PA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Off ice of Water
(WH-546)
832 B-92-001
April 1992
Municipal Water
Pollution Prevention
Bibliography
992 if
THE YEAR OF
CLEAN WTER
Printed on Recycled Paper
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MIVPP Bibliography - October t, t99t
r
PREFACE
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 established pollution prevention as national policy This
Act sets forth a formal legislative charter for EPA to establish programs that promote pollution
prevention. Specifically, the Act establishes a hierarchy of waste management activities placing
source reduction as the most preferred option. Source reduction refers to preventing or reducing the
generation of waste at the source before it becomes a waste management problem. To accomplish
this goal in the area of domestic waste treatment, EPA is initiating the Municipal Water Pollution
Prevention (MWPP) program.
The MWPP Program is a voluntary and cooperative effort by EPA, State governments and
municipalities to:
fl Prevent NPDES permit violations and maintain high compliance rates by publicly
owned treatment works (POTWs);
fl Maximize .the useful lives of POTWs through reduced wastewater flows and loading,
and effective operation and maintenance; and
fl Ensure effective and timely planning and financing for future needs and growth before
permit violations occur.
An effectively designed and implemented MWPP program can:
fl Reduce the need for substantial additional investment in the municipal pollution
control infrastructure by emphasizing source reduction at the POTW, not increases in
the size and complexity of the treatment works.
fl Improve usability of sludge, increase ability of local community expansion, reduce
operation and compliance costs, and enhance worker safety.
This document has been designed for the use of POTW operators and dischargers to POTWs
It provides a listing of the most current literature available on pollution prevention as it relates to
municipal wastewater. The literature has been categorized into the following sections: pretreatment -
with specific citations for tanning, metal finishing, and aircraft cleaning; PACT (Powdered Activated
Carbon Treatment); legal and policy issues; enforcement; municipalities; land application of sludge-
surface and ground water; and miscellaneous. Many of these documents contain case studies that
may serve as model pollution prevention programs. These sources are indicated in the biblioaraohv
with an asterisk (*).
This bibliography also gives interested parties direct access to each source. A telephone
number is provided at the end of each citation to assist the reader in acquiring further information on
each source or a copy of the source.
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MWPP Bibliography - October 1, 1991
CONTENTS
I. PRETREATMENT . . . . . . , . • 1
A. General ..... 1
B. Tanning Industry 5
C. Metal Finishing 5
D. Aircraft 7
H. PACT (Powdered Activated Carbon'Treatment) ... 8
III. LEGAL AND POLICY RELATED ISSUES . . g
IV. ENFORCEMENT ^
V. MUNICIPALITIES . . '. 12
VI. LAND APPLICATION OF SLUDGE 14
VII. SURFACE AND GROUND WATER ' 15
VIII. MISCELLANEOUS 16
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MWPP Bibliography ~ October 1, 1991
I. PRETREATMENT
A. General
Austin, Scott R., et al., Toxic Pollutant Removals and Removal Credits at a Major POTW •
Proceedings of the 40th Industrial Waste Conference. Purdue University, (May 14-15 1985 DD
639-647). Reprints are available through Lewis Publishers at (313) 475-8619. '
Removal credits to companies that discharge to public sewers are an
essential part of the EPA's program to establish equivalent wastewater
disposal burdens on direct and indirect dischargers as mandated by the
Clean Water Act. Basing the removal credits on the performance of
individual publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), however, does not fully '
establish this equivalency. Since pollutants are easier to remove from
concentrated wastestreams than from more dilute wastestreams, industrial
users of POTWs with high toxic pollutant loadings will have higher revised
pretreatment standards and lower costs than users'of less industrialized
systems. The Sanitation District of Los Angeles County's experience
indicates that administering removal credits may be more complicated than
had been anticipated. The Sanitation District's data indicate that a single
year's data may not adequately characterize the long-term performance of a
wastewater treatment plant.
Beall, John H., "Current Status of EPA's Industrial Pretreatment Program," The Georgia
Operator, (Spring 1985, p. 4). Reprints are available through the Georgia Water and Pollution
Control Association at (404) 429-0187.
The Georgia Environmental Protection Division assumes the responsibility
for industrial pretreatment program development for publicly owned
treatment works (POTWs) with design flows less than 5 mgd and in those
cases where one or two industries discharge to the POTW. As a result of
such programs, many POTWs have experienced improved performance at
their plants as industrial contributors pretreat their process wastewaters.
Categorical standards and program implementation issues are surveyed.
* Bringer, Robert P., "Making Pollution Prevention Pay." EPA Journal. (1984, Vol 10 No 10 DD
28-29). Reprints are available through the EPA Library at (202) 260-5922. ' ' '
The 3M Company made pollution prevention an integral part of its
worldwide manufacturing operations and environmental policy in 1975.
Savings resulted from pollution control equipment purchases that were
eliminated or delayed, raw materials saved and operating costs reduced,
energy saved, and sales retained on products that might otherwise have
been taken off the market as environmentally unacceptable.
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MWPP Bibliography - October 1,1991
* Calvin, D.W., et al., "Integrated Waste Management: An Industrial Perspective, 'Toxic
Contamination in Large Lakes Volume III. (1988. pp. 165-175). Reprints are available through
Lewis Publishers at (313) 475-8619.
The Midland, Michigan location is abundant in natural resources, particularly :
brine, this facility is DOWs specialty chemical production headquarters,
more than 500 different products are produced at this site. The company
began a policy at the Midland facility to determine what type and quantity of
waste will be generated before any new product is manufactured. DOWs
mission is to minimize unnecessary risks while maximizing the benefit of
products and services to the rest of society. This paper discusses the
production, disposal, and communication options (with a focus on
wastewater) necessary to achieve their goal.
* Cootey, Robert V., et al., eds., 'Municipal Pretreatment Program Development," Journal of the
Water Pollution Control Federation. (July 1982, Vol. 54, No. 7, pp. 1067-1077). Reprints are
available through the Water Pollution Control Federation Library at (703) 684-2402.
The requirements and development of a publicly owned treatment works
(POTW) pretreatment program are described. Elements of program
development include an industrial inventory, establishment of pretreatment
limitations, a monitoring enforcement program, arrangements with legal
authorities, appropriate funding, and an information program to educate
industry and the general public. Three case histories illustrate development
of toxic limitations, control of operational problems, and analysis of control
measures. Santa Cruz, California, established rational discharge limits by
performing mass balance analyses of the pretreatment works to determine
allowable influent concentrations. Clark County, Nevada, developed a
program to determine the contribution of pollutants from all users, domestic
and industrial, and evaluate several treatment options. Operational
problems at Albany, Georgia, were solved after an industrial monitoring
program determined that two industries out of 44 were responsible for most
of the problems. The development of Seattle, Washington's metropolitan
pretreatment program was presented as an illustration of the entire
pretreatment process.
Gold, Tod A., 'EPA's Pretreatment Program," Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review,
(1989, Vol. 16, pp. 459-530). Reprints are available through the Boston College Environmental
Affairs Law Review at (617) 552-8553.
EPA's efforts to control the discharge of toxins into surface waters have
shifted to address pretreatment standards that require industrial users to
treat their wastewater before it reaches publicly owned treatment works
(POTWs). Pretreatment standards are comprised of three tiers, but
standards can be modified when individual circumstances warrant. The
local and Federal legal disputes among industry, environmental groups, and
EPA that have shaped the pretreatment program are considered.
Enforcement options are discussed.
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MWPP Bibliography - October 1, 1991
* Gunthert and Hajek, 'Industrial Wastewater Pretreatment of a Dental-Pharmaceutical
Company." Pretreatment in Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment. (iaa« pp 179.18?)
Reprints are available through SpringerrVerlag Publishers at (212) 460-1500.
The industrial wastewater from this dental-pharmaceutical company contains
compounds that cannot be discharged into the municipal wastewater
system without pretreatment. In order to treat the different streams from the
wastewater settling tanks, buffer and neutralization tanks are provided. If •
necessary, anti-foam agents can be added. Before the pretreated
wastewater is discharged into the municipal wastewater system, it is
monitored as to its composition. The paper discusses the expansion of the
facility in 1986 and 1987 to meet modern sanitary engineering standards
during excessive overloads.
* Hubbell, George, et al., "Municipal Pretreatment Program Goes On-Line,' Water Engineering
and Management, (January 1986, Vol. 133, No. 1, pp. 22-24). Reprints are available through
Water Engineering and Management at (312) 298-6622.
An industrial pretreatment program involving more than 5,700 industrial and
commercial businesses was implemented in Flint, Michigan. The program is
designed to prevent the introduction of toxic and incompatible pollutants
into publicly owned treatment works that will receive inadequate treatment.
Establishing the pretreatment system program entailed surveying potential
users, developing discharge limitations, devising a monitoring program and
evaluating equipment needs.
Interrante, John V., "Pretreatment of Fluoride Bearing Wastewaters," Toxic and Hazardous
Wastes: Proceedings of the 7th Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference. fJune ?*-?* lore
pp. 74-92). Reprints are available through BCM Engineers, Inc. at (215) 825-3800.
The various methods available for pretreatment of fluoride bearing
wastewaters include: (1) Precipitation/clarification using lime and/or calcium
chloride; (2) Two-stage precipitation/clarification using aluminum sutfate to
"polish" the effluent from method 1. Treatability testing indicates that
effluent levels of less than 20 mg/l can be achieved with a two-stage
precipitation/clarification treatment scheme; (3) Precipitation/clarification
using alum by itself in a one stage system; and (4) Ion exchange using
activated aluminum, which is technologically feasible and can consistently
achieve effluent levels well below 20 mg/l. However, this is the most
expensive of the four methods described and would not be economically
feasible except as a last resort.
* Ling, Joseph T.,»The 3P Program: An Effective Approach to Industrial Pollution" Toxic
Contamination in Large Lakes Volume JV, (1988, pp. 111-118). Reprints are availablelhTough
Lewis Publishers at (313) 475-8619. ««uaii
The concern of this program is the preservation of the world's large lakes
from pollution. The solution requires the thoughtful consideration, planning
and cooperation of those in science, technology, industry, and government'
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MWPP Bibliography- October 1,1991
working together for the public interest. It protects the environment from ,
pollution, especially industrial sources, saves resources, and money, and
encourages the development and Implementation of new and innovative
technology. The program uses 3M as an .industrial case study.
* Nichols, A.B., 'Industry Initiates Source Prevention," Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation. (January 1988, Vol. 60(1), pp. 36-44). Reprints are available through the Water
Pollution Control Federation Library at (703) 684-2404.
Efforts in source prevention made by 3M, Dow Chemical, Borden, and
smaller firms are described. The effect on publicly owned treatment works
from the adoption of source prevention by their industrial customers is
discussed. In an October 1986 report, EPA states that in 25 years,
aggregate waste generation volumes can be reduced by an additional 15-
30% by the extension of existing source control techniques. The Office of
Technology Assessment has strongly advocated the waste minimization
concept.
Schauer, D., "Pretreatment Standards for Hazardous Wastes," BioCycle. (May-June 1986, Vol.
27, No. 5, pp. 45-47). Reprints are available through BioCycle at (215) 967-4135.
Results of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Domestic Sewage
Study are summarized under the following headings: Resource Recovery
and Conservation Act (RCRA) vs. pretreatment; pretreatment program;
environmental concerns (water pollution, sludge contamination, air pollution,
worker health and safety, overall publicly-owned treatment works' (PCTW)
operation, and ground water pollution); study methods; discharge data
(overview of sources, types, and quantities; nonpriority RCRA constituents,
solvents and other common organics; pollutant fate within POTWs;
hazardous waste discharges; and adequacy of existing governmental
controls); and recommendations. Four recommendations for improving
controls on hazardous waste discharges to sewers have been derived:
(1) additional research, data collection, and analysis are necessary to fill
information gaps; (2) improvements can be made to federal categorical standards
and local pretreatment controls to enhance control of hazardous wastes
discharged to sewers; (3) EPA should emphasize improvement of controls on
hazardous wastes through ongoing implementation of water programs; and (4)
RCRA and CERCLA should be considered along with the Clean Water Act to
control hazardous waste discharges and/or receiving POTWs if the recommended
additional studies indicate problems.
* Zoss, Sara J. and Koenigsberger, Michael D., "Pollution Prevention Pays (3P). 3M's Response
to Industrial Waste Control," Proceedings of the 39th Industrial Waste Conference. Purdue
University, (May 8-10,1984, pp. 459-461). Reprints are available through Lewis Publishers at
(313)475-8619.
In the nine years since the Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) Program was
formalized at 3M, over 1,000 programs have been developed preventing the
annual generation of 90,000 tons of air pollutants, 950 million gallons of
wastewater, 10,000 tons of water pollutants, and 138,000 tons of sludge and
solid waste. In addition, energy savings equivalent to 254,000 barrels of
fuel oil are achieved annually. Conventional methods of pollution control
only deal with the symptoms of "First Generation" pollution; they are
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MWPP Bibliography - October 1, 1991
ineffective against "Second Generation' and Third Generation" pollution.
Pollution prevention programs deal with these second and third generation
pollution types. This paper lists examples and discusses some of the
programs implemented by 3M.
B. Tanning Industry
Alexander, Dr. Ken and Donohue, Veronica, "Cleaner Technologies in the Tanning Industry"
The Environmental Challenge of the igon^: Proceedings. International Conference on Poiiirtir
Prevention: Clean Technologies and Clean Products. June 10-13, iflgn (Spptomhor 1QQn
RePrirrts are available through the RCRA/Superfund Hotline at
The British Leather Confederation is gathering information on clean
technologies of leather manufacture in cooperation with other leather
industrial associations. First results of this work will be presented as an
example of the role that industrial associations can play in networking and
promoting cleaner production. Key aspects of the work are: (1)
development of a practical database of clean technologies for the leather
industry; and (2) development of networks of experts on clean technoloav
for the leather industry.
* Tsotsos, Dimitrios, 'Recovery of Chromium from Tannery Wastewaters," The Environmental
Challenge of the 1990's: Proceedings. International Conference on Pollution Prevention- Clean
Technologies and Clean Products. June 1O-13, igon, (fioptomh^ 1QQn Epyy600/g 00/0J3 pp
665-675). Reprints are available through the RCRA/Superfund Hotline at (800) 424-9346. '
This demonstration project combines the requirements of minimized
wastewater discharge with economical benefits for the tanning production
process. This combination demonstrates that the proper functioning and
operation of the related facilities is not only a matter of control by the
environmental authorities but also is closely linked with the industry's
economic interest (raw material saving).
C. Metal Finishing
Cushnie, George C., Jr., Ed., Removal of Metals From Wastewater - Neutralization and
FJlgmgjioj?, (Noyes Publications, 1984). Reprints are available through Noyes Publications at
(&01) 391-8484.
This book is a manual of design and operating procedures for the removal of
metals from industrial wastewaters by neutralization and precipitation Also
covered are methods for the handling and disposal of residues from the treatment
processes.
Davis Mark W. and Sandy, Tom, "Zero Sludge/Zero Discharge Pretreatment System for the
Metal Finishing and Plating Industry," Proceedings of the 44th Industrial Waste Conferen™
^Id0tLe,UniVersity' (1"°' pp< 649-654). Reprints are available through Lewis Publishers at'(313)
475-8619. '
A wide variety of metals are used in the metal finishing and plating industry
Although some of these metals are relatively benign, most are toxic to either
humans or wildlife. Many metal finishing and plating companies discharge
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MWPP Bibliography- October 1,1991
their wastewater to municipal sewage treatment plants.. Since metal
contaminants accumulate in the sludge produced by conventional
wastewater treatment systems, thus complicating disposal, pretreatment of *
the wastewater is required. Because state and local governments may have
stricter standards than EPA's pretreatment standards, it is important to
identify all pertinent regulatory standards before designing a treatment
system.
* Drabkin, Marvin and Sylvestri, Paul, Project Summary: Waste Minimization Audit Report:
Case Studies of Minimization of Solvent Wastes and Electroplating Wastes at a POD
Installation. EPA Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, (March 1988). Reprints
are available through EPA at (513) 569-7562.
This study presents the elements of a waste minimization program, of which
the audit procedure is a central component, and includes details of the
waste minimization audit (WMA) procedure, its development, and its final
recommended form. A case study is presented using this WMA procedure
and covers audits performed at a DOD installation. Such procedures
include facilities that generate listed wastes F002 and F004 as well as a
facility that generates listed waste F006.
Feasibility of Water Recycling as a Waste Reduction Method. Prepared for the Minnesota
Waste Management Board by PACE Laboratories, Inc. (December 1985). Reprints are available
through the Minnesota Waste Management Board at (612) 649-5750.
A summary of the effects of recycling ion exchange treated metal finishing
wastewaters on hazardous waste reduction.
Hazelwood, D.L and B.J. Burgher, 'Solvent Waste Reduction and Recovery," Earth Technology
Corporation, (Alexandria, VA, pp. 334-342). Reprints are available through the Earth
Technology Corporation at (703) 549-8728.
There are numerous industrial operations that result in waste solvent
generation. Some of the most common operations include parts cleaning
and degreasing, general plant clean-up and maintenance, painting, paint
stripping, fuel tank cleaning, and printing. One of the largest sources of
waste solvents is preparation of metal surfaces for further processing by
solvents and degreasing. In light of the large quantities of waste solvents
from this source and the renewed interest in solvent recovery, this paper
explores the available technology, economics, and applications/limitations of
waste stream reduction techniques as well as on-site and off-site recovery
systems.
Hillier, A.C., et al., eds., 'Process Options for Waste Minimization and Metal Recovery for the
Metal Finishing Industries," The Environmental Challenge of the 1990's: Proceedings.
International Conference on Pollution Prevention: Clean Technologies and Clean Products.
June 10-13.1990. (September 1990, EPA/600/9-90/039, pp. 703-712). Reprints are available
through the RCRA/Superfund Hotline at (800) 424-9346.
There is growing environmental concern with the methods of waste disposal
used for handling hazardous materials in the metal finishing industry. A
resulting need exists to develop and implement the best existing and
potential technologies for waste minimization and resource recovery. The
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MWPP Bibliography - October 1,1991
objectives of this study were to identify and briefly describe both existing
and potential future methods for minimizing and recovering metallic wastes
in the metal finishing industries. Included in the evaluation are the
advantages and disadvantages of the various methods available and under
development. •
Tsai, Eric Chai-EI and Nixon, Roy, "Simple Techniques for Source Reduction of Wastes from
Metal Plating Operations," Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Materials, (Winter 1939, Vol 6
No. 1, pp. 67-78). Reprints are available through Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Materials
at (212) 289-2300.
There are many simple techniques available for source reduction of wastes
from metal plating operations. They may be grouped into eight categories:
reactive rinsing, counterflow rinsing, dragout minimization, dragout recovery,
process modifications/operational changes, material substitutions, waste
exchange opportunities, and housekeeping improvements. A technical
assistance project and financial incentive programs offered by Environment
Canada are also described.
D. Aircraft
North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service. Pesticides and Water Quality. Disposal of Aircraft
Rinse Water, (1988, Fact Sheet 9). Reprints are available through the North Carolina
Agricultural Extension Service at (919) 515-2811.
This paper discusses the disposal of aircraft rinsewater as it relates to
~ hazardous waste laws, recycling, and treatment.
Rester, Darryl, 'Pesticide Application Equipment Rinse Water Recycling," The Environmental
Challenge of the 1990's: Proceedings, International Conference on PollutionPrevention- Clear
Technologies and Clean Products, June 10-13. 1990. teeptemhpr -mon FPA/«nn/Q Q0/0'39 pp
563-572). Reprints are available through the RCRA/Superfund Hotline at (800) 424-9346. '
Wastewater recycling involves collecting the aircraft washwater and storing
the water in tanks for use as a diluent on future application jobs. Three to
five, 250 jo 500 gallon tanks are normally used to store waste from various
pesticides thus preventing label violations and the possibility of crop
damage. Thirty percent of the applicators rinsed the aircraft over the field
being treated. Ten percent modified the aircraft or used other waste
disposal techniques. During the past four years, several applicators have
been interviewed to determine the cost of constructing and operating the
wastewater recycling systems, as well as information on problems.
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MWPP Bibliography - October 1,1991
II. PACT (Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment)
Dietrich, M.J., Cdpa, W.M., et al., "Removal of Pollutants from Dilute Wastewater by the PACT
Treatment Process," Environmental Progress. (May 1988, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 143-149). Reprints
are available through Zimpro/Passavant, Inc. at (7i5) 359-7211.
The PACT wastewater treatment system incorporates the use of powdered
activated carbon in a conventional activated sludge system. The
combination of physical adsorption with biological oxidation and assimilation
in the PACT system has been shown to be particularly effective in treating
dilute wastewaters that are variable in concentration and composition,
highly colored, or contain materials that are refractive or potentially toxic to
biological growth. Dilute wastewaters treated successfully in bench-scale
PACT systems include those from organic chemicals, Pharmaceuticals,
metal coating, shale oil retort'water, evaporation ponds, leachates, and
rainwater runoff: Specific pollutants present included compounds such as
phenols, cyanides, thiocyanate, pesticides, and priority pollutants. The
PACT wastewater treatment process has successfully treated these
wastewaters and produced effluents meeting POTW or direct environmental
discharge requirements. Operational parameters and performance results
obtained for a number of bench-scale PACT systems are presented.
Loehr, R.C., "Reduction of Organics by Biological Treatment," Control of Organic Substances in
Water and Wastewater. (1987, pp. 305-336). Reprints are available through the Uniyersity of
Texas - Austin at (512) 471-4624.
This chapter describes the major aerobic processes (activated sludge,
aerated lagoons, oxidation ponds, trickling filters, PACT, and sedimentation),
effluent quality, the factors affecting removal of organics, and typical
process performance. It also identifies the type and quantity of organics
that can be removed from untreated industrial wastewater, as well as
municipal wastewater, by typical aerobic biological treatment processes.
Data indicates that: (1) well operated publicly owned treatment works
(POTWs) remove variable but significant amounts of organic priority
pollutants; (2) POTW effluents contain some organic priority pollutants in
low concentrations (generally < 100 micrograms/L); and (3) many of the
priority pollutants can be found in POTW sludges. Available information
indicates that biological treatment processes can achieve hjgh removals of
organic pollutants. It is clear that microbial degradation is not the only
mechanism of removal of organic compounds in biological treatment
systems.
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MWPP Bibliography ~ October 1, 1991
LEGAL AND POLICY RELATED ISSUES
Belpe, Marcia R., "Pollution Control Laws Against Public Facilities,' Harvard Environmental Law
S^view8at (617) 495^9?"146)' ^'^ *** available through the Harvard Environmental
Publicly owned treatment works and other public facilities are frequent
violators of pollution law, but enforcement against publicly owned facilities is
often lax. The statutory framework and causes of noncompliance are
examined in light of special enforcement problems involving public
discharges. A variety of remedies are evaluated in administrative and
judicial enforcement contexts and funding issues are considered. It is
concluded that agencies and courts have not used the full extent of their
authority and have placed too much reliance on ordering compliance for
enforcement.
Erdheim, Eric, 'United States Marine Waste Disposal Policy,' Nearshore Waste Disposal
Bostwick H. Ketchum, ed., (1985, pp. 421-460). Reprints are available through Wiley- '
Interscience at (212) 850-6000.
Laws such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Clean
Air Act have made waste disposal on land and in the atmosphere more
difficult, thus forcing a reevaluation of the policy of not using the marine
environment for waste disposal. The marine environment is likely to be
used for waste disposal to a greater extent in the future. The health of the
marine environment will depend on effective implementation and integration
of the Ocean Dumping Act and the Clean Water Act. For the long term, the
United States needs to develop a comprehensive waste-disposal policy'that
results in wastes being disposed of in the environmental medium of least
risk to human health and to the environment.
Hahn, H.H. and Hartmann, K.H., "Pretreatment of Industrial Wastewater: Legal and Planning
Aspects - A Case Study," Pretreatment in Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment (1988
pp. 125-137). Reprints are available through Springer-Verlag Publishers at (212) 460-1500. '
There are new administrative regulations that permit the water authorities to
demand, in specific situations, industrial pretreatment. In terms of waste
load or treatability, the subsequent treatment of such industrial streams in
the central municipal plant may no longer be a problem. The purpose of
this contribution is to describe these new regulations and to illustrate their
effect by discussing one example of reorientation in combined industrial
wastewater treatment.
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MWPP Bibliography - October 1,1991
"Law and Water: Court Clarifies Liability of Industrial POTW User," Journal of American Water
Works Association. (January 1989, Vol. 81(1), p. 18). Reprints are available through the
American Water Works Association at (303) 794-7711.
A federal appellate court held that an industrial user of a publicly owned
treatment works (POTW) could be liable under the Clean Water Act even if
the user's discharge was not a significant contributor to the POTW's
violation of its permit.
Municipal Water Pollution Prevention Program. United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water (WH-546) 21W-7002, (March 1991). Reprints are available through EPA, Office
of Water at (202) 260-7779.
The Municipal Water Pollution Prevention (MWPP) program encourages
municipalities to apply elements of pollution prevention. Publicly owned
treatment works (POTWs) not only discharge wastewater, but may
contribute to the releases of various air emissions and solid waste streams
as a result of their activities and the activities of their indirect dischargers.
MWPP may also play a valuable part in addressing releases of various air
emissions and solid waste streams. There are additional opportunities to
achieve pollution prevention through industrial source reduction under the
p'retreatment program. This document contains program components and
options including: early warning systems, reporting mechanisms, corrective
action, and program management. Funding options are identified, and the
role and responsibilities of EPA are defined. Several case studies dealing
with compliance maintenance on a state level are defined in the
appendices.
Neuman, Barry S., "Third Circuit Clears Way for National Pretreatment Program," Environmental
Law Reporter. (February, 1984, pp. 10039-10046). Reprints are available through the
Environmental Law Institute at (202) 939-3813.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit upheld the basic program
established by EPA to control the discharge of wastewater from industrial
facilities. The decision rendered in National Association of Metal Finishers
v. EPA resolved numerous challenges to the EPA pretreatment program, a
controversial aspect inherent in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of
1977. Regulations requiring pretreatment of industrial effluents prior to their
discharge to publicly owned treatment works and setting standards for
metal finishing effluents were the focus of the litigation.
Niehaus, Kristy A., "Clean Water Act Permitting: The NPDES Program at Fifteen," Natural
Resources and Environment. (Winter 1987, pp. 16-48). Reprints are available through the
American Bar Association at (312) 988-5555.
Three major aspects of the current NPDES permitting program are
discussed: the scope of the program, substantive permit application
requirements, and permit terms and conditions. The scope of the program
is broad, but it does not cover non-point sources of pollution, discharges to
publicly owned treatment works and dredge or fill material discharges. The
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differences among various application requirements are underscored for
stormwater point sources, new sources and new dischargers, and
nonprocess discharges. Issues such as how to regulate stormwater and
how to set water quality-based limits under the NPDES program remain to
be determined by EPA.
Wigglesworth, David, Profiting from Wastewater Reduction in Your Small Business Alaska
Health Project, (1988), Reprints are available through the Alaska Health Project at (907) 276-
This manual is intended to be a guidance manual to help businesses take
the first step toward evaluating waste reduction opportunities and to build
awareness of the benefits of waste reduction. Compliance with
environmental and occupational safety and health laws is the responsibility
of each individual business and is not the focus of this manual.
IV. ENFORCEMENT
Toon' w°,9er' "EPA>S Carrot Turns lnto A B|9 stick'" Water Engineering and Management (July
1989, Vol. 136, No. 7, pp. 30-32). Reprints are available through Water Engineerinq and
Management at (312) 298-6622. a a«uu
In the early 1980s, EPA realized that despite massive Federal funding,
nearly 1,500 large publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs) were not
making sufficient progress to achieve secondary or greater treatment levels
by deadlines mandated by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1977
The agency adopted a new enforcement policy in 1984, levying stiff
monetary fines for national pollution discharge elimination system violations
and failures of POTWs to meet stringent treatment requirements. As of July
1988, there were still more than 400 major and 1,600 minor noncompliant
plants subject to EPA's enforcement weapons. The typical enforcement
response has been the assessment of $10 thousand to $10 million fines-
the Agency has collected more than $10 million in penalties from
municipalities to date.
Wann, David, •Pretreatment Protects POTWs," WasteAge, (October, 1989 Vol 20(10) pp 136
138). Reprints are available through Waste Age at (202) 861-0708.
Publicly owned treatment works are being hurt by a lack of enforcement of
industrial wastewater pretreatment standards. This paper describes a few
such incidents and details possible solutions.
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MtVPP Bibliography ~ October 1,1991
V. MUNICIPALITIES
Analysis of Performance Limiting Factors (PLFs) at Small Sewage Treatment Plants. United
States EPA, Office of Water (WH-546), QMPC-10-89, (April 1989). Reprints are available
through EPA, Office of Water at (202) 260-7779.
The Section 104(g)(1) program, the On-Srte Operator Assistance Program,
has been very successful in identifying the factors that have typically limited
performance of small treatment plants and in providing solutions to these
problems. While the program is a cost-effective approach to meeting these
needs, it is, by design, an after-the-fact approach. This paper describes
many actions - mostly simple, straightforward, and inexpensive - that can
be taken to forestall the problems that can limit small plant performance.
* Bemardin, Frederick E., "A Waste Hauler/Disposer Meets Pretreatment Guidelines,"
Proceedings of the 37th Industrial Waste Conference. Purdue University, (May 11-13, 1982, pp.
369-37). Reprints are available through Lewis Publishers at (313) 475-8619.
In these times of economic stress and reduced federal support it is imperative that
municipalities and industries work together to solve pollution problems in a rational
and economical way. This project and the cooperation between Wayne County,
the provider of sanitary sewerage services, and Chem-Met Services is an example
of the type of effort that will be required in the future to solve environmental
problems related to wastewater discharges with respect to waste minimization.
* Dalton, Frank E. and Rimkus, Raymond R., The Chicago Area's Tunnel and Reservoir Plan,"
Water Pollution Control Federation Journal. (December 1985, Vol. 57, No. 12, pp. 1114-1121).
Reprints are available through the Water Pollution Control Federation Library at (703) 684-2404.
The Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) nas Deen designed to service the
rivers, in conjunction with the canals, sewers, and treatment plants, built
over the past 90 years. By incorporating the existing features into its overall
plan, TARP will revitalize the system already in place. Once TARP is
completed, the quality of the greater Chicago area's waterways will be
greatly improved and flooding will be significantly reduced.
* Kendrick, Kenneth J., et al., "Pollution Control Program for the Taste of Chicago's Lakefront
Festival." Proceeding of the 43rd Industrial Waste Conference. Purdue University, (1989, pp.
751-756). Reprints are available through Lewis Publishers at (313) 475-8619.
With more than a million people in Grant Park and thousands more on Lake
Michigan, the task of controlling pollution to the lake is a formidable and
necessary one during Chicago's summer festivals. This paper describes
the pollution prevention techniques implemented for the festival in 1980,
1981, and 1982.
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MWPP Bibliography- October 1, 1991
Lazaro, Timothy R.. Urban Hydrology: A Multidisciplinarv Perspective. (Technomic Publishing
Co., Inc., 1990). Reprints are available through Technomic Publishing Co., Inc at (800) 233-
9936.
This book is a basic guide to all aspects of urban hydrology, ranging from over-all
planning to details of analysis and controls. Contains chapters on structural and
nonstructural control measures.
Lo, Philip M., "Pollution Prevention: A Winning Proposition for A POTW,1 The Environmental
Challenge of the 1990's: Proceedings. International Conference on Pollution Prevention- Clean
Technologies and Clean Products. June 10-13. 1990. (September 1990, EPA/600/9-90/039)
Reprints are available through the RCRA/Superfund, Hotline at (800) 424-9346.
Reducing toxic pollutant inputs into the sewer through pollution prevention
may be needed to augment the traditional approach of regulating inputs
through wastewater discharge limitations on industrial users. A few
successful cases of pollution prevention using good operating practices,
material substitution, process modification, and product reformulation are
given as examples. In addition, recycling, recovery, and reuse can also
contribute to the reduction. Ultrafiltration, ion exchange, electrowinning, and
electrodialysis are successful technologies that have been applied.
Quigley , Michael J., 'Discussion of Municipal Sector.' The Environmental Challenge of the
1990's: Proceedings. International Conference on Pollution Prevention: Clean Technologies
and Clean Products. June 10-13.199Q. (September 1990, EPA/600/9-90/039). Reprints are
available through the RCRA/Superfund Hotline at (800) 424-9346.
This paper discusses attempts in the municipal sector to diagnose, at an
early stage, potential compliance problems that construction grant facilities,
built with federal dollars, may be experiencing as they approach their
treatment capacity or the end of their design life. These problems may
result in noncompliance down the road if they are not identified in the early
stage of construction.
* Sherry, Susan (Local Government Commission), Reducing Industrial Toxic Wastes and
Discharge: The Role of POTWs. (December 1988). Reprints are available through the Local
Government Commission at (916) 448-1196.
This guidebook was developed by the Local Government Commission as
part of a three-year project to help counties, cities, and special districts
develop hazardous waste reduction policies and programs. The guidebook
attempts to answer questions such as "Why Reduce Industrial Toxic
Discharges to the Sewers?,'"What Can POTWs Do?," and "Have any
POTWs implemented Hazardous Waste Minimization Programs?.'
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MWPP Bibliography- October 1,1991
* Stoltenberg, David H. and Howatin, Paul J., 'Results from Great Lakes POTW Optimization
Project," Journal of Environmental Engineering. (August 1987, Vol. 113(4), pp. 736-751).
Reprints are available through the Journal of Environmental Engineering at (212) 705-7288.
In 1982, an EPA contract to improve operation and maintenance at several
major municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Great Lakes Region was
completed by trie consulting engineering firm McNamee, Porter, and Seeley
of Ann Arbor, Michigan. The study was conducted in two parts. Phase I
consisted of comprehensive evaluations at 30 major municipal plants
experiencing problems, during which reports were written and
recommendations were made for operational improvements. Phase II
consisted of composite correction programs at ten of the plants to actually
implement the recommendations made, in Phase I. The overall results of the
project are summarized and the results of the composite correction
programs instituted in Trenton, Michigan, Genesee County WWTP #2,
Michigan, and Wapakoneta, Ohio, are highlighted. These examples of
technical assistance clearly illustrate that significant improvement in
operational efficiency can be made without major investments in capital
construction. Significant results are achieved by this study, in terms of cost
savings and phosphorus, BOD, suspended solids, and ammonia nitrogen
reductions.
* Waste Reduction Assessment and Technology Transfer Teleconference. The University of
Tennessee, Center for Industrial Services. Copies are available through the Waste Reduction
Assistance Program at (615) 242-2456.
Prepared to provide industry and state waste reduction program and regulatory
personnel with practical information on how to approach and implement a
multimedia waste program. Portions address opportunities for local governments
to promote pollution prevention.
VI. LAND APPLICATION OF SLUDGE
Dempsey, B.A. and Elliott, H.A., "Agronomic Effects of Land Application of Water Treatment
Sludges." Journal of the American Water Works Association. (April 1991, pp. 126-131).
Reprints are available through the American Water Works Association at (303) 794-7711.
Economic, regulatory, and legal constraints on alternative disposal methods
are raising interest in land application of water treatment sludges.
Understanding the agronomic and environmental issues is essential before
a land-based disposal program is implemented. Water treatment sludges
may favorably modify the pH and water-holding capacity of soils but
generally have little fertilizer value. Supplemental phosphorus (P) fertilizer
will usually be needed to offset the strong P-binding capacity of these
sludges. Heavy metal concentrations can be limited in sludges primarily by
controlling the purity of the coagulant chemicals.
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MWPP Bibliography ~ October 1, 1991
Sustaining Our Water Resources: A Progress Report from the Virginia Water Resources
Research Center. Virginia Water Resources Research Center: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, (1985). Reprints are available through the Virginia Water Resources Research
Center at (703) 231-5624.
A five-year plan covering 1982-87 was developed by the Virginia Water
Resources Center to address and resolve water resource problems in the
State. The primary objective is to develop a state water resources
management plan, and to assist in developing land management measures
to protect surface and ground water. Research is being conducted to
examine ways to facilitate the use of water quality monitoring data being
collected in the public and private sectors. The plan calls for resolving
issues related to land application of sewage sludge from publicly owned
treatment works.
VII. SURFACE AND GROUND WATER
Arniella, Ello F., et al., "Ground Water Discharges Into Publicly Owned Treatment Works
(POTWs),' The Georgia Operator. (Fall 1988, pp. 6-50). Reprints are available through the
Georgia Water and Pollution Control Association at (404) 429-0187.
In 1987, the EPA estimated that at least one percent of all ground water in
the U.S. was contaminated. Direct migration, infiltration, interaquifer
exchange, and surface water recharge can cause ground-water
contamination by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), non-volatile organics,
or metals. Areas of high population, that rely heavily on ground water as a
source of drinking water, are the most frequent sites of ground-water
contamination. Publicly owned treatment works must consider hydraulics,
organic content, toxicity, environmental safety, and other factors when
processing ground-water discharge requests. Temporary permits should
require applicants to indicate purpose, activity, discharge and flow rate,
treatment requirements, expected water characteristics, and safety plans.
Van Baardwijkj.Frans A.N. and Pols, H.B., "Water Pollution Prevention in the Netherlands." The
Environmental Challenge of the 1990's: Proceedings. International Conference on Pollution
Prevention: Clean Technologies and Clean Products. June 10-13.1990. (September 1990,
EPA/600/9-90/039, pp. 686-694). Reprints are available through the RCRA/Superfund Hotline at
(800)424-9346.
According to some recent environmental policy documents a further and
faster reduction of the pollution of the surface waters by the industry is
necessary. From an analysis of the common practice in licensing, it is
indicated that the water authorities should pay much more attention to other
fields than just technology in order to take away the barriers for the use of
clean preventive measures. Nine points are indicated that are necessary to
improve the use of preventive measures. Implementation of this preventive
approach should result in a new preventive pollution reduction policy.
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MWPP Bibliography- October 1,1991
VIII.
MISCELLANEOUS
I
* Bonazountas, M. and Mathias, S., "Sedim: A Stream Sedimentation and POTW. Model,"
Computer Techniques In Environmental Studies. (September 1988, pp. 109-129). Reprints are
available through Arthur D. Little, Inc. at (617) 864-5770.
Transport of sediment is an important aspect of simulating aquatic pollutant
fate because toxic chemicals may attach to sediment particles. A
computerized model, sedim/POTW, was developed for estimating the
sedimentation dynamics of streams and effluent characteristics. The model
is based upon scientific information available for sediment behavior on
movable stream beds and on information available on particle distribution
behavior of publicly owned wastewater treatment works and other treatment
facilities. An application and model validation is presented for the Missouri
River at Omaha, Nebraska.
* Brown, Lisa M., "Chrome Recovery via Absorptive Filtration," The Environmental Challenge of
the 1990's: Proceedings. International Conference on Pollution Prevention: Clean Technologies
and Clean Products, dune 10-13. 1990. (September 1990, EPA/600/9-90/039, pp. 100-110).
Reprints are available through the RCRA/Superfund Hotline at (800) 424-9346.
The University of Washington, under a thirty-one month cooperative
agreement with the EPA, is evaluating the performance of packed beds of
granular media coated with iron oxide and other adsorbents for recovering
chromate from industrial waste solutions. The initial tests are being
conducted using synthetic wastes. Following the completion of these tests,
tests will be conducted using batches of real waste. A small recovery unit
will be installed on-site at an industry near the University at the culmination
'of the project for pilot-scale evaluation.
* Dyer, Jon C., Handbook of Industrial Residues. Volume 1: Industries and Management
Options. (1983). Reprints are available through Noyes Publications at (201) 391-8484.
Prepared to help publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) and their
industrial users solve waste management problems, this book provides
current information on residual waste management options and
requirements, data on categorical industries regulated by federal
pretreatment standards, and pretreatment and sludge management
technologies. Contents include information on management options
available for dealing with residuals, a process approach to total waste
management, and several scenarios that depict options available to small,
medium, and large POTWs. Furthermore, the book describes possible
pretreatment and sludge residual treatment and management technologies
applicable to the categorical industries. Available through interlibrary loan.
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MWPP Bibliography - October 1, 1991
Freeman, Harry, "Hazardous Waste Minimization, A Strategy for Environmental Improvement,"
JAPCA. (January 1988, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 59-62). Reprints are available through the Air and
Waste Management Association at (412) 232-3444.
Many public and private organizations in the United States are supporting
waste minimization as an approach to reducing waste generation; In this
article, the author provides an overview of waste minimization and
introduces a new series of articles on waste minimization in various U.S.
, industries to be published in JAPCA this year. :
Handbook: Improving POTW Performance Using the Composite Correction Program Approach.
EPA, Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, OH, (October 1984). Reprints
are available through the Center for Environmental Research Information at (513) 569-7562.
The Handbook provides information on methods to economically improve
the performance of existing publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). It is
"how-to" oriented and describes an approach that POTWs can use to
achieve improvements in treatment without review and analysis of a POTW's
design capabilities and associated administration, operation, and
maintenance practices. It provides information for POTW administrators to
make decisions regarding efforts necessary to improve performance. The
primary objective is to determine if significant improvements in treatment
can be achieved without making major capita! expenditures. Focus is on
POTWs treating typical municipal wastewater compatible with common
biological wastewater treatment processes.
Heckman, Richard A.,"A look at Biodegradation of Hazardous Wastes, Sludges, arid
Wastewaters," Pollution Prevention Review. (Spring 1991, pp. 205-208). Reprints are available
through Nationwide Technologies, Inc. at (415) 547-2309.
This paper looks at biological processes to detoxify hazardous wastes, sludges,
and wastewaters. It also discusses the possibility of combining both chemical and
biological treatments of these wastes. "
* Hegg, Bob A., et al., "Achieving Wastewater Compliance with Reduced Grant Support,'
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation. (September 1984, Vol. 56, No. 9, pp. 1007-
1013). Reprints are available through the Water Pollution Control Federation Library at (703)
684-2402. -,: >.'
The applicability of a plant-specific approach for improving a publicly owned
treatment works' (POTWs) performance and compliance was completed
through a study funded by a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
grant in Colorado. The study, conducted from September 1980 through
December 1982, also researched the motivational forces that prompt POTW
administrators to implement activities to improve performance at their plant.
This paper summaries the results of the project. In addition, the paper
summarizes the data obtained from 31 state pollution control agencies
through personal contact and through an informal information gathering
effort conducted by the Water Pollution Control Federation (WPGF) Plant
Operations Committee. . * ; --,-,, ;
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MWPP Bibliography - October 1,1991
* Komegay, Randall A., "North Carolina Plant Solves Textile-Wastewater Problems," Water
Environment and Technology. (October 1990, p. 26). Reprints are available through the East
Burlington Wastewater Treatment Plant at (919) 578-0515.
The East Burlington (N.C.) wastewater treatment plant is a 12-mgd facility
that was upgraded 11 years ago to deal with textile-manufacturing
wastewaters that comprised up to 60% of the flow. This paper describes a
number of operational difficulties in the early 1980s and resolutions to these
difficulties. •
Michael F. Torpy, Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters. (Noyes Publications, 1988).
Reprints are available through Noyes Publications at (201) 391-8484.
The latest advances in anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewaters are described
in this book. The technology of anaerobic digestion has developed significantly in
recent years. It has gained increased credibility from successful application in
industry as well as other sectors.
Mission Impossible: Introduction to the Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse.
Available from the Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse at (800) 424-9346.
Describes in detail the purpose, structure, and activities of the Pollution Prevention
Information Clearinghouse. Includes training session on how to access and use
the system. .
Pifher, Mark T. and Egan, James T., "Biomonrtoring and Toxics Control: The POTW
Perspective,1 Natural Resources and Environment. (Spring 1989, pp. 13-49). Reprints are
available through the American Bar Association at (312) 988-5555.
Water pollution monitoring is shifting away from measuring the levels of
specific pollutants in wastewater to the practice of whole effluent toxicity
testing, or biomonitoring. This method of testing to assess acute or chronic
toxicity of wastewater for certain aquatic test organisms recognizes the
synergistic effects of toxics, and the lack of specific toxicity data. The
technical and legal basis for this emerging regulatory practice is explored
as it applies to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). The difficulty in
establishing negligence by POTWs following a positive toxicity test is
discussed. Biomonitoring can be useful to POTWs as part of a workable
toxics control program if permit violations and enforcement are based on
"diligence of efforts to investigate and eliminate toxicity once detected."
* Preston, Lisa A., "A New Horizon for Water Quality in Japan," Water Pollution Control
Federation Journal. (May 1989, Vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 579-583). Reprints are available through the
Water Pollution Control Federation Library at (703) 684-2402.
Today, with its tremendous industrial capacity, superior educational
institutions, swift railway systems, relatively nonexistent crime rate, and
highly productive workforce, Japan is still striving to improve the quality of
its natural environment. This paper describes improvements such as
reducing the amount of contaminants that are discharged by wastewater
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MWPP Bibliography _ October 1,1991
treatment facilities and reducing the production of contaminants at the source.
The country appears to be accomplishing these goals through rigorous education
programs, municipal improvements, and stricter effluent limitations.
* Sales, James G., "Wastewater Recycle Facility at IBM East Fishkill," The Environmental
Challenge of the 1990's: Proceedings. International Conference on Pollution Prevention: Clean
Technologies and Clean Products. June 10-13. 1990. (September 1990, EPA/600/9-90/039, pp.
585-593). Reprints are available through the RCRA/Superfund Hotline at (800) 424-9346.
IBM East Fishkill has increased water and wastewater demands significantly.
To meet these increased demands, a recycle facility was built to treat
relatively dilute inorganic industrial wastewaters and use them as cooling
tower feedwater. The Wastewater Recycle Facility integrates two distinct
operations. The first is a highly automated, monitored, and controlled 1.2
million gallons per day process, that segregates and treats industrial
wastewater for reuse. The second is a polishing process that reduces lime
precipitated fluoride and Heavy Metals Treatment Facility effluent fluoride
levels via a phosphoric acid addition process. A 90-95% removal efficiency
is achieved. This integrated recycle concept has allowed the site to reuse
millions of gallons of wastewater with no detrimental effects to the cooling
system nor final effluent discharge quality.
* Schuk, Walter W. and James, Stephen C.,Treatment of Landfill Leachate at Publicly Owned
Treatment Works.' Waste Management and Research. (September 1986, pp. 265-277).
Reprints are available through the Academic Press, London at 01-267-4466.
One of the requirements of RCRA is the collection of leachates from both
municipal and hazardous waste land disposal facilities. Once leachate is
collected, treatment is a necessary control technology. One control
technology under investigation is the discharge of leachate into a municipal
wastewater collection system with subsequent treatment at the municipal
treatment plant. In order to develop a more comprehensive understanding
of the problems associated with the joint treatment of sanitary landfill
leachate and municipal wastewaters, the Wastewater Research Division,
Water Engineering Research Laboratory of the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), conducted a pilot-scale study of the process at
the U.S. EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio.
* Singer, Philip Q., Complying with Trihalomethane Reduction Requirements in Water Treatment
Facilities. (Noyes Publications, 1989). Reprints are available through Noyes Publications at
(201)391-8484. .
This book provides information on complying with trihalomethane (THM) reduction
requirements in water treatment facilities, as exemplified in eight specific case
studies.
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MWPP Bibliography - October 1, 1991
Thron, Harty M., Jr. and Rogoshewski, Paul J., "Best Management Practices: Useful Tools for
Cleaning Up,' Hazardous Materials Spiils Conference. (1982, pp. 487-493). Reprints are
available through Government Institutes, Inc. at (301) 251-5609.
Best Management Practices or BMPs are expected to be an important part
of the Environmental Protection Agency's second round of National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. EPA has worked with
industry to identify the generic BMPs that most facilities use for pollution
control, fire prevention, occupational safety and health, or product loss
prevention. Several general characteristics of BMPs are noted.
* Vickers, Amy, 'New Directions in Waste Minimization Technologies: Water Conservation Offers
Multi-Faceted Benefits,11 The Environmental Challenge of the 1990's: Proceedings. International
Conference on Pollution Prevention: Clean Technologies and Clean Products. June 10-13.
1990. (September 1990, EPA/600/9-90/039, pp. 696-702). Reprints are available through the
RCRA/Superfund Hotline at (800) 424-9346.
Over the past decade, innovative technologies and advances in water
supply management have demonstrated that the science of water
conservation has much to contribute to the emerging field of pollution
prevention. Numerous case studies show that reductions in water demand
significantly reduce energy, natural resource use, waste generation, wear
and tear on system infrastructure, and deterioration of water quality.
Conservation also benefits both water supply and wastewater systems, such
as publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). In addition, the more efficient
use of water can help stave off the destructive political conflicts that are
often associated with water supply management today. This paper explores
the techniques and benefits of water conservation and outlines
recommendations to help integrate them into future utility management and
pollution prevention programs.
* Werschulz, Pat, 'Reduction of Total Toxic Organics in Metal Finishing Wastewater - Alternative
Paint Strippers," Toxic and Hazardous Wastes - Proceedings of the 18th Mid Atlantic Industrial
Waste Conference. (June 29 - July 1, 1986, pp. 348 - 356). Reprints are available through
Technomic Publishing Company at (717) 291-5609.
There are several strategies for reducing methylene chloride in discharge
streams but the least expensive and simplest is to find a substitute stripper
that is more environmentally acceptable. These alternatives would have
either no chemicals on the TTO list or have reduced amounts of the TTO's.
One study of alternative paint strippers was part of a larger pollution
abatement program initiated by the U.S. Army.
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