v>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Off ice of Water
Washington, D.C.
EPA 832-F-99-003
September 1999
Storm Water
Management Fact Sheet
Dust Control
DESCRIPTION
Dust controls reduce the surface and air transport of
dust, thereby preventing pollutants from infiltrating
into storm water. Control measures are often
instituted in industrial areas or in areas where land
is being disturbed.
Dust control for industrial activities normally
involves mechanical systems designed to reduce
dust emissions from in-plant processing activities
and/or materials handling. These may include
hoods, cyclone collectors, bag-type collectors,
filters, negative pressure systems, or mechanical
sweepers.
Dust control measures for construction activities
include windbreaks, minimization of soil
disturbance, spray-on adhesives, tillage, chemical
treatment, and water spraying.
While there are a number of temporary alternatives
for dust control, one option is to permanently
modify the site to eliminate dust generation.
Modifications could include such measures as
covering exposed areas with vegetation, stone, or
concrete.
APPLICABILITY
Dust control measures may be applied to any site.
However, application of dust controls is especially
critical in arid areas, where exposed soil is more
likely to be transported into receiving water bodies
through runoff or wind action. Dust control
measures should also be applied to any industrial
activity that generates large quantities of dust,
particularly if this dust could be transported to a
nearby water body.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
There are several advantages to using dust control
measures.
• Dust control reduces the surface and air
transport of dust, which minimizes
pollutants from infiltrating into the storm
water.
Dust control methods are widely applicable.
Most dust control methods are inexpensive,
non-intrusive, and promote natural growth.
• The majority of dust control methods are
easy to install and maintain.
Some disadvantages to dust control may include the
following.
• Some temporary dust controls must be
reapplied or replenished on a regular basis.
Some controls are expensive (e.g., chemical
treatment), may be ineffective under certain
conditions or have their own associated
impacts.
• Industrial dust control is typically labor and
equipment intensive (i.e., using
conventional street sweepers), and may not
be effective for all sources of pollution.
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• Some dust control measures (i.e.,
windbreaks) may require land space that is
not be available at all locations.
• If a chemical dust control treatment is over-
applied, excess chemicals could potentially
cause both surface and groundwater
contamination.
PERFORMANCE
In order to determine which dust control measures
to implement at a specific site, it is necessary to
consider the performance obj ectives required at that
site. Some examples of performance objectives
include:
• Preventing wind and water-based erosion of
disturbed areas.
• Reducing employee respiratory problems.
• Implementing the control rapidly and at low
cost and effort.
Causing little or no impact on the
environment.
• Permanently controlling the dust problem.
Determination of the objectives for the dust control
program will often determine the appropriate
control measure. For example, simply sweeping
the impervious areas for larger dust particles on a
daily basis may provide an efficient and reliable
method of dust control that can be quickly
implemented. However, this method would not
permanently control the dust problem. If the
objective was to permanently control the dust
problem, then another alternative, such as
constructing vegetative windbreaks, would be more
appropriate.
DESIGN CRITERIA
The design of any dust control project should limit
the amount of soil or dust particulates exposed at
one time, and reduce the potential for dust
generation. The performance objectives established
for the particular project should also be considered
during the design stage. Additionally, some project
sites may require solutions to both industrial and
land disturbance dust control problems.
Realistically, it may not be practical or possible to
develop a design that meets all of the project goals
and objectives at one time. Therefore it may be
more appropriate to develop a phased design
approach that utilizes a combination of temporary,
permanent, and mechanical measures for dust
control.
Temporary Measures
• Vegetative Coverings: Temporary seeding
and mulching may be applied to cover bare
soil and to prevent wind erosion. The soil
must be kept moist to establish cover.
• Barriers: Solid board fences, snow fences,
burlap fences, crate walls, bales of hay, and
similar material can be used to control air
currents and blown soil. Barriers placed at
right angles to prevailing wind currents at
intervals of about 15 times the barrier
height are effective in controlling wind
erosion.
• Calcium Chloride: This material is applied
at a rate that will keep the surface moist.
Pretreatment may be necessary due to
varying site and climatic conditions.
• Irrigation: This is generally done as an
emergency treatment. The site is sprinkled
with water until the surface is wet and
repeated as necessary. If this method is to
be employed at a construction site, it is
recommended that a temporary gravel rock
entrance be created to prevent mud from
spreading onto local streets.
Tillage: This practice roughens the soil and
brings clods to the surface. It is an
emergency measure that should be used
before wind erosion starts. Plowing should
begin on the windward side of the site using
chisel-type plows spaced about 12 inches
apart, spring-tooth harrows, or similar
plows.
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Adhesives: Use spray-on adhesives
according to Table 1. These adhesives form
fairly impenetrable surfaces, and should be
used only if other methods prove to be
difficult to work with.
TABLE 1 DESIGN OF ADHESIVE
MEASURES
Type of Water Nozzle Application
Emulsion Dilution Type Rate (gpa)
Anionic 7-1 Coarse
Asphalt
Latex 12.5- 1 Fine
Resin and 4-1 Fine
Water
1,200
235
300
Source: City of Eagan, 1984.
Permanent Site Modification Measures
• Permanent Vegetation: Seeding and
sodding should be done to permanently
stabilize exposed areas against wind
erosion. It is recommended that existing
trees and large shrubs be allowed to remain
in place to the greatest extent possible
during site grading processes.
• Stone: Coarse gravel or crushed stone may
be placed over highly erodible soils.
• Topsoiling: This method is recommended
when permanent vegetation cannot be
established on a site. Topsoiling is a
process in which less erosive soil material is
placed on top of highly erodible soils.
Dust Collection Methods
• Cyclone Collectors: Cyclone collectors use
centrifugal force to separate dry dust and
chemical pollutants in the air.
• Bag Collectors/Fabric Filters: Bag
collectors and fabric filters remove dust by
filtration. Storage and disposal of collected
dust should be carefully considered so that
it does not become a source of fugitive dust.
Negative Pressure Systems: These systems
minimize the release of dust from an
operation by maintaining a small negative
pressure or suction to confine the dust to a
particular operation.
Water Spraying: This temporary
mechanical method confines and settles the
dust from the air by dust and water particle
adhesion. Water is sprayed through nozzles
over the problem area.
Street Sweepers: Recent studies have shown
that street sweepers effectively remove the
smallest dust particles and achieve
meaningful runoff quality benefits. Two
kinds of street sweepers are common in
mechanical dust collection systems. The
brush system has proven to be efficient at
an industrial facility generating dust on a
daily basis. It has proven to be extremely
dependable and picks up the majority of
generated dust. Vacuum sweepers may be
the best choice for areas that are prone to
storm water overflow. This is because they
are more efficient at picking up the smaller
particles that are typically associated with
contaminated storm water. Other
technologies include the tandem sweeping
operation, the regenerative air sweeper, and
the "EnviroWhirl." The tandem operation
involves two successive cleaning passes,
first by a mechanical sweeper and then
followed by a vacuum assisted sweeper.
The regenerative air sweeper blows air onto
the pavement and immediately vacuums it
up. The "EnviroWhirl" is a vacuum-
assisted dry sweeper. It is able to remove
debris and dust down to 2.5 microns.
Independent studies conducted in Oregon
and Washington report that the EnviroWhirl
sweeper alone was able to remove 99.6
percent of all particulates over 10 microns.
A series of once-a-week sweepings resulted
in a 76 percent reduction of suspended
solids in downstream receiving waters.
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OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Typically, dust control measures require periodic
and diligent maintenance. For example, mechanical
equipment should be operated according to the
manufacturers' recommendations and inspected
regularly as part of an industrial site's preventive
maintenance program. Temporary dust control
measures, such as chemical spraying, watering, etc.,
require periodic renewal. Permanent solutions
such as vegetation, wind barriers, and impervious
surfaces, also require upkeep and maintenance in
order to remain effective.
COSTS
The costs associated with dust control measures are
generally lower for more temporary methods such
as vegetative and barrier methods. This is
attributed to the availability of the materials and
the common practices associated with them. Other
dust control methods, such as using street sweepers,
cost considerably more because of the investment in
specialized equipment. For example, a mechanical
brush sweeper can range from $60,000 to $120,000
and will last for about five years while vacuum-
assisted sweepers can range from $75,000 to
$180,000 and have a life of eight years. The City of
Lakeland (Florida) has determined their costs to be
$33.38 per curb-mile of street sweeping. This cost
includes equipment costs (for a vacuum assisted
street sweeper), maintenance costs (i.e., fuel), the
employee's salary (not including benefits), and
transferring the collected debris to a landfill. The
City of Lakeland also has an arrangement whereby
they are not charged for sending the sweeping
debris to a landfill because it is then used as ground
cover for the landfill.
REFERENCES
1. Bill Busch, City of Lakeland (FL)
Construction and Maintenance Department,
1998. Personal communication with
Parsons Engineering Science, Inc.
2. City of Eagan, Minnesota, 1984. Erosion
Control Manual.
3. Finley, S., 1996. Sweeping Works.
Pavement Maintenance and Reconstruction,
pp. 16-17.
4. Hennepin County, Minnesota, 1989.
Erosion and Sediment Control Manual.
5. Minnesota Board of Water and Soil
Resources, November, 1987. Minnesota
Construction Site Erosion and Sediment
Control Planning Handbook.
6. Runoff Report. July/August, 1998. "A
Clean Sweep Now Possible." Vol.6, No.4.
7. Satterfield, C., 1996. Enviro Whirl 1 PM-
Efficiency Study Removing Re-entrained
Road Dust. Lake, CA.
8. Sear, T., J. Bay, and G. Medley, 1996.
"Development of Cost-Effective
Stormwater Treatment Alternatives."
Proceedings Watershed '96 Conference.
9. Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning
Commission (SEWRPC), 1991. Costs of
Urban Nonpoint Source Water Pollution
Control Measures. Waukesha, WI..
10. Sutherland, R., 1996. "Studies Show
Sweeping has Beneficial Impact on
Stormwater Quality."
11. U.S. EPA, 1979. NPDESBestManagement
Practices Guidance Document.
12. U.S. EPA, Preprint, 1992. Storm Water
Management for Industrial Activities:
Developing Pollution Prevention Plans and
Best Management Practices. EPA 8 3 2-R-
92-006.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Center for Watershed Protection
Tom Schueler
8391 Main Street
Ellicott City, MD 21043
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Northern Virginia Planning District Commission
Don Waye
7535 Little River Turnpike
Annandale, VA 22003
NuWhirl Technologies, Inc.
Don Thomack
2338 East Calumet Street
Centralia, IL 62801
Kurahashi & Associates
Roger Sutherland
12600 SW 72nd Avenue, Suite 100
Portland, OR 97223
Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning
Commission
Bob Biebel
916 North East Avenue
P.O. Box 1607
Waukesha, WI 53187-1607
The mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for the use by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
For more information contact:
Municipal Technology Branch
U.S. EPA
Mail Code 4204
401 M St., S.W.
Washington, D.C., 20460
1MTB
Excellence in compliance through optimal technical solutions
MUNICIPAL TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
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