United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Case Study Analysis for the
Proposed Section 316(b) Phase
II Existing Facilities Rule
Part H -1
May 2002
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water (4303T)
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20460
EPA-821-R-02-002
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§ 316(b) Case Studies, Part H: J, ft. Whiting
Part H: J.R. Whiting
Facility Case Study
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§ 316(b) Case Studies, Part H: J.ft, Whiting
Chapter HI: Background
Chapter H1: Background
This case study presents the results of an analysis
performed by EPA to assess the potential benefits of
reducing the cumulative impacts of I&E at CWIS at the
J.R. Whiting plant, a Great Lakes facility located on Lake
Brie. Section H.l-1 of this background chapter provides a
brief description of the facility, Section HI -2 describes the
environmental setting, and Section HI -3 presents
information on the area's socioeconotnic characteristics.
Hl-l OVERVIEW OF
FACILITY
. WRITING
CHAPTER CONTENTS - -- r--
Ht-l -€)verriewof JJL Whiting, Facility,
THI-2 "
Ml-2,1"
HJO.
HL-3
The J,R. Whiting power plant is a 346 M W power plant
located on Lake Erie, It began commercial service in 1952 and
currently operates three coal-fired steam-electric units and one
oil-fired gas turbine. J.R. Whiting had 134 employees in 1999
and generated 2.1 million MWh of electricity. Estimated
baseline revenues in 1999 were $141 million, based on the
plant's 1999 estimated electricity sales of 2,0 million MWh and
the 199 company-level electricity revenues of $71.14 per MWh,
J.R. Whiting's 1999 production expenses totaled $44 million, or
2.060 cents per kWh, for an operating income of $9? million,
The facility is located at Luna Pier, Michigan, on the Woodtiek
Peninsula, 10 miles north of Toledo, Ohio, and 35 miles south of
Detroit, Michigan (Figure Hl-l).
Table Hl-l below summarizes the plant characteristics of the J.R. Whiting plant.
4> Ownership Information
J.R. Whiting is a regulated utility plant owned by
Consumers Energy Co., a subsidiary of CMS Energy
Corporation. CMS Energy Corporation is an energy
holding company with over 11,600 employees. The
firm owns or controls almost 8.1 million megawatts of
electric generating capability. In 2000, CMS posted
sales of $9,0 billion and sold 41.0 million MWh of
electricity (HooverVQniine, 2001c; CMS, 2001).
Table Hl-l: Summary of J.ft, Whiting Plant Characteristics
Plant ElA Code • • ,.,„,,.„„„„,.„.,„.„.„
NERC Region
Total Capacity (MW) . . _ ._
Primary Fuel
Number of Employees ' „,..„.„_,.„..,.,.,
3.R. Whiting
1723
346
Coal"""
134
' '"'" 2.1
Estimated Revenues (million dollars)
Total Production Expense (million dollars)
Production Expense (jj/kWh)
Estimated Operating Income (million dollars)
Notes: NERC = North American Electric Reliability Council
ECAR = East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement
Dollars are in $2001. , "_,,„. _i-
Source: Form EIA-860A (NERC Region, Total Capacity, Primary Fuel); FERC Form-1 (Number of Employees, Total Production
Expense); Form EIA-906(Net Generation). '
Hl-l
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S 316(b) Case. Studies, Part H: J.ft. Whiting
Chapter Hi: Background
ist to the north, where the Raisin River enters Lake Brie, as
Consumer Power's J.R Whiting facility has one cooling water intake structure serving one once-through cooling system The
* ***"
extrHn r , 3CrOSS "1C reCeSSed P°rtion of the shoreline and a dual entry/single
exit traveling screen. The design intake capacity of the intake is 308 MOD,
Figure H 1-1 : Locations of the J.R. Whiting and Monroe Facilities Within the Great Lakes Region
at the
10... 5^ 0, A, 10 . 20 Mi
In 1980, a deterrent net was installed to reduce high impingement of giaard shad (Dorasoma cepedianum), emerald shiner
h*rm°'dS)' SP°Uar (WWW»* "tt&Wlto)' yell°w Perch P™*SI™*»*\ and several ot£r lake*
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S 316(b) Case Studies, Part H: J,R, Whiting
Chapter HI: Background
Figure Hl-2: Estimated Annual Fish Impingement of All Species at Consumers Powers Company's J.R. Whiting Plant, 1978-1991
1978
1979
1980
081
1982
J983
Source: Consumers Power Company, 1984; 19&4,
HI ~2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINS
HI-2.1 Lake Erie
Lake Erie has 1,402 fan (871.2 miles) of coastline and a surface area of 25,657 km2 (9,906.2 mi2) (U.S. EPA, 200 la). With
an average depth of only 19 m (62 ft), Lake Erie is by far the' shallowest of the Great Lakes (University of Wisconsin Sea
Grant, 2001), and therefore the most susceptible to storms, wind tides, and seiches (U.S. EPA, 2000). Its shallowness results
in considerable temperature variations throughout the year. Lake Erie warms quickly in the spring and summer and cools
rapidly in the fall (U,S, EPA, 2000). During particularly long, cold winters a large pan (or sometimes all) of the lake may
freeze over.
Lake Erie has undergone drastic biological changes during the past 20 years (U.S. EPA, 2000). Although the water was once
severely polluted, water clarity has improved dramatically as a result of stricter water pollution controls as well as filtering by
expanding populations of the introduced zebra mussel (U.S. EPA, 2000).
HI-2,2 Aquatic Habitat and Biota
Lake Erie consists of three relatively distinct aquatic regions: the western, central, and eastern basins (U.S. EPA, 2000). The
central and eastern basins are deep, with depths reaching approximately 29 and 53m (95 and 175 ft) respectively. They have
low flushing rates and exhibit noticeable thermal stratification. The western basin, from which J.R, Whiting withdraws its
water, is the shallowest of the three basins. With an average depth of only 7.4 m (24 ft) and a maximum depth of 19 m (82 ft)
(U.S. EPA, 2000), the western basin is so shallow that its entire depth is stirred by wind action. The cycling motion of the
water resuspends bottom sediments in the water column and makes stratification very rare and brief. The shallow depth of the
basin also, results in warmer water and relatively high biological productivity in the area surrounding the J.R. Whiting facility.
Historically, benthic organisms, animals that live on or in association with the bottom of the lake, have been dominant in the
western basin. These organisms find an abundance of food in the organic load deposited by the Detroit and Maurnee rivers
directly into the basin. Though it receives a high sediment loading, moat sediment eventually moves to the central and eastern
basins. The west basin's shallow sandbanks also provide ideal spawning habitat for fish from all three basins (U.S. EPA,
2000). Typical fish found in Lake Erie include bowfin, brown trout, carp, chinook salmon, echo salmon, freshwater drum,
lake herring, lake sturgeon, lake trout, lake whitefish, longnose sucker, rainbow smelt, pumpkinseed, and rock, white, and
smallmouth bass (University of Wisconsin Sea Grant, 2001),
Hl-3
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S 316(b) Cose Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter Hi: Background
The Lake Erie shore is composed of silty-clay soils and is predominantly steep with very little beach area (Dodge and
Kavetsky, 1995). Shoreline erosion, caused by the stirring of the lake, results in milky-colored inshore waters. In contrast,
offshore waters are much more transparent. Wind in the central basin causes strong along-shore currents and undertows that
build peninsulas by pulling sediments from the shores, The peninsulas shelter significant remaining wetlands and create bays
that provide spawning and nursery habitat for several fish species,
On the U.S. side, Lake Erie.once had significant wetlands, including the 4,000 km2 (1544 mi2) Black Swamp at the Maumee .
River (Dodge and Kavetsky, 1995). However, the Black Swamp has been reduced to 100 km2 (39 mi2) by agricultural
activities, including conversion. An especially severe problem for Lake Erie's wetland habitats is agricultural nutrients and
sediments, which cause a high level of turbidity. Suspended sediments in the water prevent the establishment of subtnergent
vegetation and adversely affect the aquatic ecosystem.
Compared to the other Great Lakes, Lake Erie has few areas of rocky substrate for fish spawning. Virtually all such habitat is
encrusted with zebra and quagga mussels, except for area's where wate'rfowl or fish predation and ice scour limit mussels to
the sheltered sides of rocks. In addition, the rocky substrates of Lake Erie have also been degraded by algal growth and
sedimentation, further limiting fish spawning habitats. In the Detroit River, contaminated sediments are thought to be
affecting fish eggs. On the Grand River, dams have limited the upstream migration of walleye (Dodge and Kavetsky, 1995).
H1-E.3 Major Environmental Stressors •
The large human population surrounding Lake Erie has led to a number of major stresses on the aquatic environment (U.S.
EPA', 2000). Nonpoinl source pollution combined with the productive waters of the western basin have at times (particularly
1950-1970) resulted in accelerated eutrophication, large algal blooms, and anoxic waters. Overfishing and the introduction of
non-native species have hurt some fish populations, though control efforts for both overfishing and invasive species have
helped populations to rebound in recent years (U.S. EPA, 2000),
a. Habitat alteration ••
The western area of Lake Erie once had an extensive coastal marsh and swamp system stretching from the Detroit River to
Maumee Bay, but most marshes were cleared and drained throughout the 1900"s (Dodge and Kavetsky, 1995). About
5300 ha (13,100 acres) of wetlands remain in Ohio, but Michigan's Lake Erie shoreline wetlands have been reduced to only
100 ha (247 acres). Remaining wetlands have been severely degraded.
The Woodtick Peninsula, where J.R. Whiting is located, serves as a barrier beach protecting the wetlands behind it from wave
erosion (U.S. EPA, 2001a). However, the peninsula itself is now being eroded as the sediment drift that once replenished it
has been diminished by structures built to protect shoreline properties. As the Peninsula erodes, so too do the wetlands.
b. Introduction of nonnative species
The introduced zebra mussel became established in large numbers in Lake Erie the late 1980*s and early 1990*s (U.S. EPA,
2000). As in the other Great Lakes, zebra mussels have altered habitat, the food web dynamic, energy transfer, and how
nutrients are cycled in the lakes. However, filtering by zebra mussels has apparently contributed to a dramatic increase in
Lake Erie's water clarity. A preferred course of action on how to deal with the zebra mussels has not been established by the
Lake Erie Lakewide Management Plan Committee (U.S. EPA, 2000).
c. Overfishing
Lake Erie has historically encountered problems of overfishing, particularly in the late i 800s (Egerton, 1985). In this century,
the exact impact of overfishing has been debated because decreases in stocks may also be attributed to pollution, invasive
species, and habitat degradation (Egerton* 1985). Ultimately, the governments of the Great Lakes states and provinces came
together to form the Great Lakes Fishery Commission in 1955, and since then the Commission has studied the issues and set
commercial and recreational fishing quotas to help maintain important fish species (U.S. EPA, 2000).
d. Pollution
Discharges to Lake Erie of persistent toxic chemicals were banned in the 1970s, but effects of these historic discharges
continue to linger (U.S. EPA, 2000). Two sites near the J.R. Whiting facility have been designated as Areas of Concern
(AOC): the Maumee AOC, which resulted from high concentrations of PCBs in the Maumee River drainage area, and the
River Raisin AOC, caused by historical discharges of oils and grease, heavy metals, and PCBs into the River Raisin
(U.S. EPA, 2000).
Hl-4
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S 316{b) Cose Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter HI: Background
The presence of PCBs lias resulted in fish consumption advisories being issued for Lake Erie, the Ottawa River and the Raisin
River (see Table HI-2). The Ottawa River, in the Maumee drainage area, has the highest fish contaminant concentrations and
the most restrictive fish consumption advisories. The River Raisin and the Lake Erie FCAs ate milder (MDCH, 2001).
Table. Hl-2: State-of Michigan. ;Fish Consumption -Advisories/for-lake.-Erie.,
" :; Ottawa River-, and.fciveir Raisin, 200J'° ••. . :.''--':
-'Fish Leupi-flu.)
Lake Erie '
Carp
Catfish
Chinook salmon
Coho salmon
Freshwater drum
Late trout
Rainbow trout
Smallmouth bass
Walleye
White bass
Whitefish
White perch
Yellow Perch
Ottawa River
All species
River Raisin (hefew Monroe C
Carp
Freshwater drum
Smallmouth bass
White bass
: wv :•'.
*
*
A/T
A/B
T/*
A/B
A/T
*
am)
*
A/B
A/*
s-i
' A./H
*/»
A./T
A/M
T/*-
A/T
•
*
AM
- T/<-
*
1842'-
*•
.!:./•
.*./•
A/T
A/<*
A/«
AM
A/T
,:!,/•
T/*
A/T
* -
•
„§,/•
T/-J-
*
22-26
*
•
AM
A/B
J./T
A/*>
A/B
A/B
A/B
•
»
*
A/B
T/»>
26-30
*•
A/B
A/B
A/T
A/*t»
AM
A/B
A/B
•
•
*
A/B
T/->
,30+
•»
•
A/B
A/B
A/T
A/*
A/B
A/B
•
*
*
A/fl
T - Limit consumption to I meal (K pound) per week.
A = Unlimited consumption
* ~No consumption,
* = Limit consumption to 6 meals ('/4 pound) per year.
B ~ Limit consumption to 1 meal {'/j pound) per month.
' If there is only one symbol it is the advice for the whole population. When two symbols are shown, the first is the advice for the
"general population" and the second is the advice for "children age 15 and under and women who are pregnant, nursing, or expect to bear
children,"
Source: MCDH,2QQL . -
Hl-3 SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
The J.R. Whiting plant is located in Monroe County, Michigan, a rural county bordered to the east by Lake Erie and to the
north and south by more urban counties {Wayne County, Michigan and Lucas County, Ohio). In 2000, Monroe'had'a
population of 145,945, a high rate of home ownership, and a higher median income than surrounding counties (U.S. Census
Bureau, 2001). The socioeconomic characteristics of Monroe and neighboring counties are summarized in Table HI-3.
HI-5
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S 316(b) Case. Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter HI: Background
Toble HI-3: Socioeconomic Characteristics of Monroe and Neighboring Counties,
Population in 2000
Land area in 2000, km2 (mi2)
Persons per square mile, 2000
Metropolitan Area
Median household money income, 1997 model-based estimate
Persons below poverty, percent, 1997 model-based estimate
Housing units in 2000
Homeownership rate in 2000
Households in 2000
Persons per household in 2000
Households with persons under 18 years in 2000
High school graduates, 25 and older in 1990
College graduates, 25 and older in 1990
Monroe County, MI
145,945
1,427(551)
265
Detroit, Ml
$48,607
7,60%
56,471
81.00%
53,772
.2.69
39.10%
60,968
8,655
Wayne County, MI '
2,061,162
1,590(614)
3,357
Detroit, MI
$35,357
18.00%
826,145
66.60%
768,440
2.64
37.70%
926,603
180,822
Lucas County, OH
455,054
881 (340)
1,338 .
Toledo, OH
$37,064
13.60%
196,259
65.40%
182,847 •
2.44
34.10%
221,052
49,393
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2001.
HI-3,1, Major Industrial Activities
Monroe County produces agricultural products such as soybeans, grains, corn, sugar beets, potatoes and alfalfa, and industrial
processes such as auto-parts manufacturing, metal fabrication, cement, packaging and glass production (InfoMI, 2001). Luna
Pier, where J.R. Whiting is located, is primarily a resort town with a sandy beach and a half mile crescent shaped pier
stretching out into Lake Erie (InfoMI, 2001).
HI-3.2 Commercial Fisheries
Commercial fishing on Lake Erie has generated between $2 million and $3 million of revenue per year for the last decade
(USGS, 200 Ic). A small share of this catch comes from the Michigan waters. Tables HI-4 and HI-5 show the pounds
harvested and the revenue generated for the Michigan Lake Erie commercial fishery from 1985 to 1999, Despite fish
consumption advisories, carp is the most important commercial species, comprising 72 percent of the catch and 51 percent of
revenues over this 15-year period. Channel catfish, quillback, and bigmouth buffalo make up most of the remaining harvest
and revenue (USGS, 200 Ic).
HI-3.3 Recreational Fisheries
Lake Erie fish species also help support several charter boat companies. In 1997, Lake Erie charter boats reported 1,727
excursions with 8,284 anglers (Rakoczy and Wesander-Russell, 1998). Ninety percent of these anglers were local residents.
About half of the 74,000 fish caught on charter boats that year were walleye and about half were yellow perch (Rakoczy and
Wesander-Russell, 1998).
Recreational anglers spent about 175,000 noncharter days fishing the Michigan waters of Lake Erie in 1994 (Rakoc?y and
Svoboda, 1997). Their most commonly caught species were yellow perch and walleye (44 percent and 35 percent of the total
harvest, respectively). White bass, channel catfish, freshwater drum, and white perch made up most of the remaining catch,
Total recreational hours (including charter) spent fishing Michigan's Lake Erie dropped in the early 1990s (see Table Hl-6),
but the reasons for this arc unclear. Some of the reduction in fishing days may be related to declines in species such as yellow
perch. However, Thomas and Haas (2000) note that the apparent declines in yellow perch and other species may reflect lower
catchability resulting from an improved ability to avoid fishing gear because of improved water clarity rather than actual
population reductions.
-
Hl-6
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§ 316(b) Case Studies, P Lynne O. Tudor
Hl-7
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55
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§ 316(b) Case Studies, Part H: J.ft. Whiting
Chapter HI: Background
Table Ml -6; Michigan Lake Erie Boat Fishery Angler Effort* :«snrf Primary Species Catch April Through '-'October,
-'.'.'.-" 1986 to 199*8 ' ' :' .-- .' . -'-'" . : ',' ' . -
1986"
1987
1988"
1989
1990
1991"
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Angfejc-BEwrs
2,068,779
2,455,903
4,362,452
3,799,067
2,482,242
805,294
836,216
935,249
1,012,595
na
na
na
na
Nuniber.ofYellow: Perch Harvested :
834,310
619,112
318,786
1,466,442
770,507
378,716
' 255,747
473,580
246,327
343,240
. 635,233
529,435
586,27?
Number $f Walleye Harvested
605,666
902,378
1,996,824
1,092,289
• 780,508
132,322
249,713
270,376
216,040
107,909
•174,607
112,400
1 14,607
" May through October.
* May through September,
na = not available.
Sources: Rakoczy and Svoboda, 1997; Thomas and I;!aas, 2000.
ffJ-9
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S 316{b) Cose Studies, Part H: 3JR. Whiting
Chapter H2: Technical and Economic Descriptions
H2: Technical and Economic
Descriptions of the
J.R. Facility
H2 -1 BASELINE OPERATIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
The J.R. Whiting power plant operates four units. Three
are coal-fired steam electric units that use cooling water
withdrawn from Lake Erie (Units 1-3) while the fourth
unit (Unit 4) is an oil-fired gas turbine that does not require cooling water. The units began operation between July 1952 and
May 1968.
J.R. Whiting's total net generationln 1999 was 2.1 million MWh. The three steam, turbine units (Units 1-3) had capacity
utilization rates between 71.4 and 77.3 percent. Table H2-1 presents details for J.R. Whiting's four units.
Table .-.H2-.1: • Serwrafor
.the^fc.--Whiting Piatjf (1999); •
Generator-
ID
1
2
3
A
Total
Capacity .
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S 316(b) Cose Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter H2: Tethnical and Economic Descriptions
Figure H2-1: J.R. Whiting Net Electricity Generation 1970 -2000 (in MWh)
3.000,000
2.500.000
2.000.000
1.500.000
1.000.000
500.000
1970
1975
1995
2000
Source: Form EIA-906.
H2-2 CWIS CONFIGURATION AND WATER WITHDRAWAL
The J.R. Whiting facility has one cooling water intake structure serving the entire facility. The facility withdraws cooling
water from North Maumee Bay (located in western Lake Erie) via a recessed shoreline intake at the lake surface, The intake
has a fish barrier net located across the recessed portion of the shoreline and a dual entry/single exit traveling screen, as well
as trash racks located at the entrance to intake structure. In 1996, the facility withdrew an average of 298 MOD at an average
intake velocity of 1.03 feet per second. The total design intake flow for J.R. Whiting is 308 MOD.
H2-2
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§ 3l6£b)Cose Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of 1<&E Data
H3: .
Evaluation of I&E Data
- CHAPTER CONTENTS
-IB-J-
Species Vulnerable to l&E.i.,,,,^,. .„».,.,."» —
Life flistories_of Major- Sgecjesfrnpinfcd and
Entrained •vJ-T/jTI,.-.»., - r.'.."..". ,>",., .3,.,
- tolp^B^-
•JH3-3.I
BPA evaluated impacts to aquatic organisms resulting
from the CWIS of the J.R. Whiting facility using the
assessment methods described in Chapter AS of Part A
of this document. EPA's analysis focused on I&E
rates at J.R. Whiting before and after installation of a
deterrent net in 1980 to reduce impingement. The
facility's I&E monitoring program was designed to
evaluate the effectiveness of the net, and therefore
included 2 years of sampling of baseline I&E losses
before installation of the net and several years of
impingement monitoring after (Wapora, 1979,1980;
Consumers Power Company, 1984,1988, 1994). EPA
evaluated these two sampling periods to estimate (1)
I&E rates with no technology in place, and (2) the
reduction in impingement resulting from the deterrent
net, Section H3-1 of this chapter lists fish species that are impinged and entrained at J.R. Whiting, Section H3-2 presents life
histories of the most abundant species in the facility's I&E collections, and Section H3-3 summarizes the facility's I&E
collection methods. Section H3-4 presents annual I&E losses before installation of the deterrent net to reduce impingement,
Section H3-5 presents impingement losses following net installation, and Section H3-6 summarizes these results.
H3-1 SPECIES VULNERABLE TO I
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S 316(b) Cose Studies, Part H: J.R, Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of X&E Data
Table H3-1: Species Vulnerable to -1*E by J.R, Whiting (cont.)
Common Name
Perch family
Pumpkinseed
Rainbow smelt
Shiner species
Smallmouth bass
Spottail shiner
Sucker species
Sunfish species
Tadpole madtom
Troutperch
Walleye
Warmouth
White bass
White perch
Yellow perch
: Scientific Name
\Percidae
\Lepomis gibbosus
1 Osmerus mordax mordax
jCyprinidac
\Micropterus dolomieui
\Notropis hudsonius
iCatostomidae
iCentrarchidae
\Noturus gyrinus
\Percopsis omiscomaycus
\Stizosledion vitreum
iLepomis gulosus
\Morone chrysops
IMorone americana
\ Percaflavescens
Recreational
A
\*
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Commercial
X
X
1 Forage
X
X
- x
X
X
Sources: Wapora, 1979,1980.
H3-2 LIFE HISTORIES OF MAJOR SPECIES IMPINGED AND ENTRAINED
Alcwif e (Alosa pseudoharengus)
Alewife is a member of the herring family, Clupeidae, and ranges along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to North
Carolina (Scott and Grossman, 1998). Alewives entered the Great Lakes region through the Welland Canal which connects
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and by 1949, they were present in Lake Michigan (University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute,
2001). Because alewives are not a freshwater species, they are particularly susceptible to osmotic stress associated with
freshwater. Freshwater fish have larger kidneys which they use to constantly pump water from their bodies. Since they lack
this physiological adaptation, alewives are more susceptible to environmental disturbances.
In the Great Lakes, alewives spend most of their time in deeper water. During spawning season, they move towards shallower
inshore waters to spawn. Although alewives generally do not die after spawning, the fluctuating temperatures that the adults
are exposed to when they move to inshore waters often results in mortality due to osmotic stress. In certain years, temperature
changes caused by upwelling may result in a massive die-off of spawning alewives (University of Wisconsin Sea Grant
Institute, 2001).
Alewife has been introduced to a number of lakes to provide forage for sport'fish (Jude et al, I987b). Ecologically, alewife is
an important prey item for many fish.
Spawning is temperature-driven, beginning in the spring as water temperatures reach 13 to 15 *C, and ending when they
exceed 27 *C (Able and Fahay, 1998). In their native coastal habitats, alewives spawn in the upper reaches of coastal rivers,
in slow-flowing sections of slightly brackish or freshwater. In the Great Lakes, alewives move inshore toward the outlets of
rivers and streams to spawn (University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, 2001).
In coastal habitats, females lay demersal eggs in shallow water less than 2 m (6.6 ft) deep (Wang and Kernehan, 1979). They
may lay from 60,000 to 300,000 eggs at a time (Kocik, 2000). The demersal eggs are 0.8 to 1.27 mm (0.03 to O.OS in.) in
diameter. Larvae hatch at a size of approximately 2.5 to 5.0 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in.) total length (Able and Fahay, !998). Larvae
remain in the upstream spawning area for some time before drifting downstream to natal estuarine waters. Juveniles exhibit a
diurnal vertical migration in the water column, remaining near the bottom during tlie, day and rising to the surface at night
(Fay et al,, 1983a). In the fall, juveniles move offshore to nursery areas (Able and Fahay, 1998),
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§ 316{b) Case, Studies, Part H; J.R, Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of !<&E Data
Maturity is reached at 3 to 4 years for males, and 4 to 5 years for females (Able and Fahay, 1998), The average size at
maturity is 265 to 278 mm (10.4 to 10.9 in.) formates and 284 to 308 ram (11.2 to 12.1 in.) for females (Abie and Fahay,
1998). Alewife can live up to 8 years, but the average age of the spawning population tends to be 4 to 5 years (Waterfield
1995; PSEG, 1999c). . '. .
ALEWIFE
(Alosa pseudoharengus)
Family: Clupeidae (herrings).
Common names: River herring, sawbelly, kyak,
branch herring, freshwater herring, bigeye herring,
gray herring, grayback, white herring,
Similar species: Blueback herring,
Geographic range: Along the western Atlantic coast
from Newfoundland to North Carolina.8 Arrived in the
Great Lakes via the Welland Canal*
Habitat: Wide-ranging, tolerates fresh to saline
waters, travels in schools.
Lifespan: May live tip to 8 years.e'd
Fecundity; Females may lay from 60,000 to 300,000
eggs at a time."
Scott and Grossman, 1998.
University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, 2001.
PSEG, I999c.
* Waterfield, 1995.
Kocik.2000,
Abie and Fahay, 1998,
«• Fay ct 81., 1983a.
Food source: Small fish, zoopiankton, fish eggs, amphipods,
mysids,*1
Prey for; Striped bass, weakfish, rainbow trout,
Life stage information:
Eggs; demersal
*• Found in waters less than 2 m (6.6 ft) deep.*
» Ar« 6.8 to 1 .27 mm (0.03 to 0,05 in) in diameter/
Larvae:
*• Approximately 2.5 to 5.0 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) at hatching/
«* Remain in upstream spawning area for some time before
drifting downstream to natal estuartae waters.
Juveniles:
* Stay on the bottom during the day and rise to the surface at
night*
*• Emigrate to ocean in summer and fell/
Adults: anadromous
* Reach maturity at 3-4 years for males and 4-5 years for
females/
*- Average size at maturity is 265-278 mm (1 0.4-1 0.9 in) for
males and 284-308 mm (! 1 ,2-12. 1 to) for females/
Gizzard shad (borasoma ceped/anum)
Gizzard shad is a member of the family Clupeidae. Its distribution is widespread throughout Hie eastern United States and
into southern Canada, with occurrences from the St. Lawrence River south to eastern Mexico (Miller, 1960; Scott and
Grossman, 1973). Gizzard shad are found in a range of salinities from freshwater inland rivers to brackish estuaries and
marine waters along the Atlantic Coast of the United States (Miller, 1960; Carlander, 1969). Gizzard shad often occur in
schools (Miller, 1960). Young-of-year are considered an important forage fish {Miller, 1960), though their rapid growth rate
limits the duration of their susceptibility to many predators (BodoSa, 1966). In Lake Erie, gizzard shad are most populous in
the shallow .waters of western Lake Erie, around the Bass Islands, and in protected bays and mouths of tributaries (Bodola,
Spawning occurs from late winter or early spring to late summer, depending on temperature. Spawning has been observed in
early June to July in Lake Erie (Bodola, 1966), and in May elsewhere in Ohio {Miller, 1960), The spawning period generally
lasts 2 weeks {Miller, 1960). Males and females release sperm and eggs while swimming in schools near the surface of the
water. Eggs sink slowly to the bottom or drift with the current, and adhere to any surface they encounter (Miller, 1960).
Females release an average of 378,990 eggs annually {Bodola, 1966), which average 0.75 rnm (0,03 in.) in diameter (Wallus
etal, 1990).
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5 316(b) Cose Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of ME Data
Hatching time can be anywhere from 36 hours to 1 week, depending on water temperature (Bodola, 1966), Young shad may
remain in upstream natal waters if conditions permit (Miller, 1960). By age 2 all gizzard shad are sexually mature, though
some may mature as early as age 1 (Bodola, 1966). Unlike many other fish, fecundity in gizzard shad declines with age
(Electric Power Research Institute, 1987).
Gizzard shad generally live up to 6 years in Lake Erie, but individuals up to 10 years have been reported in southern locations
(Scott and Grossman., 1973). Mass mortalities have been documented in several locations during winter months, due to
extreme temperature changes (Williamson and Nelson, 1985).
GIZZARD SHAD
(Dorosoma cepedianum)
Family: Clupeidae (herrings).
Common names: Gizzard shad.
Similar species: Threadfin shad."
Geographic range: Eastern North America from the
St. Lawrence River to Mexico.biC
Habitat: Inhabits inland lakes, ponds, rivers, and
reservoirs to brackish estuaries and ocean waters,1*5
Lifcspan: Gizzard shad generally live 5 to 6 years,
but have been reported up to 10 years.b
Fecundity: Maturity is reached by age 2; females .
produce average of 378,990 eggs.b
" Trautman, 1981.
11 Miller, I960.
e Scott and Grossman, 1973.
Fish graphic from Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources, 2001.
Food sources: Larvae consume protozoans, zooplankton, and
small crustaceans.0 Adults are mainly herbivorous, feeding on
plants, phyloplankton, and algae. They are one of the few species
able to feed solely on plant material.b
Prey for: Walleye, white bass, largemouth bass, crappie, among
others (immature shad only).b
Life stage information:
Eggs: demersal
*• During spawning, eggs are released near the surface and sink
to the bottom, adhering to any surface they touch,
Larvae: pelagic
* Larvae serve as forage to many species.
> After hatching, larvae travel in schools for the first few
months.
Adults
* May grow as large as 52.1 cm (20.5 in.)."
»• May be considered a nuisance species because of sporadic
mass winter dte-offs.3
Emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides}
Emerald shiner is a member of the family Cyprinidae. It is found in large open lakes and rivers from Canada south throughout
the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf Coast in Alabama (Scott and Grossman, 1-973). Emerald shiner prefer clear waters in the
mid to upper sections of the water column, and are most often found in deep, slow moving rivers and in Lake Erie (Trautman,
1981). The emerald shiner is one of the most prevalent fishes in Lake Erie (Trautman, 1981). Because of their small size,
they are an important forage fish for many species.
Spawning occurs from July to August in Lake Erie (Scott and Grossman, 1973). Females lay anywhere from 870 to 8,700
eggs (Campbell and MacCrimmon, 1970), which hatch within 24 hours (Scott and Grossman, 1973). Young-of-year remain
in large schools in inshore waters until the fall, when they move into deeper waters to overwinter (Scott and Crossman, 1973).
Young-of-year average 5.1 to 7.6 cm (2 to 3 in.) in length (Scott and Crossman, 1973).
Emerald shiner are sexually mature by age 2, though some larger individuals may mature at age I (Campbell and
MacCrimmon, 1970). Most do not live beyond 3 years of age (Fuchs, 1967). Adults typically range from 6.4 to 8.4 cm (2.5
to 3.3 in.) (Trautman, 1981). Populations may fluctuate dramatically from year to year (Trautman, 1981).
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S 316{b) Case Studies, Port H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of IAE Data
EMERALD SHINER
(Notropis atherinoidcs)
Family; Cyprinidae (herrings).
Common names: Emerald shiner.
Similar species: Silver shiner, rosyface shiner."
Geographic range: From Canada south throughout
the Mississippi valley to the Gulf Coast in Alabama.1*-11
Habitat: Large open lakes and rivers,b
Litespan: Emerald shiner live to 3 years.M
Fecundity: Mature by age 2. Females can lay
anywhere from approximately 870-8,700 eggs.3'
Food source: Mierocrustaceans, midge larvae,, zooplankton,
algae.a
Prey for: Gulls, terns, mergansers, cormorants, smallmouth bass,
yellow perch, and others/
Life stage Information:
Eggs: demersal
* Eggs hatch in less than 24 hours.*1
Larvae: pelagic
» Individuals from different year classes can have varying body
"proportions and fin length, as can individuals from different
localities,"
Adults;
> Typically range in size from 6,4 to 8.4 cm {2.5 to 3.3 in.).a
* Trauttnan, 1981.
Froese and Pauly, 2000,
Campbell and MacCrSmmon, 1970.
" Scotland Grossman, J973.
Pish graphiccourt^
Carp (Cyprinus carp/0 carpto)
Carp is a member of the family of carps and minnows, Cyprinidae, and is abundant in Lake Erie, Carp were first introduced
from Asia to the United States in the 18?0*s and 1880's, and by the 1890's were abundant in the Mawmee River and in the
west end of Lake Erie (Trautman, 1981). Carp are most abundant in low-gradient, warm streams and lakes with high levels or
organic matter, but tolerate all types of bottom and clear to turbid waters {Trautman, 1981). Carp overwinter in deeper water
and migrate to shallow water, preferably marshy environments with submerged aquatic vegetation in advance of the spawning
season (McCrimmon, 1968}-. Adults feed on a wide variety of plants and animals, and juveniles feed primarily on plankton.
Carp are often considered a nuisance species because of their habit of uprooting vegetation and increase turbidity when
feeding {McCrimmon, 1968; Scott and Grossman, 1973). Carp are not widely popular fishes for anglers, although carp
fishing may be an important recreational activity in some parts of the United States (Scott and Grossman, 1973). They are
occasionally harvested commercially and sold for food (Scott and Grossman, 1973),
Male carp reach sexual maturity between ages 3 and. 4, and the females reach maturity between ages 4 and 5 (Swee and
McCrimmon, 1966). Spawning can occur at temperatures between 16 and 28 *C (60,8 and 82,4 °F) with optimum activity
between 19 and 23 *C {66,2 and 73,4 "F) (Swee and McCrimmon, 1966). Fecundity in carp can range from 36,000 eggs for a
39,4 cm (15.5 in.) fish to 2,208,000 in a 85.1 cm (33.5 in.) fish (Swee and McCrimmon, 1966) but individuals may spawn
only about 500 eggs at a given time (Dames and Moore, 1977a). Eggs are demersal and stick to submerged vegetation.
Eggs hatch 3 to 6 days after spawning and larvae tend to lie in shallow water among vegetation (Swee and McCrimmon,
1966). The lifespan of a typical carp in North America is less than 20 years (McCrimmon, 1968). Adult carp can reach 102-
122 em (40-48 in.) long, and weigh 18-27 kg (40-60 Ib) {Trautman, 1981).
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S 316(b) Cose Studies, Port Hi J.R. Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of IAE Data
CARP
(Cyprinus carpio carpio)
Family: Cyprinidae (minnows or carp).
Common names: Carp.
Similar species: Goldfish, buffalofishes, carpsuckers."
Geographic range: Wide-ranging throughout the United
States.
Habitat: Low-gradient, warm streams and lakes with high
levels or organic carbon. Tolerates relatively wide range
of turbidity. Often associated with submerged aquatic
vegetation.*1
Lifcspan: Less than 20 years.b
Fecundity: 36,000 to 2,208,000 eggs per season.*
• Traulman, 1981.
11 McCrimmon, 1968.
c Swee and McCrimmon, 1966.
* Wang, 1986a.
Fish graphic from North Dakota Game and Pish Department (1986).
Food source: Omnivorous; diet includes invertebrates,
small molluscs, ostracods, and crustaceans as well as
roots, leaves, and shoots of water plants.1*
Prey for: Juveniles provide limited forage for northern
pike, smaltmouth bass, striped bass, and longnosed gar,
as well as green frogs, bullfrogs, turtles, snakes, mink,b
Life stage information:
Eggs: demersal
*• During spawning, eggs are released in shallow,
vegetated water. Eggs are demersal and stick to
submerged vegetation.
*• Eggs hatch in 3-6 days.*
Larvae:
»• Larvae are found in shallow, weedy, and muddy
habitats,11
Adults:
*• May reach lengths of 102-122 cm (40-48 in,).*
Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
The yellow perch is a member of the Percidae family and is found in fresh waters in the northern and eastern United States
and across eastern and central Canada. Yellow perch are also occasionally seen in brackish waters (Scott and Crossman,
1973). They are typically found in greatest numbers in clear waters with low gradients and abundant vegetation (Trautman,
1981). Perch feed during the day on immature insects, larger invertebrates, fishes, and fish eggs (Scott and Crossman, 1973).
Yellow perch are of major commercial and recreational value in Lake Erie, and the Great Lakes are a major source of yellow
perch to the commercial fishing industry.
Sexual maturity is reached at age 1 for males and at ages 2 and 3 for females (Saila et al., 1987). Perch spawn in the spring in
water temperatures ranging from 6.7 to 12.2 *C (44-54 *F) (Scott and Crossman, 1973), Adults move to shallower water to
spawn usually near rooted vegetation, fallen trees, or .brush. Spawning takes place at night or in the early morning. Females
lay all their eggs in a single transparent strand that is approximately 3 cm (1.2 in.) wide (Saila et al., 1987) and up to 2,1 m (7
ft) long (Scott and Grossman, 1973). These egg cases are semi-buoyant and attach to submerged vegetation or occasionally to
the bottom and may contain 2,000-90,000 eggs (Scott and Crossman, 1973). In western Lake Erie, fecundities for yellow
perch were reported to range from 8,618 to 78,741 eggs (Saila et al., 1987),
Yellow perch larvae hatch within about 8-10 days and are inactive for about 5 days until the yolk is absorbed (Scott and
Crossman, 1973). Young perch are initially pelagic and found in schools, but become demersal after their first summer (Saila
etal., 1987).
Adult perch are inactive at night and rest on the bottom (Scott and Crossman, 1973). Females generally grow faster than
males and reach a greater final length (Scott and Crossman, 1973). In Lake Erie, perch may reach up to approximately 31 cm
(12 in.) in total length and have been reported to live up to 11 years.
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S 316(b) Cose Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of t&E Data
YELLOW PERCH
(Percajlavescens)
Family: Pereidae (perches).
Common names: Yellow perch, perch, American perch,
lake perch." .
Similar species: Dusky darter.b
Geographic range: Northern and eastern United States,0'
Habitat: Lakes, ponds, creeks, rivers. Found in clear
water near vegetation.'*
Lifespan: Up to 11 years.*
Fecundity: 2,000-90,000 eggs.'
Food source: Immature insects, larger invertebrates,
fishes, and fish eggs.c
Prey for: Almost all warm to cool water predatory fish
including bass, sunfish, crappies, walleye, sauger,
northernpike, mwskellunge, and other perch, as well as a
number of birds.*
Life stage information:
Eggs: semi-buoyant
* Eggs laid in long tubes containing 2,000-90,000
eggs," ' ..
> Eggs usually hatch in 8-10 days.0
Larvae: pelagic
*• Larvae are 4.1 -5,5 mm (0.16-0.22 in.) upon hatching,15
* Found in schools with other species/
» Become demersal during the first summer/
Adults: demersal
* Reach 'up to 31 cm (12 in.) in Lake Erie.'
*• Found in schools near the bottom.
" Froese and Pauiy, 2001.
* Trautman, 1981.
* Scott and Grossman, 1973,
* Sailaetal,, 1987b.
Fish graphic courtesy of New YorkSportfishingand Aquatic Resources Educational Program, 2001.
Channel catfish (Xctaiams punctatus)
Channel catfish is a member of the Ictaluridae (North American freshwater catfish) family. It is found from Manitoba to
southern Quebec, and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico (Dames and Moore, 1977a). Channel catfish can be found in
freshwater streams, lakes, and ponds. They prefer deep water with clean gravel or boulder substrates and low to moderate
currents (Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 200 Ib).
Channel catfish reach sexual maturity at ages 5-8, and females will lay 4,000-35,000 eggs dependent on.body weight (Scott
and Grossman, 1998). Spawning begins when temperatures reach 24-29 "C (75-85 *F) in late spring or early summer.
Spawning occurs in natural nests such as undercut banks, rnuskrat burrows, containers, or submerged logs. Eggs
approximately 3.5 mm (0.1 in) in diameter are deposited in a large, Hat, gelatinous mass (Wang, 1986a). After spawning, the
male guards the nest and fans it to keep it aerated. Eggs hatch in 7-10 days at 24-26 °C (75-79 *F) and the newly hatched
larvae remain near the nest for several days (Wang, I986a), Young fish prefer to inhabit riffles and turbulent areas. Channel
catfish are very popular with anglers and are relatively prized as a sport fish (Dames and Moore, 1977a).
H3-7
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S 316(b) Case Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter M3: Evaluation of I4E Data
CHANNEL CATFISH
(Ictalarus punctatus)
Family: Ictaluridae (North American freshwater
catfish).
Common names: Channel catfish, graceful catfish.3
Similar species: Blue and white catfishes.1"
Geographic range: South-central Canada, central
United States, and northern Mexico.8
Habitat: Freshwater streams, lakes, and ponds. Prefer
deep water with clean gravel or boulder substrates.'
Lifcspan: Maximum reported age: 16 years."
Fecundity-: 4,000 to 35,000 eggs depending on body
weight."
Food source: Small fish, crustaceans, clams, snails."
Prey for: Chestnut lamprey,"
Life stage information:
Eggs: demersal
> 3-4 mm in diameter.1*
» Hatch in 7-10 days,11
Larvae:
>• Remain near nest for a few days then disperse to
shallow water.1*
*• Approx. 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) upon hatching,*1
Adults: demersal
'* Average length: 30-36 cm (12-14 in.).*
.»• Maximum length: up to 104 cm (41 in.)."
" Froese and Pauly, 2001.
k Trautman, 1981.
e Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 2001b.
11 Wang, 1986a.
* Scott and Grossman, 1998.
Fish graphic courtesy of New York Sportfishlng and Aquatic Resources Educational Program, 2001.
Freshwater drum {Aplodinotus grunniens)
Freshwater drum is a member of the drum family, Sciaenidae, Possibly exhibiting the greatest latitudinal range of any North
American freshwater species, its distribution ranges from Manitoba, Canada, to Guatemala, and throughout the Mississippi
River drainage basin (Scott and Grossman, 1973). The freshwater drum is found in deeper pools of rivers and in Lake Erie at
depths between 1.5 and 18 m (5 and 60 ft) (Trautman, 1981). Drum is not a favored food item of either humans or other fish
(Edsall, 1967; Trautman, 1981; Bur, 1982).
Based on studies in Lake Erie, the spawning season peaks in July (Daiber, 1953), although spent females have been found as
late as September (Scott and Grossman, 1973). Females in Lake Erie produce anywhere from 43,000 to 508,000 eggs
(Daiber, 1953). The eggs are buoyant, floating at the surface of the water (Daiber, 1953; Scott and Grossman, 1973). This
unique quality may be one explanation for the freshwater drum's exceptional distribution (Scott and Grossman, 1973). Yolk-
sac larvae are buoyant as well, floating inverted at the surface of the water with the posterior end of the yolk sac and tail
touching the surface (Swedberg and Walburg, 1970).
Larvae develop rapidly over the course of their first year. Maturity appears to be reached earlier among freshwater drum
females from the Mississippi River than females from Lake Erie. Daiber (1953) found Lake Erie females begin maturing at
age 5, and 46% reach maturity by age 6. Lake Erie males begin maturing at age 4, and by age 5,79% had reached maturity.
The maximum age for fish in western Lake Erie is 14 years for females and 8 years for males (Edsall, 1967). Adults tend to
be between 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 in.) long.
113-8
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S 316(b) Case Studies, Part H: J,R. WMting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of !<&£ Data
FRESHWATER DRUM
(Aplodinotus gruimiens)
Family: Seiaenidae.
Common names: freshwater drum, white perch,
sheepshead,8
Similar species: white bass, carpsuckers."
Geographic range: From Manitoba, Canada, to
Guatemala, They can be found throughout the
Mississippi River drainage basin.
Habitat: Bottoms of medium- to large-sized rivers
and lakes,b
LifcKpan; The'maximum age for fish in western
Lake Erie is 14 years for females and 8 years for
males.5
Fecundity: Females in Lake Erie produce from
43,000 to 508,000 eggs,*
Food sources: Juveniles: Cladocerans (plankton), copepods,
dipterans.*1
Adults: Dipterans, cladoeerans,d darters, emerald shiner.5
Prey for: Very few species.
Life stage information:
Eggs: pelagic
> The buoyant eggs float at the surface of the water, possibly
accounting for the species* high distribution,11
Larvae:
> Prolarvae float inverted at the surface of the water with the
posterior end of the yolk sac and their tail touching the
surface/
Adults:
* The species owes its name to the audible "drumming"
sound that it is often heard emitting during summer
months."
» Tend to be between 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 in.) long,"
"• Trautman, 1981
b Proese and Pauly, 2001,
e Edsall, 1967,
J Bur, 1982.
* Scott and Grossman, 1973.
Swedberg and Walburg, 1970.
Pish graphic courtesy of New York Sportflshing and Aquatic Resources Educational Program. 2001.
White bass (Morone chrysops)
White bass is a member of the temperate bass family, Moronidae, It ranges from the St. Lawrence River south through the
Mississippi valley to the Gulf of Mexico, though the species is most abundant in the Lake Erie drainage (Van Oosten, 1942).
White bass has both commercial and recreational fishing value.
Spawning take place in May in Lake Erie and may extend into June, depending on temperatures. Spawning bouts can last
from 5 to 10 days (Scott and Grossman, 1973). Adults typically spawn near the surface, and eggs are fertilized as they sink to
the bottom. Fecundity increases directly with size in females; the average female lays approximately 565,000 eggs,- Eggs
hatch within 46 hours at a water temperature of 15,6 °C (60 *F) (Scott and Crossman, 1973),
Larvae grow rapidly, and young white bass reach lengths of 13 to 16 cm (5.1 to 6,3 in.) by the fall (Scott and Crossman,
1973), They feed on microscopic crustaceans, insect larvae, and small fish. As adults, the diet switches to fish. Yellow perch
are an especially important prey species for white bass (Scott and Crossman, 1973).
Most white bass mature at age 3 (Van Oosten, 1942). Upon reaching sexual maturation, adults tend to fonn unisexual
schools, traveling up to 11.1 km (6.9 mi) a day. Adults occupy the upper portion of the water column, maintaining depths of
6 m or less (Scott and Crossman, 1973). On average, adults are between 25.4 to 35.6 cm (10 to 14 in.) long (Ohio
Department of Natural Resources, 2001b). White bass rarely live beyond 7 years (Scott and Crossman, 1973).
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S 316(b) Cose Studies, Port H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of l&E Data
WHITE BASS
(Morone chrysops)
Family: Moronidae.
Common names: White bass, silver bass.
Similar species: White perch, striped bass."
Geographic range: St. Lawrence River south
through the Mississippi valley to the Gulf of
Mexico, highly abundant in the Lake Erie
drainage.1*
Habitat: Occurs in lakes, ponds, and rivers.*
Lifespan: White bass may live up to 7 years.*5
Fecundity: The average female lays
approximately 565,000 eggs,b
Food source: Juveniles consume microscopic crustaceans,
insect larvae, and small fish," Adults have been found to
consume yellow perch, bluegill, white crappie,b and carp.M
Prey for: Other white bass."
Life stage Information:
Eggs; demersal
*• Eggs are approximately 0.8 mm (0.03 in.) in diameter."
Larvae: pelagic
* White bass experience their maximum growth in their first
year.h
Adults-.
*• Travel in schools, traveling up to 11,1 km (6.9. mi) a day."
»• Most mature at age 3.*
*• Adults prefer clear waters with firm bottoms.8
Trautman, 1981.
Scott and Grossman, 1973.
Frocsc and Pauly, 2000.
Cariander, 1997.
• VanOostcn, 1942.
Fish graphic courtesy of New Yoifc Sportfisliing and Aquatic Resources EducationalProgmro. 20Q1. ^
Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)
Walleye is a member of the perch family, Percidae. It is found in freshwater from as far north as the Mackenzie River near
the Arctic Coast to as far south as Georgia, and is common in the Great Lakes. Walleye are popular sport fish both in the
summer and winter. They generally feed at night because their eyes are sensitive to bright daylight (Scott and Crossman,
1998). '
Walleye spawn in spring or early summer, although the exact timing depends on latitude and water temperature. Spawning
has been reported at temperatures of 5.6 to 11.1 *C (42 to 52 °F), in rocky areas in white water or shoals of lakes (Scott and
Grossman, 1998). They do not fan nests like other similar species, but instead broadcast eggs over open ground, which
reduces their ability to survive environmental stresses (Cariander, 1997). Females produce between.'48,000 and 614,000 eggs
in Lake Erie, and the eggs are 1.4 to 2.1 mm (0.06 to 0.08 in.) in diameter (Cariander, 1997). Eggs hatch In 12-18 days (Scott
and Crossman, 1998). Larvae are approximately 6.0 to 8.6 mm (0.23 to 0.33 in.) at hatching (Carlsnder, 1997).
Walleye develop more slowly in the northern extent of their range; in Lake Erie they are 8.9 to 20.3 cm (3.5 to 8.0 in.) by the
end of the first growing season. Males generally mature at 2-4 years and females at 3-6 years (Scott and Crossman, 1998),
and females tend to grow faster than males (Cariander, 1997). Walleye may reach up to 78.7 cm (31 in.) long in Lake Erie
(Scott and Crossman, 1998).
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S 316(b) Cose Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of I&E Data
WALLEYE •
(Stizostcdion vitretim)
Family: Percidae (perch),
Common names: Blue pike, glass eye, gray pike,
marble eye, yellow pike-perch.*
Similar species: Sauger.b
Geographic range: Canada to southern United States.*
Habitat: Large, shallow, turbid lakes; large streams or
rivers.0
Lifespan: Maximum reported age; 12 years,b
Fecundity; 48,000 to 614,000 in Lake Erie."
Food source: Insects, yellow perch, freshwater drum,
crayfish, snails, frogs/
Prey for: Sea lamprey, northern pike, muskellunge,
sauger."
Life stage information:
Eggs: demersal
*• • 1.4 - 2.1 mm (0.06 - 0.08 in.) in diameter."
» Hatch in 12-18 days/
Larvae; pelagic
> Approx. 6.2 - 7.3 mm (0.24 - 0.29 in.) upon
hatching.*1
Adults: demersal
*• Maximum length: up to 78.7 cm (31 in.).c
4 Froese and Pauly, 2001.
" Carlander, 1997.
' Scott and Grossman, J998.
Fish graphic courtesy of New York Sportfishing and Aquatic Resources Educational Program, 2001.
H3-3 J,R. WHITINGS METHODS FOR ESTIMATING
Sampling of impingement and entrapment was conducted from 1978 to 1991 at the J.R. Whiting facility. In 1980, a deterrent
net was installed to reduce high.impingement rates. Sampling methods are described in the following sections.
H3-3.1 Impingement Monitoring
The methods used by the J.R. Whiting facility to monitor impingement from April through December 1979 are described in
Wapora (1980). There were-76 sampling events, with the most frequent sampling in the spring and fall, and comparatively
less sampling in summer. Impingement monitoring involved backwashing intake traveling screens to remove debris and
impinged organisms, and then collecting organisms for approximately 24 hours. During periods of high impingement rates, •
sampling periods were shortened. The collected organisms were then backwashed from me screens into a 9.5 mm (0.375 in.)
mesh basket placed in the backwash trough adjacent to the traveling screen. Impingement sampling duration and intake and
discharge water quality parameters were recorded, The total number of each species offish was determined, and a
representative subset of 25 fish per species were measured and weighed. Any remaining fish beyond the 25 selected for
measurement were counted and weighed as a group.
Because the duration of sampling varied from collection to collection, impingement counts were first normalized to the total
intake volume for the sampling period. Impingement densities were then scaled to estimate the total number of each species
impinged using daily intake volumes for the monitoring period. The estimated impingement totals reported in Wapora (1980)
were based on the assumption that sampling densities are representative of the overall rate of impingement.
Wapora (1980) does not contain an annual estimate based on the April-December 1979 impingement data. However,
Consumers Power Company (1984) presents impingement estimates for 19 major species for March 1978 to March 1979,
March 1979 to December 1979, February 1980 to December 1980, January 1981 to December 198.1, January 1982 to
December 1982, and January 1983 to December 1983. These annual rates were evaluated by EPA, as described in Sections
H3-4 and H3-5.
H3-U
-------
S 316(b) Cose Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of I4E bata
H3-3.2 Entrainment Monitoring
Entrainment monitoring methods for the J.R. Whiting facility are reported in Wapora (1980). Sampling took place on 25
dates from April through October 1979, with most sampling in June and July. Entrained eggs and larvae were collected from
the discharge canal using a 0.351 mm (0.01 in.) mesh plankton net fitted with a screw-on PVC collection bucket. On each
sampling date, four samples were collected at various times during the day and night. Nets were placed in die canal
perpendicular to the flow for a sampling period of at least 10 minutes,
The flow rate through the sampling net was monitored using a flowrneter centered in the mouth of the net. For each sample,
the total collection time and flow rate were recorded and used to calculate the total volume of water filtered. Once sample
collection was complete, the resulting collection of organisms was transferred to a 10% formalin solution to which Rose
Bengal stain was added to facilitate sorting of ichthyoplankton.
Each entrainment sample was rinsed with tap water in a 0.125 mm (0.005 in.) sieve, and then washed into an enamel sorting
tray. Eggs and larvae were removed from any debris. Samples containing greater than 100 larvae were subsampled wrth a
plankton splitter, and no sample was split to less than 12.5% of the initial count
All larvae were counted and the species and developmental stages were noted. In addition, up to 50 larvae of each species
and developmental stage were measured to the nearest 0.1 millimeter. Eggs were counted and up to 50 per sample were
measured to the nearest 0.1 millimeter.
Because the duration of entrainment sampling varied from collection to collection, entrainment counts were first normalized
'to the total volume of water filtered during sampling. Entrainment densities were then scaled to the daily intake volumes for
the monitoring period to estimate the total number of each species entrained. The estimated entrainment totals were based on
the assumption that sampling densities are representative of the overall rate of entrainment. Since no annual estimate was
given, EPA used entrainmenl losses for October through August as an annual estimate for the calculations described in
Sections H3-4 and H3-5.
H3-4 J.R. WHUTN&'S ANNUAL !<&E WITHOUT THE NET
H3-4.1 Annual Impingement Without the Net
Annual impingement before installation of the deterrent net to reduce impingement is presented in the following tables. Table
H3-2 presents the annual number of impinged organisms without me net as estimated by J.R. Whiting, Table H3-3 presents
these losses expressed as age 1 equivalents, Table H3-4 presents impingement losses of fishery species expressed as lost
fishery yield, and Table H3-5 presents impingement losses expressed as production foregone. Details of these calculations
are provided Chapter AS of Part A of this document.
7/5-72
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S 316(b) Case Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of I&E Data
H3-4.2 Annual Entrapment Without the Net
Annual entrainment before net installation is presented in the following tables. Table H3-6 presents the annual number of
entrained organisms without the net as estimated by j.R, Whiting, Table H3-7 presents these losses expressed as age 1
equivalents, Table H3-8 presents entrainment losses expressed as lost commercial and recreational fishery yields, and Table
H3-9 presents entrainment losses expressed as production foregone. Details of these calculations are provided in Chapter AS
of Part A of this document .
H3-5 J.R, WHITINGS ANNUAL IMPINGEMENT WITH THE NET
Results of impingement monitoring after installation of the net indicate 92% reduction in impingement averaged over the
years 1981-1991. The tables in this section present annual impingement rates after net installation. Table H3-I0 presents
annual impingement (numbers of organisms) with the net as estimated by J.R, Whiting, Table H3-11 presents these losses
expressed as age 1 equivalents, Tabie H3-12 presents impingement losses with the net expressed as lost commercial and
recreational fishery yields, and Table H3-13 presents losses with the net expressed as production foregone. Details of these
calculations are provided in Chapter AS of Part A of this document. No entrainment monitoring was conducted after net
installation.
M3-6 SUMMARY
Table H3-I4 summarizes total I&E at J.R, Whiting before net installation in terms of raw losses, age 1 equivalents, fishery
yield, and production foregone. Table H3-15 displays this information for impingement at J.R, Whiting after installation of
the deterrent net, EPA estimates that without the net, baseline impingement damages at J.R. Whiting amount to^
21,493,415 age 1 equivalent fish per year, representing 844,301 pounds of foregone fishery yield each year. With the net, lost
fishery yield is reduced to 62,730 pounds per year. The following chapters discuss the estimated economic value of baseline
I&E damages at J.R. Whiting without the net, the economic benefits of the deterrent net in reducing baseline impingement,
and the potential economic benefits of various §• 316(b) regulatory options.
H3-15
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§ 316(b) Case Studies, Part H: J.R. Whiting
Chapter H3: Evaluation of l&E Data
Table H3-14; Average Annual Impingement and Entrainment at
Whiting Before Net .Installation'
(sum of annual means of all sgecigs evaluated)
Raw losses {# of organisms)
Age 1 equivalents (# offish)
Fishery yield (Ibs offish)
Production foregone {Ibs offish)
Impingement
12,588,366
21,493,215
. 844,301
404,074
Entrainmcnt
1,182,989,518
'1,83S,?13
70,045
290,215
Table H3-15,s. Average Annual'impingement |