S-EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4304
EPA822-B-00-015
December 2000
Ambient Water Quality
Criteria Recommendations
Information Supporting the Development
of State and Tribal Nutrient Criteria
Rivers and Streams in
Nutrient Ecoregion II
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EPA - 822-B-00-015
AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA RECOMMENDATIONS
INFORMATION SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATE AND TRIBAL
NUTRIENT CRITERIA
FOR
RIVERS AND STREAMS IN NUTRIENT ECOREGIONII
Western Forested Mountains
including all or parts of the States of
Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, South Dakota,
New Mexico, Arizona
and the authorized Tribes within the Ecoregion
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF WATER
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA DIVISION
WASHINGTON, D.C.
DECEMBER 2000
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FOREWORD
This document presents EPA's nutrient criteria for Rivers and Streams in Nutrient
Ecoregion II. These criteria provide EPA's recommendations to States and authorized Tribes
for use in establishing their water quality standards consistent with section 303(c) of CWA.
Under section 303(c) of the CWA, States and authorized Tribes have the primary responsibility
for adopting water quality standards as State or Tribal law or regulation. The standards must
contain scientifically defensible water quality criteria that are protective of designated uses.
EPA's recommended section 304(a) criteria are not laws or regulations - they are guidance that
States and Tribes may use as a starting point for the criteria for their water quality standards.
The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act, Section
304(a)(l) and Section 303(c)(2). The term has a different impact in each section. In Section 304,
the term represents a scientific assessment of ecological and human health effects that EPA
recommends to States and authorized Tribes for establishing water quality standards that
ultimately provide a basis for controlling discharges or releases of pollutants or related
parameters. Ambient water quality criteria associated with specific waterbody uses when
adopted as State or Tribal water quality standards under Section 303 define the level of a
pollutant (or, in the case of nutrients, a condition) necessary to protect designated uses in ambient
waters. Quantified water quality criteria contained within State or Tribal water quality standards
are essential to a water quality-based approach to pollution control. Whether expressed as
numeric criteria or quantified translations of narrative criteria within State or Tribal water quality
standards, quantified criteria serve as a critical basis for assessing attainment of designated uses
and measuring progress toward meeting the water quality goals of the Clean Water Act.
EPA is developing section 304(a) water quality criteria for nutrients because States and
Tribes consistently identify excessive levels of nutrients as a major reason why as much as half
of the surface waters surveyed in this country do not meet water quality objectives, such as full
support of aquatic life. EPA expects to develop nutrient criteria that cover four major types of
waterbodies - lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams, estuarine and coastal areas, and wetlands
- across fourteen major ecoregions of the United States. EPA's section 304(a) criteria are
intended to provide for the protection and propagation of aquatic life and recreation. To support
the development of nutrient criteria, EPA is publishing Technical Guidance Manuals that
describe a process for assessing nutrient conditions in the four waterbody types.
EPA's section 304(a) water quality criteria for nutrients provide numeric water quality
criteria, as well as procedures by which to translate narrative criteria within State or Tribal water
quality standards. In the case of nutrients, EPA section 304(a) criteria establish values for causal
variables (e.g., total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and response variables (e.g., turbidity and
chlorophyll a). EPA believes that State and Tribal water quality standards need to include
quantified endpoints for causal and response variables to provide sufficient protection of uses
and to maintain downstream uses. These quantified endpoints will most often be expressed as
numeric water quality criteria or as procedures to translate a State or Tribal narrative criterion
into a quantified endpoint.
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EPA will work with States and authorized Tribes as they adopt water quality criteria for
nutrients into their water quality standards. EPA recognizes that States and authorized Tribes
require flexibility in adopting numeric nutrient criteria into State and Tribal water quality
standards. States and authorized Tribes have several options available to them. EPA
recommends the following approaches, hi order of preference:
(1) Wherever possible, develop nutrient criteria that fully reflect localized conditions and
protect specific designated uses using the process described in EPA's Technical Guidance
Manuals for nutrient criteria development. Such criteria may be expressed either as
numeric criteria or as procedures to translate a State or Tribal narrative criterion into a
quantified endpoint in State or Tribal water quality standards.
(2) Adopt EPA's section 304(a) water quality criteria for nutrients, either as numeric
criteria or as procedures to translate a State or Tribal narrative nutrient criterion into a
quantified endpoint.
(3) Develop nutrient criteria protective of designated uses using other scientifically
defensible methods and appropriate water quality data.
t>s, Director
and Technology
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DISCLAIMER
This document provides technical guidance and recommendations to States, authorized
Tribes, and other authorized jurisdictions to develop water quality criteria and water quality
standards under the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect against the adverse effects of nutrient
overenrichment. Under the CWA, States and authorized Tribes are to establish water quality
criteria to protect designated uses. State and Tribal decision-makers retain the discretion to adopt
approaches on a case-by-case basis that differ from this guidance when appropriate and
scientifically defensible. While this document contains EPA's scientific recommendations
regarding ambient concentrations of nutrients that protect aquatic resource quality, it does not
substitute for the CWA or EPA regulations; nor is it a regulation itself. Thus it cannot impose
legally binding requirements on EPA, States, authorized Tribes, or the regulated community, and
it might not apply to a particular situation or circumstance. EPA may change this guidance in the
future.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Nutrient Program Goals
EPA developed the National Strategy for the Development of Regional Nutrient Criteria
(National Strategy) in June 1998. The strategy presents EPA's intentions to develop technical .
guidance manuals for four types of waters (lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams, estuaries and
coastal waters, and wetlands) and produce section 304(a) criteria for specific nutrient ecoregions
by the end of 2000. In addition, the Agency formed Regional Technical Assistance Groups
(RTAGs) which include State and Tribal representatives working to develop more refined and
more localized nutrient criteria based on approaches described in the waterbody guidance
manuals. This document presents EPA's current recommended criteria for total phosphorus, total
nitrogen, chlorophyll a, and turbidity for rivers and streams in Nutrient Ecoregion II (Western
Forested Mountains) which were derived using the procedures described in the Rivers and
Streams Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual (U.S. EPA, 2000b).
EPA's ecoregional nutrient criteria are intended to address cultural eutrophication— the
adverse effects of excess nutrient inputs. The criteria are empirically derived to represent
conditions of surface waters that are minimally impacted by human activities and protective of
aquatic life and recreational uses. The information contained in this document represent starting
points for States and Tribes to develop (with assistance from EPA) more refined nutrient criteria.
In developing these criteria recommendations, EPA followed a process which included,
to the extent they were readily available, the following elements critical to criterion derivation:
• Historical and recent nutrient data in Nutrient Ecoregion II.
Data sets from Legacy Storet, NASQAN, NAWQA and EPA RegionlO were used to
assess nutrient conditions from 1990 to 1998.
• Reference sites/reference conditions in Nutrient Ecoregion II. Reference
sites/reference conditions in Nutrient Ecoregion n were based on the rivers and streams
population distribution approach using a representative sample of all rivers and streams
within the Ecoregion (see Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual-Rivers and
Streams July 2000, EPA-822-BOO-002. Most of the rivers in this ecoregion show
relatively low concentrations of TN and TP and low turbidity. This probably results from
the relatively extensive mountain ranges included in the stream sampling. States and
Tribes are urged to determine their own reference sites for rivers and streams within the
ecoregion at different geographic scales and to compare them to EPA's reference
conditions.
• Models employed for prediction or validation.
EPA did not identify any specific models used in the ecoregion to develop nutrient
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criteria. States and Tribes are encouraged to identify and apply appropriate models to
support nutrient criteria development.
• RTAG expert review and consensus.
EPA recommends that when States and Tribes prepare their nutrient criteria, they obtain
the expert review and consent of the RTAG.
• Downstream effects of criteria.
EPA encourages the RTAG to assess the potential effects of the proposed criteria on
downstream water quality and uses.
In addition, the following QA/QC procedures were followed during data collection and
analysis: all data were reviewed for duplications. All data are from ambient waters that were not
located directly outside a permitted discharger. The following States indicated that their data
were sampled and analyzed using either Standard methods or EPA approved methods: Idaho,
Washington, and Oregon.
The following tables contain a summary of Aggregate and level m ecoregion values for TN, TP,
water column chl a, and turbidity:
BASED ON 25th PERCENTILES ONLY
Nutrient Parameters
Total phosphorus C"g/L)
Total nitrogen (mg/L)
Chlorophyll a (wg/L) (Fluorometric method)
Turbidity (FTU)
>. __
Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion II Reference
Conditions , ^
10.0 Mg/L
0.12 mg/L
1.08 Mg/L
1.3NTU
For subecoregions 1,2,4, 5, 8, 9,11,15, 16, 17,19,21, 23,41, 77, and 78 the ranges of nutrient
parameter reference conditions are:
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BASED ON 25th PERCENTILE ONLY
^.
Nutrient Parameters *
Total phosphorus (Mg/L)
Total nitrogen (mg/L)
Chlorophyll a (^g/L) (Fluorometric method)
Turbidity (NTU)
Range of Level III Suljecoregions ^
Reference Conditions
3.0-32.5 Mg/L
0.0-0.53 mg/L
0.7-2.95 Mg/L
0.25-5.5 NTU
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NOTICE OF DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY
This document is available electronically to the public through the INTERNET at:
(http://www.epa.gov/OST/standards/nutrient.html). Requests for hard copies of the document
should be made to EPA's National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP),
11029 Kenwood Road, Cincinnati, OH 45242; (513) 489-8190 or toll free (800) 490-9198.
Please refer to EPA document number EPA-822-B-00-015.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thankfully acknowledge the contributions of the following State and Federal
reviewers: EPA Regions 8, 9, and 10; the States of Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho,
Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, South Dakota, New Mexico and Arizona; the Tribes within
the Ecoregion; EPA Headquarters personnel from the Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
Watersheds, Office of Wastewater Management, Office of General Counsel, Office of Research
and Development, and the Office of Science and Technology. EPA also acknowledges the
external peer review efforts of Eugene Welch (University of Washington), Robert Carlson (Kent
State University), Steve Heiskary (Minnesota Pollution Control Agency), Greg Denton and
Sherry Wang (Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation), and Gerhard Kuhn
(U.S. Geological Survey).
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Figures
Figure 1
Figure 2
FigureS
Figure 4a
Figure 4b
Tables
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3a-p
LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Aggregate Ecoregion n 7
Aggregate Ecoregion II with level IE ecoregions shown ... 9
Sampling locations within each level IE ecoregion 14
Illustration of data reduction process for stream data 29
Illustration of reference condition calculation 30
Rivers and Streams records for Aggregate Ecoregion H-Western
Forested Mountains 15
Reference conditions for Aggregate Ecoregion n streams 19
Reference conditions for level HI ecoregion streams 20
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword ii
Disclaimer iv
Executive Summary v
Notice of Document Availability viii
Acknowledgments .....' ix
List of Tables and Figures x
Table of Contents xi
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Best Use of this Information 4
3.0 Area Covered by This Document (waterbody type and ecoregion) 6
3.1 Description of Aggregate Ecoregion IE-Western Forested Mountains 6
3.2 Geographical Boundaries of Aggregate Ecoregion n 7
3.3 Level III Ecoregions within Aggregate Ecoregion II 8
4.0 Data Review for Rivers and Streams in Aggregate Ecoregion n 12
4.1 Data Sources 12
4.2 Historical Data from Aggregate Ecoregion H (TP, TN, Chi a, Turbidity) 12
4.3 QA/QC of Data Sources 13
4.4 Data for All Rivers/Streams within Aggregate Ecoregion II 13
4.5 Statistical Analysis of Data 13
4.6 Classification of River/Stream Type 28
4.7. Summary of Data Reduction Methods 28
5.0 Reference Sites and Conditions in Aggregate Ecoregion n 32
6.0 Models Used to Predict or Verify Response Parameters 32
7.0 Framework for Refining Recommended Nutrient Criteria for Rivers and Streams in
Aggregate Ecoregion n 32
7.1 Example Worksheet for Developing Aggregate Ecoregion and Subecoregion Nutrient
Criteria 33
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7.2 Tables of Refined Nutrient Water Quality Criteria for Aggregate Ecoregion II and
Level HI Subecoregions 34
7.3 Setting Seasonal Criteria 36
7.4 When Data/Reference Conditions Are Lacking 36
7.5 Site-Specific Criteria Development 36
8.0 Literature Cited 36
9.0 Appendices 37
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Background
Nutrients are essential to the health and diversity of our surface waters. However, in
excessive amounts, nutrients cause hypereutrophication, which results in overgrowth of plant life
and decline of the biological community. Excessive nutrients can also result in potential human
health risks, such as the growth of harmful algal blooms - most recently manifested in the
Pfiesteria outbreaks of the Gulf and East Coasts. Chronic nutrient overenrichment of a
waterbody can lead to the following consequences: low dissolved oxygen, fish kills, algal
blooms, overabundance of macrophytes, likely increased sediment accumulation rates, and
species shifts of both flora and fauna.
Historically, National Water Quality Inventories have repeatedly shown that nutrients are
a major cause of ambient water quality use impairments. EPA's 1996 National Water Quality
Inventory report identifies excessive nutrients as the leading cause of impairment in lakes and the
second leading cause of impairment in rivers (behind siltation). In addition, nutrients were the
second leading cause of impairments reported by the States in their 1998 lists of impaired waters.
Where use impairment is documented, nutrients contribute roughly 25-50% of the impairment
nationally. The Clean Water Act establishes a national goal to achieve, wherever attainable,
water quality which provides for the protection and propagation offish, shellfish, and wildlife
and recreation in and on the water. In adopting water quality standards, States and Tribes
designate uses for their waters in consideration of the Clean Water Act goals, and establish water
quality criteria that contain sufficient parameters to protect those uses. To date, EPA has not
published information and recommendations under section 304(a) for nutrients to assist States
and Tribes in establishing numeric nutrient criteria to protect uses when adopting water quality
standards.
In 1995, EPA gathered a set of national experts and asked the experts how to best deal
with the national nutrient problem. The experts recommended that the Agency not develop
single criteria values for phosphorus or nitrogen applicable to all water bodies and regions of the
country. Rather, the experts recommended that EPA put a premium on regionalization, develop
guidance (assessment tools and control measures) for specific waterbodies and ecological regions
across the country, and use reference conditions (conditions that reflect pristine or minimally
impacted waters) as a basis for developing nutrient criteria.
With these suggestions as starting points, EPA developed the National Strategy for the
Development of Regional Nutrient Criteria (National Strategy), published in June 1998. This
strategy presented EPA's intentions to develop technical guidance manuals for four types of
waters (lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams, estuaries and coastal waters, and wetlands) and,
thereafter, to publish section 304(a) criteria recommendations for specific nutrient ecoregions.
Technical guidance manuals for lakes/reservoirs and rivers/streams were published in April 2000
and July 2000, respectively. The technical guidance manual for estuaries/coastal waters will be
published in spring 2000 and the draft wetlands technical guidance manual will be published by
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December 2001. Each manual presents EPA's recommended approach for developing nutrient
criteria values for a specific waterbody type. In addition, EPA is committed to working with
States and Tribes to develop more refined and more localized nutrient criteria based on
approaches described in the waterbody guidance manuals and this document.
Overview of the Nutrient Criteria Development Process
For each Nutrient Ecoregion, EPA developed a set of recommendations for two causal
variables (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and two early indicator response variables
(chlorophyll a and some measure of turbidity). Other indicators such as dissolved oxygen and
macrophyte growth or speciation, and other fauna and flora changes are also deemed useful.
However, the first four are considered to be the best suited for protecting designated uses.
The technical guidance manuals describe a process for developing nutrient criteria that
involves consideration of five factors. The first of these is the Regional Technical Assistance
Group (RTAG), which is a body of qualified regional specialists able to objectively evaluate all
of the available evidence and select the value(s) appropriate to nutrient control in the water
bodies of concern. These specialists may come from such disciplines as limnology, biology,
natural resources management— especially water resource management, chemistry, and ecology.
The RTAG evaluates and recommends appropriate classification techniques for criteria
determination, usually physical within an ecoregional construct.
The second factor is the historical information available to establish a perspective of the
resource base. This is usually data and anecdotal information available within the past ten-
twenty five years. This information gives evidence about the background and enrichment trend
of the resource.
The third factor is the present reference condition. A selection of reference sites chosen
to represent the least culturally impacted waters of the class existing at the present time. The
data from these sites is combined and a value from the distribution of these observations is
selected to represent the reference condition, or best attainable, most natural condition of the
resource base at this time.
A fourth factor often employed is theoretical or empirical models of the historical and
reference condition data to better understand the condition of the resource.
The RTAG comprehensively evaluates the other three elements to propose a candidate
criterion (initially one each for TP, TN, chl a, and some measure of turbidity).
The last and final element of the criteria development process is the assessment by the
RTAG of the likely downstream effects of the criterion. Will there be a negative, positive, or
neutral effect on the downstream waterbody? If the RTAG judges that a negative effect is likely,
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then the proposed State/Tribal water quality criteria should be revised to ameliorate the potential
for any adverse downstream effects.
While States and authorized Tribes would not necessarily need to incorporate all five
elements into their water quality criteria setting process (e.g., modeling may be significant in
only some instances), the best assurance of a representative and effective criterion for nutrient
management decision making is the balanced incorporation of all five elements, or at least all
elements except modeling.
Because some parts of the country have naturally higher soil and parent material
enrichment, and different precipitation regimes, the application of the criterion development
process has to be adjusted by region. Therefore, an ecoregional approach was chosen to develop
nutrient criteria appropriate to each of the different geographical and climatological areas of the
country. Initially, the continental U.S. was divided into 14 separate ecoregions of similar
geographical characteristics. Ecoregions are defined as regions of relative homogeneity in
ecological systems; they depict areas within which the mosaic of ecosystem components (biotic
and abiotic as well as terrestrial and aquatic) is different than adjacent areas hi a holistic sense.
Geographic phenomena such as soils, vegetation, climate, geology, land cover, and physiology
that are associated with spatial differences in the quantity and quality of ecosystem components
are relatively similar within each ecoregion.
The Nutrient ecoregions are aggregates of U.S. EPA's hierarchal level HI ecoregions. As
such, they are more generalized and less defined than level IE ecoregions. EPA determined that
setting ecoregional criteria for the large scale aggregates is not without its drawbacks - variability
is high due to the lumping of many waterbody classes, seasons, and years worth of multipurpose
data over a large geographic area. For these reasons, the Agency recommends that States and
Tribes develop nutrient criteria at the level m ecoregional scale and at the waterbody class scale
where those data are readily available. Data analyses and recommendations on both the large
aggregate ecoregion scale as well as more refined scales (level HI ecoregions and waterbody
classes), where data were available to make such assessments, are presented for comparison
purposes and completeness of analysis.
Relationship of Nutrient Criteria to Biological Criteria
Biological criteria are quantitative expressions of the desired condition of the aquatic
community. Such criteria can be based on an aggregation of data from sites that represent the
least-impacted and attainable condition for a particular waterbody type in an ecoregion,
subecoregion, or watershed. EPA's nutrient criteria recommendations and biological criteria
recommendations have many similarities in the basic approach to their development and data
requirements. Both are empirically derived from statistical analysis of field collected data and
expert evaluation of current reference conditions and historical information. Both utilize direct
measurements from the environment to integrate the effects of complex processes that vary
according to type and location of waterbody. The resulting criteria recommendations, in both
cases, are efficient and holistic indicators of water quality necessary to protect uses.
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States and authorized Tribes can develop and apply nutrient criteria and biological criteria
in tandem, with each providing important and useful information to interpret both the nutrient
enrichment levels and the biological condition of sampled waterbodies. For example, using the
same reference sites for both types of .criteria can lead to efficiencies in both sample design and
data analysis. In one effort, environmental managers can obtain information to support
assessment of biological and nutrient condition, either through evaluating existing data sets or
through designing and conducting a common sampling program. The traditional biological
criteria variables of benthic invertebrate and fish sampling can be readily incorporated to
supplement a nutrient assessment. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this tandem approach,
EPA has initiated pilot projects in both freshwater and marine environments to investigate the
relationship between nutrient overenrichment and apparent declines in diversity indices of
benthic invertebrates and fish.
2.0 BEST USE OF THIS INFORMATION
EPA recommendations published under section 304(a) of the CWA serve several
purposes, including providing guidance to States and Tribes in adopting water quality standards
for nutrients that ultimately provide a basis for controlling discharges or releases of pollutants.
The recommendations also provide guidance to EPA when promulgating Federal water quality
standards under section 303(c) when such action is necessary. Other uses include identification
of overenrichment problems, management planning, project evaluation, and determination of
status and trends of water resources.
State water quality inventories and listings of impaired waters consistently rank nutrient
overenrichment as a top contributor to use impairments. EPA's water quality standards
regulations at 40 CFR § 131.11 (a) require States and Tribes to adopt criteria that contain
sufficient parameters and constituents to protect the designated uses of their waters. In addition,
States and Tribes need quantifiable targets for nutrients in their standards to assess attainment of
uses, develop water quality-based permit limits and source control plans, and establish targets for
total maximum daily loads (TMDLs).
EPA expects States and Tribes to address nutrient overenrichment in their water quality
standards, and to build on existing State and Tribal initiated efforts where possible. States and
Tribes can address nutrient overenrichment through establishment of numerical criteria or
through use of new or existing narrative criteria statements (e.g., free from excess nutrients that
cause or contribute to undesirable or nuisance aquatic life or produce adverse physiological
response in humans, animals, or plants). In the case of narrative criteria, EPA expects that States
and Tribes establish procedures to quantitatively translate these statements for both assessment
and source control purposes.
The intent of developing ecoregional nutrient criteria is to represent conditions of surface
waters that are minimally impacted by human activities and thus protect against the adverse
effects of nutrient overenrichment from cultural eutrophication. EPA's recommended process
for developing such criteria includes physical classification of waterbodies, determination of
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current reference conditions, evaluation of historical data and other information (such as
published literature), use of models to simulate physical and ecological processes or determine
empirical relationships among causal and response variables (if necessary), expert judgement,
and evaluation of downstream effects. To the extent allowed by the information available, EPA
has used elements of this process to produce the information contained in this document. The
values for both causal (total nitrogen, total phosphorus) and biological and physical response
(chlorophyll a, turbidity) variables represent a set of starting points for States and Tribes to use in
establishing their own criteria in standards to protect uses.
In its water quality standards regulations, EPA recommends that States and Tribes
establish numerical criteria based on section 304(a) guidance, section 304(a) guidance modified
to reflect site-specific conditions, or other scientifically defensible methods. For many
pollutants, such as toxic chemicals, EPA expects that section 304(a) guidance will provide an
appropriate level of protection without further modification in most cases. EPA has also
published methods for modifying 304(a) criteria on a site-specific basis, such as the water effect
ratio, where site-specific conditions warrant modification to achieve the intended level of
protection. For nutrients, however, EPA expects that, in most cases, it will be necessary for
States and authorized Tribes to identify with greater precision the nutrient levels that protect
aquatic life and recreational uses. This can be achieved through development of criteria modified
to reflect conditions at a smaller geographic scale than an ecoregion such as a subecoregion, the
State or Tribe level, or specific class of waterbodies. Criteria refinement can occur by grouping
data or performing data analyses at these smaller geographic scales. Refinement can also occur
through further consideration of other elements of criteria development, such as published
literature or models.
The values presented in this document generally represent nutrient levels that protect
against the adverse effects of nutrient overenrichment and are based on information available to
the Agency at the time of this publication. However, States and Tribes should critically evaluate
this information in light of the specific designated uses that need to be protected. For example,
more sensitive uses may require more stringent values as criteria to ensure adequate protection.
On the other hand, overly stringent levels of protection against the adverse effects of cultural
eutrophication may actually fall below levels that represent the natural load of nutrients for
certain waterbodies. In cases such as these, the level of nutrients specified may not be sufficient
to support a productive fishery. In the criteria derivation process, it is important to distinguish
between the natural load associated with a specific waterbody and current reference conditions,
using historical data and expert judgement. These elements of the nutrient criteria derivation
process are best addressed by States and Tribes with access to information and local expertise.
Therefore, EPA strongly encourages States and Tribes to use the information contained in this
document and to develop more refined criteria according to the methods described in EPA's
technical guidance manuals for specific waterbody types.
To assist in the process of further refinement of nutrient criteria, EPA has established ten
Regional Technical Advisory Groups (experts from EPA Regional Offices and States/Tribes). In
the process of refining criteria, States and authorized Tribes need to provide documentation of
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data and analyses, along with a defensible rationale, for any new or revised nutrient criteria they
submit to EPA for review and approval. As part of EPA's review of State and Tribal standards,
EPA intends to seek assurance from the RTAG that proposed criteria are sufficient to protect
uses.
In the process of using the information and recommendations contained in this document,
as well as additional information, to develop numerical criteria or procedures to translate
narrative criteria, EPA encourages States and Tribes to:
• Address both chemical causal variables and early indicator response variables. Causal
variables are necessary to provide sufficient protection of uses before impairment occurs
and to maintain downstream uses. Early response variables are necessary to provide
warning signs of possible impairment and to integrate the effects of variable and
potentially unmeasured nutrient loads.
• Include variables mat can be measured to determine if standards are met, and variables
that can be related to the ultimate sources of excess nutrients.
• Identify appropriate periods of duration (i.e., how long) and frequency (i.e., how often) of
occurrence in addition to magnitude (i.e., how much). EPA does not recommend
identifying nutrient concentrations that must be met at all times, rather a seasonal or
annual averaging period (e.g., based on weekly measurements) is considered appropriate.
However, these seasonal or annual central tendency measures should apply each season
or each year, except under the most extraordinary of conditions (e.g., a 100 year flood).
3.0 AREA COVERED BY THIS DOCUMENT
The following sections provide a general description of the aggregate ecoregion and its
geographical boundaries. Descriptions of the level n ecoregions contained within the aggregate
ecoregion are also provided.
3.1 Description of Aggregate Ecoregion n - Western Forested Mountains
Region II includes most of the great mountain ranges that are located west of the Great
Plains. This large, disjunct region is characterized by forests, high relief terrain, steep slopes,
perennial streams, and a general lack of cropland agriculture. The highest mountains are wetter
and colder than lower elevations and are often snow-covered during the winter months; they can
be glacially modified and lake-studded. Overall, Region II receives far more precipitation than
the lower nutrient regions that surround it. However, within Region n, rainshadow influences
are common and precipitation varies with elevation and latitude. Alpine vegetation grows in the
highest areas, coniferous forests dominate the high areas, mixed deciduous and coniferous stands
with a grass understory are found at the lower elevations, and shrubs and grasses are common at
the lowest elevations.
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Dominant land uses in the Western Forested Mountains (II) are logging, recreation,
grazing, and mining. Logging can increase erosion and contribute large amounts of sediment to
streams. Grazing can contribute significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment to
surface waters. Locally, mining activities have contributed suspended sediments, acidic
drainage, and toxic trace elements such as arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, and zinc
to surface waters. Cropland agriculture is uncommon except within some mountain valleys and a
part of the Puget Lowland.
The forests of Region II are characterized by much lower anthropogenic inputs of
nitrogen and phosphorus from artificial fertilizers than neighboring, more agricultural, nutrient
regions.
3.2 Geographical Boundaries of Ecoregion II
Ecoregion II is a large, discontinuous region covering the mountainous areas of the
western Unites States (Figure 1). The region includes the western 1/3 of Washington and Oregon
and the northern border between Oregon and California. The region continues southwards as a
narrow strip running down the eastern side of California; where California's border bends
Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 2
Figure 1. Aggregate Ecoregion II.
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eastward, the region continues to stretch southward into the center of the state terminating in the
southwestern part of the state.
Another segment of the region begins in north central Washington. This region runs
along the U.S.-Canada border across Whashington, Idaho and 1/3 of Montana. The region
extends south to include northeastern Oregon, the northern 2/3rds of Idaho, the western l/3rd of
Montana and the northwest corner of Wyoming.
The remaining segments of the ecoregion are discrete areas of varying size. One of the
larger segments runs through central Colorado, extending into southern Wyoming and northern
New Mexico. A narrow segment of the region runs through central Utah. Similarly, an area of
central Arizona extending into New Mexico is included in this ecoregion. Five small pockets of
New Mexico are encompasses in the region. Finally, a small area that straddles the border
between South Dakota and Wyoming is designated as part of this ecoregion.
3.3 Level III Ecoregions Within Aggregate Ecoregion II
There are sixteen Level IE ecoregions contained within Aggregate Ecoregion II (Figure 2). The
following provides brief descriptions of the climate, vegetative cover, topography, and other
ecological information pertaining to these subecoregions.
1. Coast Range
Highly productive, rain-drenched coniferous forests cover the low mountains of the Coast Range.
Sitka spruce and coastal redwood forests originally dominated the fog-shrouded coast, while a
mosaic of western red cedar, western hemlock, and serai Douglas-fir blanketed inland areas.
Today Douglas-fir plantations are prevalent on the intensively logged and managed landscape.
2. Puget Lowlands
This broad rolling lowland is characterized by a mild maritime climate and flanks the intricately
cut coastline of Puget Sound. It occupies a continental glacial trough and has many islands,
peninsulas, and bays. Coniferous forest originally grew on the ecoregion's ground moraines.
outwash plains, floodplains, and terraces. The distribution of forest species is affected by the
rainshadow from the Olympic Mountains.
4. Cascades
This mountainous ecoregion is underlain by Cenozoic volcanics and has been affected by alpine
glaciations. It is characterized by broad, easterly trending valleys, steep ridges in the west, a high
plateau in the east, and both active and dormant volcanoes. Elevations range upwards to 4,390
meters. Its moist, temperate climate supports an extensive and highly productive coniferous
forest. Subalpine meadows occur at high elevations.
-------
Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 2
Ecoregion ID
E
•
H
El
H
•
•
•
•
•
H
El
H
s
1
2
4
5
8
9
11
15
16
17
19
21
23
41
77
78
Figure 2. Aggregate Ecoregion II with level HI ecoregions shown.
5. Sierra Nevada
The Sierra Nevada is a deeply dissected block fault that rises sharply from the arid basin and
range ecoregions on the east and slopes gently toward the Central California Valley to the west.
The eastern portion has been strongly glaciated and generally contains higher mountains than are
found in the Klamath Mountains to the northwest. Much of the central and southern parts of the
region is underlain by granite as compared to the mostly sedimentary formations of the Klamath
Mountains and volcanic rocks of the Cascades. The higher elevations of this region are largely
federally owned and include several national parks. The vegetation grades from mostly
ponderosa pine at the lower elevations on the west side and lodgepole pine on the east side, to fir
and spruce at the higher elevations. Alpine conditions exist at the highest elevations.
8. Southern California Mountains
Like the other ecoregions in central and southern California, the Southern California Mountains
has a Mediterranean climate of hot dry summers and moist cool winters. Although
Mediterranean types of vegetation such as chaparral and oak woodlands predominate, the
elevations are considerably higher in this region, the summers are slightly cooler, and
precipitation amounts are greater, causing the landscape to be more densely vegetated and stands
of ponderosa pine to be larger and more numerous than hi the adjacent regions. Severe erosion
problems are common where the vegetation cover has been destroyed by fire or overgrazing.
-------
9. Eastern Cascade Slopes and Foothills
The Eastern Cascade Slopes and Foothills is in the rainshadow of the Cascade Mountains. Its
climate exhibits greater temperature extremes and less precipitation than ecoregions to the west.
Open forests of ponderosa pine and some lodgepole pine distinguish this region from the higher
ecoregions to the west where spruce fir forests are common, and the lower dryer ecoregions to
the east where shrubs and grasslands are predominant. The vegetation is adapted to the
prevailing dry continental climate and is highly susceptible to wildfire. Volcanic cones and
buttes are common in much of the region.
11. Blue Mountains
This ecoregion is distinguished from the neighboring Cascades and Northern Rockies ecoregions
because the Blue Mountains are generally not as high and are considerably more open. Like the
Cascades, but unlike the Northern Rockies, the region is mostly volcanic hi origin. Only the few
higher ranges, particularly the Wallowa and Elkhorn Mountains, consist of intrusive rocks that
rise above the dissected lava surface of the region. Unlike the bulk of the Cascades and Northern
Rockies, much of this ecoregion is grazed by cattle.
15. Northern Rockies
The Northern Rockies is an ecoregion of high, rugged mountains. Although alpine
characteristics, including numerous glacial lakes, are found in the higher elevations, the region is
not as high nor as snow and ice covered as the Canadian Rockies. The mosaic of vegetation that
presently and originally covered the region is different than that of the Middle Rockies.
Although Douglas fir, subalpine fir, Englemann spruce, and ponderosa pine are characteristic of
both regions, western white pine, western red cedar, and grand fir were and are common in the
Northern Rockies, but not the Middle Rockies. Mining activities have caused stream water
quality problems in portions of the region.
16. Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies
The Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies is a region characterized by shortgrass prairie but is
unlike other grassland-type ecoregions hi the Great Plains because of the close proximity to
nearby high forested mountains which feed the region with many perennial streams, resulting in
a different mosaic of terrestrial and aquatic fauna. Most of the region is farmed and many parts
of the valleys have been irrigated. Grazing of beef cattle and sheep is prevalent in the region,
even in the forested parts of the foothills.
17. Middle Rockies
Like the Northern Rockies, this region is composed of steep-crested high mountains that are
largely covered by coniferous forests. However, the mix of tree species is somewhat different in
the two regions. Lodgepole pine is more common hi the Middle Rockies, and white pine, grand
fir, and cedar, which are prevalent hi the Northern Rockies, are not in this region. Soils in the
region are mainly Alfisols, whereas rnceptisols are the major soil order in the Northern Rockies.
Also, a greater portion of the Middle Rockies is used for summer grazing of livestock.
Recreation and lumbering are major land use activities.
10
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19. Wasatch and Uinta Mountains
This ecoregion is composed of a core area of high, precipitous mountains with narrow crests and
valleys flanked in some areas by dissected plateaus and open high mountains. The elevational
banding pattern of vegetation is similar to that of the Southern Rockies except that aspen,
chaparral, and juniper-pinyon and oak are more common at middle elevations. This
characteristic, along with a far lesser extent of lodgepole pine and greater use of the region for
grazing livestock in the summer months, distinguish the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains ecoregion
from the more northerly Middle Rockies.
21. Southern Rockies
The Southern Rockies are composed of high elevation, steep rugged mountains. Although
coniferous forests cover much of the region, as in most of the mountainous regions in the western
United States, vegetation, as well as soil and land use, follows a pattern of elevational banding.
The lowest elevations are generally grass or shrub covered and heavily grazed. Low to middle
elevations are also grazed and covered by a variety of vegetation types including Douglas fir,
ponderosa pine, aspen, and juniper oak woodlands. Middle to high elevations are largely
covered by coniferous forests and have little grazing activity. The highest elevations have alpine
characteristics.
23. Arizona/New Mexico Mountains
The Arizona/New Mexico Mountains are distinguished from neighboring mountainous
ecoregions by their lower elevations and an associated vegetation indicative of drier, warmer
environments, which is also due in part to the region's more southerly location. Forests of
spruce, fir, and Douglas fir, that are common in the Southern Rockies and the Uinta and Wasatch
Mountains, are only found in a few high elevation parts of this region. Chaparral is common on
the lower elevations, pinyon-juniper and oak woodlands are found on lower and middle
elevations, and the higher elevations are mostly covered with open to dense ponderosa pine
forests.
41. Canadian Rockies
As its name indicates, most of this region is located in Canada. It straddles the border between
Alberta and British Columbia in Canada and extends southeastward into northwestern Montana.
The region is generally higher and more ice-covered than the Northern Rockies. Vegetation is
mostly Douglas fir, spruce, and lodgepole pine at lower elevations and alpine fir at middle
elevations. The higher elevations are treeless alpine. A large part of the region is in national
parks where tourism is the major land use. Forestry and mining occur on the nonpark lands.
77. North Cascades
The terrain of the North Cascades is composed of high, rugged mountains. It contains the
greatest concentration of active alpine glaciers in the conterminous United States and has a
variety of climatic zones. A dry continental climate occurs in the east and mild, maritime,
rainforest conditions are found in the west. It is underlain by sedimentary and metamorphic rock
in contrast to the adjoining Cascades which are composed of volcanics.
11
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78. Klamath Mountains
The ecoregion is physically and biologically diverse. Highly dissected, folded mountains,
foothills, terraces, and floodplains occur and are underlain by igneous, sedimentary, and some
metamorphic rock. The mild, subhumid climate of the Klamath Mountains is characterized by a
lengthy summer drought. It supports a vegetal mix of northern Californian and Pacific
Northwest conifers.
Suggested ecoregional subdivisions or adjustments.
EPA recommends that the RTAG evaluate the adequacy of EPA nutrient ecoregional and
subecoregional boundaries and refine them as needed to reflect local conditions.
4.0 DATA REVIEW FOR RIVERS AND STREAMS IN AGGREGATE ECOREGION
II
The following section describes the nutrient data EPA has collected and analyzed for this
Ecoregion, including an assessment of data quantity and quality. The data tables present the data
for each causal parameter— total phosphorus and total nitrogen (both reported and calculated
from TKN and nitrite/nitrate), and the primary response variables— some measure of turbidity
and chlorophyll a. These are the parameters which EPA considers essential to nutrient
assessment because the first two are the main causative agents of enrichment and the two
response variables are the early indicators of system enrichment for most of the surface waters
(see Chapter 3 of the Rivers and Streams Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual [U.S.
EPA, 2000b] for a complete discussion on the rationale for the choice of causal and response
variables.)
4.1 Data Sources
Data sets from Legacy Storet, NASQAN, NAWQA and EPA RegionlO were used to
assess nutrient conditions from January 1990 to December 1999. EPA recommends that the
RTAGs identify additional data sources that can be used to supplement the data sets listed above.
In addition, the RTAGs may utilize published literature values to support quantitative and
qualitative analyses.
4.2 Historical Data from Ecoregion II (TP, TN, Chi a, and Turbidity)
Long term nutrient records from this ecoregion are likely to be especially sensitive to
rainfall as some subecoregions contain areas located in rainshadows and higher elevations are
colder and wetter than lower elevations. These features are likely to cause considerable variation
due to natural events. However, streams located in lower elevations near metropolitan areas, e.g.,
Seattle, WA and Portland, OR are expected to experience greater nutrient loading due to
anthropogenic influence and these influences likely have increased over the last 50 years or so.
Also increased logging and grazing is expected to have increased nutrient loading in many
12
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streams. Streams located at the highest elevations should be minimally impacted by human
activities.
EPA recommends that States/Tribes assess long-term trends observed over the past 50
years. This information may be obtained from scientific literature or documentation of historical
trends. To gain additional perspective on more recent trends, it is recommended that States and
Tribes assess nutrient trends over the last 10 years (e.g., what do seasonal trends indicate?)
4.3 QA/QC of Data Sources
An initial quality screen of data was conducted using the rales presented in Appendix C.
Data remaining after screening for duplications and other QA measures (e.g., poor or unreported
analytical records, sampling errors or omissions, stations associated with outfalls, storm water
sewers, hazardous waste sites) were the data used hi statistical analyses.
States within Ecoregion n were contacted regarding the quality of their data. The
following States indicated that their data were sampled and analyzed using either Standard
methods or EPA approved methods: Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. Other States in Ecoregion
n did not provide information prior to the publication of this document.
4.4 Data for All Rivers and Streams Within Aggregate Ecoregion II
Figure 3 shows the location of the sampling stations within each subecoregion. Table 1
presents all data records for all parameters for Aggregate Ecoregion H and subecoregions within
the Aggregate Ecoregion. Compared to lakes, most subecoregions received sampling coverage
as the density of stations in Figure 3 demonstrates. Named streams in the Ecoregion totaled
1,801 and included 3,890 sample locations. In the northwest area, increased logging has likely
increased sedimentation which is often associated with nutrient leaching and run-off to lakes and
streams. Urbanization around large metropolitan areas has likely contributed to nutrient
additions to streams and directly to some lakes. Grazing is another activity that may have played
a role in increased nutrient loading. Variability in "wildfires" likely causes considerable year to
year variation in nutrient loading.
4.5 Statistical Analysis of Data
EPA's Technical Guidance Manual for Developing Nutrient Criteria for Rivers and
Streams describes two ways of establishing a reference condition. One method is to choose the
upper 25th percentile (75th percentile) of a reference population of streams. This is the preferred
method to establish a reference condition. The 75th percentile was chosen by EPA since it is
likely associated with minimally impacted conditions, will be protective of designated uses, and
provides management flexibility. When reference streams are not identified, the second method
is to determine the lower 25th percentile of the population of all streams within a region. The 25th
percentile of the entire population was chosen by EPA to represent a surrogate for an actual
13
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Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 2
Stream and River Stations
Level III Ecoregions
23
11E~] ^C
|—--r.u--i-v '••••" L f~ ir-.:Jj]ivJ!JI-iir:riaujr''i ^fff rTrJuJriirriiiri-iiiirij ^n*. J Illlirnn rrilllHliriJ ^—j.
I 1 5H5?1 21 [ 1 78
• Stations | | US States
100 0 100 2UO Miles
H
+
Figure 3. Sampling locations within each level III ecoregion.
14
-------
es
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# of Stream Stations
03
Key Nutrient Parameter
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- # of records for Total
Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TK1
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- # of records for Nitratf
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Total # of records for fa
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Definitions used to complete Table 1:
1. # of records refers to the total count of observations for that
parameter over the entire decade (1990-1999) for that particular
aggregate or subecoregion. These are counts for all seasons over
that decade.
2. # of stream stations refers to the total number of river and
stream stations within the aggregate or subecoregion from which
nutrient data were collected. Since streams and rivers can cross
ecoregional boundaries, it is important to note that only those
portions of a river or stream (and data associated with those stations)
that exist within the ecoregion are included within this table.
reference population. Data analyses to date indicate that the lower 25th percentile from an entire
population roughly approximates the 75th percentile for a reference population (see case studies
for Minnesota lakes in the Lakes and Reservoirs Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Document
[U.S. EPA, 2000a] and the case study for Tennessee streams in the Rivers and Streams Nutrient
Criteria Technical Guidance Document [U.S. EPA, 2000b]). New York State has also presented
evidence that the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile compare well based on user perceptions of
water resources (NYSDEC, 2000).
Tables 2 and 3a-p present potential reference conditions for both the aggregate ecoregion
and the subecoregions using both methods. However, the reference stream column is left blank
because EPA does not have reference data and anticipates that States/Tribes will provide
information on reference streams. Appendix A provides a complete presentation of all
descriptive statistics for both the aggregate ecoregion and the level ffl subecoregion.
18
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Table 2. Reference conditions for Aggregate Ecoregion II streams.
Parameter
No. of
Streams
Reported values
Min
Max
25th Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-aIl seasons
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
TKN (mg/L)
953
0.0
4.27
0.05
+ NO3(mg/L)
1061
0.0
8.63
0.014
TN (mg/L) - calculated
NA
0.0
12.90
0.064
TN (mg/L) - reported
239
0.0
3.59
0.12
TP (ag/L)
1380
0.0
1850
10.0
Turbidity (NTU)
405
0.1
88.5
Turbidity (FTU)
540
0.0
114
1.22
Turbidity (JCU)
20
1.0
5.0
1.0
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -F
111
0.3
36.3
1.0S
Chlorophyll a (ugtL) -S
16
0.29
27.45
0.66
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (rngfrrf)
12
22.5
209.7
33 mg/m2
P25:
P75:
**
F
S
T
NA
25th percentile of all data
75th percentile of all data
as determined by the Regional Technical Assistance Groups (RTAGs)
Median for all seasons' 25th percentiles. E.g. this value was calculated from four
seasons' 25th percentiles. If the seasonal 25th percentile (P25) TP values are - spring
10Hg/L, summer 15wg/L, fall 12ttg/L, and winter 5ug/L, the median value of all seasons
P25willbellMg/L.
N = largest value reported for a decade / Season.
TN calculated is based on the sum of TKN + NO2+NO3
TN reported is actual TN value reported in the database for one sample.
Chlorophyll a measured by Fluorometric method with acid correction.
Chlorophyll a measured by Spectrophotometric method with acid correction.
Chlorophyll a b c measured by Trichromatic method.
Not Applicable
Tables 3a-p present potential reference conditions for rivers and streams in the Level IE
subecoregions within the Aggregate Ecoregion. Note that the footnotes for Table 2 apply to
Tables 3a-p.
19
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Table 3a. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 1.
Parameter
TKN(mg/L)
NO2 + NO3(mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) - reported
TP(«g/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -F
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -S
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m!)
No. of
Streams
N~
112
137
NA
21
134
77 W
97
0
32
2
Reported values
Min
0.05
0
0.05
0.05
0.63
037
0.25
-
1.99
1.53
Max
1.3
2.5
3.8
1.88
522.5
18.68
72.5
~
14.23
3.25
25th Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-aIl seasons
0.05
0.09
0.14
0.13
10.25
1.08
1.5
-
2.53
1.53
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
Table 3b. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 2.
Parameter
TKN(mg/L)
NO2 + N03(mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) - reported
TP(ug/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (ng/L) -F
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -S
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/irf)
No. of
Streams
N**
15
129
NA
37
133
117
2
0
2
0
—
Reported values
Min
0.05
0.01
0.06
0.08
2.5
0.22
4.33
-
0.7
-
—
Max
0.83
3.7
4.53
2.62
330
40.5
16.75
-
0.9'
-
—
25 Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P2S-aIl seasons*
0.08
0.26
0.34
0.24
19.5
1.95
4.33
-
0.7
-
—
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
20
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Table 3c. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 4.
Parameter
TKN (mg/L)
NO2 + NO3(mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) - reported
TP(«g/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -F
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -S
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m2)
No. of
Streams
N~
65
75
NA
27
95
32
26
0
19
0
4
11
Reported values
Min
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.68
-
0.58
~
270
24.3
Max
0.95
1.91
2.86
0.37
242.5
13.19
13.5
-
12.75
-
503.8
209.7
25 Percentiles based on
all seasons data for the
Decade
P25-a!I seasons
0.05
0.005
0.055
0
9.06
0.25
1.75
-
1.01
-
324
33
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
Table 3d. Reference conditions for level in ecoregion 5.
Parameter
TKN (mg/L)
NO2+NO3(mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) - reported
TP (ag/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -F
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -S
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m2)
No. of
Streams
N~
29
12
NA
10
48
10
24
0
0
0
—
Iz
Reported values
Min
0.025
0.005
0.03
0.20
2.5
1.65
0.38
-
-
-
—
6
Max
0.65
0.10
0.75
0.91
485
5.73
26.25
-
-
-
—
6
25 Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-all seasons
0.10
0.01
0.11
0.29
15
2.35
0.62
-
- •
-
—
6zz
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
21
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Table 3e. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 8.
Parameter
TKN(mg/L)
NO2 + NO3 (mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) - reported
TP (ug/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -F
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -S
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m3)
No. of
Streams
N~
1
1
NA
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
—
Reported values
Min
0.14
0.04
0.18
0.52
10.94
-
1.05
-
-
-
—
Max
0.14
0.04
0.18
0.52
10.94
-
1.05
-
~
-
—
25th Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-all seasons"*"
0.14
0.04
0.18
0.52
10.94
-
1.05
-
-
-
—
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
f
Table 3f. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 9.
Parameter
TKN (mg/L)
NO2+NO3(mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) -reported
TP(ug/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -F
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -S
Chlorophyll a (i/g/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m!)
No. of
Streams
N~
68
36
NA
4
81
14 W
60
0
12
0
Iz
Iz
Reported values
Min
0.03
0
0.03
0.11
4.38
1.05
0.33
-
0.43
-
0.48
77.68
Max
3.03
3.82
6.85
3.1
752.5
26
66.5
-
53
-
0.48
77.68
25th Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-aIl seasons*
0.05
0.01
0.06
0.15
30
1.5
1.61
-
2.95
-
0.48 zz
77.68 zz
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
i
22
-------
Table 3g.
Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 11.
Parameter
TKN (mg/L)
NO2 + NO3(mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) - reported
TP («g/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll
-------
Table 3i. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 16.
Parameter
TKN(mg/L)
NO, + NO, (mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN(mg/L)- reported
TP(«g/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -F
Chlorophyll a (ugfL) -S
Chlorophyll a (wg/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m3)
No. of
Streams
N"
38
36
NA
9
51
1 F
6
4 z
0
0
-
Reported values
Min
0.05
0.02
0.07
0.12
3.25
1
1.06
-
-
-
—
Max
1.18
1.76
2.94
2.08
370
1
10.95
-
-
~
-
25* Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-alI seasons*
0.19
0.06
0.25
0.30
10
1 zz
13
-
-
-
-
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
Table 3j. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 17.
Parameter
TKN(m&/L)
NO2 + NO3(mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) - reported
TP(ug/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -F
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -S
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m2)
No. of
Streams
N~
38
42
NA
4
70
1 z
12
7 z
0
0
4
Reported values
Min
0
0.01
0.01
0.28
3.75
0.5
0.85
-
-
-
0.92
Max
0.54
7.95
8.49
0.73
182.5
0.5
7.15
-
-
-
9.1
25 Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-aII seasons"1"
0.05
0.04
0.09
0.34
15
0.5 zz
1.28
-
-
-
1.42 zz
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
24
Table 3k. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 19.
Parameter
TKN (mg/L)
NO2 + NO3(mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) -reported
TP(«g/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -F
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -S
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m2)
No. Of
Streams
N++
143
78
NA
1
203
0
139
0
0
13
-
Reported values
Min
0.025
0.004
0.029
0.34
2.5
-
0.5
-
-
0.29
-
Max
1.34
4.36
5.7
0.34
1625
-
107.93
-
-
27.45
-
25 Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-aII seasons*
0.115
0.034
0.15
0.34
10
-
1.5
-
-
1.33
-
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
Table 31. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 21.
Parameter
TKN (mg/L)
NO2 + NO3(mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) - reported
TP (ag/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (wg/L) -F
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -S
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m2)
No. of
Streams
N++ '
147
197
NA
56
203
65
18
2
0
0
-
Reported values
Min
0
0
0
0.035
0
0.55
0.5
-
-
-
-
Max
2.72
3.73
6.45
0.98
1105
74.38
31.76
-
-
-
-
25 Percentiles based
• on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-aIl seasons*
0.04
0
0.04
0.09
6.34
1.65
0.8
-
-
-
-
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
25
Table 3m. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 23.
Parameter
TKN(mg/L)
NO, + NO, (mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) -reported
TP(ug/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -F
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -S
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/irf)
No. of
Streams
N~
63
60
NA
34
63
50
10
0
0
0
-
Reported values
Min
0
0
0
0.075
0
0.53
0.93
~
-
-
-
Max
1.15
2.53
3.68
0.89
357.5
28.75
26
-
- -
-
-
25"1 Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-all seasons*
0.11
0.01
0.12
0.28
11.25
1.75
1.95
-
-
-
-
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
Table 3n. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 41.
Parameter
TKN(mg/L)
NOj+NOjCmg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) - reported
TP(ug/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -F
Chlorophyll a («g/L) -S
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m2)
No. of
Streams
N"
2 z
3
NA
7
6
0
7
2 z
0
0
-
Reported values
Min
0.15
0.01
0.16
0.07
4
-
0.56
-
-
-
-
Max
0.31
0.02
0.34
0.13
10
-
0.83
-
-
-
-
25th Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-aIl seasons'1'
0.15
0.01
0.16
0.08
5.13
-
0.56
-
-
-
-
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
26
-------
Table 3o. Reference conditions for level III ecoregion 77.
Parameter
TKN (mg/L)
NO2 + NO3(mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
IN (mg/L) -reported
TP (Mg/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -F
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -S
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/rrf)
No. of
Streams
N"
4
16
NA
7
18
13
0
0
0
0
2z
Reported values
Min
0.05
0.01
0.06
0.09
2.5
0.43
0.5
-
-
-
0.55
Max
0.19
0.22
0.41
0.27
42.5
15.45
3.5
-
-
-
0.76
25th Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-aII seasons*
0.05
0.03
0.08
0.11
3.0
0.76
0.5
-
-
-
0.55 zz
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
Table 3p. Reference conditions for level in ecoregionTS.
Parameter
TKN (mg/L)
NO, + NO, (mg/L)
TN (mg/L) - calculated
TN (mg/L) - reported
TP (ag/L)
Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -F
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -S
Chlorophyll a (ag/L) -T
Periphyton Chi a (mg/m2)
No. of
Streams
N**
53
56
NA
1
68
15 W
50
0
18
0
-
Reported values
Min
0.05
0
0.05
0.53
5.63
4
0.68
-
0.75
-
-
Max
1.28
5.1
6.38
0.53
455
20
33.81
-
6.3
-
-
25th Percentiles based
on all seasons data for
the Decade
P25-all seasons'1'
0.14
0.04
0.18
0.53
32.5
5.5
1.5
-
1.15
-
-
Reference Streams **
P75 - all seasons
27
-------
Definitions used in filling Tables 2 and 3 - Reference Condition tables -. ^
-*• ^ / / , f
... J, ^ / '
1. Number of Streams in Table 2 refers to the largest number of streamSsandirivers for
which data existed for a given season within an aggregate nutrientecoregiorr. * ',. ~
2. Number of Streams in Table 3 refers to the number of streams and rivers for which,data
existed for the summer months since summer is generally when, the greatest amount of
nutrient sampling is conducted. If another season greatly predominates, notification is* made
(s=spring, iNFall, w=winter). ^ / '^^^^ :
_/• • /-^ ". * * v *
3. Medians. All values (min, max, and 25th percentiles) included in the table are based on
waterbody medians. All data for a particular parameter within a stream for the decade were „
reduced to one median for that stream. This.prevents over-representation of individual?" '*" '
waterbodies with a great deal of data versus those with fewer?data points wrflfm the statistical
analysis. „, ><,".%. ">-- " « r ..
^ "* s v **— / ^
~ * ^ -^ ^ 1^ ""*
4. 25th percentile for all seasons is calculated by taking the mediatfof the 4Seasonal 25*
percentiles. If a season is missing, themedian was calculated-with 3 seasons of data,; If4ess "]
than 3 seasons were used to derive the median, the entry is flagged, (z).
5. A 25th percentile for a season is best derived with date from a minimum of 4 , *~~"'' "'
streams/season. However, this table provides 25^percentiles feat ware-derived with less than
4 streams/season in order to retainall information "for all seasons. In caleulatingjhe 25th ^
percentile for a season with less than 4 stream medians, the statistical program automatically
used the minimum value within the less-than-4'jpopulation. If less than 4 streams
and_or all-seasons, median^ the «ntry j^fkgged (zz).
4.6. Classification of River/Stream Type
It is anticipated that assessing the data by stream type will further reduce the variability in the
data analysis. There were no readily available classification data in the National datasets used to
develop these criteria. States and Tribes are strongly encouraged to classify their streams before
developing a final criterion.
4.7. Summary of Data Reduction Methods
All descriptive statistics were calculated using the medians for each stream within
ecoregion E, for which data existed. For example, if one stream had 300 observations for
phosphorus over the decade or one year's time, one median resulted. Each median from each
stream was then used in calculating the percentiles for phosphorus for the aggregate nutrient
ecoregion/subecoregion (level HI ecoregion) by season and year (Figure 4a & b).
28
-------
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Preferred data choices and recommendations when data are missing
1. Where data are missing or are very low in total records for a given parameter, use 25th
percentiles for parameters within an adjacent, similar subecoregion within the same aggregate
nutrient ecoregion or when a similar subecoregion can not be determined, use the the 25th
percentile for the Aggregate ecoregion or consider the lowest 25th percentile from a subecoregion
(level HI) within the aggregate nutrient ecoregion. The rationale being that without data, one
may assume that the subecoregion in question may be as sensitive as the most sensitive
subecoregion within the aggregate.
2. TN calculated: When reported Total Nitrogen (TN) median values are lacking or very low in
comparison to TKN and Nitrate/Nitrite-N values, the medians for TKN and nitrite/nitrate-N were
added, resulting in a calculated TN value. The number of samples (N) for calculated TN is not
filled in since it is represented by two subsamples of data: TKN and nitrite/nitrate-N. Therefore,
N/A is placed in this box.
3. TN reported: This is the median based on reported values for TN from the database.
4. Chlorophyll a: Medians based on all methods are reported, however, the acid corrected
medians are preferred to the uncorrected medians. In developing a reference condition from a
particular method, it is recommended that the method with the most observations be used.
Fluorometric and Spectrophotometric are preferred over all other methods. However, when no
data exist for Fluorometric and Spectrophotometric methods, Trichromatic values may be used.
Data from the variance techniques are not interchangeable.
5. Periphyton: Where periphyton data exist, record them separately For periphyton-dominated
streams, a measure of periphyton chlorophyll is a more appropriate response variable than
planktonic chlorophyll a. See Table 3, p. 101 of the Rivers and Streams Nutrient Technical
Guidance Manual for values of periphyton and planktonic chlorophyll a related to eutrophy in
streams.
6. Secchi depth: The 75th percentile is reported for Secchi depth since this is the only variable
for which the value of the parameter increases with greater clarity. (For lakes and reservoirs
only.)
7. Turbidity units: All turbidity units from all methods are reported. FTUs and NTUs are
preferred over JCUs. If FTUs and NTUs do not exist, use JCUs. These units are not
interchangeable. Turbidity is chosen as a response variable in streams since it can be an indicator
of increasing algal biomass due to nutrient enrichment. See pages 32 -33 of the Rivers and
Streams Nutrient Technical Guidance Manual for a discussion of turbidity and correlations with
algal growth.
31
-------
8. Lack of data: A dash (-) represents missing, inadequate, or inconclusive data. A zero (0) is
reported if the reported median for a parameter is 0 or if the component value is below detection.
5.0 REFERENCE SITES AND CONDITIONS IN ECOREGION H
Reference conditions represent the natural, least impacted conditions or what is
considered to be the most attainable conditions. This section compares the different reference
conditions determined from the two methods and establishes which reference condition is most
appropriate.
A priori determination of reference sites. The preferred method for establishing reference
condition is to choose the upper percentile of an a priori population of reference streams. States
and Tribes are encouraged to identify reference conditions based on this method.
Statistical determination of reference conditions (25th percentile of entire database.) See Tables
2 and 3a-p in section 4.0.
RTAG discussion and rationale for selection of reference sites and conditions in Ecoregion II.
The RTAG should compare the results derived from the two methods described above and
present a rationale for the final selection of reference sites.
6.0 MODELS USED TO PREDICT OR VERIFY RESPONSE PARAMETERS
The RTAG is encouraged to identify and apply relevant models to support nutrient
criteria development. The following are three scenarios under which models may be used to
derive criteria or support criteria development.
• Models for predicting correlations between causal and response variables
• Models used to verify reference conditions based on percentiles
• Regression models used to predict reference conditions in impacted areas
7.0 FRAMEWORK FOR REFINING RECOMMENDED NUTRIENT CRITERIA
Information on each of the following six weight of evidence factors is important to refine
the criteria presented in this document. All elements should be addressed in developing criteria,
as is expressed in our nutrient criteria technical guidance manuals. It is our expectation that EPA
Regions, States, and Tribes (as RTAGs) will consider these elements as States/Tribes develop
their criteria. This section should be viewed as a work sheet (sections are left blank for this
purpose) to assist in the refinement of nutrient criteria.. If many of these elements are ultimately
unaddressed, EPA may rely on the proposed reference conditions presented in Tables 3a-p and
32
-------
other literature and information readily available to the HQ nutrient team to develop nutrient
water quality recommendations for this ecoregion.
7.1 Framework for Refining Recommended Nutrient Criteria for Rivers and Streams in
Aggregate Ecoregion BE
• Literature sources
Historical data and trends
• Reference condition
Models
RTAG expert review and consensus
33
-------
Downstream effects
7.2 Tables of Refined Nutrient Criteria for Aggregate Ecoregion II and Level III Sufo-
Ecoregions for TP, TN, Chi a, Turbidity (where sufficient data exist)
Aggregate Ecoregion II- Western Forested
Mountains
Total Phosphorus Og/L)
Total Nitrogen (mg/L)
Chlorophyll a C"g/L or mg/m2)
Turbidity (NTU or other units)
Other (Index; other parameter such as DO)
Proposed Criterion
Literature sources
Historical data and trends
34
-------
Reference condition
Models
RTAG expert review and consensus
Downstream effects
Ecoregion #1 Coast Range
Total Phosphorus 0/g/L)
Total Nitrogen (mg/L)
Chlorophyll a Cag/L or mg/m2)
Turbidity (NTU or other units)
Other (Index; other parameter such as DO)
Proposed Criterion
35
-------
7.3 Setting Seasonal Criteria
The recommendations presented in this document are based in part on medians of all the
25th percentile seasonal data (decadal), and as such are reflective of all seasons and not one
particular season or year. It is recommended that States and Tribes monitor in all seasons to best
assess compliance with the resulting criterion. States/Tribes may choose to develop criteria
which reflect each particular season or a given year when there is significant variability between
seasons/years or designated uses that are specifically tied to one or more seasons of the year (e.g.,
recreation, fishing). Using the tables in Appendix A and B, one can set reference conditions
based on a particular season or year and then develop a criterion based on each individual season.
Obviously, this option is season-specific and would also require increased monitoring within
each season to assess compliance.
7.4 When Data/Reference Conditions are Lacking
When data are unavailable to develop a reference condition for a particular parameters)
within a subecoregion, EPA recommends one of three options: (1) Use data from a similar
neighboring subecoregion (e.g., if data are few or nonexistent for the northern cascades, consider
using the data and reference condition developed for the cascades); or (2) Use the 25th
perecentiles for the Aggregate ecoregion; or (3) Consider using the lowest of the yearly medians
for that parameter calculated for all the subecoregions within the Aggregate Ecoregion.
7.5 Site-Specific Criteria Development
Criteria may be refined in a number of ways. The best way to refine criteria is to follow
the critical elements of criteria development as well as to refer to the Rivers and Streams Nutrient
Criteria Technical Guidance Manual (U.S. EPA, 2000b).
The Technical Guidance Manual presents sections on each of the following factors to
consider in setting criteria:
- refinements to ecoregions (Section 2.3)
- classification of waterbodies (Chapter 2)
- setting seasonal criteria to reflect major seasonal climate differences and accounting for
significant or cyclical precipitation events (high flow/low flow conditions) (Chapter 4)
8.0 LITERATURE CITED
NYSDEC (New York State Department of Environment and Conservation). 2000.
Memorandum from Scott Kishbaugh to Jay Bloomfield, September 26,2000, regarding
reference lakes for nutrient criteria.
36
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TNDEC (Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation). 2000. Letter to
Geoff Grubbs, October 5, 2000, containing comments on draft nutrient criteria
recommendations.
U.S. EPA. 2000a. Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual: Lakes and Reservoirs,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA-822-BOO-001.
U.S. EPA. 2000b. Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual: Rivers and Streams,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA-822-BOO-002.
9.0 APPENDICES
A. Descriptive Statistics Data Tables for Aggregate Ecoregion
B. Descriptive Statistics Data Tables for Level DI Subecoregions within Aggregate Ecoregion
C. Quality Control/Quality Assurance Rules
37
-------
-------
APPENDIX A
Descriptive Statistics Data Tables for Aggregate Ecoregion
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APPENDIX B
Descriptive Statistics Data Tables for Level III Subecoregions Within Aggregate Ecoregion
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APPENDIX C
Quality Control/Quality Assurance Rules
-------
-------
INDUS
CORPORATION
Knowledge-Based Solutions
Support for the Compilation and Analysis of
National Nutrient Data
15 Nutrient Ecoregion/Waterbody Type Summary
Chapters
Prepared for:
Robert Cantilli
Environmental Protection Agency
OW/OST/HECD
Prepared by:
INDUS Corporation
1953 Gallows Road
Vienna, Virginia 22182
Contract Number:
Task Number:
Subtask Number:
68-C-99-226
04
4
August 8, 2000
-------
-------
15 Nutrient Ecoregion/Waterbody Type Summary Chapters. Contract # 68-C-99-226, TO# 04
CONTENTS
August 8, 2000
1.0 BACKGROUND [[[ 1
1.1 Purpose ....................... . . ..... ............................ 1
1.2 References .................... . . . . ............................... .1
2.0 QA/QC PROCEDURES ........ ........... .............................. 2
2.1 National Data Sets ................................................. 3
2.2 State Data [[[ 3
2.3 Laboratory Methods ................................................ 4
2.4 Waterbody Name ......................................... • ........ 4
2.5 Ecoregion Data [[[ 5
3.0 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS REPORTS ............... . .................... 5
3.1 Data Source Reports ............................................... 6
3.2 Remark Code Reports .............................................. 7
3.3 Median of Each Waterbody .......................................... 7
3.4 Descriptive Statistic Reports ......................................... 7
3.5 Regression Models ............. .................................... 8
4.0 TIME PERIOD [[[ 8
5.0 DATA SOURCES AND PARAMETERS FOR THE AGGREGATE NUTRIENT
ECOREGIONS ....................................... 9
5.1 Lakes and Reservoirs ........ ... ..................................... 9
5.1.1 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 2 ..... . .......................... 9
5.1.2 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 6 ............................... *0
5.1.3 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 7 ............................... 10
5. 1 .4 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 8 ............................... 11
5.1.5 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 9 ............................... 12
5.1.6 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 11 .............................. 12
5.1.7 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 12 ................ .- ............. 13
5.1.8 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 13 .............................. 13
5.2 Rivers and Streams ........... . .................................... 14
5.2.1 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 2 ............................... 14
5.2.2 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 3 ............................... 15
5.2.3 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 6 ............ . .................. 16
5.2.4 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 7 .............................. 16
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5.2.8 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 14
August 8,2000
20
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
Process Used to QA/QA the Legacy STORE! Nutrient Data Set
Process for Adding Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregions and Level in
Ecoregions
Glossary
111
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1.0 BACKGROUND
August 8, 2000
The Nutrient Criteria Program has initiated development of a national Nutrient Criteria Database
application that will be used to store and analyze nutrient data. The ultimate use of these data
will be to derive ecoregion- and waterbody-specific nutrient criteria ranges. EPA converted
STOrage and RETrieval (STORET) legacy data, National Stream Quality Accounting Network
(NASQAN) data, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) data, and other relevant
nutrient data from universities and States/Tribes into the database. The data imported into the
Nutrient Criteria Database will be used to develop national nutrient criteria ranges.
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this deliverable is to provide EPA with information regarding the data used to
create the statistical reports which will be used to derive ecoregion- and waterbody-specific
nutrient criteria ranges for Level HI ecoregions. There are fourteen aggregate nutrient
ecoregions. Each aggregate nutrient ecoregion is divided into smaller ecoregions referred to as
Level HI ecoregions. EPA will determine criteria ranges for the waterbody types and Level HI
ecoregions within the following aggregate nutrient ecoregions:
• Lakes and Reservoirs
- Aggregate Nutrient ecoregions: 2,6,7, 8,9,11,12,13
• Rivers and Streams
— Aggregate Nutrient ecoregions: 2,3,6, 7, 9,11, 12, 14
1.2 References
This section lists documents that contain baselines, standards, guidelines, policies, and references
that apply to the data analysis. Listed editions were valid at the time of publication. All
documents are subject to revision, but these specific editions govern the concepts described in
this document.
Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual: Lakes and Reservoirs (Draft).- EPA, Office of
Water, EPA 822-D-99-001, April 1999.
Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual: Rivers and Streams (Draft). EPA. Office of
Water. EPA S22-D-99-003, September 1999.
Guidance for Data Quality'Assessment: Practical Methods for Data Analysis. EPA, Office of
Research and Development, EPA-QA/G-9, January 1998.
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15 Nutrient Ecoregion/Watcrbody Type Summary Chapters. Contract # 68-C-99-226. TO# 04
2.0 QA/QC PROCEDURES
August 8,2000
In order to develop nutrient criteria, EPA needed to obtain nutrient data from the states. EPA
requested nutrient data from the states and forwarded the data sets to INDUS via e-mail and/or
US mail. In addition, EPA tasked INDUS to convert data from three national data sets. EPA
provided INDUS with a Legacy STORET extraction to convert into the database. The United
States Geologic Survey (USGS) sent INDUS a CD-ROM with NASQAN data to convert.
INDUS downloaded NAWQA files from the USGS Web site to convert the data. In total,
INDUS converted and imported the following national and state data sets into the Nutrient
Criteria Database:
Legacy STORET
NAWQA
NASQAN
• Region 1
• Region 2 - Lake Champlain Monitoring Project
• Region 2 - NYSDEC Finger Lakes Monitoring Program
• Region 2 - NY Citizens Lake Assessment Program
• Region 2 - Lake Classification and Inventory Survey
Region 2 - NYCDEP (1990-1998)
Region 2 - NYCDEP (Storm Event data)
• Region 2 - New Jersey Nutrient Data (Tidal Waters)
• Region 5
• Region 3.
Region 3 - Nitrite Data
• Region 3 - Choptank River files
• . Region 4 - Tennessee Valley Authority
Region 7 - Central Plains Center for BioAssessment (CPCB)
Region 7 - REMAP
• Region 2 - Delaware River Basin Commission (1990-1998)
Region 3 - PA Lake Data
Region 3 - University of Delaware
• Region 10 .
• University of Auburn
As part of the conversion process, INDUS performed a number of Quality Assurance/Quality
Control (QA/'QC) steps to ensure that the data was properly converted into the Nutrient Criteria
Database. Section 2 explains the steps performed by INDUS to convert the data.
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15 Nutrient Ecoregion/ Waterbody Type Summary Chapters, Contract 3 68-C-99-226, TO# 04
2.1 National Data Sets
August 8. 2000
INDUS converted three national data sets into the Nutrient Criteria Database: Legacy STORET
data, NASQAN data, and NAWQA data. A previous EPA contractor performed the extraction of
Legacy STORET data and documented the QA/QC procedures used on the data. This
documentation is included in Appendix A. INDUS performed minimal QA/QC on the Legacy •
STORET data set because the previous contractor completed the steps outlined in Appendix A.
INDUS and EPA also agreed to convert the NAWQA and NASQAN data sets with minimal
QA/QC on the assumption that the source agency, the USGS, QA/QC'd the data.
For each of the three national data sets, INDUS ran queries to determine if 1) samples existed
without results and 2) if stations existed without samples. Per Task Order Project Officer
(TOPO) direction, these records were deleted from the system. For analysis purposes, EPA
determined that there was no need to keep station records with no samples and sample records
with no results. INDUS also confirmed that each data set contained no duplicate records.
In addition, INDUS deleted all composite results from the Legacy STORET data. Per TOPO
direction, it was decided that composite sample results would not be used in the statistical
analysis.
2.2 State Data
Each state data set was delivered in a unique format. Many of the data sets were delivered to
INDUS without corresponding documentation. INDUS analyzed each state data set in order to
determine which parameters should be converted for analysis. INDUS obtained a master
parameter table from EPA and converted the parameters in the state data sets according to those
that were present in the EPA parameter table. INDUS converted all of the data elements in the
state data sets that mapped directly to the Nutrient Criteria Database; data elements that did not,
map to the Nutrient Criteria Database were not converted. In some cases, state data elements that
did not directly map into the Oracle database were inserted into a comment field within the
database. Also. INDUS maintained an internal record of which state data elements were inserted
into the comment field.
As part of the data clean-up efforts, INDUS determined whether or not there were any duplicate
records in the state data sets and deleted the duplicate records. INDUS checked the waterbody,
station, and sample entities for duplicate records. In addition, INDUS deleted station records
with no samples and sample records with no results. INDUS also deleted waterbody records that
were not associated with a station. In each case, INDUS maintained an internal record of how
many records were deleted.'
If INDUS encountered referential integrity errors, such as samples that referred to stations that
did not exist, or if INDUS was unsure of whether a record was a duplicate, INDUS contacted the
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15 Nutrient Ecoregion/'Waterbody Type Summary Chapters, Contract # 68-C-99-226. TO* 04 Auaust 8 ''OOO
agency directly via e-mail or phone to resolve any issues that arose. INDUS saved an electronic
copy of each e-mail correspondence with the states to ensure that a record of the decision was
maintained. INDUS also contacted each agency to determine which laboratory methods were
used for each parameter.
Finally, INDUS examined the remark codes of each result record in the state data sets. INDUS
mapped the remark codes to the STORE! remark codes listed in Table 2 of Appendix A. If any
of the state result records were associated with remark codes marked as "Delete" in Table 2 of
Appendix A, the result records were not converted into the database.
2.3 Laboratory Methods
Many of the state data sets did not contain laboratory method information. In addition,
laboratory method information was not available for the three national data sets. In order to
determine missing laboratory method information, EPA tasked another contractor to contact the
data owners to obtain the laboratory method. In some cases, the data owners responded and the
laboratory methods were added to the database.
2.4 Waterbody Name and Class Information
A large percentage of the data did not have waterbody-specific information. The only waterbody
information contained in the three national data sets was the waterfaody name, which was
embedded in the station 'location description' field. Most of the state data sets contained
waterbody name information; however, much of the data was duplicated throughout the data sets.
Therefore, the waterbody information was cleaned manually. For the three national data sets, the
'location description' field was extracted from the station table and moved to a temporary table.
The 'location description' field was sorted alphabetically. Unique waterbodies were grouped
together based on name similarity and whether or not the waterbodies fell within the same ,
county, state, and waterbody type. Finally, the 'location description' field was edited to include
only waterbody name information, not descriptive information. For example, 110 MILE CREEK
AT POMONA DAM OUTFLOW, KS PO-2 was edited to 110 MILE CREEK. Also, if 100
MILE CREEK was listed ten times in New York, but in four different counties, four 100 MILE
CREEK waterbody records were created.
Similar steps were taken to eliminate duplicate waterbody records in the state data sets. If a
number of records had similar waterbody names and fell within the same state, county, and
waterbody type, the records were grouped to create a unique waterbody record.
Most of the waterbody data-did not contain depth, surface area, and volume measurements. EPA
needed this information to classify waterbody types. EPA attempted to obtain waterbody class
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August 8,2000
information from the states'. EPA sent waterbody files to the regional coordinators and requested
that certain class information be completed by each state. The state response was poor; therefore,
EPA was not able to perform statistical analysis for the waterbody types by class.
2.5 Ecoregion Data
Aggregate nutrient ecoregions and Level HI ecoregions were added to the database using the
station latitude and longitude coordinates. If a station was lacking latitude and longitude
coordinates or county information, the data were not included in the statistical analysis.
Appendix B lists the steps taken to add the two ecoregion types (aggregate and Level III) to the
Nutrient Criteria Database. The ecoregion names were pulled from aggregate nutrient ecoregion
and Level HI ecoregion Geographical Information System (GIS) coverages. In summary, the
station latitude and longitude coordinates were used to determine the ecoregion under the
following circumstances:
The latitude and longitude coordinates fell within the county/state listed in the station
table.
• The county data was missing.
The county centroid was used to determine the ecoregions under the following circumstances:
The latitude and longitude coordinates were missing, but the state/county information was
available.
• The latitude and longitude coordinates fell outside the county/state listed in the station
table. The county information was assumed to be correct; therefore, the county centroid
was used.
If the latitude and longitude coordinates fell outside the continental US county coverage file ' •
(i.e., the point fell in the ocean or Mexico/Canada), the nearest ecoregion was assigned to the
station.
3.0 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS REPORTS
Aggregate nutrient ecoregion tables were created by extracting all observations for a specific
aggregate nutrient ecoregion from the nutrient criteria database. Then, the data were reduced to
create tables containing only the yearly median values. To create these tables, the median value
for each waterbody was calculated using all observations for each waterbody by Level III
ecoregion, year, and season. Tables of decade median values were created from the yearly
median tables by calculating the median for each waterbody by Level HI ecoregion by decade and
season.
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The Data Source and the Remark Code reports were created using all observations (all reported
values). All the other reports were created from either the yearly median tables or the decade
median tables. In other words, the descriptive statistics and regressions were run using the
median values for each waterbody and not the individual reported values.
Statistical analyses were performed under the assumption that this data set is a random sampled
If this-assumption cannot be verified, the observations may or may not be valid. Values below
the 1st and 99th percentile were removed from the Legacy STORE! database prior to the creation
of the national database. Also, data were treated according the Legacy STORET remark codes in
Appendix A.
The following contains a list of each report and the purpose for creating each report:
• Data Source—Created to provide a count of the amount of data and to identify the
source(s).
• Remark Codes—Created to provide a description of the data.
• Median of Each Waterbody by Year—This was an intermediate step performed to obtain
a median value for each lake to be used in the yearly descriptive statistics reports and the
regression models.
• Median of Each Waterbody by Decade—This was an intermediate step performed to
obtain a median value for each lake to be used in the decade descriptive statistics.
• Descriptive Statistics—Created to provide EPA with the desired statistics for setting
criteria levels.
• Regression Models—Created to examine the relationships between biological and
nutrient variables.
Note: Separate reports were created for each season.
t
3.1 Data Source Reports
Data source reports were presented in the following formats:
• The number and percentage of data from each data source were summarized in tables for
each aggregate nutrient ecoregion by season and waterbody type.
• The number and percentage of data from each data source were summarized in tables for
each Level HI ecoregion by season and waterbody type.
The 'Frequency' represents" the number of data values from a specific data source for each
parameter by data source. The 'Row Pet' represents the percentage of data from a specific data
source for each parameter.
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3.2 Remark Code Reports
Remark code reports were presented in the following formats:
• The number and percentage of data associated with a particular remark code for each
parameter were summarized in tables by Level in ecoregion by decade and season.
• The number and percentage of data associated with a particular remark code for each
parameter were summarized in tables by Level IH ecoregion by year and season.
The 'Frequency' represents the number of data values corresponding to the remark code hi the
column. The 'Row Pet' represents the percentage of data that was associated with the remark
code in that row.
In the database, remark codes that were entered by the states were mapped to Legacy STORET
remark codes. Prior to the analysis, the data were treated according to these remark codes. For
example, if the remark code was 'K,' then the reported value was divided by two. Appendix A
contains a complete list of Legacy STORET remark codes.
Note: For the reports, a remark code of 'Z' indicates that no remark codes were recorded. It does
not correspond to Legacy STORET code 'Z.'
3.3 Median of Each Waterbody
To reduce the data and to ensure heavily sampled waterbodies or years were not over represented
in the analysis, median value tables (described above) were created. The yearly median tables
and decade median tables were delivered to the EPA in electronic format as csv (comma
separated value or comma delimited) files.
3.4 Descriptive Statistic Reports
The number of waterbodies, median, mean, minimum, maximum, 5*, 25th, 75*, 95th percentiles,
standard deviation, standard error, and coefficient of variation were calculated- The table's
(described above) containing the decade median values for each waterbody for each parameter
were used to create descriptive statistics reports for:
Level HI ecoregions by decade and season
• Aggregate nutrient ecoregions by decade and season
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In addition, the tables containing the yearly median values for each waterbody for each parameter
were used to create descriptive statistics reports for:
• Level in ecoregions by year and season
3.5 Regression Models
Simple linear regressions using the least squares method were performed to examine the
relationships between biological and nutrient variables in lakes and reservoirs, and rivers and
streams. Regressions were performed using the yearly median tables. Chlorophyll(s) in
micrograms per liter (ug/L), secchi in meters (m), dissolved oxygen in milligrams per liter
(mg/L), turbidity, and pH were the biological variables in these models. When there was little or
no data for chlorophyll, then pH or dissolved oxygen was substituted for chlorophyll. .Secchi-
data were used in the lake and reservoir models, and turbidity data were used in the river and
stream models. The nutrient variables in these models include: total phosphorus in ug/L, total
nitrogen in mg/L, total kjeldahl nitrogen in mg/L, and nitrate and nitrite in mg/L. Regressions
were also run for total nitrogen and total'phosphorus for ecoregions where both these variables
were measured.
Note: At the time of creation of this document only regressions for aggregate nutrient ecoregion 7
for lakes and reservoirs were delivered to the EPA. Regressions for the remaining aggregate
nutrient ecoregions will be delivered in August 2000.
4.0 TIME PERIOD
Data collected from January 1990 to December 1999 were used in the statistical analysis reports.
To capture seasonal differences, the data were classified as follows:
• Aggregate nutrient ecoregions: 6, 7, and 8
- Spring: April to May
- Summer: June to August
- Fall: September to October
- Winter: November to March
Aggregate nutrient ecoregions: 1,2, 9. 10, 11,12, and
- Spring: - March to May
- Summer: June to August
- Fall: September to November
— Winter: December to February
13
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August 8.2000
5.0 DATA SOURCES AND PARAMETERS FOR THE AGGREGATE NUTRIENT
ECOREGIONS
This section provides information for the nutrient aggregate ecoregions that were analyzed by
waterbody type. Each section lists the data sources for the aggregate nutrient ecoregion
including: 1) the data sources, 2) the parameters included in the analysis, and 3) the Level HI
ecoregions within the aggregate nutrient ecoregions.
Note: For analysis purposes, the following parameters were combined to form Phosphorous,
Dissolved Inorganic (DIP):
Phosphorus, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP)
Phosphorus, Dissolved (DP)
Phosphorus, Dissolved Reactive (DRP)
Orthophosphate, dissolved, mg/L as P
Orthophosphate (OPO4_PO4)
5.1 Lakes and Reservoirs
5.1.1 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 2
Data Sources:
Legacy STORE!
EPA Region 10
Parameter:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Phosphorous. Dissolved Inorganic (DIP) (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Phosphorus. Total (TP) (ug/L)
Phosphorus. Total Reactive (ug/L)
SECCHI " (m)
pH •
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Level in ecoregions:
1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 41, 77, 78
5.1.2 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 6
Data Sources:
Legacy STORE!
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Unconnected (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+-NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug/L)
SECCHI (m)
Level HI ecoregions:
46,47,48,54,55,57
5.1.3 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 7
Data Sources:
LCMPD
Legacy STORET
NYCDEP
EPA Region 1
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Phosphorous. Dissolved Inorganic (DEP) (ug/L)
August 8,2000
10
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Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Phosphorus, Orthophosphate, Total as P (ug/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug/L)
SECCHI (m)
Level in ecoregions:
51,52,53,56,60,61,83
5.1.4 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 8
Data sources:
LCMPD
Legacy STORET
NYCDEP
NYCDEC
EPA Region 1
EPA Region 3
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, .Spectrophotometric, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll B • (ug/L)
Chlorophyll C (ug/L)
Phosphorous, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP) (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) . (mg/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug/L)
SECCHI (m)
Level III ecoregions:
49, 50, 58, 62. 82
August 8. 2000
11
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5.1.5 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 9
Data sources:
Auburn University
Legacy STORET
EPA Region 4
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Pheophytin (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Phosphorous, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP) (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate. (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug/L)
SECCHI (m)
Level IH ecoregions:
29,33,35,37,40,45,64,65,71,72,74
5.1.6 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 11
Data sources:
Auburn University
Legacy STORET
NYSDEC
EPA Region 3
EPA Region 4
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A. Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A. Pheophytin (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A. Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
August S. 2000
12
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Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric, Unconnected
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected
Phosphorous, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3)
Nitrogen, Total (TN)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN)
Phosphorus, Total (TP)
SECCHI
Level in ecoregions:
36,38,39, 66, 67, 68,-69, 70
5.1.7 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 12
Data sources:
Legacy STORJET
Parameters:
August 8. 2000
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(ug/L)
(m)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3)
Nitrogen, Total (TN)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN)
Phosphorus, Total (TP)
SECCHI
Level III ecoregions:
75
5.1.8 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 13
Data sources:
Legacy STORET
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(ug/L)
(m)
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Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug/L)
SECCHI (m)
Level HI ecoregions:
76
5.2 Rivers and Streams
5.2.1 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 2
Data sources:
Legacy STORET
NASQAN
NAWQA
EPA Region 10
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll B, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric (ug/L)
Phosphorous, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP) (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Phosphorus. Orthophosphate, Total as P (ug/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) Reactive (ug/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug'L)
August 8. 2000
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Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity . (JCU)
Turbidity (NTU)
Level EH ecoregions:
1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23,41, 77, 78
5.2.2 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 3
Data sources:
Legacy STORET
NASQAN
NAWQA
EPA Region 10
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll B, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric (ug/L)
Phosphorous, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP) (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
' Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug/L)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Turbidity (NTU)
Level III ecoregions:
6,10,12,13,14.18.20,22,24,79,80,81
August 8. 2000
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5.2.3 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 6
Data sources:
Legacy STORE!
NASQAN
NAWQA
EPA Region 5
EPA Region 7
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected
Chlorophyll B, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric
Phosphorous, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3)
Nitrogen, Total (TN)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN)
Organic, Phosphorus
Phosphorus, Total (TP)
Phosphorus, Orthophosphate, Total as P
Turbidity
Turbidity
Turbidity
Level III ecoregions:
46, 47,48, 54, 55, 57
5.2.4 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 7
Data sources:
LCMPD
Legacy STORET
NASQAN
NAWQA
NYCDEP
August 8, 2000
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(FTU)
(JCU)
(NTU)
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Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll B, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric (ug/L)
Phosphorous, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP) (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Organic, Phosphorus (ug/L)
Phosphorus, Orthophosphate, Total as P (ug/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug/L)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Turbidity (NTU)
Level ffl ecoregions:
51,52,53,56,60,61,83
5.2.5 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 9
Data sources:
Auburn University
Legacy STORET
NASQAN
NAWQA
EPA Region 3
EPA Region 5
EPA Region 7
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric, Uncorrected (ug/L)
August 8. 2000
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Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll B, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric (ug/L)
Chlorophyll B, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric (ug/L)
Phosphorous, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP) (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Organic, Phosphorus (ug/L)
Phosphorus, Orthophosphate, Total as P (ug/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug/L)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Turbidity (NTU)
Level HI ecoregions:'
29, 33, 35, 37, 40, 45, 64, 65, 71, 72, 74
5.2.6 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 11
Data sources:
Auburn University
Legacy STORET
NASQAN
NAWQA
EPA Region 3
EPA Region 5
EPA Region 7
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll B, Phytoplankton, chromotographic- fluorometric (ug/L)
Phosphorous, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP) (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Organic, Phosphorus (ug/L)
August 8, 2000
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Phosphorus, Orthophosphate, Total as P (ug/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) c (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug/L)
Turbidity . (FTU)
Turbidity (JCU)
Turbidity (NTU)
Level III ecoregions:
36, 38, 39, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70
5.2.7 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 12
Data sources:
Legacy STORET
NASQAN
NAWQA
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected (ug/L)
Chlorophyll B, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric (ug/L)
Phosphorous. Dissolved Inorganic (DIP) * (ug/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total (TN) (mg/L)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) (mg/L)
Phosphorus, Orthophosphate, Total as P (ug/L)
Phosphorus, Total (TP) (ug/L)
Turbidity (FTU)
Turbidity (NTU)
Level HI ecoregions:
75
August 8, 2000
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5.2.8 Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregion 14
Data sources:
Legacy STORE!
NASQAN
NAWQA
NYCDEP
EPA Region 1
EPA Region 3
Parameters:
Chlorophyll A, Fluorometric, Corrected
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric Acid
Chlorophyll A, Phytoplankton, Spectrophotometric, Uncorrected
Chlorophyll A, Trichromatic, Uncorrected
Phosphorous, Dissolved Inorganic (DIP)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Nitrite and Nitrate, (NO2+NO3)
Phosphorus, Orthophosphate, Total as P
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN)
Nitrogen, Total (TN)
Phosphorus, Total (TP)
Turbidity
Turbidity
Turbidity
Level HI ecoregions:
59, 63, 84
August 8,2000
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(ug/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(ug/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(ug/L)
(FTU)
(JCU)
(NTU)
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APPENDIX A
Process Used to QA/QA the Legacy STORE! Nutrient Data Set
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t. STORET water quality parameters and Station and Sample data items were retrieved
from USEPA's mainframe computer. Table 1 lists all retrieved parameters and data
items.
TABLE 1: PARAMETERS AND DATA ITEMS RETRIEVED FROM STORET
Parameters Retrieved
(STORET Parameter Code)
TN - mg/1 (600)
TKN - mg/1 (625)
Total Ammonia (NH3+NH4) - mg/1 (6 1 0)
Total NO2-f-NO3 - mg/1 (630)
Total Nitrite -mg/1 (6 15)
Total Nitrate - mg/1 (620)
Organic N - mg/L (605)
TP - mg/1 (665)
Chlor a - ug/L (spectrophotometric method,
32211)
Chlor a - ug/L (fluorometric method corrected.
32209)
Chlor a - ug/L (trichromatic method corrected.
32210)
Secchi Transp. - inches (77)
Secchi Transp. - meters (78)
+TurbidityJCUs(70)
-^Turbidity FTUs (76)
+Turbidiry NTUs field (82078)
-^Turbidity NTUs lab (82079)
-DO - mg/L (300)
•+• Water Temperature (degrees C, 10/degrees F,'
11)
Station Data Items Included
(STORET Item Name)
Station Type (TYPE)
Agency Code (AGENCY)
Station No. (STATION)
Latitude - std. decimal degrees
(LATSTD)
Longitude - std. decimal degrees
(LONGSTD)
Station Location (LOCNAME)
County Name (CONAME)
State Name (STNAME)
Ecoregion Name - Level III
(ECONAME)
Ecoregion Code -Level III
(ECOREG)
Station Elevation (ELEV)
Hydrologic Unit Code
(CATUNIT)
RF1 Segment and Mile
(RCHMIL)
RF1ON/OFF tag (ONOFF)
Sample Data Items
Included
(STORET Item Name)
Sample Date (DATE)
Sample Time (TIME)
Sample Depth (DEPTH)
Composite Sample Code
(SAMPMETH)
* If data record available at a station included data only for this or other such marked parameters, data record was
deleted from data set.
The following set of retrieval rules were applied to the retrieval process:
• Data were retrieved for waterbodies specified only as 'lake', 'stream', 'reservoir',
or 'estuary' under "Station Type" parameter. Any stations specified as 'well,'
'spring,' or 'outfall' were eliminated from the retrieved data set.
• Data were retrieved for station types described as 'ambient' (e.g., no pipe or facility
discharge data) under the "Station Type" parameter.
• Data were retrieved that were designated as 'water' samples only. This includes
'bottom' and 'vertically integrated' water samples.
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2.
3.
• Data were retrieved that were designated as either 'grab' samples and 'composite'
samples (mean result only).
• No limits were specified for sample depths.
• Data were retrieved for all fifty states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. '
• The time period specified for data retrieval was January 1990 to September 1998.
• No data marked as "Retired Data" (i.e., data from a generally unknown source) were
retrieved.
• Data marked as "National Urban Runoff data" (i.e., data associated with sampling
conducted after storm events to assess nonpoint source pollutants) were included in
the retrieval. Such data are part of STORET's 'Archived' data.
• Intensive survey data (i.e., data collected as part of specific studies) were retrieved.
Any values falling below the 1st percentile and any values falling above the 99th
percentile were transformed into 'missing' values (i.e., values were effectively removed
from the data set, but were not permanently eliminated).
Based on the STORET 'Remark Code' associated with each retrieved data point,, the
following rules were applied (Table 2):
TABLE 2: STORET REMARK CODE RULES
t
STORET Remark Code
blank - Data not remarked.
A-
B-
C-
D-
E-
F-
G-
Value reported is the mean of two or more determinations.
Results based upon colony counts outside the acceptable ranges.
Calculated. Value stored was not measured directly, but was
calculated from other data available.
Field measurement.
Extra sample taken in compositing.process.
In the case of species. F indicates female sex.
Value reported is the maximum of two or more determinations.
Keep or Delete Data Point
Keep
Keep
Delete
Keep
Keep
Delete
Delete
Delete
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TABLE 2: STORET REMARK CODE RULES
H-
I-
J-
K-
L-
M-
N-
O-
P-
Q-
R-
S-
T-
U-
V-
W-
X-
Y-
Z-
Value based on field kit determination; results may not be accurate.
The value reported is less than the practical quantification limit and
greater than or equal to the method detection limit.
Estimated. Value shown is not a result of analytical measurement.
Off-scale low. Actual value not known, but known to be less than
value shown.
Off-scale high. Actual value not known, but known to be greater
than value shown.
Presence of material verified, but not quantified. Indicates a
positive detection, at a level too low to permit accurate
quantification.
Presumptive evidence of presence of material.
Sample for, but analysis lost. Accompanying value is not
meaningful for analysis.
Too numerous to count.
Sample held beyond normal holding time.
Significant rain in the past 48 hours.
Laboratory test.
Value reported is less than the criteria of detection.
Material was analyzed for, but not detected. Value stored is the
limit of detection for the process in use.
Indicates the analyte was detected in both the sample and associated
method blank.
Value observed is less than the lowest value reportafale under
remark "T."
Value is quasi vertically-integrated sample.
Laboratory analysis from unpreserved sample. Data may not be
accurate.
Too many colonies were present to count.
Delete
Keep, but used one-half the
reported value as the new value.
Delete
Keep, but used one-half the reported
value as the new value.
Keep
Keep, but used one half the reported
value as the new value.
Delete
Delete
Delete
Delete
Delete
Keep
Keep, but replaced reported value with
0.
Keep, but replaced reported value with ,
0.
Delete
Keep, but replaced reported value with
.0.
No data point with this remark code in
data set.
Delete
Delete
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TABLE 2: STORET REMARK CODE RULES
If a parameter (excluding water temperature) value was less than or equal to zero and no remark code was present,
the value was transformed into a missing value.
Rationale - Parameter concentrations should never be zero without a proper explanation. A method detection limit
should at least be listed.
4. Station records were eliminated from the. data set if any of the following descriptors were
present within the "Station Type" parameter:
»• MONITR - Source monitoring site, which monitors a known problem or to detect
a specific problem.
*• HAZARD - Site of hazardous or toxic wastes or substances.
>• ANPOOL - Anchialine pool, underground pools with subsurface connections to
watertable and ocean..
*• DOWN - Downstream (i.e., within a potentially polluted area) from a facility
which has a potential to pollute.
*• IMPDMT - Impoundment. Includes waste pits, treatment lagoons, and settling
and evaporation ponds.
+ STMSWR - Storm water sewer.
»• LNDFL - Landfill.
+ CMBMI - Combined municipal and industrial facilities.
»• CMBSRC - Combined source (intake and outfall).
Rationale - these descriptors potentially indicate a station location that at which an
ambient water sample would not be obtained (i.e., such sampling locations are potentially
biased) or the sample location is not located within one of the designated water body types
(i.e, ANPOOL).
5. Station records were eliminated from data set if the station location did not fall within any
established cataloging unit boundaries based on their latitude and longitude.
6. Using nutrient ecoregion GIS coverage provided by USEPA. all station locations with
latitude and longitude coordinates were tagged with a nutrient ecoregion identifier
(nutrient region identifiers are values 1-14) and the associated nutrient ecoregion name.
Because no nutrient ecoregions exist for Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, stations located
in these states were tagged with "dummy" nutrient ecoregion numbers (20 = Alaska, 21 =
Hawaii, 22 = Puerto Rico).
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7.
August 8.2000
Using information provided by TV A, 59 station locations that were marked as 'stream'
locations under the "Station Type" parameter were changed to 'reservoir' locations.
8. The nutrient data retrieved from STORET were assessed for the presence of duplicate data
records. The duplicate data identification process consisted of three steps: 1) identification
of records that matched exactly in terms of each variable retrieved; 2) identification of
records that matched exactly in terms of each variable retrieved except for their station
identification numbers; and 3) identification of records that matched exactly in terms of
each variable retrieved except for their collecting agency codes. The data duplication
assessment procedures were conducted using S AS programs.
Prior to initiating the data duplication assessment process, the STORET nutrient data set
contained:
41,210 station records
924,420 sample records
• Identification of exactly matching records
All data records were sorted to identify those records that matched exactly. For two
records to match exactly, all variables retrieved had to be the same, For example,
they had to have the same water quality parameters, parameter results and associated
remark codes, and have the same station data item and sample data item information.
Exactly matching records were considered to be exact duplicates, and one duplicate
record of each identified matching set were eliminated from the nutrient data set. A
total of 924 sample records identified as duplicates by this process were eliminated
from the data set.
• • Identification of matching records with the exception of station identification number
All data records were sorted to identify those records that matched exactly except for
their station identification number (i.e., they had the same water quality parameters,
parameter results and associated remark codes, and the same station and sample data
item information with the exception of station identification number). Although the
station identification numbers were different, the latitude and longitude for the
stations were the same indicating a duplication of station data due to the existence of
two station identification numbers for the same station. For each set of matching
records, one of the station identification numbers was randomly selected and its
associated data were eliminated from the data set. A total of 686 sample records
were eliminated from the data set through this process.
• , Identification of matching records with the exception of collecting agencv codes
All data records were sorted to identify those records that matched exactly except for
their collecting agency codes (i.e., they had the same water quality parameters,
parameter results and associated remark codes, and the same station and sample data (
item information with the exception of agency code). The presence of two matching
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data records each with a different agency code attached to it suggested that one
agency had utilized data collected by the other agency and had entered the data
into STORET without realizing that it already had been placed in STORE! by the
other agency. No matching records with greater than two different agency codes
were identified. For determining which record to delete from the data set, the
following rules were developed:
*• If one of the matching records had a USGS agency code, the USGS record
was retained and the other record was deleted.
> Higher level agency monitoring program data were retained. For example,
federal program data (indicated by a "1" at the beginning of the STORET
agency code) were retained against state (indicated by a "2") and local
(indicated by values higher than 2) program data.
*• If two matching records had the same level agency code, the record from the
agency with the greater number of overall observations (potentially indicating
the data set as the source data set) was retained.
A total of 2,915 sample records were eliminated through this process.
As a result of the duplicate data identification process, a total of 4,525 sample records and
36 individual station records were removed from the STORET nutrient data set. The
resulting nutrient data set contains the following:
41,174 station records
919;895 sample records
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APPENDIX B
Process for Adding Aggregate Nutrient Ecoregions and Level IE Ecoregions
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Steps for assigning Level EH ecoregions and aggregate nutrient ecoregion codes and names to the
Nutrient Criteria Database (performed using ESRI's ARCView v 3.2 and its GeoProcessing
Wizard). This process is performed twice; once for the Level m ecoregions and once for the
aggregate nutrient ecoregions:
Add the station .dbf data table, with latitude and longitude data, to project by 'Add Event
Theme1
Convert to the shapefile format
Create 'stcojoin* field, populate the 'stcojoin' field with the following formula:
'County.LCase+State.LCase'
Add field 'stco_flagl to the station shapefile
Spatially join the station data with the county shapefile (cntys_jned.shp)
Select 'stcojoin1 (station shapefile) field = 'stco Join2f (county shapefile) field
Calculate stco_flag = 0 for selected features
Step through all blank stco_flag records, assign the appropriate stco_flags, see list on the
following page
Select all stco_fiags = 4 or 7, switch selection
Calculate ctyfips (station) to cntyfips (county)
Stop editing and save edits, remove all joins
Add in 2 new fields 'x-coordl1 and 'y-coordl1 into station table
Select all stco_flags = 1,2, and 6
Link county coverage with station coverage
Populate 'x-coordl' and 'y-coordl' with 'x-coord' and 'y-coord' from county coverage
Select all stco_flags =1,2, and 6, export to new .dbf file
Add new .dbf file as event theme
Convert to shapefile format
Add the following fields to both tables (original station and station!26 shapefiles):
'eco_omer', 'name^mer1, 'dis_aggr', 'code_aggrl, 'name_aggrl •
Spatially join station 126 and eco-omer coverage
Populate the 'ecojjmer1 field with the 'eco' value
Repeat the previous step using the nearest method (line coverage) to determine ecoregion
assignment for the line coverage, if some records are blank
Spatially join the ecoregion line coverage to station coverage, link the
LP61y# (from the spatially joined table) to Poly# (of the ecoregion polygon
coverage)
Populate the Eco fields with the appropriate information.
Follow the same steps to the Rpolytf
Remove all table joins
Link the useco-om table with station 126 table and populate 'name-omer1 field
Spatially join station aggr coverage and populate the rest of the fields. Follow the same
procedures as outlined above
Remove all joins
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Make sure the new Eco field added into the station 126 shapefile are different than the
ones in the original station shapefile
Join station 126 and station coverage by station-id
Populate all the Eco fields in the original station coverage
Remove all joins
Save table
Make sure that all ctyfips records are populated; the county shapefile may have to be
joined to populate the records, if the stco_flag = 4
Create 2 new fields, "NewCounty and "NewState*
Populate these new fields with a spatial join to the county coverage
Select by feature (ecoregion shapefile) all of the records in the station shapefile
Switch selection (to get records outside of the ecoregion shapefile)
If any of the selected records have stco_flag = 0 (they are outside the ecoregion
shapefile boundary), calculate them to stco_flag = 3
stco_flags (state/county flags in order of importance)
0 The state and county values from the data set matched the state and county values
from the spatial join. ,
(Ecoregions were assigned based on the latitude/longitude coordinates.)
1 The state and county values from the data set did not match the state and county
values from the spatial join, but the point was inside the county coverage
boundary.
(Ecoregions were assigned based on the county centroid.)
2 The state and county values from the data set did not match the state and county
values from the spatial join because the point was outside the county coverage
boundary; therefore, there was nothing to compare to the point (i.e., the point
falls in the ocean/Canada/Mexico). This occurred for some coastal samples.
(Ecoregions were assigned based on the county centroid.)
3 The state and county values from the data set matched the state and county from
the spatial join, but the point was outside the ecoregion boundary.
(Ecoregions were assigned to the closest ecoregion to the point.)
(No ecoregions were assigned to AK, HI, PR, BC, and GU.)
4 Latitude/longitude coordinates were provided, but there was no'county
information.
(Ecoregions were assigned based on the latitude/longitude coordinates.)
5 The state and county values from the data set did not match the state and county
values from the spatial join due to spelling or naming convention errors.
The matches were performed manually.
(Ecoregions were assigned based on the latitude/longitude coordinates.)
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No latitude/longitude coordinates were provided, only state and county
information was available.
(Ecoregions were assigned based on the county centroid.)
No latitude/longitude coordinates were provided, only state information was
available; therefore, no matches were possible.
(Ecoregions were not assigned. Data is not included in the analysis.)
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APPENDIX C
Glossary
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Coefficient of Variation—Equal to the standard deviation divided by the mean multiplied by 100.
Maximum—The highest value.
Mean—The arithmetic average.
Median—The 50* percentile or middle value. Half of the values are above the median, and half
of the values are below the median.
Minimum—The lowest value.
Standard Deviation—Equal to the square root of the variance with the variance defined as the
sum of the squared deviations divided by the sample size minus one.
Standard Error— Standard error of the mean is equal to the standard deviation divided by the
square root of the sample size.
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