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Preventing
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Using Resources
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-------
Contents
What is Water-efficient Landscaping?
Why Use Water-efficient Landscaping?
How is Water-efficient Landscaping Applied?
Water-efficient Landscape Irrigation Methods
Examples of Successful Water-efficient Landscaping Projects
For More Information
Resources
13
14
Water-Efficient Landscaping
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Water-Efficient Landscaping
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What is
Water-efficient
Landscaping?
W:
iter, many agree, is our most pre-
cious natural resource; without it,
life ceases. Yet judging by our water
use and consumption practices, many of us in
the United States seem to take it for granted. A
typical household uses approximately 260 gal-
lons of water per day. "Water conscious" indi-
viduals often install high-efficiency shower
heads and toilets and wash only full loads of
clothes and dishes to reduce consumption. But
in the summer, the amount of water used out-
doors by a household can exceed the amount
used for all other purposes in the entire year.
This is especially true in hot, dry climates.
Gardening and lawn care account for the
majority of this seasonal increase, but other out-
door activities, such as washing cars and filling
swimming pools, also contribute. According to
the U.S. Geological Survey, of the 26 billion
gallons of water consumed daily in the United
States1, approximately 7.8 billion gallons, or 30
percent2, is devoted to outdoor uses. The
majority of this is used for landscaping. In fact,
it is estimated that the typical suburban lawn
consumes 10,000 gallons of water above and
beyond rainwater each year (Vickers, p 140).
Many mistakenly believe that stunning gar-
dens and beautiful lawns are only possible
through extensive watering, fertilization, and
pesticide application. As this booklet will
demonstrate, eye-catching gardens and land-
scapes that save water, prevent pollution, and
protect the environment are, in fact, easily
achieved by employing water-efficient landscap-
ing. Water-efficient landscaping produces
attractive landscapes because it utilizes designs
and plants suited to local conditions.
This booklet describes the benefits of water-
efficient landscaping. It includes several exam-
ples of successful projects and programs, as well
as contacts, references, and a short bibliography.
For specific information about how to best apply
water-efficient landscaping principles to your
geographical area, consult with your county
Xeriscape garden at Denver Water
extension service and local garden and nursery
centers. Local governments and water utilities
also possess a wealth of information and sugges-
tions for using water more efficiently in all
aspects of your life, including landscaping.
1 W.B. Solley, R.R. Pierce, and H.A. Perlman. 1998. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995 (USGS Circular 1200).
USGS. Reston, VA. p.27.
2 Amy Vickers. 2001. Handbook of Water Use and Conservation. WaterPlow Press. Amherst, MA. p. 140.
Water-Efficient Landscaping
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i
Xeriscaped front yard in Colorado Springs
Many terms and schools of thought have
been used to describe approaches to water-effi-
cient landscaping. Some examples include
"water-wise," "water-smart," "low-water," and
"natural landscaping." While each of these
terms varies in philosophy and approach, they
are all based on the same principles and are
commonly used interchangeably. One of the
first conceptual approaches developed to
formalize these principles is known as
"Xeriscape3 landscaping." Xeriscape landscaping
is defined as "quality landscaping that conserves
water and protects the environment." The word
"Xeriscape" was coined and copyrighted by
Denver Water Department in 1981 to help
make water conserving landscaping an easily
recognized concept. The word is a combination
of the Greek word "xeros," which means "dry,"
and "landscape."
The seven principles upon which Xeriscape
landscaping is based are:
• Proper planning and design
• Soil analysis and improvement
• Appropriate plant selection
• Practical turf areas
• Efficient irrigation
• Use of mulches
• Appropriate maintenance
The eight fundamentals of water-wise land-
scaping, below, illustrate the similarities in the
underlaying concepts and principles of Xeriscape
landscaping and other water-efficient approaches.
• Group plants according to their water
needs.
• Use native and low-water-use plants.
• Limit turf areas to those needed for
practical uses.
• Use efficient irrigation systems.
• Schedule irrigation wisely.
• Make sure soil is healthy.
• Remember to mulch.
• Provide regular maintenance.
In short, plan and maintain your landscape
with these principles of water efficiency in mind
and it will continue to conserve water and be
attractive.
3 Denver Water welcomes the use of the term Xeriscape in books, articles, and speeches promoting water conserving landscape.
EPA is using this term with permission from Denver Water. For permission to use "Xeriscape" in your publications, call Denver
Water at 303 628-6330.
Water-Efficient Landscaping
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Why Use Water-efficient
Landscaping?
Proper landscaping techniques not only
create beautiful landscapes, but also ben-
efit the environment and save water. In
addition, attractive, water-efficient, low-mainte-
nance landscapes can increase home values.
Water-efficient landscaping offers many eco-
nomic and environmental benefits, including:
• Lower water bills from reduced water use.
• Conservation of natural resources and
preservation of habitat for plants and
wildlife such as fish and waterfowl.
• Decreased energy use (and air pollution
associated with its generation) because
less pumping and treatment of water is
required.
• Reduced home or office heating and
cooling costs through the careful place -
• Reduced runoff of stormwater and irriga-
tion water that carries top soils, fertiliz-
ers, and pesticides into lakes, rivers, and
streams.
• Fewer yard trimmings to be managed or
landfilled.
• Reduced landscaping labor and mainte-
nance costs.
• Extended life for water resources infra-
structure (e.g., reservoirs, treatment
plants, groundwater aquifers), thus
reduced taxpayer costs.
Meadow Sage (Salvia pratensis) is the
background for New Mexico Evening
Primrose (Oenothera berlandieri 'siskiyou')
Water-Efficient Landscaping
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How is Water-efficient
Landscaping Applied?
L
(andscaping that conserves water and pro-
tects the environment is not limited to
arid landscapes with only rocks and cacti.
Through careful plan-
ning, landscapes can
be designed to be both
pleasing to the senses
and kind to the envi-
ronment. One simple
approach to achieving
this is applying and
adopting the basic
principles of water-
efficient landscaping
to suit your climatic
region. The seven
principles of Xeriscape
landscaping are used
below to describe
these basic concepts in
greater detail.
Proper
planning and
design
Developing a land-
scape plan is the first
and most important
step in creating a
water-efficient land-
scape. Your plan
should take into account the regional and micro-
climatic conditions of the site, existing vegeta-
tion, topography, intended uses of the property,
and most importantly, the grouping of plants by
their water needs. Also consider the plants' sun
or shade requirements and preferred soil condi-
tions. A well-thought-out landscape plan can
serve as your roadmap in creating beautiful,
Dragon's Blood Sedum
(Sedum spurium) under
Honeylocust Trees (Gleditsia
triaconthos)
water-efficient landscapes and allow you to con-
tinually improve your landscape over time.
Soil analysis and
improvements
Because soils vary from site to site, test your
soil before beginning your landscape improve-
ments. Your county extension service can ana-
lyze the pH levels; nutrient levels (e.g.,
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium); and the
sand, silt, clay, and organic matter content of
your soil. It can also suggest ways to improve
your soil's ability to support plants and retain
water (e.g., through aeration or the addition of
soil amendments or fertilizers).
Appropriate plant selection
Your landscape design should take into account
your local climate as well as soil conditions.
Focus on preserving as many existing trees and
shrubs as possible because established plants usu-
ally require less water and maintenance. Choose
plants native to your region. Native plants, once
established, require very little to no additional
water beyond normal rainfall. Also, because
they are adapted to local soils and climatic con-
ditions, native plants commonly do not require
the addition of fertilizers and are more resistant
to pests and disease.
When selecting plants, avoid those labeled
"hard to establish," "susceptible to disease," or
"needs frequent attention," as these types of
plants frequently require large amounts of sup-
plemental water, fertilizers, and pesticides. Be
careful when selecting non-indigenous species as
some of them may become invasive. An inva-
sive plant might be a water guzzler and will
surely choke out native species. Your state or
county extension service or local nursery can
help you select appropriate plants for your area.
Water-Efficient Landscaping
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The key to successful planting and trans-
planting is getting the roots to grow into the
surrounding soil as quickly as possible. Knowing
when and where to plant is crucial to speeding
the establishment of new plants. The best time
to plant will vary from species to species. Some
plants will thrive when planted in a dormant or
inactive state. Others succeed when planted
during the season when root generation is high-
est and sufficient moisture is available to support
new growth (generally, spring is the best season,
but check plant tags or consult with your local
nursery for specific species).
Practical turf areas
How and where turf is placed in the landscape
can significantly reduce the amount of irrigation
water needed to support the landscape. Lawns
require a large amount of supplemental water
and generally greater maintenance than other
vegetation. Use turf where it aesthetically high-
lights the house or buildings and where it has
practical function, such as in play or recreation
areas. Grouping turf areas can increase watering
efficiency and significantly reduce evaporative
and runoff losses. Select a type of grass that can
withstand drought periods and become dormant
during hot, dry seasons. Reducing or eliminating
turf areas altogether further reduces water use.
Efficient irrigation
Efficient irrigation is a very important part of
using water efficiently outdoors, and applies in
any landscape—whether Xeriscape or
conventional. For this reason, an entire section
of this booklet addresses efficient irrigation; it
can be found on page 6.
Use of mulches
Mulches aid in greater retention of water by
minimizing evaporation, reducing weed growth,
moderating soil temperatures, and preventing
erosion. Organic mulches also improve the con-
dition of your soil as they decompose. Mulches
are typically composed of wood bark chips,
wood grindings, pine straws, nut shells, small
Wine Cup (Callirhoe involucrata) and Sunset Hyssop
(Agastache rupestris) in the Denver Water Xeriscape Garden
gravel, or shredded landscape clippings. Avoid
using rock mulches in sunny areas or around
non-arid climate plants, as they radiate large
amounts of heat and promote water loss that
can lead to scorching. Too much mulch can
restrict water flow to plant roots and should be
avoided.
Appropriate maintenance
Water and fertilize plants only as needed. Too
much water promotes weak growth and increases
pruning and mowing requirements. Like any
landscape, a water-efficient yard will require reg-
ular pruning, weeding, fertilization, pest control,
and irrigation. As your water-efficient landscape
matures, however, it will require less mainte-
nance and less water. Cutting turf grass only
when it reaches two to three inches promotes
deeper root growth and a more drought-resistant
lawn. As a rule of thumb, mow your turf grass
before it requires more than one inch to be
removed. The proper cutting height varies, how-
ever, with the type of grass, so you should con-
tact your county extension service or local
nursery to find out the ideal cutting height for
your lawn. Avoid shearing plants or giving them
high nitrogen fertilizers during dry periods
because these practices encourage water-demand-
ing new growth.
Water-Efficient Landscaping
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Water-efficient Landscape
Irrigation Methods
Wi
•ith common watering practices, a
large portion of the water applied to
lawns and gardens is not absorbed by
the plants. It is lost through evaporation, runoff,
or being pushed beyond the root zone because it
is applied too quickly or in excess of the plants'
needs. The goal of efficient irrigation is to
reduce these losses by applying only as much
water as is needed to keep your plants healthy.
This goal is applicable whether you have a
Xeriscape or a conventional landscape.
To promote the strong root growth that sup-
ports a plant during drought, water deeply and
only when the plant needs water. For clay soils,
watering less deeply and more often is recom-
mended. Irrigating with consideration to soil
Purple Fountain Grass (Pennisetum setaceum "Rubrum") and
Marigolds (Calendula officinalis) in planter bed
type, the condition of your plants, the season,
and weather conditions—rather than on a fixed
schedule—significantly increases your watering
efficiency. Grouping plants according to similar
water needs also makes watering easier and more
efficient.
Irrigating lawns, gardens, and landscapes
can be accomplished either manually or with an
automatic irrigation system. Manual watering
with a hand-held hose tends to be the most
water-efficient method. According to the
AWWA Research Foundation's outdoor end use
study, households that manually water with a
hose typically use 33 percent less water outdoors
than the average household. The study also
showed that households with in-ground sprin-
kler systems used 35 percent more water, those
with automatic timers used 47 percent more
water, and those with drip irrigation systems
used 16 percent more water than households
without these types of systems. These results
show that in-ground sprinkler and drip irrigation
systems must be operated properly to be water-
efficient.
You can use a hand-held hose or a sprinkler
for manual irrigation. To reduce water losses
from evaporation and wind, avoid sprinklers
that produce a fine mist or spray high into the
air. Soaker hoses can also be very efficient and
effective when used properly. Use a hand-held
soil moisture probe to determine when irrigation
is needed.
To make automatic irrigation systems more
efficient, install system controllers such as rain
sensors that prevent sprinkler systems from turn-
ing on during and immediately after rainfall, or
soil moisture sensors that activate sprinklers
only when soil moisture levels drop below pre-
programmed levels. You can also use a weather-
Water-Efficient Landscaping
-------
driven programming system. Drip-type irrigation
systems are considered the most efficient of the
automated irrigation methods because they
deliver water directly to the plants' roots. It is
also important to revise your watering schedule
as the seasons change. Over-watering is most
common during the fall when summer irrigation
schedules have not been adjusted to the cooler
temperatures.
To further reduce your water consumption,
consider using alternative sources of irrigation
water, such as gray water, reclaimed water, and
collected rainwater. According to the AWWA
Research Foundation, homes with access to
alternative sources of irrigation reduce their
water bills by as much as 25 percent.4 Graywater
is untreated household waste water from bath-
room sinks, showers, bathtubs, and clothes
washing machines. Graywater systems pipe this
used water to a storage tank for later outdoor
watering use. State and local graywater laws and
policies vary, so you should investigate what
qualifies as gray water and if any limitations or
restrictions apply. Reclaimed water is waste
water that has been treated to levels suitable for
nonpotable uses. Check with local water offi-
cials to determine if it is available in your area.
Collected rainwater is rainwater collected in cis-
terns, barrels, or storage tanks. Commercial
rooftop collection systems are available, but sim-
ply diverting your downspout into a covered
K£3h£
Red Valerian (Centranthus ruber)
barrel is an easy, low-cost approach. When col-
lecting rainwater, cover all collection vessels to
prevent animals and children from entering and
to prevent mosquito breeding. Some states
might have laws which do not allow collection
of rainwater, so be sure to check with your
state's water resource agency before implement-
ing a rainwater collection system.
4 AWWA Research Foundation. 1999. Residential End Uses of Water.
Water-Efficient Landscaping 7
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Non-xeriscaping
Large lawn:
requires supplemental watering
Concrete walkway
-T
Non-native plants:
do not include drought-tolerant species
Water-Efficient Landscaping
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Xeriscaping
Perennials and
ornamental grasses
, Vegetable garden:'
•'uses drip irrigation
Mulctied, /,'/,'
walkway;..*- f.
Water-Efficient Landscaping
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Examples of Successful Water-
efficient Landscaping Projects
w-
ater-efficient landscaping techniques
can be used by individuals, compa-
nies, state, tribal, and local govern-
ments, and businesses to physically enhance their
properties, reduce long-term maintenance costs,
and create environmentally conscious landscapes.
The following examples illustrate how water-effi-
cient landscapes can be used in various situations.
Oriental Poppies (Paparer orientale)
Homeowner-public/private
partnership
• The South Florida Water Management Dis-
trict, the Florida Nurserymen and Growers
Association, the Florida Irrigation Society, and
local businesses worked together to produce a
television video called "Plant It Smart with
Xeriscape." The video shows how a typical
Florida residential yard can be retrofitted with
Xeriscape landscaping to save energy, time,
and money. The showcase yard (selected from
70 applicants) had a history of heavy water
use—more than 90,000 gallons per month.
After the retrofit, the yard's aesthetic value
was enhanced; plus it now uses 75 percent less
water and relies on yard trimmings for mulch
and compost.
• The Southwest Florida Water Management
District (SWFWMD), the City of St. Peters-
burg, and Pinellas County, Florida, produced a
video called "Xeriscape It!" It shows a land-
scape being installed using the seven Xeriscape
principles. The SWFWMD also funded several
Xeriscape demonstration sites and maintains a
Xeriscape demonstration garden at its
Brooksville, Florida, headquarters. The garden
features a variety of native and non-native
plants and is available for public viewing,
along with a landscape plant identification
guide.
• Residents of Glendale, Arizona, can receive a
$100 cash rebate for installing or converting
more than half of their landscapable area to
non-grass vegetation. The Glendale Water
Conservation Office conducts an inspection
of the converted lawn to ensure compliance
with rebate requirements and then issues a
rebate check to the homeowner. The purpose
of the Landscape Rebate Program is to perma-
nently reduce the amount of water used to
irrigate grass throughout Glendale.
State government
• Although perceived as a water-rich state,
Florida became the first to enact a statewide
Xeriscape law. Florida's legislature recognized
that its growing population and vulnerable
environment necessitated legal safeguards for
its water resources. The Xeriscape law requires
Florida's Departments of Management Ser-
10
Water-Efficient Landscaping
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vices and Transportation to use Xeriscape
landscaping on all new public properties and
to develop a 5-year program to phase in
Xeriscape on properties constructed before
July 1992. All local governments must also
consider requiring the use of Xeriscape and
offering incentives to install Xeriscaping.
• Texas also developed legislation requiring
Xeriscape landscaping on new construction
projects on state property beginning on or
after January 1994. Additional legislation,
enacted in 1995, requires the Department of
Transportation to use Xeriscape practices in
the construction and maintenance of roadside
parks. All municipalities may consider enact-
ing ordinances requiring Xeriscape to con-
serve water.
City government
In Las Vegas, Nevada, homeowners can receive
up to $1,000 for converting their lawn to
Xeriscape, while commercial landowners can
receive up to a $50,000 credit on their water
bill. The city and several other surrounding
communities hope these eye-catching figures
will help Las Vegas meet its goal of saving 25
percent of the water it would otherwise have
used by the year 2010; to date, it has saved 17
percent. Local officials plan to reach the target
with the assistance of incentive programs
encouraging Xeriscape, a city ordinance limiting
turf to no more than 50 percent of new land-
scapes, grassroots information programs, and a
landscape awards program specifically for
Xeriscaped properties. Preliminary results of a
five-year study show that residents who convert-
ed a portion of their lawns to Xeriscape reduced
total water consumption by an average of 33
percent. The xeric vegetation required less than
a quarter of the water typically used and one-
third the maintenance (both in labor and
expenditures) compared to traditional turf.
&
Lr, j*.:..- .:
Yellow Ice Plant (Delosperma nubigenum) close-up
Developers
Howard Hughes Properties (HHP), a developer
and manager of more than 25,000 acres of resi-
dential, commercial, and office development
property, has enthusiastically used drought toler-
ant landscaping on all of its properties since
1990. Most of the company's properties are
located in Las Vegas, one of the country's fastest
growing metropolitan areas. To conserve
resources, the city and county have implement-
ed regulations requiring developers to employ
certain Xeriscape principles in new projects.
Specifically, a limited percentage of grass can be
used on projects, and it must be kept away from
streets. As the area's first large-scale developer
to recognize the need and value in incorporating
drought tolerant landscaping in parks,
streetscapes, and open spaces, HHP uses native
and desert-adaptive plants that survive and
thrive in the Las Vegas climate with minimal to
moderate amounts of water.
Water-Efficient Landscaping
11
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Drip system irrigation controllers are linked
to weather stations that monitor the evapotran-
spiration rate. This allows HHP to determine the
correct amount of water to be applied to plants
at any given time. HHP tests the irrigation sys-
tems regularly and adds appropriate soil amend-
ments to promote healthy plant growth. The
maintenance program also includes pest manage-
ment, the use of mulching mowers, and the use
of rock mulch top dressing on all non-turf plant-
ing areas. These measures combine to ensure a
beautiful, healthy, and responsible landscape.
Public/private partnerships
Even the most water-conscious homeowners in
Southern California are over-watering by 50 to
70 gallons per day. The
excess water washes away
fertilizers and pesticides,
which pollute natural
waterways. The quantity
of water wasted (and the
dollars that pay for it) are
even more substantial for
large-scale commercial
properties and develop-
ments.
An innovative part-
nershin in Oranpe Counrv
links landscape water
management, green mate-
rial management, and non-point source pollution
prevention goals into one program—the Land-
scape Performance Certification Program. This
program emphasizes efficient landscape irrigation
and features a "landscape irrigation budget" based
on a property's landscape area, type, and the daily
weather. The Municipal Water District monitors
actual water use through a system of 12,000 dedi-
cated water meters installed by participating
landscape managers.
Participants, including landscapers, property
managers, and homeowner associations, can
compare the actual cost of water used on their
property with the calculated budget. Those stay-
ing within budget are awarded certification, a
proven marketing tool. This new voluntary pro-
gram is implemented by the Municipal Water
District with input from the California Land-
scape Contractors' Association, the Orange
County Integrated Management Department,
the Metropolitan Water District of Southern
California, and local nurseries and has the sup-
port of 32 retailing water suppliers. The program
is already credited with increasing the use of
arid-climate shrubs and landscaping to accom-
modate drip irrigation, and has resulted in cost
savings to water customers.
12
Miscanthus sinensis
(Miscanthus grass, also called
Maiden grass) variety with
leaves turning yellow for fall.
Water-Efficient Landscaping
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For More Information
'he following list of organizations can provide more information on water-efficient landscaping.
This is not meant to be an exhaustive list, rather it is intended to help you locate local infor-
mation sources and possible technical assistance.
Water Management Districts or Utilities
Your local water management district often can provide information on water conservation, including
water efficient landscaping practices. Your city, town, or county water management district can be
found in the Blue Pages section of your local phone book or through your city, town, or county's
Web site if it has one. If you do not know your city, town, or county's Web site, check for a link on
your state's Web site. URLs for state Web sites typically follow this format: .
Turkish Speedwell (Veronica
liwanensis) in background
and tulips in foreground.
State/County Extension Services
Your state or county extension service is also an excellent source of information. Many extension services provide free pub-
lications and advice on home landscaping issues including tips on plant selection and soil improvement. Some also offer a
soil analysis service for a nominal fee. Your county extension service can be found in the Blue Pages section of your local
phone book under the county government section or through your county's Web site if it has one. The U.S. Department
of Agriculture's Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (www.reeusda.gov/statepartners/usa.htm)
provides an online directory of land-grant universities which can help you locate your state extension service. Government
Guide (www.governmentguide.com) is yet another online resource that might prove helpful in locating state or local
agencies.
Organizations
The following is a partial list of organizations located across the United States that provide helpful information on water-effi-
cient landscaping.
American Water Works Association (AWWA)
6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
Telephone: 303 794-7711
and
1401 New York Avenue, NW, Suite 640
Washington, DC 20005
Telephone: 202 628-8303
Web:
Arizona Municipal Water Users Association
(AMWUA)
Web:
BASIN
City of Boulder Environmental Affairs
P.O. Box 791
Boulder, CO 80306
Phone:303441-1964
E-mail: basin@bcn.boulder.co. us
Web:
Denver Water
1600 West 12th Avenue
Denver, CO 80204
Phone: 303 628-6000
Fax: 303 628-6199
TDDY: 303 534-4116
Office of Water Conservation hotline:
303 628-6343
E-mail: jane.earle@denverwater.org
Web:
New Mexico Water Conservation Program/Water
Conservation Clearinghouse
P.O. Box 25102
Santa Fe, NM 87504
Phone: 800 WATER-NM
E-mail: watemm@ose.state.nm.us
Fax: 505 827-3813
Web:
Project WET - Water Education for Teachers
201CulbertsonHall
Montana State University
Bozeman, MT59717
Phone: 406 994-5392
Web:
Rocky Mountain Institute
1739 Snowmass Creek Road
Snowmass, CO 81654-9199
Phone:970927-3851
Web:
Water-Efficient Landscaping
13
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Southern Nevada Water Authority
1001 S. Valley View Boulevard, Mailstop #440
Las Vegas, NV 89153
Phone: 702 258-3930
Web:
Southwest Florida Water Management District
23 79 Broad Street
Brooksville, FL 34604-6899
Phone: 352 796-7211 or 800 423-1476 (Florida only)
Web:
Sustainable Sources Green Building Program: Sustain-
able Building Source Book
E-mail: info@greenbuilder.com
Web:
Water Conservation Garden - San Diego County
12122 Cuyamaca College Drive West
El Cajon, CA 92019
Phone: 619 660-0614
Fax:619660-1687
E-mail: info@thegarden.org
Web: and \
WaterWiser: The Water Efficiency Clearing House
(Operated by AWWA in cooperation with the U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation)
6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
Phone: 800 559-9855
Fax: 303 794-6303
E-mail: bewiser@waterwiser.org
Web:
Xeriscape Colorado!, Inc.
P.O. Box 40202
Denver, CO 80204-0202
Web:
Resources
following is a partial list of publications
on resource efficient landscaping. For even
more information, particularly on plants
suited to your locale, consult your local library,
county extension service, nursery, garden clubs, or
water utility.
Ball, Ken and American Water Works Association
Water Conservation Committee. Xeriscape Pro-
grams for Water Utilities. Denver: American Water
Works Association, 1990.
Bennett, Jennifer. Dry-Land Gardening: A Xeriscaping
Guide for Dry-Summer, Cold-Winter Climates. Buf-
falo: Firefly, 1998.
Bennett, Richard E. and Michael S. Hazinski. Water-
Efficient Landscape Guidelines. Denver: American
Water Works Association, 1993.
Brenzel, Kathleen N., ed. Western Garden Book, 2001
Edition. Menlo Park: Sunset Publishing Corpora-
tion, 2001.
City of Aurora, Colorado Utilities Department. Land-
scaping for Water Conservation: Xeriscape! Aurora:
Colorado Utilities Department, 1989.
Johnson, Eric and Scott Millard. The Low-Water Flower
Gardener: 270 LJnthirsty Plants for Color, Including
Perennials, Ground Covers, Grasses & Shrubs. Tuc-
son: Ironwood Press, 1993.
Knopf, James M. The Xeriscape Flower Gardener. Boul-
der: Johnson Books, 1991.
Knopf, James M., ed. Waterwise Landscaping with Trees,
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