United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
4301
EPA-822-R-00-008
April 2000
Estimated Per Capita Water Ingestion
in the United States
Based on Data Collected by the
United States Department of Agriculture's
1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food
Intakes by Individuals
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ESTIMATED PER CAPITA WATER INGESTION
IN THE UNITED STATES
April, 2000
Based on Data Collected by the United States Department of Agriculture's
1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals
Support provided under
EPA Contracts: # 68-C4-0046 and # 68-C-99-233
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors
Helen L. Jacobs, M.S.
Julie T. Du, Ph.D.
Henry D. Kahn, D.Sc.
Kathleen A. Stralka, M.S.
Technical Support
Rita Schoeny, Ph.D.
Carol Lang, M.S.
Annetta Cook, M.S.
Dung Bich Phan, B.S.
Jan Coulson, B.S.
Lynn Donaldson, M.S.
Document Review
Denis Borum, B.S.
Joyce Donohue, Ph.D.
Management Support
Jeanette Wiltse, Ph.D., J.D.
Sheila Frace, B.S.
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
Science Applications International Corporation
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Science Applications International Corporation
Science Applications International Corporation
Science Applications International Corporation
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
Director, Health and Ecological Criteria Division
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
Director, Engineering and Analysis Division
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
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SAB REVIEW PANEL MEMBERS
AND FEDERAL EXPERT
The following professionals provided technical comments and insight regarding the content and technical
approach of the efforts leading to this report. The listed individuals are members of the Drinking Water
Intake Subcommittee to the Environmental Protection Agency's Science Advisory Board (SAB). Mr.
Thomas O. Miller is the Designated Federal Official for the EPA.
SAB Review Co-Chairs:
Dr. Henry A. Anderson, Chief Medical Officer, Wisconsin Bureau of Public Health, Madison, WI
Dr. Richard Bull, Senior Staff Scientist, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA
SAB Review Panelists:
Dr. Judy Bean, Director, Biostatistics Program, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Inc.,
Cincinnati, OH
Dr. Cynthia Bearer, Assistant Professor, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
Dr. John Evans, Program in Environmental Science and Risk Management, Harvard School of Public
Health, Cambridge, MA
Dr. Anna Fan-Cheuk, Chief, Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section, Office of
Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA
Dr. Richard Gilbert, Staff Scientist, Battelle Washington Office, Washington, D.C.
Dr. Barbara L. Harper, Toxicologist, Yakama Indian Nation, Richland WA
Dr. Michael Jaycock, Senior Research Fellow, Rohm and Haas Co., Spring House, PA
Dr. Kai-Shen Liu, Epidemiologist, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley, CA
Dr. Edo Pellizzari, Vice President for Research, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC
Dr. Barbara Peterson, President, Novigen Sciences, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Federal Expert:
Ms. Sharon Mickel, Nutritionist, Food Surveys Research Group, United States Department of Agriculture
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PREFACE
This report presents current estimates of per capita water ingestion. The basis for these estimates is
dietary and demographic data collected during a 1994 through 1996 survey conducted by the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA). In this survey, known as the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals (CSFII), two non-consecutive days of food ingestion data were collected from a sample of more
than 15,000 individuals in the 50 United States and the District of Columbia. Respondent information, in
conjunction with food code, recipe, and nutrient data from USDA, forms the means of estimating per capita
ingestion of plain drinking water (direct water) and water ingested indirectly. Water used in the final
preparation of foods and beverages at home, or by food service establishments such as school cafeterias
and restaurants is defined as indirect water. Quantities of ingested water reported in the USDA 1994
through 1996 CSFII are averaged by participant to generate a two-day average. These daily average
ingestion amounts comprise the empirical distributions from which mean and upper percentile per capita
ingestion estimates are produced.
The CSFII survey, and consequently estimates reported in this document, extend to the population of
the United States. We augment population per capita ingestion estimates with estimates of per capita
ingestion by various population subsets. These population subsets include (1) gender and age categories
and (2) pregnant, lactating, and childbearing-age women. Subpopulation ingestion estimates support
assessments of "at risk" populations.
EPA generated the estimates in this report in response to legislative mandates in Safe Drinking Water
Act Amendments of 1996. These mandates require up-to-date information on water ingestion to identify
subpopulations at elevated risk of health effects from exposure to contaminants in drinking water. These
up-to-date estimates also support characterization of health risks to sensitive populations from
contaminants in drinking water. The estimates in this document characterize the empirical distributions of
two-day average per capita ingestion of water for specific subpopulations. Subpopulation estimates apply
to demographic categories but do not distinguish individuals with a history of serious illness or with
lifestyles that effect water consumption.
Water ingestion rates for the overall population and for subpopulations have several important
applications within the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Information on water
intake is used in risk assessment and regulations which involve default values for water ingestion and in the
estimation of risks to highly exposed and/or sensitive populations.
It is important to emphasize that risk is a function of both exposure and sensitivity. Sensitivity is
determined by genetics, developmental stage (old as well as young), lifestyle, and preexisting disease
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conditions. With the exception of age, these other determinants of sensitivity are not addressed in this
report.
Water ingestion estimates in this document support the evaluation and possible revision of the standard
water ingestion quantities of two liters for a 70-kilogram average adult and one liter for a 10-kilogram
child. These standard quantities are used by many federal agencies including the EPA and the World
Health Organization (WHO). The two liter standard is supported by a 1989 National Cancer Institute
report on tap water consumption (Ershow and Cantor, 1989). Estimates of water ingested in this report
differ from the estimates reported by Ershow and Cantor for several reasons. Ershow and Cantor's
estimates are based on data from the 1977-78 USDA National Food Consumption Survey while the
estimates reported here are based on 1994-96 data. Also, the 1989 report presents estimates of tap water
ingestion. Ershow and Cantor define tap water as "water from the household tap." In this report, water
coming from the tap is distinguished by source. Sources of water coming from the tap may include:
community water, household well or cistern, a household or public spring, and other. Thus, estimates in
this report are expected to differ from those reported in 1989 because the estimates in this report
incorporate more recent ingestion data and thus reflect changes in ingestion behavior. Also, estimates will
differ between the 1989 report and this report because the sources of water ingested are more definitive in
this report. A third way that the estimates in this report differ from those in the 1989 report is that the
1994-96 data include water ingestion by pregnant and lactating women. These women were excluded from
the 1989 report. To further address changes in water ingestion patterns, this report provides separate
estimates for community water, bottled water, and water from other sources.
This report consists of the following chapters:
• Executive Summary, summarizes the most pertinent information contained in this report,
including the main features of the CSFII data collection and results from the analysis.
• Chapter 1, Definitions, identifies water-related terms used in the report. Definitions distinguish
indirect water from direct water and identify water sources.
Chapter 2, Sources of Data, describes the surveys; summarizes the method of data collection; and
identifies the respondent data files and concomitant information files used to establish the
estimates. Appendix D provides the details of the sample design.
Chapter 3, Methods, presents the means of determining source and amount of direct water
ingested by survey respondents. Conventions for identifying and determining the amount of water
ingested indirectly through food preparations are also presented. Data convention descriptions are
followed by a summary of the statistical methods used for generating mean and empirical percentile
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estimates and the size of the subpopulation to which the estimates are applicable. Appendix D
records statistical estimation formulae.
Chapter 4, Results, provides an overview of key results. These results are augmented with
graphical presentations and numerous tables of the empirical distribution of estimated average
daily per capita ingestion of water.
Chapter 5, Discussion, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the CSFII for estimating
per capita water ingestion in the United States. Sources of error, bias, and uncertainty are defined,
and the report's conclusions are presented.
Material included in the appendices augment the data convention descriptions and methods described in
Chapters 2 and 3. Appendix E presents tabulated estimates of per capita water ingestion by water source
and subpopulation for all respondents and for "consumers only."
• Appendix A, CSFII Survey Questions Pertaining to Water Ingestion, lists the household level
questions that are used to determine water source, sample person questions that identify the number
of fluid ounces and source of directly ingested water, and food item questions for determining foods
with water added at home or by a food service facility.
• Appendix B, Examples of Procedures Used in the Estimation of Indirect Water Ingestion,
provides three sets of examples. For food codes that were prepared at home or by food service
establishments, Appendix Bl identifies how the proportion of indirect water in 100 grams of each
food was estimated and provides examples. Appendix B2 provides examples, supplied by USDA,
of how to estimate preparation water absorbed in foods such as cooked pasta, rice, cereal grains,
beans, and legumes. USDA guidance and examples for calculating the percent and amount of
moisture in 100 grams of food follow in Appendix B3.
• Appendix C, 1994-96 CSFII Food Codes, lists CSFII Food Codes at the three-digit level and the
assignments of percentage of indirect water and commercial water in Cl and C2, respectively.
Commercially added waters are not included in the ingestion estimates presented in this report.
Appendix C3 lists food codes and their corresponding proportions of water in 100 grams of food.
• Appendix D, Statistical Methods and Sample Design, provides the statistical formulae for
generating point and interval estimates about the mean and upper percentiles of the distribution of
two-day average per capita water ingestion. This appendix also provides the details of the sample
design.
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Appendix E, Per Capita Water Ingestion Estimates, includes tabulated presentations of per
capita water ingestion estimates. All estimates are from empirical distributions of two-day
average amounts of water ingested. This appendix presents tables for the entire population and for
individuals in specific subpopulations in four parts. Parts I and II record estimates of direct,
indirect, and both direct and indirect water ingestion for all individuals. Parts III and IV contain
water ingestion estimates for "consumers only." These estimates only include individuals who
reported ingestion of the water under consideration. Therefore, these estimates do not include
individuals who reported zero amounts of water ingested from the water source under
consideration. Biological and commercially added waters are not included in the amounts of
indirect water ingested.
Five sets of estimates comprise each part of this appendix. The five sets differ by the source of
water ingested. These sources are community water, bottled water, water from other sources,
missing source, and all sources. Each part contains three tables of estimates for each water source.
These tables report water ingestion estimates by gender and broad age category; fine age category;
and pregnant, lactating, and childbearing-age women. For each water source, ingestion estimates
contained in Parts I and Parts III are reported in units of milliliters/person/day. Units for Parts II
and IV are in milliliters/kilogram of body weight/day.
Appendix F, Final SAB Report and EPA Response, includes the results of a review of the July
1999 version of this report by the Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee (DWIS), a special
subcommittee of the EPA SAB. The EPA's response to this report is also included.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The objective of the report is to provide current estimates of water ingestion for the population of the
United States and selected subpopulations. The subpopulations include gender and age categories,
pregnant women, lactating women and women of childbearing age. These ingestion estimates may be used
in estimating risk to human health from the ingestion of contaminated waters. Knowledge of water
ingestion is of fundamental importance to the mission of the Office of Water, and credible national
estimates are of great utility to many EPA programs. In particular, the estimates support the development
of risk assessments based on the ingestion of water that may be contaminated. The Safe Drinking Water
Act Amendments of 1996 require EPA to identify subpopulations at elevated risk of health effects from
exposure to contaminants in drinking water and to conduct studies characterizing health risk to sensitive
populations from contaminants in drinking water. The process of establishing human risk requires
up-to-date information on water ingestion and this report responds to that need.
The reported estimates were calculated using data from the combined 1994, 1995, and 1996
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), conducted by the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA). The CSFII is a complex, multistage area probability sample of the entire United
States and is conducted to survey the food and beverage intake of the United States. The CSFII collected
two non-consecutive days of food ingestion data from a sample of more than 15,000 individuals. The two
days of dietary intake, in conjunction with food code, recipe, and nutrient data from the USDA, were used
to identify the direct (plain drinking water) and indirect water consumed by each respondent. Indirect water
is defined as water used in the final preparation of foods and beverages at home, or by food service
establishments such as school cafeterias and restaurants. Quantities of ingested water reported were
averaged by participant to generate a two-day average. These daily average ingestion amounts comprise
the empirical distributions from which mean and percentile per capita ingestion estimates are produced.
This report provides ingestion estimates of direct water, indirect water and both direct and indirect
water combined .: Also provided are water ingestion amounts by water source. Sources include
community water, bottled water, other sources, and all sources combined (total water)2. Other sources
include water from private household wells and rain cisterns, and household and public springs.
1For the purpose of this report, indirect water does not include water found naturally in foods (biological water) and
water added by commercial food and beverage manufacturers (commercial water).
^References in this report to the ingestion of community water, bottled water, and other water refer to the ingestion of
the combined amount of direct and indirect community, bottled, or other water, respectively.
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Additionally, the report provides estimates of water consumption for "all individuals" and for
"consumers only". The estimates for all individuals are based on all survey respondents in the population
(or subpopulation) under consideration including those who reported no consumption of the water from the
source under consideration during the two survey days. The "consumers only" estimates are based on only
those respondents in the population (or subpopulation) of interest who reported ingestion of the water from
the source under consideration during the two survey days and excludes the "zero" consumers. All
estimates are provided in units of milliliters/person/day (ml/person/day) and milliliters/kilogram of body
weight/day (ml/kg/day).
The estimated mean two-day average per capita ingestion of community water is 927 ml/person/day.
This mean ingestion estimate applies to all individuals in the United States population. A 90% confidence
interval about this mean ingestion ranges from 902 to 951 ml/person/day (See Table 4-1-B1). These
estimates of community water are based on a sample of 15,303 individuals in the 50 United States and the
District of Columbia. The sample was selected to represent the entire population of the United States based
on 1990 census data.
The estimated 90th percentile of the empirical distribution of two-day average per capita ingestion of
community water is 2.016 liters/person/day. The 90% bootstrap interval about the 90th percentile estimate
ranges from 1.991 to 2.047 liters/person/day. Therefore, current ingestion data indicate that 90 percent of
the United States population ingests an amount of community water which is approximately less than or
equal to the two liters/person/day estimate used as a standard ingestion value by many federal agencies
(See Table 4-1-B1).
Women aged 15 to 44 years, the childbearing years, ingest a mean of 922 ml of community water per
day (90% confidence interval is 887 to 957 ml). This mean ingestion is similar to the mean daily per capita
ingestion of community water for the United States population. Lactating women have the highest
community water ingestion of any subpopulation identified in the sample. Lactating women reported a
mean two-day average ingestion of 1.379 liters (90% confidence interval is 1.021 to 1.737 ml/person/day).
The 90th and 95th percentile estimates of ingestion of community water for lactating women are 2.872 and
3.434 liters/day, respectively (See Table 4-1-E).
The estimates of community water ingestion based on "consumers only" are higher than those based on
all individuals because respondents reporting zero community water ingestion during the two survey days
are excluded from the analysis. For "consumers only," the estimated mean two-day average per capita
ingestion of community water is 1.0 liter/person/day (90% confidence interval is 976 to 1,024
ml/person/day). These estimates are based on the 14,012 respondents to the CSFII who reported
consuming community water. The estimated 90th percentile of consumption is 2.069 liters/person/day
(See Table 4-2-B1).
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The highest consumption estimates (and therefore most conservative with regard to risk) are for total
water ingestion by "consumers only." The estimated mean ingestion of total water by "consumers only" is
1,241 ml/person/day (90% confidence interval is 1,208 to 1,274 ml/person/day). The estimated 90th and
95th percentiles are 2,345 ml/person/day and 2,922 ml/person/day, respectively (See Table 4-2-A).
For babies younger than one year old the estimated mean community water ingestion is 342
ml/person/day (90% confidence interval is 295 to 388 ml/person/day); the estimated 90th percentile is 878
ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 849 to 918 ml/person/day); and the 95th percentile is 1,040
ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 936 to 1121 ml/person/day) (See Table 4-1-B1). Thus, the
standard one liter ingestion rate used in risk assessments for a 10-kilogram child is approximately less than
or equal to the 95th percentile of the empirical distribution of community water ingestion for infants.
For babies younger than one year old who are water consumers, the estimated mean total water
ingestion is 563 ml/person/day (90% confidence interval is 508 to 618 ml/person/day). The estimated 90th
percentile is 968 ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 940 to 1,121 ml/person/day), and the estimated
95th percentile is 1,236 ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 1,121 to 1,282 ml/person/day). Thus, the
one liter standard used in risk assessments for a 10-kilogram child is approximately less than or equal to
the 90th percentile of the empirical distribution of total water ingestion for babies less than one year old
when considering "consumers only" (See Table 4-2-D1).
The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA, 1989) for water intake are 1.5 ml/K cal and 980 K
cal/day for a child between six months and one year old. Thus, the RDA for a 10-kilogram child is
equivalent to 1,275 ml of water/day. Therefore, the default of 1 liter/10-kg child/day is slightly lower than
the RDA value of 1,275 milliliters per child per day.
For children one to ten years old, the estimated mean community water ingestion is 400 ml/person/day
(90% confidence interval is 380 to 420 ml/person/day); the 90th percentile is 905 ml/person/day (90%
bootstrap interval is 863 to 935 ml/person/day) and the 95th percentile is 1,118 ml/person/day (90%
bootstrap interval is 1,079 to 1,143 ml/person/day), respectively (See Table 4-1-B1). Thus, the standard
one liter ingestion rate used for risk assessments for a 10-kilogram child lies between the 90th and 95th
percentiles of the empirical distribution of community water ingestion for children one to ten years old.
For children one to ten years old who consume water, the estimated mean total water ingestion is 532
ml/person/day (90% confidence interval is 509 to 556 ml/person/day). The estimated 90th percentile of
total water ingestion is 1,004 ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 980 to 1,030 ml/person/day), and
the estimated 95th percentile is 1,242 ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 1,198 to 1,284
ml/person/day) (See Table 4-2-D1). Thus, the one liter standard ingestion used in risk assessments for a
10-kilogram child is approximately less than or equal to the 90th percentile of the empirical distributions of
total water ingestion for children one to ten years old when considering "consumers only."
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When considering water ingestion rates based on units of milliliters per kilogram of body weight per
day, this analysis shows that the mean ingestion rates for babies younger than one year are estimated to be
three to four times higher than the mean rates for the population as a whole. For example, the estimated
community water ingestion rate is 46 ml/kg/day (90% confidence interval is 39 to 53 ml/kg/day) for babies
in the U.S. population versus 16 ml/kg/day (90% confidence interval is 15 to 16 ml/kg/day) for the general
population (See Table 4-1-B2). The estimated community water ingestion rate for babies consuming
community water is 69 ml/kg/day (90% confidence interval is 62 to 77 ml/kg/day) versus 17 ml/kg/day
(90% confidence interval is 16 to 17 ml/person/day) for the general population (See Table 4-2-B2).
The mean per capita ingestion of community water is 75 percent of the mean total water ingested from
all sources. The mean bottled water ingested is 13 percent of the mean of total water ingestion, while water
from other sources such as wells and rain cisterns is 10 percent of the mean of total water ingested.
Many federal agencies, including EPA, use the standard water ingestion quantities of two liters for a
70-kilogram adult and one liter for a 10-kilogram child. This 2-liter quantity of ingested water is
supported by a National Cancer Institute (NCI) analysis of the USDA 1977-78 USDA National Food
Consumption Survey (NFCS) data (1989, Ershow and Cantor). The mean per capita daily intake of tap
water, as estimated from the 1977-78 NFCS data is 1.193 liters/person/day. The estimated percentile
corresponding to two liters per day ingested is the 88th. There are a number of differences in the
methodologies used in the Ershow and Cantor study and this analysis. One difference is that the Ershow
and Cantor estimates were based on 1977-78 data while the estimates in this document are based on data
collected in 1994 through 1996. A second difference is that the 1977-78 NFCS was based on three
consecutive days of food intake while the 1994-96 CSFII was based on two non-consecutive days. A third
difference is that the Ershow and Cantor report defined tap water as "water from the household tap." In
this report, water coming from the tap is distinguished by source. Sources of water coming from the tap
may include: community water, household well or cistern, a household or public spring, and other.
Another way that the estimates in this report differ from those in the 1989 report is that the 1994-96 data
include water ingestion by pregnant and lactating women. These women were excluded from the 1989
report.
The CSFII surveys have advantages and limitations for estimating per capita water ingestion. The
primary advantage of the CSFII surveys is that they were designed and conducted by the USDA to support
unbiased estimation of food consumption across the population in the United States and the District of
Columbia. One limitation of the CSFII surveys is that individual food consumption data were collected for
only two days—a brief period which does not necessarily depict "usual intake." Usual dietary intake is
defined as "the long-run average of daily intakes by an individual." Upper percentile estimates may differ
for short-term and long-term data because short term food consumption data tend to be inherently more
variable. It is important to note, however, that variability due to duration of the survey does not result in
bias of estimates of overall mean consumption levels. A second limitation is that the multistage survey
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design does not support interval estimates for many of the subpopulations reported in this document
because of sparse representation in the sample. Therefore, only mean and percentile estimates are reported
for all subpopulations considered here. The survey does support interval estimates for the U.S. population
and some large subpopulations which are presented in Chapter 4. A third limitation is that the survey
design does not support generating water consumption estimates for certain subpopulations of interest.
Examples of such subpopulations are Native Americans with traditional lifestyles, people who live in hot
climates, people who consume large amounts of water because of physical activity, and people with
medical conditions necessitating increased water intake. While these individuals are participants in the
survey, they are not present in sufficient numbers to support water ingestion estimates.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i
SAB REVIEW PANEL MEMBERS AND FEDERAL EXPERT ii
PREFACE iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS xiv
LIST OF FIGURES xvi
LIST OF KEY TABLES xviii
1. DEFINITIONS 1-1
2. USDA's CSFII SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND FILES 2-1
2.1 Survey Description 2-1
2.2 Dietary Records 2-2
2.3 Data Files 2-2
2.4 Survey Weights 2-3
3. METHODS 3-1
3.1 Data Conventions Applied to the 1994-96 CSFII Data 3-1
3.2 Statistical Methods 3-5
3.3 Rounding Procedures 3-7
3.4 Units of Measure Including Conversion Factors 3-7
3.5 Sample Size Criteria 3-7
4. RESULTS 4-1
4.1 Ingestion of Community Water
a. ml/person/day 4-2
b. ml/kg of body weight/day 4-2
4.2 Ingestion of Community Water by Age and Gender
a. ml/person/day 4-3
b. ml/kg of body weight/day 4-4
4.3 Ingestion of Community Water for Children Younger Than One Year of Age
a. ml/person/day 4-4
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b. ml/kg of body weight/day 4-4
4.4 Ingestion of Community Water for Women in Childbearing Years
a. ml/person/day 4-4
b. ml/kg of body weight/day 4-5
4.5 Ingestion of Bottled Water and Water from Other Sources 4-6
4.6 Ingestion of Total Water
a. for All Individuals 4-6
b. for "Consumers Only" 4-7
5. DISCUSSION 5-1
5.1 Survey Strengths and Limitations 5-1
5.2 Sources of Error, Bias, and Uncertainty 5-3
5.3 Conclusion 5-4
5.4 References 5-6
APPENDIX A: CSFII Survey Questions Pertaining to Water Ingestion A-l
APPENDIX B: Examples of Procedures Used in the Estimation of Indirect Water Ingestion B-l
APPENDIX C: 1994-96 CSFII Food Codes C-l
APPENDIX D: Statistical Methods and Sample Design D-l
APPENDIX E: Per Capita Water Ingestion Estimates E-l
APPENDIX F: SAB Report and EPA Response F-l
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3-1. Water Source Assignment for Direct Water Ingestion 3-9
3-2. Data Conventions for Direct Water Ingestion 3-10
3-3. Water Source Assignment for Indirect Water Ingestion 3-11
3-4. Data Conventions for Indirect Water Ingestion 3-12
4-1. All Individuals
4-1-A. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Water Ingestion - By Source (ml/person/day) 4-10
4-1 -B1. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Community Water Ingestion - By Age Categories (ml/person/day) 4-12
4-1-B2. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Community Water Ingestion - By Age Categories
(ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-14
4-1-C1. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Community Water Ingestion - By Gender and Age Categories (ml/person/day) 4-16
4-1-C2. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Community Water Ingestion - By Gender and Age Categories
(ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-18
4-1-D1. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Total Direct and
Indirect Water Ingestion - By Age Categories (ml/person/day) 4-20
4-1-D2. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Total Direct and
Indirect Water Ingestion - By Age Categories (ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-22
4-1-E. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Community Water Ingestion - By Pregnant, Lactating and Childbearing Age
Women Categories (ml/person/day) 4-24
4-1 -F1. Cumulative Distribution of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water
Ingestion (ml/person/day) 4-25
4-1-F2. Cumulative Distribution of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water
Ingestion (ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-26
4-1-G1. Histogram of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
(ml/person/day) 4-27
4-1-G2. Histogram of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
(ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-28
4-2. Consumers Only
4-2-A. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Water Ingestion - By Source (ml/person/day) 4-30
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4-2-B1. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Community Water Ingestion - By Age Categories (ml/person/day) 4-32
4-2-B2. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Community Water Ingestion - By Age Categories
(ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-34
4-2-C1. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Community Water Ingestion - By Gender and Age Categories (ml/person/day) 4-36
4-2-C2. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Community Water Ingestion - By Gender and Age Categories
(ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-38
4-2-Dl. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Total Direct and
Indirect Water Ingestion - By Age Categories (ml/person/day) 4-40
4-2-D2. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Total Direct and
Indirect Water Ingestion - By Age Categories (ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-42
4-2-E. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean Direct and Indirect
Community Water Ingestion - By Pregnant, Lactating and Childbearing Age
Women Categories (ml/person/day) 4-44
4-2-F1. Cumulative Distribution of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water
Ingestion (ml/person/day) 4-45
4-2-F2. Cumulative Distribution of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water
Ingestion (ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-46
4-2-G1. Histogram of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
(ml/person/day) 4-47
4-2-G2. Histogram of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
(ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-48
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LIST OF KEY TABLES
Table Page
4-1. All Individuals
4-1-A. Estimated Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion - By Source (ml/person/day) 4-9
4-1 -B1. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion - By Age Categories
(ml/person/day) 4-11
4-1-B2. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion - By Age Categories
(ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-13
4-1 -C1. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion - By Gender and
Age Categories (ml/person/day) 4-15
4-1-C2. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion - By Gender and
Age Categories (ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-17
4-1-D1. Estimated Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion - By Age Categories
(ml/person/day) 4-19
4-1-D2. Estimated Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion - By Age Categories
(ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-21
4-1-E. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion - By Pregnant,
Lactating and Childbearing Age Women Categories (ml/person/day) 4-23
4-2. Consumers Only
4-2-A. Estimated Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion - By Source (ml/person/day) 4-29
4-2-B 1. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion - By Age Categories
(ml/person/day) 4-31
4-2-B2. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion - By Age Categories
(ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-33
4-1 -C 1. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion - By Gender and
Age Categories (ml/person/day) 4-35
4-1-C2. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion - By Gender and
Age Categories (ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-37
4-2-D1. Estimated Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion - By Age Categories
(ml/person/day) 4-39
4-2-D2. Estimated Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion - By Age Categories
(ml/kg of body weight/day) 4-41
4-2-E. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion - By Pregnant,
Lactating and Childbearing Age Women Categories (ml/person/day) 4-43
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1. DEFINITIONS
Biological Water is water found naturally in foods. This water source is not included in the estimates
presented in this document.
Bottled Water is purchased plain water.
Broad Age Categories cover babies (less than one year old), children (one to 10 years old), young adults
(11 to 19 years old), adults (20 years and older).
Commercial Water is water added by the manufacturer prior to merchandising. This water is not included
in the estimates presented in this document. An example of commercial water is water added to bottled iced
tea by the manufacturer.
Community Water is tap water from the community water supply.
Consumers are individuals who reported ingestion of the water source under consideration. Individuals
with reported ingestions of zero are not considered consumers.
CSFII is the acronym for the USDA's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals.
Direct Water is plain water ingested directly as a beverage.
Fine Age Categories include 11 age groupings. These groupings are less than six months (<0.5 years),
between six months and one year (0.5 to 0.9 years), 1 to 3 years, 4 to 6 years, 7 to 10 years, 11 to 14
years, 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years, and 65 and older.
Food Code is an 8-digit number assigned to each unique food in the USDA Food Coding Database.
Food Coding Database is a database in the USDA CSFII 1994-96 Technical Support Files which
contains information used to code foods and amounts, including descriptions of the food code.
Indirect Water is water added to foods and beverages during final preparation at home, or by food service
establishments such as school cafeterias and restaurants. An example of indirect water is water added to
dry cake mix.
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Missing Water Source indicates that a survey participant responded "don't know" or "not ascertained" to
the survey question regarding the source of water.
Nutrient Database is a database in the USDA 1994-96 CSFII Technical Support Files which contains
nutrient composition information (including grams of water per 100 grams of food) used to calculate the
nutrient value of foods ingested in the CSFII.
Other Water is water obtained from one of the following sources: a well or rain cistern (household's),
spring (household's or public), or other source.
Preparation Water is water used to prepare foods. Preparation water includes the water used to prepare
foods at home and by local food service establishments (indirect water), as well as, water added by
commercial food manufacturers.
Recipe Database is a database in the USDA 1994-96 CSFII Technical Support Files which provides, for
each food code, a standard recipe including the gram weight of each ingredient.
Technical Support Files consist of four USDA technical databases used to code food data collected in the
1994-96 CSFII. They are the Food Coding Database, the Nutrient Database, the Recipe Database, and the
Pyramid Servings Database.
Total Water is the sum of direct and indirect water from all sources. Water sources include community
water, bottled water, other water and missing sources.
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2. USDA's CSFII SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND
FILES
A brief description of the USDA's 1994, 1995, and 1996 series of the Continuing Survey of Food
Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) is presented in this chapter. Section 2.1 provides a description of the
surveys, and Section 2.2 describes the process used to collect the dietary recall information. Files from
which data were drawn to produce the estimates in this report are listed in Section 2.3. Section 2.4
presents a brief discussion about survey weights and their use. The details of the sample design and
resulting survey weights are provided in Appendix D.
2.1 Survey Description
The CSFII, conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), collects dietary intake
information from nationally representative samples of non-institutionalized persons residing in United
States households. Households in these national surveys are sampled from the 50 states and Washington,
D.C. Each survey collects daily consumption records for approximately 10,000 food codes across nine
food groups. These food groups are (1) milk and milk products; (2) meat, poultry, and fish; (3) eggs; (4)
dry beans, peas, legumes, nuts, and seeds; (5) grain products; (6) fruit; (7) vegetables; (8) fats, oils, and
salad dressings; and (9) sweets, sugars, and beverages. Data provide "up-to-date information on food
intakes by Americans for use in policy formation, regulation, program planning and evaluation, education,
and research." The survey is "the cornerstone of the National Nutritional Monitoring and Related Research
Program, a set of related federal activities intended to provide regular information on the nutritional status
of the United States population" (CSFII survey documentation, p. 2-3).
The 1994-1996 CSFII was conducted according to a stratified, multi-area probability sample
organized using estimates of the 1990 United States population. Stratification accounted for geographic
location, degree of urbanization, and socioeconomics. Each year of the survey consisted of one sample
with oversampling for low-income households. Eligibility for the low-income sample was limited to
households with gross incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty guidelines (DHHS 1996).
The sample design aimed at specified precision levels for estimates of mean one-day consumption of
saturated fat and iron.
Two days of dietary recall data were provided by 15,303 individuals across the three survey years.
This constitutes an overall two-day response rate of 75.9 percent. Response rates for each survey year are
provided in Table 2-1. Survey weights were corrected by the USDA for nonresponse.
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TABLE 2-1 CSFII RESPONSE RATES
YEAR
1994
1995
1996
TOTAL ELIGIBLE
INDIVIDUALS SAMPLED
6,973
6,664
6,484
NUMBER WITH
TWO-DAY RESPONSE
5,311
5,072
4,920
(TWO-DAY)
RESPONSE RATE
76.2%
76.1%
75.9%
2.2
Dietary Records
Survey participants provided two non-consecutive, 24-hour days of dietary data. Both days' dietary
recall information was collected by an in-home interviewer. Interviewers provided participants with an
instructional booklet and standard measuring cups and spoons to assist them in adequately describing the
type and amount of food ingested. If the respondent referred to a cup or bowl in their own home, a 2-cup
measuring cup was provided to aid in the calculation of the amount consumed. The sample person could
fill their own bowl or cup with water to represent the amount eaten or drunk, and the interviewer could then
measure the amount consumed by pouring it into the 2-cup measure. The Day 2 interview occurred 3 to
10 days after the Day 1 interview, but not on the same day of the week. The interviews allowed
participants "three passes" through the daily intake record to maximize recall (CSFII survey
documentation, p. 3-6). Proxy interviews were conducted for children aged six and younger and sampled
individuals unable to report due to mental or physical limitations. The average questionnaire
administration time for Day 1 intake was 30 minutes, while Day 2 averaged 27 minutes.
2.3
Data Files
The USDA records 1994-96 CSFII participant information in three record types. Data extracted from
these record types provide the information to determine the amount and source of commodities ingested by
participants. These data are publicly available on CD-ROM (See Section 5.4 References), and the three
CSFII record types used for this report are described here. Record type 15 (RT15) reports household
information. Generally the source of water is determined from these records. Record type 25 (RT25)
records individual information. This is where the amount of direct water ingested is recorded. Record type
30 (RT30) records food items ingested on each of the two survey days by each individual. The amount of
indirect water ingested can be calculated from these records in conjunction with the CSFII 1994-96
Technical Support Files including the food coding, recipe and nutrient databases. Refer to Appendix A for
the CSFII questions related to the amount of water ingested and the source of the water. Chapter 3 details
how these record types were combined to establish a working database of individual records with the
amount, source, and type of ingestion (direct or indirect).
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2.4 Survey Weights
USDA files provide a survey weight for each individual with two days of consumption data in the
1994-96 survey. These weights account for the probability that the individual was selected and contain
adjustments for non-respondents. The recorded weights also reflect USDA's calibration to ensure that the
sample is representative of population characteristics during the three years of the survey. Survey weights
are applied during the generation of ingestion estimates recorded in this report. These weights project data
from an individual to the population. Appendix D provides a more detailed discussion of the development
and application of the three year, two day survey weights.
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2-4
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3. METHODS
This chapter addresses the methods employed to produce the reported daily average per capita water
ingestion estimates by source and type of ingestion. Section 3.1 defines the data conventions applied to the
CSFII data to establish water ingestion records for each respondent with two days of consumption data.
These conventions include identification of the records from CSFII used to determine the source and
amount of directly ingested waters. We also describe CSFII auxiliary files and how they were used to
quantify the amount of indirect water ingested by a survey participant. Section 3.2 summarizes the
statistical methods used to estimate the mean and percentiles of the empirical distributions of daily average
per capita water ingestion. Appendix D provides the statistical formulae used to calculate these estimates.
Rounding procedures and units of measurement are recorded in Sections 3.3 and 3.4, respectively. Section
3.5 provides the minimum sample size requirements used to identify potentially unreliable estimates.
3.1 Data Conventions Applied to the 1994-96 CSFII Data
A series of CSFII records is used to define the source and type of water ingested by a survey
respondent. We drew from household records and individual records to define the amount and source of
plain water ingested as a beverage. The source and amount of indirect water ingestion was determined
using the household and individual records in conjunction with the 1994-96 CSFII Technical Support Files
including the food coding, recipe and nutrient databases. All CSFII data used are publicly available on
CD-ROM (See Section 5.4 References). The following paragraphs describe the protocols followed for
assigning the source and quantifying the amount of the daily average water ingested by each respondent
with two days of consumption records.
CSFII record type 15 (RT15) reports household information. The source of water ingested is generally
assigned from these records. Record type 25 (RT25) records the amount of direct water ingested. Record
type 30 (RT30) reports food items ingested on each of the two survey days by each individual. The amount
of indirect water ingested by each participant was calculated from food code records in conjunction with
the 1994-96 CSFII Technical Support Files. A more detailed description of how information was drawn
from these three sets of records to determine the average daily water ingestion for each survey participant is
provided in the remainder of this chapter. We first describe the data conventions and then follow the
description with a flow chart. As a point of reference, Appendix A contains all CSFII questions related to
the amount of water ingested and the source of the water.
Water Ingestion listed as "Direct" is defined as plain water directly ingested by an individual. The
amount of water ingested is recorded in CSFII RT25, variables D1_H2O_O and D2_H2O_O. The number
following the letter D in these variables indicates the day of the survey to which the consumption
corresponds. It is in these two variables that the amount of direct water ingested by participants is recorded
3-1
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in fluid ounces (fl oz). This amount was converted to milliliters by multiplying the amount in fluid ounces
by the conversion factor of 29.574 ml/fl oz.
The companion RT25 variables to which respondents to the question (D1_H2O_O) "How many fluid
ounces of plain drinking water did you consume?" are directed are D1_H2O_H and D1_H2O_A. A
similar set of variables records information for D2_H2O_O. The variable with the suffix "H" asks the
respondent how much of this water was ingested at home. The choice of responses is all, most, some, none,
don't know, and not ascertained. The variable D1_H2O_A asks what the source was of plain drinking
water that did not come from your home. The choices of responses are tap/fountain, bottled, other, don't
know, and not ascertained. If an individual answers with either of the last two responses, the source of that
water is considered "missing."
Because the amount of plain, noncarbonated water ingested by an individual as recorded in the RT25
files does not completely designate the source of the water, RT15 household records were consulted. The
RT15 variable, H2O_DRNK, records source information for the household. For this variable, the
following conventions were applied to assign source.
IfH2O DRNK is valued as
1, then the water source was a community water supply
2, then the water source was a household well or rain cistern
3, then the water source was a household or public spring
4, then the water source was considered bottled water (purchased)
96, it is defined explicitly as "other" and considered to be "other" water sources.
All remaining values of the associated variable, which include 98 for "don't know" and 99 for "not
ascertained," are considered missing water sources.
To determine source for direct water ingestion (D1_H2O_O), if RT25 variable D1_H2O_H is valued
as
"1" designating "all," then the source was derived from RT15 variable H2O_DRNK.
"2" designating "most," then 75% of the water ingested was allocated according to the RT15 variable
H2O_DRNK and 25% according to the response to RT25 variable D1_H2O_A.
"3" designating "some," then 25% was allocated according to the RT15 variable H2O_DRNK and 75%
according to the response to RT25 variable D1_H2O_A.
"4" designating "none," then the source was derived from RT25 variable D1_H2O_A.
"8" or "9" designating "don't know" or "not ascertained," respectively, then 50% was allocated according
to the RT15 variable H2O_DRNK and 50% according to the response to RT25 variable D1_H2O_A.
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Indirect water is defined as water added to foods and beverages during final preparation at home or by
local food service establishments (e.g., school cafeterias and restaurants). Excluded from indirect water are
biological water and water added by the manufacturer during processing. For example, an apple contains
biological water, and canned ready-to-serve soup contains water added by the manufacturer. The
1994-96 CSFII Food Coding Database contains 10,620 food codes. The food code descriptions contained
in USDA's Food Coding Database generally do not indicate where the food was prepared. Therefore, in
order to identify indirect water ingestion, each food code description, corresponding recipe and in some
instances nutrient composition information associated with the reported food codes for the 1994-96 CSFII
was reviewed. A subset of these food codes which contained preparation water was created. A food code
was considered to contain preparation water if the food code recipe contained one of the following
ingredients: (1) water; (2) an ingredient which had its own recipe which contained water; (3) brewed coffee
or tea; and (4) pre-cooked pasta, rice, cereals, beans or legumes. The subset consisted of 7,560 food codes
which contained preparation water. The food codes in this subset were then reviewed to identify and
exclude those which appeared to be commercial products (e.g., yogurt, frozen milk desserts, frozen entrees,
ready-to-serve soups, ready-to-serve fruitades and drinks, all soft drinks, and other food codes with
descriptions identifying brand names). This resulted in a smaller subset of 2,478 food codes which were
assumed to contain indirect water. Next the foods which could reasonably be assumed to have been
prepared in final form in the home or by a food service establishment were identified (e.g., foods described
as "made from home recipe," orange juice made from concentrate, infant formula made from concentrate,
canned soup with water added). It was assumed that the recipe water in such foods was 100% indirect.
For some foods, both homemade and commercially prepared varieties were identified under one food code.
For these food codes, a "best guess" estimate was made as to the proportion which would have been
home-prepared versus commercially processed. For example, it was estimated that 50% of pre-cooked
beans to be home-prepared and 50% to be commercially canned. These allocations are documented in
Appendix Cl.
When a respondent supplied specific information about ingredients that differed from the standard
recipe maintained in the Food Coding Database, this modification was recorded. This flexibility allowed
the database to capture the specific type of fat, type of milk, and dilution of foods. For example, if the
standard recipe in the Food Coding Database for an infant formula prepared from liquid concentrate calls
for a specified amount of water to be added and a respondent reported making the formula with 3 times that
amount of water, a recipe modification would be created to allow for this deviation from the standard
recipe.
Appendix Bl contains examples for estimating the proportion of indirect water in 100 grams of a food.
The ingredient amount as a percent of the prepared product (P%) was calculated for each ingredient of each
recipe that contains indirect water using the method provided in USDA guidance examples. Appendix B3
contains these guidance documents. The grams absorbed moisture per 100 grams cooked ingredient
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(G_am) was calculated for pre-cooked pasta, rice, cereals, beans, and legumes using the total solids
method provided by the USDA (refer to Appendix B2).
Next, the proportion of moisture in 100 grams of food as ingested (P_m) was found. These values
were taken from a file (WTR_FC.TXT) provided by the USDA when available. The WTR_FC.TXT file
contains the amounts of water in 100 grams of the CSFII 1994-96 foods. These amounts represent both
water from survey recipes as well as from ingredients (referred to as PDS ingredients) used in the survey
recipes. Adjustments were made by USDA for any moisture and fat losses/gains associated with the recipe
in which the PDS codes with water appear. For those recipe ingredients not available in WTR_FC.TXT,
the values were calculated as follows:
P_m = (P%)(G_am/100), for pre-cooked pasta, rice, cereals, beans, and legumes
P_m = P%, for water, brewed coffee and tea, and pds-coded ingredients
Then the proportion of indirect preparation water per 100 grams of food (G_i) was calculated for each
ingredient. This was done by multiplying the proportion of moisture in 100 grams of a food as ingested
(P_m) by the percentage of that ingredient assumed to be home or food service establishment prepared and
dividing by 100. (Appendix Bl provides examples of these calculations.)
For recipes with indirect water, the ratio of the amount of water to the total grams in the recipe was
derived by summing the values of G_i across all ingredients in the recipe. This water ratio was then
multiplied by the amount of the given food ingested by the respondent to determine the number of grams of
indirect water. Under the assumption that the density of this water is 1, the number of grams of indirect
water ingested from foods or beverages was converted to milliliters.
To assign the source of indirect water, several variables were consulted. First, if the respondent
indicated in RT30 variable FOODSRCE that the source was >1, then the source was assumed to be tap
water. If FOODSRCE=1 to indicate that the food items were obtained from the store, then it was assumed
the recipe was prepared at home. In this case, RT15 variables H2O_COOK or H2O_BEVR were
consulted. If the first three digits of the food code indicated that the ingested food was a beverage, then the
water source was assigned to the record based on the response to H2O_BEVR. This question indicated,
"What is the main source of the water used in your home for preparing beverages such as coffee, tea,
juices, and baby formula?" The same source allocations in RT15 variable H2O_DRNK were applied to
these records. Likewise, if the first three digits of the food code indicated that the food code was not a
beverage, then the source was assigned according to the response to H2O_COOK, which asked, "What is
the main source of the water used for cooking in your home?"
Figures 3-1 through 3-4 present flow charts of the data conventions for the assignment of water
source.
3-4
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For each of the 15,303 respondents with two days of records in the CSFII databases, a daily average
ingestion value was determined for each water source and ingestion type (direct, indirect, and both direct
and indirect). For subpopulation estimates, if a respondent was a member of the subpopulation but did not
report ingestion of the specified water source and ingestion type, then that individual's average daily
amount of water ingested entered the estimation algorithms as zero. These estimates are provided in the
tables of this report identified as "All Individuals."
Ingestion (direct, indirect, and both direct and indirect) was also estimated for consumers with two days
of records in the CSFII databases. Hence, these estimates do not include individuals who reported zero
amounts of water ingested from the water source under consideration. These estimates are provided in the
tables of this report identified as "Consumer Only."
The convention described in the preceding paragraphs produces individual daily averages in
milliliters/person/day. If estimates are required on the milliliters/kilogram body weight/day basis, then the
individual's daily average is divided by the individual's body weight in kilograms. The milliliters/kilogram
body weight daily average for each individual then enters the estimating algorithm described in Section 3.2
and Appendix D, as do the milliliter daily averages.
Internal quality assurance and quality control procedures were utilized during the calculation of
estimates for this report. Algorithm testing was conducted for data procedures. Data subsetting
procedures were quality assessed by intermediate estimates verification. Final tabulated estimates were
reviewed for consistency and validity. USDA experts were consulted on data assumptions.
3.2 Statistical Methods
This section summarizes the statistical methods used to generate point and interval estimates of daily
average per capita water ingestion. Point estimates include the mean, 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th,
95th, and 99th percentiles. Mean estimates were generated using ratio estimation techniques. The mean,
daily average per capita ingestion for a given commodity type, was estimated as the ratio of total ingestion
by the United States population or subpopulation, divided by the estimate of the total number of individuals
in the population or subpopulation. Empirical percentiles were estimated using nonparametric techniques.
All estimates incorporated CSFII survey weights to project a sampled individual's ingestion to the
population.
The majority of the per capita water ingestion estimates in this report are presented for specific
subpopulations and water source. The design of the CSFII survey did not always support estimation of the
variance when subpopulations were evaluated. Without a variance estimate, confidence intervals about the
mean or bootstrap intervals about percentile estimates cannot be produced. Therefore, the tabulated
presentations in Appendix E include only point estimates. However, the survey did support variance, and
3-5
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thus interval estimation, for some subpopulations. These estimates are presented in the key figures of
Chapter 4 augmenting tabulated estimates for the all individuals.
When a variance was estimated for the mean per capita ingestion, we estimated the variance of the
mean using a Taylor series approximation of the deviation of estimates from their expected values. The
Taylor series approximations were applied to ultimate clusters, which resulted in an overall estimate of the
variance instead of estimating variance components due to sample-design stages. In Appendix D, we
include the statistical formulae for generating both the mean estimate and the estimate of the confidence
interval about the mean. We also provide the method for generating percentile estimates and estimates of
90% bootstrap intervals about the percentile estimates.
All three CSFII surveys are multistage, stratified-cluster samples. Sample weights, which project the
data from a sampled individual to the population, are based on the probability of an individual being
sampled at each stage of the sampling design. As mentioned in Chapter 2 of this report, the sample weights
associated with each individual reporting two days of consumption data were adjusted to correct for
nonresponse bias. These adjusted sample weights, which are recorded in the CSFII data in the variable
SAM_WT, record the number of individuals the sampled person represents in the population. For
example, a sample weight valued as 22 projects the data from the individual with that sample weight to 22
individuals in the population of the 50 United States and the District of Columbia.
Because the sample design contains multiple levels, specific information is necessary to partition the
variance-of-the-mean estimate into components. That is, specification of the sample size and population
size within each level of sampling is required. However, this information is not inherent in the CSFII data.
Rather, the CSFII reports an adjusted sample weight for each individual who reported two non-consecutive
days of consumption data during the survey. Given that only the adjusted weight was available, and not the
specific sample and population size in each phase, it was necessary to estimate the mean using ratio
estimation techniques and the variance of the mean using the ultimate cluster methodology, which does not
partition the variance into sample design components (refer to Appendix D).
Interval estimates for percentiles are bootstrap intervals. The reported bootstrap intervals do not result
from direct estimates of the standard deviation of the point estimate. Rather, the bootstrap estimates result
from the percentile method, which estimates the lower and upper bounds for the interval estimate by the
lOOoc percentile and 100(1-a) percentile estimates from the nonparametric distribution of the given point
estimate. This distribution of the observed values of the given point estimate is determined from repeated
resampling of the empirical data.
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3.3 Rounding Procedures
Tabulated estimates of per capita ingestion in milliliters are rounded to the nearest whole number.
Conventional rounding procedures were applied such that the whole number remained the same if decimal
estimates were less than 0.5 and increased by one if the decimal estimate was 0.5 or greater. Whole
number presentations do not reflect significant digits as the number of significant digits is not available for
the CSFII.
3.4 Units of Measure Including Conversion Factors
Per capita water ingestion estimates are presented in this report in units of ml/person/day or ml/kg body
wt/day. The person/day component reflects that estimates are based on an average of two days of
consumption. When the units are ml/kg body wt/day, the average water ingestion over two days by an
individual is divided by the individual's body weight. Body weight is recorded in the CSFII in pounds (Ib).
These pounds are converted to kilograms by multiplying the reported body weight by a factor of 0.454
kg/lb.
Survey participants reported the amount of plain water ingested directly as a beverage in fluid ounces.
Reported ingestions were multiplied by 29.574 to convert fluid ounces to milliliters. Water ingested
indirectly from foods with water added at home or locally during the final stage of preparation was
estimated in grams as food consumption and recipe amount are reported in the CSFII in grams. These
grams of water were converted into milliliters based on the assumption that the specific gravity of water is
one for the temperature range of ingested foods.
3.5 Sample Size Criteria
Estimates based on small sample sizes may be less statistically reliable than estimates based on larger
sample sizes. "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States" suggest minimal reporting
requirements (LSRO 1995). If the sample size is less than 30*(variance inflation factor), the estimate of
the mean may be unreliable and is marked with an asterisk. If the (sample size)*(l-percentile) is less than
8*(variance inflation factor), then the percentile estimate may be unreliable and is marked with an asterisk.
The variance inflation factor for the two days of CSFII data is 1.60. The variance inflation factor is
sample design specific and is a broadly calculated design effect measure. In accordance with the suggested
minimum reporting requirements, mean ingestions estimated with sample size < 48 are marked with an
asterisk to designate that they may be statistically unreliable. Similarly, percentiles estimated with sample
size < 12.8/(l-percentile) are marked and may be statistically unreliable.
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Figure 3-1. Water Source Assignment for Direct Water Ingestion
Water Ingested
At Home:
RT15->H2O_DRNK
What is the main source of
drinking water in your home?
No
Water is allocated to:
= 02 (well or rain
cistern),
03 (spring), or
96 (other)
= 04
Bottled water
(purchased)
CO
CD
Water Ingested
Away From Home:
RT25->D1_H2O_A
(RT25->D2_H2O_A
for Day 2)
What was the main source of
plain drinking water that did not
come from your home?
= 8 (Don't know),
9 (Not ascertained)
Water is allocated to:
= 1
Tap water / drinking
fountain
-------
RT25->D1_H20_0
How many fluid ounces of
water ingested - day 1 ?
(RT25->D2_H20_0 for
day 2)
Figure 3-2. Data Conventions for Direct Water Ingestion
Yes-
Assign water source based on
RT15->H20_DRNK.
See "Water Ingested At Home" on
previous page.
CO
o
Refer to RT25->D1_H20_H
(RT25->D2_H20_H for day 2).
How much of this plain drinking water
came from your home?
= 8 (Don t know)
9 (Not
ascertained)
100% of water amount
D1_H2O_O was ingested
at home. Assign water
source based on
RT15->H2O_DRNK.
See "Water Ingested At
Home" on previous page.
75% of water amount
D1_H2O_O was ingested at
home. Assign water source
based on
RT15->H2O_DRNK.
See "Water Ingested At
Home" on previous page.
25% of water amount
D1_H2O_O was ingested
away from home. Assign
water source based on RT25-
>D1_H2O_A.
See "Water Ingested Away
From Home" on previous
page.
25% of water amount
D1_H2O_O was ingested at
home. Assign water source
based on
RT15->H20_DRNK.
See "Water Ingested At
Home" on previous page.
75% of water amount
D1_H2O_O was ingested
away from home. Assign
water source based on RT25-
>D1_H20_A.
See "Water Ingested Away
From Home" on previous
page.
100% of water amount
D1_H2O_O was ingested
away from home. Assign
water source based on
RT25->D1_H20_A.
See "Water Ingested Away
From Home" on previous
page.
50% of water amount
D1_H2O_O was ingested at
home. Assign water source
based on
RT15->H20_DRNK.
See "Water Ingested At
Home" on previous page.
50% of water amount
D1_H2O_O was ingested
away from home. Assign
water source based on RT25-
>D1_H20_A.
See "Water Ingested Away
From Home" on previous
page.
-------
Figure 3-3. Water Source Assignment for Indirect Water Ingestion
Beverages:
RT15->H20_BEVR
What is the main source of
the water used in your
home for preparing
beverages such as coffee,
tea, juices, and baby
formula?
Water is allocated to:
= 04
Bottled water
(purchased)
= 02 (well or rain
cistern), 03 (spring)
or 96 (other)
Non-Beverages:
RT15->H2O_COOK
What is the main source of
the water used for cooking
in your home?
Water is allocated to:
= 04
Bottled water
(purchased)
-------
Figure 3-4. Data Conventions for Indirect Water Ingestion
RT30->FOODAMT
Reported amount of food
ingested in grams.
IV)
Multiply by the proportion of
indirect water per 100
grams of the food
(see appendix C3) to get
IWAT_ML, the amount of
indirect water ingested
in milliliters.
Refer to
RT30->FOODSRCE
(see appendix A).
Yes
Yesn
Allocate 100% of
indirect water
ingested to
Indirect Community Water.
Allocate 100% of indirect
water
ingested based on
RT15->H2O_COOK.
See "Non-Beverages" on
previous page.
Allocate 100% of
indirect water
ingested based on
RT15->H2O_BEVR.
See "Beverages" on
previous page.
BEVERAGE FOOD CODES
110 Milk, human
111 Milk, fluid (regular, filled, buttermilk, and reconstituted)
112 Milk, fluid, evaporated and condensed
113 Milk, fluid, imitation
115 Flavored milk and milk drinks, fluid
117 Infant formulas, fluid, reconstituted concentrate,
reconstituted dry, and ready-to-feed
612 Citrus fruit juices
641 Fruit juices, excluding citrus
642 Nectars
644 Vinegar
672 Fruit juice baby food
921 Coffee
922 Coffee substitutes
923 Tea
924 Soft drinks
925 Fruitades and drinks
926 Beverages, nonfruit
927 Beverages, noncarbonated, without vitamin C, made
from powdered mixes
928 Nonalcoholic beers, wines, cocktails
929 Beverage concentrates, dry, not reconstituted
931 Beers and ales
932 Cordials and liqueurs
933 Cocktails
934 Wines
935 Distilled liquors
-------
4. RESULTS
This chapter presents point and interval estimates of the mean, 90th percentile and 95th percentile for
select subpopulations. We augment tabulated estimates in this chapter with graphical presentations of the
empirical distributions of per capita water ingestion estimates for select subpopulations. Because EPA
anticipates that per capita ingestion of community water will be of primary interest to the readers of this
report, we emphasize these results in this chapter. Since children less than one year of age and pregnant,
lactating, and childbearing-age women are considered to be high risk subpopulations, we also discuss their
estimates in this chapter. Finally, to reflect changes in consumer behavior since the 1977-78 survey, which
was the basis for the Ershow and Cantor report, we report per capita ingestion of bottled water from
1994-96 CSFII.
This report provides tables and figures of per capita estimates of daily average water ingestion. Tables
and figures of estimates are provided for all individuals and for "consumers only" by source, and type of
ingestion. Sources of ingestion include community water, bottled water, other sources, and total water (all
sources combined). Other sources include a household well, household rain cistern, household or public
spring and other sources. Types of ingestion are direct for plain water ingested as a beverage, indirect for
ingestion of the water added to foods and beverages during final preparation at home or by food service
establishments (e.g., school cafeterias and restaurants), and both direct and indirect for combined direct and
indirect water ingestion. Biological and commercial water are excluded from these estimates of water
ingestion. Estimates are provided in both units of milliliters/person/day (ml/person/day) and
milliliters/kilogram of body weight/day (ml/kg/day).
Refer to Appendix E for a more comprehensive set of empirical distributions of estimated per capita
water ingestion. In addition to the broad age categories reported in this chapter, Appendix E provides
estimates of water ingestion by finer age categories. Appendix E also provides a more extensive percentile
distribution which includes point estimates of the mean, and 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th and
99th percentiles.
It should be noted that the dispersion of individuals for some subpopulations across CSFII estimation
strata did not always support generation of variance estimates. Therefore, the following discussions will
point out differences in mean per capita ingestion between subpopulations, but these differences are a
quantitative statement and do not imply statistical differences. Without variance estimates about the means
of the subpopulations, we cannot perform formal statistical tests to ascertain whether means for various
subpopulations differ statistically.
4-1
-------
4.1.a Ingestion of Community Water (ml/person/day)
The mean daily average of estimated per capita community water is 927 ml/person. This average
projects to the population of the United States. The 90% confidence interval about the mean is 902 to 951
ml/person/day. The estimated 90th percentile from the empirical distribution of daily average per capita
community water ingestion is 2.016 liters. A 90% bootstrap interval about the 90th percentile intake
estimate for all individuals is 1.991 liters to 2.047 liters (See Table 4-1-A).
Figure 4-1-F1 depicts the empirical distribution of daily average per capita community water ingestion
for all individuals during 1994-96. Considering that the 5th percentile estimate from this empirical
distribution is zero and the 95th percentile estimate is 2.544 liters (See Appendix E, Part I, Table Al), the
empirical distribution is obviously skewed. That is, the mean estimate is influenced by people ingesting
either zero to a very little amount of water or very large volumes of water. Figure 4-1-G1 displays a
histogram of daily average per capita community water estimates. This histogram illustrates that most of
the daily average ingestion reported by CSFII respondents are less than two liters. The bar with the
midpoint of 1.575 liters has an upper value of 2.2 liters. This is between the estimated 90th and 95th
percentiles of the empirical distribution.
The mean daily average of estimated per capita ingestion of community water for "consumers only" is
1.0 liter/person (90% confidence interval is 976 ml to 1.024 liter/person). The estimated 90th percentile
from the empirical distribution of daily average per capita community water ingestion for consumers is
2.069 liters (90% bootstrap interval is 2.041 to 2.106 liters/person/day) (See Table 4-2-A). Figure
4-2-F1 portrays the empirical distribution of daily average per capita community water ingestion for
consumers.
One point of clarification regarding the histograms (See Figures 4-1-G1, 4-1-G2, 4-2-G1, and
4-2-G2) is necessary. Amounts printed along the x-axis are midpoint values for all the bars except the
first two. That is, the width of the third bar and beyond is 630 ml. The first bar for Figures 4-1-G1 and
4-1-G2 represents nonconsumers (respondents with zero reported water ingestion or with missing
ingestion) and respondents with minimal ingestion. In this case, minimal ingestion is more than zero but
less than 157.5 ml/day. The second bar represents ingestion of greater than 157.5 ml/day but less than 630
ml/day. Therefore, the first two bars together represent ingestion of 630 ml/day or less. All other bars are
each intervals of 630 ml/day. Bars are defined similarly for Figures 4-2-G1 and 4-2-G2 for consumers
except that the first bar only represents respondents with minimal ingestion defined as more than zero but
less than 157.5 ml/day.
4.1.b Ingestion of Community Water (ml/kg of body weight/day)
The mean ingestion of community water for the United States population, reported in units of per
kilogram of body weight, is 16 ml/kg/day (90% confidence interval is 15 to 16 ml/kg/day) (See Table
4-2
-------
4-1-B2). For "consumers only," the mean ingestion of community water is 17 ml/kg/day (90% confidence
interval is 16 to 17 ml/kg/day) (See Table 4-2-B2). The 90th percentile from the empirical distribution of
daily average per capita ingestion of community water for all individuals and "consumers only" is 33 ml/kg
(See Table 4-1-B2 and Table 4-2-B2).
4.2.a Ingestion of Community Water by Age and Gender (ml/person/day)
In the United States population, individuals 20 years and older ingest an average of 1.098 liters (90%
confidence interval is 1.068 to 1.127 liters) of community water per day. This is followed by individuals
11 to 19 years old who ingest an average of 683 ml daily (90% confidence interval is 634 to 732 ml),
children one to ten years old who ingest an average of 400 ml daily (90% confidence interval is 380 to 420
ml), and children less than one year old who ingest an average of 342 ml daily (90% confidence interval is
295 to 388 ml) (See Table 4-1-B1).
Results for "consumers only" by age category are similar. Individuals 20 years or older ingest an
average of 1.176 liters of community water per day (90% confidence interval is 1.148 to 1.204 liters/day).
Young adults 11 to 19 years old ingest an average of 735 ml/day (90% confidence interval is 684 to 786
ml/day), children one to ten years old ingest an average of 435 ml/day (90% confidence interval is 414 to
457 ml/day), and children less than one year old ingest an average of 513 ml/day (90% confidence interval
is 460 to 567 ml/day) (See Table 4-2-B1).
The mean community water ingested by males is higher than that ingested by females in all age
categories except for children younger than one year old and children one to ten years of age. The highest
mean per capita ingestion by males is found in the 20 years and older age group. The mean for this group
is 1.162 liters/person/day and the 90th percentile is 2.337 liters/person/day. For females 20 years and
older, the mean daily average of estimated per capita community water ingestion is 1.039 liters, while the
90th percentile estimate is 2.126 liters. Ninetieth percentile estimates are less than two liters/person/day for
males and females less than one year old, between the ages of one and ten, and between the ages of 11 and
19 (See Table 4-1-C1).
Similarly, male consumers ingest more community water on average than female consumers. Male
consumers 20 years and older have the highest mean per capita ingestion (1.242 liters). The 90th percentile
estimate of daily average per capita community water ingestion for male consumers 20 years and older is
2.387 liters. The daily average per capita community water ingestion for female consumers 20 years and
older is 1.116 liters, and the 90th percentile estimate is 2.165 liters. The mean difference between the two
genders for individuals 20 years and older is 126 ml or 4.2 fluid ounces. Ninetieth percentile estimates are
less than two liters/person/day for male and female consumers for all age categories younger than 20 years
old (See Table 4-2-C1).
4-3
-------
4.2.b Ingestion of Community Water By Age and Gender (ml/kg of body weight/day)
For all individuals, the lowest mean daily average per capita ingestion from community water, reported
per kilogram of body weight, is 12 ml/kg for individuals aged 11 to 19 years old. The highest mean daily
average per capita ingestion is 46 ml/kg for children less than one year old. Adults 20 years and older have
a mean daily average per capita ingestion of 15 ml/kg, and children one to ten years old have a mean daily
average per capita ingestion of 19 ml/kg (See Table 4-1-B2). This pattern is similar for consumers (See
Table 4-2-B2). Thus, based on per kilogram body weight, the infants less than one year of age consume
approximately three times the estimated amount of community water as the adult 20 years or older.
Males and females in the U.S. population have similar mean daily average per capita ingestion,
reported per kilogram of body weight, from community water. Females have higher mean ingestion for all
age groups except for individuals 11 to 19 years old (11 ml/kg/day vs. 13 ml/kg/day) (See Table 4-1-C2).
The comparison between mean ingestion estimates for male and female consumers is similar (See Table
4-2-C2).
4.3.a Ingestion of Community Water for Children Younger Than One Year of Age
(ml/person/day)
The age group with the lowest mean ingestion of direct and indirect community water for both genders
is children less than one year old. This is also the only age group where the mean per capita ingestion by
females (384 ml) is higher than that for males (298 ml) (See Table 4-1-C1). Similarly, female consumers
less than one year old have a higher mean per capita ingestion of community water than male consumers
(560 ml/day vs. 462 ml/day) (See Table 4-2-C1).
4.3.b Ingestion of Community Water for Children Younger Than One Year of Age
(ml/kg of body weight/day)
Children younger than one year old have a mean intake of community water of 46 ml/kg/day, the
highest of the age categories. The average for all individuals (all ages) is 16 ml/kg/day (See Table
4-1-B2) Likewise, consumers less than one year old have the highest mean ingestion, 69 ml/kg/day. The
mean for all individuals (all ages) is 17 ml/kg/day. Therefore, infants younger than one year of age ingest
approximately three to four times the estimated amount of community water than do individuals in all age
groups (See Table 4-2-B2).
4.4.a Ingestion of Community Water for Women in Childbearing Years (ml/person/day)
Lactating women have the highest mean water ingestion. The mean daily average ingestion by
lactating women is 1.379 liters, while the means for pregnant women and women in childbearing years are
819 and 922 ml, respectively. The 75th percentile estimate for lactating women exceeds two liters (2.263
4-4
-------
liters), compared to 1.272 liters for women of childbearing age. The 90th percentile daily average per
capita ingestion by lactating women is 2.872 liters as compared to 2.008 liters for women in childbearing
years. The 90th percentile estimate from the empirical distribution of daily average per capita ingestion of
community water by pregnant women is 1.816 liters. The 95th percentile estimates from the empirical
distributions of daily average per capita ingestion of community water for pregnant women, lactating
women, and women aged 15 to 44 are 2.501, 3.434, and 2.604 liters, respectively (See Table 4-1-E and
Appendix E, Part I, Table A3).
Similarly, for "consumers only," lactating women ingest more water than do pregnant women or
women in the childbearing ages. The mean daily average ingestion, for "consumers only," of community
water for lactating women is 1.665 liters, for pregnant women is 872 ml, and for women in childbearing
years is 984 ml. As noted above, the 75th percentile estimate of ingestion, for "consumers only," for
lactating women exceeds two liters/day (2All liters/day), compared to 1.314 liters/day for women of
childbearing age and 1.424 liters/day for pregnant women. The 90th percentile estimate of ingestion for
"consumers only" exceeds two liters/day for both lactating women and women of childbearing age (2.959
liters and 2.044 liters, respectively). The 95th percentile estimates of daily average per capita ingestion of
community water for pregnant consumers, lactating consumers, and female consumers aged 15 to 44 are
2.588, 3.588, and 2.722 liters, respectively (See Table 4-2-E and Appendix E, Part III, Table A3).
4.4.b Ingestion of Community Water for Women in Childbearing Years
(ml/kg of body weight/day)
When estimates are reported for all women of childbearing age in units of milliliter/kilogram of body
weight/day, the mean ingestion by lactating women is the highest at 21 ml/kg. Pregnant women have the
lowest mean ingestion of community water with a mean of 13 ml/kg. Women in childbearing years have an
estimated mean ingestion of 14 ml/kg. The 90th and 95th percentiles from the empirical distribution of
daily average per capita ingestion per kilogram of body weight for lactating women both exceed 50 ml/kg.
Ninetieth percentile estimates for pregnant women and women in childbearing years are 32 ml/kg, while the
95th percentile estimates from these two distributions are 43 and 39 ml/kg, respectively (See Appendix E,
Part II, Table A3).
The mean ingestion of community water is 26 ml/kg/day for lactating consumers, 14 ml/kg/day for
pregnant consumers, and 15 ml/kg/day for female consumers aged 15 to 44. The 90th and 95th percentiles
of daily average per capita ingestion per kilogram of body weight for lactating consumers both exceed 50
ml/kg. Ninetieth percentile estimates for pregnant consumers and female consumers aged 15 to 44 are 33
and 32 ml/kg/day, while the 95th percentile estimates from these two groups are 43 and 39 ml/kg/day (See
Appendix E, Part IV, Table A3).
4-5
-------
4.5 Ingestion of Bottled Water and Water from Other Sources
Mean per capita ingestion of bottled water for the United States population is 161 ml. The 90th and
95th percentile estimates from the empirical distribution of daily average per capita ingestion of bottled
water for the United States population are 591 ml and 1.036 liters, respectively (See Table 4-1-A). Mean
ingestion of water from other sources by the United States population is 128 ml. Ninetieth and 95th
percentile estimates of per capita ingestion of water from other sources are 343 ml and 1.007 liters,
respectively (See Table 4-1-A). Other sources include water from wells, rain cisterns, springs, and
sources identified by respondents as "other." Comparing the mean daily average per capita ingestion of
bottled water and water from other sources to total water ingestion regardless of sources (1.232 liters)
suggests that 13 percent of total water ingestion is attributable to bottled water while 10 percent is
attributable to water from other sources. Community water comprises 75 percent of the total water
ingestion by individuals in the United States population.
Daily average per capita ingestion for consumers of bottled water is 737 ml/person. The 90th and 95th
percentile estimates of ingestion for consumers of bottled water are 1.568 liters/person/day and 1.967
liters/person/day (See Table 4-2-A). The daily average per capita ingestion for consumers of water from
other sources is 965 ml. The 90th and 95th percentile estimates of daily per capita ingestion are 1.971 and
2.475 liters (See Table 4-2-A).
4.6.a Ingestion of Total Water for All Individuals
The mean estimate of total water ingestion (ingestion of water from all sources) for the general
population is 1,232 ml/person/day (90% confidence interval is 1,199 to 1,265 ml/person/day). The 90th
and 95th percentiles of the distribution are 2,341 ml/person/day and 2,908 ml/person/day, respectively (See
Table 4-1-D1). Approximately 84 percent of the U.S. population ingests two liters or less per day of total
water (See Figure 4-1-F2).
For babies younger than one year old, the estimated mean consumption of total water is 484
ml/person/day (90% confidence interval is 438 to 530 ml/person/day). The 90th and 95th percentiles of
consumption are 949 ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 893 to 1,046 ml/person/day) and 1,182
ml/person/day, (90% bootstrap interval is 1,046 to 1,282 ml/person/day), respectively. The mean value of
the daily total water ingestion for a child one to ten years old is 528 ml/person/day (90% confidence
interval is 505 to 552 ml/person/day). The 90th and 95th percentiles of total water ingestion are 1,001
ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 980 to 1,027 ml/person/day) and 1,242 ml/person/day (90%
bootstrap interval is 1,189 to 1,264 ml/person/day), respectively (See Table 4-1-D1). Thus,
approximately 90 percent of the children ten years of age or younger consume less than or equal to the
standard default value of one liter per day.
4-6
-------
4.6.b Ingestion of Total Water for "Consumers Only"
The most conservative water ingestion distributions for the two-day average per capita ingestion of
water from all sources are by "consumers only". The estimated mean for the general population is 1,241
ml/person/day (90% confidence interval is 1,208 to 1,274 ml/person/day). The 90th and 95th percentiles
are 2,345 ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 2,315 to 2,378 ml/person/day) and 2,922
ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 2,848 to 2,959 ml/person/day), respectively (See Table 4-2-D1).
Approximately 83 percent of "consumers only" ingest less than or equal to the standard two liters/day when
considering total water (See Fig. 4-2-F2). For "consumer only" infants younger than one year old, the
estimated mean ingestion of total water is 563 ml/person/day (90% confidence interval is 508 to 618
ml/person/day). The 90th and 95th percentiles are 968 ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 940 to
1,121 ml/person/day) and 1,236 ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 1,121 to 1,282 ml/person/day),
respectively. For "consumer only" children one to ten years of age, the estimated mean consumption of
total water is 532 ml/person/day (90% confidence interval is 509 to 556 ml/person/day). The 90th and
95th percentiles are 1,004 ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 980 to 1,030 ml/person/day) and 1,242
ml/person/day (90% bootstrap interval is 1,198 to 1,284 ml/person/day), respectively (See Table 4-2-D2).
Therefore, even by the most conservative estimate (i.e., water from all sources and excluding the zero
consumers), 90% of all children ten years or younger drink less than or equal to the default value of one
liter of water per day.
4-7
-------
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4-8
-------
Table 4-1-A. Estimated Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Source
All I nd i vi duaIs
Source
Commun i ty Water
Bottled Water
Other Sources
M i ss i ng Sou rce
Al I Sources
Mi I I i I i ters/Person/Day
Mean 90th percent! le 95th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B. I . ** 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
15,303 261,897,260 927 902 951 2,016 1,991 2,047 2,544 2,485 2,576
15,303 261,897,260 161 147 176 591 591 632 1,036 1,006 1,065
15,303 261,897,260 128 101 155 343 305 360 1,007 947 1,074
15,303 261,897,260 16 13 20 - -
15,303 261,897,260 1,232 1,199 1,265 2,341 2,308 2,366 2,908 2,840 2,960
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 09MAROO 10:35 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_2A.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent! le intervals were estimated using percent! le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
4-9
-------
Figure 4-1-A.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Source
All Individuals
Community Bottled
Water Water
Other Missing All
Sources Source Sources
Source
-------
Table 4-1-B1. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Age Categor i es
All Ind i vi duaIs
Age
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Mi I I i I i ters/Person/Day
Mean 90th percent! le 95th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B.I.** 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
359 3,772,296 342 295 388 878 849 918 1,040 936 1,121
3,980 40,145,854 400 380 420 905 863 935 1,118 1,079 1,143
1,641 33,567,485 683 634 732 1,533 1,460 1,578 1,946 1,870 2,013
9,323 184,411,625 1,098 1,068 1,127 2,224 2,178 2,290 2,801 2,703 2,883
15,303 261,897,260 927 902 951 2,016 1,991 2,047 2,544 2,485 2,576
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 09MAROO 11:03 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_2B1.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
4-11
-------
Figure 4-1-B1.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Age Categories
All Individuals
I
O
I
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
I*
< 1 1-10 11-19 20+ All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-1-B2. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Age Categor i es
All Ind i vi duaIs
Age
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of body weight/Day
Mean 90th percent! le 95th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B.I.** 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
344 3,675,893 46 39 53 127 118 137 156 139 170
3,744 37,805,094 19 18 20 42 40 44 56 53 61
1,606 33,017,367 12 11 12 26 25 27 33 32 35
9,161 181,055,224 15 15 15 31 31 31 39 38 39
14,855 255,553,578 16 15 16 33 32 33 43 42 43
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 09MAROO 12:46 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_2B2.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
4-13
-------
Figure 4 —1—B2. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Age Categories
All Individuals
60
50
I
40
I
t
30
20
10
< 1 1-10 11-19 20+ All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-1-C1. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Gender and Age Categories
All Ind i vi dua I s
Mi I I i I iters/Person/Day
90th percent i Ie
95th percent i Ie
Age
Sample PopuI ati on
S i ze
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
a. FemaIe
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
185
1 , 968
825
4,572
7, 550
1 ,925,330
19,495,194
16,496,841
96,012,199
133,929,564
384
394
590
1 ,039
321
367
546
1 ,005
854
447
421
634
1 ,072
906
904
915
1 , 307
2, 126
1 , 941
842
830
1 , 264
2,041
1 , 908
969
956
1 , 454
2, 197
1 , 975
1,051 *
1 ,091
1 , 744
2, 652
2,419
963*
1 ,023
1 , 578
2,542
2, 366
1 , 132*
1 , 138
1 , 839
2, 773
2, 476
b. Male
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
1,846,966
20,650,660
17,070,644
88,399,426
127,967,696
298
406
772
1 , 162
975
243
384
706
1 , 125
943
353
427
839
1 , 199
1 ,007
868
894
1 , 658
2,337
2,115
831
882
1 , 504
2, 290
2,070
882
938
1 , 843
2,384
2, 153
945*
1 , 134
2, 016
2, 935
2, 660
882*
1 ,056
1 , 977
2, 840
2, 584
1 , 142*
1 , 202
2, 235
3,098
2, 725
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 09MAROO 12:27 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_2D1.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
4-15
-------
Figure 4-1-Cl.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Gender and Age Categories
All Individuals
f
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-1-C2. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Gender and Age Categories
All Ind i vi dua I s
Age
a . Fema 1 e
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
b. Male
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of body weight/Day
Mean 90th percent! le 95th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B.I.** 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
174 1,851,027 49 40 59 126 113 131 157* 141* 170*
1,843 18,169,754 20 18 21 44 40 47 59 51 65
805 16,192,004 11 10 11 25 23 26 32 29 34
4,437 93,104,821 16 15 16 33 31 33 40 39 41
7,259 129,317,606 16 16 17 34 33 35 44 42 45
170 1,824,866 43 34 52 134 101 139 155* 137* 205*
1,901 19,635,340 19 18 20 41 39 43 53 51 59
801 16,825,363 13 12 14 26 25 28 36 32 42
4,724 87,950,403 14 14 15 29 29 30 37 36 39
7,596 126,235,972 15 15 16 31 31 32 41 40 44
09MAROO 12:31 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_2D2.lst
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Ind i vi dua I s (CSF I I )
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) Al I estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent! le intervals were estimated using percent! le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
- : Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
4-17
-------
Figure 4-1-C2.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Gender and Age Categories
All Individuals
80
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-1-D1. Estimated Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Age Categor i es
All I nd i vi duaIs
Age
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Mi I I i I i ters/Person/Day
Mean 90th percent! le 95th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B.I.** 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
359 3,772,296 484 438 530 949 893 1,046 1,182 1,046 1,282
3,980 40,145,854 528 505 552 1,001 980 1,027 1,242 1,189 1,264
1,641 33,567,485 907 851 962 1,780 1,720 1,896 2,185 2,062 2,346
9,323 184,411,625 1,460 1,422 1,498 2,549 2,513 2,604 3,194 3,028 3,313
15,303 261,897,260 1,232 1,199 1,265 2,341 2,308 2,366 2,908 2,840 2,960
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 09MAROO 11:12 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_2C1.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
4-19
-------
Figure 4-1-D1.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Age Categories
All Individuals
ISJ
O
I
O
I
-e
I
< 1 1-10 11-19 20+ All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-1-D2. Estimated Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Age Categor i es
All I nd i vi duaIs
Age
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of body weight/Day
Mean 90th percent! le 95th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B.I.** 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
344 3,675,893 67 61 73 156 145 166 170 166 171
3,744 37,805,094 25 24 26 49 48 50 64 61 66
1,606 33,017,367 16 15 17 30 29 32 39 38 41
9,161 181,055,224 20 19 20 35 35 36 44 43 45
14,855 255,553,578 21 20 21 38 38 39 50 48 51
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 09MAROO 11:16 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_2C2.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
4-21
-------
Figure 4 —1 —D2. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Age Categories
All Individuals
ISJ
to
80
70
50
40
30
20
10
< 1 1-10 11-19 20+ All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-1-E. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
All Ind i vi duaIs
Mi I I i I iters/Person/Day
90th percent i Ie
95th percent i Ie
Women Categories
Pregnant
Lactat i ng
Women Age 15-44
90% C.I. 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
70 1,751,888 819 668 969 1,816* 1,479* 2,808*
41 1,171,868 1,379* 1,021* 1,737* 2,872* 2,722* 3,452*
2,332 58,978,782 922 887 957 2,008 1,893 2,055
90% B.I.**
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
2, 501 * 2, 167* 3, 690*
3,434* 2,987* 3,803*
2,604 2,483 2,790
09MAROO 12:33 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_2E.lst
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I)
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
*: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Means zero.
The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96"
4-23
-------
Figure 4 —1 —E.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
All Individuals
ISJ
t
1
f
Pregnant Lactating Women Age
15-44
Women Categories
-------
Figure 4 —1 —Fl. Cumulative Distribution of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
All Individuals
QO -
8O
ISJ
Ol
50 -
40
O ZOO 4OO 6OO BOO 1OOO 12OO 14OO 16OO 13OO 2OOO
ao -
1000 2000 3000 4000 sooo eooo 7000 eooo aooo aoooo aaooo 12000 13000 14000
CommTonity Water Ingestion (milliliters/person/ciay)
-------
Figure 4—1 —F2. Cumulative Distribution of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Total Water Ingestion
All Individuals
QO -
8O
ISJ
O3
50 -
40
ao -
o 1000 2000 3000 4000 sooo eooo 7000 eooo sooo 10000 aaooo 12000 13000 14000
Total Water Ingestion CII1illiliters/persoiVciay)
-------
Figure 4 —1—Gl. Histogram of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
All Individuals
en 50
g
-£H 4O ~~
315 945 1575 22O5 2835 3465 4O95 4725 5355 5985 6615 7245 7875 S5O5 9135 9765 1O395 HD25 11655 12285
GommuJilty Water Ingestion (rriiLlil±ters/f*eTSon/day)
-------
Figure 4 —1 —G2. Histogram of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Total Water Ingestion
All Individuals
ISJ
oo
3±5 Q45 ±575 22O5 2835 34G5 4OQ5 4725 5355 5Q85 6615 7245 7875 85O5 9±35 Q7S5 ±O3Q5 UO25 U655 O2285 ±2QO5 ±3545
"Ttrtal \VEi1:er Ingestion
iters/person/dEtyJ
-------
Table 4-2-A. Estimated Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Source
Consumers On ly
Source
Commun i ty Water
Bottled Water
Other Sources
M i ss i ng Source
Al 1 Sources
Mi 1 1 i 1 i ters/Person/Day
Mean 90th percent! le 95th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B.I.** 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
14,012 242,641,675 1,000 976 1,024 2,069 2,041 2,106 2,600 2,538 2,662
3,078 57,316,806 737 710 764 1,568 1,433 1,756 1,967 1,893 2,070
2,129 34,693,744 965 904 1,025 1,971 1,925 2,015 2,475 2,294 2,651
549 9,657,323 437 395 479 1,141 993 1,302 1,456 1,375 1,813
15,172 259,972,235 1,241 1,208 1,274 2,345 2,315 2,378 2,922 2,848 2,959
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 09MAROO 10:31 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_1A.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
4-29
-------
Figure 4 —2—A.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Source
Consumers Only
OJ
o
i
1
1
1
E
1OUU
l/UU
nuu
innn
yuu
*>
oOU
700
-i ;
ouu
OUU
4UU
oUU
zUU
100
n
I 1
.-^->^>^^X!X>
x T
'^^^
-
I
T
':%^%^
^jj%^%f-
•^X^/x^/xx^
^jjjj%%^
'//////^///
^jjjjj^jj^-
?xlllilP^
^%^%^^
'///^/////
llllllllp
Community Bottled Other Missing All
Water Water Sources Source Sources
Source
-------
Table 4-2-B1. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Age Categor i es
Consumers On ly
Mi I I i I iters/Person/Day
90th percent i Ie
95th percent i Ie
Age
Sample PopuI ati on
S i ze
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
246
3, 619
1 ,536
8,611
14,012
2,511, 834
36, 867,691
31 , 173,365
1 72,088, 785
242, 641 , 675
513
435
735
1 , 1 76
1 ,000
460
414
684
1,148
976
567
457
786
1 , 204
1 ,024
950
937
1 , 566
2, 284
2,069
882
910
1 ,526
2, 244
2,041
1 ,046
947
1 , 648
2, 338
2, 106
1,121*
1 , 137
1 , 972
2, 848
2, 600
1 , 046*
1 ,099
1 , 900
2, 783
2, 538
1 , 246*
1 , 166
2, 103
2, 958
2, 662
03MAROO 14:30 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_1B1.lst
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I)
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Means zero.
The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96"
4-31
-------
Figure 4-2-B1.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Age Categories
Consumers Only
OJ
to
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
•t
-
o
03 700
600
soo
400
300
200
100
< 1 1-10 11-19 20+ All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-2-B2. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Age Categor i es
Consumers On ly
Age
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of body weight/Day
Mean 90th percent! le 95th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B.I.** 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
234 2,439,694 69 62 77 139 137 156 170* 168* 176*
3,393 34,596,970 21 20 22 44 42 45 59 55 63
1,507 30,748,807 13 12 13 26 25 27 34 32 36
8,459 168,957,363 16 16 16 32 31 33 39 38 41
13,593 236,742,834 17 16 17 33 33 34 44 42 45
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 03MAROO 16:46 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_1B2.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
4-33
-------
Figure 4-2-B2.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Age Categories
Consumers Only
OJ
100
90
80
70
60
50
"
20
10
< 1 1-10 11-19 20+ All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-2-C1. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Gender and Age Categories
Consumers Only
Mi I I i I iters/Person/Day
90th percent i Ie
95th percent i Ie
Age
Sample PopuI ati on
S i ze
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
a. FemaIe
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
128
1 , 807
768
4,227
6, 930
1 ,320,308
18,020,621
15,249,740
89,385,243
123,975,912
560
426
638
1,116
951
494
398
591
1 ,084
925
626
455
685
1 , 148
977
967*
940
1 , 382
2, 165
2,005
918*
876
1 , 283
2,112
1 , 952
1,121*
959
1 , 536
2, 230
2,040
1 , 122*
1 , 109
1 , 774
2, 711
2, 482
1,037*
1 ,065
1 , 583
2,613
2,416
1 , 695*
1 , 166
1 , 943
2, 866
2, 575
b. Male
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
118
1,812
768
4, 384
7,082
1,191,526
18,847,070
15,923,625
82,703,542
118,665,763
462
444
828
1 , 242
1 ,052
405
423
761
1 ,207
1 ,020
519
466
895
1 ,277
1 ,084
881*
934
1 , 673
2,387
2, 164
855*
868
1 , 648
2, 262
2, 125
1,121*
958
1 , 782
2,490
2,204
1,121*
1 , 155
2, 058
3,016
2, 733
882*
1 ,086
1 , 940
2, 812
2, 591
1 , 142*
1 , 237
2, 346
3, 256
2,860
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 09MAROO 13:30 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_1D1.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) Al I estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
4-35
-------
Figure 4-2-Cl.
OJ
O3
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Gender and Age Categories
Consumers Only
< l
1-10
11-19
20 +
All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-2-C2. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Gender and Age Categories
Consumers Only
Age
a . Fema 1 e
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
b. Male
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of body weight/Day
Mean 90th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
119 1,259,405 72 62 82 139* 130* 170*
1,688 16,731,906 21 20 23 45 44 47
752 15,031,443 12 11 12 26 22 27
4,099 86,643,885 17 16 17 33 33 34
6,658 119,666,639 17 17 18 35 34 35
115 1,180,289 66 55 77 139* 114* 170*
1,705 17,865,064 21 20 22 43 41 44
755 15,717,364 14 13 15 27 25 29
4,360 82,313,478 15 15 16 30 28 31
6,935 117,076,195 16 16 17 32 32 33
95th percent i I e
90% B.I.**
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
169* 144* 176*
61 58 65
32 29 35
41 39 42
45 44 47
175* 139* 205*
55 52 60
38 32 44
38 36 39
43 41 44
09MAROO 13:11 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_1D2.lst
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Ind i vi dua I s (CSF I I )
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) Al I estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent! le intervals were estimated using percent! le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
- : Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
4-37
-------
Figure 4-2-C2.
OJ
oo
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Gender and Age Categories
Consumers Only
100
< l
1-10
11-19
Age (Years)
20 +
All Ages
-------
Table 4-2-D1. Estimated Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Age Categor i es
Consumers On ly
Age
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Mi I I i I i ters/Person/Day
Mean 90th percent! le 95th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B.I.** 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
310 3,240,720 563 508 618 968 940 1,121 1,236 1,121 1,282
3,944 39,830,481 532 509 556 1,004 980 1,030 1,242 1,198 1,284
1,626 33,201,719 917 861 973 1,782 1,725 1,872 2,202 2,098 2,346
9,292 183,699,315 1,465 1,427 1,504 2,551 2,516 2,604 3,195 3,109 3,376
15,172 259,972,235 1,241 1,208 1,274 2,345 2,315 2,378 2,922 2,848 2,959
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 03MAROO 17:39 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_1C1.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
4-39
-------
Figure 4-2-D1.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Age Categories
Consumers Only
t
O
1
< 1 1-10 11-19 20+ All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-2-D2. Estimated Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Age Categor i es
Consumers On ly
Age
< 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of body weight/Day
Mean 90th percent! le 95th percent! le
90% C.I. 90% B.I.** 90% B.I.**
Sample Population Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound Estimate Bound Bound
296 3,154,260 78 70 85 164 144 168 170 164 190
3,708 37,489,721 26 24 27 49 48 50 64 62 66
1,592 32,680,793 16 15 17 31 29 32 39 37 42
9,130 180,342,914 20 19 21 36 35 36 44 43 45
14,726 253,667,688 21 20 22 38 38 39 50 48 51
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 10MAROO 09:43 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_1C2.lst
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) AlI estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
**: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
4-41
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Figure 4 —2 —D2. Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Total Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
By Age Categories
Consumers Only
to
90
80
70
60
T3 50
O
o
•§
40
30
20
10
< 1 1-10 11-19 20+ All Ages
Age (Years)
-------
Table 4-2-E. Estimated Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers On ly
Mi I I i I iters/Person/Day
90th percent i Ie
95th percent i Ie
Women Categories
Pregnant
Lactat i ng
Women Age 15-44
90% C.I.
Sample Population Lower Upper
Size Estimate Bound Bound
65 1 , 645, 565 872 728 1,015
34 971,057 1,665* 1,181* 2,148*
2,176 55,251,477 984 946 1,022
90% B.I.**
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
1 , 844* 1 , 776* 3, 690*
2,959* 2,722* 3,452*
2,044 1,957 2,175
90% B.I.**
Lower Upper
Estimate Bound Bound
2, 588* 2, 167* 3, 690*
3,588* 2,987* 4,026*
2,722 2,455 2,873
03MAROO 17:44 m:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ003\R003_1E.lst
(1) Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I)
(2) Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
(3) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.
(4) All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
*: Percent!le intervals were estimated using percent!le bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications.
Means zero.
The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96"
4-43
-------
Figure 4-2-E.
Estimated Mean and 90% Confidence Intervals Around the Mean
Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
By Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
^
I
Pregnant
Lactating
Women Age
15-44
Women Categories
-------
Figure 4 — 2— Fl. Cumulative Distribution of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
Consumers Only
QO -
8O
Ol
50 -
40
O ZOO 4OO 6OO BOO 1OOO 12OO 14OO 16OO 13OO 2OOO
ao -
1000 2000 3000 4000 sooo eooo 7000 eooo sooo aoooo aaooo 12000 13000 14000
CommTonity Water Ingestion (milliliters/person/ciay)
-------
Figure 4 —2 —F2. Cumulative Distribution of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Total Water Ingestion
Consumers Only
QO -
8O
O3
50 -
40
ao -
1000 2000 3000 4000 sooo eooo 7000 eooo sooo 10000 aaooo 12000 13000 14000
Total Water Ingestion CII1illiliters/persoiVciay)
-------
Figure 4 — 2 — Gl. Histogram of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Community Water Ingestion
Consumers Only
en 50
g
-£H 4O ~~
315 945 1575 22O5 2835 3465 4O95 4725 5355 5985 6615 7245 7875 S5O5 9135 9765 1O395 HD25 11655 12285
GommuJilty Water Ingestion (rriilliliters/person/day)
-------
Figure 4 —2 —G2. Histogram of Per Capita Direct and Indirect Total Water Ingestion
Consumers Only
oo
=-O 3±5 O45 ±575 22O5 2835 34G5 4OQ5 4725 5355 5Q85 66±5 7245 7875 85O5 9±35 Q7S5 ±O3Q5 ±±O25 ±±655 ±2285 ±2015 ±3545
"Ttrtal \VEi1:er Ingestion
iters/person/dEtyJ
-------
5. DISCUSSION
All surveys have strengths and limitations when assessed against the specific objective being addressed.
There are also biases introduced in the survey process. Section 5.1 presents the strengths and limitations of
the USDA's 1994-96 CSFII data for supporting the estimates reported in this document. Section 5.2
identifies and discusses sources of bias and error in the 1994-96 CSFII with respect to water ingestion
estimates. Section 5.3 presents the report conclusions, and Section 5.4 provides a listing of references used
in this report.
5.1 Survey Strengths and Limitations
The strengths of the USDA's 1994-96 CSFII survey for supporting estimates of per capita water
ingestion are twofold. First, the survey design is structured to obtain a statistically representative sample
of the United States population. Second, the survey is designed to record daily intakes of foods and
nutrients and support estimation of food consumption. These features are in direct alignment with the
objective of producing current, per capita water ingestion estimates for the United States population and for
population subsets sensitive to potential contaminants in drinking water.
The 1994-96 CSFII survey design allows the combination of three years of data through a weighting
scheme. This combination of three years provides a sample of over 15,000 respondents. With increased
sample sizes, the precision and accuracy of estimates are improved and the support for subpopulation
estimates is enhanced. This design structure, in conjunction with the implementation of a sampling
protocol, increases the sample's representation of the United States population and minimizes seasonal
and/or regional bias from respondents. Low-income individuals are oversampled to ensure their
representation in the survey. Finally, the survey weight associated with each respondent's information to
project the response to the population has been adjusted for nonresponse bias. These adjustments were
based on sociodemographic factors. Nonresponse adjustments were also significantly reduced for the
current CSFII. The response rate for participants with multiple days of food intake information is 75.9
percent for the 1994-96 CSFII, as opposed to approximately 45 percent for the 1989-91 CSFII.
The method employed to collect dietary intake data also strengthened the CSFII design for supporting
per capita ingestion estimates. For example, the USDA's 1994-96 CSFII survey was administered by an
interviewer on both days of data collection. This administration provided multiple passes through the day's
intake to facilitate more complete responses. Previous surveys have relied on interviewer administration for
the first day and self-administration on subsequent days. This change in administration method insures
consistency with respect to the way responses are recorded across interview days.
5-1
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Previous CSFII surveys have collected dietary intake information on consecutive days. This collection
method raises issues about the contribution of within-individual variance to overall estimates. Because the
1994-96 CSFII collects data on two non-consecutive days, the within-individual variance component is
diminished. The third change in data collection methods that facilitates completion of the objective of this
report is that previous surveys included all members of a household in the survey. The 1994-96 survey
includes a subsample of household members with sampling rates varying to achieve more responses from
children and the elderly.
Another important feature of the 1994-96 CSFII that supports per capita estimation of water ingestion
is the questionnaire design. The questionnaire collects data on a household's source of drinking water and
water used for the preparation of foods and beverages. It also allows a respondent to indicate if water was
ingested at home or away from home. This information directly supports the assignment of water source
for both direct and indirect water intake. The 1994-96 CSFII Technical Support Files supported the
estimation of the amount of water ingested through food. This enhances the estimation of indirect water
ingestion and partitions it from water directly ingested as a beverage.
The limitations of the CSFII survey for supporting per capita ingestion estimates involve the length of
time data were collected, the influence of extreme values on estimates, and the availability of information to
support variance estimation. The CSFII survey collects only two non-consecutive days of data. Because
daily averages are estimated from each respondent from only two days, the precision of an individual's
daily average consumption is diminished. Also, the limited time period of dietary intake collection does not
produce usual intake estimates. Usual intakes are defined as "the long run average of daily intakes of a
dietary component by an individual." Rather, the estimates presented in this report characterize the
empirical distribution of daily average per capita ingestion. Because the data from the CSFII are not usual
intakes and some consumers report no direct and minimal amounts of indirect water ingestion, while other
consumers report over two liters of ingestion, the empirical distribution of daily average per capita
ingestion can be skewed.
Another limitation of the 1994-96 CSFII is a function of the way that survey data are reported. Data
from two variance estimation units are required to generate an estimate of the variance within a variance
estimation stratum. These variances are then summed across strata to generate a variance estimate for the
subpopulation. For many of the subpopulations evaluated in this report, numerous strata did not have
information for two variance estimation units. Because there is insufficient information in the naming
convention, combining data across like strata was not possible. Therefore, the survey did not support
variance estimation for many of the reported subpopulations. Because of this, means differences cannot be
formally tested and interval estimates about the mean and upper percentiles cannot be supplied, except for
the larger subpopulation. All reported differences are empirical as opposed to statistical. Also, certain
variables, such as region, are at a summary level. USDA has named the States within a region. Estimates
by State, however, are not trackable because USDA data do not contain a variable identifying States. For
this reason, water ingestion estimates by State are not possible.
5-2
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Statistically significant differences can be found by comparing the confidence intervals between two
independent groups. If the confidence intervals for the two groups do not overlap, then the estimates for
these groups are statistically significant at the 0.10 alpha level since 90% confidence intervals are reported.
For example, children one to ten years old (90% confidence interval about the mean is 380 to 420
ml/person/day) ingest significantly less community water than children 11 to 19 years old (90% confidence
interval about the mean is 634 to 732 ml/person/day) (See Table 4-1-B1).
A final limitation is that the survey does not support water ingestion estimates for subpopulations with
different lifestyles, occupations, or activities. Examples include:
• People with traditional life styles (e.g., Native Americans and recent immigrants).
• People who live in hot climate areas.
• People who consume large amounts of water because of physical activity.
• People with health conditions that affect water ingestion, such as diabetes, kidney disease, conditions
requiring rapid rehydration needs (GI upsets, food poisoning), and disorders of water and sodium
metabolism.
While individuals from these specific subpopulations are included in the survey and U.S. population
estimates, they were not targeted during survey design and thus do not occur in high enough frequencies to
support estimate generation.
5.2 Sources of Error, Bias, and Uncertainty
All surveys contain errors despite the diligence of the design statistician and the respondents. These
errors ultimately lead to bias and uncertainty in the estimates resulting from the survey's data. Some errors
are quantifiable, while others are not. Random error occurs in all stochastic processes. To quantify error
and bias, we must know the true population value. In reality, these are not known. In general, the
estimation process assumes that the true population value is known and the error is random or partitioned
to assess components of the variance. In complex surveys, these assumptions may be violated.
In general, there are three sources of error in a survey. Two of these sources involve the survey design
and data collection. The third source of error is introduced during the use of the data. The following
paragraphs discuss these sources of error specific to the 1994-96 USDA's CSFII survey and its use to
generate the estimates presented in this report.
The first source of error is attributed to the survey design. All designs are constructed to minimize the
coefficient of variation with respect to a given parameter. For the 1994-96 CSFII, the goal was to
5-3
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minimize the variance of the mean Day 1 saturated fat and iron intakes. In this report, we address water
ingestion. Thus, the design has not been specifically structured to minimize the coefficient of variation with
respect to water ingestion. Another design error is attributed to nonresponse and the representative nature
of the sample frame. The CSFII adjusts for these through its sample weights. The method USDA used to
derive survey sample weights is discussed in Chapter 2 of this report. For the combined three-year sample,
the USDA estimates the variance inflation factor (VIF) for two-day respondents to be 1.60. The 1994-96
CSFII documentation describes the VIF as "the proportional increase in the variance of survey estimates
resulting from the variation in weights" and indicates that the VIF measures "the broadly calculated average
design effect" (CSFII survey documentation, p. 5-4 and 5-5).
The second source of error is measurement error. For the CSFII, this error presents itself in the
records of foods and beverages ingested by the participant. Measurement error in this case is comprised of
the amount of a food or beverage consumption reported and the completeness of the reported consumption
record. It is generally anticipated that food and beverage intakes are under-reported (Swan, 1983).
The third source of error is introduced when data are used. The first incidence of this occurring is in
the data coding and database building by the USDA. Other sources occur during applications of data
conventions. As indicated in Chapter 3 of this report, assumptions were made about sources of water and
about which foods were prepared at home or by a food service establishment.
5.3 Conclusion
The purpose of this study is to provide current estimates of per capita water ingestion in the United
States. Results are presented for the general U.S. population and for certain sub-populations (i.e. gender
and age categories, pregnant and lactating women). The data on water ingestion were obtained from the
U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. The
estimates report mean and percentiles from empirical distributions for both direct (plain water ingested as a
beverage) and indirect water (water added to food and beverages during preparation). Commercial and
natural water in the food and beverages are not included in the analysis.
Two liters/person/day has been used as the default value for water ingestion by EPA, other Federal
agencies, and the WHO. This value is supported by the National Cancer Institute's report (Ershow and
Cantor, 1989) based on 1977-78 survey data. The two liters included the sum of direct and indirect tap
water ingestion and was the 88th percentile for the United States population when excluding pregnant and
lactating women and breast-fed children.
This analysis, based on 1994-96 CSFII data, found that 90 percent of the population of the United
States ingests two liters/day or less of community water. This analysis also found that approximately 83
percent of the population ingests two liters/day or less of total water (i.e., water from all sources) (See
Figure 4-1-F2).
5-4
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For babies younger than one year of age who ingested community water during the two survey days
(i.e., "consumers only"), this analysis showed that 90 percent ingested less than or equal to one liter/day of
community water. For babies who ingested water from any source during the two survey days, this
analysis showed that over 90 (but less than 95) percent ingested less than or equal to one liter/day of total
water.
When considering water ingestion in units of milliliters per kilogram of body weight per day, this
analysis shows that the mean per capita ingestion rates for babies younger than one year are estimated to be
three to four times higher than the mean rates for the population as a whole.
Our results show that pregnant women do not differ significantly in their water intake compared with
women of childbearing age (age 15-44). However, lactating women ingest significantly more water than
the other two groups. These conclusions are a result of comparing the confidence intervals among the three
groups of women. Note, however, that the pregnant women and lactating women are included in the larger
group of childbearing-age women.
The mean community water ingested by males is significantly higher than that ingested by females in
all age categories except for babies younger than one year old and children one to ten years of age. The
highest mean per ingestion by males is found in males in the 20 years and older age group.
A comparison of ingestion by various sources, indicates that community water comprises 75 percent
of the total water ingested by individuals in the United States population, followed by bottled water which
constitutes 13 percent of total water ingested while 10 percent is attributable to water from other sources.
The results presented may be used in risk assessment analyses where exposures that occur through
ingestion of water are of concern. The ingestion estimates presented provide the basis for evaluation of the
proportion of the population that may be affected under various exposure scenarios.
5-5
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5.4 References
CSFII survey documentation, file 1. See USDA/ARS, 1998.
DHHS (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1996. 1996 Poverty Guidelines. Federal
Efron, Bradley. 1982. The Jackknife, The Bootstrap, and Other Resampling Plans. Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Ershow, Abby G., and Kenneth P. Cantor. 1989. Total Water and Tapwater Intake in the United States:
Population-Based Estimates of Quantities and Sources. National Cancer Institute Order
#263-Md-810264.
Hansen, M. H., W. N. Hurwitz, and W. G. Madow. 1953. Sample Survey Methods and Theory. Volume
I: Methods and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: pp. 399 and 419.
Kennedy, W. J., and J. E. Gentle. 1980. Statistical Computing. New York, New York: Marcel Dekker,
Inc.: p. 224.
Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO), Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.
Prepared for the Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research. Third Report on
Nutrition Monitoring in the United States: Volume 1. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C.
1995.
National Research Council (NRC). 1986. Nutrient Adequacy, Assessment Using Food Consumption
Surveys. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Nusser, S. M., A. L. Carriquiry, K. W. Dodd, and W. A. Fuller. 1996. "A Semiparametric
Transformation Approach to Estimating Usual Intake Distributions." Journal of the American Statistical
Association 91:1440-9.
Recommended Dietary Allowances. 1989. 10th ed., National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.
Shah, B. V., et al. April 1996. Statistical Methods and Mathematical Algorithms Used in SUDAAN
Release 7.0. Research Triangle Institute: pp. 2-5.
Swan, P. B. 1983. "Food Consumption by Individuals in the United States: two major surveys." Annual
Review of Nutrition 3:413-32.
5-6
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Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, Volume 1, Appendix III.
USDA/ARS (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service). 1998. 1994-1996
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and 1994-1996 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey.
CD-ROM, accession number PB98-500457. [Available from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Phone: (703)487-4650.]
Woodruff, R. S. 1971. "A Simple Method for Approximating the Variance of a Complicated Estimate."
Journal of the American Statistical Association 66:411-4.
5-7
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Appendix Page
APPENDIX A: CSFII Survey Questions Pertaining to Water Ingestion A-l
APPENDIX B: Examples of Procedures Used in the Estimation of Indirect Water Ingestion B-l
APPENDIX Bl: Examples for Estimating the Proportion of Indirect Water in 100 Grams
of a Food B-3
APPENDIX B2: Examples for Estimating Preparation Water B-7
APPENDIX B3: USDA Guidance and Examples for the Calculation of P% and GUi B-9
APPENDIX C: 1994-1996 CSFII Food Codes C-l
APPENDIX Cl: Assumptions for the Assignment of Water Type for 3-digit Food Code
Series in the USDA 1994-1996 CSFII Recipe Database C-3
APPENDIX C2: Listing of All 3-digit Food Codes in the USDA 1994-1996 CSFH Recipe
Database C-5
APPENDIX C3: Proportion of Indirect Water per 100 Grams of USDA 1994-1996
CSFII Foods C-13
APPENDIX D: Statistical Methods and Sample Design D-l
APPENDIX E: Per Capita Water Ingestion Estimates E-l
APPENDIX F: SAB Report and EPA Response F-l
APPENDIXFl: SAB Report
APPENDIX F2: EPA Response
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Appendix A
CSFII Survey Questions Pertaining to Water Ingestion
Chapter 3 of this report defines the data conventions applied to assign source and amount of
water ingested by the respondent. These conventions are predicated on participant responses to survey
questions. This appendix lists the questions used to assign source classifications, record the amount of
water ingested by a participant, and identify food sources. These questions were extracted from the
USDA's 1994-96 CSFII survey instrument, "WHAT WE EAT IN AMERICA: 1994-1996."
A-l
-------
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
A-2
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APPENDIX A
CSFII Survey Questions Pertaining to Water Ingestion
Record Type 15: Households.
Name
Position W T
HHID
3-7
5 N Household identification number.
Applies to all records.
10001 - 52999 = HHID
H2O_COOK 103-104 2 N H18. What is the main source of the water
used for cooking in your home?
Applies to all records.
1 = Community water supply
2 = Well or rain cistern (household's)
3 = Spring (household's or public)
4 = Bottled water (purchased)
96 = Other
98 = Don't know
99 = Not ascertained
H2O BEVR 105-106 2
N HI 9. What is the main source of the water
used in your home for preparing beverages
such as coffee, tea, juices, and baby
formula?
Applies to all records.
1 = Community water supply
2 = Well or rain cistern (household's)
3 = Spring (household's or public)
4 = Bottled water (purchased)
A-3
-------
96 = Other
98 = Don't know
99 = Not ascertained
H2O_DRNK 107-108 2 N H20. What is the main source of plain
drinking water in your home?
Applies to all records.
1 = Community water supply
2 = Well or rain cistern (household's)
3 = Spring (household's or public)
4 = Bottled water (purchased)
96 = Other
98 = Don't know
99 = Not ascertained
Record Type 25: Sample Persons.
Name
Position W T
HHID 3-7 5 N Household identification number.
Applies to all records.
10001-52999 = HHID
SPNUM 8-9 2 N Sample person (SP) number.
Applies to all records.
1 - 23 = SP number
Now I'd like you to think about all of the plain drinking water that
(you/NAME) had yesterday, regardless of where (you/he/she) drank it. By
plain drinking water I mean tap water or any bottled water that is not
carbonated, with nothing added to it, not even lemon.
A-4
-------
D1_H2O_O 136-138 3 N DA15. How many fluid ounces of plain drinking water did you drink
yesterday - day 1 ?
Applies to all records.
* 0 = None
1 - 995 = Fluid ounces
998 = Don't know
999 = Not ascertained
* Skip D1_H2O_H - D1_H2O_A
D1_H2O_H 139 1 N DA16. How much of this plain drinking water
came from your home? Would you say all,
most, some, or none - day 1?
Applies if: D1_H2O_O> 0
* 1 = All
2 = Most
3 = Some
4 = None
8 = Don't know
9 = Not ascertained
*SkipDl_H2O_A
D1_H2O_A 140 1 N DA17. What was the main source of plain
drinking water that did not come from your
home? Was it tap water, water from a
drinking fountain, bottled water, or
something else - day 1?
Applies if: D1_H2O_H> 1
1 = Tap water / drinking fountain
2 = Bottled water
6 = Other
8 = Don't know
A-5
-------
9 = Not ascertained
Blank = Not applicable
Now I'd like you to think about all of the plain drinking water that
(you/NAME) had yesterday, regardless of where (you/he/she) drank it. By
plain drinking water I mean tap water or any bottled water that is not
carbonated, with nothing added to it, not even lemon.
D2_H2O_O 159-161 3 N DB13. How many fluid ounces of plain
drinking water did you drink yesterday - day 2?
Applies if: COMP_D2 = 1
* 0 = None
1 - 995 = Fluid ounces
998 = Don't know
999 = Not ascertained
Blank = Not applicable
* Skip D2_H2O_H - D2_H2O_A
D2_H2O_H 162 IN DB14. How much of this plain drinking water
came from your home? Would you say all,
most some, or none - day 2?
Applies if: D2_H2O_O > 0
* 1=A11
2 = Most
3 = Some
4 = None
8 = Don't know
9 = Not ascertained
Blank = Not applicable
* Skip D2_H2O_A
D2_H2O_A 163 IN DB 15. What was the main source of plain
A-6
-------
drinking water that did not come from your
home? Was it tap water, water from a
drinking fountain, bottled water, or
something else - day 2?
Applies if: D2_H2O_H> 1
1 = Tap water / drinking fountain
2 = Bottled water
6 = Other
8 = Don't know
9 = Not ascertained
Blank =Not applicable
Record Type 30: Food Items.
Name
Position W T
HHID
3-7
5 N Household identification number.
Applies to all records.
10001 - 52999 = HHID
SPNUM 8-9 2 N Sample person (SP) number.
Applies to all records.
1 - 23 = SP number
DAYCODE 64 1 N Day 1 / day 2 indicator.
Applies to all records.
1 = Day 1
2 = Day 2
A-7
-------
FOODCODE 67-74
8 N Food code. See File 4, "Food Codes and
Abbreviated Descriptions" (Chapter 11 on the
CD-ROM). Complete documentation of the Food
Coding Data Base, nutrient Data Base, and
other supporting files used in processing
the CSFH 1994 is available in a directory
on the CD-ROM [CD-ROM drive] :\TSF 1994. For
more information see the README. TXT file in
the root directory of the CD-ROM.
Applies to all records.
* 11000000 = Human milk
11100000 - 99999999 = Food code
MODCODE 75-80
* Skp FOODAMT.
N Recipe modification code. Indicates
predefined survey recipe was modified to
capture some specific information provided
by the respondent. See Section 2.3, "Data
Processing." Modified recipes are found in
a directory on the CD-ROM [CD-ROM drive]:\
TSF1994. For more information see the
README.TXT file in the root directory of
this CD-ROM.
FOODAMT 81-8
Applies to all records.
0 = No modification
100000 - 999999 = Modification code
8 N2 Amount of food in grams.
Note: there is a non-zero amount for all
foods except human milk (FOODCODE
11000000).
Applies if: FOODCODE > 11000000
A-8
-------
0.01 - 99999.99 = Amount in grams
Blank = Not applicable
FOODSRCE 100-101 2 N 17. Where was the food item obtained?
Applies to all records.
1 = Store
2 = Restaurant with table service
3 = Fast food place, pizza place
4 = Bar, tavern, lounge
5 = School cafeteria
6 = Other cafeteria
7 = Vending machine
8 = Child care center, family day
care home, adult day care
9 = Soup kitchen, shelter, food
pantry
10 = Meals on Wheels
11 = Other community food program
12 = Grown or caught by you or
someone you know
13 = Someone else /gift
14 = Mail order purchase
15 = Common coffee pot or snack tray
16 = Residential dining facility
* 20 = Not applicable, breast-feeding
71 = Fish or seafood caught by you or
someone you know and coming
from freshwater lake, pond, or
river
72 = Fish or seafood caught by you or
someone you know and coming
from ocean
73 = Fish or seafood caught by you or
someone you know and coming
from: bay, sound, or estuary
74 = Fish or seafood caught by you or
someone you know and coming
A-9
-------
from: don't know body of water
96 = Other
98 = Don't know
99 = Not ascertained
Skip EATHOME -EVERHOME.
A-10
-------
Appendix B
Examples of Procedures Used in the Estimation of Indirect Water togestion
This appendix is comprised of three subsections. Appendix Bl provides examples of estimating
the proportion of indirect water in 100 grams of a food code. USDA-supplied examples for estimating
the amount of preparation water in foods appear in Appendix B2. Finally, Appendix B3 presents USDA
guidance and examples for calculation of p% and GUi.
B-l
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B-2
-------
APPENDIX Bl
Examples for Estimating the Proportion of Indirect Water in 100 Grams of a Food
Definitions:
Food code
Mod number
Food code description
M%
F%
Ingredient code
Ingredient description
Grams
P%
G_am
P m
A_h
G i
An 8 digit number assigned to each unique food in the Food Coding Database.
Identifies a specific recipe modification.
Food descriptions provided to each unique food in the Food Coding Database.
Moisture change during cooking.
Fat change during cooking.
A 5 digit number assigned to recipe ingredients.
Ingredient description provided in the USDA Recipe Database files, RECING.TXT andMODING.TXT.
Amount (grams) of recipe ingredients based on recipes defined by USDA.
Ingredient amount as a p ercent of the prepared product. Calculated using method provided in Appendix B 3,
for the Calculation of P% and GUi."
Grams absorbed moisture per 100 grams cooked ingredient Applies to pre-cooked pasta, rice, and cereals.
method provided by USDA in Appendix B2 "Examples for Estimating Preparation Water."
Proportion of moisture in 100 grams of food as ingested. Obtained from the USDA WTR_FC file when available.
contractor, SAIC, using the formula:
P_m = (P%)(G_am/100)
Assumed percent of ingredient that is home/restaurant prepared.
Proportion of indirect preparation water per 100 grams of food. Calculated by EPA contractor, SAIC, using the formula:
G_i = (P_m)(A_h/100)
'USDA Guidance and Examples
Calculated using the "total solids"
Otherwise calculated by EPA
B-3
-------
Examples in which the P m calculated by USDA.
1. Food code with recipe water ingredient.
Food code: 9253091 0, modification code: 100424, Lemonade with vitamin C added made from frozen concentrate w/ 4 cans of water.
M%=0.0 F%=0.0
Ingredient code
14292
14429 *
Ingredient name
Lemonade, frz, cone, white
Water, municipal
Total
Grams
438
1,422
1,860
P%
G_am
P_m
0.7645
A_h
100%
G_i
0.7645
0.7645
2.
* Ingredient contains preparation water.
Food code with pre-cooked pasta ingredient
Food code: 56 10101 0. Mod code: 0. Macaroni, cooked, fat not added in cooking.
Ingredient code
20100 *
02047
Ingredient name
Macaroni, ckd, enr
Salt, table
Total
Grams
100.00
0.60
P%
G_am
P_m
0.6161
AJi
100%
G_i
0.6161
0.6161
* Contains preparation water.
B-4
-------
Examples in which P m calculated by EPA contractor, SAIC:
3. Food code with pre-cooked rice ingredient.
Food code: 58 15641 0. Modcode: 0. Rice with onions, Puerto Rican Style. M%=31 .2 F5=0 .0
Ingredient code
04610
11282
11264
20045 *
06045
Ingredient name
Margarine
Onions, raw
Mushrooms, end, drained
Rice, white, long, reg, ckd, enr
Soup, onion, cond, comm
Total
Grams
56.70
70.00
98.63
237.00
298.00
P%
0.1014
0.0848
0.1184
0.3265
0.3688
1.0000
G_am
64.2906
P_m
.2099
AJi
100%
G_i
.2099
.2099
* Contains preparation water.
Food code with pre-cooked legume ingredient.
Food code: 41 10601 0. Modcode: 0. Red kidney beans, dry, cooked, fat added in cooking. M%=0.0 F%=0.0
Ingredient code
16033 *
10165
02047
Ingredient name
Beans, kidney, red, mature, bid
Pork, cured, salt, raw
Salt, table
Total
Grams
92.00
8.00
0.50
P%
0.9154
0.0796
0.0050
1.0000
G_am
62.5382
P_m
0.5725
A_h
50%
G_i
.2862
.2862
* Contains preparation water.
B-5
-------
Food code with two recipe ingredients that contain preparation water.
Food code: 58160110. Modcode: 0. Rice with beans. M%=0.0 F%=0.0.
Ingredient code
20045 *
16050 *
02047
04610
Ingredient name
Rice, white, long, reg, ckd, enr
Beans, white, mature, bid
Salt, table
Margarine, reg, stick, comp
Total
Grams
158.00
179.00
2.40
18.92
P%
0.4497
0.4996
0.0067
0.0528
1.0000
G_am
64.2906
58.3672
P_m
0.2835
0.2916
AJi
100%
100%
G_i
.2835
.2916
.5751
* Contains preparation water.
Food c ode with brewed tea ingredient.
Food code: 92302200. Modcode: 0. Tea, leaf, pre-sweetened with sugar. M%=0.0. F%=0.0.
Ingredient code
14355 *
19335
Ingredient name
Tea, brewed
Sugars, granukted
Total
Grams
236.80
12.50
P%
0.9499
0.0501
1.0000
G_am
P_m
0.9499
A_h
100%
G_i
0.9499
0.9499
* Contains preparation water.
B-6
-------
APPENDIX B2
EXAMPLES FOR ESTIMATING PREPARATION WATER
Examples illustrating how preparation water can be estimated per 100 grams of cooked pasta, rice, legumes (dried beans and peas),
and cereal grains such as bulgur, oatmeal, farina.
Estimates based on the total solids approach:
Total solids = 100-moisture
Source for moisture value:
CSFII 1994-96 Survey Nutrient Database,Nutrientcode 255
Basic algorithms:
[TS/lOOg cooked x 100] / TS/lOOg dry = gm dry ingr/lOOg ckd
lOOg cooked - gm dry ing/1 OOg ckd = gm prep water/1 OOg ckd
Example 1: Cooked rice, white, long-grain, regular
PDS code Moisture Total Solids
cooked rice 20045 68.44 31.56
dry rice 20044 11.62 88.38
[ 31.56 x 100 ] / 88.38 = 35.709 gm dry ingred/lOOg cooked
If 100 grams dry rice has 88.38 grams total solids, 35.709 grams dry rice would provide 31.56 grams total solids, 1he
same as in 100 grams cooked rice.
100 - 35.709 = 64.291 gm prep water/lOOg cooked
Since 100 grams cooked rice has 35.709 grams dry rice, the remainder is assumed to be water absorbed during
preparation.
Example 2: Cooked (egg) noodles
PDS code Moisture Total Solids
cooked noodle 20110 68.70 31.30
dry noodle 20109 9.67 90.33
[ 31.30x 100]/90.33 =34.651 gm dry ingred /IOOg cooked
100 - 34.651 = 65.349 gm prep water/lOOg cooked
Notes:
Minor adjustments could be made to estimates of preparation water when rice, pasta, legumes, cooked cereal grains, etc. contain salt;
however, the change is probably less than one percent.
The cooking yields for rice, pasta, dry beans, etc can be quite variable. For example, rice yields range between 243 to 375 (mean is
308).
B-7
-------
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
-------
APPENDIX B3
USDA Guidance and Examples for the Calculation of P% and GUi
Example 1: No moisture or fat change
Follow the steps/calculations below to calculate the amount of each ingredient required to prepare 100 grams of the food (GUi), and the amount of each ingredient as a proportion of the prepared food within
each individual recipe.
Recipe Moist. Fat Fat
Yield Change Change Code
(Ryld) (M_chg) (F_chg) (F_Code)
11513100 Cocoa and sugar mixture, whole milk 100.00 0.0 0.0 0
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Amount Ingred
Amount of moist.
Ingred of ingred as
amount moist. moist. percent
Recipe Ingredient
Code
11513100
11513100
Steps/Calculations:
Code
1077
14175
(1)
Ingredient description
Milk, whl, 3.3% fat
Choc flav bev nix
Gmi = Values are from the 1994-96
Recipe in 100 in in 100 of
Retn ingred gms of lOOgms gms of recipe
code amount recipe ingred recipe total
(Gmi) (GmMOO) (M_100) (Mi) (Mi%)
0 244.000 91.7293 87.990 80.7126 0.99908
0 22.000 8.2707 0.900 0.0744 0.00092
Recipe totals: 266.00 100.000 80.7871 1.00000
CSFII Recipe Database
(6) (7) (8) (9)
Ingred
Ingred Ingred amount
Amount amount amount needed
of in 100 as to
moist. gms of percent prepare
lost recipe of 100 gms
per adjusted prepared of
ingred for loss product product
(Mi-) (Pgmi) (P%) (GUi)
0.0000 91.7293 0.91729 91.729
0.0000 8.2707 0.08271 8.271
0.0000 100.000 1.00000
(2) GmMOO = (Gmi/sum(Gmi)) * 100
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
MM 00 = Values are obtained from the
Mi = GmMOO * (MJOO/100)
Mi% = Mi/sum(Mi)
Mi- = Mi% * M_chg
Pgmi = GmMOO + (Mi-)
P% = Pgmi/sum(Pgmi)
Gui = (GmMOO/Ryld) * 100
1994-96 CSFII Nutrient Database
B-9
-------
Example 2: A moisture loss and no fat change
Follow the steps/calculations below to calculate the amount of each ingredient required to prepare 100 grams of the food (GUi), and the amount of each ingredient as a proportion of the prepared food within
each individual recipe.
Recipe Moist. Fat
Yield Change Change
(Ryld) (M_chg) (F_chg)
11512500 Spanish-style hot chocolate drink 87.00 -13.0 0.0
Recipe Ingredient
Code Code
11512500 1096
11512500 2010
11512500 14429
11512500 19081
Steps/Calculations: (1)
Ingredient description
Milk, end, evap, whl
Cinnamon, ground
Water, municipal
Candies, swt choc
Gmi = Values are from the 1994-96
(1)
Recipe
Retn ingred
code amount
(Gmi)
2151 756.000
0 0.287
0 711.000
0 113.400
Recipe totals: 1580.69
CSFII Recipe Database
Fat
Code
(F_Code)
0
(2) (3)
Ingred
amount Amount
in of
100 moist.
gms of in 100 gm
recipe ingred
(GmLlOO) (M_100)
47.8273 74.040
0.0182 9.520
44.9804 99.900
7.1741 0.500
100.0000
(4)
Amount
of
ingred
moist.
in 100
gms of
recipe
(Mi)
35.4113
0.0017
44.9355
0.0359
80.3844
(5)
Ingred
moist.
as
percent
of
recipe
total
(Mi%)
0.44053
0.00002
0.55901
0.00045
1.00000
(6)
Amount
of
moist.
lost
per
ingred
(Mi-)
-5.7268
-0.0003
-7.2671
-0.0058
-13.000
(7)
Ingred
amount
in 100
gms of
recipe
adjusted
for loss
(Pgmi)
42.1005
0.0179
37.7133
7.1683
87.0000
(8)
Ingred
amount
as
percent
of
prepared
product
(P%)
0.48391
0.00021
0.43349
0.08239
1.00000
(9)
Ingred
amount
needed
to
prepare
100 gms
of
product
(GUi)
54.974
0.021
51.702
8.246
(2) Gmi 100 = (Gmi/sum(Gmi)) * 100
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Mi_100 = Values are obtained from the
Mi = GmMOO * (MJOO/100)
Mi% = Mi/sum(Mi)
Mi- = Mi% * M_chg
Pgmi = GmMOO + (Mi-)
P% = Pgmi/sum(Pgmi)
Gui = (Gmi_100/Ryld) * 100
1994-96 CSFII Nutrient Database
B-10
-------
Example 3: A moisture loss and a fat gain
Follow the steps/calculations below to calculate the amount of each ingredient required to prepare 100 grams of the food (GUi), and the amount of each ingredient as a proportion of the prepared food within
each individual recipe.
Recipe Moist. Fat Fat
Yield Change Change Code
56201520 Cornmeal mush,
(Ryld) (M_chg) (F_chg) (F_Code)
fried 36.00 -65.1 1.1 4615
(1) (2) (3)
Amount
Ingred of
amount moist.
Recipe Ingredient
Code
56201520
56201520
56201520
56201520
Steps/Calculations:
Code
2047
4615
14429
20022
(1)
Ingredient description
Salt, table
fat_added
Water, municipal
Cornmeal, degermed, enr, yel
Gmi = Values are from the 1994-96
Recipe in 100 in
Retn ingred gms of 100 gms
code amount recipe ingred
(Gmi) (GmMOO) (M_100)
0 3.000 0.2755 0.200
0 — 1.1000 0.000
0 948.000 87.0523 99.900
305 138.000 12.6722 11.590
Recipe totals: 1089.00 101.1000
CSFII Recipe Database
(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Ingred
Amount Ingred Ingred Ingred amount
of moist. Amount amount amount needed
ingred as of in 100 as to
moist. percent moist. gms of percent prepare
in 100 of lost recipe of 100 gms
gms of recipe per adjusted prepared of
recipe total ingred for loss product product
(Mi) (Mi%) (Mi-) (Pgmi) (P%) (GUi)
0.0006 0.00001 -0.0004 0.2751 0.00764 0.765
0.0000 0.00000 0.0000 1.1000 0.03056 3.056
86.9653 0.98339 -64.0184 23.0339 0.63983 241.812
1.4687 0.01661 -1.0812 11.5910 0.32197 35.200
88.4345 1.00000 -65.1000 36.0000 1.00000
(2) GmMOO = (Gmi/sum(Gmi)) * 100
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
MM 00 = Values are obtained from the
Mi = GmMOO * (MJOO/100)
Mi% = Mi/sum(Mi)
Mi- = Mi% * M_chg
Pgmi = GmMOO + (Mi-)
P% = Pgmi/sum(Pgmi)
Gui = (GmMOO/Ryld) * 100
1994-96 CSFII Nutrient Database
B-ll
-------
Example 4: No moisture or fat change but an ingredient with a moisture loss
This situation requires calculating P% and GUi amounts for ingredients of ingredients in a foodcode recipe using a two stage process:
Stage I. Calculate the amount of each ingredient required to prepare 100 grams of the food (GUi) and the amount of each ingredient as a proportion of the prepared food within each individual
recipe. [Comparable to examples 1+2]
Stage II. Where an ingredient has a recipe (e.g., the ingredient 53114200 in the recipe 53114150), merge it's ingredient information with the foodcode recipe ingredient information and calculate
compound ingredient P% and Gui amounts.
Recipe Moist. Fat Fat
Stage I. Yield Change Change Code
Foodcode Recipe:
Ingredient Recipe:
Ingredient Recipe:
Recipe
Code
53114150
53114150
53114200
53114200
53114200
91305020
91305020
91305020
91305020
91305020
91305020
Ingredient
Code
53114200
91305020
1123
14429
18142
2047
2050
4610
19336
11100000
53114150 Cake, lemon, lowiat, NS as to icing
53114200 Cake, lemon, lowiat, without icing
91305020 Icing, white
Ingredient description
Cake, lemon, lowfat, w/o icing
Icing, white
Eggs, chick, whl, raw/frz
Water, municipal
Cake, yel, dry mix, pudd-type
Salt, table
Vanilla extract
Margarine, reg, stick, comp, 80% fat
Sugars, pdr
Milk, nfs
Retn
code
0
0
Recipe Totals:
101
0
301
Recipe Totals:
0
0
0
0
0
Recipe Totals:
(Ryld)
100.0
80.00
100.00
(1)
Recipe
ingred
amount
(Gmi)
786.000
462.000
1248.00
100.000
308.100
515.970
924.07
1.500
4.333
75.125
453.600
38.125
572.68
(M_chg)
0.0
-20.0
0.0
(2)
Ingred
amount
in 100
gms of
recipe
(Gmi_100)
62.9808
37.0192
100.0000
10.8217
33.3416
55.8367
100.0000
0.2619
0.7566
13.1181
79.2061
6.6573
100.0000
(F_chg)
0.0
0.0
0.0
(3)
Amount
of
moist.
in
100 gms
ingred
(M_100)
29.617
8.629
75.330
99.900
4.000
0.200
52.580
15.700
0.300
89.121
(F_Code)
0
0
0
(4)
Amount
of
ingred
moist.
in 100
gms of
recipe
(Mi)
18.6530
3.1944
21.8474
8.1520
33.3083
2.2335
43.6937
0.0005
0.3978
2.0595
0.2376
5.9330
8.6285
(5)
Ingred
moist.
as
percent
of
recipe
total
(Mi%)
0.85379
0.14621
1.00000
0.18657
0.76231
0.05112
1.00000
0.00006
0.04610
0.23869
0.02754
0.68761
1.00000
(6)
Amount
of
moist.
lost
per
ingred
(Mi-)
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-3.7314
-15.2463
-1.0223
-20.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
(7)
Ingred
amount
in 100
gms of
recipe
adjusted
for loss
(Pgmi)
62.9808
37.0192
100.0000
7.0903
18.0954
54.8144
80.0000
0.2619
0.7566
13.1181
79.2061
6.6573
100.0000
(8)
Ingred
amount
as
percent
of
prepared
product
(P%)
0.62981
0.37019
1.00000
0.08863
0.22619
0.68518
1.00000
0.00262
0.00757
0.13118
0.79206
0.06657
1.00000
(9)
Ingred
amount
needed
to
prepare
100 gms
of
product
(GUi)
62.981
37.019
13.527
41.677
69.796
0.262
0.757
13.118
79.206
6.657
Step s/Calculations:
(1) Gmi = Values are from the 1994-96 CSFII Recipe Database
(2) GmMOO = (Gmi/sum(Gmi)) * 100
(3) Mi_l 00 = Values are obtained from the 1994-96 CSFII Nutrient Database
(4) Mi = GmM 00 * (M_l 00/100)
(5) Mi% = Mi/sum(Mi)
B-12
-------
Stage II.
(6) Mi- = Mi%*M_chg
(7) Pgmi = GmM 00 + (Mi-)
(8) P% = Pgmi/sum(Pgmi)
(9) Gui = (Gmi_l 00/Ryld) * 100
Foodcode recipe information
Ingredient recipe information
in 100 grams of ingredient
(1)
(2)
Recipe Ingred. Ingred Ingred. Ingred.
code Recyld Code Gmi 100 P% GUi
(Ryld) (Gmi 100) (P%) (GUi)
53114150 100.0 53114200 62.9808 0.62981 62.981
91305020 37.0192 0.37019 37.019
Ingred.
Rec yld Code
(I Ryld)
80.0 1123
14429
18142
100.0 2047
2050
4610
19336
11100000
Ingred
Gmi 100
(I Gmi 100)
10.8217
33.3416
55.8367
0.2619
0.7566
13.1181
79.2061
6.6573
Ingred. Ingred.
P% GUi
(I P%) (I GUi)
0.08863 13.527
0.22619 41.677
0.68518 69.796
Ingredient recipe subtotals:
0.00262 0.262
0.00757 0.757
0.13118 13.118
0.79206 79.206
0.06657 6.657
Ingredient recipe subtotals:
Foodcode recipe totals:
Compound
P%
(C_P%)
0.05582
0.14246
0.43153
0.62981
0.00097
0.00280
0.04856
0.29321
0.02465
0.37019
1.00000
Compound
GUi
(C GUI)
8.519
26.249
43.958
78.726
0.097
0.280
4.856
29.322
2.464
37.019
115.745
Steps/Calculations:
(1)C_P%=P%*I_P%
(2) C_GUi = ((Gmi_l 00/Ryld) * (I_Gmi_100/I_Rydl) * 100
B-13
-------
Example 5: A moisture loss and an ingredient with a moisture loss
This situation requires calculating nested ingredient amounts in a two stage process:
Stage I. Calculate the amount of each ingredient required to prepare 100 grams of the food (GUi) and the amount of each ingredient as a proportion of the prepared food within each individual
recipe. [Comparable to example 2]
Stage II. Where an ingredient has a recipe (e.g., the ingredient 53116000 in the recipe 13210160), merge it's ingredient information with the foodcode recipe ingredient information and calculate
compound ingredient P% and GUi amounts.
Stage I. Recipe Moist. Fat Fat
Yield Change Change Code
Foodcode Recipe:
Ingredient Recipe:
Recipe
Code
13210160
13210160
13210160
13210160
13210160
13210160
13210160
13210160
13210160
13210160
53116000
53116000
53116000
53116000
53116000
53116000
53116000
53116000
Ingredient
Code
1077
1123
2010
2047
9100
9156
14429
19335
42222
53116000
1123
2047
4610
14429
18369
19335
20084
11100000
13210160 Diplomat pudding, Puerto Rican sty
53 1 16000 Cake, pound, without icing
Ingredient description
Milk, whl, 3.3% fat
Eggs, chick, whl, raw/frz
Cinnamon, ground
Salt, table
Fruit cocktail, end, hvy syrup
Lemon peel, raw
Water, municipal
Sugars, granulated
Sweet liqueur, bkd 46-60 min
Cake, pound, w/o icing
Eggs, chick, whl, raw/frz
Salt, table
Margarine, reg, stick, comp, 80% fat
Water, municipal
Baking pdr, double-actin g, NaAlSO4
Sugars, granulated
Wheat fir, white, cake, enr
Milk, nfs
Retn
code
2152
101
0
0
151
0
0
0
0
301
Recipe totals:
101
0
0
0
0
0
301
2152
Recipe totals:
(Ryld)
65.40
88.00
(1)
Recipe
ingred
amount
(Gmi)
488.000
300.000
1.150
0.750
248.000
6.000
4.937
200.000
34.000
300.000
1582.84
150.000
1.002
84.600
0.617
2.875
150.000
163.500
40.672
593.27
(M_chg)
-34.6
-12.0
(2)
Ingred
amount
in 100
gms of
recipe
(Gmi_100)
30.8307
18.9533
0.0727
0.0474
15.6681
0.3791
0.3119
12.6355
2.1480
18.9533
100.000
25.2838
0.1689
14.2600
0.1040
0.4846
25.2838
27.5593
6.8556
100.0000
(F_chg)
0.0
0.0
(3)
Amount
of
moist.
in
100 gms
ingred
(M_100)
87.990
75.330
9.520
0.200
80.400
81.600
99.900
0.000
46.200
21.558
75.330
0.200
15.700
99.900
5.000
0.000
12.510
89.121
(F_Code)
0
0
(4)
Amount
of
ingred
moist.
in 100
gms of
recipe
(Mi)
27.1279
14.2775
0.0069
0.0001
12.5971
0.3093
0.3116
0.0000
0.9924
4.0860
59.7089
19.0463
0.0003
2.2388
0.1039
0.0242
0.0000
3.4477
6.1098
30.9710
(5)
Ingred
moist.
as
percent
of
recipe
total
(Mi%)
0.45434
0.23912
0.00012
0.00000
0.21098
0.00518
0.00522
0.00000
0.01662
0.06843
1.00000
0.61497
0.00001
0.07229
0.00335
0.00078
0.00000
0.11132
0.19727
1.00000
(6)
Amount
of
moist.
lost
per
ingred
(Mi-)
-15.7201
-8.2735
-0.0040
-0.0001
-7.2998
-0.1792
-0.1806
0.0000
-0.5751
-2.3677
-34..6000
-7.3796
-0.0001
-0.8675
-0.0403
-0.0094
0.0000
-1.3358
-2.3673
-12.0000
(7)
Ingred
amount
in 100
gms of
recipe
adjusted
for loss
(Pgmi)
15.1107
10.6798
0.0686
0.0473
8.3683
0.1998
0.1313
12.6355
1.5730
16.5856
65.4000
17.9041
0.1688
13.3926
0.0637
0.4752
25.2838
26.2235
4.4883
88.0000
(8)
Ingred
amount
as
percent
of
prepared
product
(P%)
0.23105
0.16330
0.00105
0.00072
0.12796
0.00306
0.00201
0.19320
0.02405
0.25360
1.00000
0.20346
0.00192
0.15219
0.00072
0.00540
0.28732
0.29799
0.05100
1.00000
(9)
Ingred
amount
needed
to
prepare
100 gms
of
product
(GUi)
47.142
28.981
0.111
0.072
23.957
0.580
0.477
19.320
3.284
28.981
28.732
0.192
16.205
0.118
0.551
28.732
31.317
7.790
Steps/Calculations: (1)
Gmi = Values are from the 1994-96 CSFII Recipe Database
(2) GmLlOO = (Gmi/sum(Gmi)) * 100
(3) Mi_l 00 = Values are obtained from the 1994-96 CSFII Nutrient Database
(4) Mi = GmMOO * (M_100/100)
(5) Mi% = Mi/sum(Mi)
B-14
-------
Stage II.
(6) Mi- = Mi%*M_chg
(7) Pgmi = GmM 00 + (Mi-)
(8) P% = Pgmi/sum(Pgmi)
(9) Gui = (Gmi_l 00/Ryld) * 100
Foodcode recipe information
Recipe Ingred.
code Rec yld Code
(Ryld)
13210160 65.4 1077
1123
2010
2047
9100
9156
14429
19335
42222
53116000
Ingred
Gml 100
(Gmi 100)
30.8307
18.9533
0.0727
0.0474
15.6681
0.3791
0.3119
12.6355
2.1480
18.9533
Ingred.
P%
(P%)
0.23105
0.16330
0.00105
0.00072
0.12796
0.00306
0.00201
0.19320
0.02405
0.25360
Ingredient recipe information
in 100 grams of ingredient
Ingred.
GUi
(GUI)
47.142
28.981
0.111
0.072
23.957
0.580
0.477
19.320
3.284
28.981
Ingred.
Rec yld Code
(I Ryld)
88.0 1123
2047
4610
14429
18369
19335
20084
11100000
Ingred
Gml 100
(I Gmi 100)
25.2838
0.1689
14.2600
0.1040
0.4846
25.2838
27.5593
6.8556
Ingred.
P%
(I_P%)
0.20346
0.00192
0.15219
0.00072
0.00540
0.28732
0.29799
0.05100
Ingredient
Ingred.
GUi
(I GUi)
Subtotals:
28.732
0.192
16.205
0.118
0.551
28.732
31.317
7.790
recipe subtotals:
Foodcode recipe totals:
(1)
Compound
P%
(C_P%)
0.23105
0.16330
0.00105
0.00072
0.12796
0.00306
0.00201
0.19320
0.02405
0.74640
0.05160
0.00049
0.03860
0.00018
0.00137
0.07286
0.07557
0.01293
0.25360
1.00000
(2)
Compound
GUi
(C GUI)
47.142
28.981
0.111
0.072
23.957
0.580
0.477
19.320
3.284
123.924
8.327
0.056
4.696
0.034
0.160
8.327
9.076
2.258
32.934
156.858
Step s/Calculations:
(1)C_P%=P%*I_P%
(2) C_GUi = ((GmM 00/Ryld) * (I_Gmi_100/I_Rydl) _ * 100
B-15
-------
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
B-16
-------
Appendix C
1994-96 CSFII Food Codes
Appendix Cl lists percent allocations of food codes to indirect (implying that water was added
during final preparation at home or by food service establishments such as school cafeterias and
restaurants) and commercial water. Note that three-digit food codes for groups of foods which are
assumed to be commercial (e.g. 281, "frozen or shelf stable meals") are not included in this list. Also
note that 8-digit food codes for commercial ready-to-serve products which are included under a 3-digit
food code groups were assumed to have no indirect water (e.g., food code 26100250 "Fish stick, patty, or
fillet, NS as to type, battered, fried," was assumed to be 100% commercial.)
All three-digit food codes from the CSFII appear in Appendix C2. Finally, the proportion of
indirect water per 100 grams of a food code is listed in Appendix C3.
C-l
-------
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
C-2
-------
APPENDIX Cl
Assumptions for the Assignment of Water Type for 3-digit Food Code Series
in the USDA 1994-96 CSFII Recipe Database
Note: Food codes that appear to be commercial are removed from this listing.
Indirect Commercial
111 Milk, fluid (regular, filled, buttermilk, and dry reconstituted) 100
112 Milk, fluid, evaporated and condensed 100
115 Flavored milk and milk drinks, fluid 100
116 Milk-based meal repkcements, fluid 100
117 Infant formulas, fluid, reconstituted concentrate, reconstituted 100
dry, and ready-to-feed
132 Puddings, custards, and other milk desserts 100
147 Cheese soups 90
232 Veal 100
241 Chicken 100
243 Duck 100
261 Finfish 100
263 Shellfish 100
271 Meat, poultry, fish in gravy or sauce or creamed 100
272 Meat, poultry, fish with starch item (include white potatoes) 100
273 Meat, poultry, fish with starch item and vegetables 100
274 Meat, poultry, fish with vegetables (excluding white potatoes) 90
283 Soups, broths, extracts from meat, poultry, fish base 90
284 Gelatin and gelatin-based meal supplements 100
285 Gravies from meat, poultry, fish base 90
321 Egg dishes 100
331 Egg substitute, from powdered mixture 100
332 Egg substitute, from frozen mixture 100
333 Egg substitute, from liquid mixture 100
411 Dried beans 50
412 Dried b eans mixtures 50
413 Dried peas, lentils, and mixtures 50
416 Soups with legumes as major ingredient 90
418 Meat substitutes, mainly vegetable protein 50
522 Cornbread, corn muffins, tortillas 50
523 Other muffins, popovers 50
524 Other quick breads 50
531 Cakes 90
532 Cookies 90
533 Pies 90
534 Cobblers, eclairs, turnovers, other pastries 90
535 Danish, breakfast pastries, doughnuts, granola bars 90
536 Co ffee cake, not yeast 90
551 Pancakes 100
553 French toast 100
555 Flour-water patties 100
557 Rice flour cakes 100
561 Pastas 100
562 Cooked cereals, rice 100
581 Grain mixtures 100
584 Soups with grain product as major ingredient 90
612 Citrus fruit juices 100
634 Mixture s of fruits and nonfruit items 100
641 Fruit juices, excluding citrus 100
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
10
0
0
0
0
50
50
50
10
50
50
50
50
10
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
C-3
-------
715 White potatoes, mashed, stuffed, puffs 100 0
717 Potato recipes 100 0
718 Potato soups 90 10
719 Puerto Rican starchy vegetables 100 0
722 Dark-green nonleafy vegetables 100 0
723 Dark-green vegetable soups 90 10
732 Pumpkin 100 0
735 Deep-yellow vegetable soups 90 10
744 Tomato sauces 100 0
745 Tomato mixtures 100 0
746 Tomato soups 90 10
753 Other vegetables mixtures, cooked 100 0
754 Other cooked vegetables, cooked with sauces, batters, 90 10
casseroles
756 Vegetable soups 100 0
771 White potato with meat, poultry, fish (mixtures) 100 0
772 Puerto Rican starchy vegetable (viandas) mixtures 100 0
773 Other vegetable mixtures 100 0
775 Puerto Rican stews or soups with starchy vegetables (viandas) 100 0
813 Other fats 100 0
913 Syrups, honey, molasses, sweet toppings 100 0
915 Gelatin desserts or salads 100 0
921 Coffee 100 0
922 Coffee substitutes 100 0
923 Tea 100 0
926 B everages, nonfruit 100 0
927 Beverages, noncarbonated, without vitamin C, made from 100 0
powdered mixes
933 Cocktails 100 0
C-4
-------
APPENDIX C2:
Listing of All 3-digit Food Codes in the USD A 1994-96 CSFII Recipe Database
11 MILKS AND MILK DRINKS
110 Milk, human
111 Milk, fluid (regular, filled, buttermilk, and dry
reconstituted)
112 Milk, fluid, evaporated and condensed
113 Milk, fluid, imitation
114 Yogurt
115 Flavored milk and milk drinks, fluid
116 Milk -based me al replacem ents, fluid
117 Infant formulas, fluid, reconstituted concentrate,
reconstituted dry, and ready-to-feed
118 Milk, dry, and powdered mixtures with dry milk,
not reconstituted
119 Infant formulas, dry, not reconstituted
12 CREAMS AND CREAM SUBSTITUTES
121 Sweet dairy cream
122 Cream substitutes
123 Sour cream
13 MILK DESSERTS, SAUCES, GRAVIES
131 Milk desserts, frozen
132 Puddings, custards, and other milk desserts
133 Milk desserts baby food
134 White sauces and milk gravies
14 CHEESES
140 Cheese,NS as to type
141 Natural cheeses
142 Cottage cheeses
143 Cream cheeses
144 Processed cheeses and cheese spreads
145 Imitation cheeses
146 Cheese mixtures
147 Cheese soups
20 MEAT,NS AS TO TYPE
200 Meat, NS as to type
21 BEEF
210 Beef, NFS
211 Beefsteak
213 Beef oxtails, neckbones, short ribs
214 Beef roasts, stew meat, corned beef, beef brisket, sandwich steaks
215 Gro und beef, b eef patties, bee f meatballs
216 Other beef items (beef bacon, dried beef, pastrami)
217 Beef baby food
C-5
-------
22 PORK
220 Pork, NFS; ground, dehydrated
221 Pork chops
222 Pork steaks, cutlets
223 Ham
224 Pork roasts
225 Canadian bacon
226 Bacon, salt pork
227 Other pork items (spareribs, cracklings, skin,
miscellaneous parts)
228 Pork baby food
23 LAMB, VEAL, GAME, OTHER CARCASS MEAT
230 Lamb, NFS
231 Lamb and goat
232 Veal
233 Game
234 Lamb or veal baby food
24 POULTRY
241 Chicken
242 Turkey
243 Duck
244 Other poultry
247 Poultry baby food
25 ORGAN MEATS, SAUSAGES AND LUNCHMEATS, AND MEAT SPREADS
251 Organ meats and mixtures
252 Frankiurters, sausages, lunchmeats,meat spreads
26 FISH AND SHELLFISH
261 Finfish
262 Other seafood
263 Shellfish
27 MEAT, POULTRY, FISH WITHNONMEAT ITEMS
271 Meat, poultry, fish in gravy or sauce or creamed
272 Meat, poultry, fish wilh starch item (include
white potatoes)
273 Meat, poultry, fish with starch item and
vegetables
274 Meat, poultry, fish with vegetables (excluding white
potatoes)
275 Sandwiches with meat, poultry, fish
276 Meat, poultry, fish with nonmeat items baby food
28 FROZEN PLATE MEALS, SOUPS, AND GRAVIES WITH MEAT, POULTRY,
FISH BASE; GELATIN AND GELATIN-BASED DRINKS
281 Frozen pkte meals with meat, poultry, fish as major
ingredient
283 Soups, broths, extracts from meat, poultry, fish base
C-6
-------
284 Gelatin and gelatin-based meal supplements
285 Gravies from meat, poultry, fish base
31 EGGS
311 Chicken eggs
312 Other poultry eggs
32 EGG MIXTURES
321 Egg dishes
322 Egg sandwiches
323 Egg soups
324 Meringues
33 EGG SUBSTITUTES
330 Egg substitute, NS as to form
331 Egg substitute, from powdered mixture
332 Egg substitute, from frozen mixture
333 Egg substitute, from liquid mixture
34 EGGS BABY FOOD
341 Eggs baby food
35 FROZEN PLATE MEALS WITH EGG AS MAJOR INGREDIENT
350 Frozen plate meals with egg as major ingredient
41 LEGUMES
411 Dried beans
412 Dried beans mixtures
413 Dried peas, lentils, and mixtures
414 Soybean derived products (excluding milks)
415 Frozen plate meals with legumes as major ingredient
416 Soups with legumes as major ingredient
417 Legumes baby food
418 Meat substitutes, mainly vegetable protein
419 Meat substitute sandwiches
42 NUTS, NUT BUTTERS, AND NUT MIXTURES
421 Nuts
422 Nut butters
423 Nut butter sandwiches
424 Coconut beverages
425 Nut mixtures
43 SEEDS AND SEED MIXTURES
431 Seeds
44 CAROB PRODUCTS
441 Carob powder, flour
442 Carob chips, syrup
C-7
-------
50 FLOUR AND DRY MIXES
500 Flour and dry mixes
51 YEAST BREADS, ROLLS
510 Breads, rolls,NFS
511 W hite breads, rolls
512 Whole wheat breads, rolls
513 Wheat, cracked wheat breads, rolls
514 Rye breads, rolls
515 Oat breads
516 Mu Itigrain bread s, rolls
517 Cottonseed breads
518 Other breads
52 QUICK BREADS
521 Biscuits
522 Cornbread, corn muffins, tortillas
523 Other muffins, popovers
524 Other quick breads
53 CAKES, COOKIES, PIES, PASTRIES
531 Cakes
532 Cookies
533 Pies
534 Cobblers, eclairs, turnovers, other paslries
535 Danish, breakfast pastries, doughnuts, granola bars
536 Coffee cake, not yeast
54 CRACKERS AND SALTY SNACKS FROM GRAIN PRODUCTS
541 Sweet crackers
542 Low sodium crackers
543 Nonsweet crackers
544 Salty snacks from grain products
55 PANCAKES, WAFFLES, FRENCH TOAST,OTHER GRAIN PRODUCTS
551 Pancakes
552 Waffles
553 French toast
554 Crepes
555 Flour-water patties
556 Flour-milk patties
557 Rice flour cakes
558 Funnel cakes
56 PASTAS, COOKED CEREALS, RICE
561 Pastas
562 Cooked cereals, rice
57 CEREALS,NOT COOKED OR NS AS TO COOKED
-------
570 Cereal, not specified as to cooked
571-574 Ready-to-eat cereals
576 Cereal grains, not cooked
578 Cereals baby food
58 GRAIN MIXTURES, FROZEN PLATE MEALS, SOUPS
581 Grain mixtures
583 Frozen pkte meals with grain mixture as major
ingredient
584 Soups with grain product as major ingredient
585 Grain mixtures baby food
61 CITRUS FRUITS, JUICES
611 Citrus fruits
612 Citrus fruit juices
62 DRIED FRUITS
621 Dried fruits
63 OTHER FRUITS
631 Fruits, excluding berries
632 Berries
633 Mixtures of two or more fruits
634 Mixtures of fruits andnonfruit items
64 FRUIT JUICES AND NECTARS EXCLUDING CITRUS
641 Fruit juices, excluding citrus
642 Nectars
644 Vinegar
67 FRUITS AND JUICES BABY FOOD
671 Fruits and fruit mixtures baby food
672 Fruit juice baby food
673 Fruits with cereal baby food
674 Fruit desserts and fruit-flavored puddings and yogurt baby food
71 WHITE POTATOES AND PUERTO RICAN STARCHY VEGETABLES
710 White potatoes, NFS
711 White potatoes, baked and boiled
712 White potatoes, chips and sticks
713 White potatoes, creamed, scalloped, au gratin
714 White potatoes, fried
715 White potatoes, mashed, stuffed, puffs
716 Potato salad
717 Potato recipes
718 Potato soups
719 Puerto Rican starchy vegetables
72 DARK-GREEN VEGETABLES
721 Dark-green leafy vegetables
-------
722 Dark-green nonleafy vegetables
723 Dark-green vegetable soups
73 DEEP-YELLOW VEGETABLES
731 Carrots
732 Pumpkin
733 Squash, winter
734 Sweetpotatoes
735 Deep-yellow vegetable soups
74 TOMATOES AND TOMATO MIXTURES
741 Tomatoes, raw
742 Tomatoes, cooked
743 Tomato juices
744 Tomato sauces
745 Tomato mixtures
746 Tomato soups
747 Tomato sandwiches
75 OTHER VEGETABLES
751 Other vegetables, raw
752 Other vegetables, cooked
753 Other vegetables mixtures, cooked
754 Other cooked vegetables, cooked with sauces, batters,
casseroles
755 Olives, pickles, relishes (excluding tomatoes)
756 Vegetable soups
761 Dark-green vegetables baby food
762 Deep-yellow vegetables baby food
764 Vegetables other than dark-green, deep-yellow, and
tomato baby food
766 Vegetables with meat baby food
767 Vegetables with liver baby food
77 VEGETABLES WITH MEAT, POULTRY, FISH
771 White potato with meat, poultry, fish (mixtures)
772 Puerto Rican starchy vegetable (viandas) mixtures
773 Other vegetable mixtures
775 Puerto Rican stews or soups with starchy vegetables
(viandas)
81 FATS
811 Table fats
812 Cooking fats
813 Other fats
82 OILS
821 Vegetable oils
83 SALAD DRESSINGS
831 Regular salad dressings
C-10
-------
832 Low-calorie salad dressings
91 SUGARS AND SWEETS
911 Sugars
912 Sugar replacements or substitute
913 Syrups, honey, molasses, sweet toppings
914 Jellies, jams, preserves
915 Gelatin desserts or salads
916 Ices or popsicles
917 Candies
918 Chewing gums
92 NONALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
921 Coffee
922 Coffee substitutes
923 Tea
924 Soft drinks
925 Fruitades and drinks
926 Beverages, nonfruit
927 Beverages, noncarbonated, without vitamin C, made
from powdered mixes
928 Nonalcoholic beers, wines, cocktails
929 Beverage concentrates, dry, not reconstituted
93 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
931 Beers and ales
932 Cordials and liqueurs
933 Cocktails
934 Wines
935 Distilled liquors
C-ll
-------
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
C-12
-------
APPENDIX C3
Proportion of Indirect Water per 100 grams of
USD A 1994-96 CSFII Foods
Food code
11114200
11120000
11121100
11121210
11121300
11122000
11210000
11210200
11211000
11211200
11211600
11212000
11212200
11213000
11213050
11213200
11220200
11512500
11514100
11514300
11514500
11515400
11518000
11518050
11518100
11541000
11541100
11541400
11541400
11542000
11551100
11552200
11561010
11651010
11710102
11710103
11710112
11710113
11710122
11710123
11710202
11710203
11710402
11710403
11710502
11710503
11710552
11710553
11710602
11710603
11710603
11710712
11710713
11710713
11710902
11710903
11710903
11710952
11710952
11710953
11720052
11720053
11720202
11720203
11720302
11720303
11720402
11720402
11720403
11720403
11720452
11720502
Modcode
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
101023
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
101078
0
0
100584
0
0
101155
0
100302
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
101098
0
100669
0
0
Start date
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
01/01/94
End date
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
12/31/96
G_i
0.8920
0. 9071
0.8702
0.9061
0.9071
0 .9021
0.4847
0.4847
0.4847
0 .4847
0.4763
0.4807
0.4807
0 .8625
0.7330
0.8625
0.4365
0.4335
0.8623
0.9221
0 .9386
0.9029
0.8969
0.8846
0 .8965
0.0633
0.1307
0. 0646
0 .0646
0.5100
0.3154
0.2732
0.4606
0.8826
0.4887
0 .8771
0.4887
0.8745
0.4887
0 .8745
0.4887
0.8720
0.4887
0 .8720
0.4887
0.8758
0.4887
0 .8758
0.4887
0.8771
0. 9345
0.4927
0.8771
0.9081
0 .4887
0.8720
0.8882
0.4887
0 .7414
0.8631
0.4927
0.8732
0 .4887
0.8720
0.4887
0.8732
0.4887
0.6565
0.8720
0 .8949
0.4887
0.4887
C-13
-------
11720503
11720602
11720603
11740103
11740302
11740303
11740403
11740503
11740603
13210150
13210160
13210180
13210190
13210300
13210300
13210300
13210300
13210300
13210300
13210350
13210350
13210350
13210410
13210410
13210410
13210410
13210410
13210410
13210410
13210410
13210410
13210410
13210410
13210410
13210500
13210500
13210500
13210500
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0 .5378
0.6957
0.6962
0.1247
0 .2233
0.8393
0.5454
0.2199
0 .5518
0.5320
0.5859
0.5392
0.5368
0.7785
0.7785
0 .5021
0.4866
0.7780
0.6536
0 .1792
0.1792
0.5169
0.6879
0 .4866
0.4866
0.4759
0.4638
0.4950
0.9785
0.9213
0 .8462
0.7706
0.1787
0.5411
0 .5627
0.8091
0.5728
0.5104
0 .4736
0.1384
1.0000
1. 0000
1.0000
C-41
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92101000
92101500
92101600
92101640
92101650
92101660
92101670
92101700
92101800
92101900
92101900
92101900
92103000
92104000
92105000
92105010
92106000
92111000
92111010
92114000
92121000
92121010
92121020
92121030
92121040
92130000
92130010
92130020
92150000
92151000
92151100
92152000
92153000
92153100
92161000
92161000
92201010
92202010
92203000
92203110
92204000
92301000
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92301190
92302000
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92305180
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92306000
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92510170
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92511010
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92511020
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92511250
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0
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0
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1. 0000
1 .0000
0.9044
1.0000
0. 9289
1.0000
0.9289
1.0000
0 .9289
0.3567
0.3558
0.3567
0 .9909
1.0000
0.8000
0. 9702
0 .9909
0.9909
1.0000
0. 9909
0.9328
0.9546
0.9392
0 .9684
0.9328
0.9332
0. 9678
0 .9546
0.9909
0.9909
0. 9909
1 .0000
0.9909
0.9909
0.4917
0.4907
0.9740
0.9905
0 .9872
0.9872
0.9499
0.1000
0 .1000
0.0950
0.0950
1. 0000
0 .9499
0.9958
0.9499
1. 0000
0.9499
0.9958
0.9499
1 .0000
0.9958
0.9122
0. 9941
0 .9734
0.9734
0.9934
0. 9934
0 .9941
0.9734
1.0000
1. 0000
1.0000
0.6064
0.6872
0 .1935
0.7786
0.8665
0.8296
0 .7645
0.7092
0.7094
0.7163
0 .7710
0.6935
0.4474
1.5428
0.1935
C-42
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92530520
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92731000
92741000
92751000
93301120
93301180
93301180
93301400
93302000
93302100
93404600
93504100
94000000
100166
101152
100656
100796
0
100424
100655
203128
0
100998
0
100274
101001
101126
0
100860
0
0
100761
0
100878
101019
0
100183
100229
100230
100276
100287
100306
100463
100751
100898
100915
101141
101164
201653
202341
0
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100804
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0.1935
0 .5454
0.3243
0.1935
0.7089
0.7645
0.7851
0.8503
0 .7128
0.7433
0.9081
0. 9772
0 .9518
0.9674
0.9046
0. 9499
0 .9938
0.9081
0.8316
0.8716
0.9532
0.9314
0.9024
0 .8740
0.8222
0.9204
0. 9475
0 .9244
0.8240
0.7581
0. 9636
0 .9233
0.9718
0.8726
0. 9002
0.8614
0.9319
0.9883
0 .7868
0.8874
0.4223
0.8932
0 .7400
0.4182
0.3876
0. 9081
0 .9950
0.9079
0.0758
0.6379
0.6379
0.6618
0.5911
0 .0253
0.3613
0.4340
1. 0000
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APPEND IX D
STATISTICAL METHODS AND SAMPLE DESIGN
This appendix describes the statistical methods used to generate point and interval estimates of
daily average per capita water ingestion. Point estimates include the mean, 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th,
75th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles. Mean estimates were generated using ratio estimation techniques.
Empirical percentiles were estimated using nonparametric techniques. All estimates incorporated CSFII
survey weights to project a sampled individual's consumption to the population.
The majority of the per capita water ingestion estimates in this report are presented for specific
subpopulations and water source. The design of the CSFII survey did not always support estimation of
the variance when subpopulations were evaluated. Without a variance estimate, confidence intervals
about the mean or bootstrap intervals about percentile estimates cannot be produced. Therefore, the
tabulated presentations in Appendix E include only point estimates. However, the survey did support
variance, and thus interval estimation, for some subpopulations. These estimates are presented in the key
figures of Chapter 4 augmenting tabulated estimates for all individuals.
When a variance was estimated for the mean per capita ingestion, we estimated the variance of
the mean using a Taylor series approximation of the deviation of estimates from their expected values.
The Taylor series approximations were applied to ultimate clusters, which resulted in an overall estimate
of the variance instead of estimating variance components due to sample-design stages. We include the
statistical formulae for generating both the mean estimate and the estimate of the confidence interval
about the mean. We also provide the method for generating percentile estimates and estimates of 90%
bootstrap intervals about the percentile estimates.
The primary sampling stage of this CSFII divided the 50 United States and the District of
Columbia into 1,404 primary sampling units (PSUs). A Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), a fraction
of an MSA, counties, or groups of counties comprised a PSU. The federal Office of Management and
Budget defines an MSA as "a geographic area consisting of a large population nucleus together with
adjacent communities that have a high degree of economic and social integration with the nucleus"
(CSFII survey documentation, p. 14-4).
In general, an MSA constituteda single PSU for the 1994-1996 CSFII. There were three
exceptions: New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. The New York MSA was divided into three PSUs
while the other two exceptions each comprised two PSUs. From the 1,404 PSUs constituting the United
States, the primary stage CSFII sample selected 62 PSUs. The 24 largest of the 1,404 PSUs were
included in the CSFII with certainty. The remaining 1380 PSUs were assigned to one of 38 strata based
on their 1990 population, percentage of black and Hispanic populations, and per capita income. One
PSU was then selected from each of the 38 strata with selection probability proportional to the 1990
D-l
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population. Of the 62 PSUs resulting from the first stage, 50 were MSAs and 12 were non-MSAs.
Then, each of the 62 sampled PSUs was divided into 36 area segments consisting of blocks or
groups of blocks. Twelve area segments were sampled each year of the survey with three segments
sampled during each quarter of the given year. From a sampled area segment, households were drawn
from dwelling unit listings, and individuals were then selected from the sampled household. Individual
selection occurred to ensure specified estimation criteria for given sex-age categories based on screening
questionnaire results.
To facilitate variance estimation, PSUs were assigned to variance estimation strata (VES). Two
PSUs, referred to in the CSFII documentation as variance estimation units (VEU), were assigned to a
variance estimation stratum. The 38 PSUs sampled were paired with adjacent PSUs to form 19 VES.
The 24 PSUs that were sampled with certainty formed 24 VES. EachPSU that was sampled with
certainty had one half of its area segments assigned to a VEU within the VES. The remaining area
segments from the PSU were assigned to the second VEU within the area segment. Therefore, the
1994-96 CSFII is comprised of 43 VES. Variance estimation was not supported for several
subpopulations evaluated in this report because data must be available from each VEU to generate a
variance for a VES. When samples at the subpopulation level are small, this is not the case.
For this report, an ultimate cluster is considered the aggregate of the sampled individuals within
a VEU. The ultimate cluster method is supported by the survey design. It is also necessary for
estimating the variance of the mean estimate. Because the sample design contains multiple levels, such
as VES and VEU, specific information is necessary to partition the variance-of-the^nean estimate into
components. That is, specification of the sample size and population size within each level of sampling
is required. However, this information is not inherent in the CSFII data. Rather, the CSFII reports an
adjusted sample weight for each individual who reported 2 nonconsecutive days of consumption data
during the survey. Given that only the adjusted weight was available, and not the specific sample and
population size in each phase, it was necessary to estimate the mean using ratio estimation techniques
and the variance of the mean using the ultimate cluster methodology, which does not partition the
variance into sample design components.
All estimates presented in this report incorporate three-year, two-day survey weights. These
weights were constructed in two phases. First, an annual set of survey weights for two-day respondents
was built using the sampling fraction for the year. This sampling fraction is the product of the
probability of selecting the PSU, the area segment within the PSU, the household within the segment, and
then selecting an eligible individual within the household. These weights were adjusted for nonresponse
and calibrated using the "raking ratio weighting" process, which allows the sum of the final yearly
weights to equal the March Current Population Survey (CPS) population within 16 sociodemographic
cells. Annual weights were combined using the same iterative raking weighting procedure to match cell
totals for the three consecutive years (CSFII survey documentation, p. 5-6). These adjusted sample
D-2
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weights, which are recorded in the CSFII data in the variable SAM_WT, record the number of
individuals the sampled person represents in the population. For example, a sample weight valued as 22
projects the data from the individual with that sample weight to 22 individuals in the population of the 50
United States and the District of Columbia.
The mean, daily average per capita ingestion for a given commodity type was estimated as the
ratio of total consumption ingested by the United States population or subpopulation, divided by the
estimate of the total number of individuals in the population or subpopulation.
Let R t designate the mean, daily average per capita ingestion for the tth water source and
subpopulation category. R t is then estimated as
?t
R,= — •
X
To estimate the numerator,
or the total daily average consumption for the t * type, let
h=variance estimation stratum (VES) h=1...43
i=variance estimation units (VEU) i=l,2
j=individual j=l,2,3,...,nhl
and y Mj be the daily average consumption in milliliters from the t * source by the j th individual sampled
from the i * variance estimation unit in the h * variance estimation stratum The survey weight for the j *
individual in the i th VEU from the h * VES is designated w Mj.
To estimate
A
x,
the total number of individuals in the population or subpopulation, the variable xhij is valued as 1 if the
j * person is in the i th VEU in the h * VES. Otherwise, x hl] is valued as zero.
Then
D-3
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h=\ i=\ j=\
and
h=l (=1
To estimate the variance of the mean (V(R t)), first define the linearized variable
as
A
Thus, the value
is the weighted difference between the daily average consumption for the j * individual and the estimated
mean, daily average per capita ingestion for the population.
Then, as the first component of the cluster, the values of
Zthij
are summed across the nthl sampled individuals in the i th VEU from the h * VES. That is,
7
Zthi ~ ^1 thy •
y=i
This calculation was performed for each of the two VEUs comprising a given VES. The mean of the
VEU weighted deviations for each VES was then determined as
D-4
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The ultimate cluster variance of the mean was calculated as
h=\
A 90-percent confidence interval about the estimated mean, daily average per capita ingestion was
estimated as
C.I.90 = Rt± 1.645*(V(Rt)f .
To demonstrate that the variance of the mean was estimated using a Taylor Series approximation
applied to ultimate clusters, define the function g(X,Y) as Y/X, where Y is the estimated total of the daily
average consumption by the population in the 50 United States and the District of Columbia, and X is the
estimated population in the 50 United States and the District of Columbia. Notice that the function
g(X,Y) is the estimator for the mean, daily average per capita ingestion, as defined above. Let |i y and
|i x, respectively, be the expected values of the variables Y and X. Then, the function F(X,Y) can be
expanded in a Taylor series about these expected values such that
F(X,Y) = F(\Lx,\Ly)+dFx(\ix,\iy)(X-\Lx)+dFy(\Lx,\Ly)(Y-\iy) + higher order terms.
5Fx(|ix,|iy) is the first order partial derivative of F with respect to X evaluated at the expected value of X,
and 5Fy(|ix,|iy) is the first order partial derivative of F with respect to Y evaluated at the expected value
of Y. If F(X,Y) is defined as E(g(X,Y)), then
X
since E(X-|ix)=0 and E(Y-|iy)=0. Therefore, if the higher order terms of the series are considered
negligible, the mean estimator is unbiased.
Define the variance of the estimated mean as V(F(X,Y)). If F(X,Y) is defined as E(g(X,Y)), then
V(F(X,T>) = E[F(X,T) -
Thus, the variance of the mean can be calculated as
V(F(X,Y)) =
which is equivalent to
D-5
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V(F(X,Y)) = (dFx)2V(X)+(dFy)2V(Y)+2(dFx)(dFy)Cov(X,Y) .
Based on a method suggested by Woodruff (Woodruff 1971), which creates a synthetic variable
from the variable portion of the Taylor series variance estimate, the Taylor series variance estimate can
be approximated as
V(F(X,Y)) = F(Z.) ,
where the synthetic variable is
Z. = dFx(X,Y)xi+dFy(X,Y)yi .
If F(X,Y) is defined as E(g(X,Y)), which in this case is
E E E Whi
h=\ t=i j=i
then Z j becomes Z thl] in keeping with the sample design, and
z =
(E E £ v^ E E £
After collecting like terms and substituting the estimators for the summations as they are defined
previously, the equation becomes
X
Since X hij is 1 ifthe j th individual is in the sample, and 0 otherwise, the estimator for Z thl] can be
expressed as
thv " x
Notice that this expression of
D-6
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is the weighted difference between the daily average consumption for the j * individual and the estimated
mean, daily average per capita ingestion for the population, as defined earlier.
Estimates presented in this report were generated by coding the estimation formulae in SAS ®,
the statistical computing language. The linear approximation to the Taylor series estimate of the variance
was the method of choice because estimates were verified using SUDAAN, a commercially available
software package based on the same approach (Shah 1996).
Using the same synthetic variable Z, the procedure invoked by SUDAAN, when there is
sampling with replacement at the first stage of the sample design (DESIGN = WR), estimates the
variance as
Var(Z) = l^nhS\
h=l
where
with
y=i
and
Notice that if the value 2—for the two VEUs sampled from each VES with replacement—is
substituted for nh in the previous four equations, which are listed as written in the April 1996 technical
manual for SUDAAN version 7.0, then the estimator becomes the ultimate cluster estimator listed in
Section 3.1.1 (Shah 1996).
D-7
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To generate percentile estimates, denote the pth percentile of the distribution F as 0 p. Define 0 p as
0p=mf{F(Y)>p}.
The cumulative distribution, F(Y), is estimated as
with
y-
£££-
£-^i L^i Z-~i vvhij
and ahij= 1 if y hl]
-------
data. That is, sampling was conducted at the Variance Estimation Unit (VEU) level. For each bootstrap
sampling iteration, the n Mj daily average intake values in a VEU were resampled with replacement until
the resample contained nhl] observations. The frequency of a given consumption value from the VEU in
the resample is determined by either a Poisson or binomial random number generator. If the number of
observations remaining to be drawn for the resample at the k * draw, where 0
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D-10
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Appendix E
Per Capita Water Ingestion Estimates
Tabulated estimates of per capita water ingestionare presented in four parts. Each part includes
estimates of the mean and empirical percentiles from the empirical distribution of daily average per
capita ingestion and contains five sets of tables which differ by water source. These sources are
community water, bottled water, water from other sources, missing source, and total water. Units are
milliliters/person/day for Parts I and III, and milliliters/kilogram of body weight/day for Parts Hand IV.
For a given source of water, tables of estimates are presented by type of ingestion. Direct
ingestion estimates are reported first. Direct ingestion is defined as plain water ingested as a beverage.
Estimates of indirect ingestion—water ingested through foods with water added at the final phase of
preparation, at home or locally—follow the estimates of directly ingested water. The third set of
estimates is total ingestion, which is direct and indirect water ingested from that given source.
All water source and type of ingestion estimates are presented for three sociodemographic
subsets. These sociodemographic subsets are as follows:
Gender and Broad Age Categories
Fine Age Categories
Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Aged Women
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APPENDIX E
Tables of Estimated Water Ingestion
Part I:
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
All Individuals
Milliliters/Person/Day
Table Page
A. Community Water
Al. Gender by Broad Age Categories 1-1
A2. Fine Age Categories 1-3
A3. Pregnant, Lactating, andChildbearing Age Women Categories 1-4
B. Bottled Water
Bl. Gender by Broad Age Categories 1-5
B2. Fine Age Categories 1-7
B3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories 1-8
C. Other Sources
Cl. Gender by Broad Age Categories 1-9
C2. Fine Age Categories 1-11
C3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories 1-12
D. Missing Source
Dl. Gender by Broad Age Categories 1-13
D2. Fine Age Categories 1-15
D3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories 1-16
E. All Sources
El. Gender by Broad Age Categories 1-17
E2. Fine Age Categories 1-19
E3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories 1-20
Part II:
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
All Individuals
Milliliters/Kilograms of body weight/Day
Table Page
A. Community Water
Al. Gender by Broad Age Categories II-l
A2. Fine Age Categories II-3
E-3
-------
A3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories II—4
B. Bottled Water
Bl. Gender by Broad Age Categories II-5
B2. Fine Age Categories II-7
B3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories II-8
C. Other Sources
Cl. Gender by Broad Age Categories II-9
C2. Fine Age Categories II-11
C3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories 11-12
D. Missing Source
Dl. Gender by Broad Age Categories 11-13
D2. Fine Age Categories 11-15
D3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories 11-16
E. All Sources
El. Gender by Broad Age Categories 11-17
E2. Fine Age Categories 11-19
E3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories 11-20
Part III:
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Consumers Only
Milliliters/Person/Day
Table Page
A. Community Water
Al. Gender by Broad Age Categories III-l
A2. Fine Age Categories III-3
A3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories Ill—4
B. Bottled Water
B1. Gender by Broad Age Categories III-5
B2. Fine Age Categories III-7
B3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories III-8
C. Other Sources
Cl. Gender by Broad Age Categories III-9
C2. Fine Age Categories III-l 1
C3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories 111-12
D. Missing Source
E-4
-------
Dl. Gender by Broad Age Categories 111-13
D2. Fine Age Categories 111-15
D3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories 111-16
E. All Sources
El. Gender by Broad Age Categories 111-17
E2. Fine Age Categories 111-19
E3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories 111-20
Part IV:
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Consumers Only
Milliliters/Kilograms of body weight/Day
Table Page
A. Community Water
Al. Gender by Broad Age Categories IV-1
A2. Fine Age Categories IV-3
A3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childb earing Age Women Categories IV—4
B. Bottled Water
B1. Gender by Broad Age Categories IV-5
B2. Fine Age Categories IV-7
B3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories IV-8
C. Other Sources
Cl. Gender by Broad Age Categories IV-9
C2. Fine Age Categories IV-11
C3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories IV-12
D. Missing Source
Dl. Gender by Broad Age Categories IV-13
D2. Fine Age Categories IV-15
D3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories IV-16
E. All Sources
El. Gender by Broad Age Categories IV-17
E2. Fine Age Categories IV-19
E3. Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories IV-20
E-5
-------
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
E-6
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table A1. Community Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Mi I I i I i ters/Person/Day
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
Samps i ze
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
Popu I at i on
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
20,
17,
88,
127,
1 ,
20,
17,
88,
127,
1 ,
20,
1 7,
88,
127,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
330
194
841
199
564
330
194
841
199
564
330
194
841
199
564
966
660
644
426
696
966
660
644
426
696
966
660
644
426
696
Mean P1
57
259
407
549
482
327
135
183
489
398
384
394
590
1,039
880
60
267
544
600
531
238
139
228
562
445
298
406
772
1 , 162
975
P5 P10 P25
-
-
-
-
_
12
6
119
58
_
14 117
17 160
53 370
29 249
-
-
68
-
-
_
12
11
122
54
_
8 118
54 233
89 465
39 284
P50
147
230
349
262
177
83
96
365
258
261
295
407
870
675
-
175
348
352
294
41
86
128
412
266
60
310
549
982
741
P75
55
350
582
81 7
701
628
205
258
700
585
681
552
845
1 , 461
1 , 258
53
354
702
865
709
419
204
303
785
630
572
590
1 , 018
1 , 584
1 , 364
P90
175
653
1 , 057
1 , 395
1 , 213
801
354
470
1 ,080
949
904
915
1 , 307
2, 126
1 , 941
209
699
1 , 277
1 , 450
1 , 301
779
350
568
1,210
1 , 064
868
894
1 , 658
2, 337
2,115
P95
257*
917
1 , 443
1 , 865
1 , 655
947*
444
685
1 , 394
1 , 273
1 , 051*
1 , 091
1 , 744
2, 652
2, 419
295*
920
1 , 638
1 , 891
1 , 867
878*
474
820
1 , 597
1,412
945*
1 , 134
2, 016
2, 935
2, 660
P99
474*
1 , 445
2, 241*
3, 062
2, 836
1 , 245*
704
1,157*
2, 367
2,093
1 , 533*
1 , 784
2, 589*
4,197
3, 802
563*
1 , 409
3, 637*
3, 773
3, 426
1 ,052*
751
1 , 377*
3, 094
2, 732
1 , 254*
1 , 717
3, 943*
4,910
4, 477
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:40 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E1.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table A1. Community Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Mi I I i I i ters/Person/Day
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Samps i ze
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
Popu I at i on
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
772,
145,
567,
41 1 ,
897,
772,
145,
567,
411 ,
897,
772,
145,
567,
411 ,
897,
296
854
485
625
260
296
854
485
625
260
296
854
485
625
260
Mean P1
58
263
477
573
506
284
137
206
524
421
342
400
683
1,098
927
P5 P10 P25 P50
174
41 282
351
290
68
12 84
8 111
120 384
56 262
173
12 118 302
26 191 473
66 418 920
32 264 710
P75
56
352
638
823
707
563
205
287
739
605
652
571
937
1 , 522
1 , 313
P90
184
696
1 , 162
1,417
1 , 270
800
352
51 1
1 , 145
1 ,008
878
905
1 , 533
2, 224
2,016
P95
288
919
1 , 536
1 , 879
1 , 769
919
457
770
1 , 491
1 , 334
1 , 040
1,118
1 , 946
2, 801
2, 544
P99
552*
1,415
3, 046
3, 402
3, 240
1 , 307*
734
1,314
2, 688
2, 373
1 , 438*
1 , 731
3, 671
4, 488
4, 242
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:40 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E1.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table A2 . Community Water: Fine Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Mi 1 1 i 1 i ters/Person/Day
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Samps i ze
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
Popu I at i on
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
17,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
17,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
1 7,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
777
260
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
777
260
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
777
260
Mean P1
25
96
184
274
317
414
531
629
561
561
593
506
255
316
129
145
136
180
229
345
541
581
534
421
280
412
313
420
453
594
760
974
1 , 102
1 , 142
1,127
927
P5 P10 P25
-
-
-
53
56
8
-
-
-
26
-
_
14
20
16
4
6
12
59
118
183
195
56
_
36
74
22 133
29 139
27 181
25 201
65 296
82 414
32 469
16 545
32 264
P50
-
103
173
223
252
294
289
342
365
463
290
_
155
85
92
76
103
116
237
382
487
472
262
35
322
236
330
355
435
540
676
892
1 ,023
1 ,067
710
P75
116
259
371
450
567
707
776
816
826
919
707
537
614
189
221
203
254
310
501
750
801
770
605
552
712
469
591
671
801
1 , 030
1,185
1,516
1 , 597
1 , 601
1,313
P90
94
275
472
700
768
1 ,010
1 , 242
1 , 450
1,414
1 , 402
1 , 409
1 , 270
842
759
308
360
366
449
590
823
1 , 190
1,197
1 , 076
1 ,008
861
884
691
91 7
978
1 , 365
1 , 610
2, 036
2, 271
2, 247
2, 139
2, 016
P95
117*
428*
677
880
1 ,030
1 , 531
1 , 572
2, 618
1 , 885
1 , 760
1 , 805
1 , 769
933*
841*
432
458
482
629
853
1,141
1 , 567
1 , 548
1,317
1 , 334
945*
1,101*
942
1 , 165
1 , 219
1 , 722
2, 062
3, 041
2, 863
2, 679
2, 551
2, 544
P99
328*
613*
1 , 050
1 , 456*
1 , 518*
2, 200*
3, 753*
4, 881*
3, 388
2, 744
2, 477
3, 240
1 , 086*
1 , 257*
704
774*
747*
1,147*
1 , 500*
1 , 780*
2, 957
2, 544
2, 061
2, 373
1 , 286*
1 , 493*
1 , 358
1 , 902*
1,914*
2, 541*
3, 830*
5, 320*
4, 672
4, 183
3, 661
4, 242
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:42 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E2.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part I: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table A3. Community Water: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
All I nd ivi duaIs
Mi 1 1 i 1 i ters/Person/Day
Women Categories
Age
Sampsize Population
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
70
70
70
41
41
41
2, 332
2, 332
2, 332
1,751,888 505
1,751,888 314
819
907*
472*
1,379*
1, 751 , !
1,171,1
1,171,1
1,171,1
58,978,782 518
58,978,782 404
58,978,782 922
13*
27
71
12*
116*
66
281
147
193
521
336*
300*
1,226*
261
266
696
903
371
1 , 331
1,680*
568*
2,263*
705
573
1 , 272
1,405*
785*
1,816*
2,230*
1,045*
2,872*
1 , 360
972
2, 008
1,720*
1,202*
2,501*
2,793*
1,669*
3,434*
1 , 869
1 , 307
2, 604
2, 207*
1,451*
3, 433*
3, 575*
2, 593*
4,024*
3, 602
2, 332
4, 330
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I) 20MAROO 10:43 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table B1. Bottled Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Gender Age
a . Fema 1 e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
Samps i ze
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
Popu I at i on
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
20,
17,
88,
127,
1 ,
20,
17,
88,
127,
1 ,
20,
1 7,
88,
127,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
330
194
841
199
564
330
194
841
199
564
330
194
841
199
564
966
660
644
426
696
966
660
644
426
696
966
660
644
426
696
Mi
Mean P1 P5 P10
20
65
104 - - -
165 - - -
140 -
75
11
10 -
34
28
95
76 -
114 -
198 -
168 -
24
57
105 -
147 - - -
125 - - -
105 -
9 - -
14
34
28
129 -
66
119
182 - - -
154 - - -
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90
54
235
345
660
521
358
-
-
-
-
520
292
41 4
799
665
78
230
323
527
462
428
-
-
-
-
60 521
237
402
673
530
P95
125*
450
650
993
933
607*
45
-
237
175
656*
478
702
1 , 205
1 ,065
109*
395
765
942
837
800*
23
52
162
116
800*
460
871
1,178
1 , 006
P99
257*
887
1 , 465*
1 , 881
1 , 865
883*
360
292*
803
722
898*
994
1 , 548*
2, 103
1 , 952
238*
800
1 , 547*
1 , 891
1 , 780
1 , 012*
223
403*
854
774
1,141*
837
1,715*
2, 365
2,112
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:40 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table B1. Bottled Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Samps i ze
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
Popu I at i on
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
772,
145,
567,
41 1 ,
897,
772,
145,
567,
411 ,
897,
772,
145,
567,
411 ,
897,
296
854
485
625
260
296
854
485
625
260
296
854
485
625
260
Mi
Mean P1 P5 P10
22
61
104 - - -
156 - - -
133 -
90
10 -
12
34
28
111
71
116 -
190 -
161 -
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90
73
232
345
589
471
366
-
-
-
-
23 522
264
41 4
754
591
P95
116
431
680
970
883
745
31
1 1
230
137
793
472
764
1 , 183
1 ,036
P99
258*
815
1,516
1 , 890
1 , 847
932*
294
379
825
738
1 , 083*
906
1 , 648
2, 155
2,005
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:40 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table B2. Bottled Water: Fine Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Ingest i on
Age
Di rect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
I nd i rect <0
0.
1-
4-
7-
1 1
15
20
25
55
65
Al
Direct and Indirect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
Samps i ze
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
Popu I at i on
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
17,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
17,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
1 7,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
111
260
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
111
260
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
111
260
Mi
Mean P1 P5 P10
18
26
52
65
65
86
120 -
196 - - -
170 - - -
124 -
105 -
133 - - -
93
86
11
7 - -
11
14
10
18
36 -
38
31
28
110 -
113
62
73
76
100 -
130 - - -
214
206 - - -
162 -
136 -
161 -
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90
76
57
209
235
219
289
438
66 679
630
446
350
471
414
359
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
38 519
5 496
235
279
271
344
468
11 1 727
24 801
588
591
591
P95
98*
205*
345
459
456
530
818
1 , 277
1 , 001
877
814
883
744*
714*
52
-
44
56
-
107
235
314
237
137
809*
727*
41 1
521
497
679
867
1 , 299
1,210
1 , 183
1 ,038
1 , 036
P99
178
329
658
875
822
1 , 330
1 , 579
2, 586
1 , 891
1 , 673
1,418
1 , 847
952
805
292
207
375
478
258
346
882
885
727
738
1 ,045
1 , 006
820
915
917
1,415
1 , 775
2,816
2,129
2, 277
1 , 957
2, 005
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
.
*
*
*
*
*
*
.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:42 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E2.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part I: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table B3. Bottled Water: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Mi 1 1 i 1 i ters/Person/Day
Women Categories
Age
Sampsize Population
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
70 1,751,888 300
70 1,751,888 55
70 1,751,888 355
41 1,171,868 85*
41 1,171,868 93*
41 1,171,868 178*
2,332 58,978,782 182
2,332 58,978,782 29
2,332 58,978,782 212
301 1,282*
105*
393 1,286*
164*
265*
780*
103 691
1,485*
440*
1,829*
529*
802*
1,031*
1 , 045
178
1,183
1 , 800*
772*
1,976*
1,151*
918*
1 , 235*
1 , 891
758
2, 059
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:43 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table C1. Other Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Gender Age
a . Fema 1 e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
Samps i ze
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
Popu I at i on
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
20,
17,
88,
127,
1 ,
20,
17,
88,
127,
1 ,
20,
1 7,
88,
127,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
330
194
841
199
564
330
194
841
199
564
330
194
841
199
564
966
660
644
426
696
966
660
644
426
696
966
660
644
426
696
Mi
Mean P1 P5 P10
5 - -
31
74
64
60
16
15
25
65
52
21
46 -
99
130 -
112 -
5 - -
36
52
90 -
75
21
17
31
89
69
26
53
83
180 - - -
144 - - -
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90
-
207
58
59
_
-
39
89
36
_
88
310
389
281
-
21
-
200
114
_
4
-
178
86
10
119
21 1
651
395
P95
224
499
484
466
5*
99
173
503
355
249*
395
707
1,111
928
13*
271
337
641
516
89*
106
230
706
506
148*
414
632
1,413
1 , 120
P99
176*
755
1,182*
1,310
1 , 184
451*
376
496*
1 , 232
1 ,074
468*
899
1 , 846*
2,073
1 , 893
126*
743
1 , 135*
1 , 664
1 , 428
519*
407
713*
1 , 589
1 , 392
556*
1 ,012
1 , 432*
2, 800
2, 389
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:40 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table C1. Other Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Samps i ze
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
Popu I at i on
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
772,
145,
567,
41 1 ,
897,
772,
145,
567,
411 ,
897,
772,
145,
567,
411 ,
897,
296
854
485
625
260
296
854
485
625
260
296
854
485
625
260
Mi
Mean P1 P5 P10
5 - -
33
63
77
67
18
16
28
77
60
23
50 -
90
154 -
128 -
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90
-
137
118
92
_
-
33
122
60
_
103
286
532
343
P95
234
434
585
472
81
105
206
594
418
148
405
666
1 , 243
1 ,007
P99
161*
750
1,172
1,418
1 , 407
556*
385
669
1,421
1 , 240
556*
920
1 , 710
2, 373
2, 152
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:40 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E1.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table C2 . Other Sources: Fine Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Age
Di rect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
I nd i rect <0
0.
1-
4-
7-
1 1
15
20
25
55
65
Al
Direct and Indirect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
Samps i ze
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
Popu I at i on
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
17,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
17,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
1 7,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
111
260
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
111
260
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
111
260
Mi
Mean P1 P5 P10
3 - -
8 - -
23
29
46
70
56
42
73
103 -
96
67
15
22
12
14
22
35
21
20
81
108 - - -
75
60
18
30 -
35
43
67
106 -
77
62
153 - - -
211 -
171 -
128 - - -
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90
-
-
-
87
170
119
-
112
344
311
92
_
-
-
-
16
77
4
-
118
41 1
208
60
_
23
8
32
206
341
234
-
503
885
697
343
P95
14*
141
188
338
523
353
235
505
701
799
472
_
84*
89
90
147
233
150
103
595
799
667
418
86*
202*
295
322
554
800
552
459
1,215
1 , 466
1 , 416
1 , 007
P99
112
198
554
654
825
1,157
1,211
1 , 071
1,415
1 , 61 7
1 , 552
1 , 407
41 1
554
279
324
420
756
422
605
1,516
1 , 538
1,213
1 , 240
468
554
710
830
1 ,049
1,811
1,411
1 , 304
2, 428
2, 786
2, 269
2,152
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
.
*
*
*
*
*
*
.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:42 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E2.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part I: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table C3. Other Sources: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Mi 1 1 i 1 i ters/Person/Day
Women Categories
Age
Sampsize Population
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
70
70
70
41
41
41
2, 332
2, 332
2, 332
1,751,888
1,751,888
1,751,888
1,171,868
1,171,868
1 , 171,868
58,978,782
58,978,782
62
41
103
106*
88*
194*
54
50
58,978,782 104
141*
225*
613*
237* 609*
213* 699*
446* 1,624*
354
271
176 778
1 , 289*
858*
1 , 666*
1,511*
1 , 060*
2, 336*
1,172
1 , 134
1 , 970
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:43 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table D1. Missing Source: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
Samps i ze
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
Popu I at i on
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
20,
17,
88,
127,
1 ,
20,
17,
88,
127,
1 ,
20,
1 7,
88,
127,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
330
194
841
199
564
330
194
841
199
564
330
194
841
199
564
966
660
644
426
696
966
660
644
426
696
966
660
644
426
696
Mi
Mean P1 P5 P10
1 - -
7 - -
18
13
13
3 - -
1 - -
1 - -
4 - -
3 - -
3 - -
8 - -
18
17
15
1 - -
6 - -
13
14
12
10
2 - -
3 - -
6 -
5 - -
11
7 - -
16
19
17
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
9«
222
356*
368
345
______
-
-
-
-
29*
237
387*
502
465
31*
147
353*
468
350
______
-
7*
12
1
43*
236
462*
571
476
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by I nd i vi dua I s(CSF I I) 20MAROO 10:40 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E1.I_ST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table D1. Missing Source: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Samps i ze
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
Popu I at i on
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
772,
145,
567,
41 1 ,
897,
772,
145,
567,
411 ,
897,
772,
145,
567,
411 ,
897,
296
854
485
625
260
296
854
485
625
260
296
854
485
625
260
Mi
Mean P1 P5 P10
1 - -
6 - -
15
13
12
6 - -
1 - -
2 - -
5 - -
4 - -
7 - -
8 - -
17
18
16
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
27*
179
354
442
351
______
-
-
-
-
43*
237
457
556
471
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:40 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table D2. Missing Source: Fine Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Age
Di rect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
I nd i rect <0
0.
1-
4-
7-
1 1
15
20
25
55
65
Al
Direct and Indirect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
Samps i ze
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
1 ,
1 ,
4,
1 ,
2,
15,
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
199
160
834
203
943
816
825
686
923
544
170
303
Popu I at i on
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
17,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
17,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
2,
1 ,
12,
12,
15,
15,
1 7,
18,
113,
21 ,
31 ,
261 ,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
004,
768,
262,
531 ,
351 ,
578,
988,
723,
455,
190,
042,
897,
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
111
260
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
111
260
144
152
345
561
948
741
744
140
262
446
111
260
Mi
Mean P1 P5 P10
1 - -
1 - -
4 - -
8 - -
7 - -
10
20
18
14
10
9 - -
12
1 - -
13
3 - -
1 - -
1 - -
1 - -
3 - -
3 - -
4 - -
4 - -
8 - -
4 - -
1 - -
14
7 - -
8 - -
8 - -
12
22
21
19
14
17
16
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
29*
25*
115
230*
210*
319*
489*
579*
466
267
171
351
______
484*
35
-
-
-
6*
-
-
-
118
-
32*
499*
173
255*
240*
350*
635*
682*
530
438
477
471
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:42 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part I: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table D3. Missing Source: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
All I nd ivi duaIs
Mi 1 1 i 1 i ters/Person/Day
Women Categories
Age
Sampsize Population
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
70
70
70
41
41
41
2, 332
2, 332
2, 332
1,751,888
1,751,888
1,751,888
1,171,868
1,171,868
1 , 171,868
58,978,782
58,978,782
58,978,782
42
42
51*
3*
55*
1 7
2
18
1,081*
1,081*
326* 1,000*
65*
326* 1,025*
410
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:43 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table E1. All Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Ingest i on
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
Samps i ze
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
185
1 , 968
825
4, 572
7, 550
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
174
2,012
816
4, 751
7, 753
Popu I at i on
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
19,
16,
96,
133,
1 ,
20,
17,
88,
127,
1 ,
20,
17,
88,
127,
1 ,
20,
1 7,
88,
127,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
925,
495,
496,
012,
929,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
846,
650,
070,
399,
967,
330
194
841
199
564
330
194
841
199
564
330
194
841
199
564
966
660
644
426
696
966
660
644
426
696
966
660
644
426
696
Mean P1 P5
83
362
602
791
695
421
162
219
592 - 14
481
503
524 5 82
821 - 100
1,383 59 316
1 , 176 13 177
90 -
365
714
851
743
374
167
276
691 - 2
547
464
532 3 74
990 - 137
1,542 48 296
1 , 290 7 148
M
P10
-
45
77
26
_
2
-
78
24
_
137
206
476
286
-
-
63
42
4
_
1
-
58
15
_
130
236
510
276
i I I i I i ters/Person/Day
P25
113
207
286
226
57
38
36
237
124
198
253
357
792
564
-
113
228
285
226
13
32
54
243
127
89
256
442
833
582
P50
9
258
447
591
497
400
11 1
130
487
355
493
440
651
1 , 216
1 ,012
30
282
494
642
524
334
113
191
538
371
413
449
754
1 , 327
1 , 065
P75
111
470
814
1 , 057
939
671
232
304
803
684
748
706
1 , 109
1 , 775
1 , 573
109
498
923
1,113
961
699
236
370
932
755
730
719
1 , 302
1 , 968
1,710
P90
223
797
1 , 322
1 , 643
1 , 487
884
383
544
1 , 204
1 ,067
949
993
1 , 637
2, 413
2, 215
268
786
1 , 472
1 , 864
1 , 643
897
385
661
1,412
1,211
963
1 ,024
1 , 895
2, 738
2, 482
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
2,
2,
1 ,
2,
2,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
2,
3,
3,
P95
341*
035
731
942
881
968*
486
757
519
365
104*
224
949
925
698
341*
945
946
349
116
984*
525
895
849
597
276*
253
425
51 7
138
P99
597*
1 , 710
3, 064*
3, 657
3, 291
1 , 286*
733
1,161*
2, 450
2, 293
1 , 648*
2, 031
3,076*
4, 506
4, 250
608*
1 , 529
3, 793*
4,154
3, 800
1 , 238*
859
1 , 426*
3, 556
3, 072
1 , 502*
1 , 814
4, 008*
5, 522
5,186
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:40 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E1.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table E1. All Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Ingest i on
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Samps i ze
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
359
3, 980
1 , 641
9, 323
15, 303
Popu I at i on
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
3,
40,
33,
184,
261 ,
772,
145,
567,
41 1 ,
897,
772,
145,
567,
411 ,
897,
772,
145,
567,
411 ,
897,
296
854
485
625
260
296
854
485
625
260
296
854
485
625
260
Mean P1 P5
86
364
659
820
719
398
164
248
640 - 9
513
484
528 4 75
907 - 118
1,460 55 302
1,232 9 163
M
P10
-
50
54
17
_
1
-
67
20
_
133
219
492
283
i I I i I i ters/Person/Day
P25
113
224
285
226
28
35
44
241
126
124
254
395
817
573
P50
17
264
467
61 7
520
366
11 1
152
510
359
449
444
715
1 , 271
1 ,037
P75
110
472
866
1 , 062
943
680
232
337
857
715
747
710
1 , 188
1 , 863
1 , 633
P90
232
792
1,416
1 , 760
1 , 535
887
385
594
1 , 302
1 , 135
949
1 , 001
1 , 780
2, 549
2, 341
P95
348
994
1 , 841
2,124
1 , 897
984
500
819
1 , 657
1 , 481
1,182
1 , 242
2, 185
3,194
2, 908
P99
598*
1 , 538
3, 728
3, 835
3, 775
1 , 390*
778
1 , 365
2, 927
2, 651
1 , 645*
1 , 891
3, 805
5, 155
4, 805
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:40 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E1.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table E2 . AlI Sources: Fine Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Samps i ze
199
160
1 , 834
1 , 203
943
816
825
686
4, 923
1 , 544
2, 170
15, 303
199
160
1 , 834
1 , 203
943
816
825
686
4, 923
1 , 544
2, 170
15, 303
199
160
1 , 834
1 , 203
943
816
825
686
4, 923
1 , 544
2, 170
15, 303
Popu I at i on
2, 004, 144
1 , 768, 152
12, 262, 345
12, 531 , 561
15, 351 , 948
15, 578, 741
17, 988, 744
18, 723, 140
113, 455, 262
21 , 190, 446
31 ,042, 777
261 , 897, 260
2, 004, 144
1 , 768, 152
12, 262, 345
12, 531 , 561
15, 351 , 948
15, 578, 741
17, 988, 744
18, 723, 140
113, 455, 262
21 , 190, 446
31 , 042, 777
261 , 897, 260
2, 004, 144
1 , 768, 152
12, 262, 345
12, 531 , 561
15, 351 , 948
15, 578, 741
1 7, 988, 744
18, 723, 140
113, 455, 262
21 , 190, 446
31 ,042, 777
261 , 897, 260
Mean P1
46
132
263
376
434
580
726
884
818
798
802
719
363
437
155
168
170
231
264
386
662
732
648
513
409
569
41 7 1
544 4*
604 6*
811 10*
990
1 , 271 1*
1 , 480 41
1 , 529 118
1,451 245
1 , 232 9
P5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
1*
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
82
82
-
_
30*
46
87
115
119
108
1 1 7
301
473
531
163
Mi
P10
-
-
-
57
65
-
-
37
80
118
1 7
_
15
7
4
-
-
-
4
57
186
171
20
_
86
90
147
174
209
231
237
473
652
651
283
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
-
59
11 7
168
223
214
212
260
314
352
226
_
89
42
40
29
46
42
91
235
358
342
126
2
248
196
276
305
382
407
554
798
946
935
573
P50
56
194
288
342
442
519
579
590
633
702
520
31 7
381
111
116
107
150
156
273
505
607
582
359
394
548
346
462
512
643
768
1 , 000
1 , 272
1 , 378
1 , 344
1 , 037
P75
77
203
352
521
586
708
934
1 , 059
1 , 062
1 ,092
1 ,062
943
679
677
218
236
246
312
354
538
889
944
857
715
696
771
580
719
808
1 , 066
1 , 276
1 , 577
1 , 893
1 , 952
1 , 832
1 , 633
P90
116
345
584
772
923
1 , 280
1 , 479
1 , 872
1,817
1 , 631
1 , 586
1 , 535
889
841
355
373
412
556
653
877
1 , 368
1 , 366
1 , 163
1 , 135
903
1,126
805
1 , 01 7
1 , 130
1 , 623
1 , 891
2, 506
2, 631
2, 557
2, 323
2, 341
P95
164*
448*
772
984
1 , 122
1 , 673
1 , 986
2, 938
2, 233
1 , 883
1 , 858
1 , 897
957*
1 ,001*
483
494
521
787
896
1,191
1 , 804
1 , 734
1 , 435
1 , 481
969*
1 , 272*
993
1 , 267
1 , 422
1 , 960
2, 387
3, 608
3, 333
2, 997
2, 708
2, 908
P99
334*
741*
1 , 160
1 , 645*
1 , 721*
2, 844*
3, 804*
5, 489*
3, 790
2, 816
2, 659
3, 775
1,143*
1 , 394*
735
905*
767*
1,178*
1 , 500*
1 , 856*
3,194
2, 733
2, 168
2, 651
1 , 307*
1 , 671*
1 , 393
2, 026*
2, 170*
3,025*
4, 020*
5, 796*
5, 244
4, 393
3, 747
4, 805
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:42 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E2.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part I: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table E3. AlI Sources: Pregnant, Lactating, and Chi Idbearing Age Women Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Mi 1 1 i 1 i ters/Person/Day
Women Categories
Age
Sampsize Population
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
70 1,751,888 909
70 1,751,888 410
70 1,751,888 1,318
41 1,171,868 1,149*
41 1,171,868 657*
41 1,171,868 1,806*
2,332 58,978,782 771
2,332 58,978,782 485
2,332 58,978,782 1,256
6*
181*
7 *
359*
49*
370*
76*
491 *
24
326
225
128
745
184*
213*
1,068*
229
124
608
841
279
1 , 228
902*
424*
1,498*
572
344
1 , 064
1 , 403
594
1 , 776
1,772*
915*
2,474*
990
664
1 , 61 7
1,687*
1,027*
2,339*
2,336*
1,317*
3,021*
1 , 655
1,113
2, 366
1,885*
1,202*
2,674*
2,801*
1,708*
3,767*
2,111
1 , 429
2, 948
2, 269*
1,451*
3, 557*
3, 575*
2, 904*
4,024*
3, 892
2, 388
4,816
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:43 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_E3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table A1. Community Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Mi 1 1 i 1 iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Gender Age
a . Fema 1 e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
Samps i ze
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
Popu I at i on
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
027
754
004
821
606
027
754
004
821
606
027
754
004
821
606
866
340
363
403
972
866
340
363
403
972
866
340
363
403
972
Mean P1 P5
7
13
7 -
8 -
9
43
7 -
3 -
8
7
49 -
20 -
11
16
16
8 -
12
9
7 -
8 -
35
7
4
7 -
7 -
43
19
13
14
15
P10 P25 P50
7
5
5
5
21
1 4
2
2 6
1 5
31
1 5 15
3 8
1 6 13
1 5 12
-
7
1 6
5
5
5
4
2
1 5
1 4
7
5 14
1 4 9
1 6 12
1 5 12
P75
7
18
10
12
12
76
10
5
11
10
82
27
15
22
22
7
17
12
10
1 1
55
9
5
10
9
79
27
1 7
20
20
P90
22
32
19
21
22
118
18
9
17
17
126
44
25
33
34
27
31
19
18
21
114
17
9
15
15
134
41
26
29
31
P95
27*
43
25
27
30
139*
23
12
22
22
157*
59
32
40
44
38*
40
26
25
29
141*
23
13
20
20
155*
53
36
37
41
P99
67*
75
42*
47
52
176*
41
21*
37
47
198*
96
47*
62
75
81*
72
65*
45
52
205*
42
25*
39
46
205*
87
67*
61
79
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:45 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table A1. Community Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Samps i ze
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9,161
14, 855
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9, 161
14, 855
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9, 161
14, 855
Popu I at i on
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
675,
805,
01 7,
055,
553,
675,
805,
01 7,
055,
553,
675,
805,
017,
055,
553,
893
094
367
224
578
893
094
367
224
578
893
094
367
224
578
Mean P1 P5
7
12
8 -
8 -
8
39
7 -
4 -
7
7
46 -
19
12
15
16
P10 P25 P50
7
1 5
5
5
8
4
2
2 5
1 5
19
5 15
1 3 9
1 6 12
1 5 12
P75
7
18
1 1
1 1
12
71
10
5
10
10
82
27
16
21
21
P90
24
32
19
19
21
118
1 7
9
16
16
127
42
26
31
33
P95
38
42
26
26
29
140
23
13
21
21
156
56
33
39
43
P99
81*
73
52
46
52
204*
42
24
37
47
205*
91
59
62
77
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:45 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table A2 . Community Water: Fine Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Mi 1 1 i 1 iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Age
Di rect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
I nd i rect <0
0.
1-
4-
7-
1 1
15
20
25
55
65
Al
Direct and Indirect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
Samps i ze
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1 , 516
2, 139
14, 855
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1,516
2,139
14, 855
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1 , 516
2, 139
14, 855
Popu I at i on
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
17,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
1 ,
1 ,
11 ,
11 ,
14,
15,
17,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
1 7,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
311
582
107
11 1
876
405
962
877
877
260
210
578
31 1
582
107
111
876
405
962
877
877
260
210
578
311
582
107
11 1
876
405
962
877
877
260
210
578
Mean P1 P5
4
11
13
14
10
8
8
9 -
7 -
7
8
8 -
43 -
34
10
7
4 -
4 -
4
5
7 -
8 -
8 -
7
47
45 -
23 -
21 -
15
12
12
14
15
15
16
16
P10 P25 P50
-
7
9
2 7
1 5
1 5
5
4
5
6
5
_
1 17
1 6
1 5
3
2
2
1 3
2 5
3 6
3 7
1 5
5
4 36
6 1 7
1 6 16
1 5 11
1 4 9
3 9
1 4 10
1 5 12
6 13
7 15
1 5 12
P75
13
20
20
15
12
11
1 1
1 1
11
13
12
79
57
13
10
6
6
5
7
10
10
1 1
10
90
79
33
29
21
17
16
1 7
21
22
23
21
P90
16
35
35
35
25
19
18
21
19
19
20
21
135
91
24
18
13
9
9
13
1 7
16
15
16
139
103
51
44
32
26
25
31
31
31
31
33
P95
21*
41*
45
45
32
27
24
31
26
24
24
29
168*
105*
31
22
16
12
13
16
22
21
20
21
170*
122*
67
64
39
34
32
38
40
38
37
43
P99
44*
89*
84
82*
51*
49*
56*
73*
45
36
34
52
207*
132*
62
38*
25*
24*
23*
25*
41
37
32
47
217*
169*
109
91*
60*
54*
61*
79*
64
57
52
77
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:47 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part II: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table A3. Community Water: Pregnant, Lactating, and Chi Idbearing Age Women Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Pregnant and Lactating Women Age
Sampsize Population Mean
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
69
69
69
40
40
40
2, 275
2, 275
2, 275
1,729,947
1,729,947
1,729,947
1,141,186
1,141,186
1,141,186
57,564,838
57,564,838
57,564,838
5
13
13*
8*
21*
8
6
14
3
3
8
4.
3*
14*
4
4
1 1
17
7
22
28*
9*
39*
1 1
25*
13*
32*
34*
14*
53*
20
16
32
28*
1 7*
43*
45*
21*
55*
28
20
39
33*
19*
46*
51*
55*
57*
51
35
66
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:48 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 57 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 1,413,944 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table B1. Bottled Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
Samps i ze
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
Mi
Population Mean P1 P5 P10
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
027 3 -
754 3 -
004 2 - -
821 3 - -
606 3 -
027 13
754 1 - -
004 - - -
821 1 -
606 1 - -
027 16 -
754 4 - -
004 2 -
821 3 -
606 3 -
866 4 - -
340 3 -
363 2 -
403 2 - -
972 2 - -
866 14
340 1 -
363 - -
403 - - -
972 1 - -
866 18
340 3 -
363 2 - -
403 2 - -
972 3 - -
Mil iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90
8
1 1
7
10
9
53
-
-
-
-
74
13
8
12
12
13
9
6
7
7
62
-
-
-
-
8 74
1 1
6
8
8
P95
25*
20
1 1
16
16
126*
2
-
4
3
128*
22
12
19
19
20*
18
11
12
13
98*
1
-
2
2
100*
22
13
14
16
P99
37*
43
25*
30
31
158*
15
6*
12
14
168*
51
28*
34
37
43*
42
27*
23
28
147*
14
6*
1 1
13
167*
47
28*
31
37
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:45 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table B1. Bottled Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Samps i ze
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9,161
14, 855
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9, 161
14, 855
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9, 161
14, 855
Mi
Population Mean P1 P5 P10
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
675,
805,
01 7,
055,
553,
675,
805,
01 7,
055,
553,
675,
805,
017,
055,
553,
893 3 -
094 3 -
367 2 - -
224 2 - -
578 2 -
893 14
094 1 - -
367 - - -
224 - -
578 1 -
893 17
094 3 - -
367 2 -
224 3 -
578 3 -
Mil iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90
12
10
6
8
8
55
-
-
-
-
5 76
12
7
10
10
P95
24
20
1 1
14
14
104
2
-
3
3
123
22
13
17
17
P99
40*
43
26
27
29
161*
14
6
12
13
169*
49
28
33
37
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:45 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table B2. Bottled Water: Fine Age Categories
All I nd ivi duaIs
Ingest i on
Age
Di rect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
I nd i rect <0
0.
1-
4-
7-
1 1
15
20
25
55
65
Al
Direct and Indirect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
Samps i ze
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1 , 516
2, 139
14, 855
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1,516
2,139
14, 855
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1 , 516
2, 139
14, 855
Mi
Population Mean P1 P5 P10
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
17,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
1 ,
1 ,
11 ,
11 ,
14,
15,
17,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
1 7,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
311 3 -
582 3 -
107 4 - -
1113
876 2 -
405 2 -
962 2 -
877 3 - -
877 2 - -
260 2 -
210 2 -
578 2 - -
31116
582 11
107 1 -
111 -
876 - - -
405 - - -
962 - -
877 - -
877 1 - -
260 1 - -
210 - - -
578 1 -
311 20
582 14
107 5 - -
1114
876 2 -
405 2 -
962 2 - -
877 3 - -
877 3 - -
260 2 -
210 2 -
578 3 - -
Mil iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90
13
6
15
12
7
6
7
10
9
6
6
8
67
45
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6 81
2 51
1 7
13
8
7
7
1 12
1 1
8
9
10
P95
16*
26*
25
21
13
11
11
1 7
14
12
13
14
138*
85*
4
-
-
-
-
2
3
4
3
3
152*
92*
30
24
14
13
12
18
1 7
16
15
1 7
P99
38
42
51
46
25
27
25
35
27
23
23
29
163
104
21
12
12
9
6
5
13
13
1 1
13
170
125
61
49
26
27
28
35
34
32
27
37
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
.
*
*
*
*
*
*
.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I ) 20MAROO 10:47 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
* : The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part II: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table B3. Bottled Water: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Pregnant and Lactating Women Age
Sampsize Population
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
69
69
69
40
40
40
2, 275
2, 275
2, 275
1,729,947
1,729,947
1,729,947
1,141,186
1,141,186
1,141,186
57,564,838
57,564,838
57,564,838
21*
2*
21*
3*
4*
14*
1 1
22*
6*
29*
8*
14*
16*
1 7
3
20
30*
1 1*
31*
1 1*
1 7*
18*
31
12
34
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:48 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 57 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 1,413,944 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table C1. Other Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
Samps i ze
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
Mi
Population Mean P1 P5 P10
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
027 1 -
754 1 -
004 1 - -
821 1 - -
606 1 - -
027 2 -
754 1 - -
004 - - -
821 1 -
606 1 - -
027 3 - -
754 2 - -
004 2 -
821 2 -
606 2 -
866 1 - -
340 2 -
363 1 -
403 1 - -
972 1 - -
866 3 - -
340 1 -
363 1 -
403 1 - -
972 1 - -
866 3 - -
340 2 -
363 1 - -
403 2 - -
972 2 - -
Mil iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90 P95
10
4 10
1 7
2 8
1*
6
1 3
1 8
1 6
16*
4 18
6 12
6 17
6 16
2 *
1 13
6
2 8
2 8
11*
6
4
2 8
1 7
2 21*
4 19
3 10
7 1 7
7 1 7
P99
18*
30
23*
20
22
67*
18
10*
20
19
67*
40
30*
33
35
1 7*
33
23*
21
23
60*
20
1 1*
20
20
63*
43
27*
33
35
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:45 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table C1. Other Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Samps i ze
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9,161
14, 855
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9, 161
14, 855
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9, 161
14, 855
Mi
Population Mean P1 P5 P10
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
675,
805,
01 7,
055,
553,
675,
805,
01 7,
055,
553,
675,
805,
017,
055,
553,
893 1 -
094 2 -
367 1 - -
224 1 - -
578 1 -
893 3 -
094 1 - -
367 1 - -
224 1 -
578 1 -
893 3 - -
094 2 - -
367 2 -
224 2 -
578 2 -
Mil iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90 P95
11
2 7
2 8
2 8
9
6
1 3
2 8
1 7
21
5 18
5 11
7 17
6 16
P99
22*
32
23
21
22
66*
19
10
20
19
66*
43
29
33
35
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:45 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table C2. Other Sources: Fine Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Ingest i on
Age
Di rect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
I nd i rect <0
0.
1-
4-
7-
1 1
15
20
25
55
65
Al
Direct and Indirect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
Samps i ze
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1 , 516
2, 139
14, 855
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1,516
2,139
14, 855
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1 , 516
2, 139
14, 855
Mi
Population Mean P1 P5 P10
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
17,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
1 ,
1 ,
11 ,
11 ,
14,
15,
17,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
1 7,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
311 - -
582 1 -
107 2 - -
1111
876 1 -
405 1 -
962 1 -
877 1 - -
877 1 - -
260 1 -
210 1 -
578 1 - -
3113
582 3 -
107 1 -
1111
876 1 - -
405 1 - -
962 - -
877 - -
877 1 - -
260 1 - -
210 1 - -
578 1 -
311 3 -
582 3 - -
107 3 - -
1112
876 2 -
405 2 -
962 1 - -
877 1 - -
877 2 - -
260 3 -
210 2 -
578 2 - -
Mil iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90 P95
2*
12
10
3 13
4 10
2 6
4
1 7
4 9
5 12
2 8
_____
10*
6
5
1 6
1 4
2
1
2 8
5 1 1
3 9
1 7
15*
5 24*
2 21
2 15
7 18
7 16
4 9
7
6 16
13 20
10 20
6 16
P99
14
21
37
35
28
23
20
14
20
23
22
22
85
60
23
15
1 7
15
6
8
21
21
19
19
86
63
48
42
37
36
21
20
33
39
35
35
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
.
*
*
*
*
*
*
.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:47 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part II: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table C3. Other Sources: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Pregnant and Lactating Women Age
a . Pregnant
Di rect
1 nd i rect
D i rect and 1 nd i rect
b . Lactat i ng
Di rect
1 nd i rect
D i rect and 1 nd i rect
c . Women Age 15-44
D i rect
I nd i rect
Direct and Indirect
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Sampsize Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
69 1,729,947 1 ------- 2* 1 4'
69 1 , 729, 947 1- - - - - - - 2*14'
69 1,729,947 1 ------- 9* 2 1'
40 1,141,186 2* - - - - - - 5* 13* 25'
40 1,141,186 2* ------ 4* 12* 21'
40 1,141,186 4* - - - - - 8* 28* 42'
2,275 57,564,838 1-------619
2,275 57,564,838 1 ------- 4 19
2,275 57,564,838 2------31231
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:48 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 57 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 1,413,944 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table D1. Missing Source: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
Samps i ze
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
027 - -
754 - - - - - - - - - 11
004 -- - - - - - - -10*
821 ---------6
606 - - - - - - - - - 7
027 - -
754 ----------
004 ----------
821 - -
606 - -
027 --------- 1*
754 ---------11
004 -- - - - - - - -10*
821 - - - - - - - - - 7
606 - - - - - - - - - 8
866 --------- 4*
340 - - - - - - - - - 8
363 - - - - - - - - - 8*
403 ---------5
972 ---------6
866 1---------
340 - -
363 - -
403 ----------
972 ----------
866 1--------5*
340 - - - - - - - - - 10
363 ---------8*
403 --------- 1
972 ---------8
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:45 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table D1. Missing Source: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Samps i ze
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9,161
14, 855
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9, 161
14, 855
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9, 161
14, 855
Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
675,
805,
01 7,
055,
553,
675,
805,
01 7,
055,
553,
675,
805,
017,
055,
553,
893 - - - - - - - - - 3*
094 - - - - - - - - - 9
367 ---------8
224 ---------6
578 - - - - - - - - - 7
893 1 -
094 ----------
367 ----------
224 - -
578 - -
893 1--------5*
094 ---------10
367 - - - - - - - - - 9
224 - - - - - - - - - 7
578 - - - - - - - - - 8
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:45 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table D2. Missing Source: Fine Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Age
Di rect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
I nd i rect <0
0.
1-
4-
7-
1 1
15
20
25
55
65
Al
Direct and Indirect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
Samps i ze
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1 , 516
2, 139
14, 855
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1,516
2,139
14, 855
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1 , 516
2, 139
14, 855
Mi
Population Mean P1 P5 P10
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
17,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
1 ,
1 ,
11 ,
11 ,
14,
15,
17,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
1 7,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
311 - -
582 - -
107 - - -
111-
876 - -
405 - -
962 - -
877 - - -
877 - - -
260 - -
210 - -
578 - - -
311-
582 1 -
107 - -
111 -
876 - - -
405 - - -
962 - -
877 - -
877 - - -
260 - - -
210 - - -
578 - -
311 - -
582 1 - -
107 - - -
111-
876 - -
405 - -
962 - - -
877 - - -
877 - - -
260 - -
210 - -
578 - - -
Mil iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
4«
2*
8
8*
9«
8*
8*
8*
6
4
3
7
______
57*
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
4«
57*
1 1
9*
9*
8*
8*
10*
7
5
7
8
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:47 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part II: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table D3. Missing Source: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
All I nd ivi duaIs
Pregnant and Lactating Women Age
a . Pregnant
Di rect
1 nd i rect
D i rect and 1 nd i rect
b . Lactat i ng
Di rect
1 nd i rect
D i rect and 1 nd i rect
c . Women Age 15-44
D i rect
I nd i rect
Direct and Indirect
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Sampsize Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
69 1,729,947 1 -------- 1 9'
69 1 , 729, 947 ----------
69 1,729,947 1 -------- 1 9'
40 1,141,186 1* ------- 5* 15'
40 1 , 141 , 186 - - - - - - - - - 1'
40 1,141,186 1* ------- 5* 15'
2,275 57,564,838 --------- 1
2,275 57,564,838 ----------
2,275 57,564,838 ---------8
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:48 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 57 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 1,413,944 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table E1. All Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Ingest i on
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
Samps i ze
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
174
1 , 843
805
4, 437
7, 259
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
170
1 , 901
801
4, 724
7, 596
Popu I at i on
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
18,
16,
93,
129,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
126,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
851 ,
169,
192,
104,
317,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
824,
635,
825,
950,
235,
027
754
004
821
606
027
754
004
821
606
027
754
004
821
606
866
340
363
403
972
866
340
363
403
972
866
340
363
403
972
Mean P1
10
17
1 1
12
12
59
8
4
9
9
69
26
15
21 1
22
12
17
12
10
12
52
8
5
9
9
65
25
16
19
20
Mi
P5 P10
-
1
1
1
_
-
-
1
1
_
4 6
2 4
5 7
4 6
-
-
1
1
-
_
-
-
1
-
_
4 6
3 4
4 6
3 6
INN ters/Kg of Body
P25
6
4
4
4
7
2
1
3
3
24
12
7
12
11
-
6
4
3
4
1
2
1
3
2
10
11
7
10
10
P50
2
13
8
9
9
53
5
2
7
6
62
21
13
18
18
5
12
9
8
8
34
5
3
7
6
51
20
12
16
16
Weight/Day
P75
14
23
15
16
17
88
12
6
13
12
101
33
19
27
27
16
23
15
14
15
86
11
6
1 1
1 1
100
33
20
24
25
P90
29
38
23
25
26
135
19
10
18
18
148
50
29
37
39
35
35
24
22
25
134
19
10
18
18
157
48
32
34
38
P95
39*
48
30
31
33
157*
25
14
24
25
170*
65
36
45
50
42*
45
34
29
34
155*
27
15
23
24
169*
62
42
43
49
P99
75*
83
55*
50
60
188*
46
22*
39
55
198*
103
56*
69
88
83*
77
65*
49
61
205*
46
25*
43
57
230*
91
68*
67
86
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:45 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table E1. All Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Ingest i on
Mi I I i I i ters/Kg of Body
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Samps i ze
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9,161
14, 855
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9, 161
14, 855
344
3, 744
1 , 606
9, 161
14, 855
Popu I at i on
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
3,
37,
33,
181 ,
255,
675,
805,
01 7,
055,
553,
675,
805,
01 7,
055,
553,
675,
805,
017,
055,
553,
893
094
367
224
578
893
094
367
224
578
893
094
367
224
578
Mean P1
1 1
17
1 1
1 1
12
56
8
4
9
9
67
25
16
20 1
21
P5 P10 P25
6
1 4
1 4
4
3
2
1
1 3
2
16
4 6 12
247
4 6 11
4 6 10
P50
3
13
9
9
9
45
5
3
7
6
57
21
13
17
17
Weight/Day
P75
15
23
15
15
16
86
1 1
6
12
11
101
33
20
26
26
P90
32
37
24
24
26
134
19
10
18
18
156
49
30
35
38
P95
41
46
32
30
34
163
26
14
23
25
170
64
39
44
50
P99
81*
80
59
50
60
204*
46
25
41
56
218*
98
64
68
87
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:45 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table E2 . AlI Sources: Fine Age Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
I ngest i on
Mi 1 1 i 1 i ters/Kg of Body
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Samps i ze
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1 , 516
2, 139
14, 855
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1,516
2,139
14, 855
191
153
1 , 752
1,113
879
790
816
676
4, 830
1 , 516
2, 139
14, 855
Popu I at i on
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
17,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
1 ,
1 ,
11 ,
11 ,
14,
15,
17,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
1 7,
18,
111,
20,
30,
255,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
952,
723,
722,
650,
432,
190,
826,
402,
382,
691 ,
578,
553,
311
582
107
11 1
876
405
962
877
877
260
210
578
31 1
582
107
111
876
405
962
877
877
260
210
578
311
582
107
11 1
876
405
962
877
877
260
210
578
Mean P1
8
15
19
19
14
12
1 1
12
1 1
1 1
1 1
12
62
49
12
8
6
5
4
6
9
10
9
9
69
64
31
27
19
16
15
18
20
20 2
21 3
21
P5 P10 P25
-
6
7
3 6
1 4
3
3
1 4
1 4
2 5
4
_
2 10
3
2
1
1
1
1
1 3
1 2 5
1 2 5
2
_
3* 9 25
3 7 14
4 7 14
4 6 10
348
246
1 3 8
4 6 11
6 8 12
7 9 13
4 6 10
P50
7
14
14
1 1
9
8
8
8
8
10
9
48
45
8
6
4
3
2
4
7
8
8
6
57
57
26
23
17
14
12
14
1 7
18
19
1 7
Weight/Day
P75
12
24
27
26
19
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
116
74
15
12
8
7
5
8
12
13
12
11
123
88
40
36
26
21
19
22
26
26
27
26
P90
21
38
42
41
29
24
23
26
24
22
22
26
155
100
27
18
14
1 1
10
14
19
18
1 7
18
163
119
60
51
36
32
29
34
37
35
34
38
P95
26*
47*
54
52
36
33
30
37
31
27
27
34
170*
125*
35
24
18
15
14
17
25
25
21
25
174*
163*
74
68
44
40
38
44
46
42
39
50
P99
62*
91*
89
86*
52*
51*
62*
75*
49
38
38
60
207*
139*
65
41*
27*
25*
23*
26*
46
38
33
56
229*
184*
118
97*
69*
60*
66*
85*
68
59
54
87
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:47 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part II: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table E3. All Sources: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
All Ind ivi duaIs
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Pregnant and Lactating Women Age
Sampsize Population Mean
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
69
69
69
40
40
40
2, 275
2, 275
2, 275
1,729,947
1,729,947
1,729,947
1,141,186
1,141,186
1,141,186
57,564,838
57,564,838
57,564,838
14
6
21
17*
1 1*
28*
12
2
10
4*
3 *
12*
4
2
9
14
4
19
1 1 *
7*
25*
9
5
16
22
9
29
28*
13*
41*
16
11
25
29*
16*
39*
38*
23*
53*
26
17
36
45*
26*
57*
32
23
46
33*
19*
61*
51*
63*
70*
60
38
77
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:48 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_F3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 57 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 1,413,944 individuals in the population.
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table A1. Community Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
67
1 , 381
615
3, 282
5, 345
120
1 , 646
651
4, 064
6, 481
128
1 , 807
768
4, 227
6, 930
58
1 , 367
650
3, 416
5, 491
108
1 , 643
658
4,137
6, 546
118
1,812
768
4, 384
7,082
Popu I at i on
748, 519
14, 100,005
12,066, 783
68, 559, 294
95, 474, 601
1 , 264, 586
16,011 , 313
12, 924, 377
85, 855, 345
116,055, 621
1 , 320, 308
18, 020, 621
15, 249, 740
89, 385, 243
123, 975, 912
582, 634
14, 755, 961
13, 501 , 612
64, 456, 588
93, 296, 795
1 , 108, 046
16, 760, 814
13, 738, 319
77, 525, 839
109, 133, 018
1 , 191 , 526
18, 847, 070
15, 923, 625
82, 703, 542
118, 665, 763
Mean
146
358
556
769
677
498
164
234
547
459
560
426
638
1,116
951
190
374
688
822
728
397
171
283
641
521
462
444
828
1 , 242
1 ,052
P1
27
36*
42
29
5*
2
2*
3
3
10*
6
7*
1 1
9
9*
20
29*
45
29
1 *
2
3*
6
4
1 *
4
7*
15
1 1
P5
56
57
1 1 1
81
17*
6
7
28
16
51*
30
43
84
59
21*
53
66
111
76
11*
7
8
32
15
16*
30
67
1 18
72
Mi
P10
67
111
141
114
55*
15
1 7
71
40
86
61
89
192
118
31*
59
115
118
116
28*
15
18
74
42
30*
60
118
233
139
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
46
117
189
289
232
213
47
56
205
123
246
151
219
494
341
56
129
228
294
235
61
50
72
235
133
79
155
299
563
383
P50
105
235
383
580
470
536
113
145
435
332
542
329
457
943
747
109
266
472
590
473
343
117
193
494
352
441
355
595
1 , 038
814
P75
176
463
706
946
890
686
231
312
750
641
760
592
902
1 , 514
1 , 316
269
489
820
1 ,059
944
716
234
365
849
71 1
736
618
1 , 059
1 , 644
1 , 426
P90
290*
774
1 , 186
1 , 615
1,416
905*
377
534
1,127
1 ,019
967*
940
1 , 382
2, 165
2,005
367*
785
1 , 395
1 , 736
1 , 529
853*
376
639
1 , 294
1,131
881*
934
1 , 673
2, 387
2, 164
P95
444*
1 ,032
1 , 536
1 , 944
1 , 876
1 ,032*
474
770
1 , 436
1 , 316
1 , 122*
1 , 109
1 , 774
2, 711
2, 482
502*
972
1 , 772
2, 243
1 , 987
939*
520
895
1 , 679
1 , 490
1,121*
1,155
2, 058
3, 016
2, 733
P99
608*
1 , 696
2, 406*
3, 650
3, 248
1 , 298*
719
1 , 305*
2, 379
2, 251
1 , 584*
2, 014
2, 598*
4, 268
3, 863
919*
1 , 462
3, 965*
4,036
3, 785
1 , 163*
769
1 , 658*
3, 288
2, 923
1 , 281*
1 , 731
3, 984*
4, 939
4, 616
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I ) 20MAROO 10:19 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table A1. Community Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
125
2, 748
1 , 265
6, 698
10, 836
228
3, 289
1 , 309
8, 201
13,027
246
3, 619
1 , 536
8, 61 1
14, 012
Popu I at i on
1 , 331 , 153
28, 855, 966
25, 568, 395
133, 015, 882
188, 771 , 396
2, 372, 632
32, 772, 127
26, 662, 696
163, 381 , 184
225, 188, 639
2, 511 , 834
36, 867, 691
31,173, 365
172,088, 785
242, 641 , 675
Mean
165
366
626
795
702
451
168
260
592
489
513
435
735
1 , 176
1 ,000
P1
8*
26
36*
43
29
2*
2
2
4
3
2*
5
7
13
9
P5
12*
56
59
1 1 1
82
15*
7
7
29
15
30*
30
58
103
65
M
P10
21*
65
115
130
116
37
15
18
74
41
51
61
106
208
130
i I I i I i ters/Person/Day
P25
54
118
223
292
233
106
48
64
219
128
175
154
248
524
355
P50
107
261
467
589
472
428
115
167
472
341
496
341
532
995
785
P75
232
469
767
1 , 024
943
693
232
339
795
676
747
605
967
1 , 572
1 , 375
P90
346*
778
1 , 298
1 , 646
1 , 467
857
377
585
1 , 202
1 ,071
950
937
1 , 566
2, 284
2,069
P95
460*
1 ,000
1 , 672
2,117
1 , 888
1 ,002*
492
825
1 , 549
1 , 412
1,121*
1,137
1 , 972
2, 848
2, 600
P99
626*
1 , 598
3, 548*
3, 792
3, 660
1 , 349*
759
1 , 380
2, 778
2, 543
1 , 544*
1 , 765
3, 686
4, 631
4, 273
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:19 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C1.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table A2. Community Water: Fine Age Categories
Consumers Only
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0. 5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
50
75
1 , 136
864
748
634
631
492
3, 478
1,114
1 , 614
10, 836
100
128
1 , 524
1 ,020
745
645
664
591
4, 349
1 , 364
1 , 897
13, 027
111
135
1 , 625
1,110
884
759
111
644
4, 599
1 , 410
1 , 958
14, 012
Popu I at i on
490, 176
840, 977
7, 660, 920
9, 088, 991
12, 106, 055
12, 056, 016
13, 512, 379
13, 470, 713
80, 890, 736
15, 334, 153
23, 320, 280
188, 771 , 396
987, 615
1 , 385, 01 7
10, 295, 268
10, 566, 421
11,910, 438
12, 272, 170
14, 390, 526
16, 211 , 641
100, 921 , 430
18, 901 , 985
27, 346, 128
225, 188, 639
1 , 062, 136
1 , 449, 698
10, 934, 001
11 , 586, 632
14, 347,058
14, 437, 898
16, 735, 467
1 7, 658, 027
106, 779, 569
19, 484, 112
28, 167,077
242, 641 , 675
Mean
102
202
295
378
402
535
706
875
787
776
789
702
518
403
154
172
175
228
286
398
608
651
606
489
529
502
351
454
485
641
81 7
1 , 033
1,171
1 , 242
1 , 242
1 ,000
P1
8*
26*
19*
20*
28*
38*
-
41
56*
52
29
4*
1*
2
2*
1*
2*
3*
2*
4
7
8
3
4.
1*
3
5*
6*
7*
7*
10*
14
1 1
24
9
P5
23*
43
49
53
58
76
79
96
1 13
116
82
28*
14*
8
7
6
7
10
11
28
44
60
15
32*
30*
23
38
37
59
51
68
100
115
155
65
Mi
P10
43*
57
78
82
86
116
114
11 7
163
205
116
46*
25
17
15
14
14
20
32
69
11 7
134
41
49*
52
48
75
74
115
99
122
201
237
310
130
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
30*
57
114
137
144
175
229
233
282
325
349
233
172
87
48
50
46
61
65
118
201
271
294
128
179
129
120
173
175
235
266
359
503
651
704
355
P50
71
129
223
281
286
383
492
506
578
587
696
472
538
365
111
120
115
152
178
284
464
546
533
341
543
465
267
363
377
473
603
71 1
965
1,111
1 , 149
785
P75
114*
258
365
466
563
695
886
946
1 , 005
1 , 038
1 ,054
943
805
669
215
240
240
306
367
537
807
847
813
676
809
746
497
606
708
832
1 , 065
1,218
1 , 561
1 , 657
1 , 657
1 , 375
P90
176*
434*
584
779
903
1 , 168
1 , 403
1 , 880
1 , 682
1 , 594
1 , 534
1 , 467
935*
782*
340
372
402
495
672
865
1 , 277
1 , 248
1,113
1 , 071
943*
950
719
940
995
1,415
1 , 669
2,175
2, 326
2, 297
2, 190
2,069
P95
309*
530*
814
985
1 , 056
1 , 612
1 , 835
3, 165
2,219
1 , 871
1 , 858
1 , 888
1 , 012*
963*
460
479
51 7
779
898
1 , 200
1 , 639
1 , 639
1 , 390
1,412
1 ,064*
1 , 122*
952
1 , 213
1 , 241
1 , 742
2,159
3, 082
2, 926
2, 721
2, 604
2, 600
P99
431*
819*
1 , 220*
1 , 664*
1 , 592*
2, 521*
3, 801*
5, 124*
3, 781
2, 799*
2, 588
3, 660
1 , 225*
1 , 288*
715
865*
760*
1,184*
1,577*
1 , 801*
3,074
2, 599
2,136
2, 543
1 , 366*
1 , 529*
1 , 387
1 , 985*
1 , 999*
2, 564*
3, 863*
5, 356*
4, 735
4, 222
3, 668
4, 273
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:22 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table A3. Community Water: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
Women Categories Age
a . Pregnant
Di rect
1 nd i rect
Direct and Indirect
b . Lactat i ng
Di rect
1 nd i rect
D i rect and 1 nd i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
I nd i rect
D i rect and I nd i rect
Mi I I i I i ters/Person/Day
Sampsize Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
42 1,105,462 800* - 34* 57* 172* 576* 1,365* 1,420* 1,927* 2,255'
63 1,554,460 353 - 12* 20* 64 230 455 821* 1,238* 1,463'
65 1,645,565 872 - 14* 29* 116 553 1,424 1,844* 2,588* 3,448'
27 716,055 1,484* - 67* 104* 584* 1,587* 1,875* 2,630* 2,837* 3,611'
32 928,855 596* - 11* 103* 187* 445* 621* 1,131* 1,904* 2,643'
34 971,057 1,665* - 11* 158* 488* 1,646* 2,417* 2,959* 3,588* 4,098'
1,605 40,717,042 750 41 85 116 234 512 935 1,627 2,193 3,837
2,031 51,767,722 460 3 15 40 125 325 620 1,041 1,354 2,367
2,176 55,251,477 984 9 58 125 355 756 1,314 2,044 2,722 4,397
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:23 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table B1. Bottled Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
29
342
165
952
1 , 488
25
120
40
342
527
40
369
167
997
1 , 573
37
355
136
888
1,416
26
121
44
286
477
48
376
144
937
1 , 505
Popu I at i on
284, 883
3, 633, 658
3, 396, 721
22, 196, 372
29,511, 634
271 , 444
1 , 220, 539
785, 299
7, 624, 946
9, 902, 228
419, 351
3, 922, 610
3, 455, 377
23, 221 ,076
31 ,018, 414
414, 687
3, 563, 001
2, 822, 430
18,086, 181
24, 886, 299
338, 581
1 ,096, 973
935, 308
5, 328, 324
7, 699, 186
575,019
3, 755, 220
2, 969, 950
18, 998, 203
26, 298, 392
Mean
136*
347
503
712
637
531*
172
216*
423
378
436*
375
544
819
727
105*
332
633
720
645
574*
174
256*
567
474
41 4
365
682
845
749
P1
-
-
39*
28
_
-
-
8*
7*
_
18*
31*
39*
30
-
21*
-
45*
28
_
-
-
6*
5*
_
21*
35*
47*
29
P5
43
56*
105
78
156*
11*
19*
58
37
_
51
78*
115
86
-
39
71*
113
84
_
18*
1 1*
53
27
29*
37
1 18*
1 16
90
Mi
P10
61
99
119
114
195*
22*
44*
105
78
25*
85
115
146
117
22*
59
98
134
114
265*
28*
57*
114
89
46*
73
118
152
118
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
48*
117
175
263
232
351*
60
74*
177
118
84*
161
177
353
266
46*
115
218
260
232
311*
75
118*
233
148
79*
143
237
337
251
P50
101*
252
341
555
469
426*
112
120*
350
273
428*
289
357
690
532
73*
235
430
522
467
541*
123
150*
355
295
317
266
464
592
523
P75
189*
462
635
940
834
757*
217
257*
583
517
624*
473
698
1 ,065
947
104*
440
886
939
873
801*
198
342*
679
591
688*
474
940
1 , 096
991
P90
246*
678
963
1 , 434
1 , 406
862*
421*
576*
901
806
895*
765
1,116
1 , 747
1 , 542
207*
692
1 , 374
1,419
1 , 409
901*
375*
563*
1 , 202
975
805*
767
1 , 423
1 , 774
1 , 626
P95
264*
914
1 , 448*
1 , 874
1 , 768
897*
504*
697*
1,116
1 ,007
896*
993
1 , 537*
1 , 975
1 , 893
234*
809
1 , 752*
1 , 890
1 , 826
1 ,025*
523*
660*
1 , 578
1 , 431
1 ,012*
847
1 , 822*
2, 303
2,097
P99
566*
1 , 262*
3, 154*
2, 730*
2, 708
1 , 103*
631*
755*
1 , 658*
1 , 568*
1 , 301*
1 , 347*
3,143*
3,060*
3,031
459*
1 , 441*
2, 814*
3, 360*
2, 927
1 , 287*
697*
894*
3, 863*
2, 756*
1 , 397*
1 , 685*
2, 802*
3, 855*
3, 781
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:19 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table B1. Bottled Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
66
697
301
1 , 840
2, 904
51
241
84
628
1 ,004
88
745
31 1
1 , 934
3,078
Popu I at i on
699, 570
7, 196, 659
6, 219, 151
40, 282, 553
54, 397, 933
610,025
2, 317, 512
1 , 720, 607
12, 953, 270
17, 601 , 414
994, 370
7, 677, 830
6, 425, 327
42, 219, 279
57, 316, 806
Mean
117
340
562
716
641
555
173
238
482
420
423
371
608
831
737
P1
20*
-
47
29
_
3*
3*
7*
6*
_
21*
32*
45
30
P5
41
69
1 12
83
148*
12*
16*
59
32
22*
56
89
116
89
Mi
P10
59
104
123
114
223*
26
57*
108
81
45*
83
118
148
118
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
50
116
198
263
232
314*
72
96
195
133
81
147
227
351
266
P50
79
236
376
528
468
428
114
140
355
284
362
280
438
649
532
P75
118
451
702
941
855
800*
204
314
592
558
686
473
794
1 ,068
975
P90
229*
684
1 , 274
1 , 429
1 , 408
897*
405
587*
972
886
894*
768
1 , 333
1 , 773
1 , 568
P95
261*
825
1 , 535
1 , 889
1 , 774
981*
513*
701*
1 , 360
1 , 164
941*
912
1 , 679
2, 101
1 , 967
P99
638*
1 , 409*
2, 884*
2, 857
2, 834
1 , 256*
652*
826*
2, 396*
1 , 959*
1 , 432*
1 , 455*
2,876*
3, 525
3, 316
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:19 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C1.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table B2. Bottled Water: Fine Age Categories
Consumers Only
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0. 5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
40
26
344
202
151
143
158
169
1,122
268
281
2, 904
29
22
128
60
53
47
37
43
346
11 1
128
1 , 004
51
37
368
213
164
148
163
179
1,174
279
302
3,078
Popu I at i on
406, 064
293, 506
2, 371 , 802
2, 239, 071
2, 585, 786
2, 772, 279
3, 446, 872
4, 861 , 349
27, 222, 087
3, 848, 813
4, 350, 304
54, 397, 933
310, 776
299, 249
843, 208
577, 698
896, 606
896, 029
824, 578
1 , 117, 572
8, 172, 124
1 , 605, 870
2, 057, 704
1 7, 601 , 414
538, 267
456, 103
2, 532, 201
2, 336, 873
2, 808, 756
2, 896, 893
3, 528, 434
5, 089, 216
28, 487, 354
3, 987, 578
4, 655, 131
57, 316, 806
Mean
87*
159*
268
365
383
482
627
754
708
680
751
641
597*
51 1*
155
163
197
249*
227*
300*
505
505
471
420
41 1
437*
302
390
416
538
665
786
822
860
910
737
P1
-
-
-
-
-
30*
30*
50*
82*
34*
29
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9*
-
7*
6*
23*
-
15*
24*
16*
33*
31*
31*
45*
75*
37*
30
P5
24*
-
28
53*
45*
58*
72*
77*
1 12
1 13
114
83
162*
-
14*
24*
6*
1 1*
38*
37*
49
71*
44*
32
33*
-
30
46*
58*
87*
98*
79*
1 15
114
122
89
Mi
P10
29*
-
46
80
78
102
100
107
121
127
196
114
206*
262*
25
29*
12*
42*
68*
101*
108
112*
114
81
45*
16*
57
86
96
115
118
116
167
152
234
118
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
46*
25*
99
165
116
182
208
217
255
258
338
232
314*
309*
45
82
83
88*
118*
111*
207
237
238
133
76*
85*
115
175
163
212
227
262
330
325
465
266
P50
76*
100*
222
276
263
335
452
478
522
516
620
468
577*
370*
112
110
135
148*
133*
166*
355
434
424
284
349
361*
232
315
323
361
468
532
621
685
785
532
P75
98*
218*
346
483
51 1
584
823
996
938
929
1 ,055
855
843*
782*
190
199
221
364*
236*
249*
592
693
626
558
656*
689*
389
527
523
696
872
1 , 065
1 , 062
1 , 189
1 , 182
975
P90
117*
274*
577
685
776
1 , 043
1 , 399
1 , 536
1 , 431
1,410
1 , 371
1 , 408
903*
803*
365*
332*
422*
584*
587*
643*
1 ,022
981*
820*
886
896*
802*
649
794
828
1 , 099
1 , 503
1 , 640
1 , 773
1 , 833
1 , 766
1 , 568
P95
178*
342*
665
913*
845*
1 , 363*
1 , 598*
2, 259*
1 , 889
1 , 727
1 , 626
1 , 774
992*
806*
465*
451*
515*
680*
687*
969*
1 , 473
1,151*
1 , 095*
1 , 164
951*
808*
819
922*
985*
1 , 420*
1 , 777*
2, 343*
1 , 981
2, 306
2,074
1 , 967
P99
243*
739*
1 , 167*
1 , 305*
1 , 534*
2,128*
2, 970*
2, 942*
3, 207*
2,377*
2, 445*
2, 834
1 , 170*
1 , 266*
612*
636*
749*
786*
880*
1 , 863*
2, 655*
1 , 361*
1 , 293*
1 , 959*
1 , 193*
1,578*
1,175*
1 , 319*
1 , 767*
2,192*
3,149*
3,126*
3, 786*
2, 839*
2, 548*
3, 316
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:22 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table B3. Bottled Water: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
Women Categories Age
a . Pregnant
Di rect
1 nd i rect
Direct and Indirect
b . Lactat i ng
Di rect
1 nd i rect
D i rect and 1 nd i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
I nd i rect
D i rect and I nd i rect
Mi I I i I i ters/Person/Day
Sampsize Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
25 652,988 805* - 46* 103* 206* 600* 1,297* 1,556* 1,720* 1,858*
9 274,679 352* - - 16* 75* 205* 580* 635* 824* 974*
27 698,645 891* - 52* 145* 288* 683* 1,288* 1,910* 1,957* 2,198*
6 198,034 501* - 76* 225* 655* 1,047* 1,174* 1,276*
4 164,884 662* - 253* 705* 845* 906* 927* 943*
7 278,308 749* - - - 225* 608* 1,005* 1,144* 1,223* 1,286*
587 15,624,697 689 38* 87 116 233 476 935 1,470 1,861 2,783*
172 4,631,149 370 2* 38* 86 118 237 509 811 959* 1,460*
611 16,279,438 766 35* 92 118 292 592 1,025 1,598 1,922 3,093*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:23 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table C1. Other Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
4
179
108
514
805
12
181
102
552
847
13
218
127
616
974
10
203
81
637
931
1 1
227
88
675
1 , 001
16
259
103
111
1 , 155
Popu I at i on
59, 663
1 , 799, 716
2, 258, 831
9, 840, 416
13, 958, 626
110, 865
1 , 824,025
2, 072, 992
10, 707, 161
14, 715,043
117, 254
2, 180, 680
2, 604, 579
11 , 910, 701
16, 813, 214
129,158
2, 084, 816
1 , 563, 190
10, 552, 786
14, 329, 950
152, 538
2, 169, 448
1 , 708, 077
11,132,716
15, 162, 779
198, 829
2, 566, 652
2, 01 1 , 715
13, 103, 334
17, 880, 530
Mean
168*
337
540
629
575
273*
164
195
585
476
344*
416
624
1 ,046
894
76*
354
565
758
672
252*
164
310
708
581
243*
426
702
1,212
1 ,031
P1
24*
-
41*
28*
_
4.
-
6*
4.
_
8*
-
24*
1 1 *
-
21*
-
25*
24*
_
-
-
9*
4*
_
1*
2*
24*
13*
P5
45*
55*
1 1 1
83
_
9*
5 *
35
22
_
34*
84*
124
89
-
54*
92*
73
58
63*
4*
10*
26
1 7
_
27
59*
1 18
88
Mi
P10
66
129*
134
116
_
14
18*
89
40
114*
82
143*
237
167
-
58
128*
117
112
69*
8
45*
85
44
_
57
177*
221
146
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
29*
114
204
243
232
_
48
67
207
118
249*
180
235
498
352
-
114
191
236
224
83*
32
108
230
133
86*
145
31 1
530
346
P50
143*
234
353
472
418
263*
112
118
421
311
256*
352
406
941
710
50*
269
373
518
468
101*
102
230
556
401
148*
320
564
1 , 001
785
P75
190*
461
702
877
799
399*
240
257
767
651
408*
625
826
1 , 439
1 , 256
89*
473
782
1 ,021
907
415*
235
392
993
802
379*
656
941
1 , 660
1 , 420
P90
218*
766
1,114*
1 , 299
1,177
543*
383
416*
1 , 140
1 ,036
537*
865
1 , 394*
1 , 925
1 , 826
136*
742
1 , 156*
1 , 557
1,414
537*
398
713*
1 , 475
1 , 281
554*
884
1 , 366*
2, 286
2, 107
P95
227*
862*
1 , 510*
1 , 626
1 , 495
591*
432*
734*
1 , 502
1 , 337
579*
1 , 039*
1 , 873*
2, 371
2, 225
146*
813*
1 , 556*
1 , 892
1 , 859
598*
551*
940*
1 , 886
1 , 723
567*
1 , 077
1 , 753*
3, 01 7
2, 821
P99
235*
1 ,090*
2, 528*
2,113*
2,125*
762*
583*
787*
2,715*
2, 528*
759*
1 , 165*
2, 489*
3, 123*
3,035*
305*
1 , 162*
2,157*
3, 266*
3,125*
807*
819*
1 , 014*
3, 288*
2, 928*
773*
1 , 630*
2, 787*
4, 883*
4, 734*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I ) 20MAROO 10:19 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table C1. Other Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
14
382
189
1,151
1 , 736
23
408
190
1 , 227
1 , 848
29
477
230
1 , 393
2, 129
Popu I at i on
188, 821
3, 884, 532
3, 822,021
20, 393, 202
28, 288, 576
263, 403
3, 993, 473
3, 781 , 069
21 , 839, 877
29, 877, 822
316,083
4, 747, 332
4, 616, 294
25,014,035
34, 693, 744
Mean
105*
346
550
696
624
261*
164
247
648
529
280*
421
658
1 , 133
965
P1
24*
15*
27*
25
_
3*
2*
7*
4
_
8*
4*
24
13
P5
56
79*
88
67
_
5
6*
31
20
_
30
87*
118
89
Mi
P10
59
130
124
114
_
13
28
88
42
55*
59
147
236
148
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
114
202
241
231
77*
38
88
218
126
127*
158
274
503
349
P50
56*
244
354
496
466
118*
106
178
483
355
225*
339
445
969
739
P75
141*
471
727
936
827
408*
236
326
873
740
415*
631
855
1 , 532
1 , 345
P90
205*
755
1,157
1,414
1 , 375
562*
385
627
1,319
1,177
559*
877
1 , 372
2, 148
1 , 971
P95
227*
825
1 , 565*
1 , 851
1 , 728
616*
499
756*
1 , 774
1 , 525
569*
1 , 055
1 , 877*
2, 728
2, 475
P99
313*
1 ,094*
2, 542*
2, 954*
2,914
828*
734*
1 , 009*
2, 924*
2, 783
810*
1 , 353*
2,776*
4, 619
3, 820
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:19 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table C2. Other Sources: Fine Age Categories
Consumers Only
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0. 5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
6
8
158
108
116
100
89
53
577
237
284
1 , 736
13
10
182
112
114
106
84
46
637
249
295
1 , 848
15
14
206
137
134
121
109
67
731
272
323
2, 129
Popu I at i on
61 , 330
127, 491
953, 255
1 , 078, 663
1 , 852, 614
1 , 882, 552
1 , 939, 469
1 , 480,096
12, 281 ,111
3, 004, 802
3, 627, 193
28, 288, 576
94, 224
169, 179
1 ,091 , 562
1 , 133, 993
1 , 767, 918
1 , 922, 240
1 , 858, 829
1 , 259, 298
13, 547, 384
3, 227, 334
3, 805, 861
29, 877, 822
117, 444
198, 639
1 , 243, 498
1 , 382,002
2, 121 , 832
2, 243, 452
2, 372, 842
1 , 809, 825
15, 480, 754
3, 504, 576
4, 218, 880
34, 693, 744
Mean
92*
112*
295
337
377
581
520
525
672
724
820
624
321*
227*
137
154
187
286
206
302*
675
712
614
529
306*
265*
347
390
485
733
587
640
1,124
1 , 276
1 , 259
965
P1
-
17*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
29*
25
_
-
2*
-
-
-
-
-
5*
15*
5*
4
_
-
5*
-
20*
2*
9*
30*
22*
82*
59*
13
P5
-
29*
33*
50*
79*
69*
72*
74
1 12*
139
67
_
-
7*
4*
5 *
6*
8*
13*
27
101*
60
20
47*
-
26*
10*
60*
81*
89*
50*
1 18
264
214
89
Mi
P10
-
56
52*
69*
121*
129*
113*
116
137
230
114
71*
-
19
8*
13*
29*
21*
22*
76
196
122
42
66*
-
43
33
104
172*
144*
94*
213
354
360
148
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
29*
-
104
138
11 7
213
185
214
234
330
386
231
103*
53*
43
41
30
89
67
94*
197
326
271
126
130*
93*
132
142
194
309
236
230
474
706
680
349
P50
77*
46*
228
256
255
41 7
352
310
470
524
700
466
186*
85*
93
100
115
199
146
151*
477
556
574
355
188*
172*
291
285
399
553
395
472
91 7
1,110
1 , 188
739
P75
123*
154*
415
476
564
763
640
741
931
926
1 ,031
827
401*
414*
202
226
285
341
291
406*
886
945
883
740
411*
407*
481
518
714
994
798
912
1 , 537
1 , 582
1 , 660
1 , 345
P90
138*
213*
583
662*
81 7*
1 , 122*
1 , 205*
1 , 122*
1,410
1,416
1 , 434
1 , 375
685*
555*
283
324*
400*
753*
405*
732*
1 , 423
1 , 408
1 , 097
1,177
637*
552*
710
778
992
1 , 561*
1 , 221*
1 , 305*
2,175
2, 365
2, 136
1 , 971
P95
143*
233*
728*
701*
871*
1 , 239*
1 , 552*
1 , 492*
1 , 832
1 , 865*
1 , 856
1 , 728
777*
561*
416*
497*
573*
962*
585*
1 ,034*
1 , 950
1 , 590*
1 , 332
1 , 525
754*
560*
761*
1 ,057*
1 ,093*
1 , 884*
1 , 721*
1 , 648*
2, 834
2, 916
2, 470
2, 475
P99
147*
327*
1 ,027*
812*
1 , 094*
2, 962*
2, 451*
1 , 860*
2, 927*
3, 348*
3,039*
2, 914
886*
567*
539*
836*
762*
1 , 024*
728*
1 , 303*
3,006*
2, 906*
1 , 981*
2, 783
878*
567*
1 , 190*
1 , 332*
1 , 623*
3, 086*
2, 409*
1 , 937*
4, 728*
5, 152*
3, 707*
3, 820
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:22 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table C3. Other Sources: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
Women Categories Age
a . Pregnant
Di rect
1 nd i rect
Direct and Indirect
b . Lactat i ng
Di rect
1 nd i rect
D i rect and 1 nd i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
I nd i rect
D i rect and I nd i rect
Mi I I i I i ters/Person/Day
Sampsize Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
5 130,533 827* - - - 120* 243* 872* 1,412* 2,000* 3,239*
6 151,464 473* - 91* 238* 541* 895* 1,012* 1,107*
7 168,433 1,066* - 211* 660* 1,318* 1,676* 1,807* 3,374*
6 159,015 783* - 563* 968* 1,448* 1,567* 1,662*
7 182,414 565* - - 96* 168* 268* 955* 1,030* 1,072* 1,106*
7 182,414 1,248* - - - 348* 915* 1,667* 2,148* 2,410* 2,620*
228 5,545,321 569 31* 59* 115 231 392 707 1,217 1,640* 2,355*
240 5,900,845 501 4* 24* 36 112 270 622 1,134 1,507* 2,820*
283 6,759,992 904 12* 88 145 320 666 1,208 1,863 2,319 3,056*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:23 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table D1. Missing Source: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
2
56
32
139
229
2
15
6
45
68
4
65
33
166
268
5
62
27
144
238
1
22
8
50
81
6
75
31
169
281
Popu I at i on
24, 350
598, 191
741 , 763
2, 877, 197
4, 241 , 501
10, 850
133, 918
151 , 402
836, 21 7
1 , 132, 387
35, 200
671 , 246
747, 478
3, 334, 525
4, 788, 449
59, 261
677, 364
690, 503
2, 834, 667
4, 261 , 795
16, 693
183, 244
185, 437
896, 412
1 , 281 , 786
75, 954
784, 182
772, 835
3, 235, 903
4, 868, 874
Mean P1
57*
230
393*
432 15*
395 12*
478*
109*
83*
412*
333
187*
227
407*
476 22*
428 13*
30*
172 17*
323*
423
362 22*
1,140*
205*
298*
578 7*
492 3*
274*
196
360*
531 8*
446 9*
P5
24*
25*
51*
43*
_
-
-
28*
16*
_
1 7*
27*
51*
40
-
22*
49*
33*
28*
_
-
-
48*
23*
_
26*
42*
37*
29
Mi
P10
35*
40*
80
56
_
-
-
60*
19*
_
27*
45*
78
57
8*
28*
60*
54
56
_
-
-
105*
50*
9*
28*
56*
58
53
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
60
94*
125
114
_
24*
1 1*
118*
64
_
56
107*
123
118
13*
57
157*
116
113
_
26*
92*
195*
124
15*
56
118*
118
118
P50
115
165*
230
208
374*
54*
1 7*
288*
167
45*
118
189*
237
228
21*
114
260*
229
210
_
117*
238*
352
325
28*
11 7
259*
276
237
P75
51*
303
329*
477
457
466*
122*
64*
554*
478
227*
280
349*
624
512
33*
191
353*
526
468
_
317*
485*
728*
645
43*
237
419*
686
520
P90
87*
538*
1 , 277*
937
894
522*
224*
118*
836*
825*
439*
559*
1 , 263*
1 ,058
1 ,029
40*
324*
625*
946
833
_
369*
504*
1 , 362*
1 , 158*
641*
396*
741*
1 , 362
1 , 224
P95
99*
654*
1 , 417*
1 , 321*
1 , 362*
540*
322*
136*
1,412*
1,141*
499*
721*
1,417*
1 , 570*
1 , 446
42*
646*
676*
1 , 403*
1 , 220*
_
486*
546*
1 , 529*
1,410*
891*
656*
1 , 028*
1 , 849*
1 , 522
P99
109*
897*
1 , 933*
2,114*
2, 049*
555*
428*
643*
1,474*
1 , 445*
547*
949*
1 , 932*
2, 261*
2, 189*
44*
697*
954*
2,038*
1 , 869*
_
914*
591*
2,127*
1 , 982*
1 ,090*
1 , 051*
1,151*
2,719*
2, 260*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:19 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table D1. Missing Source: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
7
118
59
283
467
3
37
14
95
149
10
140
64
335
549
Popu I at i on
83, 611
1 , 275, 555
1 , 432, 266
5,711, 864
8, 503, 296
27, 543
317, 162
336, 839
1 , 732, 629
2, 414, 173
111 , 154
1 , 455, 428
1 , 520, 313
6, 570, 428
9, 657, 323
Mean P1
38*
199
359 17*
428 13*
378 20*
879*
164*
202*
498 12*
417 3*
246*
210
383
503 13*
437 13*
P5
25*
56*
45
38
_
-
2 *
44*
17*
8*
18*
52*
46
32
Mi
P10
10*
32*
58*
74
57
_
1 1 *
8*
63*
33
1 1 *
28
58*
78
57
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
16*
58
109
11 7
114
424*
31*
16*
119
118
20*
57
118
118
118
P50
25*
115
231
230
209
660*
109*
119*
325
285
30*
118
250
266
236
P75
35*
235
352
502
468
900*
256*
289*
671
561
109*
256
377
668
521
P90
44*
580*
671*
945
886
1 ,044*
364*
497*
1 , 200*
969
753*
539
995*
1 , 249
1,141
P95
78*
654*
1 , 351*
1 , 392
1 , 291
1 ,092*
458*
535*
1 , 433*
1 , 371*
946*
664*
1,319*
1 , 663
1 , 456
P99
104*
842*
1 , 805*
2,173*
2, 024*
1 , 130*
111'
693*
1,812*
1,710*
1 , 101*
1 , 051*
1 , 789*
2, 364*
2, 252*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:19 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table D2. Missing Source: Fine Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0. 5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
2
5
49
34
35
29
30
27
166
39
51
467
1
2
23
8
6
6
8
5
52
1 1
27
149
3
7
63
39
38
31
33
29
192
46
68
549
Popu I at i on
28, 108
55, 503
349, 799
393, 325
532, 431
618, 858
813, 408
706, 427
3, 724, 898
585, 369
695, 170
8, 503, 296
3, 457
24, 086
149, 703
68, 497
98, 962
129, 089
207, 750
146, 597
1 ,057, 809
139, 095
389, 128
2,414,173
31 , 565
79, 589
430, 474
426, 396
598, 558
646, 015
874, 298
746, 436
4, 209, 407
678, 164
936, 421
9, 657, 323
Mean P1
40*
36*
140
239*
208*
258*
437*
470*
437 10*
366*
388
378 20*
307*
961*
216*
142*
101*
155*
231*
387*
448 7*
646*
624*
41 7 3*
69*
316*
189
243*
202*
278*
461*
521*
499 10*
448*
547
437 13*
P5
-
19*
25*
26*
48*
25*
111*
36*
42*
35*
38
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
30*
-
96*
1 7*
_
-
27*
26*
14*
49*
19*
1 13*
38*
45*
38*
32
Mi
P10
8*
24*
37*
42*
61*
40*
115*
67
61*
45*
57
_
-
-
-
-
-
3*
-
52*
-
118*
33
_
9*
28*
29*
19*
76*
37*
118*
72
58*
52*
57
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
13*
41*
57*
69*
104*
121*
145*
118
11 7*
96*
114
_
-
44*
43*
8*
15*
62*
118*
129
105*
119*
118
_
16*
44
57*
63*
112*
93*
138*
126
118*
118
118
P50
34*
20*
81
134*
115*
186*
239*
317*
233
204*
148
209
_
720*
108*
68*
34*
18*
134*
250*
326
710*
321*
285
35*
26*
85
140*
115*
223*
251*
290*
285
209*
206
236
P75
39*
27*
147*
259*
249*
320*
456*
608*
498
456*
490*
468
_
930*
328*
169*
121*
138*
268*
289*
597
798*
814*
561
41*
365*
227
283*
249*
349*
542*
683*
616
698*
631
521
P90
42*
57*
292*
621*
491*
486*
1 , 182*
919*
979
848*
942*
886
_
1 , 056*
458*
357*
200*
396*
474*
659*
932*
1 , 168*
1 , 449*
969
67*
863*
41 1*
603*
547*
503*
1 , 208*
1 , 242*
1 , 242
933*
1 , 446*
1,141
P95
43*
84*
467*
691*
626*
552*
1 , 413*
1 ,023*
1 , 399*
964*
1 , 294*
1 , 291
_
1 , 098*
503*
364*
241*
474*
540*
784*
1 , 362*
1,210*
1 , 523*
1 , 371*
187*
1 , 001*
803*
772*
616*
630*
1 , 409*
1 , 426*
1 , 669*
1 , 519*
1 , 904*
1 , 456
P99
44*
105*
668*
882*
728*
749*
1 , 920*
1 , 530*
2, 444*
1,318*
1,914*
2,024*
_
1,131*
949*
369*
274*
747*
590*
884*
1 , 779*
1,372*
2,815*
1,710*
283*
1,112*
1,110*
927*
754*
935*
1 , 908*
1 , 610*
2,378*
2, 169*
3, 283*
2, 252*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:22 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C2.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table D3. Missing Source: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
Women Categories Age
a . Pregnant
Di rect
Direct and Indirect
b . Lactat i ng
D i rect
1 nd i rect
Direct and Indirect
c . Women Age 15-44
Di rect
I nd i rect
D i rect and I nd i rect
Mi I I i I i ters/Person/Day
Sampsize Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
2 62,335 1,182* - - - - 632* 1,144* 1,451* 1,554* 1,636*
2 62,335 1,182* - - - - 632* 1,144* 1,451* 1,554* 1,636*
4 81,473 739* - - - 278* 593* 777* 1,092* 1,196* 1,280*
2 58,554 64* - - - - 55* 63* 68* 70* 71*
5 117,029 547* - - - - 327* 668* 1,026* 1,190* 1,321*
79 2,000,910 494 22* 53* 79* 125 227 620 1,310* 1,591* 2,346*
18 406,206 243* - 6* 24* 65* 134* 289* 553* 670* 1,245*
86 2,139,248 508 24* 55* 76* 121 235 704 1,353* 1,644* 2,333*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I) 20MAROO 10:23 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table E1. All Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
93
1 , 737
753
4, 190
6, 773
151
1 , 817
724
4, 437
7, 129
159
1 , 951
81 7
4, 556
7, 483
98
1 , 773
755
4, 288
6,914
134
1 , 833
732
4, 567
7, 266
151
1 , 993
809
4, 736
7, 689
Popu I at i on
1 ,040, 823
17, 502, 840
15,074, 715
87, 674, 589
121 , 292, 967
1 , 608, 970
17, 739, 130
14, 322, 028
93, 102, 380
126, 772, 508
1 , 680, 410
19, 334, 648
16,313, 787
95, 645, 114
132, 973, 959
1 , 075, 483
18, 520, 556
15, 627, 938
80,038, 409
115, 262, 386
1 , 412, 904
18, 621 , 257
15, 278, 128
84, 354, 879
119, 667, 168
1 , 560, 310
20, 495, 833
16, 887, 932
88, 054, 201
126, 998, 276
Mean
153
403
659
867
768
503
178
252
610
508
577
528
830
1 , 389
1 , 185
154
408
780
940
825
489
185
309
725
585
549
536
1 , 001
1 , 549
1 , 300
P1
21
29*
54
39
8*
2
2*
5
4
24*
19
23*
111
50
-
23
49*
52
40
4.
2
3*
7
4
7*
14
28*
71
40
P5
52
82
1 15
106
14*
8
13
50
24
59*
94
1 1 7
331
194
-
53
106
113
106
27*
8
10
51
23
34*
87
160
306
174
Mi
P10
88
114
203
142
56
20
24
11 1
54
129
147
219
487
296
19*
88
135
200
136
41
17
30
114
57
89
134
238
518
296
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
47
166
229
352
289
266
52
71
262
158
284
257
370
799
576
49
169
293
370
294
135
57
101
281
169
188
261
453
839
591
P50
107
292
466
700
584
479
125
162
504
376
559
445
664
1 , 221
1 ,021
88
318
542
706
587
422
130
21 7
562
410
538
451
761
1 , 331
1 ,070
P75
194
521
825
1,144
971
687
243
339
816
710
775
706
1,111
1 , 776
1 , 581
180
560
940
1 , 179
1 , 054
743
253
395
950
790
790
721
1 , 305
1 , 973
1 , 716
P90
302*
822
1,414
1 , 704
1 , 538
892
394
578
1 , 226
1 ,086
950
993
1 , 652
2, 416
2, 221
322*
818
1 , 558
1 , 874
1 , 679
974
409
708
1 , 434
1 , 237
1,121
1 , 024
1 , 898
2, 740
2, 483
P95
430*
1 ,050
1 , 769
2, 009
1 , 888
1 ,008*
494
780
1 , 535
1 , 402
1,131*
1 , 226
1 , 955
2, 928
2, 703
428*
990
1 , 989
2, 372
2,167
1 ,015*
540
897
1 , 870
1 , 657
1 , 278*
1 , 254
2, 434
3, 524
3,149
P99
613*
1 , 801
3, 132*
3, 726
3,514
1 , 304*
750
1 , 226*
2, 469
2, 312
1 , 654*
2, 035
3, 083*
4, 512
4, 252
787*
1 , 577
3, 819*
4, 277
3, 899
1 , 315*
907
1 , 536*
3, 612
3, 168
1 , 567*
1,817
4, 01 1*
5, 526
5, 212
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I ) 20MAROO 10:19 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table E1. All Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
191
3, 510
1 , 508
8, 478
13, 687
285
3, 650
1 , 456
9, 004
14, 395
310
3, 944
1 , 626
9, 292
15, 172
Popu I at i on
2, 116, 306
36,023, 396
30, 702, 653
167,712, 998
236, 555, 353
3,021 , 874
36, 360, 387
29, 600, 156
1 77, 457, 259
246, 439, 676
3, 240, 720
39, 830, 481
33, 201 , 719
183, 699, 315
259, 972, 235
Mean
153
405
720
902
796
497
181
281
665
545
563
532
91 7
1 , 465
1 , 241
P1
22
41
53
40
7*
2
3
7
4
15*
15
24
94
47
P5
53
104
1 14
106
18
8
1 1
51
24
53
89
142
323
184
M
P10
88
117
202
139
53
19
27
112
56
90
139
236
502
296
i I I i I i ters/Person/Day
P25
48
168
252
354
292
216
56
86
272
164
249
258
401
825
584
P50
104
295
520
703
585
454
127
199
529
392
548
449
720
1 , 272
1 ,045
P75
198
528
916
1,172
1 , 029
734
250
370
874
745
789
71 1
1,194
1 , 867
1 , 640
P90
343
819
1 , 472
1 , 824
1 , 646
919
397
654
1,314
1 , 163
968
1 , 004
1 , 782
2, 551
2, 345
P95
438*
1 ,036
1 , 877
2, 229
2, 006
1 ,025
517
867
1 , 676
1 , 516
1 , 236
1 , 242
2, 202
3, 195
2, 922
P99
681*
1 , 642
3, 744
3, 997
3, 781
1 , 392*
802
1 , 376
2, 958
2, 708
1 , 656*
1 , 901
3, 808
5, 159
4, 808
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I)
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
20MAROO 10:19 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C1.LST
n the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table E2. AlI Sources: Fine Age Categories
Consumers Only
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0. 5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
90
101
1 , 556
1 , 074
880
761
747
600
4, 433
1,410
2,035
13, 687
138
147
1 , 703
1,111
836
737
719
623
4, 736
1 , 521
2,124
14, 395
156
154
1,814
1 , 193
937
812
814
678
4, 906
1 , 541
2, 167
15, 172
Popu I at i on
913, 437
1 , 202, 869
10, 421 , 967
11,218, 361
14, 383, 068
14, 552, 468
16, 150, 185
16, 694, 832
102, 627, 289
19, 289, 627
29, 101 , 250
236, 555, 353
1 , 341 , 633
1 , 680, 241
11 , 405, 483
11 , 513, 422
13, 441 , 482
13, 976, 521
15, 623, 635
17,079, 600
109,036, 598
20, 887, 210
30, 453, 851
246, 439, 676
1 , 507, 727
1 , 732, 993
12,143, 483
12, 438, 322
15, 248, 676
15, 504, 627
1 7, 697, 092
18, 544, 787
1 13, 01 1 , 204
21 , 145, 387
30, 997, 937
259, 972, 235
Mean
101
193
309
420
464
621
809
992
905
876
856
796
543
460
166
182
194
257
303
423
689
742
661
545
544
580
422
548
608
815
1 , 006
1 , 283
1 , 486
1 , 532
1 , 453
1 , 241
P1
-
18
23*
29*
35*
46*
28*
51
77
78
40
4*
9*
2
2*
2*
2*
3*
3*
6
19
1 7
4
12*
15*
12
22*
14*
29*
22*
27*
79
121
273
47
P5
-
46
56
76
80
108
96
1 14
1 18
168
106
51*
15*
11
7
7
7
15
13
42
1 18
1 18
24
52*
52*
57
95
122
129
152
120
323
473
532
184
Mi
P10
16*
-
55
105
108
112
146
114
178
215
233
139
62
31
22
16
1 7
21
29
42
98
216
207
56
85
91
98
151
180
214
240
248
483
658
651
296
Mil i ters/Person/Day
P25
38
54
115
176
212
234
283
343
350
409
444
292
312
113
53
59
56
82
89
136
263
379
354
164
217
250
203
282
313
383
427
579
801
947
939
584
P50
83
116
229
342
348
465
580
661
701
704
709
585
540
399
119
131
139
180
210
297
526
61 7
592
392
545
563
351
468
514
651
776
1 , 013
1 , 273
1 , 378
1 , 345
1 ,045
P75
114
256
408
562
591
753
1 ,006
1,187
1 , 162
1 , 164
1,146
1 ,029
81 7
683
227
252
271
340
387
571
909
947
863
745
805
772
582
721
809
1 , 068
1 , 303
1 , 589
1 , 894
1 , 952
1 , 833
1 , 640
P90
169*
413*
61 1
804
931
1,313
1 , 551
1 , 907
1 , 870
1 , 651
1 , 609
1 , 646
927
884
366
384
431
584
685
918
1 , 395
1 , 379
1,171
1 , 163
947
1 , 130
807
1 ,019
1,131
1 , 625
1 , 897
2, 508
2, 638
2, 557
2, 324
2, 345
P95
247*
498*
814
1 , 042
1 , 140
1 , 708
2,034
3, 291
2, 340
1 , 890
1 , 865
2,006
1 , 009*
1 , 014*
494
500
528
795
903
1 , 216
1 , 840
1 , 735
1 , 442
1,516
1 ,078*
1 , 273*
993
1 , 268
1 , 425
1 , 962
2,414
3, 632
3, 337
2, 999
2, 708
2, 922
P99
395*
848*
1 , 228
1 , 652*
1,776*
2, 898*
3, 837*
5, 589*
3, 894
2, 831
2, 735
3, 781
1 , 203*
1 , 394*
740
907*
785*
1,184*
1 , 566*
1,911*
3, 239
2, 743
2,175
2, 708
1 , 365*
1 , 672*
1 , 393
2,031*
2, 172*
3, 033*
4, 027*
5, 801*
5, 259
4, 395
3, 750
4, 808
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:22 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part III: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table E3. All Sources: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
Mi I I i I iters/Person/Day
Women Categories
Age
Sampsize Population
Mean
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
62 1,569,473 1,014
67 1,684,668 426
70 1,751,888 1,318
36 990,046 1,360*
40 1,145,475 672*
41 1,171,868 1,806*
2,069 52,640,976 863
2,196 55,771,739 513
2,314 58,549,659 1,265
51
3
43
103*
22*
181*
79*
13*
359*
104
24
223
188*
55*
370*
164*
110*
491 *
167
55
345
400
139
745
526*
228*
1,068*
343
153
616
952
280
1 , 228
1,282*
444*
1,498*
653
362
1 ,065
1 , 413
602
1 , 776
1,827*
939*
2,474*
1 , 062
694
1 , 621
1,798*
1,055*
2,339*
2,506*
1,325*
3,021*
1 , 769
1 , 129
2, 366
1,889*
1,214*
2,674*
2,819*
1,725*
3,767*
2, 223
1 , 452
2, 952
2, 283*
1 , 455*
3, 557*
3, 589*
2, 907*
4,024*
4, 166
2, 413
4, 821
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:23 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_C3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table A1. Community Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi I I i I i ters/Kg of Body
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
62
1 , 301
603
3,182
5,148
112
1 , 537
636
3, 941
6, 226
119
1 , 688
752
4,099
6, 658
55
1 , 292
642
3, 401
5, 390
105
1 , 545
646
4,114
6,410
115
1 , 705
755
4, 360
6, 935
Popu I at i on
13,
11 ,
66,
92,
1 ,
14,
12,
83,
112,
1 ,
16,
15,
86,
119,
14,
13,
64,
92,
1 ,
15,
13,
77,
107,
1 ,
1 7,
15,
82,
117,
712,
208,
915,
310,
146,
209,
853,
716,
243,
023,
259,
731 ,
031 ,
643,
666,
571 ,
064,
374,
200,
210,
096,
864,
574,
152,
688,
180,
865,
71 7,
313,
076,
434
205
618
293
550
256
747
498
962
463
405
906
443
885
639
397
214
583
732
926
809
359
491
431
090
289
064
364
478
195
Mean P1
17
17 1
10 1 *
1 1 1
12 1
65 1*
9
4
8
9
72 1*
21
12
17
17
25 1*
1 7 1
11 1 *
10 1
1 1 1
58
8
5
8
8
66
21
14
15
16
P5
2*
2
1
1
2
2*
-
-
-
-
7*
2
1
1
1
4 *
3
1
1
1
1*
-
-
-
-
2*
1
1
1
1
P10 P25
2* 6
4 6
2 4
2 4
2 4
6* 28
1 2
1
1 3
1 2
11* 28
3 7
2 4
3 7
3 7
5* 7
3 6
2 4
2 4
2 4
3* 7
1 2
1
1 3
1 2
4* 8
3 8
2 5
3 7
3 7
P50
13
13
8
9
9
58
6
3
6
6
69
1 7
9
14
14
1 7
12
8
7
8
37
6
3
6
6
60
16
10
13
13
Weight/Day
P75
22
22
13
15
16
91
12
6
12
11
102
29
16
23
23
33
23
14
13
14
91
11
6
1 1
10
101
28
1 7
20
21
P90
30*
38
22
24
26
135*
19
10
1 7
17
139*
45
26
33
35
41*
35
21
21
24
134*
18
10
16
16
139*
43
27
30
32
P95
46*
48
28
30
33
146*
25
14
23
24
169*
61
32
41
45
77*
45
32
28
32
169*
26
15
21
22
175*
55
38
38
43
P99
87*
84
50*
50
57
195*
46
23*
37
51
203*
98
48*
63
77
158*
77
65*
48
59
228*
46
25*
40
51
235*
87
67*
62
81
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:25 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table A1. Community Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi I I i I i ters/Kg of Body
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
117
2, 593
1 , 245
6, 583
10, 538
217
3,082
1 , 282
8, 055
12, 636
234
3, 393
1 , 507
8, 459
13, 593
Popu I at i on
1 ,
27,
25,
130,
184,
2,
30,
26,
160,
219,
2,
34,
30,
168,
236,
283,
272,
290,
51 1 ,
357,
306,
718,
290,
396,
711 ,
439,
596,
748,
957,
742,
831
419
201
025
476
065
106
989
393
553
694
970
807
363
834
Mean P1
21 1 *
17 1
11 1 *
1 1 1
12 1
62
8
5
8
8
69
21
13
16
17
P5
2*
2
1
1
1
2*
-
-
-
-
3*
2
1
1
1
P10 P25
4* 6
4 6
2 4
2 4
2 4
4 11
1 2
1
1 3
1 2
6 20
3 7
2 4
3 7
3 7
P50
14
12
8
8
8
53
6
3
6
6
62
16
10
13
13
Weight/Day
P75
25
22
13
14
15
92
11
6
1 1
11
103
29
1 7
22
22
P90
40*
36
22
23
25
135
18
10
1 7
17
139
44
26
32
33
P95
66*
46
28
30
33
156*
25
14
22
23
170*
59
34
39
44
P99
97*
82
58*
50
59
205*
46
25
39
51
206*
95
60
62
79
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:25 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table A2. Community Water: Fine Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi 1 1 i 1 iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0. 5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
47
70
1 ,087
804
702
61 7
628
487
3,411
1 , 095
1 , 590
10, 538
96
121
1 , 453
941
688
623
659
584
4, 268
1 , 337
1 , 866
12, 636
106
128
1 , 548
1 ,025
820
736
771
637
4,512
1 , 383
1 , 927
13, 593
Popu I at i on
7,
8,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
13,
13,
79,
14,
22,
184,
1 ,
9,
9,
1 1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
15,
99,
18,
26,
219,
1 ,
1 ,
10,
10,
13,
14,
16,
1 7,
104,
19,
27,
236,
476,
807,
333,
458,
480,
812,
477,
297,
285,
975,
953,
357,
965,
340,
814,
798,
105,
978,
312,
979,
105,
429,
881 ,
71 1 ,
034,
405,
41 7,
751 ,
427,
102,
646,
426,
816,
011 ,
702,
742,
543
288
772
405
242
770
431
003
198
376
448
476
618
447
247
343
516
961
028
741
440
651
561
553
566
128
368
616
986
256
551
127
948
778
510
834
Mean P1 P5
16*
24 1* 3*
21 2* 4
19 1* 3
13 1* 2
11 1* 1
11 1 * 1
12 - 1
10 1 1
10 1* 1
11 1 2
12 1 1
86 1* 4*
44 - 1*
12 - 1
8
6 -
5 -
4 -
6
8
9 - 1
9 - 1
8 -
88 1* 5*
56 - 3*
26 - 2
23 - 2
16 - 1
13 - 1
12 - 1
15 - 1
16 - 1
17 - 1
18 - 2
17 - 1
P10 P25
2* 5*
5* 6
4 8
4 7
3 5
2 4
2 4
2 3
2 4
2 4
3 5
2 4
6* 27
3* 8
1 4
1 2
2
1
1
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 4
1 2
7* 27
6 14
4 9
4 9
3 6
2 5
1 4
2 5
3 7
3 8
5 10
3 7
P50
12*
14
16
14
9
8
8
8
7
8
9
8
79
37
8
6
4
3
3
4
6
7
8
6
85
52
20
18
12
10
9
1 1
13
14
16
13
P75
20*
30
29
26
1 7
13
13
14
14
13
15
15
131
71
15
12
8
6
6
8
11
1 1
12
1 1
131
83
35
31
22
1 7
16
18
21
23
24
22
P90
26*
42*
43
40
29
22
21
25
23
21
22
25
168*
93*
26
18
13
10
10
14
18
1 7
16
1 7
169*
116*
53
45
33
27
26
31
32
32
32
33
P95
39*
73*
56
52
35
32
26
40
31
27
26
33
202*
11 7*
33
23
1 7
13
15
17
23
23
21
23
204*
127*
68
65
39
36
32
39
40
38
37
44
P99
70*
146*
98*
92*
52*
51*
59*
79*
49
42*
37
59
235*
134*
64
41*
26*
24*
26*
26*
43
38
33
51
240*
170*
112
95*
60*
54*
62*
80*
65
58
53
79
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:27 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table A3. Community Water: Pregnant, Lactating, and Chi Idbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Women Categories
Age
Sampsize Population Mean
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
42
63
65
26
31
33
1 , 567
1 , 985
2, 126
1 , 105,462
1,554,460
1,645,565
685,373
898,173
940,375
39,712,711
50,599,021
54,000,618
13*
5
14
22*
10*
26*
1 1
7
15
9*
3
9
23*
7*
20*
8
5
12
20*
8
22
33*
1 1*
41*
15
10
21
27*
13*
33*
41*
16*
54*
24
17
32
29*
1 7*
43*
50*
38*
55*
32
21
39
33*
20*
47*
52*
55*
57*
57
37
66
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I) 20MAROO 10:31 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 57 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 1,413,944 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table B1. Bottled Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
27
312
160
926
1 , 425
25
109
38
332
504
38
336
162
969
1 , 505
36
328
129
880
1 , 373
25
114
39
283
461
47
348
137
929
1 , 461
Popu I at i on
3,
3,
21 ,
28,
1 ,
7,
9,
3,
3,
22,
29,
3,
2,
17,
24,
1 ,
5,
7,
3,
2,
18,
25,
274,
327,
323,
577,
502,
271 ,
109,
744,
443,
569,
408,
584,
381 ,
579,
953,
403,
328,
704,
950,
387,
327,
036,
857,
276,
499,
564,
508,
851 ,
862,
787,
189
723
062
149
123
444
864
428
482
218
657
069
718
106
550
824
070
178
961
033
718
771
865
685
039
156
201
698
983
038
Mean P1 P5
19* - 2*
16 1* 2
9 1* 1*
11 1* 2
11 1 2
91* - 24*
9
4*
7 - 1
9 - 1
73* 2* 2*
18 1* 2
10 1* 1*
13 1* 2
14 1 2
16* - 2*
16 1* 2
10 - 1*
9 1* 1
10 1 1
78*
10 - 1*
4*
7 - 1
10 - 1
57* 1* 6*
18 1* 2
11 1* 1*
10 1* 1
13 1 1
P10 P25
2* 7*
3 6
2 3
2 4
2 4
32* 45*
1* 2
1* 1*
2 3
1 2
5* 12*
4 8
2 3
2 5
2 5
5* 6*
3 6
2 4
2 3
2 4
24* 40*
2* 3
1* 2*
2 3
2 3
6* 13*
3 6
2 4
2 4
2 4
P50
12*
12
7
8
8
68*
5
2*
5
5
51*
13
8
10
10
12*
12
7
7
7
68*
7
3*
4
5
36*
13
7
8
8
P75
28*
21
10
14
15
133*
11
6*
9
10
125*
22
12
17
17
18*
21
13
12
13
100*
13
6*
8
10
87*
24
15
14
15
P90
35*
35
19
23
24
153*
20*
9*
14
16
160*
37
21
27
28
27*
29
24
18
21
142*
19*
10*
15
20
142*
37
26
22
26
P95
39*
44
25*
28
31
161*
28*
12*
1 7
24
168*
51
28*
32
36
42*
43
29*
22
28
150*
29*
13*
22
35
155*
49
31*
30
36
P99
57*
73*
49*
40*
48
181*
45*
16*
29*
125*
181*
80*
50*
45*
65
74*
75*
43*
40*
46
182*
47*
16*
49*
102*
193*
82*
44*
46*
73
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:25 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table B1. Bottled Water: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi I I i I i ters/Kg of Body
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
63
640
289
1 , 806
2, 798
50
223
77
615
965
85
684
299
1 , 898
2, 966
Popu I at i on
6,
6,
39,
52,
2,
1 ,
12,
17,
7,
6,
41 ,
55,
678,
655,
027,
528,
889,
599,
146,
602,
720,
068,
972,
092,
233,
442,
740,
013
793
240
110
156
162
635
293
167
257
813
270
416
089
588
Mean P1 P5
17 1* 2*
16 1* 2
10 1* 1
10 1 1
11 1 1
84 - 24*
9
4 -
7 - 1
10 - 1
64 1* 5*
18 1* 2
10 1* 1
12 1 1
13 1 2
P10 P25
2* 6
3 6
2 3
2 4
2 4
26* 43*
1 3
1* 2
2 3
1 3
6* 12
3 7
2 4
2 5
2 5
P50
12
12
7
7
8
69
6
2
5
5
43
13
7
9
9
Weight/Day
P75
25
21
12
13
14
131*
12
6
9
10
98
23
13
16
16
P90
35*
31
22
21
23
153*
19
10*
15
17
159*
37
24
25
27
P95
41*
43
27
27
29
163*
29*
13*
19
28
166*
50
28
31
36
P99
70*
74*
46*
40
48
189*
52*
1 7*
30*
111*
191*
82*
47*
46
72
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:25 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table B2. Bottled Water: Fine Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi 1 1 i 1 iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0. 5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
38
25
322
182
136
135
154
162
1 , 104
264
276
2, 798
28
22
122
54
47
42
35
41
339
109
126
965
49
36
345
192
147
140
159
172
1,155
274
297
2, 966
Popu I at
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
4,
26,
3,
4,
52,
1 ,
8,
1 ,
2,
1 7,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
4,
28,
3,
4,
55,
391 ,
286,
243,
070,
341 ,
660,
367,
633,
813,
797,
283,
889,
299,
299,
807,
533,
805,
812,
789,
056,
053,
588,
022,
068,
523,
448,
400,
159,
532,
784,
448,
861 ,
066,
925,
588,
740,
i on
744
269
627
523
643
079
161
496
412
637
565
156
913
249
294
713
628
300
993
161
196
766
044
257
947
866
366
073
831
693
723
363
423
911
392
588
Mean P1 P5
16* - 5*
19* - 2*
19 1* 2
18 1* 2*
11 - 2*
10 - 1*
9 1* 1*
11 1 * 1 *
10 1* 1
9 1* 1
11 1 * 2
11 1 1
106* - 26*
62*
13 - 1*
8 - 1*
7* -
5* -
4* _ 1*
5* - 1*
7 - 1
7 - 1*
7 - 1*
10 - 1
73 5* 6*
54* - 2*
22 1* 3
19 1 * 2*
13 1* 3*
11 1* 2*
10 1* 1*
11 1* 1*
11 1* 2
12 1* 1
13 - 2
13 1 2
P10 P25
6* 8*
2* 3*
4 8
4 7
3 4
2 4
2 3
2 3
2 4
2 4
3 5
2 4
34* 59*
24* 32*
2* 3
2* 4
2 *
1* 1*
1* 2*
2* 2*
2 3
2* 3
2* 3
1 3
8 * 1 3 *
2* 8*
4 8
4 8
3 5
2 4
2 3
2 4
2 4
2 4
3 7
2 5
P50
12*
8*
15
13
9
7
7
8
7
7
9
8
125*
53*
8
6
4*
3*
2*
3*
5
6
6
5
48
43*
1 7
15
9
8
7
8
8
8
12
9
P75
16*
28*
26
23
15
12
11
14
13
13
15
14
143*
86*
15
11
8*
7 *
6*
5*
8
10
10
10
134*
89*
29
25
16
15
12
15
15
17
17
16
P90
30*
37*
41
37
22
23
21
23
21
19
20
23
160*
99*
30*
19*
14*
12*
6*
10*
16
14*
12*
1 7
163*
100*
51
39
23
24
25
25
24
27
26
27
P95
38*
43*
52
46*
25*
28*
26*
32*
26
25
24
29
165*
104*
41*
24*
19*
15*
7 *
16*
22
1 7*
15*
28
168*
104*
61
49*
29*
28*
28*
33*
30
33
30
36
P99
52*
82*
75*
77*
40*
45*
50*
45*
40*
31*
38*
48
180*
171*
59*
25*
31*
16*
14*
20*
34*
22*
18*
11 1*
180*
199*
86*
79*
54*
45*
47*
48*
46*
41*
42*
72
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:27 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table B3. Bottled Water: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
Women Categories Age
a . Pregnant
Di rect
1 nd i rect
Direct and Indirect
b . Lactat i ng
Di rect
1 nd i rect
D i rect and 1 nd i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
I nd i rect
D i rect and I nd i rect
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Sampsize Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
24 631,047 12* - - 2* 4* 8* 21* 26* 30* 31'
9 274,679 5* - - 2* 3* 9* 10* 11* 12'
26 676,704 14* - 1* 2* 5* 8* 21* 30* 30* 35'
6 198,034 6* - - 1* 3* 9* 11* 11* 11'
4 164,884 12* 4* 12* 15* 16* 17* 17'
7 278,308 11* - - 3* 10* 16* 17* 18* 18'
571 15,161,746 11 1* 1 2 4 8 14 24 29 41'
167 4,522,612 6 1* 1 2 4 7 13 16* 23'
594 15,804,231 12 1* 1 2 5 9 16 26 31 49'
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I) 20MAROO 10:31 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 57 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 1,413,944 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table C1. Other Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
4
175
106
500
785
12
177
100
540
829
13
213
125
598
949
10
193
80
633
916
1 1
217
86
672
986
16
247
101
773
1,137
Popu I at i on
1 ,
2,
9,
13,
1 ,
2,
10,
14,
2,
2,
11 ,
16,
1 ,
1 ,
10,
14,
2,
1 ,
1 1 ,
14,
2,
1 ,
13,
17,
59,
747,
233,
565,
605,
110,
768,
047,
446,
372,
117,
122,
578,
563,
382,
129,
996,
553,
493,
173,
152,
076,
673,
084,
986,
198,
459,
976,
044,
679,
663
307
118
631
719
865
230
279
166
540
254
162
866
738
020
158
346
881
999
384
538
929
025
391
883
829
369
663
547
408
Mean P1 P5
19*
15 - 2*
10 - 1*
10 1* 1
10 1* 2
41*
8
4 -
9 - 1
9
48*
19 - 2*
11 - 2*
16 - 2
16 - 2
10*
16 1* 2*
10 - 1*
9 - 1
10 - 1
32*
8
5 -
8 -
8 -
31*
19 - 1*
12 - 1*
14 - 1
15 - 1
P10 P25
5*
3 5
2* 4
2 4
2 4
_
1 2
1
1 3
1 2
9* 18*
3 8
3* 4
3 7
3 7
-
2 6
2* 3
1 3
2 3
10*
2
1* 2
1 3
1 2
2* 10*
3 7
2* 5
3 6
3 6
P50
13*
10
6
7
7
35*
6
2
6
6
31*
14
7
14
13
5*
12
7
6
7
1 1 *
5
4
7
6
20*
14
9
12
12
P75
20*
21
12
13
14
66*
11
4
12
11
66*
28
15
22
22
12*
21
16
12
14
47*
11
6
12
1 1
40*
28
1 7
20
21
P90
23*
31
22*
20
22
67*
18
9*
19
19
71*
38
27*
30
32
19*
33
23*
19
22
62*
20
1 1*
1 7
1 7
62*
43
26*
29
31
P95
25*
38*
24*
25
28
116*
23*
14*
25
24
114*
43*
33*
40
41
21*
39*
24*
26
29
88*
25*
16*
23
23
80*
54*
35*
36
41
P99
26*
70*
43*
35*
39*
141*
35*
1 7*
45*
50*
141*
91*
44*
55*
64*
38*
65*
37*
37*
46*
137*
42*
22*
39*
41*
136*
70*
51*
57*
63*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:25 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table C1. Other Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
14
368
186
1,133
1 , 701
23
394
186
1,212
1 , 815
29
460
226
1 , 371
2,086
Popu I at i on
3,
3,
20,
27,
3,
3,
21 ,
29,
4,
4,
24,
34,
188,
743,
786,
059,
779,
263,
845,
720,
530,
359,
316,
581 ,
555,
608,
061 ,
821
653
999
630
103
403
159
304
557
423
083
531
529
285
428
Mean P1 P5
13*
15 1* 2
10 - 1*
9 - 1
10 - 1
36*
8
4 -
9 -
8
38* - 2*
19 - 1
12 - 1*
15 - 1
16 - 1
P10 P25
3*
3 5
2 3
2 4
2 4
8*
2
1
1 3
1 2
8 * 1 3 *
3 7
2 5
3 6
3 6
P50
8*
1 1
7
7
7
16*
6
3
6
6
24*
14
8
13
12
P75
20*
21
13
13
14
60*
11
5
12
11
59*
28
15
21
21
P90
25*
33
22
19
22
67*
19
10
19
18
68*
41
27
30
32
P95
26*
38
25*
25
28
102*
24
15*
24
24
103*
47
35*
39
41
P99
37*
66*
41*
36*
43
152*
39*
22*
41*
45
149*
72*
52*
58
63
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:25 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table C2. Other Sources: Fine Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi 1 1 i 1 iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0. 5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
6
8
155
102
11 1
98
88
53
564
233
283
1 , 701
13
10
180
105
109
104
82
45
627
246
294
1,815
15
14
202
130
128
119
107
66
716
267
322
2,086
Popu I at i on
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
12,
2,
3,
27,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
13,
3,
3,
29,
1 ,
1 ,
2,
2,
2,
1 ,
15,
3,
4,
34,
61 ,
127,
940,
025,
778,
865,
921 ,
480,
034,
929,
615,
779,
94,
169,
079,
074,
691 ,
905,
815,
229,
353,
153,
794,
359,
117,
198,
226,
322,
032,
226,
329,
780,
202,
418,
207,
061 ,
330
491
166
065
422
461
538
096
902
131
501
103
224
179
700
286
173
149
155
619
242
527
169
423
444
639
545
295
691
361
168
146
422
529
188
428
Mean P1
13*
12*
22 1*
16
12 1*
1 1
8
7
9
9
1 1
10
55*
26*
10
8
7
6
3
4.
9
10
9
8
51*
30*
25
19
16 1 *
14
9
9
15
17 1*
18 1 *
16
P5 P10 P25
5*
-
2* 4 8
2* 3* 7
2» 2* 4
1» 2* 4
1* 2* 3
1* 1* 3
1 2 3
1* 2 4
245
1 2 4
9* 11*
6*
1* 1 3
2
1
2
1
1*
1 3
1* 2 4
1 2 4
1 2
9* 10* 20*
2* 10*
2*39
2 6
2* 3 7
1* 3* 6
1» 2* 4
1* 1* 3
1 3 6
359
359
1 3 6
P50
1 1 *
5*
17
10
9
8
6
4
6
7
10
7
35*
10*
7
5
4
4
2
2*
6
8
8
6
23*
20*
20
13
13
10
7
7
12
15
16
12
P75
16*
15*
29
21
16
16
11
9
12
12
16
14
71*
44*
13
11
10
7
4
5*
12
13
12
1 1
69*
44*
36
25
24
18
1 1
13
21
21
24
21
P90
19*
23*
40
36*
28*
23*
19*
16*
19
21
21
22
113*
60*
23
16*
15*
15*
6*
9*
20
18
1 7
18
112*
62*
47
40
33*
30*
19*
20*
30
31
31
32
P95
20*
26*
63*
39*
30*
24*
25*
20*
25
26*
27
28
140*
64*
30*
24*
21*
18*
9*
18*
26
23*
20
24
134*
65*
65*
54*
38*
37*
27*
23*
40
39
37
41
P99
21*
39*
88*
43*
37*
39*
38*
27*
36*
38*
35*
43
163*
66*
41*
27*
26*
22*
10*
24*
48*
38*
28*
45
161*
66*
97*
64*
47*
59*
40*
30*
59*
52*
50*
63
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:27 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table C3. Other Sources: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
Women Categories Age
a . Pregnant
Di rect
1 nd i rect
Direct and Indirect
b . Lactat i ng
Di rect
1 nd i rect
D i rect and 1 nd i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
I nd i rect
D i rect and I nd i rect
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Sampsize Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
5 130,533 11* - - 2* 4* 11* 15* 26* 52'
5 129,523 8* - - 1* 3* 10* 15* 17* 18'
6 146,492 17* 7* 13* 20* 21* 27* 55'
6 159,015 14* - - - 10* 17* 23* 25* 27'
7 182,414 10* - - 2* 3* 4* 16* 20* 22* 24'
7 182,414 22* - - 6* 16* 33* 42* 43* 44'
222 5,444,638 9 1* 1* 2 3 6 12 19 25* 37'
235 5,797,693 8 - 1 2 4 10 19 26* 49'
275 6,607,689 15 1 3 5 10 20 30 41 54'
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I) 20MAROO 10:31 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 57 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 1,413,944 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table D1. Missing Source: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
D i rect <
1-
11
20
Al
I nd i rect <
1-
1 1
20
Al
D i rect and I nd i rect <
1 -
1 1
20
Al
b. Mai e
D i rect <
1 -
11
20
Al
I nd i rect <
1-
1 1
20
Al
D i rect and I nd i rect <
1 -
1 1
20
Al
1
10
-19
+
I ages
1
10
-19
+
I ages
1
10
-19
+
I ages
1
10
-19
+
I ages
1
10
-19
+
I ages
1
10
-19
+
I ages
Sampsi ze
1
52
31
136
220
1
10
5
42
58
2
57
32
161
252
5
59
27
144
235
1
20
8
49
78
6
71
31
168
276
Popu I at
16,
555,
710,
2, 784,
4, 065,
7,
106,
119,
768,
1 ,001 ,
23,
604,
715,
3, 209,
4, 552,
59,
655,
690,
2, 834,
4, 239,
16,
174,
185,
885,
1 , 262,
75,
758,
772,
3, 225,
4, 832,
i on
021
285
128
243
677
393
167
767
037
364
414
404
843
132
793
261
133
503
667
564
693
895
437
950
975
954
109
835
441
339
Mean P1
3*
10
8*
6
7
62*
4.
2*
6*
6
21*
10
8*
7
8
3*
8
5*
5
6
87*
14*
5*
7
9
22*
10
6*
7
7
P5 P10 P25
1* 2* 3
1* 2*
1* 1 2
1* 1 2
_
-
-
1* 1*
1* 1
_
1* 1* 3
1* 2*
1* 1 2
1* 1 2
1* 2*
1* 2* 3
1* 1* 3*
1 2
1* 1 2
_
2*
2 *
1* 2*
1* 2
1* 2*
1* 1* 3
1* 1* 3*
1 2
1 2
P50
5
3*
4
4
_
3*
1*
4*
3
_
5
4*
4
4
2*
5
4.
3
4
_
7*
3*
4
5
4.
6
5*
4
4
P75
14
8*
7
8
_
5*
2 *
8*
6
15*
13
9*
9
9
4 *
9
8*
7
7
_
18*
7 *
9*
9
5*
10
8*
8
8
P90
25*
22*
12
19
_
9*
2*
15*
15*
43*
25*
23*
17
21
5*
19*
10*
1 1
1 1
_
29*
8*
1 7*
19*
49*
27*
10*
1 7
17
P95
31*
24*
22*
24*
_
9*
2 *
18*
17*
52*
30*
24*
22*
25*
5 *
26*
11*
19*
19*
_
39*
9*
20*
24*
68*
31*
14*
23*
24
P99
44*
36*
28*
39*
_
9*
10*
22*
26*
60*
47*
36*
31*
41*
5*
37*
12*
28*
30*
_
90*
10*
24*
75*
83*
68*
19*
38*
47*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:25 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table D1. Missing Source: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
6
111
58
280
455
2
30
13
91
136
8
128
63
329
528
Popu I at
75,
1 , 210,
1 , 400,
5, 618,
8, 305,
24,
281 ,
305,
1 , 653,
2, 264,
99,
1 , 362,
1 , 488,
6, 434,
9, 385,
i on
282
418
631
910
241
086
062
204
987
339
368
513
678
573
132
Mean P1
3*
9
7
6
6
79*
10*
4*
7
7
22*
10
7
7
7
P5 P10 P25
1* 2*
1* 2* 3
1* 1* 2
1 1 2
1 1 2
_
2*
1 *
1* 2
1 2
1* 1* 2*
1* 1 3
1* 1* 2
1 1 2
1 1 2
P50
3*
5
4
3
4
68*
4.
2*
5
4
3*
5
4
4
4
P75
4*
11
8
7
8
78*
8*
5 *
9
9
5*
12
8
9
9
P90
5*
23*
1 1 *
12
15
83*
26*
8*
16*
17
72*
27*
1 7*
17
19
P95
5*
29*
22*
22
23
85*
32*
9*
19*
20*
79*
31*
23*
23
24
P99
5
43
33
28
39
86
78
1 1
24
61
85
54
33
34
46
*
*
*
*
*
,
*
*
*
*
.
*
*
*
*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:25 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table D2. Missing Source: Fine Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi 1 1 i 1 iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Age
Di rect <0
0.
1-
4-
7-
1 1
15
20
25
55
65
Al
I nd i rect 0 .
1 -
4-
7-
1 1
15
20
25
55
65
Al
Direct and Indirect <0
0.
1 -
4-
7-
11
15
20
25
55
65
Al
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
. 5
5-0. 9
3
6
10
-14
-19
-24
-54
-64
+
I ages
Sampsi ze
2
4
47
32
32
28
30
27
163
39
51
455
2
19
5
6
5
8
5
49
10
27
136
2
6
58
35
35
30
33
29
187
45
68
528
Popu I at
28,
47,
339,
375,
495,
587,
813,
706,
3, 631 ,
585,
695,
8, 305,
24,
129,
52,
98,
97,
207,
146,
987,
131 ,
389,
2, 264,
28,
71 ,
404,
396,
561 ,
614,
874,
746,
4, 081 ,
670,
936,
9, 385,
i on
108
174
587
239
592
223
408
427
944
369
170
241
086
946
154
962
454
750
597
029
233
128
339
108
260
320
474
719
380
298
436
414
302
421
132
Mean P1 P5
5*
3*
10* - 2*
12* - 1*
7* - 1*
6* - 1*
7* - 1*
6*
6 -
4* _ 1*
5 - 1*
6 - 1
79*
17*
6*
3*
3* -
4*
5* -
6
7*
8* - 1*
7 -
5*
28*
14 1* 2*
12* - 1*
7*
6* - 1*
7* - 1*
7* -
7 -
5* - 1*
7 - 1*
7 - 1
P10 P25
1* 1*
2* 3*
2* 3*
1* 3*
1* 2*
1* 2*
2*
1 2
1* 2*
1* 1*
1 2
_
3 *
2*
-
-
1 *
2 *
1* 1*
2*
1* 2*
1 2
_
1* 2*
2* 3
2* 3*
1* 2*
1* 2*
1* 1*
2 *
1 2
1* 2*
1* 1
1 2
P50
5*
2*
6*
7*
4*
5*
4.
4.
3
3*
2
4
68*
6*
3*
1 *
1*
2*
3*
4
6*
6*
4
5*
3*
7
7*
4.
5*
4*
4*
4
3*
3
4
P75
5*
3*
10*
15*
1 1*
8*
8*
9*
7
6*
7*
8
78*
24*
8*
4*
5 *
3 *
3 *
8*
9*
14*
9
5*
53*
14
15*
9*
8*
8*
10*
8
7 *
9
9
P90
5*
3*
24*
29*
16*
10*
14*
1 1 *
13
9*
12*
15
83*
33*
10*
6*
7*
8*
8*
15*
15*
18*
1 7
5*
76*
29*
30*
15*
12*
20*
1 7*
18
1 1*
19*
19
P95
5*
3*
28*
36*
19*
19*
24*
16*
22*
1 1*
17*
23
85*
43*
14*
7*
8*
9*
10*
19*
16*
20*
20*
5*
81*
44*
38*
20*
19*
24*
18*
23*
15*
26*
24
P99
5*
3*
39*
44*
22*
21*
36*
26*
34*
1 1*
27*
39*
86*
95*
17*
7*
12*
10*
1 1*
25*
19*
34*
61*
5*
86*
91*
48*
24*
22*
36*
26*
34*
20*
44*
46*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:27 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table D3. Missing Source: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
Women Categories Age
a . Pregnant
Di rect
Direct and Indirect
b . Lactat i ng
D i rect
1 nd i rect
Direct and Indirect
c . Women Age 15-44
Di rect
I nd i rect
D i rect and I nd i rect
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Sampsize Population Mean P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99
2 62,335 20* - - - - 11* 20* 25* 26* 28*
2 62,335 20* - - - - 11* 20* 25* 26* 28*
4 81,473 11* - - - 4* 8* 10* 16* 18* 20*
2 58, 554 1* - - - - 1* 1* 1* 1* 1*
5 117,029 8* - - - - 5* 8* 15* 18* 21*
78 1,965,169 8 - 1* 1* 2 4 8 22* 27* 39*
17 370,465 4* - - -,« 2* 5* 9* 10* 21*
85 2,103,507 8 - 1* 1* 2 4 9 22* 27* 39*
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:31 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 57 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 1,413,944 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table E1. All Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Gender Age
a . Fema I e
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
b. Mai e
D i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
86
1 , 628
734
4, 064
6,512
142
1 , 702
706
4, 306
6, 856
149
1 , 826
798
4,421
7, 194
94
1 , 671
740
4, 265
6, 770
130
1 , 726
718
4, 541
7,115
147
1 , 882
794
4, 709
7, 532
Popu I at i on
16,
14,
84,
117,
1 ,
16,
14,
90,
122,
1 ,
18,
16,
92,
128,
1 ,
1 7,
15,
79,
113,
1 ,
17,
15,
83,
118,
1 ,
19,
16,
87,
125,
994, 044
326, 628
799,070
905, 084
024, 826
550, 183
544, 839
056, 801
301 , 970
453, 793
616,050
009, 208
038, 142
737, 736
401 , 136
053, 383
585, 596
382, 657
639, 289
660, 925
390, 804
651 , 589
075, 280
922, 512
040, 185
538, 210
480, 513
642, 651
605, 178
266, 552
Mean P1 P5
19 2* 2*
19 1 3
12 1* 2
13 1 2
14 1 2
70 1* 1*
9
5 -
9 - 1
10 - 1
79 3* 8*
26 1 4
15 - 2
212 5
22 1 4
21 1* 2*
19 2 3
13 1* 2
11 1 2
13 1 2
69 1* 3*
9
5 -
9 - 1
9 -
77 1* 4*
25 1 4
16 1* 3
19 1 4
20 1 4
Mi
P10
2*
4
2
3
3
7
1
-
2
1
16
7
4
7
6
4*
4
2
2
3
4
1
-
1
1
10
6
4
6
6
INN ters/Kg of Body
P25
6
8
5
6
6
35
3
1
4
3
37
13
7
12
11
7
8
5
5
5
17
3
2
3
3
23
12
8
10
10
P50
13
15
9
10
1 1
61
6
3
7
7
72
21
13
18
18
13
14
9
9
10
59
6
3
7
6
66
20
13
16
16
Weight/Day
P75
26
26
16
1 7
18
94
12
6
13
12
113
33
20
27
28
24
25
16
15
16
105
12
6
1 1
1 1
110
33
21
24
25
P90
37*
40
24
26
27
139
20
1 1
19
19
158
50
29
37
39
41*
37
25
23
26
141
20
1 1
18
18
164
48
32
34
38
P95
44*
51
31
31
35
160*
26
15
24
26
170*
66
36
45
50
67*
46
35
30
35
167*
28
15
23
25
173*
62
42
43
49
P99
84*
85
55*
52
61
192*
48
23*
39
57
200*
104
56*
69
88
121*
79
65*
50
64
213*
47
25*
44
59
233*
91
69*
67
86
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:25 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table E1. All Sources: Gender by Broad Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi I I i I i ters/Kg of Body
Gender Age
c . Both sexes
Direct < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
All ages
I nd i rect < 1
1-10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
D i rect and I nd i rect < 1
1 -10
11-19
20 +
Al I ages
Sampsi ze
180
3, 299
1 , 474
8, 329
13, 282
272
3, 428
1 , 424
8, 847
13, 971
296
3, 708
1 , 592
9, 130
14, 726
Popu I at i on
2,
33,
30,
164,
230,
2,
34,
29,
1 74,
240,
3,
37,
32,
180,
253,
047,
912,
181 ,
544,
685,
940,
196,
132,
224,
493,
154,
489,
680,
342,
667,
427
224
121
373
751
987
428
081
482
978
260
721
793
914
688
Mean P1
20 1*
19 2
12 1
12 1
13 1
69 1*
9
5
9
9
78 2*
26 1
16
20 1
21 1
P5 P10 P25
2* 2 7
348
225
235
235
2 5 26
1 3
1
1 1 4
1 3
7 12 29
4 7 12
347
4 7 11
4 6 11
P50
13
14
9
10
10
60
6
3
7
7
71
21
13
17
17
Weight/Day
P75
26
25
16
16
1 7
104
12
6
12
12
113
33
20
26
26
P90
40
39
24
25
27
141
20
1 1
18
18
164
49
31
36
38
P95
56*
48
32
31
35
164
27
15
24
25
170
64
39
44
50
P99
90*
82
59
51
63
204*
48
25
41
57
222*
98
64
68
87
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I ) 20MAROO 10:25 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D1.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
-------
Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water
Table E2. AlI Sources: Fine Age Categories
Consumers Only
Ingest i on
Mi 1 1 i 1 i ters/Kg of Body
Age
Di rect <0. 5
0.5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
I nd i rect <0 . 5
0. 5-0. 9
1-3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
All ages
Direct and Indirect <0.5
0. 5-0. 9
1 -3
4-6
7-10
11-14
15-19
20-24
25-54
55-64
65 +
Al I ages
Sanif
1
4
1
2
13
1
1
4
1
2
13
1
1
4
1
2
14
Dsi ze
85
95
, 487
992
820
735
739
591
, 347
, 384
,007
, 282
132
140
, 626
,025
111
712
712
614
, 647
, 493
, 093
, 971
149
147
, 732
, 103
873
786
806
668
, 813
, 513
, 136
, 726
Popu I at i on
1 ,
9,
10,
13,
14,
16,
16,
100,
18,
28,
230,
1 ,
1 ,
10,
10,
12,
13,
15,
16,
107,
20,
29,
240,
1 ,
1 ,
1 1 ,
11 ,
14,
15,
1 7,
18,
1 10,
20,
30,
253,
885,
161 ,
980,
406,
525,
164,
017,
404,
655,
808,
675,
685,
305,
635,
889,
686,
620,
630,
501 ,
788,
058,
388,
989,
493,
465,
688,
603,
556,
329,
116,
564,
224,
938,
646,
533,
667,
484
943
093
545
586
132
595
248
732
794
599
751
316
671
009
893
526
618
463
204
970
024
284
978
837
423
245
872
604
291
502
524
819
201
370
688
Mean
17
23
22
21
15
13
12
14
12
12
12
13
92
51
13
9
6
5
5
6
9
10
9
9
92
65
31
27
20
16
15
18
20
20
21
21
P1
1 *
2
2*
1*
1*
1 *
-
1
1
1
1
1*
1*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2*
2*
1
1 *
1 *
1*
-
-
1
2
4
1
P5 P10 P25
4* 8
2* 2* 6
459
359
347
235
224
1 2 5
235
235
236
235
6* 9 47
2* 3 12
1 2 4
1 3
1 2
2
1
1 2
1 1 3
235
235
1 3
7* 14 31
6* 11 26
4 7 15
5 8 14
4 6 10
348
247
248
4 6 11
6 8 12
7 9 13
4 6 11
P50
13
14
17
16
12
10
9
10
9
9
10
10
83
46
9
7
5
4
3
4
7
8
8
7
87
58
26
23
17
14
12
14
1 7
18
19
17
Weight/Day
P75
21
31
30
28
20
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
134
75
17
13
9
7
6
9
12
13
13
12
139
88
40
36
26
21
19
22
26
26
27
26
P90
32*
42*
44
43
30
25
24
27
25
23
23
27
164
104
28
19
14
12
10
14
19
18
1 7
18
169
120
60
51
36
33
29
34
37
35
34
38
P95
39*
68*
59
53
36
34
31
41
32
28
27
35
190*
125*
36
25
18
15
15
18
26
25
21
25
196*
164*
74
68
44
40
38
44
46
42
39
50
P99
79*
110*
91
92*
52*
51*
65*
76*
50
39
38
63
218*
139*
65
41*
28*
25*
25*
26*
47
38
33
57
239*
185*
118
97*
70*
60*
66*
86*
69
59
54
87
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSFI I) 20MAROO 10:27 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D2.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 448 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,682 individuals in the population.
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Part IV: Estimates of Direct, Indirect, and Both Direct and Indirect Water Ingestion
Table E3. All Sources: Pregnant, Lactating, and Childbearing Age Women Categories
Consumers Only
Mi I I i I iters/Kg of Body Weight/Day
Women Categories
Age
Sampsize Population Mean
P5
P10
P25
P50
P75
P90
P95
P99
a. Pregnant
Di rect
Ind i rect
Direct and Indirect
b. Lactati ng
Di rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
c. Women Age 15-44
D i rect
Ind i rect
D i rect and Ind i rect
61
66
69
35
39
40
2, 01 7
2, 145
2, 258
1,547,532
1,662,727
1,729,947
959,364
1,114,793
1,141,186
51,325,362
54,504,373
57,164,907
16
7
21
20*
12*
28*
13
8
20
7
2
10
9*
3 *
12*
5
2
16
4
19
17*
7*
25*
10
6
16
23
9
29
31*
13*
41*
1 7
11
25
29*
16*
39*
39*
23*
53*
27
18
36
31*
1 7*
44*
47*
26*
57*
33
23
46
33*
19*
61*
52*
63*
70*
63
39
77
Source of data: 1994-1996 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by IndividuaIs(CSF I I) 20MAROO 10:31 M:\PW\OSTWATER\REQ002\R002_D3.LST
Estimates are based on 2-day averages.
All estimates exclude commercial and biological water.
-: Means zero.
*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States, 1994-96".
NOTE: 57 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 1,413,944 individuals in the population.
-------
Appendix F
SAB Report and EPA Response
Appendix Fl includes the results of a review of the July 1999 version of this report by the Drinking
Water Intake Subcommittee (DWIS), a special subcommittee of the EPA SAB. The OST's response to
this report follows in Appendix F2.
F-l
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Appendix Fl: SAB Report
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THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
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United States Science Advisory EPA-SAB-EC-00-003
Environmental Board (1400A) December 1999
Protection Agency Washington DC iviviv.epa.gov/sab
SEPA AN SAB REPORT ON EPA's
Per Capita Water Ingestion
Estimates for the United
States
A Review by the Executive
Committees' Drinking Water
Ingestion Subcommittee
-------
ABSTRACT
The Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee (DWIS) of the Science Advisory Board's
(SAB) Executive Committee reviewed a report on the Estimated Per Capita Water Consumption
in the United States. The document presents estimates of drinking water ingestion for the total
U.S. population and a number of subgroups of interest. Estimates are given for many age,
gender, and other descriptors. The Subcommittee was pleased with the report's use of a
substantial existing data base to improve upon the current EPA estimates for drinking water
ingestion. The current Report is largely descriptive and contains little discussion of factors
embedded within the original survey and the Agency's analytical method for deriving estimates
that inform the reader of important factors that should guide use of the estimates. The
Subcommittee noted its desire to see a greater level of discussion on these elements so that
unintended misuse of the data can be minimized.
Keywords: Drinking water ingestion, exposure factors, drinking water consumption, drinking
water intake.
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\ ^t\& * UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR
SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD
December 20, 1999
EPA-SAB-EC-00-003
The Honorable Carol Browner
Administrator
United States Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
Subject: An SAB Report on EPA's Per Capita Water Ingestion in the
United States
Dear Ms. Browner:
This report presents the results of a review by the Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee, a
special subcommittee established by the EPA Science Advisory Board (SAB) Executive
Committee in response to a request from the Agency's Office of Water to review its report
entitled Estimated Per Capita Water Consumption in the United States. The review was carried
out during two meetings with representatives of the Agency during July 1999. The Subcommittee
concluded that the EPA report will be an important reference with extensive utility both inside and
outside the Environmental Protection Agency. In addition, the Subcommittee believes that the
U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USD A) Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals
(CSFII) was the best available information source for the Agency to use in developing its
estimates of drinking water ingestion by the U. S. population. The CSFII also provides a valid
data set for estimating water ingestion for a limited number of subgroups within the population.
However, the Subcommittee has concerns about the descriptive nature of the EPA report because
it contains no explicit discussion of how these estimates might reasonably be used by the Agency
in its scientific assessment and policy considerations.
-------
Even though the report will be invaluable in providing information about the distribution
of water consumption among the general population, it may be of limited value in providing
information about the drinking water consumption of certain subpopulations that may be of
interest to the Agency and to other users of the report. However, this limitation is due to the
characteristics of the CSFII survey and not because of the Agency's analysis and interpretation of
the data. The CSFII survey was aimed at characterizing the food intake of the general population
and was not designed to gather information on specific subgroups or situations (e.g., very young
children, Native Americans, individuals with diseases which impact their water consumption or
workers in hot environments). As a result, although specific groups of interest are represented in
the survey in proportion to their occurrence in the general population, the information needed to
identify them may not be present and, even when it is, the sample sizes in the subgroups that can
be identified are often too small to provide useful information on their water intake (e.g., for
young children in certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups). Further, even though Native
Americans are represented in the survey, the information gathered in CSFII does not allow one to
differentiate which of the Native Americans who were included in the survey follow traditional
Native American culture and lifestyle and which of them practice contemporary urban and
suburban lifestyles.
Several approaches are possible if the Agency finds that it needs information on the
distribution of water intake in subgroups, or for situations that are not adequately described by
CSFII. One is to commission special surveys designed to gather the needed information about
these groups. A second approach would be to rely on current understanding of the physiological
need for water by individuals in different situations (e.g., developmental stages, physiological
states, or environments) to characterize the likely water consumption and then to couple this
information with survey information on the distribution of these developmental stages,
physiological states, and environments in the population. Each approach has its strengths and
weaknesses.
The draft report could be considerably strengthened, and the potential for
misinterpretation of its findings could be reduced substantially, if the Agency provided
information on the statistical significance of differences in water consumption between major
subgroups of the population. Without such information, users of the report may be inclined to
emphasize the differences in water consumption among subgroups which may in fact be artifacts
of small sample sizes.
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The SAB is prepared to provide additional review and assistance as EPA further develops
these estimates. We look forward to the response to these comments from the Assistant
Administrator for the Office of Water.
Sincerely,
Dr. Joan M. Daisey, Chair
Science Advisory Board
Dr. Henry Anderson, Cochairman Dr. Richard Bull, Cochairman
Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee
Science Advisory Board Science Advisory Board
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NOTICE
This report has been written as part of the activities of the Science Advisory Board, a
public advisory group providing extramural scientific information and advice to the Administrator
and other officials of the Environmental Protection Agency. The Board is structured to provide
balanced, expert assessment of scientific matters related to problems facing the Agency. This
report has not been reviewed for approval by the Agency and, hence, the contents of this report
do not necessarily represent the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor
of other agencies in the Executive Branch of the Federal government, nor does mention of trade
names or commercial products constitute a recommendation for use.
Distribution and Availability: This Science Advisory Board report is provided to the EPA
Administrator, senior Agency management, appropriate program staff, interested members of the
public, and is posted on the SAB website (www.epa.gov/sab). Information on its availability is
also provided in the SAB's monthly newsletter (Happenings at the Science Advisory Board).
Additional copies and further information are available from the SAB staff.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Science Advisory Board
Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee
Panel for Review of the EPA Report on Drinking Water Consumption
July 8 and 19-20, 1999
Co-Chairs
Dr. Henry A. Anderson, Wisconsin Bureau of Public Health, Madison, WI
Dr. Richard Bull, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA
Panelists
Dr. Judy Bean, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
Dr. Cynthia Bearer, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
Dr. John Evans, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
Dr. Anna Fan-Cheuk, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA
Dr. Richard Gilbert, Battelle Washington Office, Washington, DC
Dr. Barbara L. Harper, Yakama Indian Nation, Richland, WA
Dr. Michael Jayjock, Rohm and Haas Co., Spring House, PA
Dr. Kai-Shen Liu, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley, CA
Dr. Edo Pellizzari, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC
Dr. Barbara Petersen, President, Novigen Sciences, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Science Advisory Board Staff
Mr. Thomas O. Miller, Designated Federal Official, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC
Ms. Dorothy Clark, Management Assistant, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC 20460
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1
1.1. EPA's goals and objectives as stated for the Report, and the analyses it contains,
are too limited 1
1.2. The report should state that EPA did not have information that would allow
calculation of confidence intervals for subpopulations 3
1.3. The Agency should develop a strategy for the analysis, presentation and interpretation
of the Report's data that is consistent with the intended uses of the data 3
2. INTRODUCTION AND CHARGE 4
3. SUBCOMMITTEE COMMENTS 6
3.1. General Comments 6
3.2. EPA's goals and objectives as stated for this Report, and the analyses it contains, are
too limited 7
3.3. The EPA Report should state that EPA did not have information that would allow calculation
of confidence intervals for subpopulations 10
3.4. The Agency needs to develop a strategy for the analysis, presentation, and interpretation
of the data that is consistent with the intended uses of the data 10
Appendix A: Responses to Specific Agency Charge Questions A-l
Charge Question 1. Statistical methodology A-l
Charge Question 2. Confidence limits A-l
Charge Question 3. Short-term data and long-term estimates A-l
Charge Question 4. Data conventions A-2
Charge Question 5. Subpopulation distributions A-3
Charge Question 6. Subpopulations included A-4
Charge Question 7. Indirect water A-5
Charge Question 8. Food types not covered A-6
Charge Question 9. Intrinsic water A-6
Charge Question 10. Other issues A-7
Charge Question 11. Zero values A-8
References R-l
in
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Science Advisory Board (SAB) was
asked to perform a peer review of the Agency report Estimated Per Capita Water Consumption
in the United States (hereafter referred to as the Report). The SAB Executive Committee
established the Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee (DWIS) to conduct this review. The DWIS
reviewed the Report during two meetings: one, a telephone conference meeting, on July 8, 1999
and the other, a face-to-face meeting, on July 19 to 20, 1999. Major Subcommittee comments on
the EPA Report are contained below in this SAB report. Specific responses to the 11 charge
questions are provided in Appendix A to this SAB report.
EPA is commended for seeking out databases that can be used for estimating ingestion of
drinking water on a national scale. The database selected as the analytic basis for the report, the
U. S. Department of Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (hereafter,
the CSFII or the Survey), is the best available and has critical attributes that allow advancement of
our understanding of ingestion of water by the general population of the United States. The
Agency's efforts to develop ingestion estimates from the CSFII survey data were significant.
The committee believes that the EPA Report will be an important reference resource with
extensive utility both within and outside the Agency. However, the following issues must be
considered if the Report is to achieve its full potential.
1.1 EPA's goals and objectives as stated for this Report, and the analyses it contains,
were too limited.
The Subcommittee is concerned that the Report is only descriptive and that it does not
explicitly discuss how the estimates might be reasonably used. The Agency has both scientific and
policy reasons for estimating water ingestion for the overall population, and for subpopulations,
that are not discussed in the report. Some of these respond to the statutory mandate in the Safe
Drinking Water Act. But there are other needs for information on drinking water intake in risk
assessment and regulation which involve establishing default values for water ingestion, estimation
of risks to highly exposed and/or sensitive subpopulations, and characterization of the distribution
of individual risks or the impacts of specific control strategies. Important implications to these
uses are not discussed in the current report.
EPA often uses default values for water ingestion levels when it develops allowable
concentrations for contaminants in drinking water. The Subcommittee is encouraged that this
EPA report provides information that will permit analysts to use specific data for water ingestion
in many future situations where allowable concentrations must be developed. For others, the
Report will provide assistance for developing information on the distribution of drinking water
ingestion by individuals that includes new information and the relationship of ingestion to factors
such as age, gender, and disease status.
-------
While the report does a good job of characterizing the distribution of drinking water
consumption in the entire US population, and in the major subdivisions of the US population (i.e.,
by age, sex, race, and geographic region), it does not provide the information that some users may
want on drinking water ingestion by smaller subpopulations. Further, certain groups may have
higher than normal water ingestion levels or they may be more sensitive to the effects of
contaminants in drinking water. Examples of these would include very young children and
workers in hot and/or dry climates.
This limitation exists because the CSFII data upon which the Agency relied for generating
its estimates were collected in an effort to characterize the patterns of food consumption in the
general population. They did not target certain subgroups that are now of heightened interest to
EPA. Therefore the samples in certain subgroups are so small that the CSFII estimates of water
consumption in these groups may be quite imprecise. Compounding this problem is the Report's
omission of statistical confidence intervals for most of the ingestion estimates among subgroups of
the population. If legislative mandates or regulatory analysis require information on the water
consumption of these subgroups, further studies will be needed.
Many of the results presented in the report may be sensitive to assumptions made during
data analysis. Examples of such data analysis conventions include the choice of regional
boundaries and the assignment of a principal source for ingested water. Currently the report does
not include a section analyzing the sensitivity of key results to these assumptions. The
Subcommittee urges the Agency to conduct a sensitivity analysis and to add a section to the
report describing the key findings from the sensitivity analysis.
Another key issue influencing the interpretation of the CSFII data is the choice of
averaging time. We know that in many other settings (e.g., air pollution exposure assessment)
heterogeneity tends to decrease as averaging time increases. The exact nature of the relationship
between averaging time and observed heterogeneity depends on the features of the data being
explored. For certain purposes (e.g., cancer risk assessment) the population distributions of long
term average exposures may be of interest. The current EPA report provides information about
drinking water intake averaged over TWO days. Therefore, to minimize the potential for misuse
of the data in the EPA Report, users might benefit if the Agency clearly stated the averaging time
on all tables and graphs in the report. Further, it may be necessary to more fully explore the
sensitivity of results to alternative choices of averaging time.
Therefore, the Subcommittee recommends that the EPA Report discuss the characteristics
of the EPA methods for estimating ingestion, and the USD A method for conducting the CSFII,
that have important implications for those who must use the ingestion data.
-------
1.2 The EPA Report should state that EPA did not have information that would allow
calculation of confidence intervals for sub-populations.
A discussion point for the subcommittee centered on the question of whether it was
appropriate to provide data without meaningful confidence intervals. The design of the CSFII
survey requires use of an ultimate cluster methodology which is an aggregate of sampled persons
within each primary sampling unit. Smaller subpopulations within the sample (e.g., the less than
one year olds) did not meet these criteria. This prevents the calculation of confidence intervals
using the ultimate cluster methodology. It would be good to clarify this point for the readers of
the report.
1.3 The Agency should develop a strategy for the analysis, presentation and
interpretation of the Report's data that is consistent with the intended uses of the
data.
The Agency has taken a purely descriptive approach to the analysis and presentation of
data. This results in numerous tables containing drinking water ingestion estimates for many
conceivable combinations of attributes examined (e.g., Native American males by age group and
by geographic region, etc.). While this superficially exhaustive presentation of data may seem
attractive, the Subcommittee is concerned that this strategy for analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of the data is inadequate and potentially misleading. We urge the Agency to develop
a strategy for data analysis which, at a minimum, provides only those estimates of drinking water
intake for which estimates of uncertainty can also be developed, and preferably which includes
formal hypothesis tests of the significance of differences in the water consumption of various
groups. Further, the number of tables presented in the report should be substantially reduced and
limited to only those which support Agency needs and for which valid estimates of precision can
be provided. If the Agency feels that certain tables for which valid estimates of precision can not
be produced are necessary, this fact should be prominently displayed on each such table.
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2. INTRODUCTION AND CHARGE
The Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee was asked to conduct a peer review of the
Agency Report that provides estimates of per capita water intake in the United States. The
Report contains estimates of the amount of direct and indirect water consumption. Direct water
consumption is defined as plain water consumed directly as a beverage. Indirect water is that
water added to foods and beverages during final home or restaurant preparation.
Empirical distributions of estimated water consumption were generated by water source
and by the respondent's demographic and physical characteristics. Water sources include: a) the
community water supply, b) bottled water, c) other sources including the respondent's own well,
rain cistern, spring, or public spring. Physical and demographics characteristics include: age,
gender, race, socioeconomic status, and geographic region. Estimates were also generated
separately for pregnant and lactating women.
The distributions of estimated water ingestion include point estimates of the mean and the
following percentiles: 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 99th. Confidence intervals
for the mean and bootstrap intervals for the upper percentiles are provided for only the larger
subpopulations.
The charge to the Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee from the Office of Science and
Technology, US EPA Office of Water included the following questions:
a) The distributions of estimated water intake were generated using standard
statistical methodology for surveys with complex designs such as the 1994-96
CSFII. Is the statistical methodology used to generate the estimates appropriate?
Should we consider rounding?
b) We have limited the calculation of confidence intervals about the mean and boot
strap intervals for percentiles to the distributions for the larger sub-populations.
The complex sample design makes the calculation and interpretation of results for
smaller sub-populations virtually impossible to calculate and interpret. Is this an
appropriate decision?
c) The CSFII survey is based on short-term survey data. Upper percentile estimates
may differ for short-term and long-term data because short-term survey data tends
to be inherently more variable. Is it appropriate to report upper percentile
estimates such as the 99th percentile?
d) Are the data conventions used to identify direct and indirect water appropriate?
e) Do the data support estimates of sub-population distributions?
-------
f) We have provided distributions of estimated water intake for numerous sub-
populations. Should any additional sub-populations be added? Should any be
excluded? Specify sub-populations.
g) USD A has identified two types of indirect water in foods. They are:
i. The amount of water in food as consumed.
ii. The amount of water used to prepare food.
The water intake report provides estimates of the amount of indirect water in food
as consumed. If resources permit, we could expand our report as a future
addendum to include estimates of the amount of indirect water used to prepare
food. Would this be desirable?
h) Additional water intake estimates associated with types of food may be useful for
specific risk-exposure analyses, e.g., cold beverage intake. Such analyses are
feasible using the CSFII data. We could expand our report as a future addendum
if resources permit. Are any such targeted analyses of significant interest at this
time?
i) Intrinsic water is the water contained in foods and beverages at the time of market
purchase. Intrinsic water includes commercial water (added to food products by
food manufacturers) and biological water (found naturally in foods). Intrinsic
water is not included in our current analysis. If resources permit, we could expand
our report as a future addendum to includes estimates of intrinsic water. Would
this be desirable?
j) What are the scientific limitations to the use of the water consumption estimates
provided in this report (i.e., what other issues has the Subcommittee noted with
the estimates that are not covered elsewhere)?
k) The water intake estimates provided in this report are based on all respondents,
including those who did not report consuming water during the two survey days.
If resources permit, we could also generate estimates of water consumption which
exclude the zero consumers of water. We noticed that for some sub-populations,
especially the less than one-year-old infants, a substantial proportion consumed
zero or minimal amounts of tap water per day (presumably those who were breast
fed or drank undiluted formula or milk); these zero consumers of water can
contribute to lower estimates. Would this be desirable?
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3. SUBCOMMITTEE COMMENTS
3.1 General Comments
The Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee (DWIS) of the EPA Science Advisory Board
(SAB) has reviewed the Agency's report entitled Estimated Per Capita Water Consumption in
the United States during two meetings: one on July 8, 1999 and the other on July 19 to 20, 1999.
Specific responses to the Agency's charge questions are provided in Appendix A to this SAB
report.
EPA used the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) as its data source
for use in deriving its drinking water ingestion estimates. EPA is commended for seeking out
databases that can be used for estimating drinking water ingestion for the population at a national
scale. This was the best data source available and it had critical attributes that allow advancement
of our understanding of drinking water ingestion in the general U. S. population and the Agency
made good use of the data. Several strengths of the USDA 1994-96 CSFII database are worth
highlighting.
a) The database is large, recent, and it is a population based survey.
b) The database permits the categorization of various sources of ingested water.
c) The convention used to estimate the fraction of water in each food as consumed
was scientifically defensible.
d) The database permits a breakdown of the US population into some major groups
based on age, gender, special populations of females, regions, and broad
classifications of ingested water source.
The committee believes that the EPA Report will be an important source of information
on drinking water ingestion. The report will enjoy extensive use as a reference resource for those
within and outside of the Agency.
Even though this report will allow EPA to better understand contaminant exposures
associated with drinking water ingestion it does not, nor was it intended to, provide insight into
exposure to drinking water contaminants associated with dermal exposure (e.g., during bathing or
showering). Further, even though it provides estimates for some combinations of attributes, many
such attribute combinations are possible. Most of these are not included nor could all possible
combinations of potential interest be covered (e.g., infants who live in hot climates and have
health conditions which affect water intake). Therefore, to fully estimate contaminant exposures
associated with drinking water, EPA will need to go beyond projections that are based solely on
information contained in this specific Report.
-------
Notwithstanding the strengths of the Survey and the EPA Report noted above, the
Subcommittee does have a number of concerns with the Report. If the Report is to achieve its
full potential there are a number of issues that require further attention. These are discussed in
Sections 3.2 through 3.4 that follow.
3.2 EPA's goals and objectives as stated for this Report, and the analyses it contains,
are too limited.
The report was constructed only as a descriptive report without an explicit discussion of
how the estimates in the Report might reasonably be applied by users. The subcommittee has
several recommendations for revision to address this current shortcoming:
a) The Report needs a prominent and early explanation of the logic used in the survey
design and in the analyses used to develop the Agency's estimates. This
explanation should be understandable by the educated layperson. This is not a
criticism of the technical logic used in the analysis, rather, it simply recognizes that
most users of these estimates will not have the specialized knowledge of statistics
needed to understand fully the approach used.
b) The report must provide a much clearer indication of which estimates are reliable
and which ones are not as reliable. The extensive tables of statistics that appear to
break down the population to several subgroups provide potential users of the data
with a false sense of security about the precision of the estimates. This practically
guarantees that the results will be applied in ways not supportable by the database.
The Agency has both scientific and policy reasons for estimating water ingestion in the
overall population and in subpopulations of interest. Some of these come from the statutory
mandates of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), but others come from the broader
environmental health community, such as: a) risk assessment; b) development of default values;
and c) sensitive subpopulations. The implications of the survey characteristics and the analyses
supporting EPA's estimates on these uses of the ingestion estimates are not sufficiently discussed
in the Report.
Risk assessments are scientifically-based efforts to estimate the impact that exposure to a
contaminant, or groups of contaminants in water, may have on human health. For waterborne
risk scenarios, it is important to construct as complete a picture of water ingestion as is possible.
Some of the distinctions in the present estimates limit that capability. For example, as the Agency
rightly points out, direct and indirect water represent only part of potential tap water ingestion
(and therefore exposure to waterborne contamination). Commercial water (that water added by
the manufacturer prior to marketing-not now included in the EPA estimates) is frequently taken
from tap sources, although these are frequently far removed from the point of consumption. This
does not mean that the estimates obtained from the present study cannot be used in developing
risk assessments, but part of the exposure assessment may have to obtain broader categories of
-------
water source than are identified in the present analysis of the data. Such limitations in the tabular
data need to be clearly stated in the report.
In its current configuration, the report provides estimates that are composites of both
those who reported drinking water during both survey days and those who reported drinking none
on those days. As EPA noted in its charge to the Subcommittee, this could result in
underestimates of drinking water ingestion. EPA traditionally uses a default value for water
ingestion when converting a "safe dose" (mg/kg/day) to enforceable concentration limits in
drinking water. The Report permits EPA to use improved data in developing such limits.
However, the Subcommittee believes that such analyses should focus on those portions of the
population that actually ingest drinking water. The estimates needed in this circumstance should
not be diluted by including large numbers of individuals that reported no water ingestion during
the survey (see Question 11 in Appendix A). In its current configuration, the report provides only
the diluted estimates. Ingestion estimates should be developed by EPA to reflect only those who
actually reported water ingestion as well as the current composite situation. When sufficient data
are available to estimate confidence intervals, these Survey data can be used to develop default
values.
Some subpopulations of interest are adequately represented in the report (e.g., pregnant
women) but others identified included too few representatives (e.g., children of Native
Americans). For this reason, the Subcommittee strongly recommends that the Report make
explicit the limitations of the estimates. The breakout of pregnant and lactating women provides
at least a starting point for defining the amount of water that is consumed by populations that may
have special sensitivities. There are also some data that can be used to estimate water
consumption by individuals of varying age. However, it is important to recognize and identify the
limitations of these data for smaller populations (e.g., children of Native Americans/ Alaskans). In
addition, other populations could be identified that consume higher amounts of water (e.g.,
diabetics and individuals with kidney disease) that, while not rare in the overall population, are
well below the statistical power of the Survey to detect. If there are not sufficient data to support
development of relatively robust measures of confidence, the use of the data to describe water
ingestion by these smaller subgroups would be misleading and do a disservice to these groups. If
these groups are to be a source of particular concern in the Agency's regulatory agenda, surveys
should be conducted that are adequate to support such estimates. Some other data sources might
be superior for such purposes (e.g., NHANES).
The report provided insight into the 1.0 liter/10 kilogram default value for ingestion of
drinking water by children that is currently used by EPA. The analysis presented in the EPA
report shows that water consumption per unit body weight is very high at birth and falls off
sharply with age. The Subcommittee is encouraged that the EPA Report now provides
information that will permit analysts to use specific data for water ingestion in many future
instances where allowable concentrations must be developed. For others, the Report will provide
a better basis for developing reasonable defaults.
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In the Agency's derivation of maximum contaminant limit goals (MCLGs) the
mathematical operation essentially converts consumption to ml/kg/day, the Subcommittee believes
that there is significant value to be gained from expressing estimates in these units as well as
volume ingested. When shown in such units, the real differences in water consumption by age
become much more apparent than when given as volume measures alone. Ml/kg/day figures are
best used until ingestion stabilizes and then the daily volume becomes equally appropriate.
Clearly, the EPA Report is not intended to answer questions about other critical
subpopulations (e.g., workers that consume very large quantities of water because of the exertion
involved in their work or because of working in hot and/or dry climates). This points to an
opportunity for future work in this area. Some of this information may already be available in the
literature. If not such efforts could involve designing a relatively simple hypothesis and model of
the determinants of water ingestion. Some independent variables for such a model of water
ingestion could include: a) level of effort or metabolic rate; b) average ambient air temperature; c)
average ambient relative humidity; d) body weight; and e)age.
Describing and capturing data for these predictor variables, and subsequent water
ingestion for subpopulations that share common (and relatively narrow) ranges of these variables,
could lead to the identification of the subpopulations of greatest concern for contaminant
exposures through drinking water. It might also lead to the development and validation of a
comprehensive model for the prediction of water ingestion from such parameters. The resulting
simple hypothesis and model of the determinants of water ingestion could be used generically
because it would reflect water needs of individuals. In some individuals most, if not all, of that
water requirement might come from tap water. Those are the persons that the SDWA is intended
to protect. If more accurate estimates of actual drinking water ingestion are needed, appropriate
data could be collected by targeted surveys. The results could always be benchmarked against the
basic water needs of individuals under different physiological conditions.
The value of some of the tabular distributions provided in the analysis is not clear. For
example, water ingestion was provided by region. The Subcommittee's agrees with the need for
regional estimates; however, the political regions identified in the Agency Report were probably
too large. The within region variability of ingestion is probably much larger than that between
regions.
It is important to emphasize that risk is a function of both exposure and sensitivity.
Sensitivity is determined by genetics, developmental stage (old as well as young), lifestyle, and
preexisting disease conditions that are not addressed in the Report. The Agency should simply
point out that these other determinants of sensitivity are not addressed in the report.
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3.3 The EPA Report should state that EPA did not have information that would allow
calculation of confidence intervals for sub-populations.
A discussion point for the subcommittee centered on the question of whether it was
appropriate to provide data without meaningful confidence intervals. The design of the CSFII
survey requires use of an ultimate cluster methodology which is an aggregate of sampled persons
within each primary sampling unit. Smaller subpopulations within the sample (e.g., the less than
one year olds) did not meet these criteria. This prevents the calculation of confidence intervals
using the ultimate cluster methodology. It would be good to clarify this point for the readers of
the report.
3.4 The Agency needs to develop a strategy for the analysis, presentation, and
interpretation of data that is consistent with the intended uses of the data.
The report should contain a description of the methodology used for analyzing the data.
This would better explain the approach employed for those who are not experts in the
sophisticated statistical techniques. In addition, the report should contain a strategy for future
analyses of the data including some hypothesis testing.
Data validation and quality assurance procedures used in the development of the report
should be prominently documented, with especial attention to conventions that were developed to
handle some of the data.
The presentation of numerous tables containing estimates developed in the Agency
analysis are clearly not appropriate for many of the applications the Agency will have for this
information. Tables should be substantially reduced. Instead of numerous tables with estimates
having unknown confidence levels the report should be limited to tables with estimates that
support agency needs and for which valid estimates of reliability can be provided. These tables
should be displayed in a useful way with significant figures appropriate to the level of precision in
the estimates. The text surrounding these fewer tables should make clear the limitations of the
estimates and whether they can be applied with confidence to evaluations of the subpopulations
with which they are identified.
For example, the Subcommittee had very little confidence that the data reported for Native
Americans reflected a Native American lifestyle (see Question 6 in Appendix A). There is a
difference between "race" and "lifestyle". The reasons for different intake rates primarily reflects
lifestyle (secondarily SES), and probably not race per se. If the Agency is convinced that this data
reflects such a lifestyle, it should explain the rationale supporting the conclusion. A contrary
conclusion should also be clearly explained.
Similarly, separate tables should be provided reflecting ingestion estimates for those
respondents reporting water ingestion during the two days captured in the CSFII. This should be
in addition to tables that reflect estimates based on a composite of respondents reporting tapwater
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ingestion and those who did not report such ingestion. Both sets of analyses provide important
perspectives depending upon the use that the data will be applied to by the Agency. There are
also good reasons to display data in both in terms of ml/kg/day as well as liters consumed. In all
cases these data should include some measure of the precision of the estimate.
It is extremely important to segregate estimates for children by age for the reasons stated
earlier. However, it is much less important to separate estimates for adults by age because the
differences observed are much smaller. In adults the future analytical focus should be on
identifying subpopulations that consume more water for other reasons, such as preexisting disease
(e.g., diabetes mellitus), occupational conditions, or effects due to climate.
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Appendix A
Responses to Specific Agency Charge Questions
1. Statistical Methodology
Charge Question 1: The distributions of estimated water intake were generated
using standard statistical methodology for surveys with complex designs such as the 1994-96
CSFII. Is the statistical methodology used to generate the estimates appropriate?
The methodology described in the document is an appropriate technique to produce
estimates from a multi-stage, stratified, clustered sample. The Agency, however, did not clearly
state that the estimates were generated from a summary tape containing only final weights
assigned to individuals. This means that the Agency was limited in what it could do with the data.
References to the documents describing estimating equations for the US Department of
Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals are needed.
2. Confidence Limits
Charge Question 2: We have limited the calculation of confidence intervals
about the mean and boot strap intervals for percentiles to the distributions for the larger sub-
populations. The complex sample design makes the calculation and interpretation of results for
smaller sub-populations virtually impossible to calculate and interpret. Is this an appropriate
decision?
Yes. However, the rationale for this is buried in the narrative. The Subcommittee
recommends that the Agency state more clearly, and in a prominent place, its reasoning for not
calculating such intervals throughout the report. Also, the convention of placing "zeros" as
entries in the tables for place-holders where no estimates have been generated is confusing. The
Subcommittee recommends inserting "dashes" in place of such zeros. This convention is used by
others reporting results from such efforts.
3. Short-term Data and Long-term Estimates
Charge Question 3: The CSFII survey is based on short-term survey data.
Upper percentile estimates may differ for short-term and long-term data because short-term
survey data tends to be inherently more variable. Is it appropriate to report upper percentile
estimates such as the 99thpercentile?
The decision whether to report upper percentile estimates depends in part on whether the
quality of these estimates is sufficient for their intended use. Quality may be judged by the
number of individuals interviewed, the fulfillment of underlying assumptions, and the computed
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statistical precision, bias and confidence in the percentile estimates. Uses of the drinking water
ingestion estimates may be very broad and could include risk assessment, rule-development for
microbial contaminants of drinking water and disinfection by-products, as well as other uses not
now anticipated. Some uses of drinking water ingestion estimates may require the short-term
survey data available from the present CSFII survey data (i.e., estimates of daily averages based
on only two non-consecutive days of data), while other uses may need long-term survey data (i.e.,
estimates based on more than 2 days of data). For example, short term data and a knowledge of
the variability of such data can be useful for risk assessments of acute health effects such as
diarrhea due to microbiological contamination, whereas long term data and a knowledge of its
variability are needed for risk assessments of long-term health effects such as cancer. As the
short-term data available from the current CSFII survey are not ideally suited for all uses, it is
particularly important that the report adequately describe the quality of the estimates so that users
can judge if the results of the current survey are of sufficient quality. As indicated above, this
quality can be described in various ways such as by providing variances and confidence limits for
estimated percentiles, by carefully stating and explaining all assumptions used in obtaining those
estimates, and by the number of individuals interviewed in the various subcategories.
The number of individuals interviewed in subcategories is sometimes very small in the
CSFII data. This point is illustrated by reference to Table A-3b in Section lie of the EPA
Report. In this table, there is only one individual in the <0.5 year age category and only three
individuals in the 0.5-0.9 age category. Clearly, upper percentiles should not be reported for
categories for which the number of persons interviewed is so small. The National Center for
Health Statistics has issued guidelines on minimum sample sizes required to obtain credible
estimates. These guidelines should be considered by EPA as a way to decide when drinking water
estimates should be flagged as being of lower than acceptable quality.
Taking these considerations into account, this Subcommittee believes it is appropriate that
the lower and upper percentile estimates obtained from the CSFII survey be reported, but that
additional guidance on their quality and when they should and should not be used should be
provided.
4. Data Conventions
Charge Question 4: Are the data conventions used to identify direct and indirect
water appropriate?
A series of conventions was established to allow the estimation of water intake as a result
of water consumed as a component of foods. The procedure is described in detail and is
essentially the same as that used previously by Ershow and Cantor (1989) and by the Office of
Pesticides Program (Tolerance Assessment System, 1985). The procedures as described are
appropriate and will allow EPA to account for moisture gained and lost during cooking and allow
the estimation of the proportion of water from home supplies versus from commercial water
sources. A quick check of the results of applying the conventions to the CSFII food codes
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indicates that the procedures worked well. The results appear to be in the anticipated ranges.
The data should be rounded to reflect the appropriate level of precision. It would also be useful
to note in the text and on any files containing the factors that these represent a factor that is a
composite of factors, e.g., that different types of rice, rice cooked different lengths of time and by
different consumers will have different amounts of moisture and therefore different factors.
The Agency did not conduct a quality assurance check on the data. Given the multitude
of uses for this information, the Subcommittee recommends that a formal QA/QC audit be
conducted to ensure that the conventions were actually applied to each code as described in the
methodology.
Where indirect water and intrinsic water are lost during cooking, it is necessary to
determine how much is lost from each source. This is an arbitrary decision and the proposed
approach seems reasonable. Validation of the estimates should be undertaken to verify the
results.
5. Subpopulation Distributions
Charge Question 5: Do the data support estimates of subpopulation
distributions?
The CSFII data were used to generate point and interval estimates of daily average per
capita water ingestion in the manner presented in Section 8b of the EPA Report. Point estimates
presented include the mean, 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th 75th, 90th, 95th and 99th percentiles.
Subpopulations defined are gender, age, region, race, economic status, residential status and
certain specific female subpopulations of pregnant and lactating women of childbearing age. The
results are presented in section 11 by water source and by nine sociodemographic categories.
Examination of the tables on pages 11-3 through 11-326 easily reveals many
subcategories without sufficient observations to support the point estimates. For example, Table
A-3b on pages 11-15 and 11-16 shows point estimates of community water intake by race and
fine age category. Between the American Indians and Native Alaskans, there is only one
individual under 6 months and there are only three individuals in each of three other age
categories. Presenting point estimates this way will likely mislead readers. Potential users should
be cautioned about the uncertainty of point estimates having small sample sizes.
Whenever possible, point estimates should be presented with confidence intervals. But
due to small sample size of some subpopulations, not all confidence intervals can be computed
from the data. It is not clear how many interval estimates cannot be derived from the data
available to the Agency. Only Tables 1, 2, and Figure 9-20 in Section 9 include 90% confidence
intervals. A survey of over 15,000 individuals should allow more confidence intervals to be
calculated and presented.
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Although parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, and modeling are difficult because of
the complex nature of this survey, the valuable information collected deserves further exploration.
A strategy should be developed to analyze, interpret, and present data on sub-populations in a
systematic and meaningful way. The first set of tables presented should be for major
subpopulations such as gender (male vs. female), age (infants, children, youth, adults), race
(white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Native Alaskan), and region (northeast,
Midwest, south, west) without further subdivision. Both point and interval estimates should be
provided for each category of these major subpopulations. Hypothesis testing should be carried
out to see if the differences among categories are statistically significant.
In Section 11, ingestion estimates for nine sociodemographic subpopulations are presented
by water source. No rationale is given for why, among all the possible combinations of major
subpopulations that could have been selected, these nine combinations of sociodemographic
variables were chosen for presentation. Further, without understanding the meaning and
limitations of the data, over 200 pages of tables are of limited usefulness to readers. If the relative
importance of various sociodemographic variables can be evaluated by modeling and hypothesis
testing, cross-tabulation can be focused on a limited number of significant variables.
6. Subpopulations Included
Charge Question 6: We have provided distributions of estimated water intake
for numerous subpopulations. Should any additional subpopulations be added? Should any be
excluded? Specify subpopulations.
The Report provided distributions of estimated water intake for a relatively large number
of subpopulations. As discussed earlier, the available data do not support reporting of some of
the values that are placed in the tables. This does not negate the need to lay out water ingestion
rates for subpopulations that might be at greater risk from drinking water contaminants. There
are clearly examples that are at least as important as those reported upon. These are pointed out
by the Subcommittee with the recognition that the CSFII database will not provide the needed
data for such analyses. Nevertheless, the Agency is encouraged to seek better estimates of the
distributions for two broad categories:
a) Sub-populations with different lifestyles, occupations, or activities.
I) Infants and toddlers are not a homogeneous group. There is a
population of infants in the 0-3 months of age group that receive
constituted powdered formula exclusively. These infants could be
consuming as much as 180-200 ml/kg/day from the same source of tap
water.
ii) Dietary survey misses lifestyles of specific cultural groups (e.g., Native
American, recent immigrants) that are still practiced
iii) People who live in hot climate areas.
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iv) People who consume large amounts of water because of physical
activity (can consume as much as 300-500 ml/kg/day)
b) Health conditions that affect water intake:
I) Diabetes
ii) Conditions requiring rapid rehydration needs (GI upsets, food
poisoning)
iii) Disorders of water and sodium metabolism.
The subcommittee also noted that there are aspects of water ingestion that might be better
addressed by taking a physiological approach. If total water ingestion is first thought of in terms
of the needs that are defined by physiological state, developmental stage, levels of activity
(reflected in metabolic rates), and environmental settings a general model could be constructed.
This approach will always capture the upper limit, as one can assume that all of the water that is
not intrinsic to food could be derived from the tap. Then more accurate estimates of sources of
the actual water consumed could be constructed from survey information that is targeted to the
sub-populations of interest. This could be a more efficient way of addressing drinking water
ingestion by subpopulations of interest to EPA, in particular those noted in 'a' above.
7. Indirect Water
Charge Question 7: USDA has identified two types of indirect water in foods:
a) the amount of water in food as consumed; and b) the amount of water used to prepare food.
The water intake report provides estimates of the amount of indirect water in food as consumed.
If resources permit, we could expand our report as a future addendum to include estimates of the
amount of indirect water used to prepare food. Would this be desirable ?
The current ingestion report provides estimates of the amount of indirect water in food as
consumed. The amount of water used to prepare food may be greater, owing to evaporative loss
during preparation. This loss can result in a concentration of non-volatile contaminants. Such
increases are chemical specific. To be able to calculate the amount of residue concentration, both
the amount of indirect water in food as consumed, and the amount of indirect water used to
prepare food must be known. This analysis should be limited to only those foods where the
amount of water added to prepare the food is known. The amount of water which is first boiled,
then added to food such as that used to prepare infant formula, is not known.
The critical question is whether preparation leads to large changes in the distribution or
ingestion of water contaminants in the population. Certainly in some cases the losses of water
volume could be large, but are they consistent within individual consumers. In addition, it is not
clear how common a practice unattended boiling or extensive boiling might be. There are many
other more important variables that remain unaddressed with respect to sensitive populations.
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Consequently, pursuit of this issue should reflect programmatic priorities with respect to sensitive
subpopulations.
An omission in consideration of indirect water that could be significant appears to be soft
drinks prepared from syrup in restaurants, fast-food establishments, and bars. Again, the pursuit
of this detail has to set within the priorities of the program. However, some initial evaluations
might be made by contacting the appropriate industry representatives to obtain information on the
ratio of syrup to canned/bottled soda sold.
8. Food Types Not Covered
Charge Question 8: Additional water intake estimates associated with types of
food may be useful for specific risk-exposure analyses, e.g., cold beverage intake. Such analyses
are feasible using the CSFII data. We could expand our report as a future addendum if
resources permit. Are any such targeted analyses of significant interest at this time?
This question was withdrawn by the Agency during the discussions at the July 19-20,
1999 Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee meeting.
9. Intrinsic Water
Charge Question 9: Intrinsic water is the water contained in foods and
beverages at the time of market purchase. Intrinsic water includes commercial water (added to
food products by food manufacturers) and biological water (found naturally in foods). Intrinsic
water is not included in our current analysis. If resources permit, we could expand our report as
a future addendum to include estimates of intrinsic water. Would this be desirable?
Yes, this would be desirable, but the Subcommittee would like to point out that the
Agency's use of the term "intrinsic water" is unusual. In most instances intrinsic water is that in
the raw food product, not water added by processors. In some cases (e.g., NASA) the term
includes both free water and metabolic water that is derived from a food. There would be some
value of using another term (e.g., commercial water) to describe this category. Care would have
to be taken that it is not confused with bottled water, however.
The Subcommittee felt that one advantage of including intrinsic water (as the term is used
in the Agency report) in the analysis would be to enable the derivation of a fluid requirement
distribution by recognizing this additional source of water. This combined direct/indirect water
ingestion distribution will be less variable than direct use only, as it is closer to a
biological/physiological measure than one of lifestyle. However, this is only one of a number of
other sources of water ingestion that would have to be known to construct the physiological need
for water for individuals under different conditions. Knowing intrinsic water does capture another
tap water source, even though it may be removed from the consumer's own tap water. The
relative component of commercial water could then be calculated by examining only those
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products with a major contribution to one or more subpopulations. Examples are soda in cans,
iced tea in cans, bottled soda, beer, milk, prepared infant formulas.
10. Other Issues
Charge Question 10: What are the scientific limitations to the use of the water
consumption estimates provided in this report (i.e., what other issues has the Subcommittee
noted with the estimates that are not covered elsewhere)?
This report needs to be viewed as a key reference for population based information on
water consumption. The following are examples of the many potential uses of the information.
a) It will be valuable to programs where consumption of water estimates are needed.
b) It will be useful to support Agency rule making.
c) It can be used to evaluate existing default water consumption rates and to provide
new defaults for subpopulations.
d) It can serve as a reference to compare to other data sources containing similar
information.
The document needs to keep these uses in mind and the text and tables should be designed
to be user friendly for these purposes. Thus many users will prefer the data summarized in a
ml/kg body weight format while others will need the ml/day summary. Both formats should be
provided. Keeping the uses in mind, it becomes especially important that the limitations of the
Survey database and the ingestion estimates based upon it be clearly spelled out in the
introduction and that the report contain only statistically valid estimates. It should be noted that
some sensitive subpopulations are not in the database or cannot be identified in the database.
These are identified under other charge question responses. It should be explicitly stated when
data are sufficient (and give the criteria used) and when they are not. Where it is not obvious why
estimates are not provided, it needs to be explained.
A use-restricting limitation is the survey design that precluded estimating water ingestion
in subpopulations that either by choice, or access, utilize only one source of water for ingestion.
The survey data identify and provide descriptive tables for three significant sources of ingested
water; community tap water, bottled water and other (private wells, cisterns, etc). While the
report provides detailed ingestion distributions for each water source within defined demographic
groups, "sole source" subpopulations of water ingestion limit the utility of the report for local risk
assessments. Such "sole source" ingestion distributions would be especially valuable to assessing
health risks from ingestion. The overall national mean water ingestion finds community tap water
contributing 75% of the water ingested. The tables provided show that the 75% contribution is
not evenly distributed over the population. A valuable statistic not provided is the percent of
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individuals obtaining virtually all their water from community taps or all from the other two
sources and their estimated ingestion rates. Such individuals may be consuming nearly 1/3 more
tap water than the national estimate provides. If the size of this population is substantial, using
the national ingestion estimate to characterize contaminant exposure to this group could
significantly underestimate tap water contaminant risks. This underestimate may partially be seen
in Section 9, figure 2 which shows that over 47 million US residents are estimated to consume no
tap water. Since these individuals require fluid to survive, they probably represent those ingesting
only "other" water from private wells or bottled water only. The inclusion of these "unexposed"
individuals in the ingestion estimates leads to underestimates of ingestion among those with access
to the water source. The potential for underestimating ingestion is even more pronounced for
infants where Section 9 figure 3 shows nearly half of the infants drank no tap water. This
probably reflects the high percentage of infants being breast fed or using bottled water to mix
formula. This seriously reduces the utility of the information provided on this vulnerable
population. Whenever possible it would be useful to many users to have confidence intervals
around the estimates.
11. Zero-Values
Charge Question 11: The water intake estimates provided in this report are
based on all respondents, including those who did not report consuming water during the two
survey days. If resources permit, we could also generate estimates of water consumption which
exclude the zero consumers of water. We noticed that for some sub-populations, especially the
less than one-year-old infants, a substantial proportion consumed zero or minimal amounts of
tap water per day (presumably those who were breastfed or drank undiluted formula or milk);
these zero consumers of water can contribute to lower estimates. Would this be desirable?
Yes, it is desirable, probably necessary, to eliminate the non-consumers of community tap
water from the survey statistics for purposes of developing a set of consumption estimates for use
in predicting exposure to drinking water contaminants. The DWIS suggests that those data, for
which there are adequate numbers of individuals, should be displayed both ways. In other words
inclusive of the population and a second display of only those individuals that are consumers of
tapwater.
Based on the projections in Section 9, Figure 3, approximately 50% of the children under
1 year of age do not ingest community tap water. The mean and upper confidence limits
generated from data from which these projections were made will greatly reduce the estimated
ingestion rates in some groups. A rough arithmetic estimate can be made of how important this
would be by recognizing that removing half of the population that does not consume water will
increase the mean consumption of water in the under 1 year of age group to approximately 90
ml/kg body weight. This is roughly six times that of an adult. Thus, the differential between
adults and children is at least twice that which is derived from currently utilized defaults. The
subpopulation of children representing the highest tap water intake will be those fed reconstituted
powdered formula. This will result in the greatest dose (per kg) of water contaminants. There is
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less impact in the general population, where only about 8% of the total population does not ingest
community tap water. Nevertheless, the principle is the same.
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REFERENCES
Damiano, J. and J. R. Mulhausen (1999)^4 Strategy for Assessing and Managing Occupational
Exposures. (Second Edition). AIHA Exposure Assessment Strategies Committee Edited
by, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA.
Ershow, A. G. and K. P. Cantor. (1989) Total Water and Tapwater Intake in the United States:
Population-Based Estimates of quantities and Sources. National Cancer Institute.
Number 263-Md-810264.
National Center for Health Statistics Analytic Working Group. (1993) Guidelines developed by
the NCHS. As cited in Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO) (1994). Third Report on
Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring
and Related Research.
Saunders, S. and B. Petersen. (1986) Introduction to the Tolerance Assessment System. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. May.
US EPA (1999) Estimated Per Capita Water Consumption in the United States. US EPA/Office
of Water. Prepared under EPA Contract No. 68-C4-0046. June 1999.
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Appendix F2: EPA Response
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Chair
Science Advisory Board Executive Committee
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20460 Re: EPA-SAB-EC-00-003
Dear Sir/Madam:
This is in response to the review of "Estimated Per Capita Water Ingestion in the United
States," a report prepared by the Office of Water (OW), Office of Science and Technology. The
Science Advisory Board (SAB) had many helpful and insightful suggestions. Technical staff in
the OW have addressed the comments and recommendations in a revised document that will be
completed by March 31, 2000. Our summary response to the SAB review and recommendations
is enclosed.
The objective of the report is to present current, technically sound estimates of water
ingestion by the U. S. population and certain subpopulations. These estimates will be useful in a
wide variety of the Environmental Protection Agency program applications including risk
assessments and regulation development. The SAB subcommittee expressed concerns about our
lack of explicit guidance on the use of the estimates. We anticipate that guidance on the use of
the estimates will be addressed in program-specific documents to be developed in the future.
The majority of the SAB comments concerned presentation and interpretation of the
analysis results. The fundamental statistical methodology employed in our study was found to be
"an appropriate technique to produce estimates from a multi-stage stratified clustered sample."
As a consequence, no changes were made to the methodology, and the numerical estimates did
not change. In response to SAB comments, changes were made in the organization of the report,
key water ingestion estimates were identified and highlighted in the Report text, confidence
intervals were provided for key subpopulations estimates, and the number of subpopulations
included in the report was reduced. We have noted the SAB's recommendations for additional
studies but are not able to implement these at this time.
The SAB suggested that formal inferential tests of differences between subpopulation
water ingestion estimates be applied. While we have not done these, we do provide interval
estimates about water ingestion estimates for major subpopulations. These interval estimates can
be used to assess the extent of differences in subpopulation estimates.
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We are grateful for the ongoing involvement of the Drinking Water Intake Sub-committee
of the SAB in our efforts to revise and update our estimates of water ingestion rates for the U.S.
population. The discussion and recommendations of the subcommittee have been very beneficial
and led directly to a substantially improved report.
Sincerely,
J. Charles Fox
Assistant Administrator
Enclosure
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Response to Science Advisory Board Recommendations
In July 1999 the Drinking Water Intake Subcommittee (DWIS) of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) Science Advisory Board (SAB) reviewed the report Estimated Per
Capita Water Consumption in the United States (hereafter referred to as the Report). The SAB
provided its written comments and recommendations in December 1999. The following 16
points address the SAB's major findings and recommendations and describe our responses.
1. Report objective: The SAB expressed concern that the Report is purely descriptive and
does not provide "an explicit discussion of how the estimates in the Report might
reasonably be applied by users." It was EPA's intent to limit the Report's objective to the
provision of current descriptive statistics on water ingestion for the population of the
United States and selected subpopulations. The Report does identify some of the broad
applications for these estimates including their use in the development of risk assessment
and regulations which involve default values for water ingestion and in the estimates of
risks to highly exposed and/or sensitive populations. We believe that more explicit
guidance on the application of these estimates is out of the scope of the study. However,
we anticipate that guidance on the use of estimates, will be addressed by EPA Program
Offices in documents to be developed in the near future.
2. Overview of logic and survey design: The SAB stated that "The Report needs a
prominent and early explanation of the logic used in the survey design and in the
analyses used to develop the Agency's estimates." We have made some modifications to
the text in the Report in order to respond to this SAB comment. The details of the
statistical methodologies, which were in the main text of the Report, have been moved to
an appendix. The initial chapters of the Report now provide summary descriptions of
both the survey design and methodology. These explanations should be understandable to
the general scientific audience. The user is also directed to the references to obtain
additional background on the survey design and statistical methods.
3. Reliability of estimates: The SAB recommended that the report "mustprovide a much
clearer indication of which estimates are reliable and which ones are not as reliable." In
response to this comment, we have amended the Report to state that estimates based on
small sample sizes may be less reliable than estimates based on larger sample sizes. As
suggested by the SAB, we applied the minimal reporting requirements provided in the
"Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States" published in 1995 by the
Life Sciences Research Office of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental
Biology. In accordance with this document, mean ingestions estimated with a sample
size of less than 48 are marked with an asterisk to indicate that they may be statistically
unreliable. Similarly, percentiles estimated with sample sizes less than
12.8/(l-percentile) may be statistically unreliable and are also marked.
4. USDA data: The SAB commented that the Agency did not clearly state that the estimates
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were generated from a summary tape containing only final weights assigned to
individuals. In response to this comment, the Report has been amended to include a more
detailed explanation on how the survey weights were calculated byUSDA. USDA
provided sample weights for each survey respondent in the three survey years with two
days of consumption data. Sample weights, which project the data from a sampled
individual to the population, are based on the probability of an individual being sampled
at each stage of the sampling design. The sample weights associated with each individual
were adjusted by USDA for nonresponse to correct for nonresponse bias as discussed in
Appendix D of the final Report. However, certain variables, for example, region, are at a
summary level. USDA has named the States within a region. Estimates by State,
however, are not trackable because USDA data do not contain a variable identifying
States. For this reason, water ingestion estimates by State are not possible. Furthermore,
variance estimating strata are numbered sequentially. The sequential numbering prevents
aggregation of strata with similar consumption patterns and thus reduces the ability to
generate certain subpopulation variance estimates. The USDA documentation referenced
in the Report provide the details on the calculation of the survey weights.
5. Commercial water: The SAB recommends that the Report make clear that the estimates
do not include commercial water (water added by the manufacturer prior to marketing).
In response to this comment we have further emphasized throughout the report that the
water ingestion estimates do not include commercial water or biological water (water
found naturally in foods). Also, all tables of estimates now bear a footnote which states
"All estimates exclude commercial and biological water."
6. Water ingestion by "consumers only": The SAB recommends that the Report include
water ingestion estimates based on those respondents reporting water consumption
during the two days captured by the CSFII. In response to this recommendation, we
revised the Report to provide water ingestion estimates based on both the entire
population and on "consumers only." The estimates for "all individuals" use water
ingestion data from all survey respondents in the population (or subpopulation) including
those who reported no consumption of the water from the source under consideration.
The "consumers only" estimates include only individuals who reported ingestion of the
water under consideration.
7. Survey limitations: The SAB strongly recommends that the Report make explicit the
limitations of the estimates. Specifically, the SAB points out that some sub-populations of
interest included are not represented in the report. In response to this recommendation,
the "Discussion" chapter of the Report was amended to provide additional detail on the
survey strengths and weaknesses. This chapter now specifically states that the survey
design does not support generating water consumption estimates for certain sub-
populations of interest. Examples of such sub-populations are Native Americans with
traditional lifestyles, people who live in hot climates, people who consume large amounts
of water because of physical activity, and people with medical conditions necessitating
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increased water intake. The reason that the survey does not support estimation of water
ingestion by certain sub-populations is that estimation for these sub-populations was not
provided for in the design of the study. Rather, the survey is designed to support
ingestion estimates by the U.S. population.
8. Units of milliliters/kilogram of body weight/day: The SAB recommends that the
Report provide water ingestion estimates in both units ofmilliliters/person/day and on
milliliters/kilogram of body weight/day. In response to this comment, the Report now
provides all water ingestion estimates in both units ofmilliliters/person/day and
milliliters/kilogram of body weight/day.
9. New studies: The SAB suggests that additional studies to collect current or retrospective
information on subgroups of interest could augment the report. We have noted the
recommendations but have limited the estimates to those supported by the USDA's 1994-
96 CSFII as this survey was designed to collect consumption data from the U.S.
population.
10. Confidence intervals: The SAB stated that the "report could be considerably
strengthened, and the potential for misinterpretation of its findings could be reduced
substantially, if the Agency provided information on the statistical significance of
differences in water consumption between major subgroups of the population. " In
response to this recommendation, all key tables of water ingestion in the Results chapter
of the Report now provide 90 percent confidence interval estimates about the mean per
capita water ingestion and 90 percent bootstrap interval estimates of upper percentiles
from the empirical distributions of per capita water ingestion. However, the limited
sample sizes for certain sub-populations in conjunction with the survey design do not
always support estimation of variance which is a necessary component of interval
estimation. This is a characteristic of the survey data reporting by USDA. In response to
the SAB recommendation, the Report provides detailed discussions of this limitation in
both the Methods chapter and the Discussion chapter. Population and subpopulations
with sample sizes that are large enough to support variance estimation have interval
estimates reported in the main body of the Report. For the smaller subpopulations, as
determined by the number of respondents in the survey, point estimates are segregated in
the appendices.
11. Hypothesis testing: The SAB suggests providing information on statistical significance
of differences in water consumption between major subgroups of the population. We
have not applied formal inferential tests of differences between subpopulation water
ingestion estimates; the objective of the Report was limited to presenting current per
capita water consumption estimates. However, we provide interval estimates about water
ingestion estimates for major subpopulations. These interval estimates can be employed
by the user to assess the differences in subpopulations.
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12. Data validation and quality assurance procedures: The SAB suggests that data
procedures should be prominently documented. In response to this suggestion, we have
added a brief discussion in the "Methods" chapter of the Report which describes the data
conventions and validation procedures applied to create the data subsets from which the
estimates were created. This chapter also identifies the variables used to identify water
consumption and sources. It also relates the file interrelationships and assumptions
applied to water-containing foods. Data convention and validation procedures described
in the Report are augmented with listings of pertinent survey questions, methods for
calculating indirect water and listings of water containing food codes. These augmenting
materials appear in the appendices.
13. Number of tables of estimated water ingestion: The SAB stated that the number of
tables should be substantially reduced to reflect a limited number ofsubpopulations.
EPA has done this. We deleted the tables for race/ethnicity, region, economic status, and
residential status because of sparse data in some cells. We retained the estimates based
on age (broad and fine), pregnant women, lactating women and women of childbearing
age. We placed key tables of estimates which we considered of major interest to the user
in the "Results" chapter. These tables provide 90 percent confidence intervals around the
mean and 90 percent bootstrap intervals around the upper percentiles. Each table has a
corresponding graphical display. A more comprehensive set of tables is provided in the
Appendix E of the Report. We have flagged estimates in all tables that do not meet the
minimal reporting requirements as defined in the "Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring
in the United States". We have also added footnotes to the tables which address data
limitations.
14. Averaging time: The SAB recommends that the Agency make clear to the user that the
water ingestion estimates are based on two-day averages. The 1994-96 Continuing
Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) collected two non-consecutive days of food
ingestion data. Quantities of ingested water reported were averaged by participant to
generate a two-day average. Throughout the Report we have stated that the estimates of
water ingestion are based on the average of the two days water ingestion reported by
individual survey respondents. Additionally, in response to the SAB recommendation,
we have added a footnote to all tables of estimates which states: "Estimates are based on
two-day averages."
15. Age categories: The SAB states that it "is extremely important to segregate children by
age..." and that "... it is much less important to separate estimates for adults by age
because the differences are much smaller." The Report provides water ingestion
estimates for broad age categories and fine age categories. In response to the SAB
comment, we amended the broad age categories to include a single adult age group. The
broad age categories now cover babies (less than one year old), children (one to 10 years
old), young adults (11 to 19 years old), adults (20 years and older). The fine age
categories include 11 age groupings. These groupings are less than six months (<0.5
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years), between six months and one year (0.5 to 0.9 years), 1 to 3 years, 4 to 6 years, 7 to
10 years, 11 to 14 years, 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years, and
65 and older.
16. Sensitivity analysis: The SAB recommends that the EPA conduct a sensitivity analysis
of the data assumptions made during the data analysis. This comment pertains to the
assumptions made about the source of drinking water (plain water ingested directly as a
beverage). These assumptions, which are described in the "Methods" chapter of the
Report, were necessary because the CSFI survey does not completely designate the
source of the plain drinking water. We agree with the SAB's recommendation and a
sensitivity analysis under is consideration for future work. Time and resources do not
permit the Agency to conduct the analysis at this time.
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