addresses control of microbial pathogens.
Background
The 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) called for EPA to regulate drinking water by creating the
national interim primary drinking water regulations (NIPDWR). In 1979, the first interim standard
addressing DBFs was set for total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), a group of four volatile organic chemicals
which form when disinfectants react with natural organic matter in the water.
Although SDWA was amended slightly in 1977, 1979, and 1980, the most significant changes to the
1974 law occurred when SDWA was reauthorized in 1986. Disease-causing microbial contamination
had not been sufficiently controlled under the original Act. To safeguard public health, the 1986
Amendments required EPA to set health goals, or maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) and
maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for 83 named contaminants. EPA was also required to establish
regulations within certain time frames, require disinfection of all public water supplies, specify filtration
requirements for nearly all water systems that draw their water from surface sources, and develop
additional programs to protect ground water supplies.
In 1989, EPA issued two important National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR): The Total
Coliform Rule (TCR) and the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR). The TCR and SWTR provide the
foundation for the M-DBP Cluster and are summarized below.
The TCR covers all public water systems. Since coliforms are easily detected in water, they are used to
indicate a water system's vulnerability to pathogens in the water. In the TCR, EPA set a MCLG of zero
for total coliforms. EPA also set a MCL for total coliforms. If more than 5.0 percent of the samples
contain coliforms within a month, water system operators must report this violation to the state and the
public. In addition, sanitary surveys are required every five or ten years (depending on the quality of the
source water) for every system that collects fewer than five samples per month (typically systems that
serve less than 4,100 people).
EPA issued the SWTR in response to Congress' mandate requiring disinfection, and where necessary,
filtration of systems that draw their water from surface sources before distribution. The SWTR applies to
all systems that use surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water (GWUDI).
The rule sets MCLGs for Legionella, Giardia lamblia, and viruses at zero since any exposure to these
contaminants presents some level of health risk.
Specifically, the rule requires that a surface water system have sufficient treatment to reduce the source
water concentration of Giardia lamblia and viruses by at least 99.9 percent (3 log) and 99.99 percent (4
log), respectively. A detectable disinfection residual must be maintained throughout the entire
distribution system. For systems that filter, the adequacy of the filtration process is determined by
measuring the turbidity of the treated water since high levels of turbidity often indicate that the filtration
process is not working properly. The goal of the SWTR is to reduce risk to less than one infection per
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year per 10,000 people. However, the SWTR does not account for systems with high pathogen
concentrations that, when treated at the levels required under the rule, still may not meet this health goal,
and the rule does not specifically control for the protozoan Cryptosporidium.
In 1990, EPA's Science Advisory Board, an independent panel of experts established by Congress, cited
drinking water contamination as one of the most important environmental risks and indicated that
disease-causing microbial contaminants (i.e., bacteria, protozoa, and viruses) are probably the greatest
remaining health-risk management challenge for drinking water suppliers. Data from the Centers for
Disease Control (CDC) confirm this concern and indicate that between 1980 and 1994, 379 waterborne
disease outbreaks were reported, with over 500,000 cases of disease. During this period, a number of
agents were implicated as the cause, including protozoa, viruses, bacteria, and several chemicals. Most of
the cases (but not the outbreaks) were associated with surface water, including a single outbreak of
cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee (over 400,000 cases).
In response to these findings, the SDWA was further amended in 1996 to improve public health
protection by incorporating new data on the adverse health effects of contaminants, the occurrence of
contaminants in public water systems, and the estimated reduction in health risks that would result from
further regulation. The Act also increased scientific research requirements and emphasized cost-benefit
analyses in the regulatory decision process.
Based on prevailing scientific data, the M-DBP Cluster is intended to control microbial pathogens while
minimizing the public health risk from disinfectants and DBFs. Since multiple threats require multiple
barriers, the IESWTR and Stage 1 DBPR expand on the foundation of the TCR, SWTR, and TTHM
standards to target health risk outliers unaddressed by prior regulations.
The TTHM NPDWR of 1979 set a standard for TTHMs only for public water systems (PWSs) serving
10,000 or more people. The Stage 1 DBPR builds on the TTHM Rule by lowering the MCL and
widening the range of affected systems to include all PWSs that add a disinfectant. Therefore, EPA
believes that the promulgation of the Stage 1 DBPR will significantly decrease the risks posed by DBFs
and disinfectants by covering many PWSs not currently regulated for TTHM or other DBFs.
Many water systems treat their water with a chemical disinfectant in order to inactivate pathogens that
cause disease. The public health benefits of common disinfection practices are significant and well-
recognized; however, disinfection poses risks of its own. While disinfectants are effective in controlling
many harmful microorganisms, they react with organic and inorganic matter (disinfection byproduct
precursorsDBPPs) in the water and form DBFs, some of which pose health risks at certain levels.
Since the discovery of chlorination byproducts in drinking water in 1974, numerous toxicological studies
have been conducted that show some DBFs to be carcinogenic and/or cause reproductive or
developmental effects in laboratory animals. Additionally, exposure to high levels of disinfectants over
long periods of time may cause health problems, including damage to blood and kidneys. While many of
these studies have been conducted at high doses, the weight-of-evidence indicates that DBFs present a
potential public health problem that must be addressed. One of the most complex questions facing water
supply professionals is how to reduce risks from disinfectants and DBFs while providing increased
protection against microbial contaminants. Much of the population is exposed to these risks; therefore, a
substantial concern exists.
To address this concern, the Stage 1 DBF Rule updates and supersedes the 1979 TTHM standard by
lowering the MCL for TTHMs and establishing maximum residual disinfection level (MRDL) limits for
chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide and new MCLs for chlorite, bromate, and haloacetic acids
(HAA5) for all community water systems and nontransient noncommunity water systems that add a
chemical disinfectant for either primary or residual treatment. In addition, the Stage 1 DBF Rule requires
conventional filtration systems to remove specified percentages of organic materials measured as total
organic carbon (TOC) that may react with disinfectants to form DBFs.
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By building on the foundation set forth by the original SDWA, the quality of drinking water has
improved and public health protection has increased. The IESWTR and Stage 1 DBF Rules are part of a
series of rules designed to expand on the foundation of prior rulemaking efforts. By encompassing
previously unaddressed health risks from microbials and disinfection byproducts, the M-DBP Cluster
continues to maximize drinking water quality and public health protection.
Development of the Rule
The new rules are a product of 6 years of collaboration among the water supply industry, environmental
and public health groups, and local, state, and federal governments. EPA first launched a rule-making
process in 1992 and convened a Regulatory Negotiation (RegNeg) Advisory Committee under the
Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), representing a range of stakeholders affected by possible
regulation. The 1996 SDWA Amendments required EPA to develop rules to balance the risks between
microbial pathogens and disinfection byproducts.
In 1997, a similar FACA process was implemented with the Microbial-Disinfectants/Disinfection
Byproducts (M-DBP) Advisory Committee. The M-DBP Committee convened to collect, share, and
analyze new information available since 1994, review previous assumptions made during the RegNeg
process, as well as build consensus on the regulatory implications of this new information. Negotiations
resulted in the following three proposals:
A staged approach to regulation of DBFs (referred to as the Stage 1 and Stage 2 DBPRs)
incorporating Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), Maximum Residual Disinfectant
Levels (MRDLs), and treatment technique requirements;
A companion Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) designed to
improve control of microbial pathogens and prevent inadvertent reductions in microbial
safety as a result of DBP control efforts; and,
An Information Collection Rule (ICR) to collect information necessary to reduce many
key uncertainties prior to subsequent negotiations for the Stage 2 DBPR.
Benefits of the Rule
The Stage 1 DBPR is expected to reduce the risks associated with exposure to disinfectants and DBFs.
The MCLs will reduce exposure to specific DBFs from the use of ozone (byproduct: bromate), chlorine
dioxide (byproduct: chlorite), and chlorine (byproducts: TTHM and five Haloacetic Acids(HAA5)). In
addition, the implementation of a treatment technique (enhanced coagulation/ enhanced softening) will
reduce overall exposure to the broad range of non-specified DBFs. In the Regulatory Impact Analysis for
the Stage 1 DBPR, EPA estimated that the rule will result in a national annual average reduction in
TTHM levels of 24 percent. As many as 140 million people will have increased protection from DBFs
and their potential health risks, including bladder cancer and adverse developmental and reproductive
health effects.
2. Applicability and Compliance Dates
The 1979 Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) Rule requirements apply only to systems serving 10,000 or
more people. The Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (DBPR) covers a larger
number of PWSs, applying to all community water systems (CWSs) and nontransient noncommunity
water systems (NTNCWSs) which add a chemical disinfectant to the water in any part of the drinking
water treatment process. In addition, certain requirements apply to transient noncommunity water
systems (TNCWSs) that use chlorine dioxide.
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Subpart H systems (PWSs that use that use surface water or ground water under the direct influence of
surface waterGWUDIas a source) serving 10,000 or more people must comply with the
requirements of the Stage 1 DBPR no later than January 2002. Subpart H systems that serve fewer than
10,000 people, and all affected ground water systems, must comply with the requirements no later than
January 2004.
The timetable for the Stage 1 DBPR is presented in Table 1. The Stage 1 DBPR and the IESWTR were
published simultaneously to address the inherent tradeoffs between protection from microbial
contamination and the potential health effects from disinfectants and their byproducts. These rules are
the first in a series of rules that will continue to address the public health concerns associated with
microbial pathogens and chemical disinfectants.
Table 1: Timetable for the Stage 1 DBPR Requirements
Date
December 16, 1998
February 16, 1999
February 16, 1999
January 1,2001
January 1,2002
January 1,2002
January 1,2002
January 1,2002
January 1,2003
December 3 1,2003
January 1,2004
January 1,2004
January 1,2004
DBPR Requirement
Rule is published in Federal Register [63 FR 241 69390].
60-day legal challenge period ends.
Methods specified in 40 CFR 141.131 for analyzing disinfection byproducts, disinfection
residuals, and DBF precursors are approved for use [40 CFR 1 4 1 . 1 3 1 (a)] .
Large Subpart H systems should begin monitoring to determine Step 1 TOC removal
before the compliance date.
Large Subpart H CWSs and NTNCWSs must comply with the MCLs for TTHM, HAAS,
bromate, and chlorite [40 CFR 141.64(b)(l)].
Large Subpart H CWSs and NTNCWSs must comply with the MRDLs for chlorine,
chloramines, and chlorine dioxide [40 CFR 141.65(b)(l)].
Large Subpart H TNCWSs that use chlorine dioxide must comply with the MRDL for
chlorine dioxide [40 CFR 141.65(b)(2)].
Requirements of Subpart L generally apply to large Subpart H CWSs and NTNC Ws [40
CFR141.130(b)(l)].
Monitoring requirements.
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Compliance.
Treatment technique for control of DBF precursors.
Small Subpart H systems should begin monitoring to determine Step 1 TOC removal
before the compliance date.
Systems which received an extension from the state to install GAC or membranes must
comply with the Stage 1 DBPR [40 CFR 141.64(b)(2)].
Small Subpart H and all ground water CWSs and NTNCWSs must comply with the
MCLs for TTHM, HAAS, bromate, and chlorite [40 CFR 141.64(b)(l)].
Small Subpart H and all ground water CWSs and NTNCWSs must comply with the
MRDLs for chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide [40 CFR 141.65(b)(l)].
Small Subpart H and all ground water TNCWSs that use chlorine dioxide must comply
with the MRDL for chlorine dioxide [40 CFR 141 .65 (b)(2)].
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Date
January 1,2004
June 30, 2005
DBPR Requirement
Requirements of Subpart L generally apply to small Subpart H and all ground water
CWSs andNTNCWs [40 CFR 141.130(b)(l)].
Monitoring requirements.
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Compliance.
Treatment technique for control of DBF precursors.
Systems that made a clear and irrevocable financial commitment before the applicable
compliance date to install technologies that limit TTHM and HAAS to 0.040 mg/L and
0.030 mg/L, respectively, must have these technologies installed and operating. [40 CFR
141.135(a)(2)(m)].
3. Summary of regulatory requirements
MCLGs and MCLsfor disinfection byproducts
The Stage 1 DBPR sets maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) for some of the regulated DBFs, a
more stringent maximum contaminant level (MCL) for TTHM, and new MCLs for HAAS, bromate, and
chlorite. MCLGs are set at concentrations at which no known or anticipated adverse health effects are
expected to occur. They are non-enforceable public health goals. MCLs are enforceable contaminant
standards that are feasible to achieve and measure.
These MCLs, along with the MRDLs and treatment technique explained in the following paragraphs, will
help reduce exposure to DBFs and disinfectants and their associated health risks.
Disinfection Byproduct
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
Dibromochloromethane
Five Haloacetic Acids (HAAS)
Monochloroacetic Acid
Dichloroacetic Acid
Trichloroacetic Acid
Monobromoacetic Acid
Dibromoacetic Acid
Chlorite
Bromate
MCLG (mg/L)
zero
zero
0.06
zero
0.3
0.8
zero
MCL (mg/L)
0.080
0.060
1.0
0.010
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Compliance for TTHM and HAAS MCLs is based on a running annual arithmetic average, computed
quarterly, of quarterly averages of all samples. Compliance for the chlorite MCL is based on an
arithmetic average of each three sample set taken in the distribution system. Compliance for the bromate
MCL is based on a running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of monthly samples.
MRDLGs andMRDLsfor disinfectant residuals
To protect against potential health risks caused by high levels of residual disinfectants, the Stage 1 DBPR
sets the following maximum residual disinfectant level goals (MRDLGs) and maximum residual
disinfectant levels (MRDLs). Like MCLGs and MCLs, respectively, MRDLGs are non-enforceable,
while MRDLs are enforceable.
Disinfectant
Chlorine
Chloramines
Chlorine Dioxide
MRDLG(mg/L)
4 (as C12)
4 (as C12)
0.8
MRDL (mg/L)
4.0 (as C12)
4.0 (as C12)
0.8
Systems using chlorine or chloramines may temporarily increase residual disinfectant levels to an
appropriate level protect to public health in order to address specific microbiological contamination
problems. These problems may be caused by circumstances such as, but not limited to, distribution line
breaks, storm run-off events, source water contamination events, or cross-connection events. This option
is NOT available for the use of chlorine dioxide.
Compliance for chlorine and chloramine MRDLs is based on a running annual arithmetic average,
computed quarterly, of monthly averages of all samples. Compliance for the chlorine dioxide MRDL is
based on consecutive daily samples.
Treatment technique for disinfection byproduct precursors
The rule includes a treatment technique that applies to Subpart H systems using conventional filtration
treatment. The treatment technique was established because disinfectants can react with disinfection
byproduct precursors (DBPPs) to form both regulated and non-regulated DBFs. The treatment technique
requirements in the rule are designed to provide public health protection by minimizing the production of
all DBFs. Compliance with the treatment technique can be achieved by removing specified percentages
of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) using enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening. Alternatively,
systems may comply by showing they meet alternative compliance criteria. For example, systems which
have a low level of TOC in their source or treated water (less than 2.0 mg/L) meet alternative compliance
criteria.
Best available technology (BAT)
EPA has specified the Best Available Technology (BAT) for each MCL and MRDL established in the
rule. These technologies and methods are believed to be effective in controlling chemicals in drinking
water while remaining economically feasible for PWSs to employ. PWSs must use the specified BAT if
they wish to qualify for variances. Otherwise, systems are not required to install BAT and may use any
technology to achieve compliance.
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Chemical
DBFs
Disinfectants
TTHM and HAAS
Chlorite
Bromate
Chlorine, chloramine,
and chlorine dioxide
Best Available Technology
Enhanced coagulation or granular activated carbon (GAC 10), with chlorine as
the primary and residual disinfectant
Control of treatment processes to reduce disinfectant demand and control of
disinfection treatment processes to reduce disinfectant levels
Control of ozone treatment process to reduce production of bromate
Control of treatment processes to reduce disinfectant demand and control of
disinfection treatment processes to reduce disinfectant levels
Public water system recordkeeping and reporting requirements
For each disinfectant, contaminant, contaminant group, and treatment technique, EPA has developed
routine compliance monitoring schemes to be protective of acute and chronic health concerns. The
compliance monitoring requirements vary by the size and type of system, the treatment employed, and
the disinfectant used. In many cases, systems may reduce monitoring frequencies after establishing a
baseline.
Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the state within 10 days after the
end of each quarter in which the samples were collected. Those required to sample less frequently than
quarterly must report to the state within 10 days after the end of each monitoring period in which samples
were collected. Systems that are required to conduct additional monitoring because of the disinfectant
used (e.g., chlorine dioxide) are subject to additional reporting requirements if certain chemical levels are
measured.
Laboratory methods and certification
The rule specifies analytical methods for measuring each relevant water quality parameter, disinfectant,
contaminant, and DBPP. Consistent with current regulations, only certified laboratories can analyze
samples for compliance with the MCLs. However, chlorite measured at the entrance to the distribution
systems is a trigger, not an MCL compliance sample, and may be analyzed by a party approved by the
state. For disinfectants and other specified parameters that EPA believes can be adequately measured by
other than certified laboratories, and for which there is good reason to allow on-site analysis (e.g., for
samples that may deteriorate before reaching a certified laboratory), EPA is requiring that analyses be
conducted by a party approved by the state.
4. Additional information
A series of guidance manuals have been developed to support the Interim Enhanced Surface Water
Treatment Rule and the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule. The manuals will aid EPA,
state agencies and affected public water systems in implementing the two interrelated rules, and will help
to ensure that implementation among these groups is consistent. The manuals are available on EPA's
website at www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/implement.html. Additional information on ordering these
manuals is provided below.
Guidance Manual for Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced Precipitative Softening
(EPA 815-R-99-012)
Objective: To assist utilities in implementing, monitoring, and complying with the treatment technique
requirements in the final Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule and to provide
guidance to state staff responsible for implementing the treatment requirements.
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Contents: The manual provides detailed information on the total organic carbon (TOC) removal
requirement; explains how to set an alternative TOC removal percentage under the Step 2 procedure;
details monitoring, reporting, and compliance requirements; and discusses strategies that can be
employed to mitigate the potential secondary effects on plant performance due to implementation of the
treatment technique.
Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual (EPA 815-R-99-014)
Objective: To provide technical data and engineering information on disinfectants and oxidants that are
not as commonly used as chlorine, so that systems can evaluate their options for developing disinfection
schemes to control water quality problems such as zebra mussels and Asiatic clams, and oxidation to
control water quality problems associated with iron and manganese.
Contents: The manual discusses six disinfectants and oxidants: ozone, chlorine dioxide, potassium
permanganate, chloramines, ozone/hydrogen peroxide combinations, and ultraviolet light. A decision
tree is provided to assist in evaluating which disinfectant(s) is most appropriate given certain site-specific
conditions (e.g., water quality conditions, existing treatment and operator skill). The manual also
contains a summary of existing alternative disinfectants used in the United states and cost estimates for
the use of alternative disinfectants.
M/DBP Simultaneous Compliance Manual (EPA 815-R-99-015)
Objective: To assist public water systems on complying simultaneously with various drinking water
regulations (e.g., Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, Interim Enhanced Surface
Water Treatment Rule, Lead and Copper Rule and the Total Coliform Rule). The manual discusses
operational problems systems may encounter when implementing these rules.
Contents: The manual provides detailed information on the requirements in the Stage 1 Disinfectants
and Disinfection Byproducts Rule and the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule.
To order copies of these guidance manuals you may contact the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800)
426-4791 or you may download an electronic version from the OGWDW website at:
www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/implement.html
Guidance manuals are also available through the National Service Center for Environmental
Publications (NSCEP) (free of charge). These documents may also be purchased through National
Technical Information Service (NTIS)
NSCEP: 1.800.490.9198
NTIS: 1.800.553.6847
5. Detailed regulatory requirements
Detailed descriptions of the monitoring and reporting requirements for public water systems (PWSs) are
presented in the following section. The Stage 1 DBPR applies to all community water systems and
nontransient noncommunity water systems that add a chemical disinfectant or oxidant, as well as
transient noncommunitv water systems that treat their water with chlorine dioxide. However, systems
will monitor at various frequencies depending on type (Subpart H and ground water) and size.
Additionally, the type of chemical monitored will also vary depending on system type and the primary
disinfectant used. For this reason, tables that outline the monitoring and reporting requirements are
presented for each system size and type.
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This section is organized so that specific categories of systems can turn right to where their specific
requirements are. Keep in mind that some systems may fall into more than one category listed below.
The categories of systems are:
Subpart H systems serving at least 10,000 people (Attachment 1)
Subpart H systems serving 500-9,999 people (Attachment 2)
Subpart H systems serving fewer than 500 people (Attachment 3)
Ground water systems serving at least 10,000 people (Attachment 4)
Ground water systems serving fewer than 10,000 people (Attachment 5)
Systems using chlorine dioxide (Attachment 6)
Systems using ozone (Attachment 7)
Subpart H systems using conventional filtration treatment (Attachment 8)
Systems should review all the attachments which apply to them to gain a full understanding of how the
Stage 1 DBPR will affect them. For example, a surface water system serving 7,000 people using
conventional filtration and chlorine dioxide as an oxidant should review Attachments 2, 6, and 8.
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Stage 1 DPBR General Requirements
Yes
CWS & NTNCWS
System mustconductTTHM/HAA5 monitoring.
See attached flow charts. Requirements based
on population and source water type.
YES
1
r
Required to do Chlorine
Dioxide monitoring. See
Attachment 6.
YES
Chlorine and Chloramine
monitoring requirements apply.
See Attachments 1 -5.
YES
Chlorine Dioxide and Chorite-
monitoring requirements apply. See
Attachment 6.
Bromate monitoring
requirements apply. See
Attachment/.
YES
Enhanced DBP Precursor removal
requirements (Enhanced
Coagulation/Enhanced Softening)
apply. See Attachment 8.
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Attachment 1 - Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Requirements
I operate a surface water system or ground water system
under the direct influence of surface water that serves at
least 10,000 people...
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(Attachment 1) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves at least 10,000people. . .
You must conduct the monitoring, compliance determinations, reporting, and recordkeeping specified in
this section. In addition, you are required to conduct additional monitoring, compliance determinations,
reporting and recordkeeping if you meet any of the following criteria:
You use chlorine dioxide in treating your water. This includes any use of chlorine dioxide, not
just chlorine dioxide used for meeting disinfection requirements. Additional requirements are
found in Attachment 6.
You use ozone in treating your water. This includes any use of ozone, not just ozone used for
meeting disinfection requirements. Additional requirements are found in Attachment 7.
You operate a treatment plant that uses conventional filtration treatment. Additional
requirements are found in Attachment 8.
In addition, you must develop and implement a monitoring plan that specifies 1) location and schedules
for collecting all required samples, 2) procedures for calculating compliance with MCLs, MRDLs, and
treatment techniques, and 3) if receiving water as a consecutive system, or supplying water to a
consecutive system, how the entire distribution system is represented. The monitoring plan must be
submitted to the state.
Page 14
-------
(Attachment 1) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves at least 10,000people. . .
What ROUTINE MONITORING must I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Frequency
4 samples per plant per quarter
Same time as total coliform
samples are taken
Where monitoring must be conducted
At least 25% of samples must be at locations representing maximum
residence time. Remaining samples must represent average residence
time and the entire distribution system (account for number of
people served, different sources of water, different treatment
methods).
Same locations as total coliform samples are taken.
Notes:
1. If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25% of all samples collected
each quarter (including those taken in excess of the required frequency) must be taken at locations that represent the
maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The remaining samples must be taken at locations
representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system.
What REDUCED MONITORING may I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Frequency
One sample per
plant per quarter
No reduced
monitoring
Where monitoring must
be conducted
In the distribution system at a
location representing
maximum residence time.
NA
Conditions for reduced monitoring
Source water annual average TOC before
any treatment -4.0 mg/L and
Annual average TTHM 0.040 mg/L and
Annual average HAAS 0.030 mg/L
NA
Page 15
-------
(Attachment 1) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves at least 10,000people. . .
How do I DETERMINE IF MY SYSTEM IS IN COMPLIANCE with the MCLs and MRDLs in the Stage 1
DBPR?
Chemical
Compliance is based on ...
TTHM and HAAS
Running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly arithmetic averages of all
samples collected.
If annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages covering any consecutive 4-quarter period
exceeds the MCL, then the system is in violation.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
If an annual average exceeds the MCL and the system is on reduced monitoring, it must revert to
routine monitoring immediately.
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly averages of all samples
collected.
If annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages covering any consecutive 4-quarter period
exceeds the MRDL, then the system is in violation.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
If system switches between chlorine and chloramines for residual disinfection during the year,
compliance must be determined by including together all monitoring results of both chlorine and
chloramines.
NOTES:
1. Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the
system's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine compliance with the MCLs or MRDLs, this failure to
monitor will be treated as a violation for the entire period covered by the annual average.
2. All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of the monitoring plan must be included in determining
compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required.
3. If during the first year of monitoring, any individual quarter's average will cause the running annual average of
that system to exceed the MCL, the system is out of compliance at the end of that quarter.
What do I have to REPORT to the State under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
What must be reported
If conducting routine or reduced monitoring:
Number of samples taken during last quarter
Location, date, result of each sample taken during last quarter
Arithmetic average of all samples taken in last quarter
Annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages for last 4 quarters
Whether MCL was exceeded (Report violation of the MCL)
Number of samples taken during each month of last quarter
Monthly arithmetic average of all samples taken in each month
Arithmetic average of all monthly averages for last 12 months
Whether MRDL was exceeded (Report violation of MRDL)
NOTES:
1. Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each quarter in which samples were collected.
Page 16
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(Attachment 1) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves at least 10,000people. . .
TTHMs& HAAS Monitoring Requirements for Subpart H Systems Serving 10,000 Persons
Subpart H systems serving 10,000 persons
Routine Monitoring
4 TTHM/HAA5 samples per quarter per treatment
plant'
Is the sum of
quarterly averages
taken so far
forTTHMs
0.320 or for HAAS
> 0.240?
Has system ^ NQ
monitored for at
least 1 year?
Is running
annual average
(computed quarterly) for
TTHM > 0.080 mg/Lor
HAAS > 0.060 mg/L?
source water avg.
TOG 4.0 mg/L
AND
are annual averages for
TTHM 0.040 mg/L or
HAAS 0.030 mg/L?
Reduced Monitoring
1 TTHM/HAA5 sample per treatment plant per quarter in
distribution system at location reflecting maximum
residence time
annual avg. of all samples
for TTHMs > 0.060 mg/L or
HAAS > 0.045 mg/L?
NOTES
1 3 samples reflect average residence time and 1 sample reflects maximum residence time (at least 25% of samples must reflect maximum
residence time).
2 If PWS fails to complete 4 consecutive quarters of monitoring, compliance with the MCL for the last 4 quarter period must be based on
average of available data.
Page 17
-------
(Attachment 1) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves at least 10,000people. . .
Monitoring Requirements for Chlorine and Chloramine
System must measure
chlorine in distribution
system at same location and
time as total coliform.
System must measure
chloramine in distribution
system at same location and
time as total coliform.
System is in compliance and
continues routine monitoring
NOTES
1. Notwithstanding the MRDLsfor chlorine and chloramines, systems may increase residual disinfectant levels of
chlorine or chloramines in the distribution system to a level and for a time necessary to protect publich health to address
specific microbiological contamination problems.
2. If system switches between use of chlorine and chloramines, compliance must be determined by including together
all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines in calculating compliance.
3. Running annual average is first calculated after first 12 months of monitoring.
Page 18
-------
Attachment 2 - Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Requirements
I operate a surface water system or ground water system
under the direct influence of surface water that serves
500 to 9,999people...
Page 19
-------
(Attachment 2) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves 500 to 9,999 people. . .
You must conduct the monitoring, compliance determinations, reporting , and recordkeeping specified in
this section. In addition, you are required to conduct additional monitoring, compliance determinations,
reporting and recordkeeping if you meet either of the following criteria:
You use chlorine dioxide in treating your water. This includes any use of chlorine dioxide, not just
chlorine dioxide used for meeting disinfection requirements. Additional requirements are found in
Attachment 6.
You use ozone in treating your water. This includes any use of ozone, not just ozone used for meeting
disinfection requirements. Additional requirements are found in Attachment 7.
You operate a treatment plant that uses conventional filtration treatment. Additional requirements are
found in Attachment 8.
In addition, you must develop and implement a monitoring plan that specifies 1) location and schedules
for collecting all required samples, 2) procedures for calculating compliance with MCLs, MRDLs, and
treatment techniques, and 3) if receiving water as a consecutive system, or supplying water to a
consecutive system, how the entire distribution system is represented. For systems serving more than
3,300 people the monitoring plan must be submitted to the state.
Page 20
-------
(Attachment 2) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves 500 to 9,999 people. . .
What ROUTINE MONITORING must I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Frequency
One sample per plant per
quarter
Same time as total
coliform samples are
taken
Where monitoring must be conducted
Location representing maximum residence time.
Same points as total coliform samples are taken.
NOTES
1. If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25% of all samples collected
each quarter (including those taken in excess of the required frequency) must be taken at locations that represent the
maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The remaining samples must be taken at locations
representative of at least average residence time in the entire distribution system (account for number of people
served, different sources of water, different treatment methods)
What REDUCED MONITORING may I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Frequency
One sample per plant
per year during month
of warmest temperature
No reduced monitoring
Where monitoring must
be conducted
In the distribution system at a
location representing maximum
residence time.
NA
Conditions for reduced monitoring
Source water annual average TOC before
any treatment 4.0 mg/L and
Annual average TTHM 0.040 mg/L and
Annual average HAAS 0.030 mg/L
NA
Page 21
-------
(Attachment 2) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves 500 to 9,999 people. . .
How do I DETERMINE IF MY SYSTEM IS IN COMPLIANCE with the MCLs and MRDLs in the Stage 1
DBPR?
Chemical
Compliance is based on...
TTHM and
HAAS
Running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly arithmetic averages of all
samples collected (routine monitoring).
If annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages covering any consecutive 4-quarter period exceeds the
MCL, then the system is in violation.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
If an annual average exceeds the MCL and the system is on reduced monitoring, it must revert to routine
monitoring immediately.
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly averages of all samples collected
If annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages covering any consecutive 4-quarter period exceeds the
MRDL, then the system is in violation.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
If system switches between chlorine and chloramines for residual disinfection during the year, compliance
must be determined by including together all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines.
NOTES:
1. Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the
system's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine compliance with the MCLs or MRDLs, this failure to
monitor will be treated as a violation for the entire period covered by the annual average.
2. All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of the monitoring plan must be included in determining
compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required.
3. If during the first year of monitoring, any individual quarter's average will cause the running annual average of
that system to exceed the MCL, the system is out of compliance at the end of that quarter.
What do I have to REPORT to the State under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and HAAS
Chlorine and Chloramines
What must be reported
Number of samples taken during last quarter (routine monitoring)
Location, date, result of each sample taken during last quarter
Arithmetic average of all samples taken in last quarter
Annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages for last 4 quarters
Whether MCL was exceeded
If conducting reduced monitoring:
Number of samples taken during last year
Location, date, result of each sample taken during last year
Arithmetic average of all samples taken over last year
Whether MCL was exceeded
Number of samples taken during each month of last quarter
Monthly arithmetic average of all samples taken in each month
Arithmetic average of all monthly averages for last 12 months
Whether MRDL was exceeded
NOTES:
1. Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each quarter in which samples were collected.
2. Systems required to sample less frequently than quarterly must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each monitoring period in which samples were collected. The state may choose to perform calculations and
determine whether the MCL, MRDL, or treatment technique was met in lieu of having the system report that
information.
Page:
-------
(Attachment 2) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves 500 to 9,999 people. . .
TTHM & HAAS Monitoring for Subpart H Systems Serving Between 500-9,999 Persons
Subpart H systems serving between 500-9,999 persons
Routine Monitoring
1 TTHM/HAA5 sample per quarter per treatment
plant at location representing the maximum
reside nee time1.
Is the sum of
quarterly averages
taken so far
forTTHMs
0.320 or for HAASs
> 0.240?
Has system
monitored for at
least 1 year''
Is the runninc
annual average2 for
TTHM > 0.080 mg/L or
HAAS > 0.060 mg/L7
Is source
'aterTOC ann. avg. 4.0 mg/L
AND
are annual averages for
TTHM 0.040 mg/L or
HAAS 0.030 mg/L?
Reduced Monitoring
1 sample per treatment plant per year in the distribution system
reflecting the maximum residence time and during month of warmest
water temperature.
Is the systems annual avg. of all samples3 for
TTHMs > 0.060 mg/L or HAAS > 0.045 mg/L?
YES
NO
NOTES
1 If more thanl sample,at least 25% of samples must reflect max residence time.
2 If PWS fails to complete 4 consecutive quarters of monitoring, compliance with the MCL for the last 4 quarter period must be based on
average of available data.
3 Average of all samples taken in the year or the result of the sample for systems which must monitor no more frequently than annually.
Page:
-------
(Attachment 2) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves 500 to 9,999 people. . .
Monitoring Requirements for Chlorine and Chloramine
System must measure
chlorine in distribution
system at same location and
time as total coliform.
System must measure
chloramine in distribution
system at same location and
time as total coliform.
System is in compliance and
continues routine monitoring
NOTES
1. Notwithstanding the MRDLsfor chlorine and chloramines, systems may increase residual disinfectant levels of
chlorine or chloramines in the distribution system to a level and for a time necessary to protect publich health to address
specific microbiological contamination problems.
2. If system switches between use of chlorine and chloramines, compliance must be determined by including together
all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines in calculating compliance.
3. Running annual average is first calculated after first 12 months of monitoring.
Page 24
-------
Attachment 3 - Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Requirements
I operate a surface water system or ground water system
under the direct influence of surface water that serves
fewer than 500people...
Page 25
-------
(Attachment 3) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves fewer than 500 people. . .
You must conduct the monitoring, compliance determinations, reporting , and recordkeeping specified in
this section. In addition, you are required to conduct additional monitoring, compliance determinations,
reporting and recordkeeping if you meet either of the following criteria:
You use chlorine dioxide in treating your water. This includes any use of chlorine dioxide, not just
chlorine dioxide used for meeting disinfection requirements. Additional requirements are found in
Attachment 6.
You use ozone in treating your water. This includes any use of ozone, not just ozone used for meeting
disinfection requirements. Additional requirements are found in Attachment 7.
You operate a treatment plant that uses conventional filtration treatment. Additional requirements are
found in Attachment 8.
In addition, you must develop and implement a monitoring plan that specifies 1) location and schedules
for collecting all required samples, 2) procedures for calculating compliance with MCLs, MRDLs, and
treatment techniques, and 3) if receiving water as a consecutive system, or supplying water to a
consecutive system, how the entire distribution system is represented. The monitoring plan must be kept
on hand and readily available to the state and public.
Page 26
-------
(Attachment 3) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves fewer than 500 people. . .
What ROUTINE MONITORING must I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and HAAS
Chlorine and Chloramines
Frequency
One sample per plant per year during month of
warmest water temperature - if MCL is exceeded
in yearly sample, system goes to increased
monitoring of 1 sample per plant per quarter
Same time as total coliform samples are taken
Where monitoring must be
conducted
Location representing maximum
residence time.
Same points as total coliform samples
are taken.
NOTES
1. The system may revert to annual monitoring if the annual average is 40/30 based on at least four quarters of
monitoring.
2. If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25% of all samples collected
each quarter (including those taken in excess of the required frequency) must be taken at locations that represent the
maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The remaining samples must be taken at locations
representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system.
What REDUCED MONITORING may I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Frequency
No reduced monitoring
No reduced monitoring
Where monitoring must be
conducted
NA
NA
Conditions for reduced
monitoring
NA
NA
Page 27
-------
(Attachment 3) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves fewer than 500 people. . .
How do I DETERMINE IF MY SYSTEM IS IN COMPLIANCE with the MCLs and MRDLs in the Stage 1
DBPR?
Chemical
Compliance is based on ...
TTHM and
HAAS
Average of samples taken in the year.
If the average of these samples exceeds the MCL, the system must increase monitoring to once per
quarter per treatment plant. Compliance will be based on 4 quarters of monitoring.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
If an annual average exceeds the MCL and the system is on reduced monitoring, it must go to increased
monitoring immediately. If a system on increased monitoring exceeds the MCL, it is in violation.
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly averages of all samples
collected.
If annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages covering any consecutive 4-quarter period exceeds the
MRDL, then the system is in violation.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
If system switches between chlorine and chloramines for residual disinfection during the year, compliance
must be determined by including together all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines.
NOTES:
1. Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the
system's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine compliance with the MCLs or MRDLs, this failure to
monitor will be treated as a violation for the entire period covered by the annual average.
2. All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of the monitoring plan must be included in determining
compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required.
3. If during the first year of monitoring, any individual quarter's average will cause the running annual average of
that system to exceed the MCL, the system is out of compliance at the end of that quarter.
What do I have to REPORT to the State under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
What must be reported
Number of samples taken during last year (or in last quarter if on increased monitoring)
Location, date, result of each sample taken during last year
Arithmetic average of all samples taken over last year
Whether MCL was exceeded
Number of samples taken during each month of last quarter
Monthly arithmetic average of all samples taken in each month
Arithmetic average of all monthly averages for last 12 months
Whether MRDL was exceeded
NOTES:
1. Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each quarter in which samples were collected.
2. Systems required to sample less frequently than quarterly must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each monitoring period in which samples were collected. The state may choose to perform calculations and
determine whether the MCL, MRDL, or treatment technique was met in lieu of having the system report that
information.
Page 28
-------
(Attachment 3) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves fewer than 500 people. . .
TTHM & HAA5 Monitoring for Subpart H Systems Serving <500 Persons
Subpart H systems serving <500 persons
Routine Monitoring
1 TTHM/HAA5 sample per treatment plant per
year at location reflecting maximum residence
time and in month of warmest water temperature.
Is the sample
or the average of all sample
taken)for
HM > 0.080 mg/L or H
0.060 mg/L?1
YES
Increased Monitoring
1 TTHM/HAA5 sample/treatment plant/quarter @ points
reflecting the maximum residence time in the
distribution system.
Is the sum of
quarterly averages
taken so far
forTTHMs
0.320 or for HAA
> 0.240?
Has system
monitored for at
least 1 year?
Is the system's annual
average, based on 4 quarters of
monitoring, for TTHM 0.060 mg/L
and HAAS 0.045 mg/L?
Is the average
of all samples for
TTHM > 0.080 mg/L or
HAAS > 0.060 mg/L?
NOTES
1) If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25 percent of all samples collected each quarter (including those taken
in excess of the required frequency) must be taken at locations that represent the maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The
remaining samples must be taken at locations representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system.
Page 29
-------
(Attachment 3) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water that serves fewer than 500 people. . .
Monitoring Requirements for Chlorine and Chloramine
System must measure
chlorine in distribution
system at same location and
time as total coliform.
System must measure
chloramine in distribution
system at same location and
time as total coliform.
System is in compliance and
continues routine monitoring
NOTES
1. Notwithstanding the MRDLs for chlorine and chloramine? systems may increase residual disinfectant levels of
chlorine or chloramines in the distribution system to a level and for a time necessary to protect publich health to address
specific microbiological contamination problems.
2. If system switches between use of chlorine and chloramines, compliance must be determined by including together
all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines in calculating compliance.
3. Running annual average isfirst calculated after first 12 months of monitoring.
Page 30
-------
Attachment 4 - Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Requirements
I operate a ground water system not under the direct
influence of surface water that serves at least 10,000
people...
Page 31
-------
(Attachment 4) I operate a ground water system not under the direct influence of surface water that
serves at least 10,000people. . .
You must conduct the monitoring, compliance determinations, reporting , and recordkeeping specified in
this section. In addition, you are required to conduct additional monitoring, compliance determinations,
reporting and recordkeeping if you meet either of the following criteria:
You use chlorine dioxide in treating your water. This includes any use of chlorine dioxide, not just
chlorine dioxide used for meeting disinfection requirements. Additional requirements are found in
Attachment 6.
You use ozone in treating your water. This includes any use of ozone, not just ozone used for meeting
disinfection requirements. Additional requirements are found in Attachment 7.
In addition, you must develop and implement a monitoring plan that specifies 1) location and schedules
for collecting all required samples, 2) procedures for calculating compliance with MCLs and MRDLs,
and 3) if receiving water as a consecutive system, or supplying water to a consecutive system, how the
entire distribution system is represented. The monitoring plan must be kept for review by the state and
public.
Page;
-------
(Attachment 4) I operate a ground water system not under the direct influence of surface water that
serves at least 10,000people. . .
What ROUTINE MONITORING must I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Frequency
One sample per plant per
quarter
Same time as total
coliform samples are
taken
Where monitoring must be conducted
Location representing maximum residence time.
Same points as total coliform samples are taken.
NOTES:
1. Multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer may be considered one treatment plant for determining the
minimum number of samples required, with state approval.
2. If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25% of all samples collected
each quarter (including those taken in excess of the required frequency) must be taken at locations that represent the
maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The remaining samples must be taken at locations
representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system.
What REDUCED MONITORING may I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Frequency
One sample per plant per
year during month of
warmest water temperature
No reduced monitoring
Where monitoring must
be conducted
Location representative of
maximum residence time
NA
Conditions for reduced monitoring
Annual average TTHM 0.040 mg/L and
Annual average HAAS 0.030 mg/L
NA
Page;
-------
(Attachment 4) I operate a ground water system not under the direct influence of surface water that
serves at least 10,000people. . .
How do I DETERMINE IF MY SYSTEM IS IN COMPLIANCE with the MCLs and MRDLs of the Stage 1
DBPR?
Chemical
Compliance is based on...
TTHM and
HAAS
Running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly arithmetic averages of all
samples collected.
If annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages covering any consecutive 4-quarter period exceeds the
MCL, then the system is in violation.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
If an annual average exceeds the MCL and the system is on reduced monitoring, it must revert to routine
monitoring immediately.
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly averages of all samples collectet
If annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages covering any consecutive 4-quarter period exceeds the
MRDL, then the system is in violation.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
If system switches between chlorine and chloramines for residual disinfection during the year, compliance
must be determined by including together all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines.
NOTES:
1. Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the
system's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine compliance with the MCLs or MRDLs, this failure to
monitor will be treated as a violation for the entire period covered by the annual average.
2. All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of the monitoring plan must be included in determining
compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required.
3. If during the first year of monitoring, any individual quarter's average will cause the running annual average of
that system to exceed the MCL, the system is out of compliance at the end of that quarter.
What do I have to REPORT to the State under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
What must be reported
Number of samples taken during last quarter
Location, date, result of each sample taken during last quarter
Arithmetic average of all samples taken during last quarter
Annual arithmetic average of quarterly arithmetic average for last 4 quarters
Whether MCL was exceeded
If conducting reduced monitoring:
Number of samples taken during last year
Location, date, result of each sample taken during last year
Arithmetic average of all samples taken over last year
Whether MCL was exceeded
Number of samples taken during each month of last quarter
Monthly arithmetic average of all samples taken in each month
Arithmetic average of all monthly averages for last 12 months
Whether MRDL was exceeded
NOTES:
1. Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each quarter in which samples were collected.
2. Systems required to sample less frequently than quarterly must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each monitoring period in which samples were collected. The state may choose to perform calculations and
determine whether the MCL, MRDL, or treatment technique was met in lieu of having the system report that
information.
Page 34
-------
(Attachment 4) I operate a ground water system not under the direct influence of surface water that
serves at least 10,000people. . .
TTHM & HAAS Monitoring for Ground Water Systems Serving 10,000 Persons
Ground water systems serving 10,000 persons
Routine Monitoring
1 TTHM/HAA5 sample per guarter per
treatment plant1'2
Is the sum of
guarterly averages
taken so far
for TTHMs
0.320 or for HAAS
> 0.240?
Has system
monitored for at
least 1 year?
Is the running
annual average (computed
guarterly)3 for
TTHM > 0.080 mg/L or
AA5 > 0.060 mg/L?
Is the system s TTHM annual
avg. 0.040 mg/L and
HAAS annual avg.-0.030 mg/L?
Reduced Monitoring
1 TTHM/HAA5 sample per year per treatment plant in distribution
system location reflecting the maximum residence time and
during month of warmest water temperature.
Is the system s
annual avg. of all samples4 for
TTHM > 0.060 mg/L or
HAAS > 0.045 mg/L?
YES
NO
NOTES
1) If more thanl sample is taken, 25% must reflect maximum residence time.
2) Multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer may be considered one treatment plant
3) If PWS fails to complete 4 consecutive quarters of monitoring, compliance with the MCL for the last 4 quarter period must be based on
average of available data.
4) Average of all samples taken in the year or the result of the sample for systems which must monitor no more frequently than annually.
Page 35
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(Attachment 4) I operate a ground water system not under the direct influence of surface water that
serves at least 10,000 people. . .
Monitoring Requirements for Chlorine and Chloramine
System must measure
chlorine in distribution
system at same location and
time as total coliform.
System must measure
chloramine in distribution
system at same location and
time as total coliform.
System is in compliance and
continues routine monitoring
NOTES
1. Notwithstanding the MRDLsfor chlorine and chloramines, systems may increase residual disinfectant levels of
chlorine or chloramines in the distribution system to a level and for a time necessary to protect publich health to address
specific microbiological contamination problems.
2. If system switches between use of chlorine and chloramines, compliance must be determined by including together
all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines in calculating compliance.
3. Running annual average is first calculated after first 12 months of monitoring.
Page 36
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Attachment 5 - Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Requirements
I operate a ground water system not under the direct
influence of surface water that serves fewer than 10,000
people...
Page 37
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(Attachment 5) I operate a ground water system not under the direct influence of surface water that
serves fewer than 10,000 people. . .
You must conduct the monitoring, compliance determinations, reporting , and recordkeeping specified in
this section. In addition, you are required to conduct additional monitoring, compliance determinations,
reporting and recordkeeping if you meet either of the following criteria:
You use chlorine dioxide in treating your water. This includes any use of chlorine dioxide, not just
chlorine dioxide used for meeting disinfection requirements. Additional requirements are found in
Attachment 6.
You use ozone in treating your water. This includes any use of ozone, not just ozone used for meeting
disinfection requirements. Additional requirements are found in Attachment 7.
In addition, you must develop and implement a monitoring plan that specifies 1) location and schedules
for collecting all required samples, 2) procedures for calculating compliance with MCLs, MRDLs, and
treatment techniques, and 3) if receiving water as a consecutive system, or supplying water to a
consecutive system, how the entire distribution system is represented. The monitoring plan must be
made available for review by the state and public.
Page 38
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(Attachment 5) I operate a ground water system not under the direct influence of surface water that
serves fewer than 10,000 people. . .
What ROUTINE MONITORING must I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Frequency
One sample per plant per
year during month of
warmest water
temperature
Same time as total
coliform samples are
taken
Where monitoring must be conducted
Location representing maximum residence time.
Same points as total coliform samples are taken.
NOTES:
1. Multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer may be considered one treatment plant for determining the
minimum number of samples required, with state approval.
2. If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25% of all samples collected
each quarter (including those taken in excess of the required frequency) must be taken at locations that represent the
maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The remaining samples must be taken at locations
representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system.
What REDUCED MONITORING may I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Frequency
One sample per plant per
3-year cycle during
month of warmest water
temperature
No reduced monitoring
Where monitoring must
be conducted
Location representative
of maximum residence
time.
NA
Conditions for reduced monitoring
Annual average TTHM 0.040 mg/L &
annual average HAAS 0.030 mg/L for 2
consecutive years; OR
Annual average TTHM 0.020 mg/L &
annual average HAAS 0.015 mg/L for 1 year
NA
Page 39
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(Attachment 5) I operate a ground water system not under the direct influence of surface water that
serves fewer than 10,000 people. . .
How do I DETERMINE IF MY SYSTEM IS IN COMPLIANCE with the MCLs and MRDLs of the Stage 1
DBPR?
Chemical
Compliance is based on...
TTHM and
HAAS
Average of samples taken in the year.
If the average of these samples exceeds the MCL, the system must increase monitoring to once per quarter
per treatment plant.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
If an annual average exceeds the MCL and the system is on reduced monitoring, it must go to increased
monitoring immediately. If a system on increased monitoring exceeds the MCL, it is in violation.
Chlorine and
Chloramines
Running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly averages of all samples collected
If annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages covering any consecutive 4-quarter period exceeds the
MRDL, then the system is in violation.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
If system switches between chlorine and chloramines for residual disinfection during the year, compliance
must be determined by including together all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines.
NOTES:
1. Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the
system's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine compliance with the MCLs or MRDLs, this failure to
monitor will be treated as a violation for the entire period covered by the annual average.
2. All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of the monitoring plan must be included in determining
compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required.
3. If during the first year of monitoring, any individual quarter's average will cause the running annual average of
that system to exceed the MCL, the system is out of compliance at the end of that quarter.
What do I have to REPORT to the State under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TTHM and
HAAS
Chlorine and
Chloramines
What must be reported
Number of samples taken during last year
Location, date, result of each sample taken during last year
Arithmetic average of all samples taken over last year
Whether MCL was exceeded
If conducting reduced monitoring:
Location, date, result of last sample taken
Whether MCL was exceeded
Number of samples taken during each month of last quarter
Monthly arithmetic average of all samples taken in each month
Arithmetic average of all monthly averages for last 12 months
Whether MRDL was exceeded
NOTES:
1. Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each quarter in which samples were collected.
2. Systems required to sample less frequently than quarterly must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each monitoring period in which samples were collected. The state may choose to perform calculations and
determine whether the MCL, MRDL, or treatment technique was met in lieu of having the system report that
information.
Page 40
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(Attachment 5) I operate a ground water system not under the direct influence of surface water that
serves fewer than 10,000 people. . .
TTHM & HAAS Monitoring for Ground Water Systems Serving < 10,000 Persons
Ground water systems servin
Routine Monitoring
1 TTHM/HAA5 sample per treatment plant per year at
ocations reflecting the maximum residence time
during month of warmest water temperature1
Is TTHM annual
. 0.040 mg/L and HAAS ;
0.030 mg/L for 2 consecul
OR
TTHM annual avg. -0.020 mg/L and HAAS
annual avg. 0.015 mg/L
for 1 year?
TTHM > 0.080
HAAS > 0.060 mg/L
Increased Monitoring
1 TTHM/HAA5 sample per treatment plant per quarter
at points reflecting the maximum residence time in
the distribution system.
Is the sum of
quarterly averages
taken so far
forTTHMs
0.320 or for HAAS
> 0.240?
Reduced Monitoring
1 TTHM/HAA5 sample2
per treatment plant per 3
year monitoring cycle3
Has system
monitored for at
east 1 year
Is the
annual avg. for
TTHM < 0.060
mg/L and HAAS
0.045 mg/L'
s the average
of all samples4 for
TTHM > 0.080 mg/L or
AA5 > 0.060 mg/L?
s the system's
annual avg. for TTHM
0.060 mg/L and
AA5-0.045 mg/L
Is the annual
average for TTHM
>0.080mg/Lor
HAAS >0.060
mg/L
NOTES
1) If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25 percent of all samples collected each quarter (including those taken in
excess of the required frequency) must betaken at locations that represent the maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The
remaining samples must betaken at locations representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system.
2) Samples must betaken during month of warmest water temperature at location representing the maximum residence time.
3) 3 year cycle begins on January 1 following the quarter in which system qualifies for reduced monitoring.
4) If PWS fails to complete 4 consecutive quarters of monitoring, compliance with the MCL for the last 4 quarter period must be based on average of
available data.
Page 41
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(Attachment 5) I operate a ground water system not under the direct influence of surface water that
serves fewer than 10,000 people. . .
Monitoring Requirements for Chlorine and Chloramine
CHLORINE
System must measure
chlorine in distribution
system at same location and
time as total coliform.
System must measure
chloramine in distribution
system at same location and
time as total coliform.
System is in compliance and
continues routine monitorin
NOTES
1. Notwithstanding the MRDLsfor chlorine and chloramines, systems may increase residual disinfectant levels of
chlorine or chloramines in the distribution system to a level and for a time necessary to protect publich health to address
specific microbiological contamination problems.
2. If system switches between use of chlorine and chloramines, compliance must be determined by including together
all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines in calculating compliance.
3. Running annual average is first calculated after first 12 months of monitoring.
Page 42
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Attachment 6 - Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Requirements
/ operate a treatment plant that uses chlorine dioxide.
Page 43
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(Attachment 6) I operate a treatment plant that uses chlorine dioxide. . .
What ROUTINE MONITORING must I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
Chlorite
Chlorine
Dioxide
Frequency
Daily
One 3 -sample set per
month
Additional: On any day
following any daily sample
that exceeds 1.0 mg/L,
system must take 3
samples
Daily
Additional: For any daily
sample that exceeds the
MRDL, system must take 3
samples
Where monitoring must be conducted
Entrance to the distribution system.
Near first customer, location representative of average residence time, location
representative of maximum residence time in distribution system.
Near first customer, location representative of average residence time, location
representative of maximum residence time in distribution system. The system
may use results to meet monthly 3-sample set monitoring requirement if the
monthly 3-sample set has not yet been taken.
Entrance to the distribution system.
For chlorine dioxide, chloramines, or chlorine used to maintain disinfectant
residual and NO booster chlorination: all samples as close as possible to
first customer at intervals of at least 6 hours
If chlorine is used to maintain disinfectant residual AND booster
chlorination: as close as possible to first customer, location representative of
average residence time, as close as possible to end of distribution system
NOTES:
1. Not required for transient noncommunity water systems
What REDUCED MONITORING may I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
Chlorite
(daily)
Chlorite
(monthly)
Chlorine
Dioxide
Frequency
No reduced monitoring
One 3-sample set per
quarter
No reduced monitoring
Where monitoring must be
conducted
NA
Near first customer, location
representative of average residence
time, location representative of
maximum residence time in
distribution system.
NA
Conditions for reduced
monitoring
NA
No daily sample has exceeded the
MCL
No additional monitoring has been
required
No quarterly sample exceeds the
MCL
NA
NOTES:
1. Not required for transient noncommunity water systems
Page 44
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(Attachment 6) I operate a treatment plant that uses chlorine dioxide. . .
How do I DETERMINE IF MY SYSTEM IS IN COMPLIANCE with the MCLs and MRDLs of the Stage 1
DBPR?
Chemical
Compliance is based on...
Chlorite
Average of 3-sample sets.
If arithmetic average of any 3-sample set in the month exceeds the MCL, the system is in violation.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
Chlorine
Dioxide
Acute Violation
Consecutive daily samples collected.
If any daily sample taken at entrance to distribution system exceeds 0.8 mg/L, and on the following
day 1 or more of the 3 samples taken in the distribution system exceeds 0.8 mg/L, the system is in
acute violation.
The system must take immediate corrective action to lower the level of chlorine dioxide below 0.8
mg/L, notify the public and report to the state.
Failure to take samples in the distribution system following an exceedance of the MRDL at the
entrance to the distribution system is also an acute violation. System must notify public of acute
violation.
Chlorine
Dioxide
Nonacute
Violation
Consecutive daily samples collected.
If any two consecutive daily samples taken at entrance to distribution system exceed 0.8 mg/L, and all
distribution system samples are below 0.8 mg/L, the system is in nonacute violation.
The system must take immediate corrective action to lower the level of chlorine dioxide belowO.8
mg/L, notify the public and report to the state.
Failure to take samples at the distribution system entrance following an exceedance of the MRDL is
also a violation. System must notify public of nonacute violation.
What do I have to REPORT to the State under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
What must be reported
Chlorite
Number of samples taken each month for last 3 months
Location, date, result of each sample taken during last quarter
For each month in the reporting period, the arithmetic average of all samples taken in the month
Whether MCL was exceed based on 3-sample set average and in which month it was exceeded.
Chlorine
Dioxide
Dates, results, locations of samples taken during last quarter
Whether MRDL was exceeded
Whether MRDL was exceeded in any two consecutive daily samples and whether resulting violation was
acute or nonacute
NOTES:
1. Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each quarter in which samples were collected.
Page 45
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(Attachment 6) I operate a treatment plant that uses chlorine dioxide. . .
Chlorine Dioxide Monitoring for Systems Using Chlorine Dioxide
Is the system
a CWS, NTNCWS, or
TNCWS that uses Chlorine
Dioxide
No monitoring requirements
for Chlorine Dioxide and
Chlorite
System must also monitor for Chlorite
(For Chlorite monitoring
requirements see Chlorite
flow chart on next page.)
T>
Chlorine Dioxide Monitoring
1 daily sample at the entrance
to the distribution system
On following day, 3 Chlorine Dioxide
distribution system samples in
addition to daily sample1
MRDL Violation
System must take immediate
corrective action and notify
public of nonacute public
health risk.
a
MRDL Violation
Acute MRDL Violation
System must take immediate
corrective action and notify the publi
(141.32) and the State (141.134)
NOTES
1) If chlorine dioxide orchloramines are used to maintain a disinfectant residual in the distribution system (DS), or if chlorine is used to
maintain a disinfectant residual in the DS and there are no disinfection addition points (i.e., no booster chlorination) after the entrance to the
DS, the system must take 3 samples as close to the first custom eras possible, at intervals of at least every 6 hours. If chlorine is used to
maintain a disinfectant residual in the DS and there are one ormore booster chlorination stations, the system must take one sampleasclose
to the 1st customer as possible, one in a location representative of average residence time, and one as close to the end of the distribution
system as possible.
Page 46
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(Attachment 6) I operate a treatment plant that uses chlorine dioxide. . .
Chlorite Monitoring Requirements for Systems Using Chlorine Dioxide
No monitoring requirements
for Chlorine Dioxide and
Chlorite
Need to sample for Chlorine Dioxide and
Chlorite. (For Chlorine Dioxide monitoring
requirements, see Chlorine
Dioxide flowchart on previous page.)
Routine monthly monitoring
3 sample set per month in the
distribution system 1
The day following the exceedance,
system must take 3 distribution
system samples (in addition to the
routine daily sample)1'2
System must notify the public
(1 41 .32) and the State (1 41 .1 34).
1
r
System must notify the public
(141.32) and the State (141.134), [if on
reduced monitoring, must revert to
routine].
1
Note:
1)The system must take one sample at each of the following locations: near the first customer, at a location representative of average residence time, and at a location
reflecting maximum residence time in the distribution system.
2) If the system has not performed the routine monthly sampling for chlorite, they can use this 3 sample set for their monthly chlorite samples.
Page 47
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(Attachment 6) I operate a treatment plant that uses chlorine dioxide.
This page is left intentionally blank.
Page 48
-------
Attachment 7 - Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Requirements
I operate a treatment plant that uses ozone...
Page 49
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(Attachment 7) I operate a treatment plant that uses ozone. . .
What ROUTINE MONITORING must I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
Bromate
Bromide
Frequency
One sample per ozone
plant per month
One sample per ozone
plant per month
Where monitoring must be conducted
Entrance to the distribution system.
In source water (only required if the system wishes to qualify for reduced
bromate monitoring).
What REDUCED MONITORING may I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
Bromate
Bromide
Frequency
One sample per ozone plant
per quarter
No reduced monitoring if
wishing to conduct reduced
bromate monitoring
Where monitoring must be
conducted
Entrance to the distribution system.
NA
Conditions for reduced monitoring
Annual average source water
bromide concentration < 0.05 mg/L
NA
NOTES:
1. System must resume monthly bromate monitoring if running annual average of source water bromide 0.05
mg/L.
Page 50
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(Attachment 7) I operate a treatment plant that uses ozone. . .
How do I DETERMINE IF MY SYSTEM IS IN COMPLIANCE with the bromate MCL in the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
Compliance is based on ...
Bromate
Running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of monthly samples (or average of all samples
taken during the month if more than 1 sample was collected).
If average of samples covering any consecutive 4-quarter period exceeds the MCL, the system is in
violation.
The system must notify the public and report to the state if in violation.
NOTES:
1. Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the
system's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine compliance with the MCLs or MRDLs, this failure to
monitor will be treated as a violation for the entire period covered by the annual average.
2. All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of the monitoring plan must be included in determining
compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required.
3. If during the first year of monitoring, any individual quarter's average will cause the running annual average of
that system to exceed the MCL, the system is out of compliance at the end of that quarter.
What do I have to REPORT to the State under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
Bromate
What must be reported
Number of samples taken during last quarter
Location, date, result of each sample taken during last quarter
Arithmetic average of monthly arithmetic averages of all samples taken in last year
Whether MCL was exceeded
NOTES:
1. Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each quarter in which samples were collected.
Page 51
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(Attachment 7) I operate a treatment plant that uses ozone. . .
Monitoring Requirements for Bromate for Systems using Ozonation
Are you a CWS or a
NTNCWS using ozone?
Routine Monitoring
1 sample per month per treatment plant at the
entrance to distribution system while the ozonation
system is operating under normal conditions.
Is the sum of
quarterly averages
taken so far
for bromate
>0.040?
Has system
monitored for at
least one year?
Is bromate
average (running annual
arithmetic average
computed quarterly)
0.010mg/L?2
Is the systems
annual average1 source
water bromide level
<0.05 mg/L?
Reduced Monitoring
1 bromate sample per quarter per
treatment plant
Notes:
1) The average is based upon representative monthly bromide measurements for one year (in months where more than one sample is taken, use the average of
all samples taken during the month).
2) If a PWS fails to complete 12 mos of monitoring, compliance must be based on average of available data.
Page 52
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Attachment 8 - Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Requirements
I operate a surface water system or ground water system
under the direct influence of surface water and operate
a conventional filtration treatment plant...
Page 53
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(Attachment 8) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water and operate a conventional filtration treatment plant. . .
Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced Precipitative Softening Treatment Technique
What is the goal of enhanced coagulation and enhanced precipitative softening?
The goal of enhanced coagulation and precipitaive softening is to provide additional removal of the
natural organic material (referred to as total organic carbon or "TOC") that is a precursor to DBF
formation. TOC and disinfectants commonly used in drinking water treatment can combine to form
DBFs. Adding additional amounts of coagulant or lime to coagulation or softening treatment trains,
respectively, can increase the amount of TOC removed and thereby lower DBF levels in finished water.
Which public water systems does the treatment technique apply to?
The treatment technique applies to Subpart H systems (systems using surface water or groundwater under
the direct influence of surface water) that use conventional treatment. Conventional treatment is defined
in §141.2 as a series of processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration
resulting in substantial particulate removal.
How is the treatment technique implemented by public water systems?
Public water systems (PWSs) that use conventional treatment are required to remove a percentage of
TOC from the raw water. The percent removal is based on raw water TOC and alkalinity levels. A pair
of TOC samples must be taken simultaneously in the raw water and no later than the combined filter
effluent at least once per month to calculate the percent removal and demonstrate compliance via a
running annual average. PWS unable to meet the required TOC removal may set an alternative TOC
percent removal based on jar or pilot testing that reflects the treatability of their water. PWSs may also
use one of the alternative compliance criteria to demonstrate compliance.
When is the treatment technique effective?
The treatment technique is effective for systems serving 10,000 or more people in January 2002. The
effective date for systems serving under 10,000 people is January 2004.
Page 54
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(Attachment 8) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water and operate a conventional filtration treatment plant. . .
What ROUTINE MONITORING must I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TOC and
Alkalinity
(conventional
treatment)
Frequency
One paired TOC sample
per plant per month
One alkalinity sample per
plant per month at same
time as source water TOC
sample is taken
Where monitoring must be conducted
TOC (paired samples)
In source water prior to any treatment
No later than the point of combined filter effluent turbidity monitoring and
representative of filtered water
Alkalinity
Same location as source water TOC sample is taken.
What REDUCED MONITORING may I conduct under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
Frequency
Where monitoring must be
conducted
Conditions for reduced
monitoring
TOC and
Alkalinity
(conventional
treatment)
One paired TOC sample
per plant per quarter
One alkalinity sample per
plant per quarter at same
time as source water TOC
sample is taken
TOC (paired samples)
In source water prior to any
treatment
No later than the point of
combined filter effluent turbidity
monitoring and representative of
filtered water
Alkalinity
Same location as source water
TOC sample is taken.
Average treated water TOC < 2.0
mg/L for 2 consecutive years or <1.0
mg/L for 1 year
Page 55
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(Attachment 8) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water and operate a conventional filtration treatment plant. . .
How do I DETERMINE IF MY SYSTEM IS IN COMPLIANCE with the TOC removal requirements of the
Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
TOC (conventional
treatment)
Compliance is based on ...
"Step 1" or "Step 2" removal tar£
TOC compliance)
'ets or alternative compliance criteria (see flowcharts for determining
NOTES:
1. Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the
system's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine compliance with the treatment technique, this failure to
monitor will be treated as a monitoring violation for the entire period covered by the annual average.
2. All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of the monitoring plan must be included in determining
compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required.
What do I have to REPORT to the State under the Stage 1 DBPR?
Chemical
What must be reported
TOC and
Alkalinity
(conventional
treatment)
Number of paired samples taken during last quarter
Location, date, result of each paired sample and associated alkalinity taken during last quarter
For systems using Step 1 or Step 2, enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening
For each month in the reporting period, the arithmetic average of the percent reduction of TOC for
each paired sample and the required TOC percent removal
Calculations for determining compliance with the TOC percent removal requirements
For systems using an alternative compliance criterion
Running annual arithmetic average of source water SUVA or treated water SUVA if using this
criterion for alternative compliance
Running annual arithmetic average based on monthly average of source or treated water TOC if using
this criterion for alternative compliance
Running annual arithmetic average of source water alkalinity or treated water alkalinity if using this
criterion for alternative compliance
Running annual average for both TTHM and HAAS if using this criterion for alternative compliance
Running annual average of amount of magnesium hardness removal if using this criterion for
alternative compliance
Whether system is in compliance with particular alternative compliance criterion
Whether system is in compliance with the enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening percent removal
requirements for the last 4 quarters
NOTES:
1. Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the state within 10 days after the end of
each quarter in which samples were collected.
Page 56
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(Attachment 8) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water and operate a conventional filtration treatment plant. . .
Disinfection Byproducts Precursor Removal
Treatment Technique
System must conduct
DBP Precursor
Monitoring.
^
m meet^s.
e of the ^^ YES
35(a)(2) and .x^
? ^x^
System in compliance
with enhanced
softening (EC/ES)
requirements.
System must monitor to
demonstrate that they
continue to meet alternative
compliance criteria.
Does system
have difficulty
meeting Step 1 removals
due to water quality parameters
or operationa
constraints?
System must conduct
Step 2 testing to determine
alternative minimum TOC
requirements.2
Can system
dentify a Step 2 alternative
minimum TOC remova
requirement?
System applies to the State
for alternative minimum TOC
removal (Step 2) requirements
within 3 mos of not meeting
Step!
Does system
meet Step 1 TOC
emovals [141.135(b)] asann.
System applies to the
State for a waiver of
EC/ES requirements. 2
Notes:
1) Subpart H = Public water systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water.
2) Until the state approves alternate Step 2, system must meet Step 1 removals.
Page 57
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(Attachment 8) I operate a surface water system or ground water system under the direct influence of
surface water and operate a conventional filtration treatment plant. . .
Monitoring Requirements for Disinfection Byproduct Precursors (DBPP)
s system a Subpart H system1 using
conventional filtration treatment?
Source water sampling
Minimum of 1 TOC sample per month per
treatment plant in the source water prior
to any treatment
paired sample"
Treated water sampling2
Minimum of 1 sample per month per
treatment plant taken no later than
combined filter effluent
1 source water alkalinity sample taken at
same time and location as source water
TOC sample.
Return to routine
monitoring in month
following quarter where
annual average 2.0
mg/L.
Did
system conduct required
monitoring? -/ NO
s the systems annua
average treated water TOC <2.0mg/C
for two consecutive years or
1 .Omg/L for one year?.
Reduced Monitoring
May reduce monitoring to one paired
sample and one alkalinity sample per
quarter per treatment pair
Notes:
1.) Subpart H = Public water systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water.
2.) The source water and the treated water samples are referred to as "paired samples" and are to be taken simultaneously
Page 58
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